of
to
ti of Toronto
by
G.IU Armstrong Esq.
Vdrio TVov/iricia\ KuSeu loronlo
f Sessional Papers (No. 7). ( A. 1888
V ' I 5T \Acl- ./
ANNUAL^ REPORT
r
OF THE
4 V i uu. X
CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
SESSION 1886-87,
BEING PART OF APPENDIX
TO THE
REPORT OF THE MISTER Of EDOMTIO!, ONTARIO,
1887.
PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, FRONT ST. WEST.
1888.
I
,
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1
APPENDIX I. Membership 2'
do II. Treasurer's Account 3
do III., IV. Donations and Exchanges 5
do V. Periodicals 5
do VI. Classification of Papers read 5
REPORTS OF SECTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE :-
(1) The Biological Section 5
(2) The Architectural Section 6
(3) The Photographic Section 6
(4) The Philological Section 7
(5) The Geological and Mining Section 7
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 9
Localities visited : —
York Township 9
Tidd's Island -. 10
Hay Island 10
Beverly Township 11
Humberstone Township 11
Baby Property 12
Nottawasaga Township 12
Tuscarora Reserve ... 13
Delaware and Caradoc Townships 14
Information asked by circular 15-
Methods of manufacture 17
Material and Design 17
Villages and Fortifications 17-5&
Pottery 18
Clay Pipes 22
Stone Pipes 25
Breastplates or Gorgets, and Pendants 3fr
Ceremonial Weapons 33
Totems 36
S^te Spear Heads 38
Grooved Axes , 39
Gouges 40
Tubes 41
Beads 42
Drills 44
Modes of fastening Flints 44
Club Flints 45
Spade Flints - 46-
Mound Biiilders 47
Grinding and Rubbing Stones 48
Shell Objects 4&
Bone and Horn 50
Copper 54.
Modern Specimens 57"
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 188
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE
SESSION 1886-87, BEING PART OF APPENDIX L OF THE REPORT
OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION OF 1887. SEE PACE 235 OF
THAT REPORT.
The Council of the Canadian Institute has the honor to lay before the members
its thirty-eighth Annual Report.
During the past session twenty-six meetings, including the annual conversazione,
have been held, at which forty-nine papers have been read, in addition to twenty-three
read at section meetings. This number is largf ly in excess of that of any previous year
in the history of the Institute. The character of these communications is fully equal to
the standard of previous years, and the range of subjects (as shown in. Appendix VI.) is
unprecedentedly large. The average attendance at the regular weekly meetings also
shows a considerable and steady increase.
The distinguishing feature of the year has been the successful establishment of n ->
less than four new sections, in addition to the Biological section, incorporated at the ei
of last session, viz. : (1) A Photographic section, (2) an Architectural section, (3) fc
Philological section and (4) a Geological and Mining section. The creation of these
sections has extended the benefits of the Institute to new classes of the citizens, and has
been the chief cause of the large increase of membership. Their annual reports, which
are appended, show a gratifying spirit of activity in every branch of the Institute.
A further evidence of this increased activity is seen in the number of memorials
presented to the Provincial Government, with successful results in many cases, as follows :
In February last the Committee of Ways and Means waited on the Minister of E loca-
tion and urged him to increase the annual grant to the Institute from $750 to $1,5
general purposes, and to enable the Council to give courses of public lectures on
subjects, especially in connection with industrial pursuits. While gratefully a •';,
lodging the increase of the grant to $1,000 for general purposes, the Council rec •
the Government did not see fit to comply with the latter part of the application.
In the same month the Archaeological Committee urged the Minister to p sake a
yearly grant of $1,500 for Archaeological research in Ontario, and the passing ofl an Act
for the protection of Archaeological remains founded upon Sir John Lubbock's " Ancient
Monuments Act of 1812." The Council again thankfully acknowledges the libeml ^rant
of $1,000 for this purpose, but regrets that the heavy work falling upon the Minister this
session in connection with educational matters should hare made it impossible for him to
bring in an Ancient Monuments bill, which would have greatly enhanced the value of the
Act. It is hoped, however, that such an Act may become law in the next session of the
Legislature.
In March a deputation waited on the Commissioner of Crown Lands to urge the
establishment of a large park reserve in the district of Nipissing, for the protection of
wild animals and of timber, and were assured of the Minister's sympathy. An Act for
the purpose will, it is hoped, be the result of this application in the near future.
In April a Committee urged upon the same Minister the propriety of some; improved
means of collecting information on matters connected with the mining interests of the
Province, and received assurances of co-operation.
Another pleasing feature of this year's work is the partial completion of the Museum,
of Natural History and Archaeology in the third story of our building, which will, it is
confidently expected, enable the Council, for some time at least, to properly accommodate
1 (C.I.)
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
collections and donations. In this direction the Council desires to acknowledge the
liberality of the Biological section in guaranteeing the interest for two years on the $1,000
borrowed for this purpose.
The Library has been increased by the addition of 124 volumes of bound exchanges ;
but further shelf accommodation is urgently needed.
While congratulating the Institute on the increase in membership, in income and iu
activity, the Council feels that it is necessary to impress upon the members the fact that
the current expenses are greatly increased, especially in printing and gas, while there is a
falling off in the rentals; and also that, in order properly to fulfil the objects for which
it exists, the further extension of the Museum, and Library and the completion of the
Building by the erection of a commodious lecture hall is highly desirable. It there-
fore urges upon the members the necessity of supporting the present efforts of the Com
inittee of Ways and Means by every means in their power, by contributions, by presenting
the claims of the Institute to the public in every possible way, and by endeavoring to
obtain new members.
During the past year the Institute has lost by death one of its most distinguished
honorary members, the Rev. John McCaul, LL.D., late President of University College,
ami President of the Institute from 1862 to 1864. The deceased was for nearly half a
. ncury one of the leading figures in social and educational affairs in this city, arfd his
aiticles on Roman Inscriptions in the Canadian Journal, which formed the basis of his
great work on that subject, had much to do, not only with the establishment of his own
claims to be called the first English scholar in Latin epigraphy, but with the high stand-
ing attained in those early years by our journal.
(Signed) W. H. VANDER SMISSEN,
President.
ALAN MACDOUGALL,
Secretary.
APPENDIX I.
Membership.
Number of Members April 1st, 1886 . 233
Withdrawals and deaths during the year 14
219
Elected during the year 71
Total members April 1st, 1887 290
Compcsed of —
Honorary Members ...... ................... 5
Life Members ............................... j3
Ordinary Members ........................... 272
Associates ........................ or\
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
APPENDIX II.
Treasurer in account with the Canadian Institute for the year ending March 31st, 1887.
To Summary —
" Balance on hand . .$ 63 05
u Annual subscriptions 919 00
" Rents 218 00
" Government Grant 750 00
" Proceeds, Wallace Lectures 107 42
" Journals sold 2929
" Periodicals sold 32 61
" Mr. Sandford Fleming's proportion of printing 62 41
" Interest 2 65
" Natural History Society, balance of funds 873
" Subscriptions to bust of Dr. Wilson 25 00
" Proceeds of note discounted 300 00
" Proceeds of Mortgage due 1892 3,000 00
),518 16
By Summary —
" Salaries , $ 373 50
" Printing Journal 338 76
" " Miscellaneous 7 50
" Binding 124 60
" Stationery 32 89
" Postage 201 95
" Freight and express charges 20 91
" Repairs, stoves 4 80
"Gas 43 12
" Water 24 00
" Show cases for specimens 100 00
" Advertising 3 00
" Periodicals, 1886 120 36
" " 1885 60 55
" Discount on cheque 25
Consul's certificate and Customs' expenses 3 50
Sweeping chimneys 2 00
Fuel 109 90
Painting 104 13
Interest 194 39
Mortgage due August, 1886 3,411 00
Taxes 1021
Bust of Dr. Wilson . 25 00
Legal expenses 25 00
City Directory, 1887 3 00
Repairs to building 60 47
Matting for reading-room 26 80
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
9
By Summary — (Continued.)
" Housekeeper's expenses . . $ 10 00
" Journals purchased 50
" D. Boyle, disbursements and expenses 20 17
" Balance, Imperial Bank $50 00
" " Cash on hand 6 40
56 40
15,518 16
Examined and found correct.
(Signed) T. B. BROWNING, ) A ,..
D. B. DICK, '} Auditors.
April 22nd, 1887.
Building A ccoun t.
1886.
Dec. 1, To Donation, Natural History section $ 50 00
1887.
Jan. 8, " Mortgage due 1892 1,000 00
" Interest.. 48
$1,050 48
1887.
Feb. 9, By Law expenses $ 12 65
"" Carpenters' contract, Certificate No. 1 300 00
Mar. 11, " " " No. 2 75 00
" Balance, Imperial Bank 662 83
$1,050 48
Examined and found correct.
(Signed) T. B. BROWNING, ) A ,.,
D. B. DICK, } Audltors'
22nd April, 1887.
Assets.
Building , $11.500 00
Warehouse 720 00
Ground 3,000 00
Library 5,500 00
Specimens 1,300 00
Personal property 600 00
122,620 00
Liabilities.
Mortgage, No. 1, due 1892 $ 3,000 00
No. 2, » 1,000 00
Note discounted 3()0 00
Balance in favour of the Institute 18,320 00
$22,620 00
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
APPENDIX III.
Donations and Exchanges. — Books and pamphlets received from April 1st, 1886, to
April 1st, 1887 :— From Canada, 190; United States, 398; Great Britain and Ireland,
310; India and Australia, 82 ; all other countries, 1,250 ; total, 2,230.
Toal number received in 1882-3, 280; ditto 1883-4, 800; ditto, 1884-5, 730; ditto
1885-6, 1,502; ditto 1886-7, 2,230.
APPENDIX IY.
The number of Societies and Publications with which the Institute exchanges is 341.
APPENDIX V.
To the Periodicals subscribed for last year, the following have been added : — English
Historical Review, Scottish Review, Hardwickes Science, Gossip, Science. There have been
discontinu< d : — Btitisli Quarterly h'eview, Brain, Times (Weekly), English Medicine,
American Journal of the Medical Sciences.
APPENDIX VI.
Classification of Papers read by subjects: General, 3; Psychology, 1 ; Archaeology,
5 ; Sociology, 2 ; Mathematics, 2 ; Chemistry, 5 ; Mineralogy and Geology, 7 ; Jurispru-
dence, 1 ; Philology, 8 ; Meteorology, 1 ; Geographical Science, 2 ; Electricity, 1 ;
Biology. 5 ; Astronomy, 2 ; Medicine, 2 ; Photography, 1 ; Industrial Science, 1.
Read at Section meetings as follows : — Biological section, 12 ; Architectural section,
3; Philological section, 3 ; total, 72.
REPORTS OF SECTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE, 1886-7.
(1) Report of the Biological Section from June, 1886, to April, 1887.
During this period eighteen meetings of the Section have been held, with an average
attendance of 18 J (say 19) members.
The Section has 36 ordinary members and 12 associates.
Twelve papers have been read at the meetings, and nine short communications
received.
Two of the meetings were set apart for microscopical exhibition and discussion,
under the able conduct and superintendence of Professor R. Ramsay Wright.
In June, a branch of the Audubon Society was organized in connection with this
Section, and Mr. Hollingworth was appointed local secretary. There are now 106
members in the Toronto branch.
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
In October, a special vote of thanks was passed to W. H. Doel, J. P., (one of our
members) for his earnest efforts, made during the summer, for the protection of
insectivorous birds, by fining all violators of the law that were brought before him.
During the same month an offer of the Section to provide the interest for two years
on a loan of $1,000, led the Council of the Institute to decide on at once fitting up the
attic of the building as a museum, instead of leasing it to the Art School. Since the
completion of the new rooms the members of the Section have assisted in moving the
objects and cases from the various places in which they lay to the top of the building.
Signed. J. B. WILLIAMS,
Secretary of the Biological Section.
(2) Report of the Architectural Section.
In compliance with the constitution of the Canadian Institute, I submit a summary
of the work of the Architectural Section.
This Section, consisting of five regular and nineteen associate members of the Cana-
dian Institute, has held eleven meetings since its fomiation, of which the following is a
list : — January 10th, 1887. — Discussion on what style of Architecture is best adapted to
this country. January 17th, 1887. — Discussion on the use and abuse of the Romanesque
style of Architecture. January 24th, 1887. — Paper on Foundations, by Henry Steele.
January 31st, 1887. — Lecture on Wood Floors, by S. G. Curry. February 7th, 1887.—
Paper on Style, by J. C. Horwood. February 14th, 1887. — Lecture on Columns, by Alan
Macdougall. February 28th, 1887. — Paper on Hints to Young Architects, by Henry Lang-
ley. March 7th, 1887. — Lecture on Arches, by W. L. Symons. March 14th, 1887. —
Paper on the Doric Temple in its Religious and Artistic aspects., by J. W. Gray. March
21st, 18rt7. — Receiving the Judges' report on, and discussing the competitive drawings.
March 28, 1887. — Paper on Masonry, by A. F. Wickson.
Signed. J. P. HYNES,
TORONTO, March 30th, 1887. Secretary.
(3) Report of the Photographic Section.
Report of the working of the Photographic Section of the Institute during the past
three months.
The first meeting of the Section for the purpose of organization, election of officers,
etc., took place on the evening of February 23rd, 1887, when the following were elected : —
Chairman, Mr. H. Neilson ; Vice-Chairman, Mr. R. Ewing ; Secretary -Treasurer, Mr. A.
Gaunt; Executive Committee, Mr. E. R. Parkhurst, Mr. C. F. Wagner, Mr. W. W. Fox,
Mr. W. A. Forbes, Mr. F. D. Manchee.
The number of members now on the rolls is 28 ; associates, 5 ; total, 33.
Meetings for the transaction of business, etc., have taken place on the first Tuesday
in each month, but so far no papers have been read.
The first exhibition of the Section took place in the Library of the Institute on April
12th, and 13th, and was very successful, considering the short time given for the prepara-
tion of pictures.
Signed. ARTHUR GAUNT,
TORONTO, May 4th, 1887. Secretary.
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
(4) Report of the Philological Section.
1. The first meeting of the Section was held on March 15th, 1887, when the follow-
ing officers were elected : —
Chairman, Rev. J. F. McCurdy, Ph.D. ; Vice Chairman, D. R. Keys, B.A. ; Secretary,
Geo. E. Shaw, B.A. ; Committee, J. Squair, B.A., M. L. Rouse, J. Cunningham Dunlop,
M.A., J. H. Cameron, B.A., W. H. Vander Smissen, M.A., W. H. Huston, M.A.
2. The first two meetings were held on Saturday afternoon (March 5th and 12th), at
16 o'clock, all the subsequent ones on alternate Mondays, beginning March 28th, 1887.
3. The Section has 18 members.
4. The following papers have been read before the Section : — (1) "How we Speak,"
by A. Hamilton, M.D. (2) "The Science of Language in Popular Education," by Rev.
J. F. McCurdy, Ph.D. (3) " Umbrian Inscriptions," by Rev. Neil McNish, D.D., LL.D.
All which is respectfully submitted.
Signed. GEORGE E. SHAW,
Secretary.
(5) Report of the Geological and Mining Section.
1 have the honor to report that, proceeding under authority conferred by the
Canadian Institute, a meeting of members was held on the 20th April, ult., when a
Geological and Mining Section was duly organized; and that at an adjourned meeting on
30th April regulations and by-laws were adopted, which have since been approved by the
Council of the Institute; and that the following officers have been elected for the
incoming year : —
W. Hamilton Merritt, Chairman ; Alexander McNabb, Vice Chairman ; Archibald
Blue, Secretary ; George T. B. Ives, Assistant Curator ; Messrs. Boyle, Dobson, Notraan,
Phipps, and Dr. Bryce, Executive Committee.
The first regular monthly meeting of the Section was held on Thursday evening, 5th
inst., at which the Chairman gave his inaugural address.
The Section is composed of 15 members.
Signed. A. BLUE,
TORONTO, May 7th, 1887. Secretary.
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
ARCH^LOGICAL REPORT.
To the President and Council of the Canadian Institute : —
GENTLEMEN, — I have much pleasure in presenting you with the following report of
work done in the Archaeological field during the past season — work which it would have
been impossible to perform but for the aid rendered to the Institute by the Provincial
Legislature at its last session.
As this is thejirst. report of the^kjn^prepared under the auspices of our society, we
are warranted in hoping tnat its appearance will tend to arouse a more general interest in
the subject. The brief, illustrated descriptions that follow, of a few typical specimens in
our cases, may induce farmers and others to preserve for safe keeping in the Provincial
Archaeological Museum, which we have established, many such scientifically valuable
objects as have, too often, hitherto been lightly esteemed, or neglected and lost.
I have the honor to be.
Yours respectfully,
DAVID BOYLE,
TORONTO, Dec. 20th, 1887. Curator.
As soon as the season was well enough advanced to make digging possible, April 30,
I visited lot 2, con. 1, township of York, within sight of Toronto. As many interesting
relics had been picked up in this neighborhood, it seemed a promising place in which to
begin operations.
On the rear of this lot, which is part of the Jackes' estate, is a mound, evidently
of artificial formation, although the only indications that remnin are disturbed soil and
considerable quantities of charcoal and ashes. The situation is high and dry, and the trees
close to the mound are comparatively young.
The discovery, of two or three fragments of what appeared to be corn-cobs suggested
the probability of this earth-heap having been employed by the Indians as a cache or
deposit for maize.
The whole of the surrounding country abounds in traces of various aboriginal manu-
factures— flint chips, broken pottery and bone implements — and the Museum of the
Institute contains many fine specimens from the same neighborhood, presented by Mr. B.
Jackes, of Toronto, Mr. J. Long, of Lansing, and Miss Marshall, teacher of the school
section in which the property is situated.
On the llth of May, I proceeded to Tidd's Island, in the River St. Lawrence, opposite
Gananoque, for the purpose of opening a mound on the property of Messrs. Louis Bedard
and Lawrence O'Neil, these gentlemen having kindly granted permission to the Institute
not only to excavate, but to appropriate anything that might be found.
The island itself lies within a mile of Gananoque, is about half a mile in length, and
from one-eighth to one-fourth of a mile wide. Its longer axis corresponds with the course
of the river, and the mound in question is near the eastern extremity, but on the south
side.
With the assistance of Mr. Bedard and two French-Canadian laborers, a trench was
dug from the margin to the centre of the elevation, but with the exception of a few flint-
9
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
Hakes and some charcoal near the surface, everything went to show that the mound was
one of natural formation, the strata of fine and coarse sand reposing on each other undis-
turbedly.
A little to the north and east of this elevation was another, on the north side of
which I observed a promising depression. On examination this mound proved to
contain human remains in a very fragmentary condition. The only other relics were
a rudely formed pipe-stern of clay and a piece of brown stone, irregularly quadrangular in
form, and showing that it had been used for rubbing or polishing purposes. One corner
of this stone was coated with oxide of iron, giving rise to a fear that traces of European
presence would come to light ; but this, I am glad to say, was dispelled by the turning
out of a small piece of hematite, which had probably been used as a pigment, and which,
no doubt, was accountable for the rust upon the stone.
Openings made in other parts of the mound yielded nothing further.
The most westerly portion of Tidd's Island is owned by Mr. C. A. See, and has
been laid out by him as a summer resort, known as Tremont Park. Almost midway
between the northern and southern shores and about three hundred feet from the
western point, was a circular mound forty feet in diameter, and from four to five feet in
height at the crown. Mr. See broke into the mound for the purpose of obtaining
building material, and thus accidently came upon human remains and flint implements.
From Mr. See's account there would seem to have been from twelve to fifteen
skeletons within the mound, and these were arranged as if radiating from the centre,
with the heads outward and not far from the circumference. Placed over the bones, and
especially about the head, were several large, flat stones, near to which were found the
implements of flint.
From my own observation it was evident that the bodies had simply been deposited
upon the ground, and earth from around the place collected to cover them to the depth
already mentioned, and this mode of sepulture was in all probability due to the extreme
difficulty of digging beyond the vegetable mould, as the sub-soil at the depth of only a
few inches consists of a very compact and tenacious clay.
In the centre of the mound a large quantity of ashes was found, and at the distance
of three or four feet south-east was a simple structure about a yard in length, consisting
of flat stones set on edge in two rows and covered with other stones, as Mr. See said,
"like a drain. "
With kind permission from the proprietor, I had a somewhat careful examination
made of such portions of this mound as had not been disturbed, and I succeeded in
procuring several enormous flint implements similar to those already found by Mr. See.
I was also abundantly rewarded by finding a number of native-copper beads— in one
instance they were still adherent to the hide or skin they had been employed to
ornament.
Mr. See having presented the largest and best pieces of his "find" to the Institute,
our cases now contain (including those found by myself) from this mound ten spear-like
implements, mostly of great size— some of them upwards of 9 in. long and half as wide;
one awl-like tool, two conical pendants (slate), two other perforated stones, a number of
copper beads, and a copper axe.
A brief visit to Hay Island, half a mile south-west of Tidd's, enabled me to procure
from Mr. De Witta, the proprietor, a fair specimen of celt, and a promise to preserve for
the Institute all further "finds."
There is little reason to doubt tha,t these islands lie in what was a well-travelled
route across our great river by the ferocious members of that remarkable confederation
in connection with whom, indeed, for long time the St. Lawrence was known as The
River of the Iroquois. The valley of the Gananoque leads into the very heart of a
country remarkable for the number of its lakes— a country the superior of which it would
be diffi.-ult to imagine for hunting and fishing purposes, and one that was undoubtedly
visited annually at least, by the warriors of the Six Nations
Thanks are due to Messrs. W. T. K. Smellie, B.A., Head Master of Gananoque
High School, Paterson, his assistant, L. Bedard, L. O'Neil and C. A. See, for the
10
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
many courtesies extended by them to the representative of the Institute, and more
especially to the last named gentleman for his donation of specimens.
On the 20th May, accompanied by Mr. Jas. Bain, Jr., City Librarian-in-Chief, and
A. Cox, A.R.C.A., I visited the Township of Beverly, in response to an invitation from
Mr. Wallace McDonald, Clerk of the Township. The object of this visit was to examine
the site of an old palisaded fort, or encampment, on the farm of Mr. Wm. Gilbert, lot
26, con. 8.
M?1. McDonald remembers distinctly being able to trace a circular series of post holes
in the field when cleared, upwards of . 40 years ago. Not only were they apparent on
account of the decayed wood they contained, but they became disagreeably noticeable on
account of the frequent stumblings they caused to ploughing teams.
Mr. McDonald had preceded us to the ground and planted flags as nearly as possible
to correspond with the outline of the enclosure. The accuracy of Mr. McDonald's
memory was proven by the fact that after having had a portion of the marked ground
ploughed from side to side, and the loose earth carefully removed with spades, we found
unmistakable evidences of the old palisades. Only a few decayed fragments of wood
were found, but sufficient to prove that the posts were pine ; and the discoloration of the
oarth caused by the subsidence of the vegetable mould into the old cavities in the
lighter colored sub-soil, indicated that the stakes had been from four to six inches in
diameter, and about the same distance apart. The enclosed space was almost circular,
being 180 yards in diameter from east to west, and 140 yards from north to south.
As we were assured by Mr. McDonald that not fewer than 300 iron tomahawks had
been ploughed up in the same field, the probability is that the enclosure was of early
French origin.
The enclosure was on a plateau about 12 feet above the level of a small stream a
short distance to the west, and nearly forty yards from a pool on the east, the situation
and surroundings of which are so peculiar as to suggest human design in the arrangement
of the embankments, although our excavations, made to the depth of fully six feet, failed
to afford any proof to that effect.
Your representatives were deeply indebted to Mr. Jos. A. Smith, Public School
Inspector of Wentworth County, for the valuable assistance rendered to them in various
ways during their visit — to Mr. McDonald, for his active sympathy and intelligent
co operation — to Mrs. Gilbert and the Messrs. Gilbert, proprietors of the farm, and to
Miss Robertson, teacher, for the extension of many courtesies.
The 9th and 10th of June I spent in the Township of Humberstone, a few miles
east of Port Colborne, where, from information furnished me by Miss Emma Crosson,
teacher, I was led to understand that an ossuary had been discovered a short time
previously. The same young lady also presented the Institute with three well-preserved
skulls from the burial place in question.
I was fortunate enough to become acquainted with Mr. Cyrenius Bearsse, of
Sherkston, himself an enthusiastic amateur in Archaeology, and he kindly accompanied
me to the spot in question, within a short distance of the Lake Erie shore.
The ossuary was found to occupy a position almost in the centre of a piece of low
lying ground, about ten acres in extent, and nearly surrounded by a ridge of sand hills
from 20 to 30 feet high.
Owing to the promiscuous way in which the bones lay, it was well nigh impossible
to estimate hew many skeletons had been deposited, but the number was probably not
far from fifty. Notwithstanding the Indian mode of burial, many of the skulls seem to
be those of whites, but until proper measurements have been made nothing on this
point can be stated with certainty.
I was informed that a fine stone pipe had been taken from near the margin of the
pit, and was in the possession of Mr. Carroll, of Buffalo, whose men are here engaged in
shipping sand to that city.
The low situation of this ossuary, in the immediate neighborhood of such heights a
the aborigines usually selected for places of permanent sepulture would, of itself, Ptiffic
to raise doubts as to the work having been of purely Indian origin. I am of opinion
11
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
that much may yet be learned from an examination of the surrounding sand hills, and
hope, next season, with the permission of Mr. Carroll, to spend a few days in exploring
them somewhat thoroughly.
Heaps of flint flakes occur frequently along the lake shore, and highly finished stone
implements of various kinds are often found on farms in the vicinity. From Mr.
C. Bearsse I procured a vessel of clay (Fig. 7), an exceedingly fine stone gouge, and a
number of other articles. From Mr. Wilson, a neighbor of his, and nearer the lake
shore, I received a peculiarly formed spade-like specimen, the use of which it is not easy
to divine.— (Fig 40 )
The Institute is indebted to Mr. Bearsse for much valuable assistance on this
occasion.
Within easy distance of Toronto is the Village of Lambton Mills, on the River
Humber. This locality has long been noted as one rich in Indian relics. An old trail
to Lake Simcoe and the Georgian Bay followed the valley of this river for a good many
miles, and hero mid there throughout its course are found indications of the old encamp-
ments and potteries.
A little south of Lambton Mills, on the Baby Estate, there must have been at one
time a considerable Indian population of as stationary a character as it was possible for
the nature and habits of the aborigines to permit.
On the summit of a club-shaped plateau, having an area of about ten acres, and
bein» fully one hundred feet above the bed of the ETumber, a number of native burial
pits have been opened at various times, and much valuable material taken from them. It
is quite certain that when this portion of the farm is freed from underbrush further
interesting discoveries will be made.
On the flats to the south of this elevation, and facing the Baby residence, Mr. Ray-
mond Baby pointed out a camping ground, or village site, as indicated by remains still
turned up by the plough, and I am quite sure that inspection of the corresponding flats
to the north would reveal even more numerous proofs of old time habitation.
As somewhat akin to our subject, it may be stated that the Messrs. Baby have in
their possession a deed of gift of land in and about Detroit, made to their grandfather by
the Pottawatamie Indians in the year 1780 and attested by " A. S. De Peyster, Major,
King's Regiment," the officer then commanding the British troops in the town ; but
to us the most interesting fact connected with this document is that it bears the totem
signatures of the several chiefs who represented the tribes concerned.
Mr. and Mrs. R. Baby did everything possible to further the views of the Institute,
and expressed their intention to give our Society due notice of any local archa3ological
developments.
Mr. Jas. Bain, Treasurer of the Institute, accompanied me on June 29th to the
Township of Nottawasaga. Here we spent four days in visiting and examining various
village sites and ossuaries that want of time had prevented being done on a previous
occasion — last year.
Apart from historic knowledge there is abundant evidence that this was at one time
a populous Indian section. On many of the principal elevations are found the old pit-
graves or ossuaries so characteristic of our Indian sepulture, and the higher lands
contiguous to the streams afford ample proof of former encampments and village sites.
The people (of the Tobacco Nation) who occupied this portion of the country appear
to have devoted themselves in a large measure to manufacturing clay pots, pipes, bone
implements and beads for trading purposes with other tribes less ingenious, or more
nomadic, who would willingly exchange the result of the chase for coveted articles of
utility or ornament.
We were particularly fortunate in finding on the north half of lot 13, concession 7,
the property of Mr. Robert Lougheed, a number of exceedingly valuable specimens of shell
and of red stone on which some work has been expended preparatory to the making of beads.
These pieces are of especial value as indicating to us the laborious methods adopted to
produce symmetrical forms from rough and obdurate material. Further reference will be
made to this subject in the sequel.
12
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 188
Excavations made in a few ossuaries did not yield many relics, as in nearly ever,
case openings had been made previously by the settlers, either out of mere curiosity or foi
the purpose of securing the copper or brass kettles that are so frequently found in graves*
of post- French date.
On the farm of Mr. Ed. Beecroft, lot 19, concession 8, an ossuary was opened a
a number of years ago, in which it was estimated that not fewer than 1,000 bodies had
been deposited.
From Mrs. Beecrofb we obtained an exceedingly peculiar object formed of catlinite
(see fig. 27). The arrangement of the holes suggests its use as a pipe, but I arn unable to
convince myself that this oddly formed piece of workmanship did not serve some other
purpose. It was taken from the ossuary already mentioned on the property about forty
years, and had been in possession of Mrs. Beecroft the whole of that time. Iron
tomahawks bearing the French stamp are plentiful in the township.
From Mrs. Adam, of Creemore, and from Mr. Rt. Lougheed, Mr. John Hannah and
Mr. Jas. Connor, of Glen Huron, we received a number of good specimens. Special ~
thanks are also due to Masters Herbert and Theophilus Connor, sons of the last-named
gentleman, for a donation of one stone pipe and three clay ones, all bearing good imita-
tions of human faces.
The Institute was formerly indebted to Mr. Lougheed for a great many relics that
had been collected by himself and sons on the farm for a number of years.
Wm. Smith, Esq., and Mrs. Smith, of Smithdale, were particularly obliging to the I
representatives of the Institute, and did all in their power to make our visit both pleasant
and profitable.
In July I paid a brief visit to the Tuscarora Reserve in the County of Brant.
On application to Col. J. T. Gilkison, Indian Superintendent and Commissioner, that
gentleman kindly permitted Chief Smith (De-ka-nen-ra-neh), his assistant, to accompvrrf
us to the reserve, and to act as interpreter. Mr. Thos. Whitehead, a public school
teacher from Sheffield, England, formed ono of our party.
Having driven to the farm of Chief Bucke (Ska-na-wa-tih), about twelve miles south-
west of the City of Brantford, the presence of the assistant superintendent secured for us
a hearty welcome from the aged " Fire- Keeper " and two of his companions, all of whom
were pagans and members of the Mohawk tribe.
Ska-na-wa-tih, as " Fire-Keeper " of the tribe, has entrusted to his care the wampum
belts which fell to the share of the Mohawks when they abandoned thoir ancient hunting
grounds in New York and separated from the other tribes that formed the remarkable con-
federacy so well known in the history of our continent as " The Six Nations," to settle on
the banks of the Grand River, under the protection of the old flag.
On the announcement of our object by Chief Smith, Ska,-na-wa-tih immediately
consented to display his archives and give us their ex.pl anat ion.
Amid a clump of fruit-trees, not far from his log-house, the old chief having spread
a white sheet on the ground, we seated ourselves on the grass and listened eagerly t> his
recital, as interpreted by Mr. Smith, of the various compacts and treaties formed between
different Indian tribes, and between Whites and Indians, as recorded by the arrangement
of the beads or wampum woven into belts.
Full particulars relating to these extremely interesting "documents" may be learned
by reference to Hale's " Iroquois Book of Rites," where the reader will gather much-
more information than he could from the Indians themselves.
Nothing could exceed the courtesy of assistant superintendent, Chief Smith, wh
exerted himself to the utmost to forward the aims of the Institute.
Early in October I examined what, from its surroundings and the regularity of its
form, was supposed by the people in the neighborhood to be a mound, on a farm near the
village of Troy, in the township of Beverly.
The first view of the situation was enough to throw extreme d-mbt upon the proba
bility of the earth-heap in question being a genuine " mound," and closer examination
enabled me to conclude that not Archaeology but Geology must answer the question:^
How came this elevation here 1
13
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). ^.1888
. _
Owing to a rain, that lasted during the greater part of my stay in this locality, little
could be done in the way of digging. Without any doubt, this township is well worthy
of a thorough examination, notwithstanding the immense quantities of material that have
already been taken from it to the cases of the most celebrated museums in Europe and
America.
Our collection is even now under deep obligations to Messrs. McDonald, Dwyer,
Rae, McKnight, McQueen and others for specimens presented on frequent occasions since
hajnstitute undertook the work of investigation in this direction.
Should opportunity serve next season, I think it would be well to make an exhaus-
tive survey of the whole township and of some adjacent townships, as that section of
country is extremely interesting from an historical as well as from an archaeological
point of view.
Before leaving the township on this occasion I was enabled to procure from Mr. W.
umphrey a remaikably fine copper chisel. It was found on Mr. Humphrey's farm,
ot 6, con. 2, and is one of the finest specimens in our somewhat meagre collection of copper
implements.
Mr. E. Clement rendered valuable service by way of furnishing information and
affording facilities to reach some out-of-the-way places.
Towards the end of the same month I took the opportunity of visiting Komoka from
the neighborhood of which we last year received about seventy flint weapons found on the
farm of Mr. Arthur Seabrook. Here, as in many other pla -es, the bluffs along the river
banks afford many evidences of aboriginal life. In the townships of Delaware and
Caradoc large numbers of Indian relics have been found. As in Beverly and some other
localities, there is here plenty of encouragement to make a detailed examination of the
whole ground.
At Strathroy I had the pleasure of examining the collection of Mr. Jos. \V. Stewart.
This gentleman has been an enthusiastic collector for several years, and his occupation
having afforded him opportunities to travel over much of the Province, he was enabled
(with the exercise of judgment and good taste) to form a cabinet of nearly six hundred
specimens, nearly all of which are among the best of their kind procurable.
On representing to Mr. Stewart the claims of the Canadian Institute to be made the
repository of so many fine specimens, he ultimately consented to part with them, an- 1
they now form a valuable addition to our museum. Further reference will be made to
some of these relics in what follows.
The thanks of the Institute are due to Mr. Joseph S. Carson, Public School Inspector
of West Middlesex, for the assistance he rendered to your representative on the occasion
of this visit.
Although where there is so much to be done, I have accomplished less than I could
wish, still a good beginning has been made and a great deal of valuable information has
been gleaned for future use.
By means of exploration, donation and purchase, upwards of eight hundred speci-
mens have been added to our collection during the year.
Of course, but for the small appropriation made by the Provincial Legislature last
session, it would have been absolutely impossible to do even the little that has been
clone ; ami it must be gratifying to know that at least a beginning has been made by war
of providing the future student of history, ethnology and archaeology with a store of
material and facts relating to our own province that will be available for reference in the
chief centre of our educational institutions.
It is extremely desirable that there should be prepared a map of the province, show-
ins the state of our knowledge with regard to aboriginal settlements, battle-grounds,
favored places for the making of pottery, flint and other stone implements, bone needles,
awls and hooks, stone and shell beads, (wampum) etc.
This imp should also show all the principal trails and portages connecting our
northern and southern waters, and as many of the minor routes as possible. In a large
number of localities nearly every trace of these has been obliterated in the process of
14
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
settlement, but there are still living, pioneers who have a distinct enough recollection of
the old paths. In other instances, the trails remain clearly traceable, and a record of
them should be made at once.
It is also desirable that as full a list as possible should be made of all Indian topo-
graphical .names, with their significations. In too many instances these have been
displaced either by local vulgarities or by European anomalies.
These original Indian names would, as a matter of course, find a place on the map
referred to.
In connection with the circular issued by the Institute at the beginning of the year,
it may be stated that a large amount of important information has been procured from
various parts of the country in response to the request for donations, as well as in reply
to the following queries : —
1. Is there any mound, tumulus, or intrenchment in your neighborhood ?
2. Are there any elevations which, from their regularity or for any other reason,
suggest an artificial origin ?
3. What are the dimensions and area of these from actual measurement ? If possible,
give a plan with sections.
4. What are the physical features of the situation and vicinity 1
5. 'Are there any evidences of the place having been surrounded with posts or
pickets 1
6. Are there still, or were there before " clearing," trees of large size within the area
of the work 1 If so, state kind and size, also number of annual growth-rings on largnst
stump.
7. Are stone or bone weapons of any kind, or fragments of pottery ploughed up in
the neighborhood 1
8. Have any copper implements of native manufacture been discovered 1 What I
9. Have any iron or copper articles been found indicating intercourse with Europeans?
What?
10. Are there any local names of Indian orgin in your township or neighborhood ?
If so, kindly make a list of them, indicating their correct pronunciation, stating their
meaning, and the local or traditionary circumstances from which they originate.
11. Names of Township and County, and numbers of lot and concession in which
any mound ossuary, intrenchment, old village site, or battle-ground exists.
12. Name of any local collector of Indian relics, or of any persons who are interested
in Canadian Archaeology.
As a rule, farmers and others having in their possession single or several specimens,
willingly present them for the purpose of being placed in a public collection, but, as
might naturally be expected, amateur collectors are very loath to part with their
" treasures."
The publicity which has been given to the project of the Institute, owing to the dis-
tribution of its circulars, and the friendly notices that have appeared in many newspapers,
will, to a very considerable extent, prevent mercenary transactions in Indian relics for
disposal beyond the province, and there is good reason to believe that many of the private-
collections just referred to will ultimately, by presentation or purchase, form a part of
the Provincial Museum.
It is hoped that the following brief references to a few of the typic.l specimens in.
our cases will not only aid in arousing more general interest in the subject, but ma\
enable many of our young people either to collect for themselves more intelligently, or
simply to preserve from utter loss such objects as have hitherto not been deemeil
to possess any scientific value.
15
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
Although it is a little more than three hundred and fifty years since Canada became
known to Europeans, and considerably less than that since the greater portion of this
province afforded homes to pioneer settlers from the Old World, our knowledge of
aboriginal life-history here, is, in many respects, surprisingly deficient.
From living descendants of the old race nothing satisfactory can be gleaned. The
traditions they possess, and which are mainly fabulous as a matter of course, contain
little or nothing that affords any clue either as to the manner in which their ornaments,
utensils and implements were produced, or the uses to which many of these articles were
put. Neither do we gather as much as is desirable on these points from the writings of
those who had good opportunities to examine and describe during the early periods of
European settlement.
With regard, therefore, to objects that compose almost every archaeological collection
worthy of the name, it may be said of many that, whether as to the processes by which
they were fashioned, or as to their ultimate applications in savage economy, we are almost
totally ignorant.
Aboriginal relics may be conveniently classified thus : —
1st. Those of which we know the mode of production and their uses, e. g., arrow
heads.
2nd. Those of which we know the mode of production, but are uncertain -as to the
use, e. g., so-called breast-plates, and banner stones.
3rd. Those of which we know the use, but not the mode of production, e. g., certain
kinds of finely drilled beads.
4th. Those of which we know absolutely nothing.
European aboriginal relics are classified as palaeolithic or neolithic, according to their
degree of finish, the latter being of more recent origin and of superior workmanship.
In this country, however, no such distinction can be made, for we find the rude and the
more elaborate forms in various degrees of finish, in such circumstances as to indicate
that all were made and used by the same people contemporaneously.
Many of the more elaborately formed and highly finished were, no doubt, for
ceremonial, or, as we would say, for holiday use, the material and construction precluding
any belief that economic utility was a consideration with the makers.
Again, many of the weapons we agree to call by specific names were, in all
probability, applied to a variety of uses. Just as the the dexterous backwoodsman finds
in his trusty jack-knife a chisel, a spoke-shave, a scraper, a bit or gimlet, and even a saw,
the Indian had in his spear or arrow-head that which would serve a variety of purposes.
With the same weapon that slew his prey, he cculd skin the animal and cut it up. For
excising a scalp, cutting thongs, severing a twig, smoothing handles or boring holes, his
flint weapon would answer admirably.
A weapon found in considerable abundance is known as a " skinning knife." No
doubt the article in question may have been employed in the manner indicated by this
name, but it is quite certain that the main purpose of such instruments was warlike.
They were chiefly used as tomahawks, or battle-axes, having been attached to handles by
means of sinews or thongs. They are invariably made decreasing slightly in size from
the edge to the head, so that when bound to a handle every blow administered would tend
to tighten their hold. Occasionally these are found of exquisite finish, being perfectly
symmetrical and highly polished.
It seems to be very evident that certain persons in each tribe devoted their time in
great measure to the manufacture of implements which they no doubt gladly exchanged
with others possessing less mechanical ability for the results of the chase, but we have no
means of ascertaining the comparative values placed upon the various articles.
To the women, in all likelihood, was allotted the making of earthen vessels, fragments
of which are of such frequent occurrence here and there all over the Province, and it
must be acknowledged that they evinced considerable taste in modelling and ornamenting
i heir pottery. Unlike the process of building in a coil, as employed by some of the more
16
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
southern tribes, the natives of this- country appear to have shaped their vessels from the
clay in lump form, tempering the material either with powdered shells or with stones of
granitic formation, calcined and finely pounded. Wherever the latter material has been
employed particles of mica are distinguishable on the surface. In outline and
ornamentation many of the vessels in question prove very clearly that the ancient red-
man had an eye for the beautiful. Unfortunately, whole specimens of pottery are seldom
found unless in the form of pipes, but the fragments frequently enable us to arrive
at a pretty correct idea of the size, outline and appearance of the Indian potter's
handiwork.
It is probable that the men fashioned their own pipes in material of whatever kind,
and one cannot help admiring the taste that is often displayed, as well as the fertility of
resource in the adaptation of animal and other forms to the intended purpose.
Presumably, also, most of the other objects requiring peculiar mechanical skill were
produced by the male members of the tribe, although there is little doubt that many
operations, such as the preparing of skins, the weaving of mats and baskets, and the
making of moccasins and other articles of clothing, devolved mainly on the women. As
dyers, too, the women were expert in the production of brilliant colours from the many
vegetable juices found in the virgin forest.
In material, shape or design there is little or nothing to distinguish the work of one
tribe or nation from that of another, except in the case of nations that are separated by
long distances. The widely flared or trumpet-mouthed pipe-head would seem to have
been a favourite Huron form, but it is by no means confined to the territory that was
occupied by that people. In all the chief characteristics of aboriginal life, judging from
relics now brought to light, there would appear to have been scarcely any difference
among the tribes that inhabited this portion of Canada.
The principal materials employed by the Indians in the production of utensils, tools,
weapons and ornaments were clay, shells, flint, quartzite, slate, steatite, blood-stone or
•catlinite, bone, horn and (rarely) copper.
Not only are all the implements and utensils similarly fashioned and from the same
kinds of material, but we find that wherever it was possible the crown of some bluff near
a stream was selected as camping ground, and in like manner the highest ground was
preferred for purposes of interment.
It frequently happens that the number and arrangement of ash-heaps in a field
enable us to form a fair estimate not only as to the number of " lodges " that composed a
village, but as to the number of " fires " or families in each lodge.
In a field on the farm of Mr. Robert Lougheed, near Glen Huron station, in the
Township of Nottawasaga, the extent of a village is thus plainly discernible and indicates
the former existence on the site of about fifty lodges, each affording shelter to from three
to seven families. An examination of this field by Mr. Lougheed's family, and by mem-
bers of the Institute, was the means of adding upwards of one hundred excellent specimens
to our cabinets.
In a few places there seem to have been attempts made at fortification by means of
earthworks and palisades, but it is difficult to determine how far these means of defence
may or may not be due to European influence, as in almost every instance where evidences
of such structures exist, there are found iron tomahawks, brass kettles, glass beads and
other indications of the white man's presence.
Yours respectfully,
DAVID BOYLE.
2 (c.i.) 17
51 Victoria.
Sessional Paper:; (No. 7),
A. 1888
POTTERY.
From clay, tempered with powdered shells or granite, weie formed vessels for
cooking purposes or for holding water. These are seldom found entire, but from the
fragments that are picked up, it is evident that utensils of this kind were sometimes
upwards of a foot in diameter and about as deep. Some appear to have been moulded
and baked within rudely woven basket-work — others show no sign of having been formed
in this way, but are, on the contrary, graceful in form and tastefully ornamented with
patterns usually made up of straight lines and dots.
FIG. 1. (Full Size.)
Fig. 1 shows plain lining, but is remarkable us forming almost right angles on the
side and edge.
FIG. 2. (Full Size.)
Fig. 2 shows a peculiarly symmetrical arrangement of elliptical depressions within
a triangular panel. This arrangement of markings is very peculiar, but, unfortunately,
the cut does not show it at all clearly.
18
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
w
FIG. 3. (Full Size.)
Figs. 3 and 4 exhibit what may be regarded as common styles of marking, but>
in Figs. 5 and 6 there is a very noticeable variation. The holes shown at the top of Fig.
5 do not penetrate the pottery. They have b< en made with a blunt-pointed instrument
FIG. 4. (Full Size.)
from the inside in such a manner as to form corresponding bosses, or swellings, on the-
outside, as at Fig. 6. Both pieces are fragments of the same vessel, and were presented
by Mr. George Laidlaw, of " The Fort," having been found by him near Balsam Lake.
FIG. 5. (Full Size.)
19
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 6. (Full Size.;
In every instance the clay vessels are round bottomed, and this seems the more
singular in the case of those that are formed, as is supposed, without the aid of any
enclosing wicker.
FIG. 7. (iSize.)*
Fig. 7 is an almost perfect, but somewhat rudely-formed clay pot, from the Erie
shore east of Port Colborne, where it was found, projecting from a sandbank, by Mr.
Cyrenius Bearsse.
* " J size " means that the cut is only half as long and half as wide as the object. "1-16" one-fourth
as long and one-fourth as wide.
20
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 8. (Full Size.)
Fig. 8, though less in size, is more elegantly formed, and shows more taste in
its ornamentation. It was found in an ossuary on the farm of Mr. James Dwyer,
Beverly — a former habitat of the Neuters. From the same place we have been able at
various times, by the generosity of the proprietor, to add many fine specimens^ to our
collection.
FIG. 9. (Full Size.)
Fig. 9 is a coarsely formed specimen of the potter s art from Beverly. It may
have been used as a spoon, but more probably was a child's plaything. Pipes and other
articles are sometimes found of such diminutive size as to preclude the belief that they
were made for any other purpose than that of toys. In a few cases, perhaps, they were
used as articles of adornment, and this seems the more likely when we find them
perforated as if for suspension.
Our collection is very weak in this department, and particular attention should be
devoted to the securing of good, perfect specimens of the potter's handiwork.
Of clay pipes we have been successful in procuring a fair variety, but many of
them are the property of the York Pioneers, and are merely in the temporary keeping
of the Institute.
21
Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
CLAY PIPES.
On this class of workmanship the Indian has employed his best talents as a mechanic
and an artist. As mentioned elsewhere, the flared, flanged or trumpet-mouthed form was
in considerable repute, but the adaptations of design to human and lower animal forms
•are frequently very ingenious and sometimes amusing.
FIG. 10. (Full Size.)
Fig. 10 may be taken as a typical illustration of what, from the frequency of its
appearance in the neighborhood of the Georgian Bay, is sometimes spoken of as "The
Huron JPipe," although many of them have a sharper and longer outward curve, giving
the mouth a broad, flattened look.
The specimen figured is from the farm of Mr. James Eae, Beverly township, a
considerable distance from the ground occupied by the Hurons.
FIG. 11. (Full Size.)
In Fig. 11 we have the flared mouth modified in such a manner as to give the
outside a quadrangular form. The lower part of the bowl is relieved by means of
22
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
four ribs, that give it the appearance of a square, whose angles correspond with the
sides that form tthe mouth. This is a very unusual combination of design. Our
collection contains a few other specimens. Both are from the Lougheed farm, township
of Nottawasaga. Some pipes of this shape have been found at Lake Medad, near
Waterdown.
FIG. 12. (Full Size.)
From t the same ground we have Fig. 12, of very graceful design ; the open mouth
of the snake forming the bowl of the pipe. Unfortunately, the stem is broken, but it
was probably not more than an inch or two longer when complete.
FIG. 13. (Full Si it-.)
In Fig. 13 it has been the evident intention of the aboriginal artificer to produce
the semblance of an owl. The stem is lost, and the beak has been destroyed, but enough
remains to prove that the old pipe-maker who fashioned this bowl was an excellent
mechanic. Not only is the general conception of the head very good, but the high finish
is remarkable. Locality, Lougheed farm, Nottawasaga.
The heads of other animals were also used as models for imitation in pipe-making,
and our collection contains many forms, but the human face seems to have been a prime*
favorite everywhere.
When the head of such an animal as the wolf, for example, is imitated in connection
with pipe-bowls, it is usually as an appendage to the inside edge, or edge next the month
of the smoker when the pipe is in use. The neck rises from this edge, and the head faces
ste inwards.
23
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
As a rule, the human face was made to form the front side of the bowl, as in the case
of our own similarly ornamental pipes.
FIG. 14. (Full size.)
In Fig. 14 we have a very rare combination — a face looking each way. This pipe
was part of Mr. Stewart's collection. It is of close texture, well baked and of superior
finish.
Many of the clay pipes appear to have been fractured in the process of burning,
and, consequently, have never been used. Fi^. 14 is perfectly free from discoloration.
Besides forming pipes from clay in a plastic condition, there is evidence that
another method was employed. The clay was burned occasionally in a solid lump,
bearing the general form of the finished article, and the holes for bowl and stem
were bored subsequently. Specimens of this kind are of more frequent occurrence
near the extreme west of the province than elsewhere, and in a few private collections
are the burned, but unbored and crudely shaped blocks.
FIG. 15. (Full Size.)
Fig. 15 is a fragment of a pipe remarkable for the delicacy of its lining and the
thinness of the piece. In texture and finish it is the best in our collection. Locality,
Lougheed farm, Nottawasa^ i.
24
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
STONE PIPES.
It might be difficult to state authoritatively whether in the development of
Indian mechanical ingenuity, the clay or the stone pipe had precedence. For many reasons
it would seem that stone had the superior claim to this distinction, notwithstanding the
enormous amount of labor that was necessary to fashion them with such primitive
appliances as the aborigines had at command. Contrary to what might be supposed in
working such matrial, the outline was completed before the boring was begun.
FIG. 16. (Full Size.)
Fig. 16 is an exceedingly ancient form. The material is very hard, and only
part of the boring has been done. Both in bowl and stem the holes, each about half an
inch deep, are conical at the base. From Mr. Stewart's collection. Locality, Brantford.
FIG. 17. (Full Size.)
Of the same type, but much more gracefully formed, is Fig. 17. The bowl is
perfectly round and relieved by a neatly cut groove near the top, so as to form a bead
round the lip. The stem and shorter opposite projection are rounded on the upper
side. Both here and in Fig. 16 the under sides are flat. This pipe is formed of steatite
or soapstone, an easily wrought material.
25
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7),
A. 1888
FIG. 18. (Full Size.)
Tn this pipe (Fig. 18.) we have something like the modern form. As is fre-
quently the case, however, the hole in the bowl is exceedingly small : so small as to
suggest that the article itself was more for ornament than use.
This seems to be unmistakably the case in Fig. 19, in
which the aperture is smaller still, and at each corner of the
extremely flattened Astern is a hole for suspension from a
string. The holes 'show marks of wear. Both pipes are
quite black, and are of steatite. Locality unknown.
FIG. 19. (Full Size.)
FIG. 20. (Full Size.)
FIG. 21. (Full Size.)
We have a somewhat singular variation from Indian methods in Fig. 20, the bowl
and short stem being six-sided. Locality, Beverly township.
Even in stone we find an attempt made to imitate the "human form divine." Fig.
21, from Mr. MaKnight's farm, Beverly, is of white marble, slightly discolored. It is
roughly four-sided, and, although stemless, is complete, there being a hole bored at the
back to communicate with the bowl.
Such heads are not uncommon, and many of them have a suspension hole,
generally at the lower end. Such a hole is to be found in this specimen, although not
shown in the cut, as it passes from right to left behind the chin.
The features are in very low relief, the no^e
26
being almost flat.
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 22. (Full Size.)
A more pretentious attempt at sculpture has been made in Fig. 22. The broken
end would indicate that there had been originally material to form a stem, but the piece
having become detached before the pipe was finished, a hole has been bored at the back of
the neck for the insertion of a wooden tube. Through the lips of the bowl and at the
base of the neck three other holes have been made — it is hard to say for what purpose.
The forms of pipe are almost infinite in variety, and the ancient people clung
with greater tenacity to pipes of their own make than to anything else, after communi-
cation with the Whites enabled them to procure what they were quick enough to per-
ceive were superior articles.
FIG. 23. (Full Size.
The influence of European contact is plainly seen in Fig. 23, not only so far
as the shape is concerned, but in the character of the finish, which shows the employment
of better tools than those formerly available. But this is further evidenced from the
appearance of the square and compasses which are plainly enough seen on the front
side of the squared central portion, unless, indeed, we accept this as a proof that the
" mystic art " was not unknown in the lodges of the aborigines ! An enthusiast in this
kind of lore might be curious in any case to ascertain in what "degree" the pipe
had been made, but the nature of the markings are not such as to make the position
of the " points " quite clear.
27
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 26. (Full Size, stem half length.)
The natives of the Pacific Coast attained to high excellence in rude sculpture.
Many of their pipes are marvels of ingenuity and much more complicated in design than
Fig. 26, of which only half the stem is shown. This specimen is of jet black material.
The stem is cylindrical, but the head is a compressed oval, the greater axis being from
front to back. The exact locality is unknown, as this specimen is part of the York
Pioneers' collection, and scarcely any article in it can be located.
FIG. 27. (About three -fourths Size.)
Fig. 27 is a remarkably odd pipe, if pipe it be, from the farm of Mr. Ed. Beecroft,
lot 19, concession 8, Nottawasaga. It is made of bloodstone or catlinite. It is perfectly
symmetrical in form. The broad side is little more than one-fourth of an inch in
28
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
thickness. The back consists of a strong square-sided rib (the wide end of which is
shown in the engraving) of the same depth or thickness all along, but having its two
sides converge almost to a point at the lower end. It was found in the ossuary already
mentioned, in which a very large number of bodies were found upwards of forty years
ago, ori Mr. Beecroft's farm.
FIG. 28. (Full Size.)
One of the most remarkable relics ever found in this country is that shown in Fig. 28.
It was presented to the Institute by Mr. Findlay McCallum, of Milton, in the county
of Halton, and was found by him on his farm there.
Notwithstanding the length of the nose, the resemblance of the head to that of a
monkey is very striking. The length of the tail also adds force to the belief that the
animal named was intended to be represented, although the engraving does not bring this
out very clearly. This appendage is made to form the front of the pipe, being turned
up until it meets the neck, when it curves downwards for a short distance on
«ach side. The feet, or hands and feet, are carved as if grasping the tail in this
position. The hole forming the bowl is bored downwards from the shoulders and meets a
smaller aperture at a right angle to it near the base, for the insertion of a stem. On each
side of the pipe are six cavities — five on the body and one on the tail. On the base and
front of the tail (as curved upwards) there are other six ; on the top of the head are
five more, and at the back, between the two holes, there is another, but much shallower
hollow. The eye holes are deeply bored.
Two small holes have been made to imitate nostrils, and the lower side of the
under jaw has been carefully worked to show the anatomical arrangement of the
bones.
The surface of the pipe is black, whether from usage or by the application of a
pigment it is hard to say, but the material itself is a light grey, very soft and porous,
29
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No.
A. 1888
and quite unlike anything in the geological formations of this province. Under a mag-
nifying glass small nutallic looking specks appear, but they are probably micaceous.
There is little doubt that the specimen found its way from more southern latitudes,
along with the shells brought hither for the making of wampum.
FIG. 29. (Full Size. )
The only interesting feature about Fig. 29 is that it was found in a veritable
mound on the property of Mr. C. A. See, Tremont Park, Tidd's Island, Gananoque,
along with a number of other extremely interesting and valuable relics.
It is part of a pipe bowl made from freestone. It is simple in design, the
pattern consisting merely of a few diagonal lines.
BREASTPLATES OR GORGETS, AND PENDANTS.
FIG. 30. (£Size.)
FIG. 31. (iSize.)
There is perhaps no other class of Indian relics regarding which there is so much
diversity of opinion as in relation to such as those figured from 30 to 38.
They are usually formed of a light, greyish blue slate, from one-fourth to half an
inch at the thickest, and thinned off at the edges.
30
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 32. (JSue.)
As may be seen from the cuts, they vary in shape, in size, and in the number^
as well as the arrangement of holes, with at least one of which they are always
found perforated, although the greatest number have two. They are found all
over the province (wherever other relics appear), and every collector ttias one or more
specimens.
I'm. 33.
Size.)
Theories as to their use are nearly as numerous as the writers who have referred to-
them, and these are not few. They have been described as gorgets, or breast-plates, by
those who consider them to have been purely ornamental. From this point of view
the holes would be merely for suspension, and, although it is true that many have holes
showing signs of wear, there are probably just as many that do not. Besides, the wear
may be accounted for otherwise, as for example, by those who entertain the belief
that the articles in question were used for the purpose of rounding thongs and sinews for
bow-strings, fishing-lines, etc.
FIG. 34. (iSize.)
FIG. 35. (i Size.)
It has also been held that they were worn on the crown of the head, as a means of
attachment for feathers, porcupine quills and other gauds.
31
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
They may have been employed in some way for netting or weaving, or were, perhaps,
simply regarded as charms.
FIG. 36.
Size.)
FIG. 37.
FIG. 38. (£ Size.)
In some instances the holes are bored straight through (Figs. 34 and 37), but
generally they .are oblique, as in Figs. 30, 31, 32, 33, and 36.
The smallest of these tablets, Fig. 35, is from the farm of Mr. George Strangways,
near Elora. The others are from various places east, west, and north of Toronto.
FIG. 39. (4 Size.)
Differing somewhat from these is Fig. 39. This beautiful specimen is almost
symmetrical, and is richly banded with lines of deeper color than the ground. It is
three-eighths of an inch thick in every part, including the edges, which merely have the
corners slightly rounded. It was found near Jarvis, in the county of Norfolk, and
formed part of Mr. Stewart's collection.
FIG. 40. (iSize.)
This spade-like object, Fig. 40. was procured from Mr. Wilson, near Sherkston,
a few miles from Port Colborne, in the township of Hum.berstone. At . both interior
32
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
angles there are considerable signs of wear, but not much about the hole. The material
is also light blue slate, with irregular spar-like veins.
Fig. 41 is of
greenish-blue slate.
FIG. 41. (iSize.)
a remarkably elegant form, very thin, and of beautifully veined
It was found near Gait.
FIG. 42. (4 Size.)
Fig. 42 is peculiar in its being hollowed throughout the greater portion of its length,
as shown in the cut. Regarding the hollowed surface as the top of the specimen, the
bottom is an inch and a quarter deep at the middle, from which it tapers
to both ends until it is only three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness.
The piece may be described as being of canoe shape. The inevitable holes
with which it is pierced show slight signs of wear.
If used simply as an ornament, parallels are not wanting for such
an application among ourselves, for jewellry is frequently made in imita-
tion of snow-shoes, toboggans, anchors, horse-shoes, etc.
Of similar material, but totally different as to form and finish, are
two pieces from the Tidd's Island mound. One of these is shown at
Fig. 43. The under side is flat, the side shown in the cut is ridged,
being three-eighths of an inch thick in the middle and sloping sharply
to the edges. They were probably used as ornamental pendants, and
worn either round the neck or the waist, although scarcely any signs of
wear are observed about the hol< s.
FIG. 43. Size.
CEREMONIAL WEAPONS.
An easy way of accounting for the probable use of mysteriously formed archaeological
objects is to state in general terms that in all probability they were used for ceremonial
purposes. There is, however, a class of these, gracefully modelled, highly finished, and
of comparatively fragile material, that seem, without any doubt, to have been employed
by the Indians only upon "high" occasions, e. g., their various dances, celebrations of
victory, and tribal pow-wows.
In nearly every case the objects in question are symmetrical, or nearly so, and are
perforated in the centre as if for the reception of a handle or staff, which, from the
size of the hole, must have been too slender to prove effective for offensive or defensive
purposes.
3 (c.i.) 33
Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
. 1888
FIG. 44. (i Size.)
FIG. 45.
Size.'
Figs. 44 and 45 are of the simplest form, the transverse section being perfectly round.
In Fig. 44 the side view is given, and the hole, only about three-eighths of an inch in
-diameter, is not shown.
Fig. 45 is a much heavier weapon. The proportionately small hole is shown on the
upper side.
Stone heads of similar form are in common use among the Indians of the North-
West ; but, instead of the hole, a groove is cut round the middle, about which is bound
u strip of " Shaganappi " or raw-hide for the purpose of fastening the weapon to
the handle.
FIGS. 4G and 47. ({ Sizy.)
Figs 46 (from Plympton) and 47 (from Zone Township) show what was a favourite
form. They are suggestive of buffalo-horns, and we know that the supposed originals
were frequently employed as an ornamental head dress. The material is a beautifully
marked slate in both cases, and the knobbed ends probably served as means of attachment
for scalps, feathers, or trophies of any kind that might thus be displayed when carried
aloft by the happy possessor in the indulgence of his orgies. These formed part of Mr.
Stewart's collection.
34
Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIGS. 48 and 49. ({ Size.)
shapes are not uncommon. Fig. 48 (from Wingham) has some resemblance to
the seed of the maple ; but Fig. 49 (from lake shore, Norfolk) appears to be quite fanciful,
as indeed are most of these " ceremonial " objects.
FIG. 50. (£Size.)
Fig. 50 ((from Port Perry) has been originally almost square ; but, one corner
having been broken, subsequent rubbing down has again produced a sharp edge.
Such evidences of repair are not unfrequent. Articles that have been made for one
purpose have, in some instances, been modified, on account of breakage, so as to be suit-
able for another use.
FIG. 51. (4 Size.)
For comparative purposes. Fig. 51 is here introduced. It represents a so-called
<l banner-stone " found in an Ohio mound ; and one cannot fail to be struck by the
similarity of design and workmanship when compared with those of Indian origin in our
own and other collections.
35
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
It is not unlikely that sufficient proof will soon be forthcoming to show us very
clearly that the Mound-Builder race theory is foundationless, and that all the highly
imaginative speculations relating to an exterminated people have no good ground on
which to rest.
As a rule holes made by the aborigines in the various
articles they produced, are round, the result of drilling. An
elliptical hole is rarely met, but in Fig. 52 the perforation
which has been made from right to left, a little above the
inner angle, is a well-formed oval. A hole of this shape
indicates considerable advancement in mechanical ideas, because
it could have been formed only by drilling two small holes side
by side, and then cutting away the separating material.
FIG. 52. ( Size.)
FIG. 53. (i-Size.)
Polished stones like Fig. 53 are very rare and their use is doubtful. Even as ceremonial
objects it is not easy to divine what part they played. Shorter and proportionately
thicker specimens are sometimes found having a hole bored diagonally at each end from
the flat surface outwards, and it has been suggested that they were used as hand-pieces in
the middle of bow-strings, but Fig. 53 is too long and too slender for such a purpose,
unless we suppose it to have been intended for attachment to a purely ornamental
weapon. There are no holes at the extremities.
TOTEMS OR TRIBE SYMBOLS.
FIG. 54. (| Size.
FIG. 55. (4- Size.)
There is much difference of opinion regarding the use of such specimens as are
figured here (Figs. 54 and 55). They have been believed by some to be "totems," or
tribe-emblems, but Mr. H. Gillman, in his report to the Smithsonian Institute, 1875, says :
" I have learned, through an aged Indian, that in olden times these ornaments were worn
on the heads of Indian women, but only after marriage. I have thought that these
peculiar objects which are always made of some choice material, resemble the figure of a
brooding bird ; a familiar sight to the 'children of the forest ' that thus they are emble-
matic of maturnity, and as such were designed and worn."
Fig. 54 is plainly meant to represent a bird, although the form is somewhat
conventionalized. The eyes are enormously out of proportion, being nearly of the same
diameter as the head itself. They project by means of a footstalk nearly half an inch
from the sides of the head, but this is not well brought out in the engraving. The two
36
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
feet seem to be formed solely for the purpose of enabling the figure to balance itself. A
hole is bored obliquely through each end from the inside of the feet outwards in a forward
and backward direction. It was found near Thorndale.
Fig. 55 is of a pattern not uncommon in mounds. The outline is suggestive of bird-
form, but there has been no attempt to work out any details.
The locality in which this specimen was found is unknown. Both of them formed
part of Mr. Stewart's collection.
Another specimen, almost identical in form with that last mentioned, has been so
ingeniously shaped from a piece of richly grained slate as to make an oval mark contain-
ing a dark spot, take the place of an eye. This really beautiful specimen is from the farm
of the Messrs. Baby, near Lambton.
Probably the best " totem " in our collection was found near Port Rowan. It is
formed of a hard amygdaloid, and must have cost an enormous amount of labour to
bring into its present shape, although what that shape is one can hardly say. In some
respects it resembles a snail, perhaps, more than anything else. It was procured from
Mr. Stewart.
All these animal forms are worked out in relief, and are from one to two inches in
thickness, but from the Lougheed farm, Nottawasaga, we procured two small figures that
may also be considered as "totems" wrought from slate less than an eighth of an inch in
FIG. 5G. (Full Size.)
FIG. 57. (Full Size.)
thickness. One of these is probably a bear (Fig. 56), the other of about the same size is
shown in Fig. 57, and is no doubt meant to represent a beaver. In the former case a
small hole has been bored about the middle of the back, as if to suspend it evenly, but in
the latter there is nothing of this sort.
FIG. 58. (Full Size.)
Something in the line of sculpture is shown at Fig. 58. The same kind of material
is employed here also. The design is a wolf's head, the ears projecting sharply and
proportionably high. Two deep holes have been bored for eyes, and a third hole,
37
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
larger and deeper, has been drilled in the forehead. The back portion ot the head is
unfinished.
A very delicately carved head an inch and a half long was found on the Dwyer
Farm, Beverly. Want of time has prevented it from being figured. The workmanship
reminds one more of Central America than of this latitude — even the features and head-
dress are not in correspondence with what we woul$ expect from a Canadian Indian.
We have j ust received from the Longheed Farm, Nottawasaga, a
marvellously carved stone pipe ; the human head and face on which
are the work of one who must have been a very Michael Angelo
among the aborigines. From the same place also comes the head of
an owl in clay, also of fine workmanship.
Imitations in clay are sometimes very good. The hawk, or
eagle, figured in Fig. 71, is a sample of several in our collection, and
some of our best specimens have come in as this is going to press,
so that further reference to them must be deferred. Figs. 56 and
57, recently added specimens, are from Longheed Farm.
It is highly probable that all or most of these objects were
employed for totem purposes, that is, much as we use flags or coats ,-, ,,., ~.
of arms, viz., as symbols of nations or tribes.
SLATE SPEAR HEADS.
Among the " ceremonial " weapons may be included certain spear, or arrow-points^
made of the same fragile material as that from which the " banner stones" are formed >
viz., light, grayish-blue slate. No deadly wound could well be inflicted by such a
weapon more than once, because it would inevitably break the moment it hit the mark.
Fig. 60 shows the common way of fastening to a shaft.
FIG. GO. (Full Size.)
FIG. 01. (Full Size.)
A different mode of attachment is shown at Fig. 61. This specimen was found
by Prof. Vandersmissen and myself on Withrow Avenue, Toronto, where workmen were
engaged in making the road-bed. Our collection contains several similarly formed
heads of the same soft slato material. -:•
38
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
GROOVED AXES.
Of stone axes and chisels (or so-called skinning knives), we have a large number
and variety, but little need be said about them. Some of them are long enough to be
held immediately in the hand when employed as tools ; others, not quite so long, were no
doubt bound to handles, and the shortest — from three to four inches — were inserted in
sockets at the end of stout wooden hafts in such a manner as to leave only an inch or so.
projecting. Mounted in this way, they formed an eflective weapon at close quarters.
A very beautiful specimen of chisel (Fig. 62) pointed at each
end, was presented to the museum by Chief Smith (De-kah-neu-
ra-neh).of Brantford. It is fully one foof in length, and is the-
most elegantly formed implement of -the kind in our cases.
FIG. 02.
FIG. 63. (iSize.)
We can also boast of a few first-rate specimens of grooved
axes. Some of these form part of the York Pioneers' collection^
and others were secured from Mr. Stewart, of Strathroy.
Fig. 63 shows one of the latter, found near Gait. It is a
magnificent piece of aboriginal workmanship, and is well adapted
for the purpose it was intended to serve. Of syenite, hard and
close-grained, it is capable of bearing a much keener edge than one
might suppose possible. The mode of fixing a handle to such au
implement is easily seen.
39
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
GOUGES.
Among all the products of the Indians' handicraft few exhibit more patient labor
than do the stone gouges that are occassionally found in ossuaries and on old village
sites.
. 64.
Size.)
FIG. 05. (4 Size.;
FIG. 66. (iSize.)
The material of which they are usually formed is a close-grained stone of primary
formation, and capable of bearing a fine edge. Many gouges are hollowed only far enough
back to permit of the lips being properly formed, as in Figs. 64, 65, and 66 ; others, like
Figs. 67 and 68, are hollowed the whole of their length.
FIG. 67. (i Size.)
Figs. 65 and 66 are from the Baby Farm, Lambton, where they were found by Mr.
Kirk wood, an enthusiastic collector ; and Fig. 67 is from the County of Victoria, and is
40
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
made of what seems to be lithographic limestone. The largest specimen (Fig. 68) we
have was presented to the Institute by Mr. John Hind, in 1857, but the label bears no
record of where it. was found.
FIG. 68.
Size.)
TUBES.
The same kind of stone that was used for making " gorgets " and " ceremonial
weapons " was employed for the production of tubes, the use of which is not ascertained.
Tt is said that among some south-western tribes similar tubes are still used by the
•" Medicine Men " when performing their incantations on a diseased person. Apply iig
one end ot* the tube to the seat of pain, they profess to suck out the evil spirit that c uses
the trouble. This is not an improbable use ; but, however that may be, much time, labour,
and ingenuity have been expended in their production. Many of them are almost perfectly
cylindrical, and some are flattened on two sides The accuracy of the boring is generally
remarkable. Sometimes, in a length of even six inches, there will appear no more
variation than if the work had been done in a
FIG. 69.
Fig. 69 is nearly seven inches long, and is a fair specimen of aboriginal skill in this
line. It formed part of Mr. Stewart's collection.
Fig. 70 is more clumsily shaped, but is well bored, and
shows what is a more common form. Objects of this kind
are comparatively rare.
FIG. 70. (i Size.)
FIG. 71. (iSize.)
The accompanying cut (Fig. 71) is a section of a stone through which it has been
intended to bore a hole. It enables us to form some idea of how such work was
performed.
41
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
BEADS.
An almost indispensable portion of the aboriginal outfit, for both male and female,
was a quantity of beads. Bloodstone or catlinite was a favourite material, but other
stones of brilliant color were often substituted. We have been very fortunate in being
able to procure some pieces of stone in process of being shaped into beads, and which
shew us the laboriously slow methods that were necessarily employed by the Indians in
fashioning these personal adornments.
We have in our cases several pieces of hard, close-grained stone partially cut into
strips preparatory to being squared, or rounded, and bored. We learn from this and
other specimens that the rough block of stone was first polished on two sides, so as to
present even surfaces for marking off and for being ultimately sawn through by means of
flint-flakes. Probably this sawing process was aided by water. When a moderately deep
cut had been made on both sides, the strip was broken off, cut into lengths, and bored ;
but how the boring was done, when the holes required were so small, it is not quite so
easy to understand. Beads, broken lengthwise, enable us to see that the process was
carried on from each end ; but here certainty ceases.
As this goes to press, a specimen has come into our possession from the celebrated
Lougheed Farm, proving that the Indians understood a method of cutting stones some-
what similar to the plan known as "plug and feather," which we employ in our quarries
to-day ; a series of holes has been bored in line close to each other, the necessary or
unnecessary piece of material has been broken off, and then friction has been resorted to
for the purpose of removing the projecting portions between the holes. Our specimen
shows the work in an incomplete condition, and like all other similar specimens is
especially valuable on that account.
The beads were sometimes from three to six or more times as long as they were
thick ; almost cubical, and frequently sometimes roughly spherical.
FIG. 71. Full Size.)
Fig. 71 gives a fair idea of some of the shapes most commonly found. The early
French and other European traders were not slow to take advantage of the Indians' fond-
ness for this kind of display, and they consequently made and imparted enormous
quantities of coarse glass beads of brilliant hues (generally red and blue) and bearing a
42
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
pattern that no doubt powerfully fascinated the native eye. (Fig. 72.) For these gew-
gaws valuable peltries were readily exchanged, and in process of time the European
FIG. 72. (Full Size.;
article wholly displaced the ancient stone adornment. Other beads less pretentious in
size and color were also brought over by the ton, and are now found in almost every
ossuary of post-European origin.
Fig. 73, from Beverly, is a common form. It is made of blue
glass, and is square sided.
FIG. 73. (Full Size.)
FIG. 74. (Full Size.)
Fig. 74 is a stone bead or pendant of a somewhat unusual
pattern. Instead of a hole piercing it lengthwise it is provided
with two holes — one at each end, bored at an angle, so as to pass
through the corner.
The cut would seem to indicate that they pass through
almost at right angles, but this is owing to a mistake on the part
of the engraver.
43
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FLINTS.
Little need be said of flint implements in a general way. All over the world they
are much alike.
FIG. 75. (Full Size.)
The long, narrow, and comparatively thick flints were no doubt used as drills in the
fashioning of stone pipes, and such articles as the necessity for carrying which required a
perforation. Fig. 75 is a fair sample of drill.
A few illustrations are given to show the different methods of
attaching arrow heads and spears to shafts.
The simplest method was that employed with the war arrow, as
Fi^. 76. The base of the weapon generally had a slight inward
curve, and was worked to a thin edge for insertion in the cleft end
of the shaft, without any more binding than was requisite to hold
it firmly in position while upon its errand of death. Being short, thin
and sharp, it easily penetrated the flesh and embedded itself beyond
sight, so that on any attempt being made to remove it the shaft be-
came easily disconnected, and left the weapon in the wound.
FIG. 76. (Full Size.)
FIG. 77. (Full Size.)
Fig. 77 is of the same type, but larger, and has the angles at the base prolong* d to
form barbs.
FIG. 78. (Full Size.)
Fig 78 is somewhat peculiar in being double notched, besides having a neck. Flints
44
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
notched in this manner are rare. This was in Mr. Stewart's collection, and the locality
is unknown.
(FiG. 79. Full Size.)
A rarer form still is seen at Fig. 79. In this case the neck of the weapon is cleft.
Evidently the chipping is not accidental, because it is done neatly and evenly from both
sides.
Figs. 80 and 81 represent two of sixty-eight, all roughly
leaf-shaped flints found buried together a few inches below
the surface, on the farm of Mr. Arthur Seabrook, near
Komoka, in the township of Delaware. The farm is on the
right bank of the Thames, and the pieces were embedded in
the level ground at an elevation of at least fifty feet above
the river, the bank of which is here quite high. Not far
away from the spot is a stream of spring water which forms
a beautiful cascade as it tumbles over the steep brow to reach
the river ; and taken altogether the
situation was just such as would de-
light the heart of an Indian.
If we regard these rudely formed
flints as finished articles, they could
not have been intended for use as
arrow-heads — their flight would be too
uncertain : besides no provision has
been made for fastening them to a
shaft. The latter reason would also
preclude their use for spear or lance
purposes. It seems highly probable
that they were intended for insertion
in the heads of clubs — the tapering
end being let into the wood, and the
sharp semi-circular edge allowed to
project from an inch to an inch and
a-half. On this supposition their very roughness would be an advantage to them in
maintaining their hold.
The whole of Mr. Seabrook's " find " is now in our collection.
FIG 80. (Full Size.)
FIG. 81. (Full Size.)
45
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
FIG. 82. (i Size.)
Figs. 82, 83 and 84 are from the Tidd's Island Mound. They are chiefly remarkable
for their great size — so great as to hinder the supposition that they were used even as
spears.
FIG. 83. (| Size.)
The longest (Fig. 83) measures nine and a-quarter by three and three-quarter inches,
FIG. 84. (J Size.)
and another (Fig. 84), is eight and a-half by four and a half inches. The latter is of a dark
grey compact, but shaly-looking material, and very thin in proportion to its other dimeri-
46
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
sions ; the former is of the same cherty stone as that from which the arrows or " flints "
are generally formed.
There can hardly be a doubt that these large objects were used as spades or as hoes.
The surface soil on the island is light and might be readily stirred by means of these tools,
even if held directly in the hand, but is not improbable that they were attached to a,
handle.
FIG. 85. (J Size.)
Some of the smaller specimens from the same place are of quartzite, in one (Fig. 85)
the material is of a pale, milky hue, and presents a beautiful appearance. The lower
portion of the neck has been broken off.
FIG. 86.
Size.)
Fig. 86 is also a fine weapon. The quartzite has rich dark veins running through it.
Neither in this case nor in that of Fig. 85 does the cut do anything like justice to
real appearance of the stone.
Some of these were found by Mr. C. A. See, of " Tremont Park," in which the
mound is situated, and some were found by myself when examining the place subse-
quently. Those that may be regarded as agricultural implements, are very thin in pro-
portion to their length and breadth.
With regard to the vexed question, Who were the Mound Builders 1 I venture the
opinion that these relics and those of copper, referred to elsewhere, which were found in
the same place, afford a strong argument in favor of the belief that the people hitherto
spoken of as an extinct race, were none other than the Indians themselves. That the
historic or recent Indian knows nothing whatever regarding the origin of the remarkable
earth-heaps, known as mounds, is no more singular than that they are now totally
ignorant of the uses of many such comparatively modern implements and utensils as are
to be found in almost every collection.
As a people, they have simply changed their habits — slowly, no doubt, and in the
absence of any literature, tradition has failed to preserve a record of obsolete customs,
excepting in so far as these may be mentioned incidentally in their mythology.
The Institute was fortunate in having secured all the characteristic specimens found
in the Tremont Park Mound, and special thanks are due to Mr. C. A. See, the proprietor*
for his generosity not only in presenting the specimens he himself had found, but for
permitting us to prosecute a further search, and thus to add many more valuable articles.
47
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
GRINDING AND RUBBING STONES.
FIG. 87.
From the farm of Mr. James Dwyer, in the township of Beverly, a prolific source of
good material, we obtained the large stone of which the above is a fair representation.
It is fully three and a half feet long, and about two and a half in breadth. When
lying in Mr. Dwyer' s bush it was upwards of a foot in thickness, but this has been con-
siderably reduced to render it more portable.
It is a fine gritty freestone, and bears marks of usage by the Indians for rubbing,
smoothing and sharpening purposes.
Mr. Dwyer kindly undertook, free of cost, to team this massive and instructive
specimen to Copetown station (a distance of eight miles from where it was embedded in
the soil), for transmission to Toronto.
Other stones that have been used for similar purposes are known to exist in various
parts of the Province, and it is hoped that public-spirited citizens, upon whose property
these lie, will emulate the example of Mr. Dwyer, for the benefit of the Provincial
Archaeological Museum.
48
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
SHELL OBJECTS.
Somewhat aimilar to the beads, and often used for the same purpose in a measure,,
was the wampum, or white shell money of the Indians. It was made in two formsr
discoidal and cylindrical. Woven into belts, it served as a girdle, and special patterns
were sometimes made to confirm bargains and ratify treaties between various tribes.
The arrangement of the bars and other portions of the design had special significations,.
the recollection and interpretation of which were entrusted to a chief known as the
"Fire Keeper," who was solemnly bound not to permit the belts to go out of his care
without the permission of his tribe in council assembled. Treaty belts of wampum were
from three to six feet in length, and from six inches to a foot wide. ' fj The *Mohawks, on
the Tuscarora reserve, near Brantford, still own some of the belts that were the joint
property of the Six Nation Indians, previous to the American war, but (none of the
specimens are very ancient, as the cylindrical wampum of which they are composed is
evidently of European manufacture, although made from shell. A considerable quantity
of the same kind was found a few years ago in a cave on the Grand river, nearjElora,
and it was quite evident that the workmanship was that of the "Pale Face."
FIG. 88. (1-16 size.)
The discoidal, or flat form, is less common. It is made from a large univalve found
on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Fig. 88 is a specimen that was [found at
Penetanguishene, and presented to the Institute thirty -two years ago, by Dr. Richardson, in
1856. We have specimens from Nottawasaga, and from the Dwyer farm, in Beverly,
illustrating nearly all the steps in the manufacture of this wampum from the whole shell
to the finished article.
These show us (Fig. 89) that after portions of the shell had been broken off, they
were cut partly through on both sides, so that strips from three-eighths to about five-
eighths of an inch wide might be formed. These were again cut across
to make square blocks — a hole was bored in the middle from both sides,
and the corners were ground down until the finished article was
perfectly circular.
Many specimens of this "shell money" are so accurately made as
to suggest that European traders imitated it as they did stone beads.
Another variety of wampum was made either of a black shell, or of
a purple colored shell, and we learn from the writings of early settlers
in New England that this dark or black wampum was estimated at several times the
value of the more common white article.
FIG. 89. (1-16 size.
4 (C.I.)
49
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
The columellce of univalves were also made into a roughly cylindrical form when
small, but when larger pains were taken to form them more truly, and specimens are in
<our collection four inches in length and upwards of half an inch in diameter.
Shells from one-fourth of an inch to two inches long were sometimes
perforated and worn whole, as pendants or bangles. Fig. 90 is one
of this kind, measuring fully two inches in length, and of a species
found only in sub-tropical salt water.
(Fio.90. (1-16 Size.)
But the unios or native fresh water mussels .tig. 91 were also
employed for purposes of personal adornment. Sometimes they were
merely bored, but occasionally an attempt was made to improve their
appearance by a series of markings.
Fig. 92 is one of these on which the native artist has taken some
pains to produce the semblance of a fish.
FIG. 91. (1-16 Size.)
FIG. 92. (1-16 Size.)
FIG. 93. (1-16 Size).
A small, symmetrically-shaped pendant, made from a shell like Fig.
88, is shown at Fig. 93.
BONE AND HORN.
FIG. 94. (£ Size.)
Bone and horn were utilized in a number of ways, In Fig. 94 (from the Dwyer
Farm, Beverly) the hole and cut end are the only indications of art. Other specimens of
horn in our collection have been bored in the same way. A large but rudely formed
gou^e, made of horn, is the only implement we have of that material besides the
perforated pieces already referred to.
FIG. 95. (Full Size.
In almost every burial place are found numerous bears' teeth. Occasionally these
have a small hole bored at the extremity of the root, but usually they are intact, as in
Fig. 95, which is of the natural size. Bone was much more frequently employed than
50
51 Victoria.
Sessional Tapers (No. 7).
A 1888
horn. Of this were formed the needles, or awls, so indispensable in the making of clothing
and moccasons.
(FiG. 96. Full Size.)
As a rule these were made from long splinters, ground to a fine point, or from whole
bones of suitable size treated in the sume way. (Fig. 96.)
They could have been employed only to pierce holes, through which the sewing
material had to be thrust. A famous old needle-maker must have plied his vocation for
some time not far from Toronto, as considerable quantities of these bone articles have
been found in the township of York.
FIG. 97. (Full Size.)-
•
In Fig. 97 we have what may truly be called a needle. The eye is well formed, and
the specimen possesses evidence of long use. It is extremely thin, being scarcely one-
twentieth of an inch thick in any part.
The two specimens figured, besides a number of others, form part of the Long
collection, presented to the Museum by Mr. W. Long, Jr., of Lansing, York Township.
FIG. 98. (4 Size.)
Fig. 98 may be called a bone knife, if we may judge from the shape of the specimen,
but its cutting qualities would hardly recommend it. In the modelling of pottery it
would have proved useful both for smoothing the inner surface and for marking the
pattern on the outer one. Lougheed Farm, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 99. (JSize.)
We have a few specimens of bone spear or harpoon. The hole in the flat portion
has been either to aid in fastening it into a handle or to carry it by a string when -not in
51
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
use. The form is very much like that still employed by the Eskimo. Spears of this
kind were probably used for securing the larger kinds of fish. Fig. 99 was found by Mr.
Long, in York Township. We have another fine specimen from the farm of Mr. James
Rae, Beverly.
FIG. 100. (Full Size.)
Fig. 100 may have been applied to a like purpose, but the barbs seem to be hardly
"pronounced5' enough. Perhaps this is an unfinished specimen.
FIG. 101. (JSize.)
In Fig. 101 we have also three barbs instead of one as in Fig. 99, and a hole in the
same relative position. This specimen is not so well finished as the former.
Bones ground down, as in Fig. 102, are
frequently found in ossuaries and on old
camping grounds. They are popularly
known as whistles, and I have heard of
persons who are able to produce a loud and
shrill sound from them. Generally these
bones are ground quite fiat on both sides,
but more on one side than on the other, the
cavity of the bone presenting the wider
opening on the former side. Sometimes, however, only one side is ground flat, and the
other is worked down angulary at each end until the hollow of the bone is met. Those
shaped in this way certainly look more like whistles, but I have never been able to pro-
duce any sound from them.
FIG. 102. (Full Size.
FIG. 103. (Full Size.)
Lacking anything in the form of literature, and not having an extensive system of
numeration, the Indians had to resort to such expedients as wampum belts for the
preservation of important national or tribal records, whilst for those of a more personal
52
51 Victoria
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
character, e. g., number of days' or of moons' travel ; of braves in a party ; of prisoners
captured, or of scalps taken, they resorted to the simple expedient of notching the
FIG. 104. (Full Size.)
angular edges of short pieces of bone, which were easily carried on a string.
-and 104 are good examples of these "tally bones." Both are from lot 34, con. 7
farm), Beverly.
Except as an article of adornment, one can hardly imagine
any use for the diminutive oone mask, Fig. 105. The face has
a convexity not well brought out in the illustration, and the
back is correspondingly concave. The eye-holes are bored
clear through. Lougheed farm, Nottawasga.
It is seldom that we find any attempt to represent the
whole human form, but this has been done in Fig. 106 in so
far as the material would permit. In slight relief the right
hand covers the left breast, and the left is crossed to the
waist at the right side. The shape of the bone prevented any
attempt to make feet. A small hole penetrates the neck from
right to left, suggesting that it was worn as a pendant,
either singly or with beads. This very interesting specimen
of native art was presented to the Museum by Mr. Jas. Rae,
of Ueverly. [The engraver has reversed the position of the
hands.]
Our collection contains a considerable variety of articles
made from bone besides those named. Bones of the larger
birds were often formed into necklaces composed of pieces
from half an inch to four inches long.
FIG. 105.
<Full Size,)
Figs. 103
(Dwyer's
FIG. 106.
(Full Size.)
FIG. 107. fJSize.)
Portions of the human skull were in request mainly for ornamental purposes. Fig.
107 is perforated with seven holes, and may have been interlaced with brightly dyed
grasses, feathers or porcupine quills, and thus worn on the breast, or it may have formed
a base of adornment for head gear. The holes have been bored from the inside. Dwyer
collection.
53
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
We have another piece of skull somewhat Lirger, worked to a smooth edge all
round, without any holes, for a wonder. This was probably used as a cup. It formed
part of Mr. Stewart's collection and was found at Aurora.
Size.)
A turtle shell, Fig. 108, was found on the Dwyer farm, I'everly. It is perforated
with fourteen holes — ten near the margin of the plates and four on the crown.
C3PPER.
I am very sorry that want of time has prevented Principal Wilson, of Toronto
University College, from furnishing a few notes on our copper implements, according to
his original intention. As an authority on this subject Dr. Wilson is well known, and
we can only hope that should another opportunity of this kind present itself he may be
able to give us the benefit of his wide reading on such an extremely interesting depart-
ment of this subject.
It is pretty well known that the aborigines mined, in a rude way, the native copper
which is found so abundantly on the north shore of Lake Superior, and that they succeeded
in hammering portions of it into form, mainly as weapons, cutting tools, or personal
ornaments. It is extremely doubtful that they employed heat in any way for the purpose,
although many writers are inclined to adopt this view. That they may have employed
grooves, or what blacksmiths call " swages," in wood or stone into which the metal was
pounded to give it the required form is not unlikely. Still, it is reasonable to suppose
that, in such an event, some of these swage-stones would have baen discovered, and I am
not aware that this is the case.
FIG. 109. (J Size.)
Figs. 109, 110, and 111 were evidently used as spear or lance heads. As with flint
heads, it will be noticed that there are various ways of fastening to the shaft. In Fig.
54
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
109 there is a clearly marked neck for deep insertion. In Fig. 110 the body of the
weapon merges imperceptibly into a neck, which must also have required a deep seat for
FIG. 110. (iSize.)
FIG. 111.
Size.)
attachment ; but in Fig. 1 1 1 we have a mode of fastening very much like what we find
in most similar weapons of stone.
Fig. 109 was found near Brantford, Fig. 110 in the township of Caradoc, and Fig.
Ill unknown, but in Ontario.
FIG. 112. (J Size.)
Fig. 112 is an axe or an adze or a chisel. It is stoutly made, has a good edge, and
is formed (like Fig. 115) with a socket to receive a handle. The outer or convex side
shows no signs of hammering, but rather gives color to the swage theory. This well-
formed implement was found in Manitoulin, and was presented to the Institute by Mr.
Yellowlees, who is a resident of the island.
FIG. 113. (i Size.)
Fia;. 113 was found by Mr. C. A. See in the Tremont Park Mound on Tidd's Island.
It has flat sides and square edges, and is made for fastening to a handle by means of
thongs, or for insertion in a hole at the end of a handle. It is evidently a tomahawk.
114.
FIG. 114. (J Size.)
One of the most elegantly formed copper relics in our collection is that numbered
It is more of an adze or chisel than an axe, being sharpened to bring the cutting
55
51 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 7).
A. 1888
edge wholly to one side. It is very symmetrically shaped, and the sides are flat ; but the
edges are rounded, suggesting the use of this tool directly in the hand. Compared with
its other dimensions, this specimen is comparatively thin.
It was found by Mr. J. Humphrey within a short distance of his dwelling-house, on
the farm lot 6, concession 2, in the township of Beverly.
FIG. 115.
Size.)
Fig. 115 is supplied with a well-formed socket, which is fully one-third of the whole-
length. The inside as seen in the cut, is very much corroded, but the opposite is per-
fectly smooth, and the blade portion has been hammered so as to leave a ridge in the
middle throughout its entire length. It was found " north-east of Toronto."
The formation of a socket marks a very decided step in the adaptation of means to
an end.
FIG. 116. (£ Size.)
Fig. 116 is much corroded, but shows unmistakable signs of workmanship. The
locality where found is not known ; all the foregoing (except as noted) were procured
from Mr. J. W. Stewart.
FIG. 117. (4 Size.)
A knife is suggested by the shape of Fig. 117, and the shank is evidently made for
insertion in a handle of some sort, and one is led to suspect European influence.
A much heavier and more clumsily shaped implement, in general form resembling
the Tidd's Island tomahawk, was found near Brantford, and is now in our collection.
We have also a few specimens of copper bracelets. These were often made either by
procuring native metal in " leaf " condition, or by poundinsf it very thin, then cutting it
into strips and bending the edges over as if to make a tube, after which it was curved
to form a single or double coil.
One of our bracelet specimens is made from solid metal.
Copper beads were fashioned in the same manner and were from one-fourth to three-
fourths of an inch long. I collected a number of these from the Tidd's Island Mound,
and, what was of more value, a piece of hide, perhaps a portion of belt or head-dress'
which had been ornamented with them. Some of the beads were still lying on the
material they had adorned, and the method of fastening may be clearly seen.
Finders of copper iuiplements and weapons should refrain from making any attempt
to clean or sharpen them, as no good end is thereby attained, whereas any operation
having this object in view only gives the article a suspiciously modern appearance.
56
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
MODERN SPECIMENS.
Mr. M. M. Fen wick, B. A., Head Master of the Farmersville High School, and
F. F. Payne, Esq., have each presented the museum wdth a number of specimens that
will prove valuable for comparative purposes.
The contribution of the former gentleman consists of wearing apparel, ornaments and
weapons in use among the Arouay Indians of British Guiana ; and the latter of several
suits of Eskimo clothing, two Kayak models and a number of other valuable articles.
A donation of $10 from President Vandermissen was expended in the purchase of
specimens.
The following report by Mr. A. F. Hunter is interesting. The writer has gone over
some portions of Simcoe County with considerable care, and his estimate of the number
of villages and ossuaries, indicates that a large Indian population formerly occupied that
part of our Province.
Mr. Hunter's general remarks have rendered it unnecessary for me to refer further
to the points involved, more especially as the space at our command is limited.
VILLAGES.
According to the Jesuits, there were in the year 1639 thirty-two inhabited villages of
the Hurons in the small territory between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. There is no
reason to doubt the accuracy of the Jesuits' statement, but we have located the sites of
upwards of one hundred Huron villages within that area. All these, however, were not
occupied at the same time, as the remains show. Some had evidently been abandoned
before the arrival of the French, because all research has failed to reveal any traces of
French intercourse ; while other sites yield abundant evidence of the presence of French
traders. The Hurons were incessantly harassed by hostile tribes, and were compelled to
shift their habitations from time to time. Their filthy domestic habits also rendered it
impossible for them to remain long in one place. They were thus obliged to lead a half
nomadic life, although they were quite stationary when compared with Ohippewas,
Ottawas, and the other existing tribes. And hence it came that only a few of the villages,
whose remains are still traceable, were occupied at the time of the Jesuit census.
The sites of nearly all these villages are marked by artificial depressions and eleva-
tions of the surface of the ground, ashes and debris at some distance below the surface,
stone implements, fragments of pottery in great abunndance, besides many other relics.
Articles of early French manufacture are often found. These villages were of various
sizes, ranging from two or three lodges to extensive hamlets. The largest site known to
us is in the northern part of the township of Oro; it covers an area of more than fifteen
acres. Many of them were palisaded ; but nearly all traces of fortification have been
obliterated, owing to the great length of time that had elapsed since they were deserted.
In one instance — a village site in the township of Flos — we observed the remains of stone
fortification and mound-building without any collateral tra-es of French intercourse.
A large ossuary near it contained no articles of French manufacture when it was exca-
vated in the year 1882. All the Huron villages were situated on elevated ground where
the soil is light, but close to a supply of fresh water ; and in many cases we have been
able to locate a chain of villages lying along a particular trail, whose direction depended
on the physical features of the region.
The fortified missions of the Jesuits are still traceable — Ste. Marie on the Wye, Ste.
Marie on Christian Island, Ste. Jean Baptiste, and a few others. The sites of Wenrio,
Ste. Marie, Ste. Louis, Ste. Ignace, and other mission posts were minutely examined by
Dr. Tache, as well as by Rev. Father Laboureau, of Penetanguishene, who has also
examined many other sites with interesting results.
5 (C.I.) 57
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 7). A. 1888
OSSUARIES.
With many of the more important villages in the Huron country there are
associated ossuaries, or bone-pits. The number of these, discovered and undiscovered,
has been variously estimated ; more than one hundred and fifty have already been
excavated by different persons, but chiefly by the farmers. As to the number of skeletons
in each pit, a great diversity exists. The ossuary of average size contains about three
hundred, but a few have been found in the townships of Tay and Tiny containing more
than a thousand, while others contain less than a dozen. These, however, are exceptional
cases. Light, sandy soil was almost invariably selected for the pits, clearly because the
Indians had no good implements for digging heavy soils.
The Huron mode of burial resembled in some respects that of the Sioux, Blackfeet,
and other Northwest tribes of our own day. The body was placed after death upon a
scaffold supported by four upright poles. At regular intervals of time, varying from
seven to twelve years, (frequently ten) the skeletons were collected from the scaffolds and
buried in a large pit dug for the purpose.
Brebceuf's famous account of the burial ceremony (Relations des Jesuites, 1636), has
been fully confirmed by excavation of the ossuaries. In most cases, the small bones of
the feet and hands, and such as could easily be blown from the scaffolds or removed by
carrion-eating fowls, are not to be found, showing that the bodies were' exposed on
scaffolds before interment. In a few instances we found some large bones of the limbs
(femora, tibia, humeri) arranged in bundles of a size convenient for carrying. Although
the thongs which bound them together had entirely perished, the surrounding mould had
kept them in their original position. Further proof of the strange mode of burial among
the Hurons exists in the fact that the dimensions of the pit are almost always less than
would have been required for dead bodies. No definite arrangement of the bones in a pit
can be traced; although we sometimes observed that all the skulls had been placed with
the face downwards — an arrangement by no means universally adopted. The few
ossuaries, in which entire bodies were buried together, can easily be distinguished from
the prevailing variety. When buried in this way, as sometimes occurred after a mass icre,
it was usual to arrange the bodies regularly with their feet towards the centre of
the pit.
After the arrival of the French, brass kettles were often buried with the bones. These
were purposely damaged at the time of interment by having a large hole knocked in the
bottom with a tomahawk. As many as twenty of these kettles have been found in some
ossuaries, especially those of the townships of Medonte. Besides kettles, they buried copper
and glass beads, wampum, pipes, pottery, copper and stone axes, chisels, and in fact almost
everything to be found in a Huron household.
58
ANNUAL REORT
— l\
OF THE
CANADIAN INSTITUTE
SESSION 1887-3.
BEING PART OP APPENDIX L.
TO THE
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION, ONTARIO,
1888.
tfte
TORONTO :
PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 & 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1889.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE — SESSION 1887-88 1
Appendix I. Membership 2
" II. Treasurer's Statement 3
" III. Donations and Exchanges 5
" IV. Societies, etc., exchanged with 5
" V. Periodicals subscribed for 5
" VI. Classification of Papers 5
REPORTS OF SECTIONS —
(1) Biological Section ... . 5
(2) Architectural Section 6
' (3) Philological Section 7
(4) Geological and Mining Section 7
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT (by the Curator) 9
NOTES—
Pottery .. 16
Clay Pipes ' 20
Stone Pipes , 23
Implements of Stone , 28
Bone 40
• Shell 40
Flints 41
Carved Head 46
Tablets 46
Copper 48
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE DOMINION^OF CANADA AND
NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . 54
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE—
SESSION, 1887-88.
The Council of the Canadian Institute has the honour to lay before the members
its Thirty-Ninth Annual Report :
Early in the past Session the President, Mr. W. H. Vander Smissen, to whose
exertions so much of the increased activity and prosperity of the Institute were due, was
unfortunately obliged, through the pressure of other duties, to resign, and the Vice-
president being at the time absent in Europe, Mr. Charles Carpmael was elected to fill
the vacant position. Twenty-six meetings, including the annual conversazione, have been
held during the past session, at which thirty-nine papers have been read, in addition to
fifty read at Section meetings. The aggregate number of papers read thus exceeds by
seventeen that of the preceding year, when there were but seventy-two, and this number
was again largely in excess of that of any previous year in the history of the Institute.
The character of these communications has been fully equal to the standard of previous
years, and the range of subjects (as shown in the appendix) has been unusually large.
The average attendance at the regular weekly meetings has also shown an increase. It
is also satisfactory to notice that there has been a considerable increase in the number of
members who have made use of the reading-room. On the occasion of the annual con-
versazione, the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology was opened, .and there was
an excellent exhibition of photographs by the Photographic Section. There was a large
attendance of members and their friends. The Archaeological collection is already exten-
sive, and has been admirably arranged by the Curator, to whom the Institute is greatly
indebted for his exertions, both in collecting specimens and in carefully classifying them.
The Archaeological Report, which has been bound up with the Annual Report of the
Institute for the year 1886-87, is already in the hands of the members, and contains an
account of what has been done by the Institute down to December last, in this field.
Our exertions to add to our collection continue unabated, and the Council has thank-
fully to acknowledge the grant of $1,000 by the Ontario Government, which will enable
us to devote a considerable sum, as in the past year, to this purpose. The number of
books and pamphlets received during the year, is shown in Appendix III, to have con-
tinued to increase, and to have been considerably more than eight times as large as it was
five years ago. A pamphlet has been prepared by Mr. Sandford Fleming, on the subject
of "Time Reckoning," and issued by the Institute for the purpose of introducing the sub-
ject, in the educational institutions throughout the Dominion. In this pamphlet the princi-
ples of time-reckoning are set forth, with special reference to the recommendations of the
Washington conference on the subject. A deputation of the Council of the Institute has
waited upon the Minister of Education of the Province of Ontario, and acting on the
recommendation of this deputation, the Minister has requested to be furnished with five
hundred copies of the pamphlet, for distribution to the head masters of the various high
schools and collegiate institutes in the Province. The Council has also sent copies of the
pamphlet to the Ministers of Education in the other Provinces. It will be remembered
that it was a paper by Mr. Sandford Fleming, read before this Institute, copies of which
were forwarded with a memorial from the Institute to the Marquess of Lome, then Governor-
General of the Dominion of Canada, and through him to the British Government,
and to various foreign scientific institutions, which first called prominent attention
throughout the world to this subject. The views then advanced by Mr. Sandford Fleming,
were very generally accepted by scientific men in all civilized nations, the subject was
discussed at various congresses, and in October, 1884, a conference was held at Washing-
ton on the invitation of the President of the United States, at which twenty-five nations
were represented, and the proposed reforms were by it recommended for adoption by all
1 (C.I.)
nations. Your Council has every reason to hope that the pamphlet now issued will
facilitate the introduction of these reforms in Canada. A memorial was also forwarded
to the Minister of the Interior in connection with Geological and Mining affairs, and in
reply a certified copy of a report of a committee of the Honorable the Privy Council,
approved by his Excellency the Governor-General in Council on the 28th September, 1887,.
has been received, in which it is set forth that a Division of the Geological Branch of the
Interior has recently been organized by the appointment to the permanent staff of the Sur-
vey, of a Mining Engineer and a Mining Geologist, to examine and report upon the mining
industries of the Dominion, to collect mineral statistics, and otherwise to work out the-
economic geology of our mining districts. While congratulating the Institute on the-
increase in membership and activity, the Council feels it necessary to impress upon the
members that much has yet to be done in the direction of the further extension of th&
Museum and Library. Our accommodation in these is still inadequate, and additional
shelving and oases are required, The balance shown on our balance sheet is already
expended. It therefore urges upon the members the necessity of supporting the present
efforts of the Committee of Ways and Means by every means in their power, by contribu-
tions, by presenting the claims of the Institute to the public in every possible way, and
by endeavoring to obtain new members. During the past year the Institute has lost by
death one of its most distinguished honorary members, Prof. Balfour Stewart, of Owen's
College, Manchester. Balfour Stewart's name was first prominently brought before the-
public by his researches on radiant heat, published in 1858. In 1859 he was appointed
Director of Kew Observatory, and held this post until 1870, when he was appointed
Professor ot Physics at Owen's College, Manchester. He died of apoplexy on December
18, 1887.
CHARLES CARPMAEL,
President.
APPENDIX I.
Membership.
Number of Members April 1, 1887 290
Withdrawals and deaths during the year „ . . . . 27
263
Elected during the year 56
Total members, April 1, 1888
Composed of :
Honorary Members . . . , .................................. 6
Life Members .......................................... 12
Ordinary Members ......... ............................ 301
Total
Associates . . ........ 54
APPENDIX II.
Treasurer in Account with the Canadian Institute for the Year Ending March 31st, 1888 V
To Summary : —
" Balance on hand $56 40
" Annual Subscriptions 909 75
" Rents 206 50
" Government Grant 1,000 00
" Journals sold 7,15
" Periodicals sold 38 80 '
" Donation 250
" Interest 1 14
' Proceeds of Note 200 00
$2,422 24
By Summary : —
" Salaries $314 00
"Printing Journal 813 27
" " Miscellaneous 59 00
" Stationery 2 00
" Postage , . 78 85
" Freight and Express Charges 13 53
" Repairs 36 64
"Gas 40 75
" Water 24 00
" Periodicals 120 76
"Furniture 11 15
" Housekeeping 43 80
"Fuel 20 75
" Insurance 52 00
" Blinds 10 00
" Gas Lights 19 20
" Taxes 975
" Journals purchased 2 50
" City Directory 3 00
" Chemicals for Museum 8 53
" Grant to Photographic Section 40 00
" Sundries 8 00
" Interest 218 00
" Promissory Note 300 00
" Balance, Imperial Bank 163 56
" " on hand 920
$2,422 24
jgBBBBHEi
Bank Balance as per Bank Book $273 67
Balance as above , $163 56
" for Building Fund 110 11
-, 273 67
Building Account.
1887.
April 1, to Balance $662 83
^••••••MHMMMMHMi
1887.
April 29th, By Carpenters Contract, Certificate No. 3,.. $32 75
May 5tb, Painters " " " 1,.. 113 40
Nov. 18th, Plasterers " « " 1,.. 41 80
Oct. 16th, Roofers " " " 1,.. 25 00
May 17th, Contract for Cases $ 50 00
Oct. 24th, " 75 00
100 00
Nov. 16th, " 65 °°
290 98
Dec. 16th, " Law Expenses 3 64
1888.
Jan. 13th, " Carpenters Account for Alterations and
Shelves 45 15
" Balance in Imperial Bank 110 11
$662 83
Archc&ological Grant.
To Grant, 1887 $1,000 00
By Grant to Fort Rouille monument $200 00
" Purchase of Specimens 235 50
" Engraving of Specimens for Report 134 55
" Travelling expenses, sundry expenses and remunera-
tion of the Curator 394 50
" Balance on hand .. 35 45
$1,000 00
(Signed)
W. A. DOUGLASS,
ALFRED BAKER,
Auditors.
Assets.
Building ........ . ............................. $11,500 00
Warehouse
Ground ....................................... 3,000
Library ...................................... 5,500
Specimens ...................... .............. 2,000
Personal property .............................. 1,000 00
720 00
00
00
00
$23,720 00
Liabilities.
Mortgage No. 1, due 1892 $3,000 00
2, " 1892 1,000 00
Note discounted r 200 00
Balance in favour of the Institute 19,520 00
$23,720 00
APPENDIX III.
Donations and Exchanges. — Books and Pamphlets received from April 1st, 1887, to
April 1st, 1888 :— From Canada, 229 ; United States, 503 ; Great Britain and Irelandr
466 ; India and Australasia, 90 ; all other countries, 1,045. Total, 2,333.
Total number received in 1882-3, 280 ; in 1883-4, 800 ; in 1884-5, 730 ; in 1885-6f
1,502; in 1886-7, 2,230; in 1887-8, 2,333.
APPENDIX IV.
The number of Societies and Publications with which the Institute exchanges is 396r
APPENDIX V.
The Periodicals subscribed for are the same as last year, with the addition of the-
Amateur Photographer.
APPENDIX VI
Classification of papers read by subjects : — Anthropology, 3 ; Archaeology, 1 ; Bio-
logy, 2 ; Botany, 1 ; Chemistry, 1 ; Economics, 4 ; Geology, 4 ; Geography, 2 ; Juris^
prudence, 1 ; Medicine, 1 ; Metallurgy, 1 ; Meteorology, 1 ; Philology, 4 ; Political
Science, 3 ; Psychology, 1 ; Sociology, 1 ; Solar Physics, 1 ; Telegraphy and Telephony,
1 ; Zoology, 4 ; Miscellaneous, 2. Total, 39.
Read at Section Meetings: — Architectural Section, 12; Biological Section, 22 -r
Geological and Mining Section, 6 ; Philological Section, 10. Total, 50.
REPORTS OP SECTIONS OP THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE, 1887-8.
(1) Report of the Biological Section.
The Biological Section of the Canadian Institute has held its regular meetings on
the 1st and 3rd Mondays in every month during the past session. At each of these meet-
ings one or more original papers have been read on a variety of topics, as may be seen on
reference to the programmes issued.
The " Microscope Fund " has, through the liberality of a few members and their
friends, been sufficiently augmented to allow of the purchase of a first-class instrument,
now expected to arrive in a few days.
Yours faithfully,
W. E. MlDDLETON.
Schedule of Papers Read in Biological Section 1887-8.
2 1887, " The English Rabbit as an Agricultural Pest," William Brodie
16, " " The Fresh Water Hydra," W. E. Middleton
" The Coleoptera of the N.W.T.," Wm. Brodie
" The Acclimatization of the English Goldfinch," Wm. Brodie
" Canadian Ants," , Wm. Brodie
" Canadian Gall Insects," Wm. Brodie
11 Foreign Ants," W. E. Middleton
"Hyphantria Cunea," Wm. Brodie
Dec. 5, " " The Brownian Movement," W. E. Middleton
" Mind in Animals," Wm. Brodie
" The Calamorpha Moth," Wm. Brodie
19, " "Canadian Reptiles," J. B. Williams
Jan. 16, 1888, "Planorbis Corpulentus," Wm. Brodie
" Some Canadian Insects," Wm. Brodie
Feb. 6, " " Birds' Eggs," , E. V. Rippon
" Museum Collections and their Preservation," C. Armstrong
<f Certain Alleged Digestive Glands of Carnivorous
Plants," W. E. Middleton
"The English Sparrow," Dr. Gamier
20, " "Chloroform," Wm. Brodie
March 5, " " Coleoptera of the N. W. T.," No. 2 Wm. Brodie
April 2, " " Habits of Canadian Birds," E.E.Thompson
16, " " The Echini," Rev. K. F. Junor
(22 papers.)
The Officers for the ensuing year are : — James H. Pearce, President ; W. E. Middle-
ton, Secretary.
(2) Report of the Architectural Section.
The Architectural Section of the Canadian Institute has the honor to present
its Second Annual Report :
Since our first report to the Canadian Institute we have held weekly meetings during
the winter months, closing the first session of our existence on May 9th, 1887, and com-
mencing the session of 1887-88 on October llth.
The following papers and addresses were delivered before this section during the past
year:
April 4th, 1887, Mr. C. F. Wagner read a paper on "Carpentering."
llth, " Mr. J. W. Gray read a paper on "The Doric Temple in its Construc-
tive Aspect."
May 2nd, " Mr. Curry gave an address on " Plumbing," illustrated by drawings,
showing correct and defective work.
Jan. 17th, 1888, Mr. M. J. Hynes gave an address on the subject of "Terra Cotta."
24th, " Mr. Frank Douglas read a paper on " Renaissance Architecture."
31st, " Mr. J. B. Vick gave an address on " Stone Cutting and Stone Setting."
Feb. 7th, " Mr. A. G. Gregg read a paper on " Architectural Lessons from the
Human Figure."
14th, " Mr. Jas. Wright gave an address on " Plastering."
28th, " Mr. Wm. Simpson gave an address on " Joinery."
Mar. 20th, " Mr. R. J. Hovenden gave an address on " Painting."
27th, " Mr. R. J. Hovenden gave an address on "The Manufacture; Adulter-
ation and Application of Colors."
.April 10th, " Mr. Wm. Phillips gave an address on " House Drainage."
The officers for the ensuing year are : Chairman, A. F. Wickson ; Vice-Chairman,
R. Dawson ; Treasurer, C. D. Lennox ; Secretary, J. F. Brown ; Committee of Manage-
ment, John Howard and G. F. W. Price,
ROBERT DAWSON,
Chairman.
TORONTO, April 10th, 1888.
(3) Report of the Philological Section.
GENTLEMEN, — In accordance with the constitution of the Canadian Institute I beg
to submit the following report of the work of the Philological Section for the year ending
March 31st, 1888 :
The number of members on the roll is eighteen. Since the 31st March, 1887, the
section has held eleven meetings. Since December 13th, 1887, the meetings of the
section have taken place at twenty o'clock on the second and fourth Tuesdays in each
month of the session of the Institute.
At the meeting of November 14th, 1887, it was decided that the section should take
up the study of " Phonetics," and the work of the members has to a great extent been
the pursuance of such study.
At the meeting of January 10th, 1887, Mr. George E. Shaw, B.A., resigned the
position of Secretary of the Section, to which office Mr. A. F. Chamberlain, B.A., was
Appointed.
During the year the following papers have been read before the Section :
{[) April llth, 1887, "The Science of Language in Popular Education," by the Rev. J.
F. McCurdy, Ph.D.
<2) 25th, " " Umbrian Inscriptions," by the Rev. Dr. McNish.
(3) May 9th, " "An International Alphabet with a System of Shorthand," by M.
L. Rouse.
^4) Dec. 13th, " " The Organs of Speech, with Special Reference to the Production
of Speech in the Larynx," by Dr. G. R. McDonagh.
(5) Jan. 10th, 1888, "Throat Sounds," by the Rev. J. F. McCurdy, Ph.D.
<6) 24th, " " Portuguese Nasal Sounds," by G. E. Shaw, B.A.
(7) Mar. 27th, " " A Contribution to the Study of the Franco-Canadian Dialect," by
Jno. Squair, B.A.
(Signed)
- • A. F. CHAMBERLAIN,
Secretary Philol Sect. C. I.
TORONTO, April 7th, 1888.
(4) Report of the Geological and Mining Section.
This Section of the Institute was organized at a meeting held on the 20th of April,
1887, and its Regulations and By-laws were approved by the Council on the 30th of the
same month. The names of sixteen members of the Institute are enrolled on the minute
book as members of the Section.
Besides the inaugural meeting, six meetings of the Section have been held during the
year. The attention of the Section was called soon after its formation to the want of
statistics and other trustworthy information relating to the mining and metallurgical
operations carried on in the Dominion, and the desirableness of the public being put in
possession of such information as soon after the close of each year as possible. A memorial
setting forth these views was prepared by the Section, approved by the Institute, and
forwarded to the Dominion Government in May of last year. In answer to this memorial
the Government replied on the 28th September, that an Order in Council was passed
creating a division of the Geological Survey to attend to these matters. Furthermore, in
reply to an interview had with the Deputy-Minister of the Interior by an authorized sub-
committee of the Section, consisting of the chairman and secretary, the Minister stated :
(1) That the officers of the division referred to have been appointed ; (2) That the publica-
tion of statistics and information by this division will hereafter be much more prompt after
the close of each year than hitherto ; (3) That the Dominion Government has co-operated
and will co-operate with the Provincial Governments in the direction of acquiring mining
and metallurgical information ; and (4) That the Government is considering the publica-
tion of all reports of the Geological Survey relating to mining and metallurgy in Canada-
since 1863 in connection with the work of the forthcoming census.
A select committee of the Section has also prepared an exhaustive report, with
tables of exports and imports, on the minerals and raw metallurgical products of the-
United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and the other Colonies of the Empire,
more especially in regard to the trade of the several countries with each other.
In addition to the foregoing work accomplished by the Section, papers were read
at the several meetings as follows :
1. " On the Mineral Production of Canada in 1886-7," by Wm.'Hamilton Merritt.
2. f< On Iron and other Ores of Ontario," by James T. B. Ives.
3. " On certain Lacustrine Deposits and their Economic Values," by Arthur Harvey.
4. " On the Physical Aspects of Iron Smelting," by Samuel D. Mills, of St. Ignace,
Michigan.
5. " Notes on Thunder Bay Silver Ores," by Robert B. Headley, of Port Arthur.
6. " Notes on New Jersey Iron Ores," by Wm. Hamilton Merritt.
Two officers elected at the organization of the Section, viz.: Alexander McNabbr
Vice-Ch airman ; and J. T. B. Ives, Curator, having resigned in consequence of leaving"
the country, their places were filled by the appointment thereto of Arthur Harvey
and David Boyle, respectively.
The following officers of the Section have been elected for the Institute yeary
beginning May 1st, 1888 .
Chairman, William Hamilton Merritt ; Yice-Chairman, Arthur Harvey ; Secretary r
A. Blue; Executive Committee, John Notman, A. Elvins, R. W. Phipps, Dr. P. EL
Bryce and A. F. Chamberlain.
A, BLUE,
Secretary.
Resolution adopted unanimously by the Geological and Mining Section of the
Canadian Institute, at Toronto, on the 26th April, 1888 :
Whereas, the late Hon. Thomas White, Minister of the Interior, for years recognized
the importance of the mineral and metallurgical interests of the Dominion of Canada,
and previous to taking office in the Government ably advocated through the press the
desirability of more attention being paid to their development ; and wnereas, since taking
office he has reorganized *the Geological Survey so that a division of it may accomplish a
practical utility in keeping a record of mining and metallurgical development in Canada,
and has also made important and beneficial changes in our mining laws ; Be it resolved,
that, while expressing the most profound sorrow at his death, the Geological and Mining
Section of the Canadian Institute desires to bear record to the great benefits accomplished
by the deceased during his short term of office for the mineral interests of the Dominion
of Canada ; and that a copy of this resolution be forwarded to his son, Mr. Robert White.
TORONTO, April 26th, 1888.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT.
To the President and Council of the. Canadian Institute, Toronto ;
GENTLEMEN, — Absence from Ontario during the whole of last summer prevented my
doing anything archseologically during the year from a strictly provincial point of view,
but I am pleased to be able to inform you that the work of collecting at least, has not for
this reason been a total blank, as during my residence of nearly five months in the United
States I was enabled to gather a considerable number of specimens, many of which differ
considerably from the types found in this country, and some being totally unlike anything
met with in Ontario.
Having spent all my time in Cincinnati, which may be regarded as the centre of
that region which contains so many evidences of the ancient mound-builders' peculiar
art, I was afforded several opportunities of gaining such knowledge as may prove service-
able in future should any similar works be discovered within our own territory.
I have especially in this connection to thank Drs. Craig and Collins, of Lawrencf-
burg, Indiana, for their extreme kindness and courtesy to me, both personally and as your
representative. These gentlemen not only conducted me to interesting localities, but they
secured for me the rare permission to open a number of mounds and to appropriate for
the museum of the Institute anything of value that might be found therein. I regret to
state, however, that owing to the unusual wetness of the season our digging intentions
were frustrated on three or four occasions, until eventually the weather became too cold.
Our gratitude is due also to Mr. Robt. Clarke, publisher, Cincinnati, for casts of the famous
Cincinnati or Gest, and Waverly or Clarke " tablets," the originals of which are, in many
respects, among the most interesting relics of pre-historic man that have been found in North
America. Within recent years one or two writers have attempted to throw doubt upon
the genuine character of the former tablet, but the weight of testimony warrants the full
belief that the relic in question was actually taken from a mound near the north-east
corner of Fifth and Mound Streets, Cincinnati, in November, 1841, and since that time
it has remained the property of Mr. Gest, who owned a portion of the ground from
which it was unearthed.
Mr. Robert Clarke, the custodian of this precious relic, in his pamphlet entitled
" The Pre-historic Remains which were found on the Site of the City of Cincinnati, with
a Vindication of the Cincinnati Tablet," has carefully collected all the evidence for and
against the genuineness of the " find," and has succeeded in showing conclusively that
there is no room for a particle of doubt regarding the authenticity of the tablet in
question.
With regard to the Clarke Tablet we learn (quoting from the Journal of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History for January, 1887) that it "was discovered March 12,
1885, by Mr. J. P. MacLean in the collection of Dr, W. R. Hurst, of Piketon, Ohio, was
obtained of him and disposed of to Mr. Clarke The history of the tablet,
as given by Dr. Hurst to Mr. MacLean, is as follows : — ' The tablet was taken from a
mound on the farm of Abraham Cutlip, about one mile south of Waverly and about three-
and a half miles north of fiketon, about March, 1872. It was found about three feet
from the bottom of the mound on the north side by Abraham Cutlip and David Allan,
who were cutting away the mound. Dr. Hurst obtained it from them. The mound was
on the second bottom of the river, had been fifteen to twenty feet high, but had from
time to time been cut away, so that it was only about ten feet high at the time of the
excavation. It was composed of clay. With the tablet were found darts, badges and
human bones.' "
Another, called the Richardson Tablet, similar in design to those known as the
Cincinnati and Clarke Tablets, was found "on the 31st day of January, 1879, in excavat-
ing a mound on the road leading from Wilmington, Ohio, to Harveysburg." An attempt
has been made to give to all of these a phallic interpretation, and one writer professes to-
have discovered in t,he Cincinnati Tablet a system of time computation as applied to
foetal life.
10
However much or little of «uch symbolization the tablets are capable of bearing, the
archaeological student of Ontario will now have an opportunity to examine for himself
in Toronto, with as much satisfaction as if he had the originals before him.
Of the other specimens I procured when away, the following may be enumerated : —
From "North Carolina — Three large flints, one fragment of a steatite dish, four frag-
ments of pottery, one pure quartz arrow-head, and thirty-five other arrowheads.
From Georgia — Fourteen arrow-points, mostly of quartz.
From West Virginia — Two smoothly wrought and peculiarly formed implements, one
steatite ornament perforated with two holes, one small discoidal gambling (?) stone and four
war arrowheads.
From Tennessee — One stone axe and eight flints.
From Mississippi — Seven war arrowheads.
From Alabama — Two rudely-formed axes, one spear-head and eighteen arrowheads
of various kinds.
From Kentucky — Two pestles, four grooved axes, five plain axes, one hammer stone,
one stone ornament, two fragments of pottery, twelve pieces of corn cobs and some burnt
corn, two drills and eighty-six flints of great variety.
From Ohio — Five stone axes, two bone implements, three bone beads, two perforated
unio shells, three smoothly-finished stone implements of unknown purpose, one perfor-
ated slate tablet, one small discoidal stone, one copper button-like specimen, three flint
cores and twenty-four flints of different sizes and shapes.
From Indiana — Eight grooved axes, thirteen plain axes, nine discoidal stones, four
fragments of pottery, one partly made axe or hammer, one perforated slate tablet or
gorget, two paint-cup stones (?), five flint drills and thirty-three arrowheads. For many
of these American specimens we are indebted to Miss Maria Tipton, of Paris, Kentucky ;
Mr. £. T. Hummel], of Decatur, Alabama; Mr. L. Deming, of Cincinnati; the
Brothers of St. Mary's Institute, Dayton, Ohio ; and to others whose names are
mentioned in what follows.
From Arkansas mounds — Thirteen whole or nearly whole specimens of pottery
vessels, which formed part of a collection made by Mr. C. W. Riggs, of Cincinnati, during
the past twelve years. Also five ditto from the collection of Mr. W. K. Moorehead.
Owing to the extreme difficulty of procuring perfect, or comparatively perfect, speci-
mens of earthenware, "modern antiquities" are frequently prepared and sold to the
unsuspecting, most of whom are usually found among European tourists and travellers,
and as the vessels in question were almost the only articles I procured involving any out-
lay, I was very careful to make inquiry relative to Mr. Biggs, his antecedents and reputa-
tion, the result in every case going to prove him thoroughly trustworthy in all respects.
To private collectors and to directors of museums I can confidently recommend Mr.
Biggs as not only a gentleman having the largest private collection for sale in the United
States, but as one upon whom the most implicit confidence can be placed.
With two exceptions these are the only perfect specimens of earthenware in our
collection, all the rest being mere shreds or fragments. Should we be able to secure
good Ontario or Canadian pieces in the course of time, those will prove interesting and
instructive by way of comparison, and in any event they will form an exceedingly
valuable adjunct to our collection as illustrative of the work performed by a branch of
the same people who were aboriginal in this country.
For more than a quarter of a century have our American scientific neighbors acted
towards Ontario in a most friendly manner, visiting us frequently, carrying off to Wash-
ington and elsewhere every specimen worthy of preservation in their cabinets, and it
seemed to me only fair even at this late day, to evince a spirit of good fellowship by way
of reciprocity. It is therefore gratifying to state that acting upon this principle we have
l>een able to add about five hundred objects of interest to the Provincial Archaeological
Museum in connection with the Canadian Institute.
Shortly after the issue of our last report a meeting of the Provincial Land Surveyors
was held in the Institute. An invitation having been extended to the members of the
Association to inspect our cases, Mr. James Dickson, P.L.S., of Fenelon Falls, expressed
11
liis pleasure to find that a collection was being made, at the same time informing Mr. Jas.
Bain and myself that he had a number of good specimens which he had been saving for
years to present to just such an institution as ours, and that he would gladly forward them
as soon as he returned home. Mr. Dickson was true to his promise, and it was not long
until he expressed to us sixteen axes (one of them measuring fully a foot in length and
the others upwards of ten inches), a mortar stone used for grinding purposes, an immense
flint weapon or tool, gracefully formed and measuring ten and a half inches long, two very
good stone pipes, several clay pipes and fourteen fragments of pottery, with the usual
markings.
Other members of the Association expressed their intention to aid the collection
as soon as opportunity offered, and when the nature of surveyors' duties is taken
into account, it is evident that gentlemen of their profession might do much in further-
ance of our archaeological project.
About the same time also we received through Mr. John Notman, from a gentleman
whose name was not ascertained, three portions of beavers' jaws with teeth, from a grave
in Onentisati, Simcoe Co., two bone awls, one trumpet-mouthed pipe-head, and one of
•cylindrical form, all from the same locality, also two fragments bof pottery from Ste.
Marie, Simcoe Co.
Early in May, we received a small but valuable collection from the Pike Farm, Wolfe
Island, through Dr. Dickson, of Kingston. During many years Wolfe Island has been a
favourite hunting-ground for American collectors, and some of the best specimens in their
museums are from this place. In several respects there is a marked difference between
the materials and forms of implements found in the eastern portion of the Province as
•compared with those in the west, and the fine specimens procured through Dr. Dickson,
added to those we got from Tidd's Island last year, are fairly representative of that section.
The Pike Farm collection consists of native copper beads, four heavy copper pen-
dants, two small, pointed, copper instrumeuts, two large stone axes (one of which is eleven
and three-fourth inches long), one small axe, one small gouge, a slate implement (prob-
ably used for skinning purposes), sixteen unusually large flints, sixty-one arrow-heads,
two small drills, two excellent stone tubes, three fragments of pottery, four slate tablets,
perforated, and one rudely finished bead (?) of black material, flat and approximately
•circular.
Dr. Orr, of Maple, presented us with three good specimens from the township of
Vaughan, viz. : a stone, partly formed in preparation for a pipe-head, a small mortar, of
size and shape convenient for being used in the lap, and a small " banner-stone."
What is perhaps the most gracefully formed, and at the same time certainly the
most capacious pipe in our collection, was presented to us last spring by Mr. Moon, of
Madoc. It was found by a farmer near L. Moira or Hog Lake, within a short distance of
the village of Madoc, about two years previously, the find being duly chronicled in the
local paper.
From the Rev. Mr. Laboureau, of Penetanguishene, we have received a finger-ring
made of brass, on the "seal" of which are engraved the letters I. H. S., in monogram form.
It is probably the work of some old French attache to one of those Huron missions, for
which that portion of the country where the reverend gentleman is stationed, was so cele-
brated in the early history of Canada. The ring is contained in a small and neatly made
•case of recent Indian workmanship.
Only a few weeks ago we came into possession of one of the largest and best private
collections in the Province, consisting of upwards of fourteen hundred pieces. Those
were brought together by Mr. Wm. Matheson, of Lucan, in the county of Middlesex.
Apart from the extent of this collection, and the important fact that a record has
been kept of all the principal articles, it is especially interesting as being so exhaustively
illustrative of a limited area, nearly everything in it having been found within the
townships of East and West Williams, Biddulph, Blanchard, and McGillivray.
It is noticeable that pipes and bead-forms are scarce in this collection, as compared
with those found further south and east, but this want is fully compensated by the
unusually large number of perforated tablets, bird-forms and other even rarer shapes, of
which there are many.
12
Chief among the objects procured from Mr. Matheson, may be enumerated fifty slate
tablets or gorgets, perforated with one or more holes and varying to a great extent in
form, seven banner stones, or as they are called in a recent publication emanating from
the Smithsonian Institute, '• butter-fly stones," thirteen bird-formed amulets (?), two
spherical hammers of granite formation (these are encircled with a a deep groove for
attachment to a handle), two flat hammers (both notched for handle attachment), sjlx
stone pipes, six short tubes, five shell ornaments complete, two imperfect ornaments of the
same material, two copper spear or lance heads (one having a tine or prong for
insertion in a handle, the other being provided with a socket to receive the handle),
one native copper axe, showing unmistakeable traces of native silver, eleven
grooved axes, one hundred and eighty plain axes, eleven iron tomahawks, some of them of
a different pattern from anything already in our possession, six gouges, and a north-west
" shaganappi " covered club. There are also several hundred flints, many of them of
considerable size and well formed — others so rudely chipped as to prove admirable
examples of the work done in what some writers would fain regard as the paleolithic-
period on this continent.
The large number of flints and axes in this collection will enable us to do, when
opportunity offers, what we have hitherto been unable to perform satisfactorily, viz. ;
effect exchanges with individuals and institutions in our own and other countries.
From W. Ransom, Esq., England, we have received, through Mr. J. H. Pearce,
President of the Biological Section of the Institute, a number of very good paleolithic
flints, illustrative of early European " society." Most of these are from Hitchin and
neighbourhood, in the county of Sussex, but some are from Persigny, France, and an
exceedingly valuable specimen of celt in horn socket, is from one of the ancient lake
dwellings in Switzerland.
Mr. Ransom's gift includes also some fragments of Samian ware and two specimens-
of the Roman stylus (all dug up in the city of London from a depth of ten feet below the
surface) three beautiful arrow-tips, from Antrim county, and one from Derry county, in
Ireland.
As Mr. Ransom's donation includes nearly all we possess illustrative of the stone age
in Europe, we are indebted to him for the opportunity he has afforded us to compare
equivalents of the two continents.
A genuine old English " Grey-beard " pitcher from the same gentleman is, perhaps,
the only one in any Canadian collection, and will not be devoid of interest to those who
fondly regard all that relates to the mother-land.
Owing to an oversight, our last report contained no reference to the gift of Sheriff
McKellar, of Hamilton. This consisted of a brack, or old-fashioned handmill made by
Mr. McKellar's father and used by the first settlers in the Talbot settlement. Thi*
brack was mounted in a portion of a hollow log, as originally used, and was sent to the
Intercolonial Exhibition, London, after its return from which it was deposited with the
Institute.
Another pair of brack stones was presented to the museum by the sheriff's brother,
Mr. Peter McKellar, of Chatham. These two sets are probably the only ones of the
kind ever made in Ontario, and it is gratifying to know that they have been preserved
" to point a moral and adorn a tale " for coming generations.
JBrachs or querns occupy a prominent place in the Archaeological Museums of
Britain and other European countries. It is not long since they were used in the Orkney
and Shetland Islands, and it is said they were employed still more recently in Cape
Breton.
Taken altogether, the year has not been barren of results, at least in so far as
increase to the museum is concerned. Upwards of two thousand specimens have been
added to our cases, and the collection is beginning to assume a character such as tc*
warrant the belief that in a few years the Province of Ontario will possess an Archaeo-
logical Museum, which, if not what it might have been with an earlier start, will, at all
events, go a long way towards placing us upon an equal footing in this respect with other
progressive nationalities.
13
It is needless to repeat here that, but for the small grant made by the Provincial
Legislature to assist in this work, we could have done absolutely nothing. The material
already in our cabinets is worth many times more than it has cost, and at the present
rate of increase in quantity will, in two or three years, require every inch of space in
the museum.
Just in proportion as it gr^^s in number, variety and instructiveness, will it become
popular, and consequent upon IOT popularity, we may look for a corresponding increase
in the number of donations.
Two of the chief drawbacks to its growth and popularity in the meantime are its
situation on a third-story floor, and the impossibility of having it thrown open to the
public at reasonable hours. There are probably thousands of people in this city who
are totally unaware that there is even a small collection of such objects; but few
throughout the province know of its existence, and tourist visitors never hear it men-
tioned.
1 am not aware that any real progress has been made since last report was presented
to you towards the satisfactory solution of the problem relating to the purpose
or uses of the many different sorts of objects that for convenience sake have
hitherto been known as " banner -stones " and "ceremonial" weapons. There are
not a few writers on this subject who express themselves glibly as to the appli-
cation of almost every specimen that comes under their observation, but the truth
is that regarding a large number of types we are totally ignorant of the purposes they
served in aboriginal economy. Still we have reason to hope that some light will yet be
thrown upon at least a few of the obscurities. In the journal of American Folk-Lore
for October-December, 1888, there is a brief article by Mr. Franz Boas, on a "Collec-
tion of Ethnological Specimens from Alaska," made " by Lieutenant Einmons, during a
five years' stay " in that country. These have been purchased by the American Museum
of Natural History, in New York, and we are informed that "the collector has taken
great pains to ascertain the meaning of the various implements," as well as to "record
the traditions referring to them."
Our knowledge of what have been called ceremonial weapons, gorgets or tablets,
and various animal forms has always been seriously at fault, but even the scanty extracts
given in the article referred to, from the notes of Lieutenant Emmons, seem to be indi-
cative of something like certainty. For example, the holes so almost invariably found
in such objects have always proved mysterious to students, but writing of an ornamented-
and perforated stone Lieutenant Emmons says : "The holes in this amulet are used to
put into them what is picked from the teeth, so that witches will not get hold of it to
bring destruction to the'person." Although this hint may not serve to explain every-
thing relating to the presence of holes in such objects, it will at any rate give us a clue,
and it agrees fully with a vague impression I have long entertained that they were in
some way connected with luck.
It is unnecessary to go very far back in our history to meet with similar superstitious
beliefs. It is not long since diseased persons, especially children, were passed through the
dolmens of Cornwall and Brittany, with the hope that a cure might be effected, and this
belief was, no doubt, connected with one concerning witch craft or the evil-eye. Keys,
rings and beads have always been regarded as particularly ominous. Among many
amulets of a similar kind in the National Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland, is one (No. 182, Section I) which is "a flat oblong stone, four inches long, by
two and three-quarters wide, and less than a quarter of an inch in thickness, notched on
the sides, and pierced with two holes one and a half inches apart, formerly used as a
charm for the cure of diseases in Islay, Argyleshire," and No. 196 in the same section is
a " perforated stone which was hung up in a cow-byre in Cumberland, to protect the
cattle from being bewitched." It would be easy to multiply instances relating to the
past, and not very difficult to adduce many connected with the living generation.
It appears not impossible that the American specimens hitherto (for the want of b 3t-
ter names), known as banner-stones, gorgets, and ceremonial weapons, were nothing more
than amulets, supposed to have power against this or that kind of evil spirit, in accord-
ance with the form or device of the objects themselves. Perhaps, also, this class of speci-
14
men may be found to include those tubes which have always been a puzzle, and of which
our collection contains several tine examples. In the " Personal Narratives " of Hum-
boldt, we find that writer in speaking of articles made from jadestone, remarking that
the Spanish planters share the predilection of the Indians for these amulets, which are-
sold at a very considerable price, the form most frequently given to them being that of
the Persepolitan cylinders, longitudinally perforated, anA loaded with inscriptions and
figures.
When we bear in mind that the Tlinglit of Alaska are less removed from a condition
of genuine savagery than are most of the other North American aborigines, it is not
unreasonable to expect enlightenment on many points from the notes of an observer like
Lieutenant Emmons, who, a« Mr. Boas states, " has taken great pains to ascertain the-
meanings of the various implements."
Since the issue of our first report last year, letters from different parts of the Pro-
vince have been received by the Education Department, the Institute, and myself
approving of the task we have undertaken, and giving information relative to-
localities and discoveries connected with the pre-historical or early historical existence of
the Indians. Want of opportunity has prevented any advantage from being taken of
these, but in all probability some original work will be performed next year at a few of
the places to which attention has been directed, as well as elsewhere.
I am still convinced that from the five thousand teachers of rural schools in this
Province, there is much valuable information to be gleaned. The question is how to reach
them. Shall it be by a circular, or by a card in the educational journals ? Perhaps both
methods should be tried. We need not expect too much at first, but if the subject is
kept persistently before the eyes of all who are engaged in rural school work throughout
Ontario, there can be little doubt as to the profitable results. Perhaps even one letter
from such a correspondent would fully repay all the trouble and expense incident to
the plan.
Our collection has now assumed such proportions that it will be necessary to-
rearrange it, and in some measure to alter the classification. I intend also to paint a
number on each specimen, and to catalogue them all. In many museums a number is all
that serves to identify the pieces, and constant reference to a catalogue is thus involved
on the part of him who wants to get information. This, however, is not my idea of how
either to popularize a collection, or to facilitate the work of the student.
Everything possible should be done to enable young and old, learned and unlearned.
to examine with pleasure and profit, at the least possible expense of time and trouble.
This object can be obtained only by means of copious and legibly written, or printed labels,
It is gratifying to be able to state that as the existence of our collection becomes
known so many persons having specimens willingly contribute them to the Museum.
Before this report passes through the press it is hoped that all the specimens will
have been rearranged. The area of case room has been fully doubled, and we may now
regard our Archaeological Cabinets as not unworthy of examination by specialists in this
department.
I have, etc.,
DAVID BOYLE.
TORONTO, December, 1888.
15
NOTES.
We are too much disposed to overlook the fact that there are degrees of advancement
in savage life, both with regard to comparative time and to peoples, even neighboring
ones, that exist contemporaneously.
It is seldom that in the writings of those who profess to describe the " manners and
customs " of the uncivilized we are permitted to get a glimpse of the true, inner social
aspect of life. Much is related regarding the predaceous, warlike and religious practices
of this or that savage nation — something perhaps about its marriage and burial usages,
its costumes, its domiciles and its most striking or peculiar characteristics of any other
kind, but as a rule the greater part of such descriptions is superficial, and too often
" things are not what they seem." Unseen, because far deeper, lie the originating
instincts, the motives and the habits of thought that find only partial expression in what
catches the eye or ear of the alien and casual onlooker.
By means of what we now call " folk-lore " something is being done in various
parts of the world to put us in touch with the inner life of the simple past and its
lingering representative in our own time. The scope of our knowledge has thus been
extended in a direction once thought to be too narrow and barren for research, and the
results have aided in the solution of not a few ethnological problems. On this continent
efforts have been successfully made to collect myths and legends of the Indian race, and
the work is still going on, although of course, owing to lapse of time, much has been
irrecoverably lost.
The more we learn about the aborigines of this portion of America the more are we
brought face to face with the fact that their savagery fell but little short of civilization.
Perhaps barbarism would be the best term to employ when speaking about the condition of
such people as the Iroquois, and in many respects the Hurons were little, if at all, inferior.
That they were revengeful and blood-thirsty is undeniable, but among the nations
they were not alone in this respect. Their manifestation of these qualities wa? simply
less refined than that of others who probably regarded themselves as civilized beings.
In social and political virtue they were unsurpassed, and in point of mechanical ability
their capabilities and attainments were marvellous. It is extremely doubtful whether
any other people in the world, similarly circumstanced, could be compared with them in
the latter respect. The variety, tastef ulness and workmanship of their relics are amazing.
" Patience and perseverance " are stamped upon most of their productions, for it
appears probable that many specimens of their handicraft must have occupied them at
intervals during years, or even a lifetime. To take a rough lump of granite or other
equally hard material, and fashion it by persistent pecking and rubbing into a symmetrical
plain or grooved axe, or to form a bit of huronite into animal semblance for some
mysterious use, required a continuity of purpose and a skill in execution no less remarkable
than if one of ourselves should undertake to produce a bust with the aid of no tool but a
pocket-knife, or a piece of machinery with only a hammer, a saw and a file.
In the art of making coarse pottery they excelled, and the further south we go until
we reach Peru, the more do design and workmanship improve. Nothing that was very
elaborate seems to have been attempted in this line by the aborigines who inhabited our
part of the continent. Here they seem to have contented themselves with plain, service-
able vessels, yet not wholly devoid of ornamentation. This consisted mainly of lines and
dots impressed upon the clay when soft, with an occasional variation in the outline of the
vessel, such as narrowing to form the neck, flaring of the lip, and the addition of
projections of various kind round the mouth. Although immense numbers of earthenware
fragments are found scattered all over this Province, entire vessels are very seldom
discovered, Farther south this does not hold good to the same extent, but whether this
is owing to a difference in the quality of the materials employed in the manufacture, or
to the climate and the character of the soil it is not easy to say.
Whilst no doubt among the Indians, much more than with ourselves, there were
individuals who preferred articles of their own manufacture, it seems abundantly evident
16
that trades were specialized by them to a considerable extent. The expert in pipes»
arrows, etc., would confine himself mainly to such occupations. As corroborative of the
remark made in our last report that " to the women, in all likelihood, was allotted the
making of earthen vessels," I was informed by Dr. Collins, of Lawrenceburg, Indiana,
that there died recently an old woman belonging to a western tribe of Indians, who was
said to be the last living representative of her people possessing the art of making pottery
of the genuine, old-fashioned description. A friend of Dr. Collins, who was well
acquainted with the old woman, persuaded her to make for him six specimens of her art.
These he distributed among his friends, one falling to the share of Dr. Collins. I had the
pleasure of examining this piece, and but for its comparatively new appearance it seemed
to correspond very closely in material, form and ornamentation, with those that are
occasionally taken from ossuaries in Canada and the United States.
The ancient people of the lower Mississippi valley were adepts in the production of
pottery. The Louisiana historian, Du Pratz, refers to this fact, remarking that he found
the Natchez Indians so expert that he got them to make a set of vessels for his own use.
"The women," he says, " make pots of an extraordinary size, jars with'a medium-sized
opening, bowls, two-pint bottles with long necks, pots or jugs for containing hair oil, which
hold as much as forty pints, and finally plates and dishes in the French fashion."
Father Marquette, in the account he gives of his voyage down the Mississippi in
1673, says : "They [the Indians of Arkansas] used in cooking, large pots of earth very
curiously made, and large plates of the same material, which they employed for a variety
of purposes."
Mr. George P. Thurston, in the American Magazine of History for May, writes :
" Utensils and objects of well-burned clay are found in Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas and
elsewhere, of varied, original and even artistic form, interesting mementoes of ancient life,
but they indicate no knowledge of the potter's wheel. They are without glaze, and are
but comparatively rude conceptions, fashioned by hand."
The absence of glaze here referred to was, in some measure, overcome by the Natchez,
whose " red-stained pottery " is spoken of by Du Pratz, a specimen of which we now have
in our collection. A black stain was also used, and vessels are occasionally found whose
exteriors are ornamented with patterns consisting of both colors. There is little doubt
that this staining vastly improved the serviceable qualities of the pots, besides adding
greatly to their appearance, for the material so applied has filled up the pores so thoroughly
that the vessels thus treated take a fair polish when rubbed, and are at all times compara-
tively smooth to the touch.
The following nine figures, now in our collection, represent average specimens
of earthenware from mounds in Cross County, Arkansas. They formed part of Mr.
O. W. Riggs' exhibit at the Cincinnati Exposition :
POTTERY.
FIG. 1.
Fig. 1 is of the greatest capacity in the lot, its widest diameter being about eight
inches. Considering the size its sides are thin. Although the outline is not devoid
17
of gracefulness, the workmanship is rude. The flaring of the lip is not uniform, nor are
the walls of equal thickness throughout. Perhaps, the chief peculiarity of this specimen
is the ornamentation which consists mainly of small, rounded projections about one fourth
of an inch in diameter, and fully an eighth of an inch above the general surface. If
these have been made, as is probable, by the material when soft being pushed outwards
with the point of a blunt instrument, all traces of this operation have been removed, for the
inside is as smooth as if nothing of the kind had been done. Mr. Riggs, had only another
specimen ornamented this way in his collection, and he informed me that the pattern was
rarely found.
FIG. 2.
Much less in size, but more beautiful in every respect is Fig. 2. Four scrolls cover
nearly the whole of the lower portion, and between these are small circles each containing
a diagonal cross. The upper part, or neck is relieved with a series of bars extending from
the lip to the body of the vessel, and these appear to have been luted to their places after
the general form had been completed.
FIG 3.
The. scroll design on Fig. 3 is similar to that on Fig. 2, but 13 more deeply marked,
and round the neck are several loops of triangular form attached solidly to the vessel at
their lower, or pointed ends, as well as to the lip itself. A clear space between these and
the neck left ample room for suspension by means of a cord, but perhaps the intention
was simply an ornamental one.
FIG. 4.
Fig. 4, nearly eight inches in diameter is fairly imitative of a frog, although the cut
not bring this out very clearly. In fact the legs and even the toes are plainly
2 (cu.)
18
modelled, and the protuberant eyes are well marked,
smooth on the surface.
Otherwise the specimen is perfectly
FIG. 5.
There has been a more pretentious attempt in the direction of art in Fig. 5. The>
handle, at the left of the cut, has certainly been a head of some sort, but whether a.
human one, or that of some other animal, it is now impossible to say, as the front
portion has been destroyed. The projection on the opposite side has also been broken,,
and we can only imagine what it may have been. The body of the vessel is very weft
formed, and the burning has been better done than is often the case.
FIG. 6.
Fig. 6 is almost classic in outline, and is peculiar in having a slightly raised cincture-
or band round the middle of the body. The neck is not now full length, some pieces-
having been broken off, but it was probably never more than half an inch longer.
FIG. 7.
So far as shape is concerned Fig. 7 is a gem of aboriginal ceramic art. Its outline
is almost perfect, and no attempt whatever has been made to ornament it. With the ex-
19
ception of a small fragment from the lip, this specimen is in every respect as good as on
the day it was finished.
FIG. 8.
Fig. 8 is equally beautiful in form, and is remarkable both for the great length of
the neck, and on account of having a well-made collar round its base to give it solidity
when standing. Even here, however, there is no sign of the potter's wheel having been
known — a close examination merely showing that the work has been done wholly by
hand, but with infinite pains to make it as true as posible. The surface is free from
markings.
Fig. 9 is a specimen of the " red-stained pottery " mentioned by Du Pratz. Some
pieces have been broken from the lip, and a chip has been knocked off the side. These
fractures enable us to see that the red-stain did not penetrate beyond the surface. Here
also, as in Fig. 8, there is a well-formed base giving the vessel quite a modern appearance
so far as shape alone is concerned.
20
FIG 10.
The fragment here figured was presented to us with other things by the Society of
Natural History of Cincinnati, and was found near Madisonville, Ohio, a neighborhood
which has furnished^many thousands of the finest relics that enrich the museums of the
world.
The simplicity and beauty of the design (Fig. 10) are unique. The pattern is totally
unlike the normal lining traced by the Indian on clay vessels, and indicates a taste con-
siderably in advance of what is usually exemplified in ornamenting pottery, or, indeed,
anything else.
CLAY PIPES.
FIG 11.
Fig. 11 differs considerably from most aboriginal attempts to imitate the human
face. It has been moulded in strong relief — the superciliary ridges are very prominent,
21
and the eyes, nostrils and mouth are deeply depressed. As is often the case, the face has
been made to look towards the smoker when the pipe was in use. Unfortunately the-
stem of this pipe has been broken and lost.
FIG. 12. (Nearly full Size).
We seldom associate a sense of humor with Indian character* but Fig. 12 would
appear to indicate that the maker of the pipe represented had some of this quality in hia
composition. The eyes and mouth are set awry and at different angles, giving an exceed-
ingly comical air to the face — much more so, in fact, than is brought out in the engraving^
This was presented to us by Master Theophilus O'Connor, of Glen Huron.
FIG. 13. (4-5 size).
If another illustration of aboriginal humor is wanted we have it in Fig. 13. This
represents the top or upper edge of a clay pipe, the open mouth of the human face
forming the bowl. This is a unique specimen so far as the design is concerned — at least
22
I have not heard of anything similar elsewhere. It was found in Nottawasaga by
Master Herbert O'Connor. The figure is only about four-fifths of the full size.
FIG. 14. (Full Size.)
A very fair imitation has here been made of the head of a bird of prey. This clay
j>ipe (Fig. 14), is from the township of Nottawasaga, and was presented to us by Mr.
Albert Lougheed. Unfortunately, the break prevents any certainty as to how the stem
pointed, but very likely it was in the same direction as the beak. The lip of the bowl is
<of more than the usual thickness in Huron pipes.
FIG. 15.
The very slender-looking pipe figured here is one of the few almost perfect clay speci-
-mens in the museum. Fig. 15, is only about one-fourth of the full diameter, having been
too much*reduced by the engraver ; still, the proportions are correct. In the making of
such curved stems, it is probable that a flexible twig or other vegetable stalk was intro-
duced through the entire length when the clay was straight, or else the material has been
moulded round a bent core, and in either case the burning has been effected with the
core in position, so that when this operation was completed the hole was left perfectly
-clear. This fine specimen is from the Baby farm at Lambton, where it was found by Mr.
.James Kirkwood.
23
STONE PIPES.
FIG 16. (full size).
Fig. 16 vt&s presented to us by Mr. W. G. Kidd, Public School Inspector, city of
1 Kingston. It is made of steatite or soapstone, a material plentifully found both in situ,
And as " drift," and one which is easily wrought. This pipe is by no means symmetrical,
FIG. 17.
for not only does the bowl slope backwards from the stem end, but it inclines considerably
to one side when the base rests on a level surface. The workmanship is very rude and
the type is regarded as one of the oldest. Compared with Figs. 17 and 18, as given in
the report for 1887, it would seem almost to complete the series from the rudest to the
FIG. 18.
most elegant form in this class. It was found under a pine stump in the township of
Pittsburg, county of Frontenac, not far from the St. Lawrence.
FIG. 19. (JSize.)
Fig. 19 is a very good specimen of plain pipe-head. As it is 'quite black and
smoothly finished, the nature of the stone cannot well be ascertained without injury to-
the appearance. It is perfect in every particular. The short stem-piece being intended
for the insertion of a wooden tube. The appearance of the pipe thus complete would be
very much like that of a cigar-holder. It was found by Mr. Wm. Bradley, of McGillivray
township, on the Grand Bend of the Sable River, and formed part of the collection pur-
chased from Mr. Matheson, Lucan.
FIG. 20.
In pattern and finish, Fig. 20 is as far removed as possible from the Pittsbui
specimen. This gracefully formed pipe is almost as perfectly round and smooth in
25
bowl as if it had been produced in a machine. The stem is a flattened oval — the upper
and lower being the compressed sides. The wall of the bowl is no thicker than that of
an ordinary clay pipe, aud, with the exception of a small chip out of the lip, the speci-
men is absolutely perfect. Its total length is seven inches. The greater portion of its
surface is covered with delicate markings in which many people profess to see a pictograph
representing wigwams, fortifications and tallies. This pipe is also made of steatite. It
was found on the bank of Lake Moira, or Hog Lake, a few miles from Madoc, and was
presented to the museum by Mr. Moon, of that village.
FIG. 21. (4-5 Size).
This pipe (Fig. 21) is also a well finished specimen. It seems to have been modelled
from the head of a hawk or eagle. The material is quite black. There is a hole at the
back for the insertion of a stem. This specimen was found by Mr Frank Scott, London
township, and formed part of Mr. Matheson's collection.
FIG. 22.
Fig 22, from the same collection, was found on the farm of Mr. Thomas Stanley,
townbhip of McGillivray. It is of a light, fine grained stone, and has had much labor
26
expended upon it. The lozenge pattern on the upper portion of the bowl is accurately
worked ; the rings forming the neck are almost perfectly true, and the circular form is so
correct that one is apt to conclude that the pipe must have been made with the aid of
a lathe. As seen in the engraving, two chips have been knocked off this otherwise perfect
specimen — one from the upper and one from the lower part.
FIG. 23. (§- Size).
Fig. 23 is another from the Matheson collection. The material is limestone, which
has been rendered perfectly black exteriorly. The head and shoulders forming the bowl
are circular, but the stem-holder is square. There is.no attempt at detail in ornamenta-
tion beyond the rudely formed features of the face. This very good specimen was found
at Hope Bay (near Wiarton), in the county of Grey, by Mr. John Hewton.
FIG. 24.
FIG. 25 (Size, 3J inches).
The very singular pipe figured here (Figs. 22 and 25) dispels former doubt relating to
Fig. 26 which appeared in last report.
27
It is quite certain that this is a pipe. It is constructed on the same plan as Fig. 26,
but with much better effect. It is made of a fine-grained sandstone. The disc is three
inches and a half in diameter, comparatively thin, and the bowl is detached from the disc
FIG.
«xcept in the centre, where it communicates with the large stem-hole from the* opposite
side, as seen in Fig. 25. The lower half of the bowl-piece is wholly ornamental, and it is
noticeable how nearly the design corresponds with the lower end of Fig. 26 ; the one
however, belonging to the bowl and the other to the disc. At the edge of Fig. 25,
just above the mouth of the bowl, is a small hole, as if for suspension, and this probably
was the way it was carried, serving, no doubt as a brt of personal decoration when not
otherwise in use. This beautiful and unique object was found by Mr. James Cluness, on
his farm in the township of West Williams.
Fig. 27.
The tastefulness of design and treatment of subject in Fig. 27, are suggestive of an
aboriginal Michael Angelo. The material of which this pipe is composed, is a hard, compact
28
limestone. The bowl proper is, in its cross section, square, and the sides are straight, the
width at the mouth not greatly exceeding that of the base. The head, which is sc*
exquisitely carved on the front side, shows nothing characteristic of Indian physiognomy.
Every feature is well brought out, and the finish of the workmanship is of a very high
quality. This pipe is perfect in every respect. There is a stem-hole at the back. Fig.
27 is from the celebrated Lougheed farm, in Nottawasaga, and was presented to the
museum by the finder, Mr. Albert Lougheed.
IMPLEMENTS OP STONE.
Fig. 2$. (£ Size).
i
Dependent, as the former people were, mainly on stone for their tools and imple-
ments, they were qu:ck to perceive in water-worn pebbles such shapes as might be readily-
adapted or modified for f-pecific purposes. The museum of the Institute contains many
specimens of this description. Naturally, most stones of the kind in question are oval
or spherical, and as these required comparatively little labor to form hammers or club-
heads, every first-rate specimen found was, no doubt, appropriated for such purposes.
These stones in their natural condition are often found in graves where they have been
deposited with finished articles, as if to furnish material for use in the spirit land. Some-
times without the expenditure of a single blow on them, they were encased in raw-hide and
attached to the end of a handle, but frequently a groove was cut round the middle for
the reception of a stout leather thong, the ends of which were firmly wound about a-
shaft. Fig, 28, procured from Mr. J. VV7ood, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, is a good example
of the latter method, intentionally. Most of the surface possesses the appearance so-
characteristic of water-wear and subsequent weathering, but the aboriginal finder had
begun to peck a groove all round, as is perfectly evident from the lighter color and
sharper outline of the markings, as well as from the slight depression itself.
Stones of the kind referred to are frequently picked up in fields a long distance from-
water-courses, and are highly prized as Indian relics by youthful collectors, who cannot
account for the symmetrical forms and smooth surfaces otherwise than by attributing
these to human skill ; but unless such specimens are found along with what are unmis-
takable objects of Indian art, they are totally valueless, except as geological curiosities.
Of a simple adaptation in this line Fig. 40 is a good example. It is a flat water-worn-
stone, originally ovate marginally. Near to the smaller end notches have been chipped
for the purpose ot fastening a handle, and it is evident that the intention was to make-
29
use of it as a temporary working hammer, or as a club-head for less innocent purposes.
Two of these form part of our collection.
FIG. 2J. (full Size).
Fig. 29 is composed of a fine, close-grained argillite, cut deeply on both "sides, as if
for the purpose of being broken off to form beads. Other specimens in our cases
illustrate the same treatment, but this is interesting as shewing the advantage taken
of a water-worn stone for the purpose of economizing labor. The other specimens
referred to have been rough blocks, which were first smoothed on the larger parallel
sides before the cutting was begun. (See Fig. 37). Fig. 29 was found by Mr. Richard
Prance, on the eighth concession of McG-illivray township. From the Matheson collection.
FIG. 30. (Full Size )
This specimen (Fi». 30) is somewhat peculiar. It is made of blue slate, and hag
been sharpened to a chisel edge at the wide end. The small end is carefully rounded, and
the whole of the object is well finished. As a cutting tool it would be useless, and the
FIG. 31.
presence of the hole rendered it too weak for any operation requiring much pressure.
Perhaps it was worn as an ornament, or as a button or pin to fasten clothing, and might
30
also have been used to mark patterns upon earthenware, fragments of which in the
museum have certainly had the aid of some such instrument in their ornamentation.
Fig. 31 shows where a tool having a pointed end like Fig. 30 has been pushed into
the clay from the inside of a wide-mouthed pot, and Fig. 32 exhibits the effect of this-
operation on the outside. Both pieces are fragments of the same vessel.
FIG. 33. (jf Size).
Five other specimens that I regard as having been similarly used, were recently
presented to the museum by Mr. A. F. Chamberlain, M.A., he having procured them from
a Mr. Stevens on Noncon Island, Lake Scugog. The one figured (Fig. 33), was found in a
grave along with a copper axe, stone axe, slate tablet, bone spear, and other articles
including a piece of pure plumbago.
FIG. 34.
Size).
Fig. 34 is very unusual in form, and the only use that suggests itself to me is that
of a pottery-marker. One of the noticeable features of Fig. 34 is that it has not been
31
bored. It is from near the city of Hamilton, in Butler county, Ohio, and was procured
from Mr. W. K. Moorehead, now of Washington. The material is veined blue slate.
FIG. 35.
Size).
Fig. 35 -is from Shelby County, Ohio, and was presented by Mr. Moritz Fischer,
Curator of the Kentucky State Museum, in Frankfort. It is of argillite, like Fig. 34,
is flat on one side and rounded on the other. On the lower, or flat side, a beginning
has been made in the boring of two holes, each about three-fourths of an inch from the
middle, and in the direction of the ends.
Another specimen, somewhat similar in shape in our collection, is from Mason
county, West Virginia.
FIG. 36. (4 Size )
Fig. 36 belongs to the class of stone relics commonly known as "sinkers," but was
more probabiy a personal ornament — a pendant of some sort, the notch or neck answer-
ing one of the purposes usually served by a hole. In this respect it corresponds with
the hematite specimen, Fig. 78. This stone was found in W. Middlesex.
FIG. 37. (About \ Size.)
This is an instructive specimen, showing some of the steps taken preparatory
to making red sandstone or freestone beads. The rough block has been smoothed on two
32
sides, and long cuts have been made for the purpose of procuring pieces suitable for
boring. We have several finished beads of this material in our cases, from the counties
of Simcoe, Wentworth and Middlesex. Fig. 37 is from the Lougheed farm, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 38.
FIG. 39.
Stone hammers, like those figured (Fig. 38 and 39), are not often found. Fig. 38 is
of limestone and Fig. 39 is of granite rock. It will be observed that the groove in Fig.
38 is between one-third and one-fourth of the whole length from the top, while, that of
Fig. 39 is in the middle, although, owing to preponderance of bulk, the lower end of the
latter is also the heavier. It does not seem at all likely that these tools were employed
to strike anything harder than wood, and perhaps the chief use to which they were
applied was the driving of stakes in connection with the building of wigwams or " log-
houses," or in fastening poles in the ground for fortification purposes. Fi<r. 38 was found
42 miles north-west of Brandon, Manitoba, by Mr. Titus Andrews, and Fig. 39 at Point
Edward, Ont., by Mr. Louis Earnest. Both were procured from Mr. Matheson.
The former specimen is six and a quarter inches long and fur arid a quarter wide,
^rhile the latter is five inches long arid four and a half inches wide.
A hammer of this kind found in Ohio weighs sixty pounds.
FIG. 40.
Fig. 40 is quite different in construction. It is simply a flat water-worn stone,
measuring not more than an inch and a quarter at the thickest portion, and of soft
shaly limestone.
Advantage has been taken of the natural ovate form to cut notches near the small
end for the attachment of a handle, but it could have been intended only for temporary
use. It is a little over eight inches long and nearly five inches in width. A smaller
33
one of the same kind is in the museum,
and was procured from Mr. Matheson.
Fig. 40 was found on lot 15. con 2, BidduJph
JJIG. 41 (^ Size.)
Fig. 41 is a hollow limestone pebble. Stones in this condition are usually spoken of
as " paint-pots," or "paint-mills," the supposition being that the work of hollowing has
been performed artificially, and that the Indians employed them for grinding or holding
the paints they used for personal decoration. While it is not improbable that some of
these stones were employed for such a purpose (especially when they are found asso-
ciated with other articles in graves), it is more likely that their peculiar form is the result
of the action of water. The hollow has formed the matrix of a fossil which, having
dropped out, subsequent attrition of sand and gravel in a water-course speedily deepened,,
rounded off and left smooth.
FIG. 42. (i?uii
Fig. 42 is part of the small European collection presented to us by Mr. W. Ransom,
3 (01.)
Hitchin, Sussex, England. The upper three-fourths consist of deer horn, into which a
deep hole has been worked from the under side, forming a socket in which there is fixed
a small stone celt, identical in form with many that are found in this country. The
handle, to the left, has almost wholly decayed, leaving only what is shown in the cut,
unless indeed we regard the implement as a chisel, in which case the upper end would
have been the part held in the hand. Th's specimen is from a lake-dwelling in Switzer-
land, and is introduced merely for comparison with our own.
FIG. 43.
Fig. 43 has evidently been employed as a cutting tool, the neck having been fixed
in a socket or otherwise fastened to a handle. The type is of very rare occurrence in
America. Many European collections contain highly finished symmetrical specimens.
This one is from the County of Middlesex (where it was found by Mr. Delanoy), and was
procured from Mr. Matheson.
FIG. 44.
Grooved axes are rare in Ontario as compared with Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and
some neighboring States. In most cases also with us, the channel has been cut all the
35
way round in implements of this kind. To the south of us, however, in the larger
number of these axes one of the narrow sides (probably the rear one when in use), has
been left ungrooved, and occasionally specimens are found having the ungrooved edge
slightly furrowed longitudinally, suggesting the idea of a wedge having been employed to
tighten the tool when it became loose in its withe handle. The excellent axe shown at
Fig. 44, is one of two procured through the kindly offices of Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg,
Indiana, from Mr. Kajon, J.P., of the same city.
^"*s3si&:.- sssi
FIG. 45.
Gouges are seldom grooved. Fig. 45 is an exception. The inference is that this
specimen was intended to be fastened to a handle. No signs of abrasion, however, are to
be seen about the groove, but this may be owing either to the effect of "weathering" or
to the tool not having been much used after it was made. The latter is the more likely
supposition, as the " bit " is quite sharp and smooth. Fig. 45 is fully eight inches long.
It was found on lot 18, con. 7, McGillivray township, by Mr. John Taylor. — Matheson
Collection.
FIG. 46.
Size.)
There can scarcely be any doubt that Fig. 46 was intended to be used in the dressing
of skins. The material is slate, and the lower edge has been sharpened by rubbing or
grinding wholly from one side — like a carpenter's chisel. The hole was for convenience
in carrying. Fig. 46 is nearly a perfect specimen in every respect, and is especially
interesting as having been found within the city limits. It was taken from a cutting on
Withrow Avenue by Prof. W. H. Vander Smissen and myself in the summer of 1887.
FIG. 47.
A considerable number of those mysterious stone tubes have been added to our
collection during the year. Two of the best are from Pike's farm, Wolfe Island. They
are made of a fine-grained, buffoolored stone, very much like the lithographic stone of
commerce. The diameters of the two are nearly the same, but one is only half as long as
the other. The longer one, measuring eight and a half inches, is shown at Fig. 47. Both
of these differ from the common form of tube in the hole being more than twice as wide
at one end as at the other. In Fig. 47, at the end showing the hole, the wall of the
tube is scarcely one-eighth of an inch in thickness, while at the opposite extremity it is
twice that. In addition to this the sides, although beautifully rounded, are not parallel
throughout their full length, as the diameter increases slightly (but only slightly) at the
end where the hole is enlarged.
It is probable that, like the " gorgets " and " ceremonial " stones, the tubes were
regarded as being both ornamental and lucky. Were they ever employed as pipes ?
Even if it could be shown that they had some specific use, the element of superstition
would still have to be taken into account, as we have the authority of Schoolcraft and
others for believing that all, or almost all, the decorative " environments " of the Indian,
were looked upon as being more or less in the nature of amulets.
FIG. 48.
We may consider Fig. 48 from the same point of view. It is fashioned from a piece-
of thick and richly-veined slate — spherical except on one side, which has been made
slightly concave in line with the hole which penetrates the piece. It was found on lot
20, con. 18, West Williams, by Mr. Alex. Thompson.
FIG. 49.
Fig. 49 is an unfinished specimen of the same kind, but of different material. A.
ining has been made in the drilling of a hole in what is clearly a water-worn stone,
from Brookfield, Missouri, and was procured from Dr. Rear, Toronto.
Fig. 50. (i Size)
The purpose or intention of objects like Figs. 50 to 52 is yet unexplained. Mr,
Wilson of the Smithsonian Institute, at Washington, in a recent pamphlet states, that
37
an Ojibeway Indian had informed him they were employed in playing a game of chance-
This sage Indian affirmed that several of them were put into a vessel and shaken up-
The vessel was then inverted like a dice-box, and the count was reckoned for or against
the player, in accordance with the number found standing or fallen when the vessel was
removed. There is more than one reason for believing that the Ojibeway was a mere
guesser at truth, and a very poor guesser too. 1st, because the bases of some are rounded off
so much, or are so narrow, that it requires careful adjustment to make them stand at all.
2nd, many are top-heavy and therefore easily overbalanced. (Fig. 51 is illustrative of this,
Fig. 51. (4 Size.)
and of the convex base.) In the third place, what is perhaps the strongest reason why
these objects were not so employed, consists in the fact that they seldom show any signs
of abrasion. On the contrary, they are, of all relics those that are most frequently found
in the best state of preservation. Other reasons might be adduced, as, for example,
that these bird-forms are chiefly made of slate, or some equally fragile material. Fig. 50
however, is an exception to this, it being formed of huronite, a very hard and refractory
kind of stone. Our collection contains another of these bird-forms, made from the same
material.
Fig. 52. (J Size.)
In Figs. 50 and 52 the eye pieces stand out from the head like cuff buttons having a
long and substantial stalk.
Fig. 51 is the only specimen of the kind I have seen having a projection on the
crown. These three are from the township of West Williams. Fig. 50 is froir 'e
faim of Mr. Archibald McEwan ; Fig. 51 from that of Mr. W. H. Johnston, lot t
21 ; and Fig. 52 from Mr. Robert Gray's property, on the 18th concession. The} .%>
part of the Matheson collection.
FIG. 53(iSizp.)
. — Forms similar in material and construction but without any pretence at the imita-
tion of birds or other animals are not uncommon. Fig. 53 is an example, but many of
38
them are quite plain, being flat on one side, and round on the other, with the ends at right
angles to the sides. In every case these and the bird-forms are perforated at each end of
the base or flat side, the holes being bored diagonally as in Fig. 53, but where bars are
formed across each end, as if in imitation of feet, the holes penetrate these in the middle
and at right angles to them in the direction of the object's longer axis.
Schoolcraft described all such specimens (Figs. 50 to 53) as knife-handles, but as na
blades have ever been found showing any arrangement for attachment to articles of this
sort, it must be concluded that this was not their purpose.
It seems more probable that they and the perforated tablets — perhaps also the stone
tubes — were worn partly as articles of personal adornment and partly as amulets or luck-
stones, and we can ill afford to smile at the superstitions of the aborigines in this or any
other respect so long as we have among ourselves persons who keep coins (known as-
pocket-pieces) for luck ; who carry horse chestnuts to ward off rheumatic attacks, and
who suspend old horse-shoes over their doors, for what ?
FIG. 54. (§ Size.)
Fig. 54 is one of the incomprehensibles. Although small and unfinished a good deal
of labor has been spent upon it. The material is that light grayish-blue slate, so much in
favor for perforated tablets, and what we call "ceremonial" weapons. An oval cavity
has been made on the upper side, and at the end facing us in the cut a beginning has
been made in the carving of a human face. But the further end is the most instructive
part of this object, for there we are able to perceive the method employed to detach it
from another piece. A thin flake of flint has been used as we would use a file to make a
daep incision all round, and when the part has been sufficiently weakened the two pieces
have been forcibly broken.
It should not be omitted to state that a hole has been bored through this stone
from the bottom of the cavity already mentioned.
FIG. 55.
Another slate object is shown as Fig. 55. It measures three by two-and-a-half
inches, and looks as if it had been intended for a pipe. Boring has teen done from both
ends, but the holes have not met. It was picked up on lot 18, con. 6, McGillivray Town-
hip, the farm of Mr. Wm. Meikle. — Matheson Collection.
39
FIG. 56 (nearly full size.)
The smallest example of the banner stone in our collection is figured above. With
the exception of a piece off one point it is perfect. It was found in the Township of
Vaughan, in this county, and was presented to us by Dr. Orr, of the Village of Maple.
The doctor is an enthusiastic collector, and has in several ways shown his good feeling
towards our museum.
FIG. 57.
An unfinished specimen of slate, winged relic is shown at Fig. 57. It is valuable
chiefly as another proof that the Indians did not perforate their work until is was almost
or wholly finished. The presence of a few flaws on this specimen at critical places may
have led to its rejection by the maker. It was presented to us by Dr. Craig of Lawrence-
burg, Indiana, but came from Kentucky.
FIG. 58.
Fig. 58 is from our North- West Territory. Weapons of this kind are still in use
among the Indians of Manitoba and more western districts ; or perhaps it would be more
40
correct to say that such articles are now mainly manufactured for sale as curiosities.
With the disappearance of large game, skull-crackers of this description have become use-
less. The head is commonly fashioned from quartz or some other hard kind of stone.
Generally they are about as accurately formed as if they had been turned. A groove is cut
round the middle, and a thong of raw-hide encircling this and being bound tightly to the
handle keeps the head firmly in position. The heads are from four to six inches in
length and from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half inches in diameter. The handle, includ-
ing its leather covering, seldom exceeds three-fourths of an inch in diameter and is usually
about three feet long. A foot or more of loose raw hide extends beyond the handle.
Besides being ornamental this was useful for wrapping round the hand before grasping
the shaft, giving a much firmer grip. Since Fig. 58 was engraved we have been presented
by the Rev. John McLean, M.A., of Fort McLeod, with a very handsome modern speci-
men of the " tommy-stick," as such a weapon is sometimes caLed. It is highly finished,
and a pattern cut in the stone has been inlaid with lead. Mr. McLean has, besides this,
presented the Museum with a large number of valuable articles illustrative of modern life
among the Blood Indians, connected with whom he has resided for nine years. Further
reference to these articles must be deferred until the issue of the next report, as they are
not now available for description.
BONE.
59.
Among the articles of Eskimo manufacture mentioned in last report as having been
presented by F. F. Payne, Esq., we have a set of " men " resembling dominoes, a number of
carved figures representing a fish, a bear, a seal, a goose and two human beings. Besides
these were a comb, a thimble, some ornaments and a powder measure — all made of bone.
The last mentioned is illustrated nearly full size at Fig. 59.
SHELL,
FIG. 60 (§ Size.)
^Nothing affords better evidence of the widely-extended wanderings of the Indians
41
than we find in ornaments of shell made from species whose habitat is more than a
thousand miles distant from where the manufactured articles are picked up. Valves of
our own unios are often found in graves and ash-hen ps, but scarcely any labor seems to
have been spent upon them — they were probably regarded as too fragile for either use or
adornment.
Large and strong conches from southern seas were highly prized, and some of the finest
Indian scroll patterns have been wrought on broad pieces of these. No elaborately- worked
specimens have as yet fallen to our lot, but we possess several plainly-made articles.
Fig. 60 is part of a find mads in 1849 by a Mr. John McDowell when excavating a cellar
near Blackfriars bridge, London, Ontario. Many other fine specimens (all of which we
procured from Mr. Matheson) were found in this grave. Those of shell included three
whole "gorgets," one of which is represented in Fig. 60 ; two halves of others somewhat
smaller ; one large spoon-like piece made from what must have been nearly a third of the
outside whorl; a small and neatly-finished heart-shaped ornament (all these were
perforated) a large bead made from the columella ; and eight pieces of wampum.
FLINTS.
FIG. 61.
In Fig. 61, from Pike's Farm, Wolfe Island, we have an excellent illustration
of the dexterity possessed by the Indians in the manipulation of flinty substances. Not only
is this specimen as nearly as possible symmetrical, but it is surpassingly thin, for although
sight and a half inches long, it barely averages one- fourth of an inch in thickness. The
edges are sharpened by chipping mainly from one side.
A unique specimen, in many respects, is shown at Fig. 62. Though less than three
inches in length, it is almost as thick as Fig. 61. The sides are as nearly flat as it is in
the nature of flint to be made, and the edges are chipped at such an angle as to make
a cross section as nearly as possible a rhomboid. Flints so chipped have been regarded
as " rotary " arrows, on the supposition that the intention of the angle was to make the
weapon revolve in its flight, — a sort of aboiiginal idea of " rifling," in fact, but that seems
to be a little too far-fetched. It is more likely that the pecularity, when it occurs,. is-
owing to the want of ambi-dexterity on the part of the maker, unless, as is probable, say
in the case of Fig. 62, the flint was intended for a drill rather than a missile. The
projections at the base can hardly be regarded as barbs, because the sides of the neck pro-
ject so far that when this head was attached to a shaft or handle the hollows would be
completely filled with the material employed to fasten it on. It was presented by Mr,
E. T. Hummell, Decatur, Alabama.
FIG.
A somewhat unusual form of arrow-head is seen at Fig 63. The notched base com-
bines the wedge method of insertion with the barbed form. This type of weapon is more
common in the Central States than in Ontario.
43
FIG. 64.
Fig. 64 is a fine example of the serrated edge. It is from near Lawrenceburg,
Indiana, and was presented to us by Dr. Collins, of that city.
FIG. 65.
Fig. 65 represents the largest chipped implement in the museum. It measures
eleven and a half inches in length. It is made of hard cherty limestone, and shows signs
of having been in use for digging (?), as the ridges between the flakings are worn down
slightly.
This magnificent specimen formed part of the handsome collection presented by Mr.
James Dickson, P.L.S., of Fenelon Falls.
FIG. 67.
Fig. 67 is a large leaf-shaped and roughly dipped " flint," from Pike's farm, Wolfe
Island. It is six inches and a quarter long, by four inches wide. If found in Europe it
would be regarded as paleolithic, but as copper-beads and many highly finished stone
weapons were found along with this specimen the inference is that all were produced con-
temporaneously. Another specimen from the same locality is made of similar material
(both showing a nucleus) and is much better finished, besides being provided with a neck
for attachment to a handle.
FIG. 68.
Fig. 68, scarcely inferior in size, is also from the same farm. The material, however,
is of a finer quality, and the chipping has been more carefully done. It is about five
inches and three quarters long and nearly four broad.
45
FIG 69.
Among the specimens presented by Mr. Ransom, of Hitchin, few are more instruc-
tive than the one figured at 69. It represents an enormous flint cone, ten inches long,
from which large chips have been flaked for tool making. Fig. 69 is from Persigny, a
locality that has yielded many valuable paleolithic relics.
46
CARVED HEAD.
FIG. 70. (Full Size.)
Fig. 70 is as beautiful as it is remarkable. Almost black, and apparently carved
from a piece of limestone, one is struck at first sight both with the design and the quality of
the workmanship. The head dress is quite unlike what we would suppose an Indian to
model, and the conception of the head itself is different in every reppect from the normal
aboriginal attempts to represent human features. The half-finished appearance of the
under side of the neck gives us the idea that the head might at one time have formed
part of a whole figure. A hole is bored through piece from below the chin to the top of
the cap, immediately above the forehead. This specimen is from lot 34, con. 7, Beverley,
the farm of Mr. Jas. Dwyer.
TABLETS.
Fig. 71 represents the celebrated Gest or Cincinnati Tablet. It is five inches long,
three broad at each end and half an inch thick. The material is a light brown sandstone of
close texture. Quoting from Mr. Robert Clarke's pamphlet on the " Prehistoric Remains
at Cincinnati," I find that Mr. E. G. Squier. a good archaeological authority, described
this relic in 1848 as follows: * * * "The figures are cut in low relief (the lines
being not more than one-twentieth of an inch in depth) and occupy a rectangular space
four inches and two-tenths by two and one-tenth wide. The sides of the stone, it will be
observed, are slightly concave. Right lines are drawn across the face, near the ends ; at
right angles and exterior to these are notches, twenty-five at one end and twenty-four
at the other. Extending diagonally inward are fifteen longer lines, eight at one end and
seven at the other. The back of the stone has three deep, longtitudinal grooves, and
several depressions, evidently caused by rubbing — probably produced by sharpening the
instruments used in the sculpture. * * * * it will be observed that there are but
three scrolls or figures — four of one description and two of each of the others. Probably
no serious discussion of the question, wheth *r or not these figures are hieroglyphical, is
needed. They more resemble the stalk and flowers of a plant than anything else in
nature. What significance, if any, may attach to the peculiar markings or graduations
at the ends, it is not undertaken to sty. The sum of the products of the longer and
shorter lines (24x7 + 25x8) is 368, three more than the number of days in the year;
from which circumstance the suggestion has been advanced that the tablet had an astro-
nomical origin and constituted some sort of a calendar."
Mr. Squier then goes on to suggest that the tablet was probably only a stamp, such
as have been found " in Mexico and in the mounds of the Mississippi " made " of burned
clay, the faces of which are covered with figures, fanciful or imitative, all in low relief
like the face of a stereotype plate. These were used in impressing ornaments upon the
clothes or prepared skins of the people possessing them." Dr. (now Sir) Daniel Wilson in
" Pre-historic Man," vol. 1, page 175, after criticising the astronomical and stamp theories,
proceeds : •* But whatever theory be adopted as to its original object or .destination, the
series of lines on its two ends have justly attracted attention, for they constitute no part
of the device and can scarcely be regarded as an ornamental border. Possibly in them
we have a record of certain scales of measurement in use by the mound builders : and if
so, the discovery is calculated to add fresh interest to our study of the geometrical structures,
which, far more than great mounds, are the true characteristics of that mysterious
people."
A recent essayist in the " Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History " for
January, 1887, after demonstrating to his own satisfaction the phallic origin and interpre-
tation of the design and the astronomical intention of the lines and spaces, concludes, .
" Thus we have the exact descriptions of these tablets [the Richardson and the Gest
or Cincinnati.] The numbers shown on these are familiar as those used in the measures
of the Mound Builder works in which the tablets were found ; also as periods of lunar
and solar time, and especially lunar time, as marking the natural periods of menstrua-
tion, quickening, viability and gestation. The relationship becomes closer when we find
that the Gest Tablet, as to its size, has special measures from the same unit or standard
with the Gridley stone. They are : Length 5 inches ; least breadth, 2.50 inches ; greatest
breadth, 3 (2.99) inches, with two chords of 4.50 inches each."
Whatever may have been the purpose of this tablet, if, indeed, it had any beyond
caprice or whim on the part of the maker, it is, at all events, a genuine relic. Fortu-
nately the evidence in its favour is too strong to be put aside by even the most icono-
lastic.
48
FIG. 72.
As if to " make assurance doubly sure," however, on this point, the Clarke or
Waverly Tablet has been discovered in the collection of Dr. W. R. Hurst, of Piketon,
Ohio, where it seems to have been regarded of so little value that its broken parts were-
not even placed together.
Its corroborative testimony in favour of the Cincinnati Tablet cannot be over-
estimated. Fig. 72, which is little more than half the full size, gives a fair idea of its-
appearance. That the spirit of the design corresponds with that of the other is manifest
—there is only less of it. The piece of stone is barely half as thick as in the Cincinnati
specimen, and is not so well preserved at the edges, probably on that account.
This tablet is now the property of Mr. Robert Clarke, publisher of Cincinnati, to-
whom we are indebted for casts of both these fine specimens.
COPPER.
Of all the material employed by the Indians in the production of ornaments and
implements, native copper is among the rarest. It has been asserted in a recent publica-
tion that the presence of objects formed from this metal in its virgin condition over so
large an area of North America in no wise argues communication on the part of the
natives with the Lake Superior deposits. Enough copper, it is said, may be found as
" drift," from which all the objects made by the Indians, might easily be made. While
it may be acknowledged that drift copper is occasionally found, it must, at the same
time, be affirmed that it is exceedingly rare. I have not heard of a single instance in
Ontario, and the chances now-a-days are millions against one as compared with the oppor-
tunities afforded during the pre-historic period when forest-growth covered the country
and when the ground was littered with dead and decaying vegetable matter. It is absurd
to regard distance as any barrier when we find here sea-shells from the distant south. As
well, too, might it be argued that pipes of catlinite discovered in Ontario, prove no con
nection with the famous pipe-stone quarries of the North- West. That copper was brought
here from Lake Superior there can be little, if any, doubt.
In an article on " Ancient Society in Tennessee," by G. P. Thruston, in that excel-
lent publication The Magazine of American History, the writer speaking of what is taken
from the mounds of his State says, " Among the treasures found are a number of articles
indicating commercial development, a pipe made of ' red pipestone,' or catlinite, found
49
only in Dakota Territory, more than a thousand miles distant ; native copper from the
shores of Lake Superior, ornamented sea-shells from the Gulf and south Atlantic coasts,
mica from North Carolina, exquisite polished implements of cannel coal, pearls from the
southern rivers, implements of polished hematite from distant iron mines, and of steatite
and quartz from the Alleghany range."
FIG. 73. (Full Size.)
From the Pike farm on Wolfe Island, we have upwards of one hundred copper
beads. As may be seen from Fig. 73, which illustrates fourteen of them, they vary con-
siderably in size. They are in excellent preservation. Perhaps this is on account of
their great thickness in proportion to the size of the holes. Along with these were three
spike-like specimens, one of which is shown in the illustration. The eye is formed by the
end being bent. In our show-case, the beads and the three long pieces are strung to
form a necklace, the latter at nearly equal distances apart ; but I have not been able to
learn how far this arrangement corresponds with the way they were disposed when found.
Altogether, these form a most valuable addition to pur very modest collection of copper
articles.
FIG. 74.
This cut represents nine cylindrical copper beads just as they were found in the
Tremont Park mound, Tidd's Island. They were lying on a piece of the original hide c
4 (C.I.)
50
leather to which they had been attached, and I was careful not to disturb them. They
are made of beaten or leaf copper rolled into their present shape. In length they
measure from three-fourths of an inch to an inch, and vary from three-sixteenths to five-
sixteenths of an inch in diameter. The fine thongs by which they were sewn to the
hide are still adherent to the under side.
FIG. 75.
Fig. 75 was found by Mr. Samuel Haskett, on lot 23, con. 4, Biddulph township, and
formed part of the Matheson collection.
It differs but little in pattern from some we had before, but it is, perhaps, specially
interesting from the fact that a few specks of pure silver may be easily detected on the
surface, thus affording proof (although none is required) that the material is native or
virgin.
It is four and a half inches long, and one inch and a half wide at the cutting edge.
FIG. 76.
This good specimen (Fig. 76) was found by Mr. David Willet, in the township of
Burford. It measures eight and three quarter inches long, and at its widest part is an
inch and five-eighths. Like some of those described in our last report, it is provided with
a fairly well-formed socket to receive a handle or shaft.
FIG. 77.
Fig. 77 is much smaller, and has a tine instead of a socket. It was ploughed up
on lot 15, con. 7. in the township of London, by. Mr. James Hodgins. Both of these
were procured from Mr. Matheson.
HEMATITE (Iron Ore).
The Indians of the territory (much of which formerly belonged to New France) now
included in the Central States of the American Union, employed hematite to some extent
in the production of weapons and a few other things.
I have never found, or heard of anything being found, of this material in Ontario,
although it is more than probable that there are specimens of it in some private collec-
tions. The only trace of it I have met with was on Tidd's Island (see report for 1887,,
51
page 10), where some decomposed ore had apparently been deposited in a grave for the
use of the " dear departed " as paint. In the Central States, however, fragments of hard
and compact hematite have been patiently ground, often into handsome form, for celts (or
for insertion into the heads of clubs), corresponding in size and shape with many weapons
found in this country, made for a similar purpose from granite, syenite and other primi-
tive rocks.
We have one from the collection of Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia, Ohio.
Recently, we have also procured four good ones from Dr. Rear, of this city. They were
found in Linn Co., Missouri.
FIG. 78.
Fig. 78 is of the same material, beautifully formed. A cross section is circular.
The slight groove, one-third of the length from the top, suggests the idea of suspension,
and the specimen may have been a sinker. It was found near Columbus, Ohio, and was
presented by Master C. D. Pettibone, of Cincinnati.
TYPES OP RECENT IRON AXES.
FIG. 79.
FIG. 80.
Immense numbers of cheap iron axes or tomahawks were imported to America for
distribution among the natives "for value received" no doubt. Poor tools as these were,
52
few of them having a steel edge, they were still greatly superior to the former implements
of stone or even copper, and were accordingly highly prized by the Indians. Fig. 79 is.
the most common type. Sometimes the pattern varies slightly and the size often very
much. In what I take to be the oldest forms the hole is round; in those that are more
recent it is oval. The stamps of the makers occasionally enables us to distinguish
their nationality, but more frequently this is not easy. The billed or poled form
is not so common. Fig. 80 is the only one in our collection. It was procured from
Dr. Rear, Toronto.
Another form was somewhat similar to Fig. 80, but instead of the pole a pipe-head
was fashioned, a small hole communicating with the handle which formed the stem.
Axes of this kind were more ornamental than useful.
FIG. 81.
The type shown at Fig. 81 resembles the hatchet still used in Britain. Axes of this-
form are comparatively scarce in Ontario. All of the kind I have seen are steel edged,
and therefore much more serviceable then those like Fig. 79. The cut illustrates one
found by Mr. Albert Loughead of Nottawasaga.
FIG. 82.
The most modern form of tomahawk is shown at Fig. 82.
to the shape of tool so well known by every one to-day.
It approaches closely
Those however, that
53
were served out to the Indians were made smaller than what we call a "chopping axe.'^
the one figured being not more than half the average size of a woodman's implement.
No doubt they were intended to be used single-handed.
FIG. 83,
The specimen figured (Fig. 83) is large and coarse, and has the appearance of having
been forged by some colonial country blacksmith, who, if he did not actually try " his.
'prentice han' " on it, had certainly not made a great many before he produced this one^
FIG. 84.
Indian hatchets were made by Canadian mechanics within the last fifty or sixty years,
rwo in our collection bear the stamp of the patriot " S. LOUNT." Fis. 83 was in the
in our collection bear the stamp of the patriot
Matheson collection.
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY
OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND.
[The accompanying list and digest have been prepared by Mr. A. F. Chamberlain,
B.A., Toronto, and are the first on this subject that have ever been made covering the
ground in question.
It requires only a glance to perceive the great labor involved in the preparation of
such a statement as is here presented, and Mr. Chamberlain's sole reward must consist in
the consciousness that he has performed a task which will, to a very considerable extent,
facilitate reference by students, at the same time that it places on record the work that
has been done in this field.
There are, doubtless, other papers and works bearing on the subject — for Mr.
Chamberlain modestly speaks of his work as " Contributions," — and he will be glad to
hear from any one who may be able to assist him in making this bibliography as nearly
complete as possible. Address, A. F. Chamberlain, B.A., Canadian Institute, Toronto.]
BAILEY, L. W., M.A. — Indian relics from New Brunswick. Science, Vol. I. (1883),
pp. 245-246.
Describes some specimens of pottery.
BAILEY, L. W., M. A.. — On the relics of the stone age in New Brunswick. Bullet,
of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick, No. 6 (1887), pp. 3-16.
A somewhat exhaustive paper with three plates. Nature, distribution and mode of
occurrence, pp. 4-7 ; implements of stone, 7-13 ; of shell and bone, 13 ; of clay, earthen-
ware, 14-16.
BAIN, JAMES, JR. — The present condition of the old French Fort at Ste. Marie.
Proc. Canad. Inst., 3rd Series, Vol. 3, 1886, pp. 278-279.
Brief abstract of paper given.
BAIRD, SPENCER F. — Aboriginal Shell mounds of New Brunswick and New England.
Proc. U.S. National Museum for 1881, Vol. 4 (1882), pp. 292-297.
New Brunswick shell deposits treated on pages 292, 293, 294, 295.
BELL, CHARLES N. — The Mound-builders in Canada. Proc. Canad. Inst., 3rd Series,
Vol. 4 (1886), pp. 131-138.
Describes the nature, situation and contents of mounds in the Province of Manitoba.
A summary and review of this paper is to be found in the Verhandl. der Berl.
Gesellsch, fr. Anthrop., Ethnol., und Urgeschichte, Jahrgang, 1886, s. 192.
BELL, CHARLES N. — Aboriginal trade in the Canadian North- West. Canad. Record
of Science, Vol. 2 (1886), pp. 102-105.
Evidences of trade from contents of mounds.
BOYLE, DAVID. — The Archaeological Outlook. Proc. Canad: Inst., 3rd Series, Vol.
4 (1886), pp. 1-7.
At pp. 4-5 describes a find of 70 tomahawks in. the Township of Beverley ; at p. 5
an ossuary in the same district.
BOYLE, DAVID. — Report of Curator for 1885-1886. Proc. Canad. Inst., 3rd Series,
Vol. 4 (1886-7), pp. 208-210.
Enumerates specimens.
BOYLE, DAVID. — Archaeological Report. Annual report of the Canadian Institute,
Session 1886-1887, being part of appendix to the report of the Minister of Education,
Ontario, 1887, Toronto, 1888, pp. 9-58.
The most important contribution to the Archaeology of Ontario. Deucribes, with
117 figures, part of the collection now in the Institute's Museum. Pottery, pp. 18-21 ;
clay pipes, 22-24 ; stone pipes, 25-30 ; breast-plates and gorgets, pendants, 30-33 ; cere-
monial weapons, 33-36 ; totems, tribe-symbols, 36-38 ; slate spear-heads, 38 ; grooved
55
axes, 39 ; gouges, 40 ; tubes, 41 ; beads, 42-43 ; flints, 44-47 ; grinding and rubbing
stones, 48 ; objects in shell, 49-50 ; bone and horn, 50-54 ; copper, 54-56 ; village sites
and ossuaries, 57-58.
Pages 9-14 describe Mr. Boyle's operations during 1887.
BUSK, GEO., F.R.S. — Description of two Beothuc skulls. Journ. of Anthrop. Inst.
of Gt. Brit, and Ireld., Vol. 5 (1885), pp. 230-233, with plate.
CROFT, HENRY, LL.D. — Report on implements found near Brock ville. Canadian
Journal, new Series, Vol. 1 (1856), pp. 334-336. See Reynolds, Thos.
Chemical analysis of copper implements.
BADE, REV. C. — Indian Remains. Canad. Journal, Vol. 1 (1852-1853), p. 6.
Describes an Indian burying ground in Beverley Township, some 10 miles from
Dundas.
DAWSON, SIR J. W. — Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives. An attempt to
illustrate the character and condition of prehistoric man in Europe by those of the
American races. Montreal, 1880. 1 Vol. VIII., 348 pp., illustrd., 12 mo. Passim.
FAIRBANK, DR. F. R. — On some flint arrowheads from Canada : Journ. Anthrop.
Soc. Lond., Vol. 2 (1864), pp. Ixiv-lxv. Bound up with Anthrop. Rev., Vol. 4 (1864).
Deals with some arrowheads ploughed up on the shore of Lake Erie.
FOWLER, REV. JAS. — On Shell heaps of New Brunswick. Report of Smithson. Inst
1870, (Washington, 1871), p. 389.
Negative evidence as to existence of shell mounds in Northumberland County, New
Brunswick.
GIBB, SIR DUNCAN, BART., M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. — Stone implements and frag-
ments of pottery from Canada. Journ. Anthrop. Inst. of Gt. Brit, and Ireld., Vol. 3
(1874), pp. 65-69, and 2 plates.
Describes arrowheads from Quebec, Island of Montreal, Saguenay District, Ottawa
River, and Chippewa (Ont.) ; pottery from Lake Erie, Montreal Island and Brant County ;
hatchets from Niagara ; spear-head from the Saguenay.
GUEST, E. W. — Ancient Indian Remains near Prescott, C. W. Ann. Report Smith-
son. Inst., 1856, pp. 271-276, with eleven figures.
Describes mounds in Augusta Township, eight and one-half miles north-west of
Prescott, Ontario, and similar structures near Spencerville.
GUNN, DONALD. — Indian Remains near Red River Settlement, Hudson's Bay Terri-
tory. Report of Smithson. Inst., 1867, (Washington, 1872), pp. 399-400.
Describes tumulus and contents.
HALIBURTON, R. S. — A search in B. N. A. for lost colonies of Northmen and Portu-
guese. Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond., new Series, Vol. 7 (1885), pp. 25-34.
Notices (p. 34), earth mounds, etc., near St. Peter's, Cape Breton, which Indians
ascribe to white men before the arrival of the French.
KANE, PAUL. — Chinook Indians. Canadian Journal,^Vol. III., 1854-1855, pp. 273-279.
P. 277, sepulchral rites ; p. 274, shell-money, utensils.
KING, RICHARD, M.D. — On the industrial arts of the Esquimaux. Jour, of Ethnol
Soc. London, Vol. I., 1848, pp. 277-300.
LAWSON, A. C. — Ancient rock inscriptions on the Lake of the Woods. American
Naturalist, Vol. XIX., 1885, pp. 654-658. Illus.
The above paper has been re-printed in pamphlet form.
L'HEUREUX, JEAN. — The Kekip-Sesoators, or Ancient Sacrificial Stones of the N. W.
Tribes of Canada. Journal of the Anthrop. Inst. of Great Brit, and Ireld., Vol. XV
1885, pp. 161-165.
Describes the ancient and interesting sacrificial stones of the Blackfoot Indians.
LLOYD, F. G. B., C.E., F.G.S. — Note on some Indian Remains found on the Coast of
Labrador. Jour. Anthrop. Instit. of Great Brit, and Ireld., Vol. V., 1875, pp. 39-44.
56
LLOYD, F. G. B., C.E., F.G.S. — On the stone Implements of Newfoundland. Jour.
Anthrop. Instit. of Great Brit, and Ireld., Vol. V., 1875, pp. 233-238, with three plates.
LLOYD, F. G. B., O.E., F.G.S. — On the Beothucs, a tribe of red Indians, supposed
to be extinct, which formerly inhabited Newfoundland. Jour. Anthrop. Instit. of Great
Britain and Ireld., Vol. V., 1875, pp. 21-39, with plate.
MASON, O. T. — Basket-work of the North American Indians. Smithsonian Report,
1884, Pt. II., pp. 291-306, with 64 plates.
Describes the basket-work of some Canadian Indians. Tinneh, pp. 294-295 ; Chil-
kaht, 295; Haida, 296-297; Bilhoola, 297; Makahs, Algonkins, 305.
MASON, 0. T. — Thro wing-sticks in the National Museum. Smithsonian Report,
1884, Washington, 1885, pp. 281-289, with 16 plates.
Describes the types of throwing-sticks in use by Canadian Eskimo at Ungava, 281-
282 ; Cumberland Gulf, 283 ; Fury and Hecla Straits, 283 ; Anderson's River, 283.
(?) MATTHEW, MAYHEW [? — ], G. T. — A supposed Specimen of aboriginal Art.
Smithsonian Report, 1881, pp. 672-673.
Describes a boulder-like stone, at one end resembling a human head, found at Gon-
dola Point, King's Co., New Brunswick.
MAYHEW, G. F., M.A., F.R.S. — Discoveries at a Village of the Stone Age at Bocabec.
Bulletin of Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick, No. III., 1884, pp. 6-29, with map.
An exhaustive and valuable paper. Describes a village site at Bocabec, New Bruns-
wick, and the relics found. Huts, 11-15; pottery, 15-18; implements and weapons of
stone, 18-22 ; bone and ivory, 23 ; animals used as food, 24-29 ; antiquity of village and
ethnic relations of the people, 29.
MCKELLAR, SHERIFF. — A Bragh or stone flour mill. Proc. Canad. Institute, 3rd
Series, Vol. V., 1888, p. 193. Title.
Described a stone mill in use by the early settlers of Western Ontario and now in
the Institute's Museum.
MACLACHLAN, R. W. — Indian stone Pipes. The Canadian Antiquarian and Numis-
matic Journal, Montreal, Vol. IV., 1875-1876, pp. 15-22, with plate.
Describes pipes of Flathead Indians, 20 ; pipe found at Balsam Lake, Peterboro'
Co., 20 ; pipe from Hochelaga, 21.
MACLACHLAN, R. W. — Fragments from the Stone Age of Montreal. The Canadian
Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal, Vol. IV., 1875-1876, pp. 174-181, with plate.
Spear and arrow heads, 176-177; whetstone, 178; stone hammer, 178; axe, 179;
stone celt, 179; knife, 180.
McLEAN, REV. JOHN. — The Mortuary Customs of the Blackfeet Indians. Proc.
Canad. Institute, 3rd Series, Vol. V., 1888, pp. 20-24.
Describes burial rites among the Blackfeet of the Canadian North- West.
MURDOCH, JOHN. — A study of the Eskimo bows in the U. S. National Museum.
Smithsonian Report, 1884, Pt. II., pp. 307-316, with 11 plates and map showing distribution.
NATURALISTE OANADIEN, LE. — Age de la pierre taillie chez nos Aborigenes. Tome
XVI., 1886-1887, pp. 65-72.
Discusses the stone age in Canada.
PATTERSON, REV. GEO., D.D. — Antiquities of Nova Scotia. Smithsonian Report,
1881, pp. 673-677.
A summary of our knowledge of the Archaeology of this Province. Treats of earth-
works, 673-674 ; shell heaps, 674 ; engraved stones, 675 ; mummy, 675 ; flint factories,
•675 ; implements, 676-677.
PAYNE, F. F. — List of Eskimo implements, dresses and other objects of interest from
Prince of Wales' Sound, presented by Mr. F. F. Payne to the Museum of the Canadian
Institute. Proceed. Canad. Inst., 3rd Series, Vol. V., 1887, pp. 12-13.
REYNOLDS, THOMAS, M.D. — Discovery of copper and other Indian relics near Brock-
ville. Canadian Journal, new Series, 1856, pp. 328-334, with 4 figures in text.
57
Describes discoveries of chisels, knives, together with a portion of a pipe, a clay
mask, etc., at Les Galops Rapids, while digging the St. Lawrence Canal, in 1847.
SANDHAM, ALF. — Ville. Marie. A sketch of Montreal, past and present. Montreal,
1870, X., pp. 393.
Describes, pp. 384-388, Indian relics from Montreal and vicinity.
SCHWATKA, LIEUT. F., 'CJ.S.N.— The Igloo of the Innuit. Science, Vol. 2, 1883, pp.
:21 -216, 259-262, 304-306, 347-8.
AH3U Describes Igloos and implements used in their construction by, amongst others, the
Eskimo on King William's Land, Chesterfield Inlet, Back's Eiver and Hudson's Bay in
Canada.
SMITH, A. C., LETTERS OF — Edited. — On prehistoric remains and on an interment of
the early French period at Tabusintac. Bullet. Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick, No.
V., 1886, pp. 14-20.
Describes Archaeological discoveries at Tabusintac River, New Brunswick, with chart
of vicinity.
SWAN. J. G. — The Haidah Indians of Queen Charlotte's Islands, B. 0., with a brief
description of their carvings, tattoo designs, etc. 4to., Washington, 1874, pp. 22, with 7
plates. See Smithsonian collections, Vol. XXI.
SWAN, J. G.— Smithsonian Report, 1880, Washington, 1881. p. 447.
Describes a carved seal club or tinethl of the Makah Indians made on the Coast of
Vancouver's Island.
VAN COURTLAND, EDWARD. — Notice of an Indian burying ground. Canadian Jour-
nal, Vol. I., 1852-1853, pp. 160-161.
Describes an Indian burying ground and contents discovered at Bytown, (Ottawa) in
1843.
WALLBRIDGE, THOMAS CAMPBELL. — On some ancient mounds upon the shores of the
Bay of Quinte. Canadian Journal, new Series, Vol. V., 1860, pp. 409-417, with two
plates between pages 482-483.
Describes mounds and contents in the neighborhood of Rednersville and Massassaga
Point.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E.— Hints for the formation of a Canadian collec-
tion of ancient crania. Canadian Journal, Vol. 3, 1854-1855, pp. 345-346. Signed
"D. W."
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — Observations suggested by specimens of a
class of conchological relics of the red Indian tribes of Canada west. Canadian Journal,
Vol. 3, 1854-1855, pp. 155-159.
Describes specimens of tropical shells found with Indian remains ; also describes an
ossuary in Beverley Township.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E.— Discovery of Indian remains in the County
of Norfolk. Canadian Journal, new Series, Vol. 1, 1856, pp. 511-519.
Describes discovery of a skeleton, fragments of pottery, etc., in the Township of
Windham.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — Indian remains. Canadian Journal, new
Series, Vol. 1, 1856, pp. 554-556.
Describes an Indian barrow near Orillia, Simcoe County, from which 70 skulls, some
beads, copper kettles, etc., were taken. Signed "D. W."
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E.— Physical ethnology. Smithsonian Report,
[862, Wash., 1863, pp. 240-302.
Treats of crania of Canadian Indians, 256 ; table of measurement of Huron crania,
)9 ; of Algonkin crania, 260.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — The Huron race and its head form. Jour-
il of the Anthrop. Instit. of Great Brit, and Ireld., Vol. 1, 1872, pp. 262-263.
A paper read before the Canadian Institute, April 8, 1874.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E.— Some stone implements from Lake St. John.
»roc. Canad. Inst., 3rd Series, Vol. V., 1887-1888, p. 124. Brief abstract.
5 (C.I.)
58
ADDENDA.
BELCHER, CAPT. SIR EDW., R.N. — On the manufacture of works of art by the Esqui-
maux. Trans. Ethnol. Soc. Lond., new Series, Vol. I. (1861), pp. 129-U5.
BLAKE, LADY [Edith], — The Beothuks of Newfoundland. Nineteenth Century,
Vol. XXIV., No. cxlii (Dec., 1888), pp. 899-918.
General description. Wigwams, 912 ; canoes, 912; ornaments, 913.
BRYCE, REV. GEO., LL.D. — The mound-builders [a lost race described]. Season
1884-1885, Trans., 18, (Hist. Soc.) Winnipeg, pp. 1-20.
A most important contribution to our Archaeological knowledge of the Manitoba
region. Plates p. 8 (5 figures), p. 12, p. 18.
Description of mound, 2 ; varieties of mounds, 3-4 ; great mound on Rainy River, 4-
13 : excavation, 5-6 ; natural products, 6-7 ; manufactured articles, 9-13 ; stone imple-
ments, 9-10; horn, 10; copper, 10-11; pottery, 11-12; shell, 11 ; the mound-builders,
14-15 ; not an Indian race, 13-14 ; mound on Rainy River, 15-16 ; age of mounds, 16-19.
BRYCE, REV. GEO., LL.D — The Souris Country, its Monuments, Mounds, Forts and
Rivers. (A paper read before the Society 10th Nov. 1885.)
Hist, and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Trans., 24, season 1886-7..
Winnipeg, 1887, pp. 1-7.
Pp. 1-3, red pipestone quarry ; 3, remarkable earth works and embankments on
South Antler Creek ; 4-5, mound on South Antler and on North Antler Creek ; 5-7,
exhaustive list of contents of mound, age of mound, built by Mandans. (?)
CANADIAN ANTIQUARIAN AND NUMISMATIC JOURNAL, THE — Published quarterly by
the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal. Vol. III. (1874-5), pp. 110-112.
Interpretation of Indian wampum belts.
Interpretation of 3 belts of wampum sent to Canada by the Mohawks in 1639. (See
Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec.
CANADIAN ANTIQUARIAN AND NUMISMATIC JOURNAL, THE. Vol. [II., pp. 167-169.
Indian dress, love-making, feasts, burials, from MS. Letter of Soeur Ste. Helene,.
published by Abbe Verran. (See Revue Canadienne, Feb., 1875, pp. 108-9.)
CANADIAN ANTIQUARIAN AND NUMISMATIC JOURNAL, THE — Vol. VI. (1877-1878),.
pp. 166-167. Stone Medallion from St. George, New Brunswick.
GIBB, SIR DUNCAN, BART., M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S. — Canadian stone implements;
and fragments of Pottery, pp. 181-185. Oanad. Antiq. and Numism. Journal, Vol. III.
(1874-5).
Describes (182-3) 2 spear-heads from Saguenay district, 2 hatchets from Niagara
Falls, 1 from Chippewa, 4 from Niagara, 1 from Ft. Wm. Henry, and 1 from Quebec.
183-4 — 3 fragments of pottery — one from north shore of Lake Erie, and two from the
Island of Montreal.
GIBBS, GEO. — Notes on the Tinneh or Ohepewyan Indians of British and Russian
America. Smithson. Report for 1866, (Wash., 1872), pp. 303-327; pp. 321-325,
dwellings, arts, instruments, implements.
GREENE, W. — On some processes in use among the Hurons (of Lorette) in dyeing.
Trans., Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, Vol. II., (1831), pp. 23-25.
GREENE, W. — Notes respecting textile substances in use among the N. American
Indians. Ib., pp. 310-312.
HOFFMANN, W. J. — Comparisons of Eskimo Pictographs, with those of other
American Aborigines. Trans. Anthrop. Soc., Washington, Vol. II. (1883), pp. 120-146,
with 12 figures.
KOHLMEISTER, BENJ.. and KMOCH, GEO. — Journal of a voyage from Okkak on the
coast of Labrador to Ungava Bay, etc. London, 1814. Describes (pp. 37-83) Eskimo
ruins on Amitok Island ascribed to the ancestors of the Greenlanders ; also, p. 44,
Eskimo graves at Oppernavik.
59
RINK, DR. H — The migrations of the Eskimo, as indicated by their progress in
completing the Kayak implements. Journal of Anthrop. Inst. of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol. XVII., pp. 68-72.
STUPART, M. R. F. — The Eskimo of Stupart Bay. Proc. Canad. Instit., 3rd series,
Vol. IV. (1886-7), pp. 95-114. Describes, p. 100, tents; 101-2, kyak ; 102-3, igloos,
implements and ornaments, 103.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., RR.S.E. — Prehistoric Man. Researches into the
origin of civilization in the Old and New World. London (1862), 1 vol ; second edition
(1876), 2 vols. Passim.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL D., F.R.S.E.,— The Huron Race and its Head-form. Cana-
dian Journal, sec. series, Vol. XIII. (1871-73), pp. 113-134. Plates, pp. 113, 126, 128 ;
table of measurements, p. 131.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — Ethnical Forms and Undescribed Artificial
Distortion of the Human Cranium. Canadian Journal, second series, Vol. VII. (1862),
pp. 399-446. Plates, 399 (Barrie skull), 406, 438 ; Huron skull from Barrie, 400, 401.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D.. F.R.S.E. — Some Ethnological Aspects of Conchology.
Canadian Journal, second series, Vol. III. (1858), pp. 377-409. Shell ornaments of
Chinook Indians, p. 380 ; find (in 1848) of shells and pottery, p. 399 ; Indian cemetery
near Orillia, pp. 399-400.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — Narcotic Usages and Superstitions of the
Old and New World. Canadian Journal, second series, Vol. II. (1857), pp. 233-264,
continued, pp. 324-344. Plate of Babeen and Chippeway pipes, p. 254 ; Mohawk pipe,
p. 326 ; Chinook, p. 331 ; Cree, p. 333 ; pipe of Chippeways of Manitoulin Island, p.
333 ; plate of Babeen pipe, p. 334.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E. — Supposed prevalence of one Cranial Type
throughout the American Aborigines. Canadian Journal, second series, Vol. II. (1857),
pp. 406-435. Measurements of Ohippeway skulls (Lake Couchiching), p. 422 ; general
type of Canadian Indian skulls, p. 424-425 ; Western Canada Hurons, p. 428 ; Six
Nations, p. 429.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
ANNUAL, REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
SESSION, ±888-9_
BEING- PART OP APPENDIX
TO THE
BEPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION, ONTARIO,
±889,
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TORONTO :
PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT ST, WEST,
1889.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT — Continued. PAGE.
Township of York 19
Village Site , 19
Pottery 19
Township of Vaughan , 20
Ossuary and Large Find of Skulls 20
NOTES , 21
Potteiy 21
Mindemoya Vase 22
Clay Pipes 23
Stone Pipes 28
Bone and Horn 31
Flint ' 35
Stone Tubes 35
Miscellaneous Stone Relics 36
Mills or Mortars . « 38
Copper 39
Crania 41
Modern Indian Dress, etc 42
FRENCH RELICS FROM VILLAGE SITES OF THE HURONS, BY A. F. HUNTER, B.A 42
Table Showing Geographical Distribution of French Relics in the Counties of Simcoe,
York and Ontario 44
CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS IN THE PROVINCIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 47
Case A. , European Manufacture 48
" B. , Broken and Unfinished Articles 50
" C., Rough Flints 53
u D., Typical Flints 53
" E. , Miscellaneous Flints 54
" F., Flaked Tools and Weapons 54
" G., Bone and Horn 56
" H., " " " , 60
" J., Shell 62
" K. , Gouges 64
" L., Stone Pipes 66
" M., Slate Objects 68
Bird Amulets s 08
Winged and Horned Specimens 71
Tubes 73
Bar Amulets 74
" N., Gorgets — two or more holes 74
" 0., " — one hole 76
" P. , Copper and Hematite 78
u Q. , Of Unknown Use , 80
" R., Clay Pipes , 83
" S., Clay Pipes 85
" T. , Discs 87
Rubbing Stones and Pestles 89
iv.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS, ETC — Continued. PAGE.
Case U. , Grooved Axes and Hammers 89
" V., Pottery 91
" W. , Clearville Specimens 92
" X., Drills 92
" Y., Slate Weapons 94
" Z., Miscellaneous 95
" A2., Miscellaneous 97
Wall Case 1, Pottery ' 9&
2, Iron Tomahawks, etc 98
" 3, Crania 99
" 4, Crania 99
5, Celts 99
" 6, Arrow and Spear Heads 100
Mortars or Mills 100
Modern Specimens 100
Blood Indian, N. W. Terr 100
Arouay Indian, British Guiana 100
7, Eskimo 101
Carib (West Indian) 101
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF THE DOMINION
OF CANADA. AND NEWFOUNDLAND. — SECOND PAPER by A. F. Chamberlan M. A 102
v.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
SESSION 1888-89.
The Council of the Canadian Institute has the honor to lay before its members
its Fortieth Annual Report.
The Council has much pleasure and gratification in recording an increased
interest in the work, and an extension in the influence and prestige of the
Institute.
The movement for a universal system of time-reckoning, initiated by Mr.
Sandford Fleming, has spread far and wide. A deputation waited on His Excellency
Lord Lansdowne in May of last year w^ith regard to this subject, who was kind
-enough to bring the pamphlet on " Time-Reckoning " before the notice of the
Secretary of State, through whom it was sent to all the colonial and foreign
governments.
Cosmic or twenty-four hour time is being largely adopted on this continent.
Inquiries have lately been received from the government of Hong Kong on this
subject. The very enterprising kingdom of Japan has adopted the system as the
basis of its time reckoning.
A clock marking cosmic time, the present of an American firm, has been in
the reading room of the Institute for over twelve months.
The government of our Province paid the institute the compliment of placing
one of its members, Mr. W. Hamilton Merritt, on the Royal Commission to enquire
into the Mineral and Mining Resources of the Province. The report is of great
value and will largely extend the development of our mineral resources.
The interest in the work of the Institute has not flagged during the past
year ; there have been 24 ordinary meetings at which 31 papers were read, and
36 meetings of sections at which 39 papers were read, or a total of 70 papers for
the session.
The range and character of these communications have been fully equal to
the standard of former years ; they have been well and fully discussed. The
average attendance of the meetings is in advance of last year. The attendance
of members in the reading room has also increased.
The Council desires to record its high appreciation of the generosity of the
Government in again placing the sum of $1,000 at the disposal of the Institute
for the extension of archaeological research. Through the indefatigable exertions
of the curator many valuable additions have been made to the museum from the
Province and from the United States. The admirable arrangement of the speci-
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 18901
mens in the various cases, has greatly assisted the study of this important branch
of our national history. It is gratifying to report that the museum has been
visited by a large number of ladies and gentlemen, from many of whom valuable
donations have been received.
The appointment of Mr. David Boyle, as representative of the Provincial
Government at the Cincinnati Exhibition last year, has been productive of much
good to the interests he represented there, and has been the means of many valuable
gifts being presented to our museum. His archaeological report for 1888 has
already appeared as an appendix *to the report of the Minister of Education for
last year.
The thanks of the Institute are due to Mr. Sandford Fleming for his exertions
in procuring an interesting and valuable present from the Grand Trunk Kailway
Company of a portion of the first sod of the Northern Railway, cut on the loth-
October, 1851, by Her Excellency the Countess of Elgin and Kincardine, and the-
bottle used on 14th January, 1853, to christen Collingwood harbor, and an extract
from the Globe of the 26th January, 1863, giving an account of these relics and
other interesting matters.
The members of the Photographic Section, desiring to extend their work in
a more practical manner, resolved to form a Photographic Society having wider
scope than they believed would be offered by a union with the Institute; they
have in consequence withdrawn from the Institute. The Council regrets this
action.
The Biological and Natural History Section continues to make its influence
felt, and deserves the thanks, not only of the Institute but of the citizens at large,
for its recent successful remonstrances against the destruction of the purely
natural beauties of High Park,
The list of donations and exchanges has increased. The library has received
many valuable additions ; this department is carefully attended to by our ener-
getic librarian ; over 300 volumes were bound this year ; extra accommodation in
the library is an urgent necessity.
The treasurer's statement shows a satisfactory balance at the credit of the
Institute, and the increased interest taken in the Institute by the comparatively
small number of members in arrears.
The membership has been increased by 22 elections during the past session.
The Council after much careful thought determined to make a thorough examina-
tion of the list of members and enforce the rules against members in arrears who
refused to make any settlement. The list now submitted is more complete than
any hitherto presented to the Institute, and represents truly the actual member-
ship. The Council would urge on the Institute the importance of adhering to the
step now taken, and enforcing the rules against members in arrears, as it is only
by this means that membership in the Institute will become of value.
The Council endorses the remarks of ttie auditors that a proper valuation of
the assets of the institute should be made.
viii.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
During the past year the Institute has lost by death two distinguished life
members, the Rev. Walter Stennett, of Cobourg, and Prof. G. Paxton Young.
Apart from his special attainments in the department of Mental and Moral
Philosophy, Prof. Young was a mathematician of a very high order ; some of his
later papers read before and published in the Proceedings of the Institute, place
him in the foremost rank of mathematicians.
In recognition of his valuable services at the inception and in the early days
of the Institute, as well as his honorable professional career, Mr. Kivas Tully,
C.E , (who was our first Secretary) has been elected an honorary member.
Your Council is much gratified to announce that the invitation of the Insti-
tute to the American Association for the Advancement of Science to hold its next
meeting in this city has been accepted, and there are bright prospects of a very
successful meeting.
Following up the memorial of January, 1888, meetings have been held with
the Honorable Commissioner of Crown Lands with reference to setting aside a
tract of land for the preservation of the forests and wild animals in this Province.
At his suggestion a memorial with a sketch map showing an area which could be
made available for such purposes is being prepared.
The reports of the various Sections are appended. They all show satisfact-
ory progress in their several branches.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
CHARLES CARPMAEL,
President.
IX.
58 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
APPENDIX I.
MEMBEKSHIP.
Number of Members on 1st April, 1888,— 309.
Honorary Members 7
Life Members 10
17
Ordinary Members :
1. Who have paid their subscriptions to 31st December, 1889, in-
cluding new members 141
2. Who have paid their subscriptions to 31st December, 1888 65
3 " 31st December, 1887 14
4. Who are two years and more in arrears , 3
223
240
5. Losses through death and withdrawals' 36
6. Names struck off the roll for non-payment of arrears 23
7. Names placed on suspense list for non-payment of arrears .... 10
<J9
309
8. Members elected during the present session who have paid their
annual subscription .« 15
9. Members elected during the present session who have not yet
paid 7
22
Associates . 32
APPENDIX II.
TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH INSTITUTE FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH
31st, 1889.
To Summary : —
" Amount received, from building fund $110 11
in Imperial Bank 163 56
" Cash on hand 9 20
" Annual subscriptions 809 75
" Rents 233 50
x.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
To Summary : —
" Government Grant , $1,000 00
" Journals sold 15 65
" Periodicals sold 949
" Biological Section 50 00
" Woodcuts 4 75
" For Conversazione of 1886 2 00
" Interest .. 60
$2,408 61
By Summary:
" Salaries $ 370 50
" Printing Journal 688 67
Miscellaneous 39 25
" Stationery 45 53
" Postage 129 26
" Freight and express charges 23 27
" Repairs , 56 96
" Gas 32 88
" Water 24 00
" Periodicals , 123 21
" Furniture 6 00
" House cleaning 99 30
« Fuel 78 25
" Taxes 9 36
" Phonographic Exhibition 15 00
" Architect 50 00
" Customs charges and brokerage 3 00
" Advertising , ,' <••• 7 75
" Sundries 19 35
« Interest 212 00
" Promissory note 200 00
" Balance in Imperial Bank 137 00
" Cash in hand.. s8 °7
$2,408 61
Examined and found correct.
,a. ,N ARTHUR HARVEY,
(Signed) j B WILLIAMS,
XI.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
JAMES BAIN, JR., IN ACCOUNT WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL GRANT.
To Government Grant for 1888-89 $1,000 00
" Balance forward . 35 45
$1,035 45
By Purchase of specimens ..... ............................................ $ 550 00
« " cases .............................. < ................... . .......... 91 65
" Engraving and printing of specimens for Report ....................... 102 50
" Travelling expenses and remuneration of Curator .............. ......... 285 67
" Bank charges ................................................................. 3&
" Balance on hand ........................................................ ....... -•• 5 25
$1,035 45
'
Examined and found correct.
,, ARTHUR HARVEY, ) .
(Signed) Audltors'
R WILLIAMS,
ASSETS AND LIABILITIES.
ASSETS.
Building $11,500 00
Warehouse 720 00
Ground 3,000 00
Library ., 5,000 00
Specimens 2,000 00
Personal Property 1,000 00
S23,220 00
LIABILITIES.
Mortgage No. 1, due 1892 $3,000 00
1,000 00
Balance in favor of the Institute ... 19,220 00
$23,220 00
Xll.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No.6). A. 1890
The Auditors having carefully gone over the accounts and vouchers beg to
report.
That the cash accounts kept by Mr. Young are in perfect order.
That the distribution into the various heads of income and expenditure, made
by Mr. Bain, the treasurer, corresponds therewith.
Your Auditors think it would be wise to have a proper valuation made of the
various assets of the Institute — Library, museum and building, and to procure bv
this means a reliable statement of its Assets and Liabilities— and recommend the
subject to the consideration of the Council.
ARTHUR HARVEY ) .
(Signed) j R wlLLIAiV1S} [Auditors.
Canadian Institute, Toronto,
April 25, 1889.
APPENDIX III.
CLASSIFICATION OF PAPERS.
Classification of papers read, by subjects : — Anthropology, 1 ; Archaeology, 3 ;
Astronomy, 2 ; Chemistry, 2 ; Economics, 1 ; Geology, 3 ; History, 2 ; Mathematics,
1 : Miscellaneous, 3 ; Philology, 3 ; Political Science, 1 ; Physics, 3 ; Physiology,
1 ; Sanitary Science, 2 ; Social Science, 1 ; Sociology, 2 ; total, 31 papers read at
24 meetings.
Read at the meetings of the Biological Section, 22 papers ; Architectural
Section, 3 ; Geological and Mining Section, 5 ; Philological Section, 9 papers ;
total, 39. Making in all 70 papers.
APPENDIX IV.
LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.
The statement for the Library for the year 1888-89 is as follows :
I. Donations to the Library 85
II. Exchanges :
1. Canada 138
2. Great Britain and Ireland 481
3. United States 569
4. Mexico and South America 43
5. Austria- Hungary 150
6. Belgium 54
7. Denmark 4
8. France and Algeria 396
xiii.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
•
9. Germany 106
10. Italy 146
11. Netherlands 25
12. Norway 30
13. Portugal 7
14. Russia 37
15. Spain 18
16. Sweden 18
17. Australia 31
18. British India and China 34
19. Japan and Java ...... 20
Total 2,307
III. New exchanges 39
IV. Total number of exchanges..., 435
V. Periodicals subscribed for, same as last year with the ex-
ception of " Hardwicke's Science Gossip," which has
been discontinued 31
Total single copies of these received , 769
V I. Number of volumes bound during the year 306
VII. Number of publications taken from Reading Room and
Library during the year 1.900
All of which is respectfully submitted.
GEO. E. SHAW,
Librarian.
REPORT OF THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION.
The section has to report a year of progress and prosperity.
The regular fortnightly meetings have been held throughout the year, and
the attendance has been satisfactory.
A schedule is attached showing the papers read — 22 in all.
As this section is to a large extent educational in its objects, it is not required
that the papers read should be the result of original research, and we would
welcome the assistance of some of the many members of the Institute who are
well qualified to give us much information that would both interest and instruct.
The microscope which our last report mentioned as having been purchased
but not then arrived, has been received, and by its means many points in the
papers read before the section are illustrated, and the enthusiasm of those mem-
xiv.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
bers engaged in the study of minute forms of life, has been quickened. The
microscopical curator will always be ready to attend meetings of the Institute,
or other sections, when the use of the instrument is desired. A small collection
of slides has already been secured for the section's cabinet, and more are expected.
Two years ago when the Institute contemplated the completion of the
museum upstairs, this section became responsible for two years for the interest
on the mortgage of $1,000, which was given to raise the necessary funds, and we
are glad to say that this has been paid, and the section is now free from debt or
liability.
Not much progress has been made in our department of the museum. We
merely desire to draw attention to the fact that biological specimens cannot be
mounted without money, and that our section has absolutely no source of income
except grants from the Council of the Institute.
W. E. MIDDLETON,
Secretary of Biological Section.
The officers for next year are : James H. Pearce, President ; W. E. Middleton,
Secretary.
SCHEDULE OF PAPEKS.
1. E. E. Thomson Canadian Birds.
2. Rev. K. F. Junor Echini.
3. J. H. Pearce Inaugural Address.
4. M. Chamberlai n Canadian Birds.
5. J. Noble Mosses (First Paper).
6. " " (Second Paper).
7. Wm. Brodie Parasites of Potato Beetle.
8. Wm. Brodie Lemothrips G-raminw.
9. J. H. Pearce Flowers (First Paper).
10. " " (Second Paper).
11. W. E. Middleton Fresh Water Sponges.
12. J. B. Williams Birds Observed in 1888.
13. Win. Brodie Snakes.
14. W. E. Middleton Structure and Fructification of Ferns.
15. C. Armstrong , Canadian Ferns.
16. Wm. Brodie Relation to Environment.
17. E. E. Thompson Winter Birds of Toronto District.
18. J. H. Pearce Moulds and Kindred Fungi.
19. W. E. Middleton Microscopic Mouw ting.
20. James Noble Plant Evolution.
21. James Noble Plant Development.
22. A. Elvins. . , . . Volvox Globator.
XV.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6), A. 1890
REPORT OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SECTION.
Gentlemen. — I have the honor to present for your consideration the Third
Annual Report of the Philological Section, for the year ending March 31, 1889.
During the session the section has met regularly on the second and fourth Tues-
days of each month.
Following is a list of papers read at the various meetings :
(1) April 10, 1888— "A Chart of Elocutionary Drill." By T. B. Browning,
M. A.
(2) April 24, 1888—" Volapuk, the New World-Language." By D. R. Keys,
B.A.
(3) April 24, 1888 — " On some words of Indian origin in the French Cana-
dian Dialect and Literature." By A. F. Chamberlain, B.A.
(4) November 13, 1888 — "The language of the Mississaguas of Scugog, with
special reference to Sematology." By A. F. Chamberlain, B. A.
(5) November 27, 1888-r" The Semitic Vowels." By Rev. Prof. McCurdy
Ph.D.
(6) January 8, 1889 — "The Origin and Development of Grammatical Gen-
der." By A. F. Chamberlain, B.A.
(7) January 22, 1889 — •" Language Learning and Language Teaching." By
William Houston, M.A.
(8) February 12,1889— "The Gaelic Vowel System." By David Spence,Esq.
(9) 26, 1889— "The Gaelic Consonants."
During the month of March the section continued the investigation of the
Gaelic Language introduced by the papers of Mr. Spence, of whose valuable
assistance it was enabled to avail itself. On the 8th January, 1889, the Rev. J.
F. McCurdy, Ph.D., resigned the office of chairman of the section, to which posi-
tion Mr. D. R. Keys, B.A., was duly elected.
The officers for the ensuing year are : — Chairman, D. R. Keys, M.A. ; Vice-
Chairman, Jno. Squair, B.A. ; Secretary. A. F. Chamberlain, M.A.
(Signed) A. F. CHAMBERLAIN,
Secretary Philo. Section. C. I.
REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND MINING SECTION.
Gentlemen, — Very much interest continues to be manifested by the mem-
bers of this section* in the study and discussion of those subjects which form the
specialty of our organisation.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
At the various meetings which have been held during the year, the attend-
ance has been good.
At the first meeting of the sessional year, communications were read from
the Department of the Interior, referring to measures taken by that Department
for collecting and publishing statistics and other information on the mining and
metallurgical interests of the Dominion, aud enclosing a copy of an Order-in-
Council on the same subject, approved by the Governor-General in Council ; also
referring to an interview had by the chairman and secretary of this section, with
the Deputy Minister of the Interior, on the subjects of (1) Prompt publication
of the Survey's reports on mining affairs ; (2) Cooperation of the Dominion and
Provincial Governments in the collection of such information, and (3) Legislation
making the furnishing of such information compulsory.
In thus directing the attention of the authorities to an important subject,
the section has been able to do good work, and recent publications of reports
justify the action taken by this section.
A number of interesting papers have been read during^ the ypar, and the
discussions arising therefrom have aided materially in familiarizing many with
facts relative to the minerals and mineral resources of our Province.
The Section has also taken much interest in the project of eastablishing in
this city a Provincial Mineralogical Museum, and trusts that its efforts in this
direction may yet be crowned with success.
Officers have been elected as follows for the current year :
Chairman — W. Hamilton Merritt.
Vice-Chairman — Arthur Harvey.
Secretary and Curator — David Boyle.
Managing Committee — R. W. Phipps, A. F. Chamberlain, A. Elvins, John
Notman, P. H. Bryce, M.D.
The present year is confidently regarded by the section as likely to prove
more than usually profitable to the section in all that relates to the investigation
and study of geology and mining in Ontario.
W. HAMILTON MEREITT,
Chairman.
ARTHUR HARVEY,
Vice-President
DAVID BOYLE,
Secretary.
PAPERS READ DURING THE SESSION.
Mr. Harvey — " On Certain Lacustrine Deposits ; " " On the Synclinal Trough
of Lake Superior."
Mr. Merritt — " The Iron Ranges of Northern Michigan and Minnesota ; "
" Laurentian Formation of New Jersey, with relation to the Iron Mines therein."
Mr. Mills, of St. Ignace, Michigan — " Iron Smelting Furnaces."
2* (c. I.) xvii.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
REPORT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL SECTION.
Gentlemen — The members of the Section have met fortnightly during the
Session, the meetings being chiefly occupied by instructive and interesting dis-
courses, theoretic and practical, delivered by some of the prominent Architects
and Master Mechanics of this city, who commended and encouraged the objects
and motives of the Section, promising and offering us their entire sympathy and
support.
The following were among the papers read and debated upon, being subse-
quently published in the Canadian Architect ;
" The responsibilities of Students to their Profession," by R. R. Gambier
Bousfield, AR.I.B.A. ; " Subsoil Irrigation," by E. Burke, Architect; " A Dis-
course on Carpentry," by R. Wilson.
Besides the papers and addresses, competitions were engaged in in designing
Bay windows, Oriel windows, Entrances, etc.
At the close of the Session the following officers were elected : Robert
Dawson, Chairman ; Chas. D. Lennox, Treasurer ; J. Fras. Brown, Secretary.
Yours verily,
J. FRAS. BROWN, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.
The Committee on Sociology begs leave to present its report for the year
1888-89.
1. Your Committee was constituted at the first meeting of Council this
year and at once procured a circular, which appears in the last Fasciculus under
the heading " Sociological Circular," to be drawn up, printed and distributed
chiefly to the following classes of persons :
(1) Indian agents, farm instructors, inspectors, teachers in Indian schools in
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, Mani-
toba, the North- West Territorities and British Columbia.
(2) Magistrates, inspectors of North-West Mounted Police, registrars, clerks
of the peace, members of Council in North- West.
(3) Missionaries of the leading churches: Church of England, Roman
Catholic, Presbyterian, Wesleyan.
More than a thousand copies have been distributed, so that your Committee
is of opinion that the circular has found its way to most persons in the Dominion
who are interested in Indian questions.
xviii.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
2. Your Committee has received material assistance from the Hon. Edgar
Dewdney, Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs for the Oominion, the Hon.
A. S. Hardy and the Hon. G. W. Ross, Ministers respectively of Crown Lands
and Education of Ontario ; is deeply indebted to the newspapers, educational,
religious and legal pres=5 of Canada for bringing the subject to the attention of
the public, and for extended and favorable notices of the Committee's work ;
also to the following periodicals : Magazine of Western History, Popular Science
Monthly, Journal of Anthropology of the United States, Historical Review and
Law Quarterly of England.
3. At the request of your Committee the Canadian Pacific Railway has
kindly consented to carry archaeological and natural history specimens free of
charge for the Institute.
4.. The publication of the Indian Treaties of Canada and the Provinces has
engaged the attention of your Committee. The Council and Institute will, no
doubt, be pleased to learn, from the accompanying letter of Mr. Vankoughnet,
that this important work is under way and will shortly be completed. The cor-
respondence on the subject is herewith submitted. Copies of the Dominion
Reports on Indian Affairs from 1875 up to and inclusive of 1888 have been
received for the use of the Institute, for which your Committee has duly returned
its thanks to the Superintendent-General.
5. In reply to the circular a number of letters and abstracts have been
received, among them
(1) A short abstract from the Rev. T. S. Cole, B.A.
(2) An interesting letter from Inspector A. Bowden Perry of Prince Albert,
North- West Territories, which your Committee begs to submit to the Editorial
Committee for publication, together with a detailed paper on
(3) "The Western De*ne'," by the Rev. A. G. Morrice, O.M.
A number of other papers are promised, principally by reverend gentlemen
whose duties bring them into direct contact with the Indian population of
Manitoba and the North -West.
6. Your Committee begs leave to reserve such remarks of a sociological
nature as it may desire to make for the separate papers as they appear, suggests
that the circular be re-issued with such alterations and additions as may seem
proper, and entertains the hope that the success which has accompanied its efforts
this year will be redoubled in the year to come to the common benefit of the Insti-
tute, its members and the country.
All which is respectfully submitted on behalf of the Committee.
T. B. BROWNING,
Chairman.
xix.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT.
BY DAVID BOYLE.
To the President and Members of the Canadian Institute :
GENTLEMEN, — It is gratifying to be able to state that the interest in archaeo-
logical matters has increased very considerably throughout the province, since
the inception of our scheme to place ourselves as nearly as possible abreast of
other countries in this respect. The hope expressed in our first report, that " its
appearance would tend to arouse a more general interest in the subject," has thus
been realized. The activity, however, has been mainly displayed in the work of
collecting, Old collectors have been encouraged to go on, and many new ones
have entered the field. On this account there is no doubt that much valuable
material will be preserved, which otherwise would have been lost, but as a con-
sequence, there is now greater difficulty in adding specimens to our collection.
Ultimately, it is probable that many amateur lots will find their way to the
provincial museum, and already several assurances have been given to this effect
by individual collectors. Another good result arising from our project, is the
very general determination arrived at by almost all who pick up specimens, not
to let tnem go out of the country. In a few instances collectors seem to be
mainly actuated by mercenary motives, but as a rule they are really amateurs.
Among the latter are some who take the broad, public-spirited view, that it is better
to place their " finds " in a large collection, where every one may see them, than
to retain them at home for merely personal gratification.
On a list of such for the past year, the Institute must place the names of
Messrs. R. W. Reavley, B. A., Teacher, Tilsonburg; R. D. George, Teacher, Fonthillj
William and David Melville, Creemore ; Dugald Carrie, Teacher, Creemore ;
Cyrenius Bearss, Sherkston; Wm. Michener, Sherkston ; Isaac and Ezra Bearss,
Sherkston ; John M. Boyle, Braeside, Richmond Hill ; Dr. R. Orr, Maple ; William
and Robert Lougheed, Srnithdale ; Herbert and Theophilus Connor, Glenhuron ;
Thomas White, Cashtown ; Thomas Boon, Bothwell ; Mrs. Barney, senior, Sherk-
ston ; Geo. Muma, Hurnberstone ; Mr. John McPherson, Toronto ; Miss Kirkwood,
Toronto ; Wardie and Ottie White, Toronto ; Joseph Smelser, Vaughan ; Luke
Mullock, Waterdown ; Major J. M. Delamere, Toronto; Wm. Welsh, Amberley ;
Rev. John McLean, Moosejaw, N. W. T.; Angus Buie, Nottawasaga, and Clarence
Bell.
Thanks are also due to a large nnmber of persons in various parts of the
province, who have supplied information of great value. The names of some of
these gentlemen, with a statement of the results arising from their communica-
tions, will be found in the present report. In other cases the work remains to be
done.
Owing to some misunderstanding, the number of reports printed last year was
considerably less than for the year previous. On this account I believe that even
the members of the Institute were not supplied with them, and many
applications for copies have had to be refused. This year it is hoped that a
large enough number will be struck off, to supply all who are interested.
1 (C.I.)
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I have already stated that the increased archaeological activity recently
displayed among amateurs, has manifested itself chiefly in the work of collecting.
This is good so far as it goes, but does not accomplish what is required from the
Institute's .standpoint. For present and future use are demanded at least
moderately accurate surveys of all aboriginal locations, with drawings of fortified
works, and exact data relating to materials, patterns, depths, soils, ash-heaps, posi-
tion* of bodies, with particulars relating to skulls, modes of burial, presence or
absence of European influences, and many other details requiring experience, time
and labor to record satisfactorily .
Mr. A. F. Hunter has devoted considerable time and done a good deal of
travelling, for the purpose of locating villages, potteries and ossuaries, in townships
formerly occupied by the Hurons. His paper on that district is exceedingly
interesting, and will enable any future explorer with " reasonable means," to
economize time in making a more detailed survey, or in excavating for relics.
Having begged permission from Dr. Francis Parkman, the historian, to quote
from his works for use in this report, in connection with the work done in Simcoe
county, a prompt and courteous reply was received from that gentleman, granting
the favor asked. In this note Dr. Parkman wrote :
" I infer from what you write, that you are making investigations in the old
Huron country. Should the result be printed, I should be glad if you would
let me know of it."
Copies of our two former reports having been mailed to him, he afterwards
wrote :
" Thank you for the two reports of the Canadian Institute which you have
kindly directed to be sent me. It is certainly in the power of the Institute if it
has reasonable means at its disposal, to do good service to American archaeology,
by exploring the Indian remains of Ontario, and above all those of the old Huron
country, including that of the Tobacco nation. I am g<ad a beginning has been
successfully made in this direction, and hope that the Institute will be enabled
to continue its work, before the spread of settlement makes such researches diffi-
cult or impossible.
" Yours very truly,
"F. PARKMAN.
"Boston, 3rd July, 1889 "
It is inspiriting, even inspiring, to know that we have the countenance
of so high an authority, the very highest in fact, in all that appertains to the
history of American and more especially (so far as we are concerned), of Canadian
Indians. No one better than he can fully estimate the value of such investiga-
tion, in their bearing upon the past arid present European relations of the
Aborigines to the history of our country, for no one else has devoted so much of
a busy life- time to the patient, arduous and scholarly study of Canadian colonial
development, the results of which are embodied in a series of volumes, that are
perhaps unequalled in the historic literature of any other land in the world.
It would be difficult to conjecture what Dr. Parkman regards as "reasonable
means" at the disposal of the Institute, whereby "to do good service to American
archaeology," and he would probably be incredulous were he informed as to the
smallness of the sum that has been spent by us in three years, for the purpose in
question — a sum which has covered payment of services, travelling expenses,
employment of manual labor, purchase of specimens, express and freight charges,
supply of show cases, printing of circulars and labels, postage and engraving.
2
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
During the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, many of the most distinguished ethnologists and archaeologists on this
•continent, examined our collection of illustrative specimens, and their remarks on
the extent and character of the museum were such as to afford the Institute satis-
faction with what has been accomplished, as well as encouragement for future
prosecution of work in the same direction.
Prof. Putnam, of the Peabody museum, which has one of the largest collec-
tions of this kind in the United States, said that in proportion to its size, our
museum contained a greater variety of unique and instructive specimens, than
.any other he had ever seen.
Dr. Abbott, of Trenton, New Jersey, expressed himself as being especially
pleased with the contents of the cases containing ornaments and implements of
tone.
Rev. Mr. Beauchamp declared that our collection of stone " bird-amulets "
was superior to anything of its kind in any American museum.
Prof. Morse, of the Essex Institute, Mass., was surprised to see the variety of
pottery patterns.
Several of the visitors recorded their opinions on the pages of our register'
and from these the following are quoted :
Mr. A. E. Douglas, of the Museum of Natural History, New York, wrote : —
•" I consider this collection is almost unique in objects of great interest to archaeolo-
gists." Mr. Douglas is himself, the owner of one of the largest private collections
in America. It is on permanent exhibition in the New York museum.
The Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, New York, and an attache
of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, expresses himself as follows : — " I have
been greatly pleased and profited by examining the valuable collection of Indian
articles in the Canadian Institute, among which are some that are beyond price to
an antiquarian, and will prove of the highest use in solving some questions of
early history. Ontario will soon have reason to be proud of such treasures." Mr.
Beauchamp is now employed in getting together for the Smithsonian Institute
just si ch information relative to .the Hurons, as Mr. A. F. Hunter and myself
•employed a portion of the past season in procuring for the Institute.
Mr. Chas. W. Smiley, who is also connected with the Department at Washing-
ton, wrote : — "Here is a fine collection, which we should appreciate in Washington
very highly. Whatever more can be obtained and added before it is too late,
should be secured at once. Unless Ontario gather up her scattered materials soon,
they will be taken away to enrich museums abroad. Now or never ! "
Few persons are better qualified than Dr. C. C. Abbott, of Trenton, New
Jersey, to express an intelligent opinion in relation to matters of this kind. He
has devoted many years to archaeological study, and is the author of several works
on the subject. His immense private collection is on view at the Peabody
Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dr. Abbott has left us the following
record : — " I have examined the archaeological collection of this Institute, and am
delighted with it. Its value for scientific purposes is very great, and already
there is gathered here the material for comparative study, so much needed by
students of archaeology. Collections of given areas as complete as possible, are
the requirements for finally solving the problem of North America's aboriginal
peoples ; and I earnestly pray that not only the citizens of Toronto, but the Pro-
vincial Government, will be exceedingly liberal in assisting those who have made so
admirable a collection as is here brought together."
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
The time of Prof. Putnam was so fully occupied in the performance of his-
duties as secretary of the A. A. A. S., that he had but little leisure to do more
than make a few brief visits to the museum. The following sentence however,
may be quoted from what he has written : — " I have found here very much of
importance to me in my study of the skulls of American peoples." Prof. Putnam
ranks among the first of American ethnologists and archaeologists, and it was-
exceedingly gratifying to receive from him, both orally and in writing, so high
an opinion of the work that has been done.
It is a matter of some regret that Prof. Putnam's visit to the city did not
occur a few weeks later, as during that time we more than doubled our collection
of crania, several specimens of which exhibit notable peculiarities, one at least
having the Inca bone well marked.
"THE LAN!) OF SOULS."
" We come from the Land of Souls, where all is sorrow, dismay, and desolation. Our fields-
are covered with blood ; our wigwams are filled, but with the dead, and we ourselves have only
life enough left to beg our friends to take pity on a people drawing near their end." Petition
of the Hurons to the Andastes in 1647. Raguenau, Eelation des Hurons.
The vast number of communal and other burial places that may still be
traced over the area formerly occupied by the Hurons, evidence the density of
the aboriginal population and afford a reason for the poetic title given by the
natives to their dying country, when they besought their kindred on the
Susquehanna for assistance, nearly two-hundred and fifty years ago.
Having spent considerable time last June in the township of Nottawasaga.
for the purpose of mapping the district, marking the ancient village sites and
ossuaries, and collecting specimens, I cannot do better than quote from Parkmanr
a brief description of that land and its people.
" In the woody valleys of the Blue Mountains, south of the Nottawasaga Bay,
of Lake Huron, and two days journey west of the frontier Huron towns, lay the
nine villages of the Tobacco Nation, or Tionnontates; * In manners as in language
they closely resembled the Hurons. Of old they were their enemies, but were
now at peace with them, and about the year 1640 became their close confederates.
Indeed in the ruin which befel that hapless people, the Tionnontates alone retained
a tribal organization ; and their descendants, with a trifling exception, are to this
day the sole inheritors of the Huron or Wyandot name. Expatriated and
wandering, they held for generations a paramount influence among the western
tribes. In their original seats among the Blue Mountains, they offered an example
extremely rare among Indians, of a tribe raising a crop for the market ; for they
traded in tobacco largely with other tribes. Their Huron confederates, keen
traders, would not suffer them to pass through their country to traffic with the
French, preferring to secure for themselves the advantage of bartering with them
in French goods at an enormous profit." •(•
If other reasons were wanting, the facts cited in the foregoing quotation are
sufficient to interest us in all that pertains to a people so exceptional in many
respects to other aborigines inhabiting this part of the continent. The axe and
* The district formerly occupied by the Tobacco Nation, and now included within the limits of Colling-
wood, Nottawasaga and Sunnidale townships, held, within recent geological time, a very different relation
to the great fresh water sea from what it does at present. The proofs are everywhere abundant that the
valley drained by the Nottawasaga River was at one time a prolongation of Nottawasaga Bay, connecting
the waters of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe, and bounded westwards by the gentle slopes of the " Blue
Mountains," so-called ; for the term is a misnomer, where we take into account that these elevations seldom
if ever exceed 500 feet, above the lake level, and are cultivated from base to crown.
fParkman, The Jesuits in North America. Introduction, p. >liii, 21st edition. Boston, 1885.
4
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
the plow are rapidly removing every land-mark ; already many have been
obliterated, but a large enough number remain to attest the truth of all that has
Tseen stated regarding the population, which was reckoned at from twenty thousand
to thirty-live thousand. *
If we regard the nine villages or towns of the Tionnontates or Tobacco
Nation, as having been of average population with the remainder of the thirty-two
all of which were reckoned in 1639, to contain thirty thousand souls, it would appear
that the population of the Blue Mountain district was not less than five thousand
five hundred, but if we make allowance for the agricultural habits of the
Tobaccoes and their consequently less persistent warlike proclivities, it is probable
that the number of the people fell little short of eight thousand, about the year
1640.
Even with half that number the country of the Tobacco Nation must have
been well populated, when it is borne in mind how large an area is required for
the support of those who depend more or less on the results of the chase for their
livelihood.
Some of the ossuaries, or communal burial pits have been estimated by
intelligent settlers who have opened them, to contain from h've hundred to fifteen
hundred skeletons. Making due allowance for exaggeration in viewing the
spectacle of immense quantities of bones, without any effort to assort them or
otherwise make an exact count, it seems to be capable of proof, that fully a
thousand skeletons have been found in a single pit. One settler informed me
that he had counted upwards of nine hundred skulls almost whole, and assured
me that there must have been from one hundred to two hundred others in a
fragmentary condition. Dr Tache of Quebec, writing to Dr. Parkman,
says, " I have inspected sixteen bone-pits. *
They contain from six hundred to twelve hundred skeletons each." Most of
the^e ossuaries, known locally as " bone-holes," are of post-European date and
contained copper or brass kettles. Here, as in the township of Beverly (mentioned
in a former report,) the pioneer settlers, or some of them rather, made it their
business to open every known grave-pit, for the purpose of procuring these
utensils, sometimes to the number of twenty or more from one place. AU
those I opened last summer had been previously ransacked, and I think I am
safe in saying that it is now almost impossible to find within the ancient limits
of the Tobacco Nation, or inded any where in the old Huron country, an ossuary
that has been left undisturbed.
Even, however, at the time when these burial-pits were first opened, many
of them were totally devoid of anything save promiscuously interred bones, and
we are thus brought face to face with the fact that it was not the invariable
custom of the aborigines to deposit tools, utensils and ornaments with human
remains, at any rate, during the latter days of savage existence in this part of the
world. That the custom was much more prevalent in former times there is little
doubt, but it is my own experience as well as that of others, that graves evidently
of prehistoric date have been found wholly destitute of material for the use of
the departed spirits. This may be accounted for either on the supposition that
the bodies were hastily interred after some bloody affray, and in proximity to the
enemy, by those who were defeated, or, that those who succeeded in maintaining
"The number of the Huron towns changed from year to year. Cham plain and Le Caron, in 1615,
reckoned them at seventeen or eighteen, with a population of about ten thousand, meaning, no doubt,
adults. Brebeuf, in 1035, found twenty villages, and, as he thinks, thirty thousand souls. Both Le Mercier
and Du Quen, as well as Dollier de Casson and the annonymous author of the Relation of 1660, state the
population at from thirty to thirty-five thousand. Since the tinr:e of Champlain's visit, various kindred
tribes, or fragments of tribes, had been incorporated with the Hurons, thus mo'-e than balancing the
ravages of pestilence which had decimated them." — Parkman, Jesuits in North America. Introduction —
note, p. xxv.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
their ground after an engagement thus buried the slain of the discomfited party.
I am not aware that any such record exists, but nothing can be more reasonable
than to conclude that the victors would hasten to bury the bodies of those who
had been killed, especially when the fighting had taken place as it so often did
at, or close to, a village, and when it involved less trouble and inconvenience to
bury the dead than to strike camp and leave the bodies exposed. In the Huron
country this must frequently have been a powerful reason, where clearings were
made for simple agricultural purposes, and dwellings were erected of a more
permanent type than that of the Indian who subsisted altogether by hunting.
Another reason suggests itself, namely, that numerous deathvs as the result
of sickness or war may have so depleted the living of personal property that
nothing in many cases was left for mortuary offerings.
Account for it as we may, it is well at all events to disabuse the popular
mind of a fallacy that has been confirmed by so many writers, leading to the
belief that every Indian grave necessarily contains objects of human workmanship,
Nevertheless, the great feast of the dead was an occasion of vast importance
when conducted according to traditional custom, and occurring as it did at
intervals of several years. Bre'beuf in 1636, was the first to describe fully the
ceremonies attendant upon a communal burial at Ossossane or La Conception,
the site of which was not far from the present village of Wyevale. The people
inhabiting this district were the Attignaouentans or Bear Mation, of the Huron
confederacy, among all the members of which the practices were similar. From
the Relation of Brebeuf, and from other sources we are tolerably well informed
with regard to the ceremonies in question. Dr. Parkman's vivid rendering of
Bre'beuf s discription may be quoted : u The body was usually laid on a scaffold,
or, more rarely in the earth. At intervals of ten or twelve years, each of the four
nations * which composed the Huron confederacy gathered together its dead, and
conveyed them all to a common place of sepulture. Here was celebrated the
great ' Feast of the Dead,' — in the eyes of the Hurons, their most solemn and
important ceremonial. * * * * * *
" The corpses were lowered from the scaffolds and lifted from their graves,
Their coverings were removed by certain functionaries appointed for the office,
and the hideous relics arrayed in a row, surrounded by the weeping, shriekirg,
howling concourse. The spectacle was frightful. Here were all the village dead
of the last twelve years. * Each family reclaimed its own, and
immediately addressed itself to removing what remained of flesh from the bones.
These, after being tenderly caressed, with tears and lamentations, were wrapped
in skins and adorned with pendent robes of fur. In the belief of the mourners
they were sentient and conscious. A .soul was thought to still reside in them ;
and to this notion, very general among the Indians, is in no small degree due
that extravagant attachment to the remains of the dead, which may be said to
mark the race.
" These relics of mortality, together with the recent corpses, which were
allowed to remain entire, but which were also wrapped carefully in furs, were
now carried to one of the largest houses and hung to the numerous cross-poles,
which, like rafters, supported the roof. Here the concourse of mourners seated
themselves at a funeral feast; and as the .squaws of the household distributed the
food, a chief harangued the assembly, lamenting the loss of the deceased and
extolling their virtues. This solemnity over, the mourners began their march for
Ossassane', the scene of the final rite. The bodies remaining entire were borne
on a kind of litter, while the bundles of bones were slung at the shoulders of the
* The Tobacco Nation similar in language and manners, did not join the Huron confedracy until
about 1639-40.
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
relatives like fagots. Thus the procession slowly defiled along the forest path-
ways with which the country of the Hurons was everywhere intersected ; and
as they passed beneath the dull shadow of the pines, they uttered at intervals, in
unison, a dreary, wailing cry, designed to imitate the voices of disembodied souls *
winging their way to the land of spirits, and believed to have an effect peculiarly
soothing to the conscious relics which each man bore. When, at night, they
stopped to rest at some village on the way, the inhabitants came forth to welcome
them with a grave and mournful hospitality.
"From every town of the nation of the Bear processions like this were con-
verging towards Ossossane. This chief town of the Hurons stood on the eastern
margin of Nottawasaga Bay, encompassed with a gloomy wilderness of fir and
pine. The capacious bark houses were filled to over-
flowing, and the surrounding woods gleamed with camp fires : for the processions
of mourners were fast arriving, and the throng was swelled by invited guests of
other tribes. Funeral games were in progress, the young men and women
practising archery and other exercises for prizes offered by the mourners in the
name of their dead relatives. Some of the chiefs conducted Bre'beuf and his
companions to the place prepared for the ceremony. It was a cleared area in the
forest many acre.-? in extent. In the midst was a pit about ten feet deep and
thirty feet wide. Around it was reared a high and strong scaffolding, and on this
were planted numerous uprigh' poles, with cross-poles extended between for
hanging the funeral gifts and the remains of the dead.
" Meanwhile there was a long delay. The Jesuits were lodged in a house
where more than a hundred of these bundles of mortality were hanging from the
rafters. Some were mere shapeless rolls, others were made up into clumsy effigies
adorned with feathers, beads, and belts of dyed porcupine quills. * * * *
At length the officiating chiefs gave the word to prepare for the ceremony. The
relics were taken down, opened for the last time, and the bones caressed and
fondled by the women amid paroxysms of lamentation. Then all the processions-
were iormed anew, and each bearing its dead, moved towards the area prepared
for the last solemn rites. As they reached the ground they defiled in order, each
to a spot assigned to it on the outer limits of the clearing. Here the bearers of
the dead laid their bundles on the ground, while those who carried the funeral
gifts outspread and displayed them for admiration of the beholders. Their num-
ber was immense and their value relatively very great. Among them were many
robes of beaver and other rich furs, collected ard preserved for years with a view
to this festival. Fires were now lighted, kettles slung, and around the entire
circle of the clearing, the scene was like a fair or caravansary. This continued
till three o'clock in the afternoon when the gifts were repacked and the bones-
shouldered afresh. Suddenly at a signal from the chiefs, the crowd ran forward
from every side towards the scaffold, like soldiers to the assault of a town, scaled
it by rude ladders with which it was furnished, and hung their relics and their
gifts to the forest of poles which surmounted it. Then the ladders were removed
and a number of chiefs, standing on the scaffold, harangued the crowd below,
praising the dead and extolling the gifts, which the relatives of the departed now
bestowed in their names upon their surviving friends.
" During these harangues other functionaries were lining the grave with robes
of beaver skin. Three large copper kettles were next placed in the middle and
then ensued a scene of hideous confusion. The bodies which had been left entire
were brought to the edge of the grave, flung in, and arranged in order at the
bottom by ten or twelve Indians stationed there tor the purpose, amid the wildest
excitement and the uproar of many hundred mingled voices. When this part of
* It is not easy to conjecture wheie they got their model for this imitation.
7
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
the work was done night was fast closing in. The concourse bivouacked around
the clearing and lighted their camp-fires under the brows of the forest, which
hedged in the scene of the dismal solemnity. Brebeuf and his companions with-
drew to the village, where an hour before dawn, they were roused by a clamor
which might have wakened the dead. One of the bundles of bones, tied to a
pole on the scaffold had chanced to fall into the grave. This accident had precipi-
tated the closing act and perhaps increased its frenzy. Guided by the unearthly
din and the broad glare of flames fed with heaps of fat pine logs, the priests soon
reached the spot, and saw, what seemed in their eyes, an image of Hell. All
around blazed countless fires and the air resounded with discordant outcries. The
naked multitude on, under and around the scaffold, were flinging the remains of
their dead, discharged from their envelopments of skins, pell-mell into the pit,
where Brebeuf discerned men who, as the ghastly shower fell among them
arranged the bones in their places with long poles. All was soon over, earth, logs
and stones were cast upon the grave and the clamor subsided into a funereal chant,
so dreary and lugubrious, that it seemed to the Jesuits the wail of despairing
souls from the abyss of perdition.* "
This most vivid and succinct description of one great burial ceremony may be
regarded as being applicable in a general way to all other great feasts of the dead.
It is probable that the various nations, composing the confederacy, differed to
some extent in matters of detail, and there is reason to believe that in at least
one important particular, the Tobacco Nation differed from the Hurons proper.
Referring to the first disposal of the dead, as may be gathered from the foregoing
extract, Dr. Parkman says, " The body was usually placed upon a scaffold, or,
more rarely, in the ground." When we bear in mind the settled habits of the
Tionnontates or Tobaccoes and the somewhat limited area they had to occupy, we
can readily see that the scaffolding of dead bodies was not so well adapted to
them as to peoples who led a roving life over vast extents of country. I have
accordingly found numerous evidences that among the Tobacco Nation, inhuma-
tion, was the prevalent, if not the sole mode of preliminary disposal. On many
of the farms in the Blue Mountain district, the plough has brought to light
human remains that had been laid in graves singly, and not far below the surface.
On lot 19 of the 7th concession of Nottawasaga, Mr. Edward Beecroft informed
me that there were on the front or west end of the farm about one hundred single
graves, and twice that number on the rear of his property. On the same lot an
extensive village had been situated judging by the numerous deep and widely
spread beds of ashes, while not far away the manufacture of clay vessels and pipes
had been carried on, as is shown even yet by proofs of the most unmistakeable
kind. There is a large ossuary on the same farm within a short distance of the
village site.
If, therefore, we regard the existence of the village as having been contempo-
raneous with the individual graves, and there is no reason to doubt this, we can
understand why inhumation was preferable to scaffolding.
In the account of the great communal burial, quoted from Parkman, reference
is made to the topography of the " cleared area in the forest, many acres in
extent," and " in the midst [of which] was a pit, about ten feet deep and thirty
* Parkman, Jesuits in North America. 21st ed. Boston 1885. p. 72 ct seq.
It is to be remembered that the description eriven by Brebeuf, is that upon which are based all the popu-
lar notions regarding Indian burials in this country. On the occasion in question there was considerable
Dissension among the Attignaouentons, or Bear Nation, whose feast of the dead he witnessed. A respect-
ble minority consisting of three or four towns, refused to take any part with the others in this ceremony,
nd declared their intention to conduct one independently. This naturally caused ill-feeling between the
jjssentients and we are therefore warranted in assuming that on this account, those with whom Brebeuf was
esent conducted the proceedings with much more " braverie " than was their wont. No doubt the seced-
V towns were actuated by similar motives. Is it right then, to regard this as having been a normally typi-
8
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
feet wide," but is to be noted that these burial pits are almost invariably found on
the top of knolls and hills ; generally the highest ground within easy reach of the
town or village. * Was this practice in any way connected with the mound-
building predilections of other tribes ? Did our northern Indians cease to throw
up great earth heaps for such a purpose because they found so many of natural
formation ? Does the construction of mounds by people occupying more level
areas in any way indicate the persistence of a habit formed by their ancestors in
some hill country ? Or are both practices but the survival of some ancient custom
of religious or other significance derived from common predecessors ?
During the time in spent the township of Nottawasaga, I endeavored to
ascertain the position of every known locality associated with the Tionnontates,
and succeeded in being able to mark upon the map ten village or town sites,
twenty-one ossuaries, one fortified place, and three potteries. There are no doubt
other places of which nothing could be learned, as the first settlers on many farms
are now dead, and every surface trace has been removed in the course of cultivation.
In almost every case I examined the places, and found in only two instances that
spots which had for many years be^.n popularly regarded as " bone holes,"
were but natural depressions, caused probably by the infiltration of water through
the sandy subsoil which was little more than a foot below the surface.
NOTTAWASAGA
BAY
TOWHS'rllP OF
NOTTAWASAGA
Village sites c
Ossuaries <
Single graves
*I have met with only one instance of a grave on low Jand. This is situated in the township of
Humberstone, within a short distance of Lake Erie. The flat, near the middle of which the grave has
fceen made, is of several acres in extent, and almost surrounded by sandhills of considerable height, from
forty to sixty feet. Although pipes and other relics of Indian production have been found in this ossuary,
it is suspiciously connected with "white" origin, as some of the skulls taken from it, and now in our
possession, appear to be those of Europeans.
9
58 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
A reference to the map-diagram will show that all the locations marked
extend in a direction from north-west to "south-east, that is to say, corresponding
with the range of hills that stretch through the township of Nottawasaga. The
hills extend into Collingwood and Osprey townships, but time did not permit of
these places being visited. The whole of this neighborhood should be examined
carefully, as soon as possible for much of it is no doubt quite as valuable
archseologically as any other portion of the Nottawasaga Bay district.
Beds of askes, blackened earth, fragments of pottery and bone, flint flakes
and sometimes charred corn-cobs mark the village sites. Dr. Tache is said to
have prepared a map of the Huron country (including probably the Tobacco
Nation,) by means of which he thought he could identify many places with those
mentioned in the Relations, but I am informed by Mr. Douglas Boymner,
Dominion Archivist, that it has never been published. * A few of the places-
showing traces of habitation seem to have been mere temporary camping-grounds,
where the quality of the clay and the proximity of water afforded facilties for the
making of pottery and pipes ; others, however, judging by their extent and the
depth of the ash-beds seem to have been more permanent abodes.
One of the most interesting of these village sites is on the farm of Mr. William
Melville, north half of lot 10, concession 5. The proprietor informed me that in
the course of ploughing over this place he had turned up large quantities of
corn and corn-cobs. William and David Melville, his sons, both intelligent
collectors, have picked up several whole and fragmentary pipes, a few stone and
shell beads, arid an excellent bone chisel upwards of eleven inches in length. •(•
All of these they presented to our collection.
On lot 12, concession 7, is the famous Lougheed farm, from the old site on
which so much valuable material has been mentioned and figured in former reports.
This year again we are indebted to Master Lougheed, for some very good
specimens.
Two other villages occupied what are now respectively the north half of lot
11, concession 8, and the south half of lot 11, concession 9 ; immediately north of
the former, on lot 12 concession 8, is an ossuary, and west of the latter on the same
lot there is another. About midway between these and Mr. Melville's farm there
is an ossuary on lot 10, concession 7.
Due east of the Lougheed farm, on the property of Mr. Thos. White, lot 13r
concession 1, there are extensive indications of former residence. Broken pottery
is plentiful and pipes of stone and clay have been found. Mr. White presented
the Institute with several good specimens from his farm, chief among which is a
well made bone chisel nearly a foot long. From the son of Mr. Ed. Coyle, on the
adjacent farm, in the township of Sunnidale, we received some clay pipes found
on Mr. White's property.
South of the White farm, there is an ossuary on lot 12, concession 1.
*A rude map purporting to show the topography of the Huron towns as they were in 1660, was-
published in the Canadian Journal, for November, 1857, to accompany a paper by Mr. John Langton, "On
the Early Discoveries of the French in North America." It is too confused to be worth much, beyond
enabling us to see that St. Michael was south of St. Louis, or St. John north of St. Ignatius, information
that may be obtained more satisfactorily elsewhere. This map showing Creuxius' topography, is from
Ducreux's Histoirc Canadcnses, Paris, 1664. The Rev. Mr. Annie, of St. Thomas, claims to have located
a few of the old Huron towns, but owing to the transient character of these Indian habitations, it seems-
impossible that we should ever be able fix with certainty the spots occupied at different times by the same
people, and always known by the same names.
f Since this was written, Ah-yand-wah-wa, Ma-shuck-ah-wa-we-tong and John Settee, intelligent and'
educated representatives of the Ojibewa and Cree tribes on the Lake Winnipeg Reserve, paid several visits
to the museum. They informed me that similar instruments are still used among their people for
skinning purposes.
10
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
On the south half of lot 16, concession 4, and the north half of lot 16, con-
cession 6, are ossuaries.
West of these on the lot 16, concession 8, the property of Mr. Conner, there
is a village site from which his sons, Herbert and Theophilus have collected a
good many specimens all of which they have sent to form part of our collection.
A little to the north, lot 19, on the same concession, is the Beecroft farm, on
which are a village site, a pottery and a grave-pit, besides about three hundred
single graves.
On lot 21, concession 9, is a village site, and on lot 22, immediately north, an
ossuary.
Another village site is on lot 22, concession 5, the farm of Squire Currie, and
not far away to the south-west are three ossuaries on the farm of Mr. Join:
Edmonds, lot 21, concession 6.
There has been a village on lot 26, concession 10, on this lot there is also an
ossuary.
Other ossuaries exist on lot 24, concession 7 ; lot 25, concession 8 ; lot 27,
concession 10 ; lot 29, concession 10 ; and lot 30, concession 12.
u _ a b
Lot 23
V
Eartliwcrk
(n.Kj concession 9
Nottavmcaga
On the farm of Mr. Win. Anderson, north half of lot 23, concession 9, traces of
an old village are visible on the face of, and near the top of a hill sloping towards the
west, and at the foot of which runs a small stream known as Darroch's Creek,
flowing into the larger Batteaux Creek. At this point Darroch's Creek makes a
bend almost semi-circular and nearly encloses a strong spring. Between the base
of the hill and the creek the land is low and level. From the extremities of the
bend, banks have been thrown up stretching towards the high land. That to the
north is now barely discernible, but the one on the south side can be easily traced
for a distance of fifty-five j^ards, inclusive of its windings. In the construction
of such earthworks no regularity was observed. When the nature of the ground
offered any advantage the line of embankment was adapted to it, but in this case
11
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
the curves were evidently made to extend from one large tree to another ; one of
these is still standing, the others have dissappeared, either in the partial clearing
that has taken place, or in the course of nature. I was unable to discover whether
this embankment had been palisaded, as I believe it was, if we suppose
the construction of it had anything to do with the protection or defence of the
spring.
The situation of this earthwork is remarkable. Usually we find embankments
tnrown up on higher ground, and serving to protect habitations ; here the village
was on the hill face, and overlooking the fortified enclosure. Perhaps the
embankment originally extended up the hill, so as to surround the village. If so,
it has disappeared during years of tillage.
The irregularity of the work points to a time anterior to French influence,
for according to Bre'beuf, the missionaries taught the natives of that neighborhood
how to construct regular fortifications, having bastions and other European
devices for defensive and offensive purposes.
Previous to this their palisaded embankments must have been far from
strong, notwithstanding the enormous labor that was requirred to make them.
The ground selected as a fortified dwelling place, was usually chosen on account of
its natural advantages for defence, usually high ground at the confluence of two
streams, or on a point formed by the sharp bend of a river. But other conditions
were desirable. The soil should be loose and easily tilled ; good clay for pottery
and pipes should be within easy distance ; the proximity of nut-bearing trees was
not over looked, and a good spring of water was almost indispensable, for it is
worthy of note that the Indians were evidently partial to spring water. Perhaps
one reason may be found for this preference in the non-freezing quality of springs
during winter. Another was no doubt the coolness of the water in summer, but
in the depraved condition of their taste it is not likely they were influenced by
any consideration of purity or flavor.
As has already been remarked, the labor required to build and fortify a
village must have been enormous, and this mainly on account of the primitive
tools employed. For edge-tool purposes stone was the chief material, copper more
rarely. To effect a clearing of from five to ten acres in extent, fire was therefore
to them a powerful agent, as indeed it is even to the white settler who is well
provided with all " modern conveniences." Kindling a fire at the root of a tree,
the charred wood was removed from time to time with their stone axes, so many
of which are found all over this province, in common with many other places on
the continent. These implements, of which small specimens are usually called
" skining tools," were fastened to withe or to crotched handle?. They
were generally plain, decreasing slightly in size towards the head or pole. This
shape caused them to tighten in the handle when a blow was struck. The
grooved axe was a much more elaborate affair, and few of them are found either
in the Huron country or elsewhere in Ontario.
The work of clearing finished, much more of a similar kind had to be done,
to procure the large number of small poles to form the walls of their houses, and
larger ones for the palisading, unless we assume that many such were saved dur-
ing the great burning. To dig holes for the reception of these must have been
tedious and difficult. Splinters of wood, pieces of bark and flat stones served for
picks and shovels. Then the earth had to be thrown up round the outside of the
wigwam or the " longhouse," and a ditch two or three feet deep dug along the
whole line of the palisades, both outside and inside, and thrown up to form
a breastwork as well as to strengthen the hold of the posts in the ground. It is
to be remembered too, that these posts were sometimes in two, three, or even four
12
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
parallel rows, those on one side of the embankment inclining towards those on
the other, and crossing at the top where they were lashed to each other with
pliable twigs and strips of tough bark- A platform of poles was laid to extend
lengthwise, resting at the intersection of the palisades, and here it is said the
defenders stood to pour water upon fires lighted by the besieging force to make a
breech in the " wooden wall." Here also heaps of stones were piled, for use
against the enemy at close quarters. In addition to the labor of erecting such a
frame, the finishing touches must also have required much time and patience, for
the palisades were covered to the height of six feet or more, with sheets of bark.
As a whole, and considering the lack of good cutting tools, we cannot fail to be
surprised at the amount of work the Hurons and other Indians accomplished, and
the manner in which it was executed, although it would appear that in the art
of fortification, the Hurons were excelled by their kindred the Iroquois.*
With regard to the extent and number of the aboriginal clearings in the
Tobacco Nation's country, there has probably been some exaggeration. One writer
has given it as his opinion that almost every square yard of land in that district,
shows signs of a former clearance. It would be interesting to know what these
signs were that persisted in showing themselves, after a lapse of two hundred
years, now two hundred and forty. A farmer on whose property there is an old
village site, told me that the trees growing upon it had smoother bark than those
in the surrounding woods. I failed to observe the difference, but allowing it to
be as represented, it proves too much, for even if the richer soil produced a finer
bark, the coarser covering of the surrounding trees yielded no evidence of such an
advantage. It is chimerical after so long a time, to look for surface indications
of this kind, where the upturned roots of trees from three to four feet in diameter,
sometimes disclose flakes of flint, broken pipes and fragments of pottery.
Still it is plain that the agricultural operations of the Tionnontates were
comparatively extensive, for the density of the population made game scarce, and
their chief food consisted of maize or Indian corn, raw or roasted, or boiled with
flesh and fish. This grain they stored in caches or pits. The only evidence now
existing of the use of corn are the charred cobs and grains found among the ashes
of old dwellings.
Our knowledge of aboriginal vegetable diet is not very extensive, but it
would appear that in addition to maize, they cultivated sunflowers, pumpkins
and beans, all of which were probably introduced from southern sources. Wild
fruits, especially plums, were moderately plentiful about the Georgian Bay, and
the district is at the present time noted for its cultivated varieties of this fruit.
Cherries, gooseberries, raspberries and strawberries, though not abundant were no
doubt added to their scanty liso of tid-bits, and beech-nuts could sometimes be
gathered in considerable quantities. They no doubt made use of maple sap during
early spring, but their traditional manufacture of sugar by boiling is a little
dubious.
From a coarse hemp the women twisted strong cord or twine, which was used
chiefly in making nets and constructing wigwams. From coarse grasses and
sedges they wove mats and articles of clothing. Baskets were made in the same
way and from similar material. In these were formed at least a few of the clay
vessels, fragments of which are so plentifully found.
There is perhaps no single article of aboriginal manufacture with which the
popular imagination so intimately associates the Indian, as the birch-bark
" The forts of the Iroquois were stronger and more elaborate than those of the Hurons ; and to this
day, large districts in New York are marked with frequent remains of their ditches and embankments."
Parkman, Jesuits in North America, Intro, p. xxix.
13
53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
<canoe, and the Hurons were adepts in the art of building this frail type of vessel.
"The capacity and strength of these boats when compared with their lightness,
were wonderful. One man could with ease carry across a portage, a canoe large
enough to hold five or six persons. Scattered remnants of these people con-
tinue to make birch-bark canoes, as is also the case with many Algonkiri tribes who
have lost the art of producing almost everything else that was characteristic of
the stone age in America.
As might be expected, the Tionnontates displayed much ingenuity in the
making of pipes. Those of clay were by far the more numerous, but many fine
specimens have been found carved from stone. In size the bowls vary from that
of a small thimble and of far less capacity, to upwards of three inches in length.
In clay pipes the hole is often so small, that a modern smoker would require to
fill one several times before getting a satisfactory smoke — in stone pipes the capa-
city is usually much greater. In form there is considerable variety, one of the
most common patterns being the flared or trumpet-mouthed head ; a second has the
margin compressed, forming a heavy collar round the upper third of the bowl ;
another kind has a square mouth, and occasionally a specimen is found upon
which the human face or whole form is represented.
It seems probable that pipes as well as tobacco were produced for commercial
purposes. The pipes found in the country inhabited by the Attiwandarons along
Lake Erie, are undistinguishable in any way from those that are so comparatively
abundant in the district occupied by the Hurons. This is particularly noticeable
in the square-mouthed pipes, which are of the least common type any where, and
in the manufacture of which there appears to have been almost perfect adherence
rto a regulation pattern. Of course it is easy to suppose that peoples even so
widely separated .might conform in their tastes, as to designs, patterns and forms,
fout when it is taken into account that the Attiwandarons or Neuters had easy access
to an unlimited supply of material for spear and arrow-tips, and that all the
;{ flints " found in the Huron country appear to have come from this source, we
may reasonably conclude that a system of exchange existed in these articles, and
this supposition is strengthened, when it is known that extensive beds of flakings
are found along the Erie shore, where the chert-bearing rock is most abundant.
Of the Tobacco Nation as distinguished from the Hurons proper, there is not
a vestige left in Canada to-day. The last of the confederacy had to give way before
the Iroquois, about 1652-3, when they were compelled to flee to Michilimackinac.
Thence they were driven by their old foe to the islands in Green Bay, Michigan,
and again from this place to the country of the Illinois. Removing westwards
they reached the Mississippi, but the Sioux drove them away. They next found
a resting place on Shagamigon Point, on Lake Superior, but this spot they had
to abandon, and they returned to Michilimackinac about 1670-1. Their next
move was southward to the neighborhood of Detroit and Sandusky, where they
were known as Ouendots or Wyandots. Latterly they were removed to a
western reserve, and it is now improbable that anything more than the name of
"Wyandot exists.
Thus has totally disappeared the Tionnontates or Tobacco Nation, a people
who, although conforming in many respects to what we characterize as savage,
were. yet remarkable for their skill in the practice of much that is inseparable
from civilization. Their relics scattered so profusely among the Blue Mountains
attest the mechanical ability possessed by them, and the French missionaries
leave us in no doubt respecting their agricultural and commercial tendencies
While we may not feel warranted in expressing a belief that by any inherent
potentiality they would, if left unmolested, have ever reached a much higher
14
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
plane than that in which they were found by Bre'beuf, yet it appears evident that
but for the implacable enmity of the Iroquois they would, under European
influences, eventually have ranked among the most progressive of American
aborigines in the arts of civilized life.
In the townships adjacent to Nottawasaga, and indeed throughout the whole
of the district occupied by the Huron nation, there is yet much to be recorded
and considerable material to be collected. Meanwhile it is gratifying to be able
to state that our cases now contain a moderately good representation of all that
is procurable to illustrate the social condition of a nation which enacted so
important a part in the history of Canada, whose hunting and war parties no
doubt frequently trod the woods where Toronto now stands, and which, as Park-
man says, was " once prosperous, and in its own eyes and those of its neighbors',
powerful and great."
VILLAGE SITE AT CLEARVILLE.
t
On receipt of information from Mr. Thomas Boon, of Bothwell, I visited
Clearville in company with that gentleman on May 31. Ciearville, once a place
of some importance, is a little more than a mile from lake Erie, and is situated
near the south-east corner of the township of Orford, in the county of Kent.*
What is known as the " Fort " lies about a mile due north of the village on
the property of Messrs. Ridley and Bury. Clear Creek, passes through the farm,
and at this point in its flow southwards makes a considerable detour round a low
terraced table land, the slopes showing evidence of former higher levels in what
must have been a much larger stream. The Indians had taken advantage of the
situation for domiciliary and strategic purposes, for both of which it was well
adapted. The sandy loam was fitted for the cultivation of corn, the creek sup-
plied fish in abundance, walnut and chestnut trees were plentiful in the neighbor-
hood, and, no doubt, game was easily procured. Here were all the requisites for
aboriginal happiness if only protection could be assured against attack from
•enemies. To effect this the natural bluffs rising from ten to thirty or forty feet
above the bed of the creek were utilized. A reference to the diagram will show
how this was accomplished. There appear to have been two village sites occupy-
ing different levels, but it is not easy to say whether both have been used at the
same or different times, or by the same people. The western embankment of the
high level site consists chiefly of ashes, aud it is probable the face of the natural
bluff was made to serve as a place of deposit from the camp-fires. At any rate
the materials are those of a kitchen-midden — shells-, bones, skulls, broken pipes
and pottery, and an immense quantity of ashes. At a point a few yards south of
the walnut stump the ashes formed an almost solid bed to the depth of five feet
from the surface. Four feet seven inches down we found several large fragments
of what must have been very capacious clay vessels. These were proportionately
thick and very coarse-grained, free from any ornamentation, and quite unlike many
•smaller and more delicately made pieces found higher in the deposit. The frag-
ments of flint also appeared to indicate a different source of supply, as those near
the top were of a uniform grey color, while the flakes found at the greater depth
were of a lighter hue and streaked with narrow dark bands. From three to four
feet from the surface were taken three skulls of the common deer, a human
jawbone, and pieces of pottery.
*Mr. Archibald Blue, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, had previously directed my attention to this
locality.
15
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
Beyond {aking measurements and sketching a ground-plan nothing further
was done at Clearville on this occasion, as permission was required to make a
thorough examination of the ground.
Having received this from Messrs. Ridley and Bury, I returned on July 16th,
again accompanied by Mr. Thomas Boon, who had previously, at my request,
engaged men to dig. A drive of fifteen miles from Bothwell occupied some of
the first day, and openings made in a number of places brought to light large
quantities of coarse pottery fragments, some bone awls or needles, and several
stones, one or more surface on each of which showed that they had been employed
for rubbing, smoothing, or polishing other bodies. Subsequent operations lasting
two days, yielded in addition to these a very fine clay pipe head of unique pattern,
a small and rudely formed old pipe, the upper half of a clay pipe in appear-
ance like
Maple stu
Sfttta^fe-
On the second day we turned up a skull on the face of the western embank-
ment (marked C) at a depth of three feet. Decay had proceeded too far to make
it worth taking away. The day following Mr. Boon laid bare two skeletons near
the edge of the northern bluff overlooking the creek (at D). These also were too
far gone for preservation. Other portions of human remains were found in
various places. A few small and rudely formed slate chisels, two semicircular
flint *' scrapers," a number of implements made from deer-horn, some unio shells,
most of which were worn on the edge, as they had been used in scraping bones,
were also fouud here.
16
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
Human remains, much decayed, were found also at A. Here there were two
skeletons lying in a north and south direction, not deeper than one foot from the
surface.
Mr. Blue and Dr. Bryce afterwards discovered another grave nearF, but the
bones were too far gone for preservation.
On the third day my sounding rod struck a "soft place," (B) which, on examina-
tion, turned out to be a grave containing the skulls and limb bones of eight per-
sons. No ribs or other small bones were found, so that this was evidently a case
of second burial. The leg and arm bones had been first thrown into the hole,
and above these were placed the skulls in a cluster, without any arrangement,
some lying face down, and others on one side. Five under-jaws were found.
The distance from the surface of the ground to the uppermost skull was barely
two feet.
When compared with those we had previously unearthed the remains in this pit
were quite fresh, although some of the femora were more decayed than others,
looking as if they had been underground a longer time. All these skulls were
secured and are now in the museum, as are also specimens of the femora and
tibiae.
The examination of this ground was peculiarly interesting from the fact that
not a vestige of European presence or influence was met with over the whole
area, and numerous evidences led to the conclusion that the place must have been
occupied at widely separated periods by at least two, and perhaps by three dif-
ferent tribes.
The earthworks, I take it, were the work of those who first perceived the
advantages of the situation. At one point on the embankment near the creek (E)
traces of posts or palisades were discovered, and it is probable that the whole of
the lower plateau, as well as the higher one, was thus enclosed. The broken pot-
tery found near the base of the middle embankment (C) were large and coarse
and without ornament, and the flint-flakes were different in color and appearance
from those nearer the surface. The houses of these people would occupy the
enclosed spaces, and in accordance with this we find beds of ashes at depths vary-
ing from two to four feet, and alternating with thin layers of sand all over the
area in question. A bed of ashes four feet from the surface was found below the
eight skulls and other bones already mentioned. The deepest of these were pro-
bably left by those who threw up the earthwork, and this view is confirmed from
the correspondence in appearance between the potsherds and flint-flakes found at
the greatest depths here, with those found deep in the embankment.
By the time the second people took possession it is likely that every trace
of former occupation had disappeared, and the new arrivals erected their tents
or wigwams close to the middle bank on the higher, or easterly side, finding the
western slope convenient as a dumping-ground for refuse. Along the central
portion of the bank, north and south of the walnut stump, ashes and earth are
intermingled with splintered bones, tips of deer-horn, broken shells, skulls of
deer, beavers' teeth and even human remains. Unless we attribute the presence
of the last mentioned to accident we shall have to accept it as evidence of canni-
balism, for many of the smaller bones are split, while others are wholly or partly
charred. The broken pottery found in the midden is finer than what comes from
a greater depth and is relieved with simple patterns, although greatly inferior to
what we see from many other places.
2 Tc. I.) 17
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
With few exceptions all the flint and bone specimens we found would De
regarded in Europe as belonging to the paloeolithic age. Even the slate chisels
have scarcely more rubbing done to them than was required to produce a cutting
edge.
The grave in which the eight skulls were found, I regard as being compara-
tively recent, and the work of a third people. Aside from the freshness of the
remains in this ossuary, it is not reasonable to believe that those who fortified
the place would bury within the enclosure. In addition to this the existence of
ashes below the bones goes to show a more ancient possession of the spot by
others. A single unio valve, worn on the edge as if it had been used as a scraper
was the only thing in the grave besides the bones, and, judging from its position,
its presence was probably accidental.
Although the Clearville site did not yield %mch of what goes to make a
museum attractive, it is, nevertheless, one of the most interesting localities I
know of in Ontario, on account of its situation, its three-fold (?) occupation, and its
perfect freedom from even the slightest trace of the white man. Amateur col-
lectors have at various times made openings and procured relics, and it may be
that they have met evidence calculated to upset the non-European view, but I
can hardly think it possible that if ever white intercourse had taken place, some
proof would not have come to light in the course of our making so many
openings.
The diagram of the Clearville village site is not to be regarded as having
any pretensions to accuracy, although the relative proportions are correct. The
measurements of the spaces enclosed by the embankments are from outside to
outside, as nearly as could be ascertained. The height of the bluffs is given
approximately.
Mr. Henry Watson, township clerk of Orford, and Mr. Ridley of Clearville
gave material assistance to us.
TOWNSHIP OF HUMBERSTONE.
On the 12th of August Mr. Jas. Bain and myself constituted a self-appointed
delegation of the Institute, and accepted an invitation from Mr. Peter Mclntyre,
captain of a Memphis (Tenn.) camping club near Port Colborne, to examine a
quantity ot Indian relics that had been discovered when digging a hole to plant
a flag-pole.
I had previously written to Mr. Mclntyre hoping to secure the specimens
for preservation in our collection. His reply indicated uncertainty as to the ulti-
mate disposal of the find, but expressed a wish that representatives of the
Institute should, meanwhile, see what had been unearthed. We were received
with genuine southern hospitality by the members, numbering about eighty, of
the " Solid Comlort Club," and had the pleasure of examining several skulls,
a few clay pets, some clay pipes, wampum, stone tomahawks, and a considerable
quantity of material of European manufacture including glass beads, iron and
copper bracelets, and iron hatchets. While rejoicing heartily with our American
friends over the happy discovery they had made, our pleasure was not unmingled
with a few degrees of envy, especially when we contemplated the possibility of
these objects being taken away from the province, although we have reason to
hope that some, or all, of them will yet find a suitable depository with us.
As illustrative of the value set upon articles of an archaeological nature by
Americans, it may be stated that almost immediately after the discovery was
18
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
made at "Solid Comfort" camp, a highly influential deputation consisting of
" honorables," municipal officials, and medical gentlemen arrived from a neigh-
boring city in the United States to secure if possible, the "find" for their
museum.
We did not return, however, from this locality empty-handed, for by a
previous arrangement we met our old friend Mr. Cyrenius Bearss who has always
taken a warm interest in our project, and has made himself correspondingly
active in supplying information and procuring specimens. Through his instru-
mentality we succeeded in adding several valuable stone and other relics to our
collection. These inolude, a very fine gouge from Mr. Gustav Utz ; a tube and
two cutting implements from Mr. William Michener ; a bird-formed amulet (?)
from Mr. George Muuia ; a large shell and some wampum from Mrs. Barney,
senior, and two clay pipes from Mr. Isaac Bearss, Mr. C. r earss himself presented
us with a number of valuable specimens all of which are now in our cases.
TOWNSHIPS OF FORK AND VAUGHAN.
On the 5th of September, in company with Drs. Orr and Noble of Maple,
Wilson of Richmond Hill, Orr of Toronto, Watson of Sherwood, the Rev. Mr,
Rutledge of Richmond Hill, and Messrs. Smelser of Vaughan. I visited a village-
site on a farm in the township of York. Mr. Miller the tenant was engaged in
ploughing a field which had formed part of the aboriginal village ground, and a
large quantity of broken pottery was picked up by the members of our party,
who were well supplied with spades, and who managed to dig to a depth of t\vo
or three feet over a considerable area in the most promising places.
Many of the fragments were those of large vessels — from ten to twelve
inches in circumference, and proportionately deep. A few days before this Dr.
R. Orr was fortunate enough to find at this place enough fragments of an
unusually large vessel, to complete the rim, and show the form of the body. Its
dimensions are, externally : diameter at lip, 14 inches ; greatest diameter at swell
of body, 17 inches; depth, 17 inches. The upper edge of the lip is formed by
four arcs making depressions about half-an-inch below the level of the points of
their junction which are not equi-distant. The edge is relieved with a series of
diagonal markings, and a border two inches wide consisting of upright and
oblique linings surrounds the margin. Considering the enormous size of this
vessel its form is not devoid of gracefulness, and the material is thinner than
might be expected. Two holes about an inch apart have been bored on each of
two opposite sides not far from the top. At first sight these suggest a means of
suspension, but the existence ot other holes lower down is puzzling, unless,
indeed, we suppose that they were made for the purpose of binding fractures by
means of thongs, as, in most cases, the hole is close to a broken edge. Had
the crack appeared subsequent to the boring, it would most probably have passed
through the hole.
Some of the pieces obtained by us were of pots nearly as large, and orna-
mented with a similar pattern. A very unusual kind of lip was found here.
Portions of the margins have been bent inward making the outside convex, and
forming a sharp angle on the inside.
The markings on all the fragments picked up at this place are good, and
many of them are of unusual designs. A small and plain clay cup was turned
up. Although not perfect, it is sufficiently so to show what it looked like when
new. It is three inches in diameter across the rnouth, and one inch and a half
deep, the slope of the sides making the bottom only about two inches in diameter.
19
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
Flint-flakes appeared, but only one finished arrow-tip was found. This was
procured from Mr. Miller who turned it up with the plow.
A few bone awls, more or less perfect, a number of tarsal bones of the deer
and some portions of human skulls were found among the ashes.
From the same farm we procured through the kindness of Mr. James Lawson
earlier in the season, a very fine mill or mortar. It weighs upwards of two
hundred weight, and has four hollows worn deeply by grinding.
Although, so far, no ossuary has been discovered near this village site, it is
certain that one exists not far away — probably in the woods close by, out a
search made by us failed to locate the spot.
For many years an ossuary has been known on lot 12, con. 8, Vaughan, and
. once or twice superficial openings had been made in it. After leaving the village
site we determined to examine this place thoroughly, with the consent of Mr.
Keffer the proprietor which was kindly given. Mr. Keffer also did everything
he could to facilitate the work while it was in progress.
We uncovered a portion of the surface, and reached the bones at a depth of
three feet, but the presence of water compelled a stoppage for the day. As
it was evident that our amateur digging would not enable us to master the
difficulties, Dr. R. Orr kindly undertook to procure two professional spadesmen for
the following day, when with the aid of a pump we were able to examine the
contents thoroughly, as well as to ascertain the extent of the pit.
This ossuary presented a number of peculiar features which it may be well
to note. Usually these communal graves occupy the highest knoll within easy
reach of the village, and light, sandy soil was considered preferable, but in this
case the ossuary is not on the most elevated point, and the soil consists of an
exceedingly tenacious clay. Overlying the bones was a coating of light-colored
" hard-pan " about three inches in thickness. This clay had evidently been em-
ployed to cover the bones uniformly, and probably the sides of the pit had been
plastered with it also, thus accounting for the quantity of water we found it
necessary to pump out.
Then, again there is considerable diversity in the type of skulls in this ossuary.
Not only are there the long and short varieties, but many of them have an
abnormally large occipital development.
As in other ossuaries, there did not appear to be any special arrangement of
bones, except that here and there the skulls were placed in groups of half-a-
dozen or more, but lying base up, crown up, or side up. Not a vestige of any-
thing artificial was met with with. The diameter of the pit was fully twelve feet
and Dr. R. Orr estimated the interments at not fewer than one thousand. We
procured for our collection from this place (including a few presented by Dr.
Orr) upwards of fifty skulls all more or less perfect. Should time and opportunity
permit it is intended to give in next report the measurement of these, and of the
other crania in the Museum.
20
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
NOTES.
BY DAVID BOYLE.
POTTERY.
In no department of " Primitive Industry " (to borrow the title of Dr. Abbott's
interesting book) does our museum continue to afford so scanty a representation
as in perfect specimens of aboriginal plastic art. We have accumulated a consider-
able quantity of fragments bearing a variety of patterns, but nothing like a whole
vessel has been added to our collection since last report. The nearest approach
was the small cup picked up by Dr. Orr, in York Tp., on the occasion referred to-
on a former page. This specimen, Fig. 1, is exceedingly plain. There is not the
FIG. 1. (i Size).
jmotest attempt at ornamentation. Many of the sherds, however, found on the
same site are lined and dotted in various ways. Other good specimens were
procured from the farm of Mr. Thos. White, Nottawasaga, and from the Ridley
and Bury property, Orford Township.
Sometimes a certain pattern of ornamentation is found more frequently in a-
given locality than any other pattern. On the Murray farm, York Township,
already mentioned, amid a variety of designs, that shown at Fig. 2 was the most
common. A heavy band formed the upper portion of the vessel. This was-
scalloped or crenated on the lower edge. Near the upper and under edges of the
collar parallel lines were drawn all round, and between these the pattern con-
sisted of upright and diagonal lines.
Early in the season Mr. John McPherson, of this city, brought from his-
summer residence on Mindemoya Island, in a lake of the same name in the
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
Island of Manitoulm, a number of fragments that were remarkable for the fine
quality of the material and the character of the ornamentation. These, when put
FIG. 2. (iSize.)
together, revealed the shape and proportions of a vessel so handsome in form and
so unique in design, that T have dignified it with the name of the Mindemoya
Yase.
FIG. 3. Mindemoya Vase.
The surface has first been divided into sections by means of straight lines
drawn from the upper part of the body to the base. Between these lines the
22
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
design consists of triangular and lozenge-shaped figures chiefly bounded by tbreo
parallel lines. It is to be observed that these have not been made by any tool
that would produce the desired effect at one draw, for, although in the main
approximately equidistant, there is not the exactitude that would result from
fixed teeth or projections having been employed. Each line has been drawn singly
with considerable care and patience, just as have the two series that surround the
neck, above and below.
Its measurement when perfect would be 5 in. dia. at the mouth, 7 in. at the
widest part of the body, and about 9 in. in height.
The gracefulness of outline displayed in the Mindemoya Vase must appeal to
the artistic conception of beauty. In this respect it is equal to the best specimens
found anywhere else on this continent, and will compare, not unfavorably with
the ancient vessels that have been unearthed in Europe and Asia Minor.
The grain of the fracture, though coarse, is still much finer than is ordinarily
the case with Indian pottery, and the material thinner, harder, and more uniform
in thickness than is usual. The surface is very smooth, and almost as true and
as free from traces of manipulation as if it had been made on a wheel.
It is to be regretted that Mr. McPherson did not succeed in getting all the
fragments of this peculiarly interesting vessel, but owing to the situation of the
find, beneath the roots of a stump, there is still a probability that further careful
search may bring the remainder of the pieces to light.
CLAY PIPES.
FIG. 4. (| Size.)
This quaint-looking pipe-head is from the township of Humberstone, where
it was found by that intelligent collector and friend of the Institute, Cyrenius
Bearss. In spirit and execution it is totally unlike any other specimen in our
The cheeks are broadened until they merge imperceptibly into large ears,
bhe edges of which are united by means of four lines across the back of the
lead. The eyes are made by small depressions round which the clay forms an
ilevated ring or collar. The mouth is simply a small round hole somewhat
larger than those of the eyes. The representation of lips has been neglected.
" nose is prominent but damaged at the point. The eyebrows are sharply
brought out. The outside diameter at the mouth of the bowl is one inch, and
bhe total length of the specimen is one inch and a quarter.
23
53 Victoria.
Sessional I 'a per j (No. 6).
A. 1890
FIG. 5. (Full Size.
The finest specimen of handiwork found on the Clearville site last summer
is here figured. Enough of the neck remains to indicate that the face looked
towards the smoker. Unfortunately the nose is broken, and only the outline of
its extent on the face remains. Unlike Fig. 4, the eyes are simply holes, and
pains have been taken to form lips. The eye-brows and cheeks are well modelled.
The projections for ears are crude, and each is penetrated by a small hole. The
band forming the head-dress is peculiar.
FIG. 6. ( Nearly full size. )
In common with the greater number of our best
sented in Fig. 6 is from the Township of Nottawasaga.
24
clay pipes, that repro-
From the curve to the
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
lips of the bowl this specimen is unusually long. The marking, too, is unlike the
prevailing style. Two plain lines surround the upper portion of the bowl, and
between these there are, four pairs of upright lines, two of which (one each of
two pairs) are shown in the engraving. The specimen is of a bright ochre tint,
and does not appear even to have been in use. As is the case with a good many
specimens that are found where they were made, it was probably broken in the
process of burning. It was presented by Master David Melville.
FIG. 7. (Nearly Full Size.)
In form and ornamentation this pipe is unlike any other in the museum.
The bowl is capacious and the sides are thin. The lines and dots are quite differ-
ent in order and arrangement from the normal patterns. It was found on an
old village site near a branch of the Don on Brseside farm, Richmond Hill, and
presented by Mr. David Boyle, sr.
FIG. 8. (| Size.)
This pipe bowl is from the Lougheed farm, Nottawasaga. The engraving
does not bring out all the details. The bowl hole should be shown as circular, and a
deep cut marks the mouth almost meeting the two oblique lines beneath the eye.
The nose should also be longer. As an imitation of some animal form, it is per-
25
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
haps meant for a fox. The break is too near the heac to enable one to say how
the stem turned, but it was probably in the direction of the face.
FIG. 9. (J Size).
The style of rude art shown in Fig. 9 is totally distinct from anything else
in the museum. It is indescribable, and is not well brought out in the cut. When
perfect the face must have looked down upon the stem at an angle of 30°. The
face consists mainly of three cavities, containing mouth and eyes, which are
deeply impressed at the bases. Viewed from underneath it has a laughing
appearance. From the farm of Mr. Thos. White, Nottawasaga. Mr. Edward Coyle.
FIG. 10. (| Size.)
This pattern of pipe is unique, so far as I know. Although the hole is
almost circular, the outline of the exterior at the mouth is oval, measuring from
front to back 1J in. and from side to side H in. One side is shown in the
cut. An inch and a quarter from the lip the shorter diameter is still further
compressed to f in., the measurement from side to side remaining the same.
Longitudinally the head is divided by upright lines into four equal parts — one
26
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
of them is shown above. These are connected by diagonals. Nottawasaga
Tp. David- Melville.
It is somewhat singular that although no other clay pipe of a similar shape
had ever found its way into our collection, the finder of the specimen shown at
Fig. 10 was fortunate en -ugh to find the stem of what was evidently another
pipe made af er the same pattern. It was intended to give a figure showing the
resemblance between the head figured and the stem here referred to, but as the
-engraving was not ready its presentation must be deferred. In the case of
the stem the ornamentation has been, however, somewhat more elaborate than
on the pipe head, for the lines are more numerous and more carefully made,
and a series of dots on the lower side relieves the pattern. The toothed edges
are neatly moulded.
FIG. 11. (Full Size).
Although the original of Fig. 1 1 is imperfect, the cut does not do it justice. It
is meant no doubt to represent the head of a snake, and is, in this respect some-
what like No. 90 in Case S. The jaws, however, are reversed in this specimen.
Fig. 11 was found in the Nottawasaga, and was presented by Mr. Angus Buie.
27
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
STONE PIPES.
FIG. 12. (Nearly Full Size.)
Fig. 12 represents what is the heaviest if not the most elegant pipe in the
collection. The material is a light grey, vei ed marble. Originally, no doubt,
smooth, it is now very rough on the surface, looking as if it had been long
exposed to the action of the weathei. Notwithstanding the size of the specimen
the bowl is remarkably small, as the hole (whose greatest diameter is only J
in. and narrows rapidly) is less than an inch and a quarter in depth. The wall
of the bowl is from f in. to J in. in thickness. In cross section this pipe is-
somewhat oval, the longer diameter being at right angles to the stem hole.
It was found on Brseside Farm, near Richmond Hill, by Alexander and
Arthur Boyle, children of the proprietor.
FIG. 13. (Newly Full Size.)
The smallest stone pipe in the museum is illustrated at Fig. 13. It is well
made and resembles in shape some that we have much larger. The stem-hole
28
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
enters the lower triangular portion. This diminutive specimen is from the
Qu'Appelle River Valley, N. W. T., and was presented by Mr. Jas. C. Stokes,
Reeve of King Tp.
FIG. 14. (§ Size).
Fig. 14 is a somewhat rude attempt to imitate the human face, on a stone
pipe bowl. The marks of the workman's tools are still apparent in this specimen.
A first attempt to bore a hole at the base has proved a failure, and a second
beginning has been made immediately above on the side shown in the cut. The
stem hole enters below the middle on the opposite side. The bowl is thin, and
is brought to a sharp edge at the lip. Hubert Conner, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 15. (Full size.)
Fig. 15 illustrates an unusual attempt at variation in the form of stone pipe-
lieads. Apparently the design of the workman has not been completed, for the
projecting portion on the upper half is a rough and unfinished representation of a
human face. The stem hole enters from the opposite side. This specimen was
29
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
procured from Mr. Ed. Coyle, Sunnidale, but ifc was picked up from the village
site on the farm of Mr. Thomas White, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 16.
Size.)
Fig. 16 must have been wheu perfect a beautiful piece of aboriginal handi-
craft. It is made of serpentine, and contains large crystals of iron pyrites which
have been carefully rubbed down uniformly with the body of the material. Fig.
16 is given here chiefly on account of its having two stem-holes. This pipe was-
found on the farm of Mr. Duff, Nottawasaga, and was by him presented to the
museum.
FIG. 17. (Full Size.)
This very handsome stone pipe was presented by Wardie and Ottie White.
It was found at Lambton Mills, York Tp. It is nearly perfect in every respect. The
material is a fine, light brown sandstone. The stem-hole is bored immediately
below the central grove, on the right hand side of the engraving.
30
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
FIG. 18.
Size.)
Specimens of the "white stone" pipe are rare in Ontario. Fig. 18 illustrates
one of two in the museum It is 5J in. long, considerably weathered, and has
what appears to be the head of a bear or dog on the inner edge of the bowl.
This pipe was found on the Lotteridge farm, near Hamilton, a spot from which
large numbers of valuable relics have been procured.
FIG. 19. (Ful^Size).
To Mr. Dugald Currie, teacher, Creemore, we owe the pipe here figured. It
is very well made, the chief detect in its form being in the flared tip, where, no
doubt owing to a want in the material on one side the prominence is less than
elsewhere. Two parallel lines (not shown) surround the bowl, which in cross
sections is rather oval than circular. A hole for suspension has been bored through
the bottom, below the stem hole on the left side of the illustration. The material
of this pipe is steatite
BONE AND HORN.
FIG. 20. (Full Size.)
Fig. 20 is a somewhat rare form of relic in anything like a perfect condition,
and even fragments are not conimrn. This specimen formed part of the collec-
tion presented to the museum by Mr. James Dickson, of Fenelon Falls, and was
found in the county of Victoria. The form is extremely suggestive of Eskimo
31
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
influence or contact, and some force is added to this conjecture from the fact that
we have a small walrus tusk found in the same locality.
This specimen, in any event, must be classed among those of comparatively
recent date.
FIG. 21.
FIG. 22.
FIG. 23.
The specimen here figured (21) is an exceedingly handsome one, and measures
llf inches in length. The bone of which it is formed is almost square in cross sec-
tion, and the workmanship is so well done as almost to lead one to the conclusion
that steel tools must have been used in reducing the material to its present shape.
The side shown in the engraving has been neatly shouldered down near the head
32
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
where the bone is an inch and a quarter thick, and has been made to taper until
a good catting edge is formed at the opposite end.
This tool was found on the farm of Mr. Thomas White, Nottawasaga
Within a few miles of the same place another similar implement was louna
on the farm of Mr. Melville, by whose son it was presented to the museum. It
is shown ab Fig. 22. In this case the workmanship is not so good, although the
specimen is equally interesting.' The bone, in cross section, is oval, and no pains
have been taken to modify the knuckle or joint processes that form the head.
No attempt has been made to form a shoulder as in Fig. 21, as the upper side
«hown has been ground in a uniform line to produce an edge at the mouth. It
is somewhat shorter than Fig. 21, measuring only 11^ in.
Some light was thrown on the probable use of these implements, by Messrs.
Ah-yan-dwa-wa and Mah-shuck-a-wa-we-tong, two Indians from St. Francis'
Reserve, Manitoba, who visited the museum during the fall. They stated that
similar tools are still in use among the tribes in the North-west for the purpose of
skinning or of dressing skins, and these gentlemen promised to send us specimens
of those that are thus employed.
Since that we have been presented by Major J. M. Delamere of this city,
with one of the North-west specimens, which is represented at Fig. 23. Like
Fig. 21 its cross section has been groun 1 square, and like Fig 22 the original joint
formation at the head is left intact — indeed a good deal of cartilage is still
adherent to that end. It differs, however, from both of these at the mouth,
where a number of shallow notches have been worked on both sides lengthwise
giving the cutting edge a serrated appearance. For scraping purposes this device
would prove serviceable. Major Delamere's specimen was procured from near
Battleford. It is 14J in* long, and at the thickest part of the squared portion
measures 1J in. The taper extends only 4f in. from the lip.
Among a number of articles recently presented by William and David
Melville is a small tool, somewhat imperfect, of the same type as these.
FIG. 24. (f Size.)
Fig. 24 represents a forked deer-horn prong, the marks upon which tell their
own tale. The abraded hollow as seen in the cut on one branch has a corres-
3 (C.I.) 33
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890-
ponding depression on the opposite side of the other. It seems evident, therefore
to have been held in the hand by the squarely cut end, and to have been used for
rounding or smoothing thongs and sinews in a state of tension as the material
passed over one part and under the other while the tool was moved briskly back-
wards and forwards. It is from Humberstone Tp., and was presented by Mr.
Cyrenius Bearss.
FIG. 25.
Fig. 25 is a piece of bone 2f in. long, and f in. at its greatest diameter. A
deep hollow runs along the side shown in the engraving. From edge to edge of
this holloa, round the opposite side fourteen lines are deeply cut diagonally, the-
seven from the one side crossing those from the other and forming a lozenge
pattern. The bone is cut smoothly and squarely off at both ends and has a
semi-lunar hole through it. Lambton Mills. Wardie and Ottie White, Toronto,,
FIG. 26. (ft sue.)
A few bones similar to Fig. 26 are labelled in our cases as " Tally " or " Record '*
bones. The fact that these are notched slightly, crosswise, in one or more rows,
naturally suggests keeping count of something ; scalps, captives, number of men
in a band, days' travel, etc. Having counted the notches on all the specimens of
this kind (about halt' a dozen) in our possession, it was interesting to note that
none exceded twenty-nine or thirty, that one had two rows of fourteens, and that
another was arranged in sevens, the total amounting to twenty-eight.
In Fig. 26 there are two rows of notches, twenty-eight in each row. These
are delicately cut along the crowns of the two ridges that extend from the
cylindrical body of the bone to the joint. As reckoning time wholly by " moons "
was common to the Indians with the uncivilized of all countries, the maximum ot"
marks on these bones might lead one to regard such specimens as simple calendars,
or, perhaps, rather as mnemonic aids relating to days past. On the latter supposi-
tion, we should not, of course, expect to find the groups of markings exceed
twenty-eight or twenty-nine, and any less number could be easily accounted for.
With so small a number of specimens to compare, it would be rash to write
with assurance on this point, but it is to be desired that those who have " Tally "
bones will examine them carefully, and inform us of the result. It is needless to
say that we will be glad to receive specimens that tend either to confirm or to
disprove the view suggested.
Fi«- 26 is a very fine specimen, squarely cut at one end, and exceedingly
Near the ridged and marked end it is stained green owing to contact with
I found it along with some native copper beads in Tremont Park, Tidd's
smooth,
copper.
Island.
34
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No.
A. 1890
FLINT.
FIG. 27. (| Size.)
The specimen figured here is of an unusual tpye. Our collection of "flints'*
is large, but this is the only one of its kind we have. It is from the Miami
Valley, Indiana, and formed part of the collection of Mr. C. J. B. Ratjen, oi-
Lawrenceburg.
STONE TUBES.
FIG. 28.
Our collection of these mysterious objects has received some valuable addi-
tions since the issue of last report. Two very fine specimens came from Wolfe
Island, the largest of which measures 8J in. in length.
Fig. 28 is 4f in. long. The hole is not quite round and corresponds in size
with the outside measurement of the stone. Lengthwise, on the opposite side
from that shown above there is a shallow groove. The material is stripped slate.
This specimen was presented by Mr. Wm. Michener, one of the oldest and most,
highly respected surviving settlers in the Township of Humberstone.
FIG. 29.
Size).
Fig. 29 is of the same material as Fig. 28, and is evidently an unfinished
tube. A hole about f in. in dia. has been bored to a depth of If in. at the larger
end. Found on farm of Mr. W. H. Johnston, Township of West Williams.
35
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
FIG. 30. (Nearly Full Size.)
This really fine specimen appears to be unfinished, as it was likely the
intention to bore it perpendicularly. It is of striped slate, well made (better
than the engraving) and was found near the village of Burfor-i.
FIG. 31.
The specimen represented here is one of the puzzles. But for its great size,
5J in. long and 4 in. wide, it might be taken for an intended pipe-head of the
36
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
McCallum type found near Milton, figured in our report for 1886-7. The material
is a close grained, dingy blue argillite, and is If in. thick. The hole in the middle
is counter-sunk on both sides, and some pecking has been done on each side both
above and below this hole, either with the intention of enlarging it, or of producing
others. Whatever the ultimate intention may have been, the work is evidently
incomplete, but is none the less interesting on that account.
This, along with some other fine specimens was presented to the museum by
Mr. Angus Buie, of Nottawasaga.
FIG. 32. (Full Size).
The curious nondescript specimen here figured is from Nottawasaga. It is.
made of white marble, and has a strong resemblance to the head of a bull-dog.
Owing to mistake on the part of the engraver, there should be a shoulder and
short leg shown behind the neck. Originally the specimen was probably full
length as the lower end presents a rough surface as if a piece had been broken,
off. From Mr. John Hannah, teacher, Duntroon.
FIG. 33. (Full size.)
Fig. 33 is of brown argillite, less than £ of an in. in thickness. It seems to
have been worn as a pendant ; perhaps, as a part of a string of beads. One hole
near the margin is larger than the others and shows signs of wear. It is unique
so far as our collection is concerned, and not common anywhere. Lougheed farm,
Nottawasaga.
37
63 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
MILLS OR MORTARS.
FIG. 34.
Although our collection of mills or mortars is not an extensive one we have
been successful in procuring a few very good specimens. The largest and best is
from the township of York, within a few miles of Toronto. It is 2 ft. 9 in. long;
1 ft. 7 in. at the widest, and 8 in. thick. The stone is of gneiss, hard, and of a
light pink color. At the larger end a hollow has been formed, 16 inches long, 10
in. wide, and 1J in. deep. Near the middle of the length, but to one side,
there is another and almost circular hollow, the greatest diameter of which is 10J
in., and the depth 1 in. At the smaller end of the stone, which rounds off
to less than a foot across, there is a third hollow whose longest diameter is 9
in., and the shortest 8 in. The depth of this one is only about | in. On the
opposite side to the second hollow mentioned, is a fourth hollow, occupying all
the remaining available space. It is only half round, being worn out to the
margin of the stone, which has here a straight face.
This must have proved an excellent stone for grinding purposes, as the
gneissoid laminations have broken oft' sharply in the course of rubbing, thus pre-
senting a series of angular edges along the sloping sides of the hollows that no
doubt facilitated very much the bruising process as applied to seeds, nuts or roots.
The weight of this specimen cannot be less than two hundred pounds.
In many parts of the world stones have been found indicative of bruising by
means of pounding, and some of those met with in this country may have been so
used, but all the specimens we have, appear from the character of the hollowed
portion to have been subjected to a circular, grinding motion. This was mani-
festly so with the lar^e stone in question. It is large enough to permit of at
least three persons grinding at the same time. The continued use of such a
heavy, and consequently importable stone, points to a considerable permanency
of habitat, or else frequent return of people at intervals to the same locality.
The upper, or hand stone, was usually a somewhat flattened and rounded
piece of primitive rock weighing from three to six pounds. Long and artificially
formed pestles are of comparatively rare occurrence in Ontario, and those that
have been discovered are, as a rule, exceedingly plain, differing in this respect
from many that are found in more southerly districts.
38
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
COPPER.
FIG. 35. (i Size.)
FIG. 37. (Full Size.)
FIG. 36. (Full size.)
The Fig. 35 represents a remarkably fine specimen of native copper
implement found on the north bank of the River Kaministiquia, near Fort
William, and was presented to the museum by Capt. J. S. Smith, of Fort William,
39
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 189C
along with a spike or spear of the same material, about one foot long, from the
same locality. The edges forming the handle socket are just turned over enough
to give a good grip, and the cutting end has been worked to as keen an edge as
it is possible for copper to take.* This is in many respects the best specimen of
native copper implement in our cases.
Although our collection of native copper relics is comparatively small, its
extent is already much greater than we anticipated making it when we began to
form cabinets. Neither is it to be expected that we shall ever possess objects of
this material in such profusion as those of stone or bone. It is not quite easy to
account for the scarcity of native copper tools. Distance from source of supply
is not enough. Indeed, it seems probable that for most purposes the implement
of hornstoue or chert was in nearly every way more serviceable than that of the
virgin metal. However this may be, copper has not, at any rate, entered so
largely into aboriginal economy in this part of the country, as has shell of a
species that had to be brought from even a greater distance in an opposite direc-
tion, and offering fewer facilities for travel.
Fig. 36 is a good example of the spear or lance head. It was found in the
valley of the Ottawa, and has with other objects been placed in our keeping by
Dr. t. W. Beeman, of Perth.
Another weapon of this material is illustrated here, Fig. 37. It was found near
Lakeside and was presented by Mr. Sparham Sheldrake of that village. Like
nearly all such objects it has a rough surface as the result of weathering, and
this roughness is shown in short and crooked ribs running longitudinally. Had
the metal ever been smelted no such effect would have been produced from
weathering, because the metal would then be homogeneous throughout ; bub in
its native condition small portions here and there are harder than the rest, and
the effect of hammering into shape is to elongate these. In consequence of their
greater hardness these parts withstand the action incident to decay better than
the other portion and are thus left standing above the general surface. It is.
mainly on account of such ridges that so many persons, writers and others, have
concluded that the implements or weapons were cast in a mould.
*It may be remarked here that the commonly accepted belief with regard to tempering of copper tools
by the Indians is a fallacy. If they have any unusual hardness it is merely the result of cold hammering.
40
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
CRANIA.
FIG. 38.
This figure represents one of eight skulls taken from within the ancient
enclosed village site on the Ridley and Bury farm, Clearville, The measurement
of these and other skulls will probably be given in next report ; meanwhile the
contour of figure 38 is worthy of study. The frontal recession is particularly
noticeable.
FIG. 39.
Among the large number of interesting skulls from the Keffer ossuary in
Vaughan township, a good many are remarkable for their occipital development
as in Fig. 39.
41
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
MODERN INDIAN DRESS, ETC.
It is perhaps almost as desirable that we should preserve specimens of the
present day of aborigines' workmanship as well as those of a bygone time. While
it is true that the Indian as we know him has lost the art of producing stone
weapons and tools, he (and we should say also she) exists in the manufacture of
a few simple articles including chip baskets, snow-shoes, and various objects
ornamented with bead-work. In the production of these, the women, especially,
show considerable taste, and the exercise of much patience.
Beads were valued highly among them even in their primitive condition
when stone, shell and bone were their only available materials, and the introduc-
tion of the colored glass article proved so attractive that the ancient wampum
was discarded at a very early date even in the making of treaty belts. All the
belts of this description now held by Fire-keeper, John Buck, for the Six Nation
Indians on the Tuscarora Reserve, are composed of European material, as glass,
or of other material shaped by European skill, as shell.
We are indebted to the Rev. John McLean, now of Moosejaw, IST.W.T., for a
number of modern specimens illustrative not only of the skill, but of the manners
and customs of the Blood Indians among whom he spent many years of enthusi-
astic labor, and regarding whom he has written an extremely interesting volume,
besides numerous papers that have been read before the Canadian Institute, and
some that have appeared in the publications of the Smithsonian Institution.
A list of the specimens presented by Mr. McLean and others will be found
in the catalogue accompaning this report.
FRENCH RELICS FROM VILLAGE SITES OF THE HURONS.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THESE RELICS IN THE COUNTIES OF
SIMCOE, YORK, AND ONTARIO.
By A. F. Hunter, B.A.
The French traders of the seventeenth century brought amongst the Huron
Indians of Ontario large quantities of articles of European manufacture in
exchange for the Indians' furs. The metal portions of these articles are found in
abundance at the present day in those parts of the province inhabited by the
Hurons at that time.
The most abundant relic of this kind is the iron tomahawk, thousands of
which have been found in various parts oc the province, but more especially in
North Simcoe, and at the west end of Lake Ontario, where the i\euters dwelt.
These tomahawks are of various sizes, but almost all of the same well-known
shape, each bearing three crosses in relief on one side; their appearance is, how-
aver, too well known to require a description.
42
63 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
Copper and brass kettles are also numerous, and are almost invariably found
in the ossuaries. In nine cases out of ten these kettles, which were formed of
sheet metal, were rendered useless by blows from a tomahawk upon the bases of
the vessels. This practice of rendering useless every article deposited with the
dead was, however, common to man}^ tribes, the apparent object being to remove
any temptation to desecrate the graves.
Besides tomahawks and kettles, there are iron knives, earthen and glass
beads, copper bracelets and ear ornaments, and many other articles. The various
kinds of French relics are well represented in the Museum of the Canadian
Institute, where they can be minutely examined at any time, so that they do not
require further notice here. We shall now proceed to the special suVject of this
paper — the geographical distribution of these relics over the Hurontario isthmus.
The analysis by townships of the Huron village sites and ossuaries in the three
counties of Simcoe, York and Ontario, which is given in the table accompanying
this paper, shows certain evident facts regarding the geographical distribution of
French relics. The information supplied by this table has been obtained from
catalogues opened by the writer for each of the counties mentioned, in which
details of each village site, ossuary, etc., have been collected and recorded. A
majority of the sites were personally visited.
The Huron custom of settling in village communities and remaining for a
considerable time, makes it an easy task to recognize the remains of one of their
villages. These are indicated by abundant accumulations of charred soil and
ashes, broken relics, etc.; complete relics are, unfortunately, becoming rare. In
preparing these catalogues, therefore, although many sites were visited, it was
almost impossible to obtain any r*elics. In most cases, accordingly, all that the
writer could do was to make notes of what relics had been found in past years
from as many reliable sources as possible. It occasionally happened that the very
fact of the former existence of a village or ossuary had almost passed from the
recollection of the present inhabitants of the district.
Up to the present time the writer has made a record of the following Huron
sites : —
Villages Simcoe 218 York 33 Ontario 14
Ossuaries " 122 " 5, « 6
[These figures do not include a considerable number of Algonquin village
sites and burial grounds, which have also been recorded ; they apply altogether
to the sites once occupied by Huron s.]
They do not indicate the absolute number of village sites and ossuaries in
each county, nor are they any index of the relative numbers of sites which may
subsequently be found to exist. They merely indicate the numbers recorded so
far in each county according to our opportunities for making enquiries. They
are, however, sufficiently representative to enable us to arrive at certain
important conclusions respecting the geographical distribution of French
relics.
Many persons have contributed valuable facts towards the preparation of the
catalogues mentioned, for which the writer is under obligations to them ; and it
would be a long task to give the names of all those to whom credit is due. It
will be sufficient for the present to say that the name of every person who became
authority for a statement regarding any site, has been recorded in its descriptive
account of the catalogues.
43
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 1890
Further investigation may modify to some extent the statistics furnished
here ; but a degree of confidence may be placed upon the general relations in-
dicated by the table : —
TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRENCH RELICS IN THE
COUNTIES OF SIMCOE, YORK, AND ONTARIO.
TOWNSHIP.
VILLAGE SITES.
OSSUARIES.
[n Catalogues.
Post-French.
Percentage.
In Catalogues.
Post-French.
Percentage.
Simcoe County :
Nottawasaga
Tiny . ...
32
27
16
41
6
23
19
12
30
5
7
4
2
6
3
3
13
2
3
1
6
3
1
11
14
12
33
4
8
5
2
5
1
1
35
51
75
80
86
35
27
16
17
20
14
*\J/
-41
19
18
19
2
9
2
4
3
2
3
11
8
9
14
1
5
1
1
27
42
50
74
50
55
50
25
Tav
Medonte
S. Orillia
Oro
Vespra
Flos
Innisfil
W.Gwillimbury.
Tecumseth .
York County :
E. Gwillimbury.
King
Whltchurch
V"augiian
2
1
2
York
1
8
Scarboro' . .
Ontario County :
Scott
2
Reach
Pickering.
^^hitbv
1
16
2
1
1
*
Totals
265
133
44
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
The first column of the table gives the townships. In the second is given
the number of village sites so far recorded in each township. The third contains
the number of village sites at which French relics have been found, and the
relative percentage which these bear to the whole number recorded is carried out
into the fourth. This is done for the purpose of comparing one township with
another. The fifth, sixth, and seventh contain similar statistics relating to the
ossuaries.
The townships are arranged in the table, beginning at Georgian Bay and
descending southwards. Bearing this fact in mind and glancing down the fourth
column, it will be observed how rapidly the percentage of villages where French
relics have been found falls off after leaving the first few townships in the remote
north beside Georgian Ba}'. This was the district occupied by the Hurons in the
time of the Jesuit missionaries of the seventeenth century. If we draw a line
from east to west through Kempenfeldt Bay on Lake Simcoe, it will be seen that
of all villages south of this line less than twenty per cent, have yielded French
relics. The difference in the geographical distribution of these relics on the two
sides of this line is made apparent by contrasting one representative township
from each part, say Medonte and Innisfil. In Medonte 41 village sites have been
entered in the catalogue, of which no less than 33 (or 80 per cent of them) have
yielded French relics ; while of 30 village sites in Innisfil, only 5 (or 17 per cent.)
have yielded French relics, and merely one or two isolated tomahawks in most of
these five cases. There is a wide difference here — viz., between 80 per cent, and
17 per cent., and this difference of geographical distribution can only be accounted
for by supposing that the larger part ot the villages of Innisfil, as well as of the
others south of the line just drawn, were occupied by the Hurons before the
arrival of the French traders. In York and Ontario counties there is but one
case in each, so far as the writer has ascertained, of European relics having been
found at Huron village sites, and in neither of these cases is the evidence very
conclusive. Many European relics have been found at Algonquin sites in these
two counties, and the two cases in question may be of relics lost by later
Mississagas on the ground previously occupied by the Huron lodges.
Independent evidence of a similar character is furnished by the ossuaries.
There is no proof of any French relics having been found in the ossuaries south
of the line through Kempenfeldt Bay, that is in South Simcoe, York, and Ontario.
But in North Simcoe the percentage runs as high as 74.
This classification affords us a means of arriving approximately at the date
of Huron occupation of these parts of Central Ontario under consideration. The
beginning of French intercourse with the Hurons may be said to have taken
place in 1615, when Champlain made his celebrated journey to their country.
From that year onwards traffic between the French and Hurons was established.
So that speaking in a general way, this date, 1615, is the dividing line between
post-French and ante-French villages. Wherever French relics are found, in most
cases it maybe concluded that the village dates after 1615. The table therefore
shows that the sites in N. Simcoe, near Georgian Bay, were mostly post-French,
while the more southerly ones — those in S. Simcoe, York and Ontario — were
chiefly ante-French,
The former statement might readily have been inferred from our historical
•data of the first half of the seventeenth century, without the assistance of
archaeology ; but, little of an historical nature has been known with regard to the
numerous Huron sites of S. Simcoe, York and Ontario. It would appear from
the table that they chiefly belong to a period preceding the sites of N. Simcoe.
45
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
There are references in the early French writers to an increase of population
in the Huron tract (now North Simcoe,) from which we may infer that what
might be called a migration took place. Champlain and Le Caron in 1615
reckoned 17 or 18 villages in the Huron peninsula, with 10,000 persons. Brebeuf,
in 1635 — 20 years later — found 20 villages, and about 30,000 souls. [Relations
(Canadian edition), 16o5, p. 33 ; 1636, p. 138.] Here is evidence of a rapid influx
from some quarter into the sheltered peninsula of N. Simcoe, between the years-
1615 and 1635.
The aborigines of any country are always found at the corner opposite to the-
point of entry of their invaders This w?s the case with the early Celts of
Britain, the Lapps of North Europe, the Basques of Southern France, and indeed
with every race of conquered people known to history. It might therefore be
expected that the Hurons would remove as far as possible from their enemies, the
Iroquois ; and it was in this position — against the northerly limit of land adapted
to agricultural pursuits — that they were found by the early French.
These inferences from historical considerations have been fully confirmed by
the table of sites given, from which it is evident that a removal from the sites of
Ontario, York and S. Simcoe took place about the time the French first came.
In conclusion, it may be stated that there is another important feature of the
N. Simcoe sites, not indicated in the table, and which though highly important,
will be merely alluded to in this paper. The largest Huron village sites in the
country are found there, and they are likewise post-French. It would appear
from this that as danger from the invading Iroquois grew greater, the population
became amassed into larger villages for safety.
46
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 0). A. 1890
CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS
IN THE
PROVINCIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM.
The foil wing list does not comprise all that is in the cases of the museum.
Many pages would be required, merely to mention the names of donors and
localities connected with hundreds of stone axes, " flints," and other comparatively
common types of relics.
Neither are ttie arrangement and classification to be regarded as satisfactory
or final. Museums, like libraries of humble origin, require frequent changes and
re-arrangements corresponding to the increase and variety of the collections.
This is especially so when, as with us, the growth is remarkably rapid, and the
space at disposal limited. From almost absolutely nothing four years ago, what
follows will give some idea of the success that has attended the efforts of the
Canadian Institute to form an archaeological collection in some degree worthy of
the province.
It is hoped that the example set by so many persons whose names appear
in this list as those of donors will be emulated by others, who may have in their
possession single specimens or small collections, and that these objects^may be
presented to us for safe keeping. ^ s
S. stands for Mr. J. W. Stewart and M. for Mr. W. Matheson, from whom we
purchased small collections, and Y. P. col. stands for York Pioneers' collection.
DAVID BOYLE,
Curator..
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CASE A.
PARTLY OR WHOLLY OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURE, BUT FOUND IN FIELDS AND
OSSUARIES.
1. Quantity of small red glass beads. Beverly Tp. Jas. Dwyer.
2. Quantity of small blue and purple glass beads. Beverly Tp. Jas. Dwyer.
3. String of glass beads. Baby Farm,* York Tp. Miss Kirkwood.
4. String of very small red glass beads. York Tp. Y. P. col.
5. Four blue glass beads. Humberstone Tp. Cyrenius Bearss.
6. Two blue and one red glass bead (all square in cross section). Brantford. S.
7. String of glass beads, various colors, with stone pendant. Beverly Tp.
Dwyer, col.
8. String of long red glass beads. No locality. Y. P. col.
9. String of glass, shell and stone beads. Y. P. col.
10. String of long blue glass beads. York Tp. Y. P. col.
11. Quantity of long and spherical glass beads, red and blue. Beverly Tp.
Dwyer col.
12. Thirteen glass beads from | in. to 1J in. long, variegated red and blue.
Lake Medad. Y. P. col.
13. Two oval glass beads. Beverly. Dwyer col.
14. Quantity of blue and red glass beads, various sizes and forms. Notta-
wasaga. G. Lougheed.
15. Three long, pale blue, glass beads (cross section square). ^Beverly.
Dwyer, col.
10. Three red glass beads. Norwich Tp. S.
17. Quantity of small glass beads, various colors. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
18. One cylindrical variegated glass bead, 1 in. long and \ in. diameter. Notta-
wasaga. Lougheed col.
19. String of red and blue (mainly round) glass beads, with small Catholic
medallion. Baby Farm. J. Kirkwood, Toronto.
20. Brass brooch plate. Mindemoya Island, Manitoulin. John McPher-
son, Toronto.
21. Silver brooch plate. Brant Co- S.
22. Silver medal (temp. George III). The body of the medal is thin but has
the bust of the youthful king ob. and royal arms rev. in strong relief. Y. P. col.
23. Brass belt medal, 2J in. diameter. Beverly Tp, Dwyer col.
24. tron bracelet. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
25. Large brass finger-ring. Baby Farm. Y. P. col.
26. Rude copper medal apparently made from fragment of some copper
vessel. Baby Farm. Y. P. col.
27. -Small ring-brooch and pin. Baby Farm. Y. P. col.
*Pronouneed Bawby. The Baby family was intimately associated with the early history of Detroit.
48
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
28. Small brass seal finger-ring. On the seal is the letter L enclosing a heart.
Baby Farm. Miss Kirkwood.
29. Brass seal finger-ring. On seal are engraved I. H. S., with a cross stand-
ing on the bar of the H. This ring was presented in a neat box of porcupine
quill work. Ossossand, Simcoe Co., Rev. Father Laboureau. Penetanguishene.
30. Silver ornament — circular, 2f in. diameter. Consists of a narrow, flat
rim, J in. across, enclosing a six-pointed star, in the centre of which is a circle f
in. diameter, outside measurement. The whole of the pattern is of the same
dimensions as the rim. The star and inner circle are slightly relieved with
double-dotted lining on both sides. No locality. Y. P. col.
31. Copper coil nearly 1 in. in diameter. This seems to have been made of
round wire which was beaten flat after being coiled. Baby Farm. Jas. Kirkwood.
32. Brass belt-buckle, oval, 3J in. long by 2| in. wide. Found near Toronto,
Wm. Townsend.
33. Quantity of glass beads in considerable variety. Parkdale. J. R. Wis-
mer, Parkdale.
34. Two large beads, one blue, one white. Near Toronto. Y. P. col.
35. Rudely formed ear of large copper kettle. It is made of several thick-
nesses of sheet copper folded. Beverly. Dwyer col.
36. Sheet copper coiled to form a rough tube and bent like L. Baby Farm.
J. Kirkwood.
37. Sheet copper, fragment of kettle bottom. Shows hammer marks. Beverly.
Dwyer col.
38. Four fragments of sheet copper from kettles. Baby Farm. Miss
Kirkwood.
39. Twelve pieces sheet copper. Five of them triangular and perforated near
the middle, Five are coiled conically. Beverly. Dwyer col.
40. Several fragments of copper kettles. Beverly. Jas. Rae.
41. Two fragments copper kettles. F. A. Benson, Port Hope.
42. Brass vessel 6 in. diameter and 2| in. deep, with ears. No record.
43. Lead ingot and conical bullet. Baby Farm. J. Kirkwood.
44. Lead smoking pipe. Scotland Village, Brant Co. S.
45. Piece of sheet copper 7 in. long and 2J at widest. Said to have been
over two feet long when found along with other relics. Jas. Dickson Fenelon
Falls.
46. Sheet copper needle (?) 2J in. long, barely | in. wide at head where it is
broken apparently about midway through a long eye, J in. of which remains.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
47. Iron pipe-tomahawk. Pipe head broken off. Blade has floral design
engraved on each side. Some lines are also cut on the sides of the eye. Vardy
Lake, Addington Co. Dr. T. W. Beeman, Perth.
48. Part of gun-lock. Baby Farm. Miss Kirkwood.
49- Fire or tinder steel. Y. P., col.
50. Gun flint. Baby Farm. Miss Kirkwood.
51. Six gun flints. Baby Farm. J. Kirkwood.
4 (C.T.) 49
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
52. Part of white clay pipe stem on which are stamped two lozenge-shaped
figures, quartered, each quarter containing a fleur de Us. Baby Farm. J.
irkwood.
53. Iron pipe tomakawk, complete, with perforated handle. No record. Y,
P. col.
54. Iron nodule containing pyrites. Found with some Indian relics in Huron
Tp. William Welsh, Amberly.
CASE B.
BROKEN AND UNFINISHED ARTICLES SHOWING METHODS OF WORKING.
1-11. Pieces of red freestone and grey limestone smoothed and marked off
as if preparatory to making beads. G. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
12. Stone marked to form pipe. Head portion broken. G. Lougheed, Notta-
wasaga.
13. Part of what was probably a pipe stem. Now in two pieces — broken
lengthwise and showing the bore. A. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
14. Piece of limestone in process of being shaped as a pipe-head (probably).
This illustrates one of the methods of cutting through stone. A row of holes
has been bored in the direction of the proposed cut. When broken off, grinding
or rubbing has been begun to efface the marks left by the holes.
15. Small, roughly oblong piece of limestone about 1 J in. long, \ deep, and
nearly \ in. thick. A hole (oval) about } in. long has been worked on one of
the narrow sides, and this penetrates to the opposite side where it terminates as-
a small round hole. The latter side shows that the piece has been detached
from another larger or smaller portion by cutting all round to weaken before
breaking. The carving of a human face has been begun on one end. A. Loug-
heed, Nottawasaga.
16. Portion of large implement quite unlike anything else in the collection.
Marks of work are perfectly evident, but the specimen is not easily described.
Pike's Farm, Wolfe Island. '
17. Rudely formed, or unfinished implement of limestone, semicircular, with
projection like a handle on the straight side. Has a general resemblance to an old-
fashioned hand meat-chopper. Length of blade 5J in. and from edge to end of
handle 4J in. Middlesex Co. M.
18. A flat ovate, striated slate pebble, 4 in. long, greatest width 2f , and
greatest thickness f inch. Is deeply cut lengthwise into five sections. Incisions
on both sides. Apparently the intention was to break the several pieces off" for
beads or other ornaments. McGillwray Tp., Middlesex. M.
19. Small piece of limestone pebble, showing a cut-off mark corresponding
in kind to that on No. 15 in this case, but much more distinct.
20. Two specimens marked A and B. These are unfinished beads of red
freestone like Nos. 1 to 7. The smaller piece, 20 A, is only half an inch long,
and has been bored from one end. The larger piece If in. long is unbored. G.
Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
50
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1S9C
21. A spoiled or unfinished tablet. (See description, cases N and O.) The
four sides have been hollowed to depth of f of an in., and the corners are rounded,
One hole has been partly bored. S.
22. Small cylindrical piece of limestone, 1 in. long, and about f in. diameter.
One side is split off, evidently as the result of boring which has been begun at
one end. Albert Lougheed, Nottawasaga,
23. A waterworn, nearly globular pebble; longest diameter 2J in. Trans-
verse to this a beginning has been made in cutting a groove, as if for attachment
to a handle by means of a thong. J. Wood, Lawrenceburg, Indiana.
24. A waterworn stone. Appears to have been at first globular, and 2J in,
in diameter. Two opposite sides have been rubbed down presenting nearly
parallel faces 1^ in. across. M.
25. A spherical waterworn pebble, 2J in. in diameter. A hole has been
bored into it about J in. deep. Brookfield, Missouri.
26- A waterworn granitic pebble, 2J in. in diameter. Shows traces of hand-
rubbing in two or three places. Mercer Co., Kentucky. Prof. Moritz Fischer,
Curator Ky. Geol. Sur. Mus., Frankfort.
27. Granite, 4J long, 3J wide, and If thick in the middle. Although still
rough, an immense amount of work must have been done on this stone. The
two ends have been pecked down and rounded to half the thickness of the
middle, where a ridge has been left, running from side to side as if the intention
had been to bore through in that direction. Point Edward, Dr. Rear, Toronto.
28. Waterworn stone, 5 in. long, 2| wide and nearly 2 in. thick ; the natural
shape has suggested an ax or other tool, and one side has been pecked to make it
correspond with the opposite side. The material is a close-grained, dark grey
limestone. Dr. Crctig, Lawrenceburg, Indiana.
29. Fragment of steatite vessel. Three slit-like holes in this piece are
probably of recent origin. Alamarice Co., N. Carolina, Prof. Jos. Moore, Earlham
College, Richmond, Indiana.
30. Slate tablet 5 in. long, 3J wide. Apparently unfinished — holes not
bored. Lot 25, con. 22, McGillivray Tp. M.
31. Slate tablet, 4 in. by 2J in. No holes. Lot 4, con. 4. Biddulph Tp. M.
32. Unfinished implement or weapon of veined blue slate, like 43, 44, 46 and
47, Case M. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Indiana.
33. Unfinished slate tablet, 4x2 J, with corners rounded. Unbored. S.
34. Slate, three inches long, two and a half wide at one end, one and three-
fourths at the other ; one inch and a quarter thick at the wider end and having
roughly convex sides. At the larger end two holes have been drilled, one 9-16
of an inch in diameter, is If inch deep ; the other f inch diameter, is only f inch
deep. The inner or adjoining sides of the holes have met giving the drillino- a
figure 8 outline, the longer diameter of the double boring being only 1 1-16 inch.
At the smaller end the hole is 10-16 inch diameter, and If inch deep. Although
the length of the borings is equal to the total length of the specimen the holes
do not meet, the deeper of the two at the wider end having been drilled some-
what aslant. McGillivray, Tp. Middlesex. M.
35. Piece of argillite, 9f in. long, about an inch in diameter, with roughly
clipped or pecked, rounded sides, along one of which, as well as at one end, an
angular groove has been cut. M.
51
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A.
36. Argillite, 4 in. long, 1 inch in diameter at thick end, and tapering to
a point. Is half of an implement like 30 and 31 in case M. M.
37. Tablet (?) 4Jx2^ in. greatest measurements. Thickness in middle,
i inch. Edges convex, one side slightly convex, the other very much so.
Specimen carries what seem to be crystals of calcite. Miss Maria Tipton, Paris
Kentucky.
38. Tablet of brown argillite, 3^x1 1. 5-16 inch thick. Edges convex. One
side nearly flat, other convex. No holes. M.
39. Tablet, much like 38 in material and form, but 4Jxlf. S.
40. Small hatchet-shaped piece of limestone, showing signs of having been
used to sharpen, polish or rub other material. One corner is coated with iron
rust owing to the proximity of a small quantity of hematite where it was found,
near the east end of Tidd's island opposite Gananoque.
41. Pipe-stem of limestone 3| in. long. The workmanship is suggestive
of European influence.
42. Much like 41, but only 2 in. long, Both from A. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
43. Unfinished pipe-stem of limestone, 2|xl inch and roughly square. Has
evidently been separated from the head after the bowl was bored. Instructive
as showing mode of reducing to required size. Deep cuts have been made with
flint flakes at intervals of from 3-16 to ] of an inch, and the intervening portions
have been broken off. A. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
44. Seems also to have been part of a pipe. It is 3-J inches long, 1|- thick
in one direction, and only a little more than an inch in the other. The two
wider sides are flattened and the other two are rounded. Near to one of the
round sides a ^ inch hole has been bored nearly If in. deep, in the direction of
the longer axis. The same end also shows that the piece of stone has been cut
from another by notching deeply (3-16 of an inch) all round, and then breaking
forcibly.
45. A roughly blocked out pipe-head of marble, intended for a hole to receive
a wooden stem. Vaughan Tp. Dr. Orr, Maple.
46. Two fragments of pipe- sterns, limestone, square. Geo. Lougheed, Notta-
wasaga.
47. Broken pipe-stem, limestone, rounded. Albert Lougheed, 'Nottawasaga
48. Roughly blocked pipe (?) Perhaps only a water worn stone. S.
49. Piece of limestone, cylindrical, 1 in. in diameter, a hole J of an inch in
diameter has been bored lengthwise ck>se to the outside. The portion between
the hole and outside has then been removed, the work now looking like a groove
made from the outside. David Melville, Oeemore.
50. Rough block for pipe. Baby Farm, Lambton Mills. J. Kirkwood.
51. Three pipe-stems. (See remark, 41.) G. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
52. Spoiled pipe-head, limestone. The bowl has been badly bored and the
stem is broken off. This specimen, three inches long and two wide at the broken
mouth, shows that both sides of the bowl have been lined up the middle exteriorly
to aid the eye in directing the drill. G. Lougheed, Nottawasaga.
A to S. — Contents of a grave opened on Noncon island by Mr. A. Stevens.
The find consists of two bone awls or needles, three tips of deer-horn, a bone
.spear-head, a wolfs jaw bone, a stone ax, a perforated slate tablet, a bit of
pottery, seven flints, and two small pieces of graphite. A. F. Chamberlain, Toronto.
52
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CASE C.
ROUGH FLINTS.
1 to 9. Paloeolithic flints from Sussex Mills, England. W. Ransom, Hitchin,
10. Large flint core 10J inches long, from which flakes have been chipped.
Le Grande Persigny, France. W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
11. Flint knife. Persigny, France. W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
12 to 18. Paloeolithic implements of flint varying in color from light gray to
almost black, and in size from three inches to six inches long.
19. Palaeolithic implements. Bedford, Eng. W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
20. Small barbed arrow head 1| inches long without neck. Derry, Ireland.
W. Ransom, Hitchin *
21. Small and beautiful barbed and necked arrow head, f in. long, and |
in. across base of barbs. Antrim, Ireland. W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
22. Leaf-shaped flint, 1^ in. long, and 1 in. wide. Antrim, Ireland. W.
Ransom, Hitchin, England.
23. Arrow head If in. long barbed and necked. Antrim, Ireland. W,
Ransom, Hitchin, England.
24. Fragment of neolithic implement, apparently about half of a bored axe
or club-head, originally upwards of six inches long, but now broken across the
hole. Sussex mills, England. W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
25. Small stone axe in deer-horn handle, from lake-dwelling, Switzerland.
W. Ransom, Hitchin, England.
The foregoing were procured through Mr. Jas. H. Pearce of the Institute.
Case C. includes also sixty -nine leaf shaped " flints " from 2 inches to 4 inches-
long, found in a heap a few inches below the surface, on the farm of Arthur Sea-
brook, Komoka.
Eight large and rudely chipped implements from Wolfe Island.
And coarse specimens from N. Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky,
Indiana, Missouri3 Ohio and Wyoming.
All in this case are of such a character as would be called " paloeolithic " if
our data permitted. The total number is nearly 200.
CASE D.
TYPICAL FLINTS.
Contains 240 specimens of " flints " varying from half an inch to six inches
in length, and were probably all used as spears, lances or arrows. The arrange-
ment in this case is for the purpose of illustrating, sizes, shapes, material and
and modes of fastening to shafts.
Mainly of chert, some are of flint, others of jasper, chalcedon}^, obsidian and
agate. One is of pure quartz.
The territory represented covers many of the United States as well a*
Ontario.
53
53*Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CASE E.
MISCELLANEOUS FLINTS.
Contains about 200 small flaked "flints" mainly from the United States.
The chief donors were Drs. Craig and Collins, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, the Natural
History Society of Brookville, Indiana, the Geological Survey of Kentucky ;
Prof. Jas. Moore, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. ; E. T. Hummell, Decatur,
Alabama ; the Society of Natural History, Cincinnati ; and Prof, J. L. Deming, of
ihe Technological Institute, Boston, Mass.
CASE F.
FLAKED TOOLS AND WEAPONS.
1. Shaly chert, almost black, 8| in. long, 4J wide, and averaging about J
inch thick ; no notch for attachment to handle ; general outline, an irregular
-oval. An intrusive vein one line in thickness croses it at a slight angle 2J in.
from the point. May have been intended for a spade or a hoe, but shows no
signs of use. From a grave mound in Tremont Park, Tidd's Island, R. St.
Lawrence (opposite Gananoque). C. A. See, Tremont Park.
1J. Quartzite, 5J in. long by 2f wide, about f inch in thickest part,
has been notched, but is broken at shoulder ; rudely chipped, and of irregular
outline. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
2. Chert, dark brown, 9-J in. long by 3f inches wide, and about J in.
thick in middle ; broken in three pieces ; no notch ; signs of wear slightly
observable. Tremont Park. C. A. See.
3. Chert, dingy grey, 8J- in. long by 3J wide and f in. thick in the
middle, sides unsymmetrical ; notched ; neck f inch long. Tremont Park. C. A.
See.
4. Flint; not homogeneous; 8 in. long by 3J wide, greatest thickness 5-16
in.; thicker towards each end than in the middle; symmetrical; no notch,
leaf-shaped, pointed and slightly worn. Tremont Park. C. A. See.
5. Veined quartzite, G| in. long by 3 inches wide, leaf-shaped, with a
•comparatively small neck, thin in proportion to length. Tremont Park. C. A.
See.
6. Chert, 7J in. long by 21} in. wide at base; slightly barbed ; neck broken ;
thin and almost symmetrical ; , lanceolate. Tremont Park. C. A. See.
7. Quartzite, translucent, 6 in. long by 2J in. wide ; notched neck ;
sides not symmetrical. Tremont Park. C. A. See.
8. Chert, grey and brown, not homogeneous, 9f in. long by 3| in. wide,
leaf-shaped ; very thin ; symmetrical, but slightly curved in direction of flat-side.
"Tremont Park. C. A. See.
9 to 14. Fragments of similar weapons or tools from same place.
14J. Quartzite, translucent, 4 in. long by 2-J- in. wide ; symmetrical and
somewhat thick in proportion to length ; leaf-shaped. Tremont Park. C. A. See.
54
53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
15. Chert, 11 J in. long by 3| in. wide; leaf-shaped; fractured slightly at
base ; about f in. at the thickest part ; symmetrical ; this is the largest flaked
implement in the museum. Pickering Tp. Jas. Dickson, Fenelon Falls.
16. Cherty limestone, 7^ in. long by 3 in. wide ; very thin ; notched neck-
Wolfe Island.
17. Fine cherfc, 6J in. long by 3f in. wide; short and deeply notched
neck, forming semi-barbs ; beautiful heart-shaped outline. Wolfe Island.
18. Coarse chert, 4| in. long by 3f in. wide ; neck f in . long and 1
inch wide; somewhat rudely chipped; very broad in proportion to length.
Wolfe Island.
19. Chert, 5 in. long by 2f wide ; slightly barbed ; neck f in. long by 1 in
wide. In this specimen there is a well-defined oval nucleus exactly in the middle
and showing both sides ; on one side this measures about 2 in. by 1 J in., and on
the other If in. by If. Wolfe Island.
20. Fine veined chert, 5J in. long by 2J in. at base; sides little curved;
straight neck f in. long. Edges thinned from left side ; very thin in pro-
portion to length. Biddulph Tp. M.
21. Chert, 5J in. long by If wide; point broken; straight neck 1J inch
long, very thick. Sarnia Indian Rererve. M.
22. Impure chert. 5J in. long by 2^ in. wide ; sides almost straight ; notched
neck. East Williams Tp. M.
23. White chert, 8J in. long by 3 in. wide ; unsvmmetrical ; leaf-shaped.
Plympton Tp. S.
24. Chert, Sin. long by If in. wide; sjnnmetrical and gracefully formed;
neck faintly marked off from body, If inch long. McGillivray Tp. M.
25. Chert, 5J in. long by 2J wide ; notched neck f in. long and same
width ; body comparatively thick. Wolfe Island.
26. Chert, of in. long by If in. wide, squarely-shouldered neck, f in. long
and pointed. McGillivray Tp. M.
27. Chert, 4f in. long by If in. wide; slightly notched neck: edges sym-
metrical, one side flat. Middlesex, Co. M.
28 to 39. Chert, group of weapons from 4J in. to 8J in. long, and from 2J
in. to 3J in. wide at base. With the exception of No. 28, they are all of the same
pattern, being square shoulderd and having heavy, strong necks about an inch
long. No. 28 is almost leaf-shaped, the neck being abortive. These " flints "
were found together at the edge of a swamp on gore lot 27 ; N. B., West Williams
Tp. M.
40. Dark brown flint, 5^ in. long by If in. wide; notched neck J in. long, and
forked at base. Wolfe Island.
41. Brown cherty limestone, 5J in. long by 1J in. wide, neck broken.
Plympton Tp. S.
42. Chert, a beautiful leaf-shaped specimen, 8J in. long by 2^ in. wide,
and scarcely a quarter inch thick ; edges flaked chiefly from right side. Wolfe
Island.
43. Chert, leaf-shaped, 7J in. long by 2J in. wide ; tip broken, sym-
metrical and elegant. McGillivray Tp. M.
44. Very coarse chert, leaf-shaped, 6f in. long- by 2 in. wide ; rudely
chipped. Biddulph Tp. M.
55
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
45. Chert, 5J in. long by 2f in. wide ; notched neck, \ in. long by 1 \ in.
wide ; roughly flaked and unsym metrical. Wolfe Island.
46. Chert, 5 J in. long by 1 1 in. wide ; square shouldered, neck f in long.
This specimen is very thick in the middle in proportion to length.
47. Coarse chert, 5 in. long by If in. wide ; neck has a slightly square
shoulder, and is 1J in. long, being rounded at base. Madison Co., Ky. Dr.
Collins, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
48. Fine chert, 4f in. long by 1J in. wide at base, leaf-shaped ; edges
flaked from left side and slightly serrated ; body almost flat otherwise and about
\ inch thick. Fayette Co., Kentucky. Dr. Collins, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
49. Light bluish flint, 6 f in. long by 2J in. wide at base ; leaf -shaped ; edges
rudely flaked. Forest. S.
50. Milky quartzite, of in. long by 1 J in. wide ; neck notched and equal
in breadth to base of body ; tip broken j body f in. thick in middle, cross-
section would show a good ellipse ; not quite symmetrical in the edges. St.
Mary's. S.
51. Coarse chert, 5 inlong by 2f in. wide ; leaf -shaped ; edges symmetrical
and much curved, the general outline being more egg-shaped than is usual.
No locality. S.
52. Very dark (almost black) chert, with light colored veins ; 4f in. long
by If in. wide ; middle of body f inch thick and smoothly flaked to edges ;
deeply notched neck, which is also hollowed at base ; very symmetrical. North
Branch, Mich. S.
5o. Chert, 3| in. long by 2 in. wide ; straight neck 1 in. long ; barb J in.
long, one barb off. Bourbon Co., Ky. Dr. Collins, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
54 to 58. Five notched necked "flints," varying from 4 in. to 4J in. long,
and from 2 in. to 2| in. wide. McGillivray Tp. M.
59. Chert, 6 in. long by 2| in. wide ; point broken ; straight neck ; rudely
flaked. West Williams. M.
CASE G.
BONE AND HORN.
1. Small turtle shell perforated with sixteen holes. Has probably been a
rattle. Beverly. Dwyer col.
2. Bone, somewhat cylindrical, 1J in. diameter, rudely worked at each end.
York Tp. B. Jackes, Toronto.
3. Splinter of deer-horn, 9 in. long and about 1 in. wide. Edges appear to
have been hacked with a sharp tool. One end roughly sharpened ; other end
broken. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
4. Bone of beaver's tail. Found with many relics in London, Ont., by Jas.
McDowell, 1849. M.
5. Part of turtle shell, semicircular, 2} in. diameter, perforated with three
holes.
56
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
6. Gouge or chisel of deer-horn, 7f in. long and 2J in. across widest part; 1J
in. behind lip. Beverly. Dwyer col.
7. Horn chisel, 7 in. long, and I J wide- Considerably injured ; head broken*,
York Tp. Y. P. col.
8. Bone knife, 8 in. long. Y. P. col.
9. Circular portion of human skull, 4 in. diameter, three holes bored 1 in.,
apart in middle, as if at the angles of an equilateral triangle. Three smaller
holes have also been bored close to the margin triangularly. York Tp. Geo.
Miller.
10. Circular portion of human skull, 4 in. diameter, unperforated. No work
done on it beyond rubbing down the edges smoothly, and scouring the outside,
Aurora, York Tp. S.
11. Portion of human skull, somewhat oval. Longer diameter, 4J in.,,
shorter diameter, 3| in. Perforated with seven holes, six of them in pairs from
| in. to 1 in. apart, but not regularly arranged. The odd hole is near the margin,
of the longer axis. Beverly. Dwyer col.
12-16. Horn tips sharpened to chisel points. Kitchen midden. Vancouver,
British Columbia. James Johnson, Vancouver.
17. Rude bone awl. Kitchen midden. Vancouver. James Johnson, Van-
couver.
18. Bone awl — ditto.
19. Bone awl— -ditto. Point broken.
20. Deer-horn fork ; one tip broken. Has had a hole at base of prong.
Lower part now broken away ; 4 in. long. Beverly. Dwyer col.
21. Deer-horn fork, 4J in. long, and tip of longer prong broken. A 7/16
inch hole bored at base of fork 2J in. from tip of smaller prong. A base of 2:
inches extends beyond the hole, where the cut-off marks are very plain. Beverly.
Dwyer col.
22. Horn-tip, split and blackened by fire; 3 in. long. Point has been
sharpened. Noncon Island, Lake Scugog. Jas. Stevens, per A. F. Chamberlin.
23. Bone spear or harpoon, 5J in. long, but a portion of the shaf c has been
broken off. Greatest width at end of shaft 11/16 in., 2 in. from point shaft nar-
rows to f in, and the head consists of a flat portion decreasing from 9/16 in. to a
point, and having on each side five barbs. The booe is grooved longitudinally
on each side. Near Simcoe Town. S.
24. Horn spear or harpoon (single-barbed), 8 in. long. Breadth of shaft
from hole 1 in. This part is flat and 2 in. long, with square shoulders whore it
meets the middle portion which is a flattened oval 3f in. long from the shoulders
to the inner angle of the barb The barb itself is f in. long, and from its tip to
the point of the spear is 2| in. Beverly. Jas. Rae.
25. Bone spear or harpoon (three-barbed on one side) 6J in. long, point
broken a little ; barbs deeply cut. From broken point to tip of first barb is 2
inches ; from tip of first to tip of second barb 1 5/16 in. ; from tip of second to-
tip of third barb If in. The shaft from inner angle of third barb is 2 in., 1 J
in. from shaft end and below the third barb ; close to edge is an oval hole about
J in. the longer way. The shaft end has been ground down to a chisel [joint,
and has no doubt had a secondary use. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
57
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I
26. Harpoon, three-barbed, 5f in. long ; hole 1 J in. from shaft end, and
eccentric towards barbed edge. Barbs slightly ogee on edge ; axils well rounded.
York Tp. Jackes col.
27. Point of spear-head 2f in. long, three barbed on each side. Shaft
portion remaining 1J in. long, and f in. wide. Five barbs square shouldered
— one a little under cut. Breadth across widest portion of barbed end \ inch.
Lake Medad.
28. Fish-hook. Length from upper end to curve 3 7/16 inch; barbed end
from curve to point 2 1/16 in.; thickest portion of shaft at curve J in., taper-
ing to J- in. near upper end; shaft terminates in small knob about \ in. diam-
eter ; carved part averages fully \ in., with inside fairly rounded, and outside
more angular and roughly finished; barb from tip to tip 1 7/16 in., with axil
3/16 deep ; width between shaft and barb axil \ in., between tip of barb and
inner curve \ in., and between tip of hock and shaft f in. One side of curve
appears as if gnawed, leaving four bars with a slight bend running across it
from the barbed side towards the shaft side.' Lindsay. S.
29-30. Two halves of beaver's upper jaws. Grave, Onentisati, Simcoe Co.
31. Lower jaw of beaver. Grave, Onentisati, Simcoe Co.
32-34. Bear's teeth. Grave near Orillia. Jas. Fraser, Craighurst.
35-41. Bears' teeth. Village site, Nottawasaga, Lougheed col.
42, Bear's tooth. Ste. Marie, Simcoe Co.
43. Walrus tooth. Balsam Lake, Ont. T. Bell.
44-52. Small compressed pear-shaped teeth (elk's) about 1 in. long and \ in.
wide. These are ground smooth at small end and are then perforated. No
locality. Y. P. col.
53. Bone 2f in. long, carved to represent a fish. The outline is somewhat
whale like; 5/16 in. from nose and J in. from throat, are what may
have been intended for gills (not if a whale). A small hole has been bored from
side to side, 3/16 in. in advance of this and a little higher are two small depres-
sions. These are too far forward for eyes, and too high as well as too far back to
be nostrils. They were probably meant for eyes. Mouth deeply cut and extend-
ing back almost to the gills. No imitation of fins or tail. At tail end 7/16 in.
on the upper side relieved by nine lines cut at right angles to long axis, and eight
lines crossing these diagonally from left to right. Exeter. S.
54. Human form — bone; 31/16 in. long; width at shoulders 9/16 in.
Right arm placed on left shoulder. Left arm extending to right side of waist.
No feet The figure is proportionate. While head and neck measure 7/16 in.,
the body is fully 1 9/16 in., and the legs only 1 1/16 inch long. Beverly Tp.
Kae col.
55. Bone mask, human; 2^ in. long, and f in. wide. Eye holes are bored
through. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
56. Horn, spear or harpoon, one barb. Shaft end 3J in. long, and 1 j- wide.
Hole near middle two inches from end. Flat portion at shaft end shouldered
down to I in., then rounded on edges to tip. Barb, tip to tip, 2 1/16. Axil J
in. deep, and nearly same width. Shaft end behind hole, whittled, and hole has
been cut through, not bored; or else has been enlarged by cutting after boring.
.York Tp. Long col.
57. Deer-horn fork, 3| in long, cut off squarely at butt or lower end.
One prong is 2J in. and the other If in. long. Greater diameter of butt at
58
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 18SO
<;ut f inch. Across upper side of larger prong, and lower side of the other, and
in a line with the axil two grooves are worn as if the object had been employed
as a tool to smooth thongs or sinews by rubbing them lengthwise. About mid-
way below the prongs other fainter grooves are perceptible. Humberstone Tp.,
Welland Co. Cyrenius Bearss.
58. Bone chisel llf in. long, and averaging 1J in. across blade. This
tool is made of an undetermined quadruped's leg bone, a cross section of which is
roughly quadrangular. The upper or handle end is almost square and about 1J
in. on each ' side. For 2J in. the bone has been left intact, beyond rubbing
the joint down to a level surface. At this distance the wall on one side is cut
sharply down until the cavity of the bone is reached, and the whole side is made
to taper beautifully to the lip, giving the tool when viewed edgewise the appear-
ance of an elongated wedge. Nottawasaga. Thomas White.
59. Bone chisel or gouge, 11J in. long. This appears to be made from a
leg-bone, but is quite unlike No. 58. A cross section of it would be oval, and
the diameter is less in the middle than at the end*, being 1^ in. near the lip, 2
in. near the joint, and only 1J in. at the middle. The processes at the joint
have not been altered in any way, and the rubbing down to produce a cutting
•edge extends back only about 5J in. The tool bears evidence of long use.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
60. Five wolf's teeth. Village site. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
61. Cylindrical bone 3J in. long, and 5/16 in. diameter, rounded at one
«nd. Humberstone Tp. Cyrenius Bearss.
75. Portion of human skull like No. 10. Vaughan Tp. Dr. Orr, Maple.
ESKIMO. Presented by F. F. Payne, Esq.
62. Comb, 2J in. from back to point of teeth, 1J wide.
63. Four pendants, conical and perforated at flattened ends.
64. Powder measure, If in long, \ in. wide and \ in. deep. Formed
somewhat like a grocer's scoop. A small hole for suspension when carried is
bored through the lower corner of the larger end.
65-66. Two human figures in bone, If in. long.
67. Forty-three pieces of bone from | to If in. long, and from f in. to f
*wide, generally decreasing in width towards one end which is rounded. These
are marked like dominoes. The highest number on this set is 39. The game is
not played as are dominoes, but seem to be a kind of grab-game.
68. Bone thimble.
69. Bear, If in. long.
70 Seal, If in. long.
71. Fish, with fins and tail, 1 J in, long.
72. Water-fowl, 1J in. long.
73. Dog, 1 in. long.
74. Toothpick, about 2 in. long.
59
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
»
CASE H.
.
BONE AND HORN.
1 to 24. Bone awls or needles from 7 in. to 3 in. long. York Tp. Wm.
G. Long.
25. Eyed needle, 3f in. long, J in. wide and 1/16 in. thick in middle,
oval hole, 3/16 in. long and less than 1/16 wide at an in. from end. Grooves-
on both sides extending from ends of hole, bone slightly curved, with natural
hollow on concave side. Both ends thinned and rounded, but left flat. Point
end the more so, being highly polished and very sharp. York Tp. Wm. G,
Long.
26 to 37. Bone awls from 3J to 2J in long. Various localities.
38 to 43. Bone awls from 4 J to 3 in long. York Tp. B. Jackes, Toronto.
44 to 45. Bone awls. London Tp. M.
46. Bone awl. Onentisati, Simcoe Co.
47 to 49. Bone awls. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
50 to 54. Tarsal bones of deer, twu are ground flat on both sides exposing
the cavity, one has had the larger end cut wholly out and a small hole bored
obliquely through the opposite end. One has been ground flat on one side but is
otherwise intact, and one has been bored into from each end.
55. Two fragments of horn implements and two splintered bones, (one whittled)
from kitchen midden, British Columbia. Jas. Johnson, Vancouver.
56. 2 bone awls, 5J in and 2f in long. Dumfries Tp., near Gait. Jas.
G. Caven, Toronto.
57. Almost cylindrical bones, 2 in. long and f in. diameter, rounded at both
ends. Nottawasaga. Lougheed, col.
58. Bone, small, 3 in. long, cut at both ends, has one notch ; perhaps a tally
or record bone. Beverly.
59. Bone 3J in. long and from J in, to f in. in diameter, cut at both ends.
Either a bead or a tally bone. Beverly.
60. Five bone beads from 2 in. to 3| in. long. Nottawasaga. Thos. White,
o O O
61 to 64. Four bone beads, respectively, 4J, 2f , 2| and 1 in. long. Y. P. col.
65. Deer-horn tip, cut at large end and ground at point, 5 in. long
Y. P. col.
66. Cylindrical bone 3| in. long, general diameter 5-16 in., rounded at
both ends. From larger end two parallel lines have been scratched lengthwise-
li inches between which are four diagonal crosses.
67. Horn tip 3f in long, ends rounded, weathered. Y. P. col.
68. Horn tip 2 in. long, ends rounded. Y. P. col.
69. Cylindrical bone bead 3J in. long and J in. diameter. Guelph Tp. Dr,
Hugh G. Roberts.
70 to 72. Three bone beads respectively 3J, If and 1 % in. long. Beverly.
73. Oblong section of horn 2 in. long, smoothed on all sides and one end ;
other end broken off. Has four transverse slight cuts on outer side, as if marked
for cutting off. Beverly. Dwyer col.
60
63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
74. Tally bone 3 in. long, f in. diameter, triangular at one end and rounded
at the other. Has three rows of small notches on edges extending in line of
angles. On each of two rows are twenty-nine cuts, and on the third twenty-
eight. Beverley. Dwyer col.
75 to 80. Six bone beads about 1 in. long. Waterdown.
81. Heavy bone bead 3f in. long and J in. by 1 in. diameter. Dumfries Tp.
•82. Bone bead 2f in, long. Dumfries Tp.
83 to 85. Three bone beads, 3 in., 2f in. and 2J in. long. Sarnia Tp.
86. Bone 2 in. long and 1 in. diameter, cut off squarely at smaller end
leaving small portion of detached section adhering. Larger end has eight notches
deeply cut leaving the margin like saw teeth round the cavity. Beverly.
Dwyer col. A doubtful specimen.
87. Tarsal deer-bone, rubbed down a little on one side, opposite has four
cross-bars of a dark color as if burnt. Dumfries Tp.
88 Tarsal deer-bone, on one side ground flat exposing cavity at upper end.
Opposite side ground in such a manner as to suggest a whistle. Dum-
fries Tp.
89. Portion of deer-horn, near base 3 in. long, marks of cutting at both
ends. Beverly.
90. Tally-bone (?) 2J in long, triangular cross section ; although slightly
notched as in the case of those that seem to be records, this is somewhat dubious
as the markings appear to be without any method or arrangement. Most of them
also are on one of the flat sides and not along the ridges. Beverly.
Dwyer co
91. Bone bead 1 in. long, with two small notches near the larger end.
Beverly. Dwyer col.
92. Fragment of bone 1 J in. long with serrated edge and two deeply cut
lines lengthwise. Beverly. Dwyer col.
93. Tally-bone 2| in. long, with three rows of lightly cut notches, count-
ing respectively twenty-one, fourteen and fourteen. Beverly. Dwyer col.
94. Bone needle or awl 5^ in. long, both ends damaged. Nottawasaga
Lougheed col.
95. Tally-bone 3| in. long, notched on two ridges, total number twenty-
eight or twenty-nine. Beverly. Dwyer col.
96. Small piece of bone f in long, split, cut and smoothed at each end.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
97-100. Four bone beads, 4|, 4|, 4J and 2| in. long.
101. 2J in. long and f in. wide at widest part. Less than £ in. thick, lance-
shaped with notches forming a neck J inch from wide end.
102. Horn bead, If in. long. Ohio, U. S. Soc. of Nat. Hist. Cincinnati.
103. Bone bead, Ig in. long.
104. Bone bead, j in. long.
105. Cylindrical bone, 1J in. long, ends rounded like LNo. 57. Ohio, U. S.
Soc. of Nat. Hist., Cincinnati.
106. Tally-bone 4 in. long, almost round at smaller end and oval (one
side depressed) at the other, average diameter £ in. 1| in. from the larger end
61
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
$
and extending towards middle are two rows of markings, numbering in each case
twenty-eight.* Tidd's Island, R. St. Lawrence.
107. Deer-horn tip bored out, 2f in long. Ohio, U. S. Nat. Hist. Soc,
of Cincinnati.
108. Horn chisel pointed, 5 in. long. Ohio. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Cincinnati.
109. Idem, point broken.
110. Splintered bones, ash-heap. Lake Medad.
111. Small bone chisel. Nottawasaga. David Melville.
112. Bone awl or needle 6 in. long. Nottawasaga. Wm. Melville.
CASE. J.
SHELL.
1. Beads or wampum made from columellse of pyiula perversa, probably.
Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
2. Four beads from 2J to 4 in. long and from J in. to J in. diameter, from
columellse of large shell, (species not identified) Beverly. Dwyer col.
3. Wampum (discs) from \ in. to f in. diameter arid averaging under
•J in. thick. This large number was found in an ossuary in Beverly. Dwye1
collection. Some of them (in one instance six) adhere face to face, showing tha^
they had been carried or worn that way and not edge to edge as they are usually
strung in collections.
4. Eight fragments of p. perversa, broken and cut in preparation for the
making of wampum. Nottawasaga. Chas. Smith, Smithdale.
5. Six fragments of large shell partly cut in preparation for wampum.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
G. Two fragments, ditto. Beverly. Jas. Rae.
7. Two strips, ditto. Beverly. Dwyer col.
8. Three pieces. Two bored at margin and one about an inch long and f
inch wide, marked off into ten small squares.
9. Four fragments of p. perversa. Beverly Tp. Jas. Rae.
10. Fragment of large shell. Beverly. Dwyer col.
11. Two spiral shells from which the body whorls have been cut, leaving the
columellae bare. Through the anterior end of one a small hole has been bored
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
12. Spiral shell, bored through the tip. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
13. Wampum, (disc and cylinder). Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
14. Wampum (disc) Beverly. Dwyer col.
15. Wampum, one large disc, fully f in. diameter and four cylinders from
\ in. to 1 7/16 in. long. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
16. Wampum (discs) Baby Farm, York Tp. W. Kirk wood.
* The recurrence of 28 and the lesser multiples of 7 are suggestive of lunar computation of time.
Compare IM os. 93 and 95. Even in No. 90 the markings count not more than thirty, but lack of order
and precision makes the number uncertain.
62
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
17. Solid cylinder J in. long and f in. diameter. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
PI 8. Triangular bead. Beverly. Dwyer col.
19. Bead, columellse of p. perversa, with hole through middle of side to meet
other hole from end. Beverly. Dwyer col.
20. Eight beads, cylindrical. Some of these are very beautifully made. Baby
Farm, York Tp. W. Kirkwood.
21. Pendants (two). Beverly tp. Rae collection.
22. Half of circular ornament f in. diameter and 3/16 in. thick, bored
through edgewise arid ornamented with dots round the margin as well as across. S,
23. Two triangular pieces of unio. Edges smoothed. Perforated near one
angle.
24. Two long cylindrical beads and four small ditto. The latter probably of
European manufacture. Beverly. Dwyer col.
25. Two beads (cylindrical). One 1J in. long and J in. diameter is only
bored a short distance from each end in the direction of its length, and holes are
bored from the sides near the end to meet these. Beverly. Rae col.
26. .Wampum (purple, nine pieces, discs). Nottawasaga, Lougheed col-
' lection.
27. Pendant, 2 inches long, § inch diameter. Hole bored at one end and
through corner. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
28. Two fragments of beads. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
29. Bead partly bored. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
30. String of columeila beads. Y. P. col.
31. String of columeila beads (small). Y. P. col.
32. String of wampum (disc). Y. P. col.
33. String of wampum (disc) Y. P. col.
34. String of wampum (disc). Y. P. col.
35. Unio valve, ossuary. Beverly. Dwyer col.
36. Three unio valves, ossuary. Ste. Marie. Simcoe County.
37. Large spatulate ornament, 8 in. long, 3 in. at widest and narrow-
ing to rounded end about 1J in. across. Has two holes, one near^ middle and
one near large end.
38. Ornament 2 in. long; half oval across short diameter. Hole bored
near edge in middle of short side.
39. Circular ornament about 2f in. diameter. Has a f inch hole near centre
and two small holes | in. apart, near edge.
40. Circular ornament 3f in. diameter, bored as in No. 39.
41. Half of ornament, originally larger than No. 40, bored in the same way
as No. 39.
42. Fragment of ornament Kke Nos. 39 and 40.
43. Similar to Nos. 39 and 40. Stained green, with copper.
No. 37 to 43 inclusive form part of the contents of a grave 'opened on the
east side of Blackfriar's Bridge, London, Ont., in 1849, by a Mr. John McDowell. M
44. Gouge — Barbadoes, W. I., Toronto Nat. Hist. Soc.
45. Gouge — Barbadoes, W. L, Toronto Nat. Hist, Soc.
63
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6), A, 1890
f
46. Two unio valves with large hole punched through centre of each. Cin-
'cinna'ti Nat. Hist. Soc.
47. Wampum (" cock -spur shells "). Pacific coast. D. H. Price.
48. Circular ornament, like No. 39 to 43, but without the middle hole.
Norfolk county. S.
49. Four unio valves from ash-heap. Lake Medad.
50. Is much like No. 37, but shorter and broader. Three holes are bored
across the widest part, about 1J in. from the end. This is one of a few old
gifts to the Institute but has no record.
51. Wampum (discs). Humberstone Tp. Mrs. Barney, sen.
52. Five pieces of black wampum (discs), two cylindrical and one serpentine
bead. Y. P. col.
53. Wampum — unfinished specimen, incomplete rounding and boring.
Beverly. Dwyer col.
54. Bead, 3J in. long, side broken exposing hole. Nottawasaga. Loug-
heed col.
55. Bead (cylindrical). Near Sarnia. S.
CASE K.
GOUGES.
L 1\ in. long ; width at mouth or edge, If in.; hollowed, 3f in.; tapers to
rounded head about f in. in diameter, Limestone. Western Ontario.
2. 8J in. long ; mouth, 2 in.; width in middle, 2| in; at head If in.; thick-
ness in middle, 1J in. ; hollowed 4 in. Groove flared near lip. Sides sharply cut
and narrowing rapidly towards top. York tp. James Kirkwood.
3. 7 in long; 2J wide at mouth ; scarcely any taper ; IJin. thick ; hollowed
3 inches, slightly ; head broken. Striped slate. Ancaster. William Forbes.
4. 10^ in. long; mouth rounded and If in. wide; width in middle, 2 in.,
tapering to fin. at head ; hollowed 8 in. slightly. Edges of hollowed side from
top to mouth comparatively straight. Opposite side sharply rounded trans-
versely and much curved lengthwise ; greatest thickness being If in., and taper-
ing to | in. at head. Granitic. Victoria County.
5. 5| in long; 1J in. wide, tapering slightly to head; hollowed, 2J in.;
•sides flat; f in. thick. Erin Tp. R McRae.
6. 6 in. long; width at mouth, 1| in.; at head, 1J in.; hollowed, 2f in.; 1J- in.
thick. Upper side flat ; lower rounded throughout. Granitic. Humberstone
Tp. Cyrenius Bearss.
7. 3f in long; width at mouth, 1|, tapering to rounded top about f in.
diameter ; hollowed, 2 in, slightly. Greatest thickness near head, J in. Granitic.
Adjala Tp. Mr. Connor, Toronto.
8. 6J in. long ; width at mouth, If in.; at head, 1J in. ; hollowed, 3 in., as
in No. 2. Greatest thickness, 1J- in. Compact greenstone. Near Lindsay.
64
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
9. 9 in. long ; width at mouth, 2 in No taper. Hollowed, 4 in. Head
broken. Upper side Hat, lower side rounded throughout. Blue slate. Victoria
Couuty. S.
10. 8f in. long ; width at mouth, 1| in. Lip rounded, tapers to rounded
head. Hollowed, 5 in. Greatest thickness, 1J in. Dark limestone. Chingua-
cousy Tp.
11. 9J in. long; width at mouth, If in. Tapers to rounded head. Hollowed
4 in. Sides flat, edges rounded. Greatest thickness, If in. Victoria County.
Jas. Dickson.
12. 6 Jin. long; width at mouth, 1|. Tapers to f in. * Hollowed total
length, deeply ; the edges left along the sides of the groove being only about J
in. wide. Pilkington. Tp.
13. 8J in. long; width at mouth, 2J in.; at head, 1 J ; hollowed, 3£, as
in Nos. 2 and 8; greatest thickness, If. Buff colored material, resembling litho-
graphic limestone. Near Belleville. S.
14. 7| in. long; width at mouth, 1| in.; in the middle nearly 2 in.
Tapers very slightly to rounded head. Hollowed, 3 in.; greatest thickness,
1J in. Much weathered. Granitic. No locality. Y. P. col.
15. 6 in. long ; width at mouth, 1J in. Tapers to 1 in. at flattened head.
Hollowed 3J in. Granitic. Victoria County. Jas. Dickson.
16. 6 J in. long ; width at mouth, If in. Tapers to 1J in. at flattened
head. Upper side flat, lower side rounded except near head where it is flat,
giving head a triangular look when viewed endwise. Hollowed 3J in. Greatest
thickness, 1J in. York'Tp. Jas. Kirk wood.
17. 7| in. long, and 2^ wide. Hollowed 3 in., slightly ; other portions
rounded. Blue slate. York Tp. Jas. Kirkwood.
18. 10 in. long; width at mouth, 2J in., tapering to 1 in. at head. Hollowed
from end to end, deeply ; 1J in. at lip, and J in. at head. Greatest thicknes, 1J
in. Material like No. 13. Victoria County. S.
19. 4£ in. long; width at mouth, 1J in., tapering gently to head. Hollowed
2J inches. Upper side flat, lower rounded. Head a little broken. Greatest
thickness,! in. Granitic. Pilkington Tp.
20. 14 in. long; width at mouth, If in.; at head, 1| in.; hollowed, 5
in. Lower side and both edges flat for 4 in. at mouth end, the corners only
being rounded to correspond with the groove ; all remaining portion rounded.
Limestone. No locality. John Hind.
21. 6 in. long ; width at mouth, 2 in., tapering to 1 in. at head. Hollowed,
2 in. Thickness, 1 in. Schistose slate. Western Ontario. S.
22. 3J in. long ; width at mouth, 2 in.; at head, 1 J. Hollowed slightly
from end to end. Granitic. Pickering Tp. G. Welborne.
23. 3J in. long; width at mouth, If, tapers to rough head about 1 in.
across. Hollowed slightly, 1J in. Lower side ridged. Gneiss. Pike's Farm
Wolfe Island.
24. 3J in. long ; width at mouth 1 in., tapers to J in. at head. Hollowed
deeply the whole length. Greatest thickness, \ inch. Port Perry. S.
25. 3J in. long ; width at mouth, 1 J in. Hollowed 2 in., as in Nos. 2, 8 and
13. Thickness, \ in. No locality. S.
26. 5 in. long ; width at mouth 2 in. Tapers (with slight depression
on each side mid- way) to rounded head 1£ in. Can barely be called a gouo-e
5 (c.l.) 65
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
as the hollow is scarcely J in. deep, and extends but a short distance from the
lip. Upper side flat, lower round and curved lengthwise. West Middlesex. M.
27. 7f in. long ; width at mouth 2 J in. Tapers with slightly convex sides
to rounded head about 1J in dia. Hollowed only about 1/16 in. at lip, and only
j inch at back. Upper side flat, lower round. Granite. West Middlesex M,
28. 7f in. long ; width at mouth 1 J in. A litle wider in middle. Head 1
in. dia. Hollowed slightly, 2J in. from lip, upper side flat, lower rounded and
much curved lengthwise. No locality. Y. P. col.
29. 8J in. long; width at mouth If in. Tapers to 1 in. Well rounded
head. Hollowed* 3J in. deeply. Upper side slightly rounded, lower side very
much. Immediately behind groove, but on the under side a transverse groove
has been cut for handle attachment. Granite. McGillivray Township. M.
30. 6J in. long ; width at mouth If in. Tapers to f in. at rounded head.
Hollowed slightly tor 2J in. Upper side flat. Granite. West Middlesex. M.
31. 6f in. long ; width at mouth If in. Sides convex. Head If in. Hollowed
slightly 1J inches from lip. Upper side flat. Granite. West Middlesex. M.
32. 6 in. long ; width at mouth 2J in. Tapers to rounded head 1 inch.
Hollowed deeply 2Hn. Upper side flat. Head rounded. McGillivray Township. M.
33. 4J in. long; width at mouth If in. Tapers to rough head 1J in.
Hollowed from end to end deeply. Serpentine. No locality S.
34. 5 J in. long ; width at mouth If in. Tapers rapidly to f in. at broken
head. Hollowed from end to end deeply. Thickness If in. in middle. Lowe>*
side has two sharply cut notches as if for binding to a handle. These are f in.
apart, the lower one being 3J in. from lip. They extend only half w&y round,
Brookfield, Mo. Dr. Rear, Toronto.
35. 4 in. long; width at mouth If in. Tapers to \ in. at smoothly rounded
head. Hollowed from end to end. 1 in. thick. Addington County. Dr. T. W.
Beeman, Perth. (O. L.)
36. oj in. long; width at mouth 1J in. expanding for remainder of length to
If in. Hollowed '1\ in. Thickness J in. Head rough. Lanark County Dr. T.
W. Beeman, Perth. (0. L.)
37. 6J in, long; width of mouth (which is rounded) If in. Hollowed very
slightly nearly the full length. West Middlesex. M.
38. of in. long; width of mouth If in., expands slightly and tapers to 1 J in.
at head. Hollowed 2f in. Upper and lower sides flat, with corners chamfered.
Thickness 1 in. Argillite. Humberstone Tp. Gustav Utz,
39. 8J in. long; width at moutn 1J in., enlarges behind to If in. Tapers to
rough head 1 in. Hollowed 3J in. Sherbrooke Tp. Dr. T. W. Beeman,
Perth. (O. L.)
CASE L.
STONE PIPES.
1. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
2. Nottawasaga Tp. Wm. Smith, Toronto.
3. Nottawasaga Tp. Herbert Connor.
66
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
4. Orillia. S. G. Plunkett, Toronto.
5. Albion Tp. S.
6. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
7. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
8. Sault Ste Marie. Y. P. col.
9. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
10. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
11. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
12. Eglinton, Y. Tp. York P. col.
13. Victoria Co. S.
14. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
15. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
16. Kent Co. Y. P. col.
17. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
18. Probably modern North-west. Y. P. col.
19. Newmarket. Stew. col.
20. Burlington Beach. Y. P. col.
21. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
22. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
23. Forest. S.
24. Near Milton. Finlay McCallum.
25. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
26. Modern North-West. Y. P. col.
27. Markham. S.
28. Nottawasaga Tp. Catlinite. Ed. Beecroft.
29. Modern Northwest. Catlinite. Y. P. col.
30. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
31. Beverly Tp. A. McKnight.
32. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
33. York Tp. Y. P. col.
34. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
35. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
36. Plympton. S.
37. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
38. Pembina. Manitoba. S.
39. Nottawasaga Tp. Ed. Coyle.
40. Kincardine. M.
41. Ste. Marie, Simcoe Co.
42. Stem catlinite modern North-west. York P. col.
43. West William Tp. M.
44. Wiarton. M.
67
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
45. Nottawasaga Tp. Dugald Currie.
46. London Tp. M.
47. WiartoD. M.
48. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
49. York Tp. Y. P. col.
50. Lake Moira, near Madoc. Mr. Moon.
51. Richmond Hill. Alex, and Arthur Boyle.
52. Miami valley. C, J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
53. York Co. Y. P. col.
54. Simcoe Town. S.
55. Boone Co., Kentucky U. S.
56. Pittsburg Tp. Frontenac Co. W. G. Kidd, Kingston,
57. Nottawasaga Tp. Mr. Duff.
58. Nottawasaga Tp. Herbert Connor.
59. London Tp. M.
60. Grand Bend, Sable River. M.
61. McGillivray Tp. M.
62. Bay of Quinte, (pewter or lead). Dr. T. W. Beeman (0. L.)
63. Qu'Appelle R. Valley, N, W. T. Jas. C. Stokes.
64. Dakota, U. S. (catlinite) Dr. Rear-.
65. Eglinton, Y. Tp. Y. P. col.
66. Lake Medad, (" white stone.") Y. P. col.
67. Burlington Beach. Y. P. col.
68. Pacific Coast, Brit. Columbia. Y. P. col.
69. Blood Indian (modern) Rev. John McLean.
70. Modern.
CASE M.
MAINLY OF SLATE.
Bird Amulets.
1. 5| in. long and f in. across middle of base, neck 2J in. long and only f in.
(at crown of head) above level of back. The attempt to represent a head is very
simple, the neck being sloped off at about 45° a slight downward curve on the
under side adding to beak appearance. Tail at widest part 1J in. erected at
angle and stands f in. higher than back, length of base 3 in., slightly hollowed
lengthwise and a little rounded transversely. Aurora, York Co. S.
2. 3J in. long and f in. across middle of base, which'is 2 in. long, neck erect,
crown of head 1J in. above base, head If in. long, beak from f in. deep in front
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
of eyes, to J at end. Peduncled eyes, only part of one now left, tail erect
andlf inches long from base. Base very slightly hollowed lengthwise, otherwise
flat. No locality. S.
3. 3 in. long, head and tail erected at about 45° ; from crown to tip of beak
1 in. Peduncled eyes f in. in diameter the upper portion of them rising J in.
above crown of head. Bar across base at each end and projecting about 3/16
below base. Thorndale, Perth Co. S.
4. 3J in. long, neck erect, sharp curve forming crown of head and continua-
tion of curve forming beak. Lower curve more circular, width of head from
crown to neck 1 in. Base If in. long, J in. wide and convex both ways. S.
5. 4J in. long, neck erect, crown of head If in. above base. Head formed
as in No. 4. No tail. The original hole through rear end having been broken out,
a new one has been bored coming out on the top. Base 2f in. long and f wide,
slightly convex in both directions. York Tp. (?)
[This handsome specimen was presented to the museum about three years
ago. It was handed in by the gentleman who owned it, but unfortunately
the record of its reception has been lost. Should the owner recognize it by the
above description, or by seeing it in the case, he will conf jr a favor by addressing
the curator.]
6. 3 5-16 in. long, the outline is similar to that of No. 4. Base If in. long
and | in. wide ; convex in both directions. S.
7. 4f in. long. Head and tail on line with back, except for slight depressions-
to form neck and flatten tail. Base If in. long with heavy transverse bar at each
end. From front bar to tip of beak is 1 f in. and from rear bar to end of tail 1 J
in. The tail is If in. wide. At the shoulders the specimen is 1 J in. wide whence
it narrows rapidly to tip of beak. Brantford. S.
8. 3 5/16 in. long, neck and head raised a little, tail depressed and pointed.
Base 2 in. long, If in. wide and barred. It is quite impossible to write an
intelligible description of this singular specimen. The eyes project but have no disc.
They stand out 8-16 in. from the head and terminate in a rounded end, less than
•J in. diameter. The material is huronite. Port Rowan. S.
9. 4f in. long, neck and tail almost at right angles to body. Base 2J in.
long and f in. wide. Tail If wide and If in. from base to end. The head from
crown to point of beak is 2 in. and is at right angle to neck, tapering from \ inr
to 3/16. Biddulph Tp., Middlesex. M.
10. 5f in. long, neck and tail erect and rising \ in. above back. Breast
forms nearly a right angle with base. Tail more oblique with a central rib in
continuation of sharp ridge forming the whole upper outline. Head from breast
to point of back 2J in. Tail from base 1J in. Base 3 in. long and f in. wide,,
concave lengthwise and concave across. Brown and purple veined argillite,
London Tp., Middlesex Co. M.
11. 5J in. long, neck rises high. Crown of head 2f in. above base. Head
from curve of throat to point of beak 1 in. long. Tail from base If in. and same
width as body. Base 3J in. long and 13/16 in. wide, slightly convex in both
directions. McGillivray Tp., Middlesex Co. M.
12. 3f in. long, head above base If in. Tail above base 1 in. and ribbed.
Base 2J in. long and 9/16 in. wide, convex in both diiections. Stephen Tp.,
Middlesex Co. M.
13. 4J in. long. Head rises If in. above base. Tail broken. Base 2J in.
long and 13/16 in. wide, convex and twisted a little lengthwise — slightly convex,
across. West Williams, Middlesex Co. M.
69
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 189C
14. 5J in. long. Head and neck almost on level with back, the two measur-
ing 1J in. from shoulder. Tail rises If in. above base and of same width as body.
Base 3J in. long and 1 in. wide. Front hole in base broken and no hole at rear
Angle. Base slightly convex both ways. McGillivray Tp., Middlesex Co. M.
15. 3f in. long, broken off at tail end. Form of head similar to Nos. 5 and 6.
Pale pink granite. City of London, Middlesex Co. M.
16. This specimen is in many respects of the same unusual type as No. 8, but
its condition is less perfect, both head and tail being damaged. The head fracture
has been rubbed down pretty smoothly and the angularities of the tail fracture
have been rounded off. All that remains of the left eye indicates pedimculation
but the disc is broken off. The body oval in outline, being 2 in. long and 1J in.
wide. The thickness of the body from upper to lower side is only about half an
inch. The material is the striped slate of which so many are made. East Williams,
Middlesex Co. M.
16 1 . 3f in long. Neck elevated, head horizontal, eyes peduncled; one broken;
tail almost horizontal and depressed marginally near body. Base If in. long 1J-
in. wide and barred. McGillivray Tp., Middlesex Co. M.
17. 2|- in. long. Neck almost at right angles to body, head horizontal and
-crown If in. above base. Head from centre of crown f in. and from throat f in.
long. Eyes peduncled, discs about 7/16 in. diameter. Tail rises only a little
.above horizontal. Base If in. long, 11/16 in. wide and barred. This specimen
.seems to be in an unfinished condition as the holes have not been bored through
the bars. The two extremities of the front hole have merely been marked.
Huronite. AVest Williams Tp., Middlesex Co. M.
18. 6J in. long. Neck rises with a gentle curve, beginning within 1 in. of
tail Height of crown from base 1J in. Head 14- in. long, points downwards at
.angle corresponding to rise of neck, it is 9/16 in. wide, about 3/16 in. thick, square
pointed and edge up. Eyes peduncled and projecting about f in., discs about J
in. diameter. Base 3J in. long and varying in. width from 9/16 in. in front to f-
in behind. Tail rises at sharp angle 1J in above base and is J in. wide. This
specimen is perfect in every respect and is admirably made. West Williams
Tp. M.
19. 2f in. long. Crown of head same height as tail. Tail erect almost at
right angle. Base If in. long, and f in. wide. Convex both ways. W. Muma,
Humberstone Tp.
20. 2 J in. long, Neck in line with back and head pointing downwards.
Crown surmounted with oval projection 7-16 in. long and 3-16 wide. Tail only
.a slight upward curve of back line about J in. high. Base 1 J in long and f in.
wide, convex in both directions.
21. Tail fragment. McGillivray Tp. M.
22. Head and neck of bird-amulet. Peduncled eyes. One broken off.
Upper edge of whole piece notched, A hole has been drilled through the neck
•end for secondary rise. S.
Unless where otherwise noted, all these are of striped slate, and are bored
diagonally on each end at the under side.
25. 2f in. long, 1 7/16 in. wide, and f in. thick in middle, decreasing at end
to J in. thick. Hole bored edgewise and oval, the longer diameter being on one
side f in., and on the other f in. The specimen is hammer shaped, but shows no
signs of use on ends. All the edges are square. Slate, faintly striped. Ontario. S.
70
£3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
2<\ 3J in. long, If in. wide, and J in. thick. Ovate sidewise and edgewise.
Bored One end broken. S.
27. 2| in. long, 1 in. wide and 1 in. deep. Port Rowan. S.
28. 2 in. long, 1 11/16 in. wide and 1 in. thick. Oval ; flattened at each end.
Hole 7/16 in. diameter at one end, and f at the other, bored lengthwise. Edges
of specimen rounded, and one of them bearing nineteen notches crosswise, from
J to J in. long. Striped slate. Western Ontario. S.
29. If in. diameter, and 1 J in. thick, viewed from side it is perfectly circular.
A hole | in. in diameter is bored through the longer axis. On one side and parallel
with the hole a hollow has been formed, the greatest width of which is fully one
inch. Striped slate. West Williams Tp. M.
30. 6f in. long, 1J in. wide, and 1 J in. thick in middle, ending in a blunt
point at the extremities. All the sides are rounded smoothly, and a 7/16 in. hole
is bored through greater diameter of middle. Striped slate, brown. Wingham.
S. (Perfectly symmetrical in every respect.)
31. 4f in. long, 1 J in. wide, and •§• in. thick. Finely rounded on all sides, and
pointed at each end. A f in. hole bored through middle. This specimen is
similar in shape to No. 30, but one side is less curved than the opposite. Striped
slate. Norfolk Co.
32. 3| in. long, 1J in. wide, and f in. thick, tapering to point at each end.
Hole J in. diameter, bored through shorter diameter of middle. Brown striped
and mottled slate. Caradoc Township. M.
Winged and Horned Specimens.
33. 5 in. long across tips of curved horns which are knobbed at ends, 1J
in. deep in middle through which a f in. hole is bored. Not quite symmetrical.
Slate ; weathered. Plympton Tp. S.
34. Of in, from tip to tip of horns, which are terminated in handsome oval
knobs. Depth in middle If in. Hole 7/16 in. diameter. Same type as No. 33,
but smoothly finished and perfect in symmetry. Zone Tp. S.
35. 5f in. from tip to tip of wings, which are flattened in line with the hole,
nearly 7/16 in. in diameter in middle, which is f in. deep. The wings are curved
to one side f in. beyond the centre, and on the opposite side are two projections,
each about f in. from centre of hole, and extending fully the same distance
beyond the body in the centre. One wing is a little longer and more pointed
than the other. Light gray slate. Lake shore, Norfolk Co. S.
36. 6|- in. across horns, which terminate in oval knobs sharply ridged on
outer surface. Depth in middle 1 J in. Dark striped slate. Specimen closely
resembles No. 34, but has been broken across the hole and cemented. Highly
finished. Forest. S.
37. 5 1 in. across wings, which are flattened in line with hole through the
middle, which is If in. deep. The wings are about If in. wide at the broadest
part, and not more than f in. thick where they join the central portion, which is
flat sided and rises with sharply marked shoulders above the sides of the wings.
The thickness of the central portion is less than an inch, and the hole is f in. in
diameter on one side, and slightly less on the other. Brown argillite. Wingham. S.
38. 3 J in. long, and 2 J in. wide, irregularly quadrangular. Wings full breadth,
—ends have been broken off1 and rubbed down again. This has been effected by
71
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
some one recently, as the rubbing has been done to produce a sharp edge. A
squarely cut notch J in. deep and the same width is made on one side where the
hole comes out. Hole f in. diameter at this end, and \ in. diameter at the other.
Striped slate. Port Perry. S.
39. 3J in. long, and 3 in. wide. One wing much damaged. Notched in-
middle at extremities of hole, which is about f in. diameter. One notch J in.
deep, and one 1 in. deep. Specimen has been broken across hole and cemented.
Slate. S.
40. 4J by 4J in. Each wing forms half of a six sided figure. Notches in
middle between wings 1J inch deep. The hole has been bored through the
entire width before the notches were made, Has been broken and cemented.
One side of eye lost. One side of each wing injured. Wings less than J in. thick.
Brown slate. Y. P. col.
41. 4J in. long, and o 3/16 in. wide. Outline approximately oval. Hole f
in. diameter. One notch -J in. deep, and one f in. deep. Notches made after
boring. Wings near middle about \ in. thick. Striped slate. Blanshard Town-
ship. M.
50. 3| in. long, 3J- in. wide. Has been almost circular in outline when
perfect. One wing broken. Notches between wings about f in. deep, and as they
are | in. wide, the hole being only f in. diameter, it is not possible to tell whether
they were made before or after the boring. Striped slate. Mound in Perry Co.,.
Ohio.
43. 4f inch long, and 2J in. wide. Approximately oval in outline. Wings
-f in. thick near middle. No notches. Hole 7/16 in. diameter at one side, and a
little over 5/16 at the other. Striped slate. McGillivray Tp. M.
44. 5J in. long, and 1J in. wide. Outline a long oval, somewhat pointed at
the ends. Hole f in. diameter. One side weathered. Brown striped slate tinged
with blue. East Williams Tp. M.
45. 3J in. long, and 2J in. wide. Outline oval. Hole 3-16 in. diameter.
Notches | in. deep and made after boring. At point of one wing a circular
depression 7/16 in. long and \ in. deep has been made. McGillivray Tp. M.
46. 3 f in. long, and If in. wide. Hole 5/16 in. diameter. Two half round
depressions less than \ in. deep take the place of notches. Wings thick in pro-
portion to size. Ends chipped as if used for hammering. Dark striped slate.
McGillivray Tp. M.
47. 4-J in. long, and 1J in. wide. Butterfly outline. Hole on more rounded
side \ in. diameter ; on the other under | in. diameter. Striped slate. East
Williams Tp.
48. 5 J in. long, and 2J in. wide. Outline a pointed oval. Hole f in. diameter
at one end, and J in. nearly at the other. No notches. Striped slate. West
Williams Tp. JV1.
49. 4| in. long, and 3 in. wide. One wing is nearly an inch shorter than the
other, and has been re-worked. Hole f in. diameter. Only one side notched If
in. deep. Striped slate. Biddulph Tp. M.
51. 2J in. long, and If in. wide. Wings triangular. Point of one broken.
Hole about f in. diameter, and walls very thin. Notches f in. deep. A sharp
ridge rises on the sides of the hole, and in line with it, making diameter across
centre f in. This is the smallest specimen of its kind in the collection. Striped
slate. Vaughan Tp. Dr. Orr, Maple.
72
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
52. In outline like a pipe, but the hole (which is oval) pierces the "head" in-
line with the " stem." Upper edge of what may be called stem slightly grooved
in continuation of curve made by lower side of hole. Stem 2J in. long. Upper
side | in. wide at angle and tapering to j- in. at point. Lower side brought to a.
rounded edge. Head 2J in. deep, f in. thick, and 1J in. wide in direction
of stem. Hole 11-16 by 5-16 in. diameter. Brown striped slate. No
locality. S.
55. Fragment of a peculiar specimen, having apparently had two large and
two small incurved wings. S.
56. Fragment of horned specimen. The horn rises in a curve almost in line with
the hole. Simcoe Town. S.
5J. One half of specimen like No. 30. Caradoc Tp. M.
59. One half of specimen similar to No. 57. M.
Tubes.
62. SJxlfxl in. Striped slate. Forest. S.
63. 2£xljxlin. Striped slate. Norfolk Co. S.
64. 2f xlfxlj in. Slate. Norfolk. S.
65. 5f in. long, and If in. diameter, perfectly round. Hole f in. dia.
This is a fragment of what is said to have been a tube at one time upwards of a.
foot in length. The material appears to be a fine close-grained limestone,
resembling somewhat German lithographic stone, but darker. It takes a good
polish. Mr. Galbraith, the gentleman who handed it in, said he remembered
seeing it when whole. Unfortunately the record of its locality has been lost.
Perhaps this notice will meet the gentleman's eye.
66. 6f xljxl 1-16 in. Hole f in diameter at one end and 5-16 at the other.
Sides rounded. Cross section oval. Slate. Beverly Township. Miss Jessie
Robertson, Valens.
67. 7f in. long. Almost round and tapering slightly from f in. to f in.
diameter. Hole \ in. diameter at larger end, and f at the other. Slate. S.
68. 4 in. long, and 1J in. dia. at larger end, tapering to an oval of 1 in.
x!3-16 in. at the other end. Hole is flared at large end to nearly full dia.
of tube. At small end it is also somewhat enlarged, being J in. dia. at the
tip, and barely f in., half an inch in. The material is much like that of No. 65,
but lighter in color. Wolfe Island.
69. 8J in. long, 1J in. dia. Almost perfectly round. One end slightly
larger than main body, measuring nearly \\ in. Hole as in No. 68. Material
similar, but darker in color, darker even than No. 65.
70. 3| in. long, f in. dia. Broken. Slate. West Williams Tp. M.
71. 4| in. long, 1 in. x If in. dia. in middle. Sides rounded and tapering
with convexity to about f in. dia. at smaller end which is broken. Hole
decreases from f to f in. Striped slate. McGillivray Tp. M.
72. 5 in. long, and f in. dia. Two sides flattened and two rounded.
Striped slate. McGillivray Tp. M.
73. 4 in. long, and 1J in. wide. Longitudinal fragment ; shows side of hole
McGillivray Tp. M.
73
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 0). A. 1890J
Bar Amulets.
_
20. 3.f in. long, 1J in. wide, and 1J deep. Cross section triangular. Bosanquet
Tp. M.
21. 3J in long. Base 9/16 in. wide, depth J in. Boring of holes at each end
incomplete. Scotland Village. S.
22. 3 in. long. Base nearly f in. wide. Depth | in. Both ends fractured
on upper side. St. Mary's. S.
23. 3f in. long , nearly 1 J- in. wide, and f in. deep. Cross section semi-circular.
West Williams Tp. M.
53. 3 in, long, f in. wide, and f in. deep. Higher in middle than at ends ;
ends collared. No locality. Y. P. col.
24 4f in. loner, f in. wide at ends, less in middle. \ in. deep. McGillivray
Tp. M.
74. 4| in. long. Greatest dia. If in. Hole f in. dia., bored If deep as if
intended for a tube. Smaller end only about 1 in. diameter. Striped slate.
West Williams Tp. M.
75. 4-f in. long, If in. wide, and 1 in. thick. Sides rounded. Smaller at each
end than in the middle. Striped slate. London Tp. M.
76. 3-J in. long, and about J in. dia. Broken at each end, Sides slightly
rounded. Hole shows longitudinal markings deeply cut. Striped slate. Blanshard
Tp. M.
77. 3f in. long, 1§ in. wide. One side splintered but leaving hole intact.
Sides rounded. Striped slate Biddulph Tp. M.
84. Fragment of object like No. 52. This specimen is less in size than No.
52. but has been much more handsomely made. Striped slate. Biddulph Tp. M.
85. 6J in. long, fully 1 in. wide, and f in. thick. Viewed from the edge it
tapers to a point at each end. Viewed from the side the two edges are almost
parallel. The ends are slightly hollowed, but the sides are perfectly flat. A f
in. hole pierces it edgewise in the middle. Under side weathered, but on the
whole a beautiful specimen. Western Ontario. S.
86. Similar in almost every particular to No. 85, except that the ends are
more deeply hollowed. Perth Co. P. R. Jarvis.
CASE N.
GORGETS OR TABLETS — Two OR MORE HOLES.
The specimens in cases N and O are, almost without exception, made from
slate. They vary very much both in size and shape. They appear to be con-
siderably more plentiful in the western than in the eastern portion of the pro-
vince. In many instances it is easy to believe that these were worn as gorgets or
breast-plates, but in other specimens, especially some of those in case N, the
number and position of the holes would seem to indicate a different use. One
tablet has had as many as seven holes bored through it, some of them close to
the edges and now partly broken off, others near the middie, and all apparently
without any regularity.
74
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
1. St. Thomas. S.
2. Fingal. S.
3. No record. S.
4. Sarnia Tp. S.
5. Gait. S.
6. Orillia. S.
7. No record. S.
8. Caradoc Tp. S.
9. Near Stratford. S.
10. No record. York P. col.
11. St. Mary's. S.
12. No record. S.
13. Near^Norwich. S.
14. Exeter. S.
15. London Tp. S.
16. Pilkington Tp.
17. Plympton Tp. S.
18. No record. S.
19. Eramosa Tp.
20. Owen Sound. S.
21. No record. S.
22. No record. S.
23. No record. S.
:24. No record. S.
25. West Williams Tp. M.
-26. McGillivray Tp. M.
27. McGillivray Tp. M.
28. West Williams Tp. M.
29. Thedford Tp. M.
30. West Williams Tp. M.
31. McGillivray Tp. M.
32. West Williams Tp. M.
33. West Williams Tp. M.
54. McUillivray Tp. M.
35. West Williams Tp. M.
36. West Williams Tp. M.
37. McGillivray Tp. M.
38. West Williams Tp. M.
39. McGillivray Tp. M.
40. Caradoc Tp. M.
41. Biddulph Tp. M.
75
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 189Q
42. Middlesex Co. M.
43. McGillivray Tp. M.
44. Biddulph Tp. M.
45. East Williams Tp. M.
46. Biddulph Tp. M.
47. West Williams Tp. M.
48. West Williams Tp. M.
49. McGillivray Tp. M.
50. Middlesex Co. M.
51. McGillivray Tp. M.
52. Near Lindsay. S,
53. Near Lindsay. S.
54. St. Thomas. S.
55. McGillivray Tp. M.
56. Hamilton Co. O., W. K. Moorehead.
57. Stephen Tp. M.
58. No record. S.
59. No record. S.
60. No record. S.
61. No record. Y. P. col.
62. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence.
63. Biddulph Tp. M.
64. No record.
65. Miami Valley, 0., 0. J. B. Ratjen.
66. Miami Valley, 0., 0. J. B. Ratjen.
67. Miami Valley, O., C. J. B. Ratjen.
68. Miami Valley, 0., C. J. B. Ratjen.
69. Lee Co. Va., Ky., Geol. Sur., Frankfort.
CASE 0.
GORGETS OR TABLETS — ONE HOLE.
1. Western Ontario. S.
2. Western Ontario. Notched at one end. S.
3. Imly City, Mich., U. S. S.
4. Western Ontario. S.
5. Jarvis, Norfolk Co. S.
6. Western Ontario. S.
7. Western Ontario. S.
8. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
76
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
9. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
10. NearCobourg. S.
11. Western Ontario. S.
12. Moore Tp. S.
13. Exeter. S.
14. Near Gait. S.
15. Western Ontario. S.
16. Guelph Tp.
17. York Tp. Y. P. col.
18. Western Ontario. S.
19. Western Ontario. S.
20. No record. Y. P. col.
21. Western Ontario. S.
22. Forest. S.
23. Western Ontario. S.
24 McGillivray Tp. M.
25. Biddulph Tp. M.
26. McGillivray Tp. M.
27. London City. M.
28. West Williams. M.
29. West Williams. M.
30. McGillivray Tp. M.
31. Biddulph Tp. M.
32. Caradoc Tp. M.
33. McGillivray Tp. M.
34. Bosanquet Tp. M.
35. West Williams Tp. M.
36. West Williams Tp. M.
37. Middlesex Co. M.
38. McGillivray Tp. M.
39. McGillivray Tp. M.
40. McGillivray Tp. M.
41. McGillivray Tp. M.
42. Biddulph Tp. M.
43. McGillivray Tp. M.
44. Caradoc Tp. M.
45. Blanshard Tp. M.
46. West Williams Tp. M.
47. McGillivray Tp. M.
48. Biddulph Tp. M.
49. Stephen Tp. M.
77
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
50. West Williams Tp. M.
51. Humberstone Tp. Wilson.
52. Weston, Ontario. S.
53. Weston, Ontario. S.
54 Weston, Ontario. S.
55. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
56. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
57. Weston, Ontario. S.
58. Wolfe Island.
59. Wolfe Island.
60. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
61. Wolfe Island.
62. McGillivray Tp. M.
63. No record.
64. Caradoc Tp. M.
65. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
66. Miami Valley. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
CASE P.
COPPER AND HEMATITE.
Hematites.
1. 2J x 1 J. Hartford city, Mason Co., West Virginia. W. K. Moorehead,
2. 3J x 2J. Locust Creek, Linn Co., Mo. Dr. Rear, Toronto.
3. 2f x If. Brookfield, Mo. Dr. Rear.
4. Brookfield, Mo. Dr. Rear.
5. Linn Co., Mo. Dr. Rear.
6. Sinker or plummet 1 J x f in. Near Columbus, 0., C. D. Pettibone, Cin-
cinnati, 0.
Native Copper.
1. Chisel with socket for handles. Total length 4f in. Width at lip If in.
Manitoulin Island. Mr. Yellowlees.
2. Axe 4J in. long, 2J in. wide at lip, and tapering to 1 J in. at head. Great-
est thickness about f in. Brantford. S.
3. Axe or chisel 4 in. long, 2j in. wide at lip, and tapering to f in. at head.
Greatest thickness 5/16 in. Tremont Park, Tidd's Island, Gananoque. C. A. See.
3. Axe or chisel, 6 in. long, 1^ in. wide at lip, and tapering with convex sides
to | in. at head. Greatest thickness J in. Beverly. J. Humphrey, Troy.
5. Spear-head 6J in. long, 1 in. at widest, and about 5/16 in. thick in middle.
Has tine for insertion in handle.
78
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
6. Spear-head, 7£ in. long, and If in at widest, with tine 2 in. long. Great-
est thickness of blade 3/16 in. Brantford. S.
7. Spear-head, or knife, 4 in. long. Widest part of blade 1 1/16 in. Greatest
thickness £ in. Has a neck for attachment to handle. Neck J in. long
with a projection at each lower angle to aid in holding place in shaft. Rice:
Lake. S.
8. Spear-head with socket. Total length 5J in. Blade 3 in. long, f in. at
widest part, and ^ in. thick. Near Toronto. S.
9. Spear-head or knife of in. long with tine. Greatest width of blade | in.
and about J in. thick. No locality. S.
10. Fragment of knife, 2| in. long. No locality. S.
11. Knife with tine. Total length 3| in. Blade 2 in. long and 1 in. wide —
thinned on one edge only. No locality. S.
12. Knife with tine. Total length 7| in. Blade 5-|- in. long. Greatest
width 1 3/10 in., and although thinned on both edges, has only one made to cut.
The cutting edge is convex as the result of the greater thinning, and the back is
correspondingly hollow. The shape of this knife is suggestive of a European
model. Beverly. James Rae.
13. Bracelet, 2 in. dia., and from J in. to 3/16 in. thick. Cross section a
flattened oval, the longer dia. being in the plane of the circle. Rice Lake. S.
14. Bracelet and fragment; sheet copper coiled in tubular form and bent.
No locality. Y. P. col.
15. Spear-head with tine. Total length 5f in. Blade 4 in. long, 1 in. at
widest, J in. thick, and smoothly finished to double edges. Tine round. London.
Tp. M.
16. Spear-head with small socket. Total length 9 in. Blade 7J in. long, If
in. at widest, and J in. thick. Burford. M.
17. Axe or chisel, 4f in. long. Thinned at both ends. One end roughly so,
as if for insertion in a handle. Width of lip 1J in., of handle end 1J in.
Greatest thickness J in. This specimen contains a speck of native silver.
Biddulph. M.
18. Axe or chisel, 5J in. long. Width at lip If in., tapering to f in. at head.
Greatest thickness J in. Noncon Island, Lake Scugog. A. F. Chamberlain.
19. Bead f in. long and | in. dia. Has been bent to form a hole. London
City. M.
20. Nine copper heads on piece of hide as attached originally. Tremont
Park, Tidd's Island.
21. Pendant, triangular 2% in. long. Eye at wide end, which is 1 in. wide
Wolfe Island.
22. Small bead, coiled, 5/16 in. long, and £ in. dia. Caradoc. S.
23. Double-pointed awl or needle 4J in. long; 3/16 in. dia. in middle.
24. Half of button, lj in. dia. Mound, Ross. Co., Ohio. W. K. Moorehead.
25. Spear-head' 6| in. long, tined, £ in. at the widest, and about 3/16 in.
thick. A strong rib forms the centre of the blade on each side. Dr. Beeming,
Perth. (0. L.) '
26. One hundred and four copper beads from J in. to J in. dia., and three
pendant spikes about 3 in. long. Pike's Farm, Wolfe Island.
.79
53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
27. Spike or spear 12 J in. long, fxf in. in middle, and tapering to fiat
points at each end. Sides bquare North bank of River Kaminstiquia at Fort
William. Capt. J. S. Smith.
28. A.xe or adze with socket. Total length 5J in. Width at lip 2|, at end
•of socket 3| in. The edges are turned almost the whole length to form the
socket, but 2 in. from the lip the material is flattened by " shouldering " to form
.a blade. This implement has the appearance of having been made in a swage.
North bank of Kaminstiquia River at Fort William. Capt. J. S. Smith.
29. Axe 6J in. long, with beaver-skin in which it was wrapped. Pt.
Mamainse, Lake Superior.
30. Spike ; round ; 8f in. long, f in. wide. ^Pointed at one end and chisel-edged
at the other. Near London, Ont.
CASE Q.
MOSTLY OF UNKNOWN USE.
1. Fifteen brown stone beads from half an inch to three inches long. York
.P. col.
2. String of blood-stone beads. Y. P. col.
3. Five brown stone beads. Y. P. col.
4. Six blood-stone beads. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
5. Eight brown stone beads. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
6. Five brown stone beads. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
7. One large brown stone bead. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
8. One large brown stone bead. Saskatoon, N.W.T. M.
9. Five blood-stone beads. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
10. Circular, thin and flat brown slate, nearly 1 in. dia. with eight small
holes round margin, one larger than the others as if used for suspension — one
small hole in centre. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
11. Small flat brown stone pendant (?) Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col. .
12. Steatite bead, two fragments of steatite objects and one of limestone.
Wolfe 'island.
13. Hawaiian sling-stone, Helia, Oahu, Sandwich Isles. St. Mary's Insti-
tute, Dayton, O.
14. Carved head, perhaps a wolf's; limestone. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed col.
15. Finely carved human head 1J in. long. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
16. Bird's head and neck, broken from some large object. Nottawasaga Tp.
Lougheed col.
17. If in. long, profile of beaver in blue slate. Nottawasaga Tp. Lougheed
.col.
18. Profile of quadruped in brown slate about 1J in. long. Nottawasaga Tp.
Lougheed col.
19. Circular, conical (with flattened apex) striped slate If in. dia. and 1J in.
high. Burford Village. S.
80
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1800
20. A hollowed conical stone "2 J in. dia. and 1J in. deep outside measurement
Outside smooth and shows a laminated structure. Bottom of hollow smoother
than sides. Near Woodstock. S.
21. Light blue slate depressed cone ; 2J in. dia. and 1-J in. high. Not hollowed.
" God's Country," Hamilton Co., 0. W. K. Moorehead, Washington. D. C.
22. A light oval (pumice-like) stone 2J in. long, 2J in. wide and 1 in. thick
in middle. A 5/16 in. hole goes through the centre, side wise. McGillivray Tp.
M.
23. Slate implement 5J in. long and from 1J to 2 in. wide. Thin and
shaped like a knife blade. One end fractured within f in., of which a small
oblique hole is bored. Withrow Avenue, Toronto.
24. Perhaps a "slick- stone"; slate. Caradoc Tp. M.
25. Perhaps a " slick-stone." No locality. S.
26. Pointed instrument of slate 5f in. long, roughly rounded and tapering to
a narrow chisel point j- in. wide. Greatest dia. about f in. Large end broken.
Tremont Park, Tidd's Isl. C. A. See.
27. Fragment of pointed weapon 5J in. long, two sides rounded and smooth,
two flat and rough. Large end broken. Dia. at large end 1 in. S.
28. Dark slate 6J in. long and f x f in. in middle. Three sides flat, one
rounded. Tapers to blunt point at each end. Norfolk Co. S.
29. Striped slate 4f in. long, 1 in. wide and f in. thick in middle. Three
sides nearly flat and slightly convex lengthwise. Fourth side much rounded and
bevelled towards each end. With flat side up has a square-ended canoe look.
West Williams. M.
30. Light colored striped slate 5J in. long, much like No. 29 except that the
bevelled side is not rounded trans versety. Two holes If in. apart, and 1J in.
from each end, have been bored from the straight to bevelled side. Dia. on upper
side 5/16 in. and on lower side barely J in. East Williams Tp. S.
31. Dark striped slate, 4f in. long, similar in outline to Nos. 29 and 30, but
deeper in proportion to length, and deeply hollowed from end to end. Two holes
are bored through the hollowed and opposite sides, one 1J in. and the other 13/16
from the end. Holes have been bored from both sides. Nissouri Tp. S.
32. Light brown double horned or winged stone, 2J in. long— with a groove
surrounding the middle. Boone Co., Ky.
33. 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38 are similar in outline, -although of different kinds
of stone. They are from 2 in. to 3 J in. long, flat, with two rounded sides termin-
ating in points. No. 34 differs from the others in having two holes through it.
Except No. 37, these all came from Noncon Isl., L. Scugog. A. F. Chamberlain.
No. 37 is from Tremont Park, Tidd's Island. C. A. See.
39. Small light blue slate pointed implement. Tremont Park Tidd's Island
C. A. See.
40. Pointed slate implement with notched end as for a string. The point
was broken off when being taken out of the mound. Tremont Park Tidd's
Island. C. A. See.
41. Small slate object like No. 52, case M. Newmarket. S.
42. Plummet-like stone, 2f in. long and If in. dia. Egg-shaped with small
knot at one end, McGillivray Tp. M.
6 (c. i.) ' 81
58 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
43. A black pebble grooved. This is a doubtful specimen, as the groove is
apparently the result of weathering on a soft micaceous vein. Victoria Co.
Dickson col.
44. Half of a notched stone. The specimen is oval and the notch is cut a
little obliquely round the longer diameter. Miami Valley, O. Dr. Craig, Law-
renceburg. See No. 90.
45. Small brown pebble If in. long and J in. wide with notch cut round the
middle. Aurora, Ind. J. L, Kassebaum, Aurora, Ind.
46. Water- worn pebble 3 in. long and 2J in. wide, hollowed. The hollow
has probably been deepened artificially, and the specimen may be called a paint-
mill, or paint-cup. Miami Valley. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
47. Small limestone paint cup (?) Miami Valley. Dr. Collins, Lawrence-
burg, Ind.
48. Limestone paint cup (?) West Williams Tp. M.
49. Slate 4J in. long and f in. wide, J in. thick, ends broken. Victoria, Brit.
Columbia. Jas. Johnson, Vancouver.
50. Fragment of a slate implement Victoria, Brit. Columbia. Jas. Johnson,.
Vancouver.
51. Cast of the Cincinnati Tablet. Robt. Clarke, Cincinnati, 0.
52. Cast of the Clarke Tablet. Waverly, 0. Robt. Clarke, Cincinnati, O.
54. Mottled slate 8J in. long, nearly 1| in. wide in middle, where it is also
f in. thick. At each end it is \ in. thick. Between the middle and ends it is
reduced in beautifully regular curves on one side to f in. The same side is
smoothly rounded transversely, making a sharp angle with the lower side, which
is very smooth and perfectly straight. Cobourg. S.
55. Brown stone bead. Nottawasaga. Herbert Conner.
56. Three brown stone beads. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
78. Round and tapering fragment of stone implement 5| in. long. Greatest
dia. 1J in. McGillivray Tp. M.
79. Black slate 4-f in. long, f in. wide, f in. thick, three sides flat, one
rounded both ways. Ends thin. Caradoc Tp. M.
80. Striped slate 5| in. long and 9/16 thick. Pointed ; one side flat, others
rounded. 2| in. from point is a portion If in. long, 1J in. wide and f- in. thick,
forming a flattened bulb. Near Hamilton, Butler Co., 0. W. K. Moorehead.
81. Brown veined slate 6 in. long, If in. wide in middle, whence it decreases
by curved sides to f in. wide at each end. About f in. thick. One side flat, on
which If in. apart and equi-distant from the centre, lengthwise, are the begin-
nings of two holes. Shelby Co., O. Prof. Moritz Fischer, Frankfort, Ky.
82. 5J in. long, similar to No. 81. (No holes). Mason Co., W. Virginia. W.
K. Moorehead.
83. Gray slate, 4J in. long. Dia. at widest 1 in. and at thickest J in. Re-
sembles No. 80, but is pointed at both ends and the bulb is more elongated.
Point of longer end broken. Near Hartford, Mason Co., W. Virginia. W. K.
Moorehead.
84. Dark veined slate, 5f in. long, 1 in. wide and f in. thick in middle.
Three sides flat, one rounded and bevelled to each end. A shallow groove goes
round two adjoining sides. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
82
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
85. Brown slate 3f in. long. Greatest dia. If in. 2f in. from widest part
to one end, may be regarded as the body of some animal. The other end is the
unfinished head and neck. Miami Valley, C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
86. Granite, 3 in. long. Much like No. 31. One end broken. The one hole
remaining has been bored from the hollowed side. Miami Valley. C. J. B.
Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
87. Sandstone, 2f in. long, 2J in. wide and J in. thick in middle. Oval.
Edge has twenty-two deep sharply angular notches. Hole through smaller end.
Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
88. Quartzite, 2 in. long, 1J in. dia. Plummet-like. No knob on smaller
end. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
89. Conglomerate, 2J in. long, 1 j- in. dia. Plummet-like. Grooved round
small end to form knob. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
90. Sandstone, 2J in. long, If in. wide and 1£ in. thick. Flat on one side.
The rest of the surface rounded. A groove along the rounded side in the direc-
tion of longer axis. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
91. Close-grained, mottled, argillite. 6-J in. long, 1 in. wide and f in. thick
at largest. Tapers on two sides to a chisel point at one end, and on three sides
to a pick-point at the other. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
92. Slate, of in. long, 1J in. wide at one end and J in. wide at the other.
About J in. thick. Edges rounded. Hole bored 1 in. from small end. Large end
bevelled from both sides to an edge. Miami Valley. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrence-
burg, Ind.
With the exception of the beads, it is impossible in the present state of
knowledge to give suitable names with certainty to the objects in this case.
Many of them also are indescribable for want of space.
CASE R.
CLAY PIPES
1. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
2. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
3. Highland Creek. Y. P. col.
4. Lake Medad.
5. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
6. Eramosa.
7. Beverly. Dwyer col.
8. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
9. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
10. No record. Y. P. col.
11. Beverly. Dwyer coL
12. No report. Y. P. col.
13. No report. Y. P. col.
83
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890!
p
14. Beverly. Dwyer.
15. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
16. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
17. No record. Y. P. col.
18. Forest. S.
19. Holland Landing. S.
20. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
21. Vaughan.
22. No record. Y. P. col.
23. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
24. Ste. Marie. Simcoe Co.
25. Beverly. Dwyer col.
26. Beverly. Dwyer col.
27. Nottawasaga. Lougheed. col. (2)
28. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (2)
29. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
30. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
31. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
32. Orillia. L. Hayden, Toronto.
33. York Tp. B. Jackes, Toronto.
34. Beverly. Jas. Rae.
35. Beverly. Jas. Rae.
36. No record.
37. York Tp. B. Jackes, Toronto.
38. Near Lake Simcoe. S.
39. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
40. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
41. No record. Y. P. col.
42. Nottawesaga. Lougheed col.
43. No record. Y. P. col.
44. No record. Y. P. col.
45. Nottawasaga. Lougheed.
46. No record. Y P. col.
47. Onentisati. Simcoe Co.
48. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
49. Orillia. Basil R. Rowe.
50. No record. Y. P. col.
51. No record. Y. P. col.
52. No record. Y. P. col.
53. York Tp. B. Jackes.
54. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
84
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6),
A. 1890
55. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
56. Eglinton, York Tp. Y. P. col.
57. Eglinton, York Tp. B. Jackes.
58. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
59. Onentisafci. Simcoe Co.
60. No record. Y. P. col.
61. Ste. Marie. Simcoe Co.
62. York Tp. B. Jackes.
63. McGillivray Tp. M.
64. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (3)
65. Lake Medad. C. Macpherson.
66. Onentisati. Simcoe Co.
67. Beverly. Dwyer col.
68. Penetanguishene. F. A. Benson.
69. York Tp. B. Jackes.
70. No record. Y. P. col.
71- Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (2)
72. Ste. Marie. Simcoe Co.
73. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
74. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
75. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
76. No record. Y. P. col.
7/. No record. Y. P. col.
78. No record. Y. P. col.
144. Lambton Mills, York Tp.
CASE S.
CLAY PIPES.
79. York Tp. J.
80. Nottawasaga.
81. Nottawasaga.
82. Nottawasaga.
83. Nottawasaga.
84. Nottawasaga.
85. Nottawasaga.
86. Nottawasaga.
87.
88. Nottawasaga.
Kirkwood.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col. (Human face, elongated.)
(Owl's head from lip of bowl.)
(Human face, open mouth.)
(Human face.)
(Human face.)
(Human face.)
(Human face, elongated.)
Lougheed col. (Human face.)
85
53 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 6).
A. 18£0
Onentisati. Simcoe Co. (Eagle's head on lip.)
Beverly. Jas. Rae. (Snake's head.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Owl's head.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Two human faces from bowl.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Spiral coil round bowl.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (2 birds' heads from pipes.)
Near L Simcoe. S. (Double human face, forward and backward.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Human face.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Square mouth.)
Onentisati. Simcoe Co. (Square mouth.)
Ste. Marie. Simcoe Co. (Square mouth.)
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Square mouth.)
(Square mouth.)
(Square mouth.)
(Square mouth.)
(Square mouth.)
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
- 109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
edge.)
118.
119.
120,
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
Nottawasaga.
Nottawasaga.
Nottawasaga.
Lake Medad.
Victoria Co.
Victoria Co.
Victoria Co.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed col.
Lougheed. col.
C. Macpherson.
Dicksori col.
Dickson col.
Dickson col.
Ancaster. J. E. McCrimmon.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
York Tp. George Miller.
York Tp. George Miller.
York Tp. George Miller.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. Ed. Coyle. (Human face.)
<< a «
Nottawasaga. Thos. White. (Fragment diagonally marked on upper
(Human form, head broken.)
(Fox's head ?)
(Oval curve.)
(Stem of pipe like 118.)
(Square mouth.)
(Square mouth.)
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga, David Melville.
Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Human face elongated,)
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. David Melville.
Nottawasaga. Mr. Doner.
Nottawasaga. Herbert Conner.
Nottawasaga. Dugald Currie.
Nottawasaga. Thos. White.
Nottawasaga. Thos. White.
86
(Square mouth.)
63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
132. Nottawasaga. Thos. White.
133. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Human figure, broken.)
134
135. Lake Medad. Mr. Lillycrop. (Human face from pipe.)
136. Nottawasaga. David Melville. (Human face from pipe
137. Nottawasaga. Herbert Conner.
138. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
139. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
140. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col. (Dog's head.)
141. Lake Medad. Luke Mullock.
142. Nottawasaga. Herbert Conner.
143. Nottawasaga. Herbert Conner.
144. (See case R.)
145. Lake Medad. Luke Mullock.
146. Nottawasaga. Thos. White. (Human face.)
147. Humberstone Tp. Cyrenius Bearss. (Small-)
148. Humberstone Tp. Cyrenins Bearss.
149- Humberstone Tp. Cyrenius Bearss.
150. Humberstone Tp. Isaac Bearss.
151. Dumfries Tp. Jas. G. Caven.
152. York Tp. Geo. Miller.
153. Amberly Tp. Win. Welsh. (Square mouth, fragment.)
154. Tremont Park, Tidd's Islands. C. A. See. (Stem.)
155. Eglinton, York Tp. W. G. Long. (Long stem.)
156. Nottawasaga. Snake head. Angus Bitie.
This case contains also a large number of stems from various localities.
CASE T.
Discs.
1 to 6. Six discoidal stones (varying from 2J to 3J in. in diameter) said to
have been used in playing a game by rolling them along the ground, opponents
-aiming missiles at them when in motion, and bets being made as to where they
would stop, or which side would lie uppermost. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
7 to 12. Six small discoidal stones. The smallest f of an in. in diameter
and the largest 2J. No. 9 is marked by four lines cut on both sides, crossing
each other near the centre and extending to the margin. Geo. Lougheed, Notta-
wasaga.
12J and 13. Two stones apparently in preparation for discs. Originally they
were water- worn, but there are evidences of manipulation by pecking on the
flattened sides. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
14 Rude or unfinished disc. Both sides hollowed as if to aid in grasping.
Edges of stone not circular. Natural Hist. Soc. Brookville, Ind.
87
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I
15. Discoidal stone, 4 in. in dia., well hollowed on both sides. S.
16. Discoidal stone unfinished ; 3f in. dia., sides hollowed, but periphery not
made quite circular. From New York State. Moses JBarrowman, Buffalo.
17. Small discoidal stone If in. dia., hollowed on both sides. From Ohio,
U.S. Nat. Hist. Soc. Cincinnati, O.
18. Discoidal stone 2£ in. dia., hollowed on sides. S.
19. Discoidai stone, 2J in. dia., flat sides. " Used in a Hawaiian game —
the object being to see who could roll it furthest on a smooth path." The spe-
cimen is interesting as being so like many found in Canada and the United
States. Hawaii, Sandwich Islands. Rev. Bro. Joseph, St. Mary's Academy,
Dayton, O.
20. Discoidal stone 2-J in. dia., sides flat. Ste. Marie, Simcoe Co., Ont.
21 to 25. Discoidal stones, 1J in. to 1| in. dia., sides flat, 21 and 25 perforated
in the centre. From York Tp. W. G. Long, Lansing, York Tp.
26. Discoidal stone, 1-J in. dia.. sides convex. From West Virginia, U. S.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Brookville, Ind.
27. Discoidal stone, 1J in. dia., sides flat. Perforated. From Goose Lake,
near L. Simcoe. S.
28. Discoidal stone, 2J in. in dia., both sides concave. Miama Valley, near
Lawrenceburg. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
29. Discoidal stones, 2J in, in dia., both sides deeply concave. Same locality.
0. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
30. Discoidal stone, 2 in. in dia. Edge much rounded, both sides hollow.
Same locality. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
31. Discoidal stone, 2 in. in dia., sides hollow. Same locality. C. J, B.
Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
32. Discoidal stone, If in. in dia. This specimen differs from all the other
hollow sided ones on account of the cavities not merging imperceptibly into the
rounded edge. The rounding of the edge is carried f of an inch over the side and
nearly an eighth of an in. deep, so as to form a sharply defined collar, the central
portion being but slightly hollowed. Same locality. C. J. B. Ratjen, Lawrence-
burg, Ind.
33. Discoidal stone. 1| in. in dia. -f in. thick. So deeply hollowed on
both sides that the thickness in the middle is barely J of an inch. C. J. B.
Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
34. Discoidal stone. 1-J in. in dia. | in. thick. Flat on both sides. Not-
tawasaga.
35. Disc; clay. 1-J- in. in dia. f in. thick. Eglinton, York township.
Loug. collection.
Nos. 1 to 4, and 12 J to 16 are classified by some as hammers, a few of these
may have been used thus, but others show no signs of such application. Nos. 1,
3, 12J, 13 and 16 retain their original ovate form as viewed from the flattened or
hollowed sides.
36 to 40. Discoidal stones from 1 in. to 3 in. dia. Nottawasaga. David
Melville.
41 to 44. Discoidal stones from 1 in. to 1 J in. dia. Nottawasaga. William
Melville.
88
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
RUBBING STONES.
1 and 2. Rubbing stones, roughly circular, flat and smooth on both sides, 5 in.
dia. Orillia. Basil Rowe.
PESTLES.
3 to 6. Rudely formed pestles from 5 to 7 in. long ; cross section oval
West Middlesex. M.
7. Pestle, 7 in. long. McGillivray Tp. M.
8. Pestle, 13 in. long, and 2 J in. dia. in middle. Has a small hole bored in
one side near the middle. Simcoe. S.
9. Pestle, 10 in. long and 2^ in. dia. Simcoe. S.
10. Pestle, 8 in. long, and 2 in. dia. , W. Middlesex. M.
11. Pestle, 12 in. long and 2 in. dia. McGillivray Tp. M.
12. Pestle, 8| in. long, 2f in. dia. No locality. Y. P. col. (This may not
be more than a water- worn stone.)
13. Pestle, 4f in. long and 1J in. dia. Ft. Gratiot, Mich.
14. Pestle, 5J in long, conical ; diameter of base 2J x 3J in. ; of head, 1J in. ;
it is worn off on the face or base end at an angle. No locality. Y. P. col.
15. Pestle, 4J in. long and 2 J in dia. ; is a little flared at base ; upper end or
head rounded off. Kentucky. Geological Survey of Kentucky, Prof. Moritz
Fischer.
16. Pestle, 3J in. long, conical; diameter of base 2J- in., tapers to 1 in. Shelby
Co., Kentucky. Nat. Hist. Soc.,|Brookville, Indiana.
17. Pestle, 5J in. long, conical ; dia. of base 3 in. ; head rounded. Linn Co.,
Missouri. Dr. Rear.
18. Pestle, 6J in. long, base broken. Humberstone Tp. Cyrenius Bearss.
CASE U.
GROOVED STONE AXES AND HAMMERS.
1 Axe, 8 in. by 4f in., grooved all round. Lake Superior. Y. P. col.
2. Axe, 6J in. by 4 in. one edge ungrooved. Bourbon Co., Ky. Kentucky
Geological Surve}^, Frankfort.
3. Axe, 7J in. by 4 in., one edge ungrooved. Miami Valley, Ind. C. J. B.
Ratjen, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
4. Axe, 6 in. by 3 in., Aurora, Ind., one edge ungrooved. J. L. Kassebaum,
Aurora, Ind.
5. Axe, 7J in. by 2£ in., one edge ungrooved. Miami Valley. C. J. B.
Ratjen, Lawrenceburg.
6. Axe, 5 in. by 4 in., one edge ungrooved. No locality. Y. P. col.
7. 5 J in. by 3 in , one edge ungrooved and hollowed lengthwise. Linn Co.,
Missouri.
89
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
8. Axe, 5 in. by 3 in., one edge ungrooved. .Shelby Co., Ind. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Brook ville, Ind.
9. Axe, 5 in. by 3 J in., one edge ungrooved. Franklin Co., Ind. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Brookville, Ind.
10. 5 in. by 2f in., one edge ungrooved and hollowed lengthwise. Miami
Valley. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
11. Axe, 4J in. by 3 in., one edge ungrooved. Garrard Co., Ky. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Brookville, Ind.
12. Axe, 7 in. by 3J, grooved all round. Miami Valley, Ind. Dr. Craig,
Lawrenceburg.
13. Axe, 7 in. by 3 in., grooved all round. East Williams Tp. M.
14. Axe, 5 J in by 2-f in., grooved all round. McGillivray Tp. M.
15. Axe, 5f in. by 3 in., grooved all round. West Williams Tp. M.
16. Axe, 6 in. by 4J, gruoved all round. Near Weston Village. Dr. Richardson.
17. Axe. 7J in. by 3J, grooved all round. Arkona. M,
18. Axe, 6 in. by 3J in., grooved all round. W. Middlesex. M.
19. Axe, 5J in. by 4J in., grooved all round. Linn Co., Mo.
20. Axe, 5J in. by 2J in., grooved all round. Miami Valley. Dr. Craig,
Lawrenceburg.
21. Axe, 5 in. by 2f in., grooved all round. Miami Valley. Dr. Craig,
Lawrencebnrg.
22. Axe. 4 in. by 3 in., grooved all round. J. C. Kassebaum. Aurora, Ind.
23. Axe, 3f in. by 2f in., grooved all round. Shelby Co., Ky. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Brookville, Ind.
24. Axe, 4 in. by 2J in., grooved all round. McGillivray Tp. M.
25. Axe, 3J in. by 2J in., grooved all round. Brookn'eld, Mo.
26. Axe, 3 in. by 2 in., grooved all round. East Williams Tp. M.
27. Axe, 4J in. by 3 in., grooved all round. McGillivray Tp. M.
28. Axe, 4| in. by 2| in., grooved all round. No locality. Y. P. col.
29. Axe, 5J in. by 3J in., grooved all round. No locality. Y. P. col.
30. Axe, 6 J in. by 3J in., chiefly grooved on the two edges. McGillivray. M.
31. Axe, ()\ in by 3J in., groove shallow all round. No locality. Y. P. col.
32. Axe, 6 in. by 3J in., grooved chiefly on edges. No record.
33. Axe, 3J in. by 2J in., one edge ungrooved. Shelby Co., Ky. Brookville
Nat. Hist. Soc, Ind.
34. Axe, 3 f in. by If in., one edge ungrooved. Frookfield, Mo.
35. Axe, 3 in. by 2 in., thin and slightly grooved. Linn Co., Mo.
36. Axe, 4J in. by 2^ in., very slightly grooved, and mainly on the edges.
Shelby Co., Ky. Brookville Nat. Hist. Soc. Ind.
37. Axe, 5J in. by 2f in., grooved mostly on edges. No record.
38. Axe, 6 in. by 3 in., grooved all round. No record.
39. Axe, 7 J in. by 4J in., grooved all round with stony projections formed on
edges above and below groove. No record.
40. Axe, 6| in. by 4£ in., similar to No. 39. No record.
90
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
41. Hammer, 7J in. by 5J in. Lake Superior.
42. Hammer, 6J in. by 3J in. Is evidently only a water-worn stone whose
shape has suggested use, and has been slightly hollowed in two sides either for
attachment to a handle, or to aid in holding directly in the hand.
43. Hammer, 6 in. by 4 in. 45 miles north-west of Brandon, Man. Is
deeply grooved and well shaped. M.
44. Hammer, 5 in. by 4 J in., cylindrical and grooved near the middle. Point
Edward. M.
45. Hammer, 6f in. by 4J in., grooved about one-third from smaller end.
Leamington, Essex Co.
46. Hammer, of in. by 3f in. Has originally been a fine implement — is now
broken on one side of each end. Thunder Bay.
47. Hammer, 3 in. by 3 in., grooved near the middle. Thunder Bay.
48. 5-J in. by 5 in Is a flat water- worn stone. Has originally been somewhat
ovate and has now two deeply cut notches on the edges If in. from the smaller
end. Point Edward. M.
49. 8 in. by 5J in. Corresponds in character to No. 48. Biddulph. M.
Neither of these bears any marks to indicate use as a hammer. Perhaps they
were used as anchors for the frail birch-bark canoes close to shore. The fact,
however, that the latter was found inland, does not add force to this conjecture,
unless the same use was made of it for river purposes.
CASE Y.
POTTERY. .
This case contains a large number of pottery fragments, illustrative of
markings or patterns. The specimens are from various parts of this Province and
United States. The principal contributors are : Jas. Dickson, P. L. S., Fenelon
Falls ; Jas. Dwyer, Beverly ; T. H. Hulbert, Duluth ; Cyrenius Bearss, Humber-
stone ; John McPherson, Toronto ; Dr. T. W. Beeman, Perth ; F. A. Benson, Port
Hope; William Welsh, Amberley ; Society of Natural History, Cincinnati ; Prof. J.
L. Deming, Technological Institute, Boston ; Thos. White, Nottawasaga ; Jas. Rae,
Beverly; W. J. Long, Lansing; Albert Lougheed, Nottawasaga; G. Laidlaw, of
"The Fort"; David Boyle, sr., Richmond Hill, J. L. Kassebaum, Aurora,
Indiana ; and C. Bell, Toronto.
The finest specimen is that presented by Mr. John McPherson. It consists
of several pieces now cemented, and shows the outline and proportions of what
must have been a very handsome vessel about 9 in. high, 7 in dia. at the
widest part, and 5 in. in dia. at the mouth. It was found in Mr. McPherson's
island, Mindemoya, in a lake of the same name in Manitoulin Island.
91
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CASE W.
CLEARVILLE SPECIMENS.
This case contains specimens of horn, bone, shell, clay and stone from the
site of a fortified village at Clearville, Kent Co., Ont.
18 deer-horn prongs, showing rude human workmanship,
30 bone awls or needles, from 1 \ in. to 7 in. long.
2 dorsal spines of a large fish. These are about 1J in. long, triangular in
cross section and very sharp.
1 beaver's tooth.
2 muskrats' teeth.
10 unio valves, some of these have been used as scrapers, and one evidently
by a left-handed person.
1 walnut.
9 clay pipe-stems.
6 pipe heads, but all imperfect. One is very rude in form, and one is
remarkable for its fine finish and design.
3 pieces of burnt clay, showing manipulation.
7 fragments of large and coarse clay vessels.
19 fragments of smaller and finer vessels.
8 rudely made stone chisels.
8 roughly chipped flints.
7 stones, smoothly rubbed.
1 piece of red jasper.
1 sinker — so called.
1 semi-circular, grooved stone.
CASE X.
DRILLS.
1. Drill, 2 in. long, broken, T head. Curtis Farm, Linn Co., Mo. Dr.
Rear. Toronto.
2. Drill, 2 in. long, unsymmetrical, rounded head. Bourbon Co., Ky. Dr.
Collins, Lawrenceburg, Ind.
3. Drill, 1 J in. long, T head, Bourbon Co., Ky. Dr. Collins, Lawrenceburg,
Tnd.
4. Drill, 2J in. long, notched head, seems to have been an arrow modified
for drilling purposes. Middlesex Co., Ont. M.
5. Drill, 2^ in. long, broken, head merely a little broader than body and
thinner at end. Curtis Farm, Linn Co., Mo. Dr. Rear, Toronto.
6. Drill, 1J in. long, rude, head smaller than body.
92
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
7. Drill 1 in. long, half of head broken off crosswise.
8. Drill If in. long, rounded head.
9. Drill If in long, notched head. Outline like arrow, but is flat on one
side and round on the other, body comparatively thick, and curved considerably at
the point. Nos. 6, 7, 8, and 9, from Pike's Farm, Wolfe Isl.
10. Drill, 3£ in. long, T head, body rhomboidal, and twister]. McGillivray
Township, Middlesex, Ont. M.
11. Drill, 2 1 in. long, head broken.
12. Drill 2J in. long, head a slight expansion of body, and thinned.
13. Drill 2 in. long, point broken, sharply cut T head.
14. Drill If in. long; head like a T double barred, the upper portion being
the lesser in size. Nos. 11, 12, 13 and 14, from Townships of East and West
Williams. Middlesex Co, M.
15. Drill, 3f in. long ; no marked head, one side of body comparatively flat,
-curved near the point ; greatest width (at head end) f in. Pike's Farm, Wolfe
Island.
16. Drill, 1 in. long, obscure T head, point broken.
17. Drill, If in. long, obscure T head, body curved diagonally, the material is
dark .blue for half the distance at the head end, the other half being white.
18. Drill, 1J in. long, head broken. ~\ Both seem as if made for being inserted
19. Drill, 1 J in. long, head wedged, j and fastened in a cleft handle.
20. Drill, I in. long, T head, sharply pointed. Nos. 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20,
from Miami Valley, Ind. Dr. Craig, Lawrenceburg.
21. Drill, If in. long, 1 in. wide in middle ; drilling portion only f in. long,
and J in. wide at point ; notched neck for fastening to handle f in. long.
22. Drill, If in. long, broken ; unsymmetrical T head.
23. Drill, f in. long, broken ; good T head.
24. Drill, 1J in. long, T projection, | wide near middle ; notched neck for
handle.
25. Drill, 2J in. long, f in. wide, obscure neck ; roughly chipped ; may have
been a badly made arrow-tip.
26. Drill, 25 in. long, point broken, J in. wide at break ; T head.
27. Drill, 2f in. long, neck broken, f in. at widest part ; might have been an
-arrow, but is worn smooth on sides and edges.
28. Drill, 3 in. long, notched neck ; slightly curved ; flat on one side.
29. Drill, 2f in. long, imperfect, oblique T head.
30. Drill, 2| in. long, club-shaped head ; tip broken.
31. Drill, 2f in. long, J in. wide ; neck broken ; white flint.
32. Drill, 1 J in. long, f in. wide ; head broken.
(21 to 32 from collection presented by Jas. Dickson, Esq., Fenelon Falls.)
33. Drill, If in. long, J in. wide ; thick, and rudely chipped : notched with
T head.
34. Drill, If in. long, f in. wide; slightly curved and rudely made; head
appears to have been broken.
93
;
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
35. Drill, 1 J in. long ; otherwise like No. 34.
36. Drill, 2f in. long, f in. wide ; point broken ; club-shaped head.
37. Drill, 2 in. long, flat on one side and slightly curved ; obscure neck ; rude.
38. Drill, 3f in. long, 1 \ in. wide in front of neck ; for § of length from head
is as flat as an arrow, but takes rhomboidal form near the point, decreasing to J
in. in width at the same distance from tip.
(33 to 38 from counties of Wentworth and Waterloo.)
39 to 76. These were procured from Mr. C. J. B. Ratjen, of Lawrenceburg,.
Indiana, and were all collected in the Miami Valley. They vary from 1 in. to 4J
in. long, and from -J to 1|- in. in width. Some are T headed, others club-headed,
and many are simply thinned for insertion in a handle. 1 here is no notched
specimen among them.
72 and 73, both imperfect, are serrated on the edges, which are now worn a&
if the specimens had been used as saws. 42, 43, and 44, may have been arrow-tips,
but all the others were no doubt drills.
CASE Y.
SLATE WEAPONS.
These objects are shaped like arrow and spear heads. Some writers regard
such specimens as knives. They were probably rather of an ornamental character
and intended for purposes of display in connection with feasts, dances, and other
celebrations, They are not very common in this country.
1 to 3. Western Ontario. S.
4. Broad in proportion to length, being 5 in. long, (including the neck, 1^
in.,) and 2f in. wide at the base ; it is squarely shouldered to form the neck.
Wolfe Island.
5. 4J in, long, 2 in. wide, and very thin ; slightly barbed ; the neck is of a
kind peculiar to this class of object, being carefully notched or serrated on each
edge as if to assist in binding to a shaft. Another peculiarity is that the neck
although |- in. long, measures 1J in. behind the barbs and tapers to | in. at ih&
base. This shape would seem to add to the difficulty of fastening. S.
6. 2-f in. long, with neck similar to No. 5. Caradoc Tp. S.
7. 3J in. long, square-shouldered, neck which is tapering like Nos. 5 and 6,
but not serrated. S.
8. 2f in. long, neck broken. S.
9. 2f in. long, deeply barbed, tapering and serrated neck.
10. 3| in. long, very perfect, square-shouldered, tapering and round edged
neck. Nottawasaga. Lougheed col.
11. 3| in. long, single barbed, neck tapering and round edged. Withrow
Avenue, Toronto,
12. 3f in. long, slightly barbed, with nearly parallel-sided and square-edged
neck. S.
13. 4J in. long, very slightly barbed, neck parallel-sided and square-edged. S.
94
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
14. 3J in. long, deeply barbed ; neck broken partly off; round-edged. Notta-
wasaga. Lougheed col.
15. 5 in. long, sharp rib along middle, barbed; neck slightly tapering and
round- edged. S.
16. 2J in. long, barbs broken; has the appearance of having been bored on
each side to form neck. Wolfe Island.
17. 3J in. long, square-shouldered ; tapering, round-edged neck. Downie Tp.
P. R. Jarvis.
18. If in. long, slightly barbed. This small specimen is exceptional in the
form of the neck, for although serrated, it is somewhat wider below than above.
Lakefield. R. Q. Dench.
19. 4 in. long, considerably mutilated. S.
20. 3J in. long ; is a fragment of some tool or weapon ; one side slightly
convex, and the other strongly ribbed. Larnbton Mills. Wardie and T)ttie
White, Toronto.
In this case are also : —
1. 11 in. long, If wide, and f in. thick ; sides convex and corners rounded ;
one end is square and blunt, and measures 1-J- in. wide, the other is thinned to an
edge and is only f in. wide. On one side is a scratched figure like a capital T,
the lower end of the upright stroke being forked, and on the opposite side a
similar mark but with a bar across the middle of the upright. Arkona. S.
2. llf in. long, 1J in. wide, and f in. thick ; one end 1 in. wide, and chisel-
edged ; the opposite end J in. wide, thinned and rounded. West Williams Tp. frM.
3. 8| in. long, If in. wide, and f in. thick ; one end 1 in. wide, thinned, but
blunted as if from use. The opposite end terminates in a rounded point about f
in. diameter. Point Edward.
4. llf in. long, 1J- in. wide, and 1 £ in. thick ; tapering to both ends, one of
which is | in. wide, and the other 5/16 in., both are chisel-edged. Chief Smith.
Brant ford.
Axe of striped slate, 6J in. long, and Sf in. across the mouth. Looked at
sidewise it has the appearance of an elongated pear* Richmond, Indiana.
CASE Z.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. Smoothly rubbed stone. A. W, Reavley.
2. Flint. A. W. Reavley.
3. "
4 " "
5. "
6. " "
7. Stone axe. Wm. Michener. Humberstone.
95
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
8. Bone awl or needle. Wm. Melville.
9.
10.
11. Clay pipe
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. . "
21.
22.
23. Stone tablet
24. Small notched bone or needle. Wm. Melville.
25. Small discoidal stone. Wm. Melville.
26.
27.
28.
29. Several pipe stems, stone
30. Small bone chisel. David Melville.
31. Worked bone
32. Small stone axe
33. Small discoidal stone
34.
35.
36. Discoidal stone, 2J in. dia., with hole in centre. David Melville.
37. Clay pipe. David Melville.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. Pipe stems
All those from No. 8 to No. 42 are from Nottawasaga Tp.
43. Small discoidal stone, with hole in centre and groove round outer edge.
York Tp. Jos. Smelser.
96
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
CASE A2.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. Pipe head. Lambton Mills. Wardie and Ottie White.
2. broken. Lambton Mills. W. and O. White.
3. String of glass beads. "
4. and shell beads. Lambton Mills. W. and O. White.
/». Pipe-stem. Lambton Mills. W. and 0. White.
6. Bear's tooth (bored). Lambton Mills. W. and 0. White.
7. Diagonally notched bone. " " " "
8. Carved fragment of bone, (probably of European origin). Lambton
Mills. W. and 0. White.
9. Small hollowed stone. Lambton Mills. W. and O. White.
10. Two broken shell beads. Lougheed col.
11. Small, flat stone, perforated.
12. Stone in preparation for beads. "
13. Bear's tooth ^notched). Lougheed col.
14. Stone axe. Sebastopol Tp. Alex. Parks.
15. Gouge. Golden Lake, Algora Tp. Alex. Parks.
16. Stone axe. Brantford. P. R. Jarvis.
17. " N. Easthope.
18. " ElliceTp.
19. "
20. " N. Easthope.
21. " (grooved). Ellice Tp. P. R. Jarvis.
22. Gouge. P. R. Jarvis.
23. Belt ornament, sheet copper. P. R Jarvis.
24. Pottery fragments. Delaware Tp. P. R. Jarvis.
25. Shell ornaments (2). P. R Jarvis.
26. Clay pipe. Zorra Tp.
27.
28 " " "
29. Red stone bead. Saugeen. P. R Jarvis.
30. Spoon ; Sioux (buffalo horn).
31. Bone chisel. Near Battleford, N. W. T. Major J. M. Delamere.
32. Pipe from grave near Stony Lake, N. W. T. Major J. M. Delamere.
33. Copper kettle. North-west of Battleford, N. W. T.
34. Slate of in. long, 4 in. wide, and If in. at thickest. Oval hole (long dia. 1
in.) in middle, from side to side. Outline much like the McCallumpipe, and sug-
gestive of a monkey. May have been intended for a large pipe. Nottawasaga.
Angus Buie.
35. Fragment of stone pipe ; head showing a fairly well cut human face f
in long, above and behind which is a dog's head neatly cut. The latter is only
half an inch long, and about the same breadth across the forehead, but the eyes
ears, mouth and nostrils are imitated. Nottawasaga. Angus Buie.
7 (c.i.) 97
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
36. Pipe-head (snake) somewhat like No. 90 in case S. Nottawasaga.
Angus Buie.
37. Human head from pipe-head. Nottawasaga.
38. Plain clay pipe. Ellice Tp.
39. Small pipe, like modern N. W. type. Nottawasaga. Angus Buie.
This case contains also 47 flints from various places in Perth Co.
All the articles in cases Z and A2 are placed there only temporarily, until a
re-arrangement of specimens in other cases will afford room for them.
WALL CASE 1.
POTTERY.
1. Small cup, edges broken. Beverly Tp. Dwyer collection.
2. Small cup, almost perfect. Beverly Tp. Dwyer collection.
3. Plain vessel, moulded in grass basket. Humberstone. Cyrenius Bearss.
4. Small spoon-like specimen. Nottawasaga. Lougheed collection.
5 to 42. Very fine specimens of clay vessels, entire or nearly so from mounds
in Arkansas. From the collection of C. W. Riggs, Cincinnati.
43. Small and imperfect cup. York Tp. Dr. R Orr, Maple.
WALL CASE 2.
1 to 13. Iron tomahawks from various localities.
14. Copper kettle. Algora Tp., Renfrew Co.
15. Pyrula perversa from ossuary. Penetanguishene.
16. Pyrula perversa. No locality.
17. Pyrula perversa from ossuary on Cape Hurd.
18. Pyrula perversa from ossuary in Humberstone Tp. Mrs. Barney, sr.
19. Pyrula perversa from ossuary in Nottawasaga. Angus Buie.
20. Pyrula perversa from ossuary in Nottawasaga. Angus Buie.
21. Wooden war club, modern.
22. Wooden war club, made to represent a hand grasping a ball, modern.
23 to 34. Iron tomahawks of various patterns and from various localities.
98
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
WALL CASE 3.
CRANIA.
1 to 55. From ossuary, on the Keffer farm. Vaughan Tp.
WALL CASE 4.
CRANIA.
1 and 2. No record.
3. Withrow Avenue, Toronto.' E. A. Macdonald.
4. Beverly Tp. Dwyer col.
5 and 6. Withrow Avenue, Toronto. E A. Macdonrld.
7 to 12. Humberstone Tp.
13 to 28. Nottawasaga Tp.
19 and 20. Withrow Avenue, Toronto.
21. Upper half containing portions of beaver skin and pieces of cedar bark,
Beverly Tp.
22. Withrow Avenue, Toronto.
23 to 32. Ridley and Bury farm, Clearville, Orford Tp.
33. South Bay, Manitoulin Island. R Baskervilie, Manitowaning.
WALL CASE 5.
Contains nearly 400 stone axes and chisels of various dimensions, from two.
inches to upwards of one foot in length, also 14 iron tomahawks.
99
63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
WALL CASE 6.
Contains about 1,000 arrow and spear heads from different parts of Canada
-and the United States.
Six iron tomahawks.
A large number of pottery fragments from Miller's farm, York Tp., and a
•quantity of miscellaneous material.
MORTARS OR MILLS.
1. Victoria Co. Dickson col.
2. York Tp. S.
3. Vaughan Tp. Dr. Orr, Maple.
4. York Tp. contains four cavities.
MODERN SPECIMENS.
Blood Indian. N. Wt Territory.
1 Leather belt, beaded.
1 Pair woman's leggings, beaded.
1 " man's leggings, beaded.
2 " large breast buttons ; beaded.
4 Paint bags, one containing paint, beaded.
1 Pair large moccasins, beaded.
1 " child's
1 Tom-tom.
1 Large wooden pipe stem, plain.
1 " beaded.
1 Kooie stick ; handle beaded.
1 Hammer ; long handle, beaded.
I Whip ; handle beaded.
1 " Medicine " bag of buffalo hide.
1 Hunting knife
1 Leather cartridge pouch.
1 Scalp, with lock of hair.
3 " locks.
1 Fire-steel attached to thong.
1 Signal hand-glass in richly beaded bag.
These were presented by Rev. John McLean, M. A., Ph. D., Moosejaw, N". W T
Arouay Indian. British Guiana.
1 Man's head-dress.
1 Wooden club.
1 Blow-gun.
100
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
1 Bundle of small arrows or darts for use in the blow-gun.
1 Bow.
1 Bundle of arrows.
1 Fan.
2 Spears.
1 Woman's dress.
These were presented by Mr. M. M. Fen wick, B.A., Head Master, High School,.
Bowmanville.
WALL CASE 7.
ESKIMO.
1. Skin of harp-seal.
1. Child's coat, fur.
3. " trousers, fur.
•v
4. Pair of mitts, fur.
5. " shoes "
6. " boots "
7. Man's coat,
8. Woman's coat, "
9. Man's coat with hood, fur.
10. Bed, fur.
On wall—
11. Snow shovel ; wood and bone.
12. Snow stick.
13. Walrus spear.
14. Whale line.
15-16. 2 seal lines.
17. Model of kayak.
18. " " frame.
These were presented by Mr. F. F. Payne, of the Meteorological Observatory^
Toronto.
19. Model of Kayak. Mr. John Notman, Toronto.
CARIB.
From Nevis, St. Kilts, Barbados and other West Indian Islands.
1 Stone club head.
1 " celt or axe.
4 " pestles.
1 Shell celt.
2 " gouges.
These were presented by Mr. Connell, of Nevis, W. I.
101
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THE
ART AND ARCHEOLOGY OF THE ABORIGINAL TRIBES
OF THE
DOMINION OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND.
II.
By A. F. Chamberlain, M.A.
tu ABBOT, CHARLES C., M.D. — Primitive Industry, or illustrations of the handi-
work in stone, bone and clay of the native races of the Northern Atlantic se~-
board of America. Salem and Cincinnati, 1881. 8vo. VI., 560.
Describes (p. 64) woman's knife used by Eskimo of Cumberland Sound. Describes (pp.
408-9) charm and ornament of Eskimo of Cumberland Sound, after Kumlein. See
Kumlein, L.
c ALLEN, J. ROMILLY, F. S. A. Scot. — Notes on Fire-Producing Machines. Proc.
Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland. Vol. VII. (N. S.), 187if-80 (Edinburgh, 1880),
,pp. 229-249.
Describes (p. 233) process of fire-making by Chinooks of British Columbia ; p. 239 figure
of Esquimaux cord-drill apparatus, with description of its working (240); p. 241
figure of Esquimaux bow-drill from Ft. Anderson, with description ; p. 249 figure of
Esquimaux steel now in Edinburgh museum.
u ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL. Published under the auspices of the Archaeo-
logical Institute of Gt. Britain and Ireland. Vol. XVIII. (London, 1861),
Contains (p. 374) brief note on fragments of pottery found beneath a pine tree near the
Great (? Grand) River, Canada.
u Vol. XXIV (1867),
Contains (p. 70) notice of flint arrowheads from the extreme west coast of N. Canada.
BABBIE "ADVANCE" [Newspaper], June 28, 1888.
Describes skeletons and other remains found at Cameron's Point, Lake Simcoe. [Title and
description from Mr. A. F. Hunter, B.A.J
BAWTBEE, ED. W., M.D. — Indian Sepulchral Pits in Canada. Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal, Vol. XLV. See Squier, E. G.
Describes ossuaries, etc., in Simcoe county, Ontario.
-53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
cu BELL, CHAS. N. — Die Mound-Builders von Canada. Verh. der Berliner
Oesellschaft fur Anthrop. Ethnol. uud Urgeschichte. Bd. 18 (1886), s. 192-194.
Describes mounds in the Lake Winnipeg region, near Lake Traverse, and a group of mounds
near St. Andrews. See Toronto Mail, Feb. 22, 1886.
u - —Remains of Prehistoric Man in Manitoba. Report of British Assoc.
of Adv. of Science, 26th meeting, Birmingham, 1886. (London, 1887), pp. 845-6.
General ideas on mounds and camp-sites.
—Mounds in Manitoba. American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal,
Vol. IX. (1887), p. 300.
Short note. Brief general description.
en BELL, ROBERT, MD., LL.D. — Observations on the Geology, Mineralogy,
.Zoology and Botany of Labrador Coast, Hudson's Strait and Bay. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, A. R. C. Selwyn, LL.D., Director. Report of Pro-
gress, 1882-3-4.
Description (p. DD. 30) of old Eskimo camp at Port de Boucherville. Description (p. DD.
32) of ancient Eskimo works (camp, etc.,) at Port La Perriere (Digges Island).
c BOAS, DR. FRANZ. — On certain Songs and Dances of the Kwakiutl of British
Oolumbia. Journal of American Folk-Lore, Vol. I (1888), pp. 49-64.
Notes (p. 50) insruments and ornaments used by dancers ; carved bones used in games
(p. 51).
cu Sagen der Eskimos von Baffin Land. Verhandlungen der Berliner
Oesellschaft fur Anthrop. Ethnol. und Urgeschichte. Bd. xx. (1888), s. 398-405.
Describes (402-404) the "Tornit" (pre-Eskimo population), their weapons (403), old
•stone houses (403-4), etc., according to legend.
c Indian skulls from British Columbia. Trans. New York Acad. of
Science, 1888-9. VII., pp. 4-6.
c Notes on the Snanaimuq. American Anthropologist, Washington. Vol.
II. (1889), pp. 321-328.
Describes (p. 323) mortuary customs of the Snanaimuq Indians of British Columbia.
The Houses of the Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia.
From Proceedings of U. S. National Museum, 1888, pp. 197-213.
An elaborate treatise on the structure, ornamentation, etc., of the houses of the Kwakiutl
Indians from personal observations made during a lengthened stay (1886-7) in British
Columbia. The information given is of the highest value in determining the relations
of the British Columbian and other Canadian arid American Indians. The paper is
illustrated by figures as follows : 1, Model of a Kwakiutl house, Fort Rupert, B. C.,
<p. 197); 2, Ground plan of Kwakiutl house (198); 3, Front elevation (198) ; 4, Longi-
tudinal section (199) ; 5, Carved settee in a house at Qumta'spe, Hope Island (200) ;
6, View of rear part of house in Qumta'spe (201) ; plate, view of village of Qumta'spe
(facing p. 202) ; 7-8, Carved uprights in Kwakiutl house (203) ; 9, Carved upright
(204) ; 10, Heraldic column of the Gens Sentlae, Alert Bay (205) ; 11, Sun mask (204);
12, Gables of houses at Alert Bay (206); J3, Heraldic column at Qumta'spe (207);
14, Post in house in Qumta'spe (208) ; plate (facing p. 208), Painting on front of house
at Qumta'spe (Hope Island) ; 15, House front in Qumta'spe (210) ; 16 17, Uprights in
house at Qumta'spe (211) ; J8, Statue on house at Alert Bay (212) ; 19, Statue in
house at Qumta'spe (212); plnte (facing p. 212), Front of house at Alert Bay ; 20,
Post in house at Comox (213) ; 21, Base of 20 enlarged.
At pp. 209-210 is an interesting account of the famous copper plates.
103
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
* The Central Eskimo. [Extract from the Sixth. Annual Report of the
Bureau of Ethnology]. Washington 1888. pp. 399-669.
This, perhaps the most important work that has ever appeared dealing with the Canadian
Eskimo (those inhabiting Baffin Land, the western shore of Hudson Bay, the region of
Boothia, Felix and Back River, Smith Sound, etc.), is invaluable to the archaeologist
and ethnographer. It describes the distribution of the various tribes (419-470) ; Hunting
and fishing (471-516) ; Manufactures, implements, etc., (516-526) ; Boats and sledges
(527-538) ; Habitations and dress (589-561) ; Social and religious life (561-615) ; Tales
and traditions (615-643) ; Science and the arts (643-658) ; Glossary of Eskimo words
(659-662) ; Eskimo geographical names with equivalents (662-666) ; Appendix, Notes
(667-669.) Accompanying the texts are two large folding maps, one showing in detail
the geographical divisions of territory occupied by the Eskimo fribes of North Eastern
America, the other showing the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of North
America, with boundaries. The full-page plates are as follows : Map of Cumberland
Peninsula, drawn by an Eskimo (p. 643) ; Eskimo drawings (pp. 648, 650, 651).
Eskimo carvings (pp, 652, 653); Modern implements (654). The work is also elaborately
illustrated with 157 figures (the last four of which are Eskimo maps) of hunting and
fishing implements, weapons, boats, sledges, houses, tents, dress and ornaments, gam-
ing implements, etc.
u BOGGE, ED. B., R. N. — The Fishing Indians of Vancouver's Island. Memoirs
of Anthrop. Soc., London. Vol. III. (1867-8-9), pp. '260-5.
Describes method of fishing of Songish tribe, p. 260-26 L ; of Tahtoosh or Cape Flattery
Indians, 262-263 ; of Ahousad tribe, 263 ; head- flattening, 263 ; amusements, dances
and games, 264 ; burial, 265.
* BOMPAS, RT. REV. WILLIAM CARPENTER, D.D. — Diocese of Mackenzie River
(Colonial Church Histories). Lnndon, 1888. 8vo., pp. 108.
Describes (pp. 40-41) houses, dress, etc., of Tenni tribes ; tents of Tukudh (43); rafts,
canoes, snowshoes (44) ; Eskimo face ornaments (46) ; pipe (47) ; carving, (47) ; dwell-
ings, tents, etc. (48, 49) • tools, fire-making, etc. (50). Chapter IX. (pp. 90-100)
treats of dress and habits ; dress (90) ; tattoo (91) ; ornaments (91) ; burial (91-92) ;
stone implements (92) ; cooking (93) ; Eskimo fish-hooks (94) ; cradle-bags (95).
BOYLE, DAVID. — Work and Play among the Indians. III. School Work and
Play. Toronto. Vol. I., No. 6 (March 15, 1889), p. 6.
Describes (with illustrations) Indian pipes. Figures of "McCallum" pipe in shape of
monkey, from Halton county; " Beecroft " pipe of bloodstone, from Nottawasaga;
"McKnight" pipe of Marble from Beverley township, and a pipe from British
Columbia.
cutl— —Archaeological Report, pp. 9-59 of Annual Report of Canadian Insti-
tute. Session 1887-8. Bein« part of appendix to the report of the Minister of Educa-
tion, Ontario, 1888. Published by order of the Legislative Assembly. Toronto,
1889. pp. 1-59, with 84 figures.
pp. 11-12, enumeration of Canadian specimens added to the museum ; pp. 20-22, clay pipes
from Glenhuron, Kottawasaga, Lambton ; pp. 23-28, stone pipes from Frontenac,
McGr llivray, Lake Moira, London township, Hope Bay (Wiarton), West Williams
township, Nottawasaga ; pp. 28-40, implements of stone from McGillivray. Scui'og
Island, VV. Middlesex, Nottawasaga, Brandon (Man.), Point Edward (Ont.), Biddulph.
Toronto, Wolfe Cslaiid, West Williams, Vaughan, Ft. McLeocl ; p. 40, Eskimo bone
figures and measure ; pp. 40-41, shell gorgets, London (Ont.) ; pp. 41-45, flints from
Wolfe Island, Fenelon Falls, etc.; p. 46, carved stone head from Beverley township ;
pp. 48-50, copper beads from Wolfe Island, Tidd's Island, chisels from Biddulph, Bur-
ford, London townships ; pp. 51-53, types of recent iron axes from Nottawasaga,
Toronto, etc. ; pp. 54-59, Contributions towards a Bibliography of the Archaeology of
the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland.
cut BRESSANI, J. — Relation Abregee de quelques Missions des Peres de la Corn-
pagnie de Jesus dans la Nouvelle France, par le R. P. F. J. Bressany, de la
104
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
meme Compagriie. Traduit de 1'Italien et augment^ d'un avant-propos, de la
biographic de 1'auteur, et d'un grand nombre de notes et gravures, par le R. P. K
Martin de la merne Compagnie. Montreal, 1852.
Chapter III. (pp. 66-78) treats of the " Sol, Nourriture, Vetementet Caractere des Sauvagea
de la Nouvelle — France "; Burial customs and rites of the Hurons, 101-103 ; Notes on
Wampum, 301-302. The work contains p. 50 "Tabula Novse Franciae anno 1660," and
(p. 280) "Carte de 1'ancien pays des Hurons," besides numerous engravings, pp. 330-
333 are taken up with explanatory notes on the maps and engravings. On p. 101 is a
note relating to an ossuary discovered near Penetanguishene in 1846, and on p. 333r
references to the ruins of Ft. iSte. Marie on the Wye.
c BRINTON, D. G., M. D. — Lenape' Conversations. Journal of American Folk-
lore, Vol. I. (1888), pp. 37-43.
Conversations with Rev. A. S. Anthony, a Canadian Delaware Indian. Notes on weapons,
38-39 ; utensils, 39 ; boats. 40 ; houses, 50 ; games, and implements used in them, 40 \
hooks, 41 ; sweat lodges, 41; trephining, 41.
BRITISH COLONIAL Newspaper, Sept. 24, 1847. [Title from Squier].
See Squier.
cut BROWN, MRS. W. W. — Some indoor and outdoor Game?3 of tbe Wabanaki
idians. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, 18&8, Sect. II., pp. 41-46.
?, WILLIAM, M.D., M.R.C.S.E. — History of the settlement of Upper
Canada, with special reference to the Bay of Quinte district. Toronto, 1869*
I.-XXL, 1-671.
Notes (p. 380) site of Indian village at Cataraqui ; battle ground (p. 393) ; island scene of
massacre 007).
u CARTAILHAC, M, — Kjoekkenmoddings de 1'Am^rique du Nord par le Dr.
Charles A. White (Prof, de Ge'ol. a 1'Univ. de 1'titafc d'lowa (feats-Urns). Con-
gres internat. d' Anthrop., et d' Arche'ol. pre'historiques. Compte-Rendu de la
cinquieme session a Bologne, avec planches et figures interc. dans le texte. Bologne
1873. pp. 079-391.
Notes briefly (p. 380) kitchen midden at St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, pp. 390-391.
Bibliography of Shell-heaps. See White, Dr. Charles A.
cut CHAMBERLAIN, A. R— The Archaeology of Scugog Island. 1889. 2 pp.
[Reprint from the Port Perry Standard of March 7, 1889, p. 2].
Describes graves, and camp or village site, on Noncoii Island (part of Scugog Island), Lake
Scugog, Ontario county, Ontario, with specimens obtained therefrom.
cut Contributions towards a Bibliography of the Archaeology of the
Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, pp. 6. [Reprint from Report of Canadian
Institute, 1887-8, pp. 54-9. See Boyle, D.].
c ~ Notes on the history, customs and beliefs of the Mississagua Indians.
Journal of American Folk-Lore. Vol. I. (1888), pp. 150-160.
Describes (p. 154), mebhod of fishing ; p. 155, gathering and drying rice ; p. 156, manu-
factures.
tu CHAPPELL, LIEUT. EDWARD, R.N.— Narrative of a Voyage to Hudson's Bay
in his Majesty's ship Rosamond, containing some account of the North-East coast
of America and the tribes inhabiting that remote region. London, 18 17.
Notes (p. 61) circles of loose stones at Eskimo fire-places ; description of an Eskimo burial
place ; body found by Capt. Sterling in 1813, together with bows, spear, harpoon, etc.,
p. Ill ; Eskimo canoes pp. 55-57 ; bow, p. 70 ; thro wing-stick, p. 101 ; list of articles
illustrating the manners and customs of the natives of N. W. (?) coast of America,
brought to Europe by Commander Billings, pp. 254-255. (Appendix E).
105
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. (3). A. 1890
u - Voyage of His Majesty's ship Rosamond to Newfoundland and the
southern coast of Labrador, etc. London, 1818.
Cut of Micmac wigwam, p. 59 ; Micmac wigwams described, 74-75 ; Esquimaux winter huts,
101; Mountaineer sledges, 106; Red Indians, 169-187 (170-178, f rom Whitbourne) ; j
canoes, 174 ; bark kettles, 175.
u CHIMMO, COMMANDER W., K N. — A visit to the North -East coast of Labrador
during the autumn of 1867. Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., London. Vol XXXVIII.
{1868), pp. 258-281.
Notes on Eskimo dress, p. 273 ; Eskimo graves at Hopedale, 273.
u DAWKINS, PROF. W. BOY.D — The Range of the Eskimo in Space and Time.
Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science. Fifty-fourth meeting (Montreal,
1884). London, 1885.
Brief abstract of paper, p. 898.
u DAWSON [Sir], JOHN WILLIAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. — Acadian Geology.
The geological structure, organic remains and mineral resources of Nova Scotia/
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Third edition. London, 1878.
Supplement to second edition of Acadian Geology, containing additional facts as
to the geological structure, fossil remains, and mineral resources of Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. London, 1878.
Beds of shell, pp. 17-18 ; Micmac remains, 18-19.
cu — — On a specimen of Aboriginal Pottery in the museum of the Natural
History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist and proceedings
of the Natural History Society of Montreal. Vol. IV (1859), pp. 186-190 (with
figure, p. 188). Article is signed " J. W. D."
Describes earthen vessel found on lot 4, 8th range of lots in Clarendon township, in July,
1859, together with stone enclosure.
cu — —Notes on Aboriginal Antiquities recently discovered in the island of
Montreal. 76. Vol. V. (I860), pp. 430-449. Article is signed " J. W. D."
Describes (pp. 432-434) skeletons, skulls (with figure, p. 433) ; remains of articles of food,
484 ; earthen vessels, 434-5 with 6 figures on p. 435 ; tobacco pipes, 435 (with figure of
clay pipe, p 436) ; other earthen objects, 435-435 ; bone implements, 436-487 (with
figure of awl, p. 437) ; iron implements, 437 (with figure of knife) ; historical import-
ance of discoveries, 437-49 ; plan of Hochelaga from Ramusio. 446.
cu — —Note on Relics of the Red Indians of Newfoundland, collected by Mr.
Smith McKay and exhibited to the Natural History Society (of Montreal). Ib.
Vol. V. (i860), pp. 462. Signed " J. W. D."
Describes briefly portion of Walrus tooth, 3 flat pendants of some material, shells, wam-
pum, perforated shells, part of iron knife, hatchet, stone arrowhead, found in .a
sepulchral cave in the southern part of Newfoundland, with the remains of a body
wrapped in birch bark.
cu— — Additional Notes on Aboriginal Antiquities found at Montreal. Ibid.
Vol. VI. (1861), pp. 362-373. Signed " J. W. D."
Treats of articles found on site of Indian village, near Metcalfe St., Montreal. Human
remains, pp. 364-369 ; beads and wampum, 369 (with 2 figures); bone implements,
369-370 (with 3 figures); pipes, 370-371 ( with 2 figures); earthen vessels, 371-372 (with
1 figure); stone implements, 37'^ ; metallic articles, 372 ; articles of food, 373.
•cu --- Notes on Indian Beads presented to the Natural History Society by
-James Robb, Esq., Mining Engineer. Ibid. Vol. VI. (1861), p. 471. Signed " J.
W. D."
Describes beads of native copper found in an old burying-place on a small island in the St.
L/awrence, near Brockville, Ont.
106
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
cu DAWSON, GEO. M., L.L.D., F.G.S. — Sketch of the Past and Present condition
of the Indians of Canada. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, New Series, Vol.
IX. (1881), pp. 12.^159.
cu— — On the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands. Appendix A. of
Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Geological Survey of Canada, A. R. C.
Selwyn, Director. Report of Exploration and Surveys. Report of Progress,
1878-1879. Montreal, 1880, pp. 103-171.
Describes ornaments, pp. 106-109 ; plate of houses and carved posts at Kumshewa village,
114 ; plate of carved posts, houses, etc., 115-116 ; shell-currency, J35; burial customs,
132-133; arts and architecture, J 37-147 ; marks, 13S-139 ; carved sticks, 139; dishes
and vessels, 140-141 ; stone mortars, etc., 141 ; spoons, dishes, etc., 142 ; adzes, ham-
mers. 143; spears, hooks, 144 ; canoes, 145 ; houses, 146 ; pots, 148-149 ; 2 plates of
houses and carved posts, 146-147.
cu Note on the occurrence of Jade in British Columbia and its employ-
ment by the natives. With quotations and extracts from a paper by Prof. A. B.
Meyer, on Nephrite and analogous minerals from Alaska. Canadian Record of
Science, Vol. II (1887), pp. 364-378. Also Reprint of the same, pp. 1-15.
Describes (pp. 365-6) partly worked boulders of jade at Littleton and Yale on Lower Fraser
River; jade implements in museums at Ottawa and Montreal, 366 ; enumeration of
specimens, 366-367 ; chemical composition of jade, 367 ; implements and fragments,
368 ; figures of boulders from Littleton and Yale with description, 368, 369, 370 ;
quotation, (370-378) from Prof. Meyer (Ueber Nephrit, etc.); chisel from Queen
Charlotte Islands. 374-375.
cu Notes and Observations on the Kwakiool People of Vancouver
Island. [Reprint from Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, Vol. V (1887), pp. 1-36.]
Montreal, 1888, pp. 36, 4vo.
Mode of life, arts, customs of Kwakiool, pp. 13-17; houses, 13; totem-posts, 13-14;
copper-plate, 14 ; burials, 16-17.
cu Notes and Observations on the Kwakiool People of Vancouver Island.
Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, Vol. V (1887), Sec. II, pp. 1-36.
cu Notes on the Indian Tribes of the Yukon District and adjacent
northern portion of British Columbia. (Reprint from Annual Report of Geolo-
gical Survey of Canada, 1887, pp. 191B-213B), pp. 1-23.
Notes on stone implements of the Tahltan Indians, p. 6; weiving, 6 ; masks, 7 ; graves of
Kutchin Indians, 13 ; graves of Tagish, 15.
c DEANS, JAMES. — The Worship of Priapus among the Indians of British
Columbia. Amer. Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Vol. IX. (1887), pp. 368-9.
Describes lingam images dedicated to Slo-caw (Priapus).
—Inside view of a Huidah Dwelling. Ibid. pp. 309-310.
Describes the inside construction, arrangement, etc. , of an ancient Huidah house on one of
the Queen Charlotte Islands.
c DUNS, PROF. — On Stone Implements from Nova Scotia and/^anada, and on
the use of Copper Implements by the aborigines of Nova Scotia. Proc. of Soc.
107
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
of Antiquarians of Scotland, New Series, Vol. Ill (1879-1880). Edinburgh, 1880,
pp. 176-180.
Describes (p. 176) stone axe (from entrance to Pictou Harbour, N. S.) of heavy greenstone,^
pitted over with small holes ; porphyrite scraper from L. Superior, Micmac axe from '
Middle River Point, Pictou, N.S., granitoid axe from Merigomish, N.S., 178; skinn- '
ing knife from L. Superior, 3 arrowheads from Lunenburg, N..S. , 2 arrowheads from L. '
Superior, 5 unfinished arrowheads from Merigomish, N.S., 1 from Prince Edward
Island, arid some from Canada West 179 ; pp. 179-180, notes on use of copper founded
on Dawson and Paterson (q. v. )
I DURAND CHARLES. — Indian Graves on the Humber. Paper read before York '
Pioneers, Dec. 26, 1886. See note in ''Toronto Globe," Jan. 15, 1887.
c EELLS, REV. MYRON. — The Thunder Bird. American Anthropologist, Wash-
ington, B.C., Vol. II. (1889), pp. 329-326.
Notices (p. 334) masks of Bella-Bella and Makah Indian ; war-clubs p. 334.
cw GAT.SCHET, A. S. — The Beothuk Indians. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila*,
Vol. XVII. (1885), pp. 408-424.
Ethnologic notes, 411-412 ; bibliography, 412-413. mentions archoeological articles.
u GIBB, SIR GEORGE DUNCAN. — Stone Implements and fragments of Pottery
from Canada. Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. f. Adv. of Science. Forty-second
meeting, 1872, p. 186.
tu GORDON, REV. DANIEL M. — Mountains and Prairie. A Journey from Victoria
to Winnipeg via Peace River Pass. Montreal, 1880, pp. X., 310, 8vo.
Describes (pp. 20-21) fish-rakes for catching oolachan (candle-ffsh); curious carved bowl o
wundah-mortar, up the Skeena River, 65; carved totem-posts, 68; graves, 68-69; lip
ornaments and nose-rings of Achwiligate Indians, 84-85.
cu GRANT, W. C. COLQUHOUN, F.E.G.S. — Description of Vancouver Island by
its first Colonist. Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. London, Vol. XXVII. (1857), pp. 268
320.
Describes dwellings, implements, etc., of Indians, pp. 299-300; burial, 301, 302, 303
money, wampum, 307 ; spears, 300.
u HALE, HORATIO. — On the Nature and Origin of Wampum. Report of Proc
of Brit. Assoc. f. Adv. of Science. Fifty-fourth meeting (Montreal, 1884), Lon
don, 1885, pp. 910-911.
[Abstract]. General notes.
u HALIBURTON, R. G. — Notes on a Tau Cross on the Badge of a medicine man
of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. f. Adv. of Science
Fifty-sixth meeting (Birmingham, 1886), London, 1887, p. 845.
[Abstract]. Describes symbol on large sheets of copper to which Indians attach a high
value. See Dawson, G. M.
tu HATTON, JOSEPH AND HARVEY, REV. M. — Newfoundland, its History, its
Present Condition, its Prospects in the Future. Boston, 1888, pp. XVII, 422.
Chapter VII. (pp. 168-187). The Aborigines. Contains remarks on the implements
utensils, weapons, etc., of Beothuks.
108
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
u HECTOR, JAMES, M.D., AND VAUX, W.N.W., M.A — Notice of the Indians
seen by the exploring expedition under the command of Captain Palliser. Trans.
Ethnol. Soc. of London. New Series, Vol. I. (1861), pp. 245-261.
c HIND, HENRY YULE, M.A., F.R.G.S. — Narrative of the Canadian Red River
exploring expedition of 1857 and of the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan exploring
expedition of 1858. London, 1860, 2 vols. Vol. I. pp. XX., 494; Vol. II. Pp.
XVI, 472.
Vol. I. pp. 89-90, describe Indian Mounds near Long Rapids, Rainy River; 'standing
stone," p. 31)7 ; re nains of ancient encampments in Qu'Appelle Valley, p. 340 ; Indian
buffalo pound, 356-318 ; description and discussion of wampum, 417-420 (references to
Latitau, Sagard, Champlain and Bressany); Indian fish-weir, 491.
Vol. II. ochre, p. 18; birch bark tents, 63, snowshoes, 85 ; Sioux dress and moccasins,
105 ; Sioux knife-sheath, 119 ; Cree medicine bag, 128 ; medicine rattle, 132 ; spirit
charm. 134; pp. 137-141 describe pipes, with 16 figures; figures of tobacco pipes of
the Swampy-Crees of L. Winnipeg, and of the O jib ways of Rainy Lake, p. 139 ; figures
of Sioux, Chepewyan, Plain Cree, and Blackfoot pipes, p. 140 ; figures of Babeen
pipes, p. 141 ; Cree fire-bags, 143 ; Sioux quiver, bow and arrows, 144 ; Indian graves,
164-165; Huron ossuaries, 165; engraving of Indian burial-places, facing, p. 166;
Indian graves are noticed at Vol. I., pp. 90-436, II., 122, 124, 164.
HIRSCHF ELDER, G. A.— Gri-ye-wa-no-us-qua-go-wa, Sacrifice of the White
Dog. The Indian, Vol. L, pp. 73-74, 86-87, 98-99.
General description of sacrifice of white dog by the Canadian Onondagas. Description of
preparation and adorning the dog, p. 86. See Indian, the
A Ceremonial Ornament. The Indian, Vol. I., No. 5 (March 17, 1886),
p. 49.
Describes a stone found on Christian Island, Georgian Bay, semi-circular, with hole
through the centre.
c -- Anthropological Discoveries in Canada. Read before the Canadian
Institute, November 18, 1882. Proc. Canad. Institute, New Series. Vol. I (N. S)
p. 354, [Title].
Thd paper appaared in " Toronto Mail," Decembar 2, 1882. Deals with the Ossuaries of
Simcoe County, Ontario.
c ---- The Practical and Theoretical Study of Anthopology. Read before the
Canadian Institute, March 31, 1883. Proc. Canad. Inst., New Series, Vol. I (N S )
p. 355, [Title].
The paper appeared in the <l Toronto Mail," April 14, 1883.
u --- Anthropological Discoveries in Canada. Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. f.
Adv. of Science. Fifty-fourth meeting (Montreal, 1884), pp. 915-916. [Abstract],
Brief General description of forts, burial-places, ossuaries, archaeological relics.
tu HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF YORK, ONTARIO. Illustrated. Toronto, C.
Blackett Robinson, 1888, 2 vols.
(Vol. I., p. 107) Inlian sites at River Rouge, Greenvale and Claremont in Pick-
ering Towa^hip ; village site on lot 9, coucessioa 8, Whitchurch, opened in 1848,
pp. 14S-14J ; oa lob 16, concession 6, pp. 149-159 ; site near Aurora, p. 150.
HUNTER, A. F., B.A. — Ahoendoe ; the last refuge of the Hurons. The Indian,
Vol I., p. 217.
D3sorib93 night Huron* (after att ick of Iroquoh in 1649) | to the Island of Ahoendoe
(C irisbUn tslanl) in Georgian Bay, and the relics found there. Ruins of fort, stone
enclosures, pottery, etc.
109
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
cutl [Villages and Ossuaries of the Huron country]. Archaeological
Report. Report of Canadian Institute, Session 1886-7, Toronto, 1888, pp. 57-58.
General description and enumeration of Huron village sites in Simcoe County, 57 ; descrip-
tion of ossuiries and remains found therein, 58.
Mr. Hunter, to whom the compiler of this Bibliography is indebted for
various items, has a large amount of valuable information still in MSS.
c HUART, L' ABBE\ — L' Age de Pierre au Saguenay , Le Naturaliste Canadien>
Tome XVII. (1886-7). pp. 86-91.
Describes stoas relics of Saguenay Valley, Province of Quebec.
" INDIAN, THE." Hagersville [Ontario]. Vol. I. (Nos. 1-.24, Dec. 30, 1885, to
Dec. 29, 1866), pp. 1-264, 4to.
The Canadian Archaeological Museum. Circular of Curator of the Canadian Institute.
No. 1 (Dec. 30, 1885). p. 6.
A Ceremonial Ornament, C. A. Hirschfelder. No. 5 (March 17, 1886), p. 49. Describes a
specimen found on the north-east end of Christian Island in Georgian Bay, semi-circu-
lar in form, with hole through the centre. [A short note on discovery of Indian skele-
ton at Adolphustown]. Ib. p. 50.
Gi-ye-wa-no us-qua-go-wa, Sacrifice of the White Dog. No. 7 (April 14, 1886), pp. 73-74,
C. A. Hirschfelder.
[Short note on discovery of bones of an Indian, with Queen Ann musket, kettle, etc., on
farm of R. Kennedy, 7th concession, London]. Ib. p. 82.
Sacrifice of White Dog (continued). No. 8 (April 28, 1886) pp. 86-87; No. 9 (May 12,
1886), p. 98-99. Describes sacrifice as carried 011 by the Canadian Onondagas.
How the Crees banquetted me. No. 10 (May 26, 1886), pp. 110-111. Description of Cree
dog-feast. Pipe (110), kettles (110).
Ahoendoe the last refuge of the Hurons. A. F. Hunter No. 19 (Nov. 24. 1886), p. 217.
[The above citations are from a copy of the work kindly lent the compiler by Mr. A . F.
Hunter, B.A.]
tu JAMESON, MRS. — Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada. London>
1838. 3 vols.
Describes (Vol. III., p. 324) Indian graves ; "Island of skulls," an ancient sepulchre of the-
Hurons, 327.
tcu JONES, REV. PETER. — History of the Ojebway Indians, 1861.
Chap. V. (pp. 70- ), mode of life, wigwams, ancient domestic implements, mode of travel-
ling, dress ; mode of burying the dead (98-100); weapons of war (131-132); amusementa
(134-135); wampum (139-140). The following plates accompany the work : opp. p. 73,
plate containing figures of pottery and pipes ; p. KS and p. 85, idols ; p. 99, Muncey
graves ; 131, weapons ; 135, drums, rattles, etc. ; 145, implements of medicine men.
—Life and Journals of Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by ! (Rev. Peter Jones),.
Wesleyan Missionary. Toronto, 1860.
pp. 43-4, description of Pagan Temple at Munceytown ; pp. 233-4, ornaments ; p. 242>
deer-fence.
cu JOUENAL OF EDUCATION FOR UPPER CANADA. Edited by the Rev. Egerton
Ryerson, D.D., Chief Superintendent of schools, assisted by Mr. J. George Hodgins,
deputy superintendent. Vol. XVIII. (1865). Toronto, 1865.
Canadian Archaeology, pp. 3-4. General remarks on Huron-Iroquois as compared with
Hebrews, p. 3 ; relics discovered in Hospital street, Montreal, 4 ; village of Hochelaga,
4 ; notice of relics discovered in Augusta township, near Prescott, mounds, tumuli,
etc., 4 ; near Spencerville, in Edwardsburg township, similar to foregoing, pottery, etc*
cu- -Vol. XIV. (1861), p. 16.
Short note on Indian relics discovered at Montreal.
110
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 0). A. 1890
u KALM, PETER. — Travels into North America etc. London, 1771. 3 v<>Ls.
Vol. III., pp. 123-127, Notice of pillar with Tatarian characters inscribed on it, 900*
miles west of Montreal ; pp. 179-180, note on wampum ; 230-231, tobacco pipes ; 273-
274, wampum.
*cu KANE, PAUL — Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North
America, etc. London, 1859. XVIII, 468.
Describes, with wood-cut, dark stone pipe, p. 14 ; Chinook and Cowlits head-flattening.
180-181 ; Chinook utensils, 185 ; Chinook hut-building, 186 ; burial place, 202-204 ;
fish-hooks, 43 ; fishing implements, 213-214 ; masks, 217 ; wiqua shells, 238 ; Babine
lip and nose ornaments, 241-242 ; game of al-kol-lock (bone and ring game), 310-311..
c KOHL, J. G. — Kitchi Garni. Wanderings round Lake Superior (Trans.
( Lascelles Wraxall). London, 1860. XII., 428.
Describes Chippeway house, cradle and ornamentation, pp. 5-10 ; construction of canoes,.
29-34 ; medicine lod^e, 41-42 ; sacrificial stone, 42 ; figures used in game of pngessauy,
82 ; game-sticks, 90; wampum, 136 ; birch-bark records, 145-165 ; figures of birch-
bark drawings, pp. 146, 150, 153, 154, 157. 15S, 159, 215, 287, 292, 387, 398, 400, 403 j-
pipes. 282-283 ; figure of tomahawk, 296 ;' decoy-fish, 330 ; spears, 330 ; snow-shoes,
333-337 ; Indian grave at Rivere au Desert, 373 ; dress of chiefs, 381.
u KRAITSE, DR. AUREL. — Die Tlinkit Indianer. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach der-
Nordwestkiiste von Amerika und der Beringsstrasse. Jena, 1885, XVI., 420.
S. 302-316, deal with the Haidahs ; 307-308, houses ; 309 310, games.
KUMLEIN, LUDWIG. — Fragmentary notes on the Eskimo of Cumberland.5
: Sound. Science, Vol. I., pp. 85-88, 100-101, 214-218.
Contributions to the natural history of Arctic America, made in con-
nection with the Howgate Arctic expedition, 1877-78. Washington, 1879, pp.
1-179. Forms Bulletin 15 of the National Museum.
Pp. 11-46 take up ethnology ; p. 45, description of charms and ornaments of Eskimo.
u LA HONTAN, MR. LE BARON DE. — Nouveaux Voyages dans 1'Ame'rique Sep-
tentrionale, etc. A la Haye, 170-1 2 vols.
Vol. 1. Facing p. 35, full page illustration of Iroquois bark canoe and paddle, description
of same, p. 35 ; pp. 47-48, calumet de paix ; p. 48, collier, belts of wampum ; facing p.
73, figure of snow-shoes (raquettes), description 73-74.
Vol. II. Title is Memoires de 1'Amerique Septentrionale ou la suite des Voyages de Mr.
le Baron de Lahontan. pp. 151-152, burial ; facing p. 175, figures of bow, arrow and
tomahawks ; facing p. 189, totems of Hurons, Ouataouas, Nadouissis (Seioux) Illinois •
armours, 189-91 ; facing p. 190 totem of Outchipoues (Sauteurs), Outagamis, Oumamis,'
Pouteoua^amis ; opp. p. 191, full page of " Hieroglyphes," with explanations on DD
191-194.
cu LANE, CAMPBELL. — Sun Dance of Cree Indians. Canadian RecDrd of Science
Vol. II. (1886), pp. 22-26.
LANG, J. D., D.D. — Origin and Migrations of the Polynesian Nation. First
edition, 1>34-.
Brief reference to earthwork near Lake Simcoe in foot-note to p. 109. Note not in second
edition. [Note of Mr. A. F. Hunter.]
u L'HEUREUX, JEAN, M.A. — Notes on the astronomical customs and religious
ideas of the Choketapis or Blackt'eet Indians. Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. for
Adv. of Science. Fifty-fourth meeting (Montreal, 1884).
P. 921 [Abstract].
Notices ta'ismans, tau-cross, and stone circle.
Ill
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
u Notes on the Kekip Sesoators or ancient sacrificial stone of the N.
W. territory of Canada. Report of Proc. of Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Science (fifty-
fourth meeting, Montreal, 1884). London, 1885.
Pp. 921-922 [Abstract.]
Describes boulder of quartz on S. E. side of Red River, said to be used as sacrificial stone
by Blackfeet Indians.
cu MARKHAM, CLEMENTS R., F.R.G.S. — On the origin and migrations of the
Greenland Esquimaux. Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc., London, Vol. XXXV (186f)), pp.
87-99.
Description, p. 93, of yourts of stone on Melville and Banks Island ; p. 94, general notice
of Eskimo remains on Melville, Bathurst and Cornwall Islands ; p. 95, remains on
Wellington Channel, Griffith Island, Prince of Wales Island, N. Somerset, N. Devon, etc.
ut MASON, O. T. — Resemblances in Arts widely Separated. Amer. Naturalist.
Vol. XXI (1886), p. 251.
List and description of different varieties of throwing-sticks in use amongst the Eskimo ;
amongst other, at Ungava Bay, Baffin Bay, Anderson River, etc.
tcu — —Indian Cradles and Head-Flattening. Science, Vol. IX (1887), pp*
617-620.
Describes (p. 617) cradle of Bella Bella Indians of British Columbia, and of Chinook
Indians. On pp. G19, 620, are plates containing amongst others figures of Bella Bella
and Chinook cradles.
—The Beginnings of the Carrying Industry. American Anthropo-
logist, Vol .II. (Washington, 1889), pp. 21-46.
Contains (p. 29) figure of hand-basket of Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia. See also Smith-
sonian Annual Report, 1884 (II., fig. 96).
u MAYNE, COMMANDER R. C., R.N., F.R.G.S. — Four Years in British Columbia.
London, 1862, pp. XL, 468.
Chapter XI. (pp. 242-304), Aborigines of British Columbia. Pp. 253-254, clam-cooking ;
254-5, fish-grease maki >g ; 258, carving and painting ; 271-2, sepulture (with plate);
281-283, facial and other ornaments ; 283-284, clothing, canoes, etc.
* McLEAN, JOHN. M.A., Ph.D. — The Indians ; Their Manners and Customs.
Toronto, 1889. Pp. X., 350.
Gives interesting accounts of wampum, pp. ]6-20 ; Indian burial customs, 29-36; the
peace-pipe, 54-57 ; Indian charms, 70-73 ; picture-writing, 90-94 ; iron-stone idol, 201-
203.
cu. MERCER, MAJOR, — Catalogue of a few remarkable coincidences which induce
a belief of the Asiatic origin of the North American Indians. Trans. Lit. and
Hist Soc. of Quebec. Vol. II. (1829), pp. 240-
General enumeration of resemblances in customs, arts, dwellings, implements, weapons.
MEYER, A. B. — Ueber Nephrit und sehnliches Material aus Alaska. Jahres-
bericht (XXI) des Vereins fur Erdkunde zu Dresden, 1884. See Dawson, G. M
c MILLER, PETER, F.S.A. Scot. — Notice of Three Micmac Flint Arrow-heads
from Merigomish Harbour on the northern coast of Nova Scotia, now presented to
the museum. Proc. Soc. of Antiq. of Scotland, Vol. IX., N. S. 1886-7 (Edinburgh,
1887), pp. 212-214.
Describes arrow-heads from Merigomish Harbour, Pictou county. N. S. Description (p.
212) of camping ground ; p. 213-4, quotation from Paterson's (q.v.) History of Picfcou
County, describing skull' stone axes, arrow-hends, etc., plowed up by Mr. Donald Mc-
Oregor of Big Island, and description of ancient burial site.
112
.53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 18^0
cut " NATURE." London. Vol. XXXIX (1889), p. 545.
Brief note on paper of Dr. F. Boas on "The Houses of the Kwakiutl Indians of British
Columbia " (U. 8. National Museum).
I MONTGOMERY, PROF. HENRY, Ph. D. — Indian Remains in Simcoe and Mus-
koka. Toronto Globe, August 3rd, 1888. [Title and description from H. F.
Hunter, B.A.]
Treats of Huron ossuaries, burial pits, village sites, pottery, etc., in Medonte, Simcoe
county, and supposed inscribed rock in Muskoka.
NOTICE SUR LES MOEURS ET COUTUMES des Indiens Esquimaux de la baie de
Baffins, au pole Arctique, suivie d'un vocabulaire Esquimaux-fran9ais. Tours,
Mame. 1826. [Title from Pilling's Bibliography of the Eskimo Language.]
NOUVELLEBRETAGNE. VicariatApostolique d'Athabascaet Mackenzie. Annales
de la Propag. de la Foi., Vol. XLI1I. Paris, 1871. 8vo. Pp. 457-78. [Title
from Pilling.]
ct PACKARD, A. S. — Notes on the Labrador Eskimo and their former range
southward. Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XIX. (1885), pp. 471-481.
t PATERSON, REV. GEO., D.D.— The History of Pictou County, Nova Scotia.
1877.
Contains a sketch of the Archaeology of Pictou county. See Miller, Peter.
Nova Scotia Archaeology. The Stone Age. The Paterson Collection*
Dalhousie Gazette (Dalhousie College), Vol. XXL, No. 7. Halifax, Feb. 21, 1889'
Description of the Paterson collection of stone, implements, etc., in the museum of Dal-
housie college.
PETITOT, ^MILE. — Sur quelques armes de pierre rapporte"es d'Amerique, avec
•atlas par 1'auteur. Dans les Materiaux, d'fcnile Cartailhac. Toulouse, 1875.
[Title from Petitot's " Quinze Ans sous le Cercle Polaire."]
' u — Vocabulaire frangais-esquimau,dialecte de Tchiglit des bouches du Mac-
kenzie et de L' Anderson, pre'ce'de' d'une monographie de cette tribu et de notes
grammaticales. Paris, 1876. I-LXIV, 1-78, 4to.
The " Monographie" (IX. -XXXVI) contains some items of archaeological interest.
Quinze Ans sous le Cercle Polaire. Mackenzie, Anderson Youkon-
Paris, 1889. Pp. IV-XVL, 1-322.
Notices burial of Dene, 133 ; Dindjie yourts, 181 ; De'ne hut, 217 ; opp. p. 190 is a full
page illustration of a Dindjie camp, and opp. p. 202 a full page illustration of a group of
Dene on a winter voyage ; opp. p. 217 is a full page illustration of the interior of a
Dene hut with its occupants.
cu— — On the Athapasca district of the Canadian N. W. T. Canad. Record of
Science, Vol. I. (1884-5.). [Article reprinted from Proc. Rov. Geog Soc Lond
Nov. 1885.]
Pp. 46-53 taken up with a general description of the Indian tribes of that region.
En Route pour la Mer Glaciale. Paris. Pp. 394.
—Les Grands Esquimaux. Paris, 1887. Pp. VI, 307.
Describes Eskimo sledges, p. 11; Eskimo pipes, 13 ; Eskimo huts, 49-52 ; Eskimo dances
.53-157 ; tents, 170 ; nets, 20C. It contains a map of the region in question, besides
plates, the chief of which are : Portrait of the chief of the Liverpool Bay Eskimo
Pi'.7^ 5 Eskimo village at mouth of Anderson River, 138 ; interior of an w
192 ; Eskimo dance, 243 ; Eskimo camp, 299.
(C.I.) 113
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
S, HENRY, Jr. — On a supposed Runic Inscription at Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia. Proc. Amer. Philos Soc. Philadelphia. Vol. XXI, (1883-4), pp. 491-2,
with plate on p. 490.
c QUESNEL, LEO. — Les Esquimaux, d'apres M. Petitot. Revue Scientifique.
Tome XLII, 3 e S4rie, 8e AnnSe (1888), pp. 670-674.
Describes (p. 671) construction of an iglou. S^e Petitot J^mile.
cu RAE, DR. JNO. — Eskimo Skulls. Journ. Anthrop. Instit. of Gt. Brit, and
Ireland, Vol. VII. (1877-8).
—Eskimo Migrations. Journ. of Anthrop. Instit. of Gt. Brit, and
Ireland, Vol. VII. (1877-8).
c REVUE CANADIENNE. Quebec. February, 1875, pp. 108-109.
Describes Indian dress, feasts, burial, etc.
cuRoss. BERNARD R. — An Account of the Botanical and Mineral Products use-
ful to the Chepewyan tribe of Indians inhabiting the McKenzie River District.
Canad. Naturalist and Geologist and Proc. of the Nat. Soc. of Montreal. Vol.
VII. (1862), pp. 133-137.
u SAGARD [THEODAT], F. GABRIEL. — Le grand Voyage au Pays des Hurons
situe en I'Amerique vers la mer douce, es dernieres conh'ns de la Nouvelle France
dite Canada, avec un dictionnaire de la langue Huronne, etc. A Paris, 1632.
Nouvelle Edition. Publiee par M. Jiimile Chevalier. Paris, Librairie Tross, 1865.
Deux Tomes, pp. 1-268 (orig. paging, 1-380.)
Describes Canots (canoes), p. 89 (129); vessels of bark, 91 (132); cradles, 118 (170); chap-
pelets, 185-136 (194-5): burials, 199 (2S'5), 200 (287); birch-bark drawing, 245(348), 246
(349(; De la grande feste des Morts, 203-206 (291-295).
cu SCHULTZ, DR, M.P. — The Mound Builders of the West. Canadian Naturalist
and Geologist, etc. Vol. IX. (1881), pp. 60-62.
Describes mounds and contents (skeletons, shells, ornaments), in Lisgar County, Manitoba.
tu SCHWA TKA, FREDERICK. — Along Alaska's Great River. New York, 1885.
Pp. 360.
Describes pp. 216-220, Ayan grave, near old Fort Selkirk, with full page illustration on p.
217 ; * yan or lyan paddle, p. 220 ; Ayan andChilkat gambling tools, with figure. 227;
dress and ornaments, 228 ; house and household implements, 230 ; Ayan moose-arrow,
230-232, with arrow figure on p. 231 ; knives, 232 ; winter-tent, 232-5 ; carved pins for
fastening marmot snares, 152 ; ruins of old Fort Selkirk. 205.
tu SKIDMORE, E. RUHAMAH. — Alaska, its southern coast and the Sitkan Archi-
pelago. Boston, 1885, pp. 333.
Pages 36-45 treat of the Haidahs. Houses and canoes of the Kasa-an (Haidah) Indians,
36-37 ; figures of three carved spoons and Shaman's rattle, 38 ; Haidah carvings and
ornaments, 38-30; Shaman's totems, 41-42 ; figure of Kasa-an pipe, '268 ; totem-p jles,
272-273 ; chief's residence at Kajan, figure, 274 ; Haidah canoes, 275 ; halibut-hook,
276 ; carving, 275-7.
ctu " SCIENCE," New York. Vol. IV. (1884), pp. 316-320.
Brief abstracts of papers read at Montreal meeting of the British Assoc. for Adv. of Science.
v ange of Eskimo in cpace and time — Dawkins — 316-317.
Huron Iroquois as typical race of Amer. Aborigines — Wilson — 3LH.
Anthropological Discoveries in Canada — Hirschf elder — 318.
Origin of Tfampum — Hale — 320.
tuc— -Vol. VII. (1886), p. 186.
Brief note on exploration of mounds in Manitoba.
u It appears from surveys made during the past summer that the northern limits of the
Mound-Builders lie beyond the lied River of the north."
114
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 18&0
ctu. Vol. IX. (1887), pp. 006-7. Ethnological notes. The Serpent among
the North-west American Indians.
Contains (p. 606) figure of dancing implement representing the Sisiutl.
See American Antiquarian.
SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R. — One'ota.
Notices (p. 826), earthworks near Dundas, Ontario.
SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R. — The Indian in his Wigwam or Characteristics of the
Red Race of America. New York, W. H. Graham, Tribune Buildings, 1847.
Pp. 324-327 contain a letter, dated from Dundas, Canada West, /ct. 26, 1843, giving an
account of a visit to an ossuary in Beverley township. [Title and descripti- n from the
Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, N.Y.]
c SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE, THE. Vol. V. (1889), pp. 191-198. The
Eskimo Tribes.
A review of ''The Eskimo of Tribes; their Distribution and characteristics, especially
in regard to language," by Dr. H. Rink (Vol. XI. of the Meddelelse on Greenland,
Copenhagen, (1887). Treats of implements, pp. (192-193), dwellings, 193-194; dress
,and ornaments, 194; domestic industries and arts, 194-5; religion and folk-lore,
195; social organisation, 195-7; distribution and division, 197-198.
u SCOULEK, JNO., M.D., F.L.S. — On the Indian Tribes inhabiting the N. W.
coast of America. Ethnol. Journ. Journ. of the Ethnol. Soc. of London. Vol I
(1848), pp. 228-252.
u SOUTHESK, THE EARL OF, K.T., F.R.G.S. — Saskatchewan and the Rockv
Mountains, A Diary and Narrative of Travel, Sport and Adventure during a
journey through the Hudson's Bay Territory in 1859 and '60, Edinburgh 1875
XXX., 448.
Describes (p. 59) Cree calumet pattern on Skin Robe ; p. 258, Assiniboine Pipe and
stem, with figure; p. 261, Assiniboine knife-sheath and fire-bag.
u SPROAT, GILBERT, MALCOLM, ESQ. — The West coast Indians of Vancouver
Island. Trans, of Ethnl. Soc., London. New Series, Vol. V. (1866), pp. 243-254.
Describes houses (pp. 247-249), arts (249), instruments (250).
u SQUIER, E.G., M.A. — Antiquities of the State of New York, being the results
of extensive original surveys and explorations, with a supplement on the Antiqui-
ties of the West, Buffalo, 1851.
Notices (pp. 15-16), remains found on Canadian side opposite Morrisville by Dr. Rey-
nolds (q. v.); p. 16, figure of terra-cotta mask found there. Pages 100-107 treat of
ossuaries, etc.. in Simcoe County, Ontario, after Bawtree (q. «.). P. 100, human
bones, etc. , discovered neor Barrie in 1846, ossuary near St. Tincents ; ' 100-103
ossuary neas Penetanguishene in Township of Giny (read Tiny) examined in 184?',
from which skulls, "26 kettles of copper and brass, 3 large c nch-shells, piece of
beaver skin, large iron axe, human hair, cupper bracelet, bead?, etc., were taken
description of pit, p. 101, kettles 100-102 (figure on page 102). conch-shells 102
(fi.ure on 102), axe, whh figure, 10-2, pipe 102-10:3, beads 103. Pages 1U3-104 describe
another pit (2 miles from above), and contents ; 104-105, a pit discovered in Oro
township in November, 1847, in which several hu dred skeletons, '/6 kettles, one
conch-shell, one iron axe, a number of flat perforated shell-beads a d pipe were
found. Pages 105-6 describe a pit in the Township of Giny (Tiny), from which a large
number of skeleton s, 16 conch shells, a stone and a clay pipe, copper bracelets, and
ear-ornaments, red-pipestone beads, and copper arrowheads were taken. Pages 106-
108 deal with a fifth pit in the centre of the Town of Tiny, with figure and plan oppo-
site page 107. P. 108 notices a burial place on Isle Ronde, near the extremity of L.
Huron, and one near Hamilton, Ont. Pages 108-110 contain quotation from Charlevoix
(II., 194), on the Fete des Marts among the Hurons and Iroquois. On p. 142, and p.
267, are brief references to earthworks in Canada.
115
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I STONE, WM. L. — Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson during the Oriskany
Campaign, 1776-1777. Albany, 1882.
A note on page 68 describes a large Indian burial-ground on the shore of Button Bay,
Wolfe Island, discovered in 1878, bv reason of the washing away of the shore. Find
of large spears, arrowheads and skulls (encesed in mica). Also a mound covering
skeletons.
THOMAS, Miss NORA. — Burial Ceremonies of the Hurons. Translated from
the Relations des J4suites, 1636, pp. 128-139. Supplemental Note to " Burial
Mounds of the Northern Section of the United States," by Prof. Cyrus Thomas
in Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1883-1884 (Washington,
1887), pp. 3-139.
Describes the burial customs of the old Hurons of the Province of Ontario as recorded by
Breboeuf and others in the Jesuit Relations.
c THOMPSON, GILBERT. — Indian Time Indicators. American Anthopologist,
Washington. Vol. II. (1889), pp. 118.
Describes from Hind (Vol. I, p. 150), rude form of sun-dial employed by the Nascapee
Indians.
TORONTO " MAIL." Vol. XVIIL, No. 7,913. (February 27, 1889), p. 4, col. 6.
Description [from the St. John (N.B.) Educational Review] of Pictographs on the Fairy
rocks, between Annapolis and Queen's County.
September 30, 1889. P. 8, col. 2.
Notice of ossuary and contents, near Thornhill, Ontario.
cut TURNER, LUCIEN M. — On the Indians and Eskimos of the Ungava District,
Labrador. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada, Vol. V. (1887), Sec. II., pp. 99-
119. .
Describes Nascopie funeral customs, 113 ; dressing deer-skins, 110-111 ; wigwam, 111 ;
method of burial of Itivimut (Ungava) Eskimos, Tahaagmagut, 103; dress of Tahag-
myut, 102 ; ivory gambling-blocks, 102.
c — Scraper of the Naskopie (Nayriaynots) Indians. American Anthro-
pologist, Washington. Vol. I. (1888), pp. 186-188.
Describes a bone-scraper of the Nascopies and method of making and manner of using it,
cu TYLOR, E. B., D.C.L., RRS. — Old Scandinavian Civilization among the
Modern Esquimaux. Journ. Anthrop. Inst. of Gt. Brit, and Ireld. Vol XIII.
(1884), pp. 348-356.
u TYTLER, PATRICK ERASER. — The Northern Coasts of America and the Hud-
son's Bay Company's Territories, with a continuation by R. M. Ballantyne. Lon-
don, 1854.
Describes ornaments and implements of the Dog-Ribs, 148 ; house of the Diguthee-Dinees
or Quarrellers, 152-153; carved and painted posts, 180; canoes, 180; Eskimo nose-
ornaments, etc., 234-255 ; dress, 235 ; Eskimo House of Assembly on Atkinson Island,
244-245 ; Kayaks and oomiaks, 369-370.
u VIRCHOW, HERR. — Die anthropologische Untersuchung der Bella-Coola.
Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, 18. Bd. (1886), S. 206-215.
Treats of dance-masks, 208 ; houses and totem-poles, 208 ; wood-carving, 208 ; tattooing
and scarring, '210-211 ; physical characteristics, 212-215, and table of measurements of
body and skull of Bella-Coola.
116
53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 6). A. 1890
I WELD; ISAAC, JR. — Travels through the States of North America and the
Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796 and 1797.
Fourth edition." Illustrated and embellished with 16 plates. London, 1807, 2
vols., I-V11L, 1-376.
Describes Indian dress and ornaments, 231-238 ; brooches, 236 ; bracelets, ring, ear-rings,
etc., 236, nose -pendants, 237 ; silver and shell breast-plates, 237; utensils, 241-243;
weapons, 243-244 ; wampum, 249-252 ; quill-work, 259-260.
c WEST, JOHN, A.M. — The Substance of a Journal during a residence at the
Red River Colony, British North America and frequent excursions among the
North-west American Indians, in the years 1821, 1822,1823. Second Edition
enlarged with a journal of a mission to the Indians of New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia and the Mohawks on the Ouse or Grand River, Upper Canada, 1825-1826.
London, 1527, 1-XVI., 1-326.
Describes Eskimo toys, images, etc., 7 ; Indian (Saulteaux?) burial, 33 ; burial of Stone (?)
Indians, 55.
i, FREDERICK. — Travel and Adventure in Alaska. New York, 1869.
I-XIX,, 353.
Describes (p. 74) masks used by the Aht Indians of Vancouver Islands with figure of the
mask on page 77.
u WILSON, CAPTAIN. — Report on the Indian Tribes inhabiting the country in
the vicinity of the 49th parallel of N. Latitude. Ethnol. Journ. Journ. of the
Ethnol. Soc. of London. Vol. IV. (1865), pp. 275-332.
Describes, Kootenay head flattening : burials ; dwellings ; canoes ; Selish houses ; dress ;
native manufactures.
tuc WILSON, SIR DANIEL, L.L.D., F.R.S. E.— The Huron Race and its Head-
Form. Canad. Journal, Second Series, Vol. VIII. (1871-3), pp. 113-134.
Plates opposite pp. 113, 126, 128 ; table of measurements, p. 131.
tu Prehistoric Man. Researches into the origin of Civilization in the
Old and New World. Cambridge and London, 1862, 2 vols. New Editions,
1876, 2 vols.
Passim, and at I., 105, archaeological discoveries at Toronto.
u Supposed prevalence of one Cranial T}^pe throughout the American
aborigines. Edinburgh New Philos. 'Journ., VII. (1858), 1-32.
>ome ethnological phases of Conchology. Ib. IX. (1859), 65-82; 191-
u On some modifying elements affecting the ethnic signification of
peculiar forms of the human skull. 76. XIV. (1861), 269-281.
cu On some modifying elements affecting the ethnic significance of peculiar
forms of the human skull. Canadian Journal. Second Series, Vol. XV. (1861).
cut Pre- Aryan 'American Man. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada.
Vol. I. (1882-3), Section II., pp. 35-70.
Brief references to Eskimo and Haidah dwellings, 38 ; Haidah carving and ornaments, 40 ;
companion of art of Eskimo and man of Vezere, 48-50.
9(c.L) 117
53 Victoria. Sessional IP apers (No. 6). A. 1890
tcu - Inaugural Address. Read May 22, 1882. Proc. and Trans. Roy.
Soc. of Canada. Vol. I. (1882-3), Sec. II., pp. 1-12.
Brief comparison (p. 14) of art of Eskimo and Haidahs .
utc -- The Huron-Iroquois of Canada. A Typical Race of the American
Aborigines. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. of Canada. Vol. II. (1884), Sec. II, pp.
55-100.
, JUSTIN. — The Progress of opinion respecting the origin and antiquity
of man in America. Narrative and Critical History of America. Edited by
Justin Winsor. Vol. I. (1889), pp. 369-412.
Contains valuable bibliographical items. Also, p. 377 and 389, figure of Hochelaga skull
from Dawsou " Fossil Men."
REMARKS.
The present contribution contains some 160 titles (the first contribution con-
tained 74) and the compiler hopes, with about three more, to make the Bibliography
fairly complete. The Relation, of the Jesuits, works like those of Charlevoix,
Latitau, etc., will be cited in the next section, as will also the mass of books of
travel relating to the Arctic coast of British America (some of which will be
found in the present section), together with local histories and fugitive articles
in newspapers and periodicals.
0, l,-t, u, before a title mean that the work from which the title and description have
been taken, is to be found in the Library of the Canadian Institute (c), the Library of the
Ontario Legislature (£), the Toronto Public Library (£), or the Library of the University of
Toronto (it). A work marked by an asterisk (*) is cited from a copy in the possession of the
compiler.
CORRIGENDA.
Corrigenda in No. I. (Report, 1887-188). P. 6, 1. 27, read Soeur Ste Helene.
P. 6, line 8, read 2 vols. ; p. 3, 1. 41, read Aborigines.
118
-54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
FOURTH ANNUAL, REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
(SESSION OF 1890-91.}
BEING
-A. IST -A. ZE> IF» E 1ST ID I
TO THE
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION,
ONTARIO.
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TORONTO:
INTED BY WARWICK & SONS, (58 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST,
1891;
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21. A. 1891
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
INTRODUCTORY 5
NOTES :
Southwold Earthwork 8
Tuscarora and Oneida ' 10
Balsam Lake 12
Lake Wesleinkoon 14
Midland City . . .' 17
Saints Marie , 18
Parry Sound : 19
Parry Island '20
Point Abino 21
Porcupine Quill Work 23
Invitation Quills . . 24
Pottery 24
Clay Pipes 29
Stone Pipes 35
Hammer Stones ' 41
Game Disk 43
Figured Tool 43
Flaked Stones .- , 44
Stone Cup 45
Amulets or Gorgets 45
Stone Carving 49
Disks 49
Slick Stone 50
Shell '...., 50
Bone 54
Ojibway Game 55
Horn 56
Unfinished Relics 57
Copper 59
Post European Relics 64
EXTRACTS :
Account of the Maquas 68
Tribal Names , 71
* Balsam Lake, by G. E. Laidlaw , 73
Bibliography, Pt. Ill, by A. F. Chamberlain 78
* The Algonkian Indians of Baptiste Lake, by A. F. Chamberlain 83'
54 Victoria. Sessional Tapers (No. 21). A. 1891
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT.
BY DAVID BOYLE.
To the President and Members of ike Canadian Institute: —
GENTLEMEN, — In presenting you with the fourth annual archaeological report,
it is my extremely pleasant duty to inform you that the year just ended has proved
in many ways the most encouraging of any since the inception of our project.
Many places have been visited and more or less carefully examined, and from
these considerable numbers of specimens have been added to our collection.
Almost everywhere, a large measure of public interest was manifested, and this,
it may be said, was mainly owing to the circulation of our previous annual reports,
and to the visits of interested persons to the Museum. As was anticipated, there is
an increasing disposition on the part of private collectors to place their specimens
on permanent exhibition in our cases, as is the practice in connection with the
best museums in Europe and the United States. In this way alone, the number
of specimens in the Provincial Museum has been increased by nearly fifteen
hundred. Early in the season Mr. W. G. Long of Lansing, York county, placed
his collection numbering six hundred in our care.* The value of these is enhanced
from' the fact that they are nearly all from places within a comparatively short
distance north of the city— the townships of York, Vaughan, Markharn and
Wliitchurch. This collection is marked by an unsually large number of articles
manufactured from bone and horn.
Dr. Tweedale, jun., of St. Thomas, has also made the Institute custodian of the
chief portion of the fine collection brought together by his father, the late Dr.
Tweedale. Most of the Tweedale collection is from a part of the country, Elgin
county, formerly occupied by the Attiwandarons, and will prove valuable for com-
parision with specimens of "the same people-'s work from their westerly limits in
the county of Kent to the extreme east of their Canadian occupancy in Lincoln
and Welland.
Mr. George E. Laidlaw of " The Fort," Victoria Road, Victoria county, lias
deposited with us his very fine collection, illustrative of a people bordering east
of the Hurons, if, indeed they were not a branch of the Hurons themselves. In
another part of this report will be found Mr. Laidlaw's own description of the
Balsam lake locality and the specimens it has yielded, As he has made this
neighborhood a pretty close and very intelligent study for many years, his obser-
vations must be read with much interest.
But what is of even more importance is the increase of our knowledge rela-
tive to the areas occupied by different tribes ; the sources from which they pro-
cured the various materials employed in the fabrication of their tools and weapons ;
their articles of exchange ; their burial customs ; their routes of travel ; the
character of their village or town sites ; the extent of their dwellings; their
methods of fortification ; the modification of their habits under European influ-
ence, and many hints from peculiarly formed or incomplete specimens, as to the
methods employed in fashioning objects of stone, copper, bone and shell.
* This collection is now the property of the Provincial Museum.
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21.) A. 1891
It is now generally understood that savage life is or was, much " the same
with a difference " in all parts of the world, and it is the study of what consti-
tutes this difference in a given district or territory that enables us to add to the
- common stock of ideas concerning the -history of our race. Primitive man every-
where has made use of stone — at the outset, probably, just in its natural condi-
tion, and either as a missile, or as a hammer, but, in course of time, all our early
representatives discovered the advantages of sharpness and hardness, and thus
they were led to the flaking process, and to -the selection of silicious material as
being best adapted for their purpose. But all have not performed the flaking or
chipping process in the same manner. A higher step in lithurgy was the pro-
duction of polished celts or axes, but here again we find differences. In Europe
.many of these are perforated to receive a stout handle ; in North America such a
weapon or tool is never seen, or is so exceedingly rare that the exceptions are not
worth taking into account. .Again, almost all tools of this class found in Ontario
are quite plain on the sides which have a taper decreasing towards the head or
pole. Further south a large proportion of the stone axes are grooved transversely
for the purpose of attaching them to their handles.
Commonplace as this remark may be regarding the celts of the two conti-
nents, it is nevertheless typical of differences that are known to exist amongst
many classes of aboriginal workmanship within more limited areas, and a critical
-examination of minor variations in form, finish or material, is often sufficient to
•enable a conclusion to be arrived at relative to the local or tribal origin of a given
specimen. A study of the objects composing the Long an<^. Laidlaw collections,
although these are from sections of the country not far aparfc, reveals a number
of peculiarities. This is perhaps the more noticeable in the ornamental markings
of pottery from the two localities.
In course of time the number of specimens from other portions of the pro-
vince may afford material for wider and more detailed comparison.
Notwithstanding the very much increased amount of outside work that was
•performed during the year, the character of our operations is unsatisfactory — it
lacks thoroughness. Alany localities demand weeks and months of examination,
but the limited resources of the Institute render this impossible. The progress
-of time serves but to prove the futility of our attempts to grapple with the task
•of Ontario's archaeology otherwise than in the most superficial manner. From
the Lake-of-the- Woods in the west to the Ottawa Valley in the east, our corres-
pondence points to fields wholly untouched, or only partially touched. Even
within a short radius from this city there remains much to be done. A year ago
Dr, Parkman expressed the hope that we should be able to devote considerable
attention to the ancient seat of the Hurons, but scarcely anything has yet been
.done towards the accomplishment of that important task.
While this state of the case affords matter for regret, we are not without
reason to entertain hope. As already mentioned, the work of the Institute has
been the means of arousing considerable interest in many places, and as a result
,of this the future will be marked by less disregard for what pertains to abori-
ginal life-history than has been the case in the past. A large number of private
collectors are at work, many of whom are farmers, mechanics and members of the
medical profession. A considerable proportion of these are not mere " curiosity
hunters," but devote attention to the literature of archaeology generally, as well
as to its scientific bearings from the points of view afforded by their own locali-
ties. It is something even to incite or foster a praiseworthy sentiment of this
kind, and the Canadian Institute has the satisfaction of knowing that it has
/done much in that direction.
6
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No, 21). A. 1891
Your curator is blameworthy for having failed upwards of a year ago to avail
liimself of your authority to visit one or more of the large American public collec-
tions for the purpose of learning what experience has taught in the management
of these, and it should be the duty of the present official or his successor to take
the earliest opportunity to compare the different methods employed at tho Smith-
sonian Institution and the Peabody Museum in registering, numbering, classifying,
cataloguing and otherwise recording accessions. Our own collection has now
attained proportions so large that the very best, or, some good system should be
adopted to avoid such future confusion as would render the specimens almost
totally worthless for scientific purposes.
To Mr. Cyrenius Bearss ; the brothers William and David Melville ; Mr.
Alex. Robertson of Madoc ; Mr. Arthur Crawford of Tiny ; Mr. H. F. Switzer of
Midland City ; Dr. T. A. Beeman of Bancroft ; Ag-wah-setch (Francois Antoine)
of Baptiste Lake ; Mr. Wm. Michener of Humberstone ; Mr. Chester Henderson
of South wold ; Dr. McCallum of Dunnville ; Dr. P. E. Jones of Hagersville : Mr.
J, B. Freeman, M.P.P., of Simcoe * ; Mr. A. E. Otway Page of Bertie ; Mr. W. A.
Reaveley, M.A., of Simcoe ; Mr. Wm. Henderson of Toronto ; Messrs Waters, Heath
and Grouse of Brantford ; Messrs. W. Ireland and J. W. Fitzgerald of Parry
Sound and Rev. Mr. Gaviller of Parry Sound, we are especially indebted for
many favors.
DAYID BOYLE.
* The death of Mr. Freeman, after a brief illness in November, 1890, deprived the Institute of one of
the best friends its archaeological work could claim.
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No 21).
A. 1891
NOTES.
BY DAVID BOYLE.
THE SOUTHWOLD EARTHWORK.
What is probably the best example in Ontario, of an Indian palisaded
enclosure is to be found on the property of Mr. Chester Henderson, lot 4, north side-
§
c
J>
&
FIG. 1. — SOUTHWOLD EARTHWORKS.
of Talbot street, in Southwold Township, county of Kent. In the present state
of our knowledge it may be premature to speak of it as -having been palisaded,
there being no direct proof to that effect, but from what we know of the methods
8
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 181>I
employed by the aborigines elsewhere in old Canada, it may be fairly concluded
that the Southwold earthwork was of this description.
In the nature of the ground or of the situation there is but little to indicate
any reason why this particular place was chosen by the Indians for defensive
purposes. Usually, as has been frequently pointed out, places of this kind
occupy moderately high land, near to, or forming the bank of some stream. A
possible exception was referred to in our last report, where mention was made
(pp. 11 and 12) of embankments on the bottom land of a branch of Batteaux
creek, in Nottawasaga; but in that case the little tributary was at any rate avail-
able for fishing purposes, and, as was remarked, the remaining embankments may
have at one time extended up the adjacent hill. Here the case is quite different
there is no high land in the neighborhood, and the only water consists of the
outflow of a strong spring which rises at a short distance south.
Although the Southwold works have been mentioned in several publications
at intervals during the past twenty or twenty-five years, I am not aware that
any measurements have been taken. At any rate, the following are the results
of a visit paid to the place last May, in company with Dr. Tweedale, jun., then of
St. Thomas, but now of Salem, Michigan. Unfortunately for our purpose a
heavy rain continued to fall nearly all the time we were on the ground ; but as
the proprietor, Mr. Henderson, has kindly consented to give the Canadian Insti-
tute the first opportunity to make a thorough examination of the place next
season, any mistakes made last summer may be1 rectified.
Apparently, the area enclosed by the double embankment, which forms the
Southwold earthworks, is circular, but the tape line proves it to have a longer
axis from north to south than from east to west, the respective measurements
being 390 feet, and 330 feet from base to base of the outer slopes. The two
.banks are not equi-distant all the way round, as may be seen from figure 1. at
A, B, C, D, E, F and G. The greatest amount of uniformity lies between the points
A and H, where a width of about 23J feet is maintained throughout nearly one-
fourth of the whole circuit. The northern portion of the work widens until the
distance is upwards of 30 feet at F. But it is on the western side that the banks
are farthest apart, varying from 28 feet at B to 44 feet at C and diminishing to
37 feet at D. -Both within and without the enclosed area, the ground is level,
except where, for a distance of 160 feet, the little stream in freshet moods has
cut for itself a gully 10 feet below the top of the bank or about 7 feet below the gen-
eral level where it emerges at the north-west. The general height of the banks is
about 3 feet. In some places, as at a little east of where the stream enters, both
banks are 3 feet 8 inches high. At the western side of the creek entrance, the
outer bank is the same height, but the inner one is only 3 feet. At A the outer
bank is 3^ feet high, and the inner one 3 feet. Neither are the banks of uniform
width. At a point nearly north-east near F, G, each measures across its base
6i- feet ; the distance from crown to crown being 25 feet, and the measurement
over all being 37 feet, while at the 'north- west the outer bank is 12 feet wide at
the base.
Near the south where the stream enters the enclosure, the configuration of
the earthwork would seem to indicate the former existence of a gateway. The
ends of the banks as they face each other on opposite sides of the stream are
somewhat squarely shouldered, the exterior opening being 7 feet wide and the
interior one 10 feet wide, while the passage narrows to 5 feet in the middle
About half of the stream's course, through the enclosed ground, is but little
below the surface, but, as already mentioned, 160 feet from its exit it flows through
a channel which deepens to nearly 10 feet. The gap in the banks could be easily
strengthened by means of logs and branches extending from side to side.
64 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21).' A. 1891
Doubly stockaded as this enclosure probably was, it must of been well nigh
impregnable if the occupants were at all prepared for assault. There is nothing
in the plan to indicate even the remotest particle of European influence, and none
of the relics found by Mr. Henderson's sons, and kindly presented by them to
the Ontario Archaeological Museum, affords evidence of the white man's presence
while this interesting place was occupied.
It is impossible to say whether the ground, enclosed was cleared when the
embankments were thrown up ; if so, the period of occupation may be guessed
at from the size of the largest trees now growing on the spot, or from the stumps
of those that lived and died on it. A living maple within the double walls
measures 3J feet in diameter, and there is an elm of the same dimension*, while an
elm stump near the middle of the ground is 4 feet in diameter. The timber
growth within the earthworks consists mainly of maple, ehn, beech and iron- wood,
and the trees number not fewer, probably, than 200, although we did not make
an actual count.
When we consider how few really well preserved land-marks of the original
people remain in Ontario it is deplorable to think that in a few years this
earthwork with all its distinctive characters will be levelled in the course of cul-
tivation, leaving, perhaps, not a trace of the importance it one time held in the
economy of those who, regarding themselves as the natural owners, never
dreamt of dispossession or displacement by strangers, especially by strangers from
beyond the sea.
One cannot help wondering why municipal corporations (township or county )>
scientific bodies, or wealthy individuals do not make some effort to preserve all
that is possible 'of such extremely interesting works as those of Southwold,
although in what may be called a ruinous condition.
Through the efforts of Prof. Putnam, of the Peabody Museum, Massachu-
setts, the Serpent Mound in Ohio has been purchased, and is now public property.
The Southwold earth works, though less extensive, are quite as interestingin relation
to the anthropology of Ontario as is the Serpent Mound to that of Ohio, and to
think of the time when it will be cultivated out of existence, is anything but
agreeable to those who take an interest in what pertains to a people regard-
ing whom we know so little, and in a part of the country where so few well-
marked monuments remain to attest the existence of early man.
The works cover an area little exceeding three acres, the purchase of which
with the right of access, need not cost a very large sum, and it is unlikely that
the intelligent proprietor would throw any unnecessary obstacles in the way of
having the place set apart for preservation in its present condition.
In Great Britain the Public Monuments Act provides for the preservation
of such places, but in Ontario, as in the United States, local effort and enterprise
may be substituted for legislative enactment.
TUSCARORA AND ONEIDA.
A few miles from Hagersville, on the Six Nation Indian Reserve, in the
township of Tuscarora, what is in many respects an interesting locality exists on
the farm of Mr. Powles Baptiste, south half of lot No. 2, 3rd concession.
The whole of the Grand River Valley is rich in evidences of occupation by
Indians long prior to the settlement of the Six Nations on the Tuscarora Reserve.
In the neighborhood of Brantford, higher up the valley, Messrs. Waters, Heath
and Grouse, enthusiastic amateur archaeologists have succeeded in locating several
10
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
Ancient village sites, potteries and ossuaries. Each of these gentlemen too has. made
for himself a collection containing many valuable and some rare specimens. Near
the mouth of the river ])r. McCallum is doing good work in making observations
and in the preservation of all specimens. Midway between these points Dr. P. E.
Jones, of Hagersville, is on the alert, and it is to his kindness that the Institute is
indebted, not only for the information relative to the Baptiste locality, but for
many courtesies extended to the representative of the Institute while the examin-
.ation of tne place was being made.
Dr. Jones, who had several times visited Baptiste's place, was convinced that
the clay bed which here forms the right bank of Boston creek had been worked
by the ancient natives for pottery-making purposes. A brief examination proved
the correctness of the doctor's surmises, and further observation showed that the
finest or best quality of clay being found at some distance below the top of the
bank, the old pathway between the deposit and the level ground above could still
be traced ; and what proved of even more interest was the existence of a broad and
•comparatively level portion of the bank at the foot of the path, but some feet
above the hole from which the clay was taken, as if the material when excavated
had been placed here to be carried upwards either by the digger or by an assistant.
The situation of the spot may be seen at the angle which would be formed by
lines drawn from the roots of the two trees at the right of the diagram to meet in the
lower bank (Fig. 2). On the top of the bank and extending westwards across part
FIG. 2.— Tuscarora Village-site and Clay-bed.
-of the adjoining farm a line of ash-beds could be traced by actual measurement
for a distance of one thousand two hundred feet. Four Indians were employed
for two days digging at various points on this village site, and the nnd was
mainly of the usual character, except that on the Baptiste end were found three
breast bones (Fig. 133), of some large fowl, which an Indian woman who was pre-
'Sent stated had been used in twisting lines made from the tibre of basswood bark.
On the Garlow farm, west of Baptiste's was found a granite boulder hollowed
for grinding purposes.
It may be worthy of note that Powles Baptiste and the three other Indians
who were employed, exhibited no superstitious fears in connection with their work,
«ven when handling the bones of departed braves, for in one instance we came
upon human remains.
A short time previous to our visit, Baptiste in excavating a jellartothe rear
of his house, nearer the front of the lot, came upon a small ossuary containing seven-
teen skulls and some other bones. The skulls, he informed us, all faced outwards,
n
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. '21). A. 181*1
and were arranged circularly and pyramidally — seven forming the base, tbe upper
tiers being composed respectively of five, tbree and two skulls, one of tbe upper-
most being that of a child. The other bones were found both above and below
the skulls.
Besides the specimens which were procured here others were presented by
Dr. Jones and Mr. James E. Wood. From the latter gentleman we received a
beautiful " ceremonial " weapon of Huronian slate, and an arrangement of conical
bones on a string (Fig. 134), for playing a gambling or betting game, the name of
which I could not learn. The Indians on this part of the Reserve are Mississaugas*
and have long ago ceased to take any interest in such pastimes. Indeed, the
whole band numbering 258, (213 in Tuscarora and 45 in Oneida), under the-
superintendence of Dr. Jones presents a model for imitation by those of Indian
origin in other parts of America. Their farms are in a good state of cultivation,
and well fenced. The live stock will compare favorably with that of the neigh-
boring whites ; the houses, as a rule, are commodious, clean, and comfortable, and
no stranger driving through the settlement could observe anything to indicate
that the land was fanned by others than white men. There is no doubt a consid-
erable admixture of Europenn blood among the members of this band, but this we
know does not always tend to improvement. Here, however, 'the Mississaugas
oi every shade seem determined to vie with the white settlers in the arts of
civilization.
The Reserve council-house is a handsome brick building, eligibly situated
within an enclosure large enough to afford recreation ground for the young
people. Flower-beds have been laid out opposite the front of the building, and
the interior of the hall is well furnished. Portraits of the Queen, Sir John A.
Macdonald, and of several distinguished Indians adorn- the walls.
It was my good fortune to be able to accept an invitation to attend a
meeting of the band held here, where the discussions were carried on quite as
intelligently and in as business-like a manner as one might expect to find any-
where. Members of the band who read this may not consider it a very high
compliment, but it will prove news to people who make no distinction between.
Mississaugas on the one hand and CYees, or Blackfeet, or Sioux on, the other.
A short distance from the council house is the church (Methodist) built of
brick also, and tastefully finished both without and within. The reserve school
is maintained under the auspices of the New England Society and is well attended
bv the young Mississaugas.
\
BALSAM LAKE.
The name of this lake must always remain associated with the Huron,
expedition led by Champlain, in September, 1615, to make that attack upon the-
Iroquois, the bitter results of which the French in Canada were compelled tcJ
experience for nearly a hundred and fifty years, and which also in no small degree-
tended to the almost utter extermination of the Hurons and Eries by the terrible
Iroquois within half a century from the date of Champlain's ill-starred alliance-
with the Hurons.
*" Undoubtedly the Missisaugahs, Ottawas, Pahtewahtemahs, etc., are branches of the great Ochipwas..
The Indian tribes derive their names from rivers, lakes, swamps, mountains, etc., and they frequently
change their denomination from a removal to another locality. The term Missisaugah (to whom the Oredi
Indians belong) is probably derived from their residence near the mouth of some river, as the name
signifies."— Indian Kesearches, SLIGHT, p. 22.
—The Rev. Peter Salt, native missionary, Parry Island, informed me that the correct pronunciation
would be more clearly brought by the spelling Meezezaugee, which he interprered to mean the place o3
many mouths of rivers."
12 ••J'.f:
Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
Describing this part of the allies' journey between the Georgian Bay and
Lake Ontario, Dr. Parkman says, " The Huron fleet pursued its course along the
bosom of Lake Simcoe,* up the little River Talbot, across the portage to Balsam
Lake, and down the chain which form the sources of the River Trent."
This was no new route chosen for the occasion, but was one of the long
established lines of travel between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. The warriors
of the Five Nations had often travelled it on their way to pillage and scalp the
Hurons, and of the two thousand five hundred braves now led by Champlam, or,
rather perhaps, leading him, it is probable that every lake, and stream, and
swamp had frequently been traversed by the greater number.
Along such a highway it would seem reasonable to look for many traces of
the former people, and this too more especially at the points of landing or depar-
ture forming the termini of the portages connecting the numerous lakes.
The old trail between the Talbot River and Balsam Lake is now used as a
public highway, and is generally known as the Portage Road. As it iiears the
lake it runs through an extensive farm, known as '• The Fort," the property of
the brothers Laidlaw.
It is fortunate in the interests of archaeology that a gentleman of Mr. A. E.
Laidlaw's tastes should be so favorably situated for the observation of the facts
illustrative of what pertains to this subject, and that he should have been so
scrupulously careful in the preservation of everything found in the neighborhood
that might tend to throw more or less light on the sociology of the first
inhabitants.
On the " Fort " farm a short distance from the lake there is a village site
which on examination yielded a considerable quantity of fragmentary pottery and
several bone needles or awls. Not far away and on lower ground were two rows of
single graves numbering altogether about twenty. In most of these only faint
traces of human remains we're found, but in a few there were still some of the
larger bones entire, but so fragile that they crumbled away on exposure. I
managed to secure two skulls in an imperfect condition. As the Hurons always
selected high ground for their places of sepulture, the position of these graves
seems to point to the possession of this territory by a different people, unless we
regard the burials under consideration as having been intended for only tempo-
rary purposes, prior to removal at the period of the Great Feast of the Dead. It
is noteworthy, however, that no ossuary or communal grave is known in that
part of the country. The situation, depth, order and regularity of these simple
graves indicated intentional permanence on the part of the people who made them.
The bones in every case were at least three feet below the surface, and in some
cases even more. In the grave from which the most perfect skull was taken, the
bones were lying in natural order, at a depth of four feet.
It is also to be observed that the almost total absence of bones from some
of the graves did not lead to the conclusion that any removal had taken place,
but rather that decay had completed, or nearly completed its work, and this
would favor the belief that the bodies were placed here long anterior to the begin-
ning of the seventeenth century, a period we can fix with certainty in connection
with some Huron ossuaries in which the bones may still be found in a compara-
tively sound condition. It should be mentioned, further, that no tools or trinkets
of any kind were discovered in these graves.
In company with Mr. Laidlaw I visited most of the Islands that add so much
to beautify the waters of Balsam Lake.
* Then and for many years afterwards known as Tentaron, Taranto, Taronto, or Toronto. It was
Also known to the French as La Claie.
13
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
On the west side of Ghost Island we opened a few single graves similar to
those on the mainland, but scarcely any traces of human remains were found. On
the south side of this island are two circular mounds about 17 feet in diameter,,
near to which Mr. Laidlaw had once picked up some pieces of bone, but an
examination of these elevations proved that they had previously been opened,,
although it is not probable that they ever contained anything, as they have th&
appearance of natural formations.
Chiefs Island, which is not more than a quarter of an acre in extent showed
no evidence of Indian occupation, either permanent or otherwise.
Messrs. George and James Laidlaw. had opened two graves, each containing;
one body, on St. Mary's Island, which forms part of their own property, but th&
occasion of our visit revealed nothing new.
Birch Island — very properly so called — has a number of grave-like depres-
sions similar to those on the " Fort " farm and elsewhere in this locality, but no-
bones were found in them. In one place these depressions were in two rows of
four each.
On the south point of Grand Island, in line with the old route from the
Portage to the outlet of Balsam, evidences of Indian habitation were numerous.
Ant Island contains an ancient camping ground, and is one of the few places-
in this part of the country where the rlint arrow-makers have left behind them
traces of their handicraft. Here, too, many pottery fragments were scattered
over the surface. Indicative of permanent residence or frequent resort of the
Indians to this part of the country is a large, artificially hollowed boulder on the
lake shore in front of the Laidlaw residence.. Of this type th^re are two or three
in the museum. They were, no doubt, used for grinding or pounding purposes,,
and the hardness of the material (Laurentian granite) is sufficient proof as to the
length of time, or frequency of use, necessary to produce even a slight depression.
About eight miles west of Balsam Lake, at what is known as Logan's Hill,,
is a moderately extensive village site, but, as it was under crop, no examin-'
ion could be made. From this neighbourhood, however, we procured a number
of specimens, some of which were quite valuable.
LAKE WESLEMKOON.
On receipt of what appeared to be highly promising information relative to-
the location of an ossuary some miles from Bancroft, in the county of Hastings,,
Mr. A. F. Chamberlain and I lost no time in proceeding to the spot. The loca-
tion was on new ground — it was in the woods — it had never been disturbed.
These conditions bade fair to recompense us fully for time, trouble and expense.
Hastings may be called the county of magnificent distances, and so far, at
any rate, as the northern four-fifths of it are concerned, it might well be-
characterized as the land of rocks and the land of lakes. Much of it is impos- '
sible of cultivation, and the roads are consequently like those of the Scottish
Highlands before their improvement was undertaken by Cromwell's military
representative, reminding one of what a local poet said aboutThem :
" Had you seen thes3 roads before they were made,
You would have said ' God bless General Wade.' '
Up and down hills frightfully steep, over rocks acres in extent, across corduroy
bridges and " swampaducts," and past many lakes and lakelets we travelled fully
14
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 18<J1
sixty miles to and from L'Amable with a two-horse " rig " containing tent, food,
cooking utensils and spades. Numerous enquiries enabled us to rind our way to
the shores of an extensive lake locally known as " Westmacoon," but which we
afterwards learned is spelled in a variety of ways, as Mr. Chamberlain in his
paper points out. This lake lies partly in the townships of Effingham to the
south and Ashby to the north, both in the county of Addirigton. Careful search
on the part of four men enabled us to find, eventually, the place we wanted. It
occupied a position on a plateau considerably above the level of the lake and not
far from its margin. Much of the surface was marked by broken bones, but
in such fragmentary condition that it was impossible to say whether they were
those of human beings or of other animals. A few places within this area were
suggestive of ossuaries, but digging gave no encouragement. It is just possible
that, after all, our information was not sufficiently accurate to enable us to hit
the spot we wanted ; but, on the other hand, it is quite probable that " only this
and nothing more " had given rise to the talk of the neighbourhood. Mr. Alex-
ander Robertson, of Madoc, who joined us on our way, cannot be too heartily
thanked for the many kind services he rendered throughout what may be termed
" The Weslemkoon Expedition." His gift of specimens to the museum is else-
where recorded.
At the close of our fourth day out we reached Bancroft, and from information
furnished by Dr. Beeman we resolved to visit an island in Lake Baptiste, where
about twenty Indians reside in a sort of semi-savage state, and where, we ascer-
tained, there were traces of pre-historic occupation. A short voyage in a birch-
;bark canoe brought us to a small Indian settlement, the chief man being Fran-
cois Antoine; or Ag-wah-setch. While Mr. Chamberlain engaged Ag-wah-setch
:>m matters philological, Jean Baptiste, the elder son, paddled Dr. Beeman and
myself to the western end of the lake, where, at a spot known as Grassy Point,
relics of various kinds had been picked up. One of our highly valued copper
specimens, presented by Mr. Alex. Robertson, was found at this place.
Grassy Point has undoubtedly been either a permanent residence, or a place
where frequent visits were paid by the Indians of by-gone days, judging from
the number of traces left. Want of time, however prevented us from making
anything beyond an exceedingly superficial examination of the ground.
Young Antoine having volunteered the information that he knew of a cave
where his grandfather had often told him their ancestors used to conceal weapons
of all kinds, our canoe was headed for the spot, on the south side of the lake,,
.about two miles distant. The cave in question proved to be at least one hundred
and twenty feet almost precipitously above the lake, and formed a recess about
ten feet wide at the mouth, and extending not far short of twenty feet back,
narrowing rapidly. Dr. Beeman, on the way up, thinking he heard a noise of
some kind, paused, and asked Baptiste Antoine whether he too had heard any
sound. The Indian's reply was " Wendigo, Wendigo ! " indicating that, despite
profession of Christianity, a little of the pagan clings to these people's habits of
thought — possibly, however, they attach no more meaning to such an expression
than some of ourselves do when we suggest ghosts or witches as probable causes
of mischief.
Ag-wah-setch and another old Indian are experts in the making of birch-
bark canoes, and, as we had an opportunity of seeing one "on the stocks," the
following description of the steps taken in the manufacture of these marvellously
light but strong vessels may prove not uninteresting ; especially when we take
into consideration that the day is not far distant when, like the arts of pottery
and flint-flaking, the art of canoe-building will be quite forgotten.
15
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21),
A level place having been selected, a bed of clay somewhat larger than the
canoe is prepared.* Into this a number of stout stakes are driven solidly and
perpendicularly in two lines corresponding with the intended form of the canoe,
and about six inches higher than it is .to be. For a two-fathom boat the number
would be six on each side, not counting those at the ends, where two are driven
in side by side, with only sufficient space between them to admit of a double
thickness of bark.
The bark having been previously procured in the largest possible sheets
free from flaws, and having been kept for some time under pressure to take the
curve out of it, is now placed between the stakes, inside out, or so that the
natural bend will be reversed. In a canoe twelve feet long, or, to use the
locally popular phraseology, in a "two fathom canoe," the number of sheets of bark
may vary from four ti« six — the fewer the better. The overlapping edges that
form the joints of the sheets are firmly stitched with thongs, made from the
fibrous roots of the spruce, and the joint is made water-tight by a libenil but
neat application of pine pitch. Of course, this part of the work is done previous
to placing the bark in position on the stakes. Firmly held together at
.the ends, the united pieces of bark now form a hollow into which water
is poured. The water is brought to a high degree of heat by means of stones
which are placed in it after being made hot in a fire close by. The effect of the
steaming is to curve the bark to the required form — that is, as flat as possible at
the bottom, and with sides rising almost straight. Ribs from one to two inches
wide, and one-fourth inch thick of pliable material are next fixed in position not •
more than an inch apart, and these, again, are held in place by means of strips
.running lengthwise. The strips forming the gunwale are lashed firmly by
means of spruce root. A light but stout bar across the middle, and a shorter one
near each end add materially to the stiffness of the canoe. Timid passengers
must sit in the bottom, but the expert paddler, white man or Indian, perches
himself on a level with the thwarts, seemingly as secure as if in the jolly-boat
- of a man-o'-war.
In the production of canoes for sale, the modern Indian does not fail to avail
ihimself of nails, t Lough he still possesses the art of completing his tiny vessel
if necessary, in true old-fashioned style. None in this locality but the two Indians
mentioned attempt canoe-building, and Ag-wah-setch's son informed us he did not,
care to know how. In other places it is the same. Indifference on the part of
the young men, increasing scarcity of bark, and the introduction of cedar
boats will soon render the making of this elegant, light, substantial, serviceable,
and peculiar craft a thing of the past.
Besides the result of surface finds along the shores, I procured from
Ag-wah-setch a few stone relics he had picked up, and a very fine old specimen
of porcupine quill work, the production of which is also rapidly dying out.
Although Ag-wah-setch hails directly from Oka, he stated that the specimen in
.question (see colored plate) was once the property of his grandfather who resided
.near the Georgian Bay.
It is figured full size on the plate. Its use I was unable to learn, but in all
probability it was worn in front, suspanded from either the neck or the waist,
bearing, as it does, a symbol — for the black, T-like design is certainly meant
to represent a bird, and that bird, very likely, an eagle. The arrangement of;'
colours is pleasing, and the pabtorn, though somewhat intricate, is almost perfectly
* It need scarcely be said that in some places this preparation would not be necessary to-
the same extent, bat Acr-wah-setch had brought his clay from some distance to enable him 10..
carry on his work near home.
16
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
symmetrical ; the bird's head and neck being the only exceptions. In fact it
was this very want of symmetry in these parts that led to the bird interpreta-
tion, for it was evident that some meaning must attach to the neck being a little
to one side. Work of this kind necessarily demand not only much time, taste
and patience, but an unusual amount of dexterity in so wrapping the quills (round
the small strips of leather forming the foundation) as to keep them in place
without showing any ends. Insignificant looking as this piece of work is, it
lias involved in the attachment of the quills alone not fewer than 1,155 distinct
-operations. Both sides are exactly alike in finish and appearance.
Mr. W. A. Davy, of Bancroft, gave us a stone gouge found on the farm of
Mr. Billa Flint, on the York branch of the Madawaska River.
The Institute is under a debt of gratitude to Dr. T. A. Beeman, of Bancroft,
and to Mr. Alex. Robertson, of Madoc, for many valuable services rendered to its
representative while in North Hastings and Addington.
Before closing this part of the report, it may be mentioned as an interesting
fact, and as illustrative of the character of extensive areas in North Hastings,
that about ten or twelve years ago the moose made its appearance in the town-
ships of McClure, Wicklow, Mounteagle and Herschei, and several animals of this
.species have been killed recently in the County.
MIDLAND CITY.
Within three miles of one another, and each at the head of its own magnifi-
cent bay, stand one of the oldest and one of the youngest centres of population
in Ontario. Penetanguishene, during early British colonial days, was a place of
•considerable importance, and held still higher rank as a business centre during
the period of French rule. Grouped round the site of the present town
were many of the Indian villages whose names are familiar to every student of
•early Canadian history in connection with the Jesuit missions.
Midland " City," as the residents proudly style the newer town, is but of yes-
terday, comparatively speaking ; but it already boasts of an extent, solidity,
wealth and population placing it far ahead of many older towns, and making it
a formidable rival to its ancient neighbor, Penetanguishene. Midland occupies
a beautiful slope on the western side of Gloucester Bay, and the situation was
undoubtedly as highly appreciated by the aborigines as by the Midlanders, for
the farms in the vicinity bear evidence of ancient "settlement." Just outside of
the town limits is a beautiful little lake of two or three hundred acres in extent,
the shores of which were a favourite camping-ground. Near the highest point
of land between the town and the lake is a driving-park which has recently been
acquired and laid out by the enterprising citizens. In digging a post-hole for
fencing purposes near the south-west corner of the park, the workmen came upon
a small ossuary. None of the skulls or other bones were in sound enough coridi-
tion to be preserved, but in the middle and at the bottom of the pit were found
two very fine native copper implements (Figs. 145 and 146). Both of these, when
placed in the grave were wrapped in beaver skin, portions of which yet adhere to one
side of each implement. At the solicitation of Mr. William Henderson, of this
city, the managing committee of the park company were good enough to send
these to the museum for examination, and on the occasion of my visit, some time
afterwards, the managers very kindly and very sensibly presented them to form
part of the provincial archaeological collection, where at least one of them (Fig. 145),
will continue to be a source of admiration by American archaeologists for all
time.
2 (c. i.) 17
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
Mr. H. F. Switzer, Midland town clerk, may be ranked as one of the museum's
best friends, as we are indebted to him for many acts of kindness, including
a donation of several pipes and other objects found in the vicinity.
When the incorporation of Midland as one of Ontario's cities is about to be-
consummated — an event probably not far distant — it is " devoutly to be wished '*
that the enterprising citizens will select, in place of the present unmeaning name,,
one that will connect it with the memory of the original people, and that will
bear some historic interest — Huron, Machedash, Onentisati, Anonatea and Cham-
plain are a few of many from which a choice might be made.
SAINTE MARIE.
The story of this old French-Huron fort and settlement has been written
scores of times since the first reference was made to it by the missionaries them-
selve after its foundation iri 1639. In the words of Parkman, " It was to serve
at once as residence, fort, magazine, hospital and convent." and again, " On two-
sides it was a continuous wall of masonry flanked with square bastions,,
adapted to musketry, and probably used as magazines, storehouses or lodgings.
The sides towards the river and the lake had no other defences than a ditch and
palisade, flanked, like the others, by bastions, over each of which was displayed
a large cross. The buildings within were, no doubt, of wood ; and they included
a church, a kitchen, a refectory, places of retreat for religious instruction and
meditation, and lodgings for at least sixty persons." This from Dr. Parkman
must suffice, but those who are interested and have not yet read the story of
Sainte Marie as related by that historian, are referred to his extremely interest-
ing volume, " The Jesuits in North America."
In April, 1885, Mr. James Bain, junior, read a paper before the Canadian
Institute, on " The present condition of the old French Fort at Ste. Marie," in
which he stated " that in 1856 some of the walls were six feet high, but on visit-
ing it in 1884, he was grieved to find that the only traces of it were to be found
in a few heaps of earth and broken stone." This pretty correctly describes the
condition of the ruins to-day, only that things are now a little worse.
Here, as elsewhere, there are " vain traditions " relative to hidden treasure,
so that much of the demolition to the old fort is not due merely to the ravages
of time. Relic hunters have had a considerable share in rasing the works
both outside and inside. When I saw it last summer a heavy growth of weeds
covered all that is left of the walls, and rendered it difficult even to examine
the interior, but the outline of structure including the bastions can still be
followed.
It is not probable that the walls ever exceeded eight or ten feet in
height, or just high enough to prevent the enemy from easily scaling them,
or from applying the torch as was customary when attacking simple palisaded
enclosures. Perhaps a storey of wood was erected above the stone, or it may
have been that the walls served only as a protection to buildings within. At all
events, the debris represents what must have been a truly prodigious task in the
heart of the forest two hundred and fifty years ago.
Saint Marie as represented in its ruins is, to-day, the oldest, and the only
work of its kind in the Province of Ontario. Can anything be done to preserve
it from further speedy decay ? We have no castles, or keeps, or feudal mansions
to connect us with the past of our country. We have no legendary lore to
excite our wonder or to test our credulity — no traditional warriors of gigantic
18
54 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
proportions and super-human strength who performed extraordinary feats of
arms. We are neither blest nor cursed with too much aestlieticism. The wish to
maintain all that is left of a once famous structure is not childish, nor foolish,
nor retrograde any more than to desire the possession of an ancient heirloom, or
to express admiration for some antique work of art, or piece of mechanism. The
man is yet unborn who does not value a keepsake.
In the history of this country Sainte Marie is comparatively more ancient
than what is left of the old edifices on Lindisfarne, or lona, which are carefully
kept in repair and jealously guarded from tourist vandals as well as from the
ravages of time, Throughout Europe, historic ruins are regarded by the people
with feelings of veneration as well as pride. Parents and grandparents delight
to tell their oft told tales in connection with the days of yore, pointing to the
cairn, or the cromlech, or the mouldering walls in the neighborhood, to attest
the truth of the uncanny, but veracious (or otherwise) stories, and in this way
the young folk have their interest awakened or incited in the history of their
own country, and are all the better for it. In the United States steps have been
taken in several places to preserve ancient monuments.
Unlike the round towers of Ireland, the British and French stone circles
and the American mounds, there is nothing mythical or even doubtful regarding
Ste. Marie. Its brief but bitter history is as well authenticated as that of any
event or series of events that have happened in America since its discovery. It
forms a closely connecting link through the French, between ourselves and
the Hurons, a people who held the very highest rank among savages in
this part of America. Few portions of the continent, and certainly no others in
Canada, have been rendeied so famous in the story of early settlement as the
county of Simcoe. Most of the land on which Ste. Marie stands belongs to a
Mr. Santimo, and a small portion is the property of the Jesuits. Perhaps it is
only necessary to direct the attention of the prosperous and intelligent yeomen of
Simcoe to the present condition of affairs, and that steps will soon be taken to
purchase and put in order the old fort on the Wye.
Might not the enterprising Midlanders make a move in this direction ? The
accomplishment of such a work would be a credit to them. Four hundred,
dollars, perhaps less, would prove ample to buy the land, fence it, restore the
outline of the fort, and erect a tablet setting forth in brief the history of the
spot.
PARRY SOUND.
Parry Sound is the chief town in a district of the same name. In the pre-
sent state of our knowledge it would be unsafe to hazard an opinion as to
whether this part of the country was used as a hunting-ground by the Hurons
of the south, or was part of the territory claimed by the Algonquins. At any rate
these are proofs not only that~ the country was occupied of old, but that
the population was somewhat numerous, whether at all stationary, or nomadic.
Relics of the common varieties are not un£ requently picked up in the district, and
the French traders and missionaries seem to have found their way here at an
early period. From the Rev. Mr. Gaviller, Episcopalian minister, and Mr. J. W,
Fitzgerald, we received a number of specimens illustrative of what usually
occurs in the neighborhood. Some of these are described and figured elsewhere.
From Mr. Wm. Ireland, editor of the North Star, we received one of the well*
known French iron tomahawks.
19
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
Mr. Wm. Beatty has in his possession a bronze mortar weighing probably
not less than twenty or twenty -five pounds, which was discovered under the
roots of a large pine tree in the township of Macdougall. This vessel may be
described as resembling in shape an inverted bell with a flat base. Two projec-
tions on opposite sides have been moulded to represent grotesque animal heads,
and round the middle of the mortar are six fleur de Us in relief, three on each
side of the heads. On the outer margin of the lip are the words " FAICT LAN
1636," — made in the year 1636. The letters of this inscription have been
attached somewhat carelessly to the pattern before it was moulded, so
that they present an irregular appearance. Although richly resonant when
struck, the suggestion that this was used as a bell is not at all well borne out ;
in the first place, because of the base on which it was evidently intended to
stand, mouth up ; secondly, the position and direction of the head-like
projections ; thirdly, the absence of marks as the result of being struck,
and in the last place, because of the direction in which the fleur de Us and
inscription stand. It is, at any rate, quite certain that this mortar was carried
to the vicinity in which it was found, by the Jesuit missionaries, although, so
far as I know, there is no record of their having reached a point so far north
before their dispersion from Ste. Marie, in 1649. Perhaps some of the fugitive
priests made their way to this part of the country carrying with them a portion
of the materials from the fort and church. During the panic consequent upon
the destruction of St. Ignace and St. Louis, by the Iroquois, many of the Hurons
escaped northwards, and the following passage from Parkman* may serve
to account for the presence of this vessel so far away as the township of Mac-
dougall :
c< Several of the priests set out to follow and console the scattered bands of
fugitive Hurons. One embarked in a canoe and coasted the dreary shores of
Lake Huron northward, among the wild labyrinth of rocks and islets, whither his
scared flock had fled for refuge ; another betook himself to the forest with a
hand of half-famished proselytes, and shared their miserable rovings through the
thickets and among the mountains."
In all probability the statement contained in the italicised sentence is suffi-
cient to account for the finding of this vessel upwads of sixty miles from the old
mission headquarters.
Within the town limits, on the southern slope of Belvidere Hill, Mr. Ireland
pointed out a number of shallow pits the shape and arrangement of which were
suggestive of white influence. The elevation is a commanding one, and the posi-
tion of the pits would enable men in possession of them to rake the whole face
of the hill from its most approachable side facing the water. A few of these
have been opened, but nothing was found in them. It is not likely they were
ever more than two or three feet deep, but this in the forest with the addition
of logs would afford tolerably good protection to marksmen.
PARRY ISLAND.
Parry is the largest island in the archipelago that fringes the portion of the
-Georgian Bay coast along Parry sound district. It forms an Indian Reserve of
mixed character, consisting as the population does of Mississaugas, Pottawatomies
and Ottawas. All the Mississaugas, ninety-six in number, are treaty Indians,
while the Pottowatamies and Ottawas, numbering upwards of one hundred are
* Jesuits in North America, twenty-first edition, 1885, p. 395.
20
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
non- treaty Indians. The Mississaugas and all profess Christianity, but among the
others a considerable number, perhaps half,remain pagans. At the village about one-
half are pagans and the rest Roman Catholics. Most, if not all of the Mississaugas
are Methodists, and it is to their native missionary, the Rev. Mr. Salt, that I am
indebted for these particulars.
Judging from what a short visit revealed, the Mississaugas forming this band
are a long way behind their brethren in the townships of Tuscarora and
Oneida.
Occasionally stone weapons and fragments of pottery are found on the island
but hitherto no care has been taken to preserve them. No traces of ossuaries or
of old village sites were known, but it is likely that some of these will be discov-
ered if an examination be made.
POINT ABINO.
To many people in this country it is a source of wonder where the Indians
procured their "flint/' but to the dwellers along the eastern end of Lake Erie this
matter is plain. Immense quantities of chert are found in the limestone forming
the outcrops near the shore. Many of the nodules are sufficiently large to yield.
, material for a score or two of arrow-tips or spear-heads, and although the quality
in general is not of a character to permit of producing the finest specimens of
flaking, there are occasional pieces that present excellent fractures, For miles
along the sandy beach heaps of flakes may be seen. The number and extent of
these warrant the belief that here the Indian fl etcher carried on his trade both
for " home and foreign consumption," as relics of this kind are found in all parts
of the country corresponding in appearance with the Lake Erie material.
In company with Mr. Cyrenius Bearss I visited a field of several acres in
extent on Point Abino in Bertie township, where thousands of chert fragments
lie upon the surface, and, since it was ploughed, below the surface. In almost
every instance, those fragments varying in size from mere chips to lumps three
or four inches in diameter, show signs of having been handled. Some appear to
have been split and rejected because of their unpromising fracture, other.*?
are gnarled nuclei from which the finer outside portions have been struck off.
Finished and half -finished specimens have been found in considerable numbers on
the same ground, but it was rather a source of supply than a place of
manufacture.
The ancient Attiwandaron* had at least one good reason for earning the
name of Neutrals, as they found.it more advantageous to "make bullets for others
to shoot " than to shoot them, themselves.
Not far away from the field mentioned, but still in forest, is a large dune of
the fine sand that forms so much of the Erie shore in this section. At some points
it is about twenty-five feet above the surrounding level, and the sides are as
steep as it is in the nature of sand to be. The top is an irregular oval measuring
from east to west 122 paces, and from north to south 156 paces. For the greater
part of the distance round the top the margin forms a bank from five to eighteen
feet above the average inner level, the highest point being near the middle of the
east side, and the lowest exactly opposite. Within this area there were at one
time two or more " longhouses," for here can be traced in long and irregular out-
line the situation of two at least. All that is left to show where these stood is
the earth blackened by the hearth fires and enriched by the refuse of the camp.
*Known also as Attiwendonk, Atirhagenrenrets, Rhagenratka and Attionidarons. Parkman says " they
and not the Eries, were the Kahkwas of Seneca tradition."
21
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
'The superior fertility of the soil on these camp -rows affords foothold to many
-plants such as grow nowhere else within the area, juniper elsewhere having pre-
. FIG. 3.— POINT ABINO VILLAGE SITE.
.dominance. The smaller of the two camp-rows measured 130 feet as far as it
22
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
be traced on account of overlying sand. It is situated at the northwest of
the dune, and forms an obtuse angle, which is open to the same direction. The
other one we found to be 360 feet long, and extending mainly from north to
south, but turning towards the west and again south near the southern extremity.
These measurements are not given as absolutely correct, but as the result of
pacing by Mr. Bearss. and I feel sure that any variation from exactitude is
under, rather than over the mark. Along the southern half of the longer site, there
are many flat, water- worn stones from two to six inches in diameter. They lie
scattered between the camp-row and the foot of the adjoining slope. It is diffi-
cult to account for the presence of these in such a place from any physical point
of view, and there are none anywhere else on the dune. So far as observed
they were free from any signs of use — none of them were notched, nor were any
>of the edges battered.
It is probable that these camp-rows are the longest that have been observed
in this country, and few " longhouses " are known to have exceeded them anywhere
else. Vanderdonk measured an Iroquois longhouse which he stated to be 540
feet in length, and Champlain says he saw some more than 180 feet long.* Dr.
Dr. Parkman in referring to Vanderdonk's statement closes his sentence with a
mark of exclamation, which may be interpreted to signify the historian's doubt.
Perhaps, however, it is meant to signify only his wonder at the extraordinary
length.
The Point Abino site was well chosen — high, dry, well-sheltered by the
surrounding forest and capable of easy defence.
When in this neighborhood I was gratified to receive for the Institute a
number of interesting specimens from Mr. Wm. Michener, one of the oldest living
settlers, from Mr. A. E. Otway Page, and from our steadfast friend Mr. Cyrenius
Bearss, who also in various other ways extended many courtesies.
PORCUPINE QUILL, WORK.
Among the lost or almost lost arts of the Canadian Indian is that of employ-
ing porcupine quills as in the colored illustration. Partly on account of scarcity
of material, but chiefly, it is likely, from change of habits and of taste, there are
comparatively few Indian women now living who attempt to produce any fabric
of this kind.
The method employed was to fasten closely together as a warp, a number of
finely cut strips of leather. In the specimen here illustrated there were fifty-
five such strips all neatly bound by means of a thread twisted from some vege-
table fibre. The strips were then bound two and two, by means of porcupine
quills wound four or five times round and fastened so ingeniously that even with
a magnifying glass it is difficult to perceive how the work has been done. One
row (say the top row in the plate) having been so formed, the next was com-
menced by binding the outer strip singly and thereafter taking one from each
adjoining group of two above. In forming the third row the same strips would
be bound as in the first row ; and in the fourth as in the second, and so on.
Meanwhile the pattern must have been clearly defined in the mind of the artist,
* Introduction to Jesuits in North America, p. xxvi.
23
54: Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
for this is really a bit of artistic work, the purely ornamental portion of which
speaks for itself both in color and design. The central figure demands a little-
attention. At first sight one would hardly recognize it as a bird — perhaps not
even at second or third sight, but there can be no doubt that it is meant to repre-
sent the eagle or great Thunder-bird, the belief in which is, or was, widely spread
among the Indians over the northern part of this continent. The only claim that
can be made for this conception of the Thunder-bird is, that as nearly as possible
it is symmetrical, — the .method of working led to that. Only in the neck is any-
thing out of place, and yet for this also the working method is responsible. When
the row containing the head was being bound, the head was naturally placed in
the very middle of the pattern, but in the next row, when the neck was reached
it had to be placed at one side or the other, or it would have no resemblance to-
a bird's head at all.
This beautiful piece of quill- work was procured from Ek-wah-satch, who>
resides at Baptiste Lake. He informed me that it had belonged to his grand-
father who resided near the Georgian Bay.
INVITATION QUILLS.
On the colored plate are also shown drawings of the " quills " used by the-
Indians of the North-west when sending invitations of different kinds to their
friends for war, feasting, ceremonial or other purposes. Referring to these the
Rev. Peter Jones says : — " A young man is generally sent as a messenger to invite
the guests, who carries with him a bunch of colored quills or sticks about four-
inches long. On entering the wigwam he shouts out Keweekomegoo, that is-
' You are bidden to a feast !' He then distributes the quills to such as are invited:,
these answer to white people's invitation cards ***** they are of three
colors, red, green, [blue ?] and white ; the red for the aged, or those of the Wah-
buhnoo order ; the green for the media order, and the white for the common
people."*
The quills illustrated were presented by Dr. P. E. Jones, and were brought-
by his father, the author above-mentioned from the North-west fifty years ago.
POTTERY.
In no class of work common to the aborigines of America is more difference-
observable than in pottery. Material,form and styleof ornament(when there is any),
vary considerably, and within certain limits one may distinguish even by means-
of a small fragment what is characteristic of certain areas. Our northern forms
though frequently worthy of being pronounced *" elegant " are generally less so
than those of the country lying south and west of the Ohio. The material, too,,
is thicker and coarser, but the exterior markings exhibit an amount of taste that
will compare favorably with the class of work produced by the southern
peoples.
* History of the Ojebway Indians pp. 94-5 — London, 1861.
24
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
Among Canadian Indians the making of pottery has, for probably two centu-
ries at least, been a lost art. Pipe-making from clay seems to have lingered after
the production of vessels had ceased, for these were among the first to be dis-
placed by European art ; in this case, that of the coppersmith. Dishes of clay
varied in size from that of a wine-glass to thirty gallons in capacity. The former
may have been but the playthings of children — the larger ones were used for
various domestic purposes. Among the first evidences that present them-
selves in most cases in connection with the site of an ancient Iroquois or Huron-
Iroquois village are numerous fragments of pottery, and occasionally the searcher
is fortunate enough to procure a perfect or almost perfect specimen from one of
the communal graves. In most cases the attempts at ornamentation have been
confined to the outside of the vessel, but now and again an inch or even more on
the inside of the lip has had a simple pattern impressed upon it.
Among the numerous specimens from Balsam Lake in the Laidlaw collec-
tion there are several peculiarities to which 'some reference may be made. The
deeply notched markings that in most cases surrounded the vessels, separating the
ornamental upper portion from the plain part underneath (plate I.) have been
made by a blunt, square-edged tool, and the lower edges of the separating bars
have also been squared. The prevalence of this style is noteworthy, because not
far to the west of Balsam Lake the corresponding portions of the patterns seem
to have been crenated by simply pinching the clay between the finger. and
thumb — indeed, in a few instances, the marks of the finger-nails have been left.
It will also be observed that the angle of all the square notches is in the same
direction. It is seldom that any effort has been made to impress a pattern on the
edge of a vessel, but we find an example of edge-markings on Fig. 5, where the
depressions have been produced by means of a tool similar to the one that was
used to make the short horizontal markings in Figs 12 and 17, plate II. A
totally different kind of edge-ornamentation will be seen at Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8,
and 14, plate II, where, in the last enumerated deep angular notches extend some
distance down the side. In Figs. 13, 16, and 20 to 23 plate I, the band marks
appear to have been made with the finger-tips.
In plate II several characteristic patterns may be seen. Figs. 2 and 6 are
peculiar, and Figs. 12 and 17 illustrate a style of marking not found elsewhere in
Ontario, so far as I know, the short horizontal depressions being arranged in
three's. The lining in Fig. 18 is of an unusual pattern. Unfortunately the frag-
ment does not show the complete figure, but the missing portion probably corres-
ponded in its angles with the part found.
Loops or lugs for lifting or suspending purposes are seldom found on clay
vessels in Ontario, but upward projections on the lip are not uncommon, as in
plate III, and these portions are generally made thicker than other parts of the
margin. Sometimes the whole collar or upper part of the vessel here forms
an unbroken angle on the outside as at Figs. 1 to 9, at other times this is relieved
by a single groove, Figs. 10 to 13, or by two or more, as in Figs 14 and 16. In
Figs. 17 and 18 deep notches occupy the places of the single grooves. On the
larger vessels there may be as many as four of these projections, but on the smaller
objects of this kind sometimes only one has been formed. On the whole of the
Balsam Lake pottery there is a curious blending of the Huron with something
that appears to be of a different origin.
25
54VictOiia.
Sessional 1'aj ers (Iv'o. 21).
A. 1891
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
PLATE II.
27
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21)
A. 1891
. Co,
PLATE III.
88
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
FIG. 66. (Half Size).
The difficulty of procuring whole specimens of pottery makes such a fragment
as fig. 66 quite valuable, as it is sufficiently large to show the form of the original
vessel — jn this case, a very small one. Though found on the south half of lot 2
in the 3rd concession of Tuscarpra now occupied by the Mississaugas, the cup
of which fig. 66 represents a portion, was made and used by the Neuters or
Attiwandarons who fo'r centuries, perhaps, occupied this territory.
CLAF PIPES.
FIG. 67. (Full Size).
Considerable interest naturally attaches itself to aboriginal methods of work-
ing, one of which is beautifully exemplified in the accompanying figure. As
makers of clay pipes the Indians of this part of the continent were as far ahead
of many southern tribes as they were behind them in other branches of manufac-
ture. The great length and curve of many pipe-stems rendered the making of
holes by perforation an impossibility even when the clay was soft, and the
ancient pipe-maker adopted the plan of forming the clay round a slender twig,
which, being left in place, was thoroughly charred when the pipe was submitted
to the burning process, thus leaving the hole clear. In moulding the pipe, of which
fig. 67 was a portion, instead of a twig, two strands of grass or of some fibre have
been twisted to form a stout cord for the purpose of making a stem core. This,
like the twigs, has not been withdrawn after the clay was moulded about it, and
as a result, we see in this split stem the spiral impressions of the old core cord
'This specimen forms part of the Laidlaw collection.
29
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A 1891
FIG. 68. (Half Size).
This gracefully formed pipe-head is from the vicinity of Midland city and
our thanks are due to Mr. H. F. Switzer for it.
FIG. 69. (Full Size).
The pipe, of which figure 69 is a cut, is of a very unusual pattern. Sc*
almost infinite is the variety of forms given to clay pipes that one cannot fail to
be struck with the absence of conventionality that characterizes their make as-
compared with the production of many other articles. The remaining portion of
the bowl in fig, 69 shows that even when complete its capacity was not very
great.
The lower side of the under jaw is hollowed in close imitation of nature.
The stem is four-sided, each angle being crenat^d. Another pipe in the
museum (S. 110.) from the same neighborhood, has an animal head of similar
shape and side-markings, (See Fig. 8. Kep. of Canadian Institute for 1889). Fig.
69 is from the Melville Farm Nottawasaga.
30
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
FIG. 70. (Quarter Size).
The snake is frequently used as a device in the manufacture of Indian pipes.
Fig. 70 shows the mouth-piece of a pipe-stem round which a snake has been repre-
sented as having coiled itself. Delicate markings imitate the scales.
FIG. 71. (Full Size).
This owl's head formerly surmounted the lip of a Tobacco-nation pipe, part
of the bowl-hollow remains at the back of the head. The beak has been
well formed, and the eyes have been admirably imitated by means of depressions
made with the end of a tube, leaving the eye-ball in strong relief. The dots sur-
rounding the eye are not of usual occurrence, although in one of our specimens a
series of scallops probably represents feathers.
(Full Size).
54 Victroia.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
Fig. 72 is of a type represented by many fragmentary specimens in our col-
lection. The design appears to have been a favorite one with the Tiononntates,
and, so far as the face is concerned, seems to have been effected by pinching the
clay with the lingers. In this, as in many others of its kind the right arm ex-
tends to the face. In a few cases both hands are made to reach to the mouth.
The curved and projecting portions at the sides are no doubt meant for bent legs,
the figure being in a sitting posture. From W. Melville, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 73. (Half Size).
This is an oddity in pipes. It is likely that a head surmounted the edge of
this bowl when new, but is now broken off and the fracture smoothly ground
down. The arms and the peculiar position of the hands differ from anything else in
our large collection of clay pipes. Three deep depressions are made lengthwise on
the breast, and a row of smaller ones surround the rim. The fingers of the two
hands do not meet as the cut would indicate. Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG.
(Half Size).
In this attempt to represent the human face the cheeks are brought out in
bold relief — something seldom tried. As in most other cases, the ears are not
taken into account at all. Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 75. (Full Size).
32
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
This mask is all that is left of a well formed pipe from the neighborhood of
Midland city. The eyes and mouth are sunk unusually deep, but the teeth are
not so prominent as the engraving would indicate. Mr. H. F. Switzer presented
it to the museum.
FIG.
(Full Size).
In this specimen we have an ambitious attempt at originality as well as
detail. Surrounding the hole that forms the eye a slight ridge has been moulded
—nostrils have been at least indicated, and teeth are rudely represented where
the lips should be. Two rows of small holes surround the face, while between
these, round the forehead, there is a row of shallow notches. The chief peculi-
arity, however, consists in making one of the eye-holes large enough to form the
bowl of the pipe. In another specimen belonging to us the mouth is made to
serve a similar purpose. This curious specimen is from the farm of Mr. Thomas
White, Nottawasaga.
FIG. 77. (Full Size).
The satariic-looking specimen figured above is from the same locality as fig.
70. It is even less symmetrical than the diagram shows. The eyes and lips are
cleverly moulded and the ears seem to be purposely set at different angles to cor-
respond with the expression of the eyes. At the back of the head is a projection
nearly as prominent as the ears, and on each side of it, is a small hole not larger
than the Point of a lead pencil. The bars across the breast are as uncommon as
the rest of the design, and resemble the markings on some of the Laidlaw
pottery.
3 (c.i.) 33
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
FIG.
(Full Size).
In figure 78 we have a good imitation of the very best Indian attempt I
have seen, to represent the human face in clay. It is only a mask, but as such
is perfect. The pipe-bowl of which it formed a part must have been a tolerably
capacious one. Even as a fragment this specimen has been prized, for the broken
edges are rubbed smoothly down, and one can only wonder that no hole is bored
to hang it by. It was procured from Mr. Jos. W. Stewart, who reports that it
was found " somewhere about Lake Simcoe."
FIG. 79. (Full Size).
Was the pipe, of which figure 79 represents a fragment, made before or after
the French occupation of Canada ? If made subsequently the hatted form
may be regarded as an imitation oi: the white man, perhaps of a priest ; but
34
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
if made previous to that time this imperfect relic gives us a glimpse of the native
costume. The back of the specimen is also of a curious pattern, looking in some
respects as if made to imitate a kind of cloak merging into arms at the shoulder
and terminating in a cross bar at the lower end. A somewhat sharp angle forms
the medial line along the back, and this is relieved with nine small, oval depres-
sions. The face is graphically but not accurately modeled. The bowl was only
about one inch deep and five-eights of an inch in diameter. The stem-hole rose
perpendicularly three-fourths of an inch in this pipe, before reaching the cavity
that formed the bowl, and it is plain that the face was made to look towards the
smoker.
STONE PIPES.
FIG. 80. (Full Size;.
The small pipe here figured is made of greyish -blue slate, and was probably
more for ornament than use, as the bowl-hole is scarcely half an inch in diameter
and depth. A number of deeply cut notches have been made on the outside with-
out any reference to design, the intention, no doubt, being to work the whole
surface down smoothly to the depth of the notches. This is more evident at the
back of the pipe-head than elsewhere. The stem hole is almost as large as the
other. From South Yarmouth township, Elgin county, and now in the Dr.
Tweedale collection.
FIG. 81. (Quarter Size).
" White-stone " pipes are among the rarest of archaeological finds. There are
only two in the museum, the one figured above being from the Lotteridge farm,
near Hamilton, and the other, which is less perfect, from Lake Medad. Fig. 81,
is 6J inches long, and almost perfect, though considerably weathered. On ;the
Lake Medad specimen a human head surmounts the bowl.
35
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
FIG. 82. (Full Size).
This small steatite pipe must have served less for use chan for ornament.
The bowl is not more than half-an-inch wide or deep inside, and the stem-hole!
which enters from the breast is fully half as large. Fig. 82 is regarded as repre-
senting a duck. It is certainly intended for a bird, and a duck most probably.
Through the lower back corner a small suspension hole is bored.
We have to thank Mr. J. W. Fitzgerald, of Parry Harbor, for this and other
specimens.
FIG. 83. (Full Size).
What may be called the " lizard " pipe is here figured. It is made of steatite
and was found on lot 8, concession 6, Nelson township. County of Halton, by Mr
George D. Corrigan, who presented it to the museum. Both head and tail are
damaged, but there is a little more of the latter and less of the former than is
shown in the cut.
FIG. 84. (Quarter Size).
FIG. 85. (Quarter Size).
36
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
One of the finest stone pipes in the Prov. Arch. Museum is here figured. The
material is steatite, and is dyed or stained a deep black. It is undoubtedly
meant to represent a bear. Of the same class as the McCallum "monkey" pipe
from Milton, it is much more highly finished, every part of it being carefully
worked, and the whole of the surface having a high polish, The hind legs have
been conventionalized to make them correspond with the front ones. A band-
like depression is cut on the right and left sides of the neck as in the " monkey n
pipe, and the " panther " pipe of the same type. Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
Of the same type as the Laidlaw " bear " pipe, figure 84, is the pipe repre-
sented by Fig. 85, but much inferior to it in execution. As is the case with the
" bear " and " monkey " pipes, this one, which has been called the " panther "
pipe, is made of steatite. The ears in this specimen are delicately modeled, but
in place of the eyes a hole has been bored clear through the head. The legs and
paws are clumsily imitated, and the workmanship on the whole cannot be com-
pared with that which characterizes the " bear " pipe. Two stem holes have
been bored, one above the other. This apparently useless arrangement becomes
easily understood when it is observed that the lower one, or the one first bored
is so large (f in. in diameter) that it would not always be easy to find a suitable
stem ; a smaller hole, less than f in. in diameter has been made close above the
the former, which was no doubt plugged when the pipe was in use. The light
marking on the neck is a groove, similar to those on the " monkey " and " bear "
pipes, but for what purpose does not appear plain. The " panther " pipe was
found in the township of Garden, not far from Balsam Lake, and is now in the
G. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 86. (Quarter Size).
Another beautiful specimen of aboriginal workmanship is shown above*
This " Eagle " pipe is made of a finely veined and close-grained piece of Huronian
slate. The head and beak are remarkably well formed. The right and left talons,
are separated, and through both is a hole to aid in fastening the pipe-head to the-
37
64 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21)
A. 1891
stem which entered from behind. The wings too, are clearly outlined, but they
do not appear so in the engraving. The total length of this fine relic is five inches.
It belongs to the Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 87. (Full Size).
Figure 87 is more"odd than elegant. The stone is white steatite, but having
a number of flaws. In cross-section at the top is nearly square, but the front side
curves backwards to base. The stem-hole enters behind and a suspension hole
passes through the lower corner. The head may be meant for either that of a
man or of an owl. Presented by Mr. J. W. Fitzgerald, Parry Harbor.
FIG. 88. (Full Size).
The pipe of which Fig. 88 is but the ornamental part must have been a fine
sample of aboriginal skill and taste. The material is argillite. The combination
of heads is remarkable. Forehead, ears, eyes, nose and jaws in the dog's (?) are
carefully worked out — much more so, indeed than in the human head, which is
surmounted. Perhaps the idea of this design was drawn from the practice of
wearing masks in some dances. As these masks, attached to the head, could be
raised or pulled down, it is not improbable that the design was suggested in this
way. From Mr. Angus Buie, -Nottawa^aga.
38
54 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
FIG. 89. (Full Size).
Fig. 89 is of a -coarse soapstone and is considerably ruder and less marked*
in outline than the engraving would indicate. The position of the arms corres-
ponds with what is found on clay pipes (see Fig. 72). The cavity is larger than
usual in pipes of this kind, the wall of the bowl being thin. This pipe is from the
Melville farm, Nottawasaga.
. On the occasion of the Institute's meeting at Niagara last summer, the very
singular stone pipe, of which views are shown (Figs. 90, 91 and 92), was presented
to us by Mr. A. C. Billups, who stated that he had taken it from a mound on the
Kentucky shore of the Ohio, not far from Lawrenceburg on the Indiana side.
This portion of country is dotted with mounds. Along both banks of the Ohio and
its tributaries, on many of the highest bluffs and some of the lower lands, mounds
of various sizes may yet be seen. Not far away from where this pipe was found
is Fort Hill, a celebrated ancient earthwork, near the junction of the Big Miami
with the Ohio. When I had the pleasure of examining this extensive " fort " two
years ago in company with Dr. Collins, of Lawrenceburg, evidences of a numer-
ous, industrious and intelligent population were everywhere apparent. Remains
of paved ways could be traced on easy grades and round gentle curves on two
opposite sides of the large embankments, and no better place could have been
chosen for defensive purposes. It is not improbable that the people who con-
structed these and other works of a similar kind in this locality were those who
made the Billups pipe, for the depth at which it was found precludes any supposi-
tion that it was intrusive.
The stone is a light brown argillite, and has been found in pebble form by
the pipe-maker. An ingenious as we1! as a humorous side to the Indian character
is brought out in the adaptation of the design to the natural form of the pebble.
Symmetry having been impossible without cutting away too much material, the
workman contrived to produce from the somewhat plano-convex form still observ-
able in the front view, a gruesome, wry face, full of character, and having the
details artistically treated.
One peculiarity of this pipe is in the formation of the eyeballs which are like
cylinders, half-sunk diagonally, with the flat ends facing the left side, giving the
countenance much of its wild expression. Nose, cheeks and eye-brows have been
39
54 Victo
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
carefully carved, but the mouth and chin are less successfully imitated. In com-
bination with the head are the stem of a tree, and a snake, the head of the latter
being at the base of the carving, from which point the body rises with a graceful
curve to the left, half-way up the bowl, when it descends, passing under the chin
and up the opposite or right cheek, the tail terminating almost in the middle of
the pipe at the back. (Fig. 92).
FIG. 90. FIG. 91. (Full Si/e). FIG. 92. (Full Size.)
What seems to be a tree stem also originates in the lower part
of the neck, one small branch curving gently up the left side, while
the main portion stretches up the right side, becoming forked about
two-thirds of the distance from the bottom. The left and thicker division
terminates at the back where it is cut off smoothly, and through
this termination the stem-hole is bored. Taken altogether the work on this pipe
is remarkably well done, one is almost tempted to say, suspiciously so ; but there
seems to be no reason to doubt its genuineness. In the curious combination of
tree and serpent, theory-maniacs may easily find material either for attributing
to it a spurious origin, or for the elaboration of some far-fetched arguments to
prove a traditional connection with an older and higher civilization, if, indeed,
the term civilization should be appropriate to the mode of life connected with
which the Kentucky pipe was modeled.
40
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
HAMMER STONES.
S!lG. 93. (Full Size).
The specimen represented here is a granite pebble symmetrically water-worn?
and roughly pecked on its upper and lower. sides with only a few recent dents on
the edge. It has perhaps been used either as a hammer, or as an anvil. Possibly
the pecking has been preparatory to finishing as a disk, many specimens of which
arc hollowed on the sides. It is probable, however, that the former is the cor-
rect supposition although most hammer-stones have been used to strike with the
edge. This specimen was presented by Dr. Craig of Lawrenceburg, Ind.
FIG. 94. (Full Size).
Hammer stones, as such do not always suggest their use, because many were
simply held in the hand, but anybody would at once name figure 94 as an imple-
ment of this kind. The groove, of course, suggests a handle, and both faces bear
marks of usage — the upper one as if for striking, and the lower one as if for rub-
bing or grinding. The material is a grey granite. Above the groove, the outline
is oval ; beneath the groove it is quadrangular — Township of Nottawasaga.
41
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A 1891
FIG.; 95. (Quarter Size).
Another unmistakeable hammer is figured here. It was found near Leam-
ington, in the county of Essex, and consists of a large silicious pebble six and
three-fourth inches in length, and four and three-fourth inches across the widest
part. The groove which is about one-third of the length from the top, goes
almost completely round. The larger end or " face " shows that it has been used
to do some very effective pounding.
FIG.
(Over Quarter Size).
This unusally hammer-like tool is a puzzle. That it was not intended for a
hammer is made evident from the fact that a hole is bored in the centre of the
larger face. In cross section it is almost perfectly round — the sharp and deeply-
cut grooves, though not quite true show no tool-marks, and the general finish is
good. It is three and a quarter inches long, with a diameter in the middle of two
and a half inches — Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
42
54 Victoria
Sessional Papers (No. 21
A. 1891
GAME DISK.
FIG. 97. (Full Size).
Similar in appearance as this specimen is in the engraving to fig. 93, it is
totally different in all but outline. Like fig. 93 it is water-worn and oval, but
the material and its treatment are quite unlike those of the former. In this case
the stone is calcareous, and the two sides have been rubbed down until they are
concave instead of convex, and in the centre of each hollow a deeper one is sunk
about one-fourth of an inch and nearly a whole inch in diameter. Nearly all
signs of pecking have been removed in the rubbing process. As the material is
too soft to be used for a hammer the production of a disk was probably in view.
We are indebted to Mr. Moses*Barrowman of Buffalo, for this specimen, from the
State of New York. _
FIGURED TOOL.
This figure represents an implement of brown slate about half an inch thick
in the middle, and thinning towards the ends both of which are sharpened. It is
the only article of the kind we have on which any figure is cut. The T like
mark has some resemblance to the conventional representations of men made by
some western tribes at the present day. It was procured from Mr. Jos. W.
Stewart, and was found near Arkona.
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
FLAKED STONES.
FIG. 99. (Full Size).
Grassy Point near the western end of Baptiste Lake is the site of an ancient
Algonquin village. Many fragments of pottery still lie scattered about the beach;
and it was here that the perforated copper knife presented to us by Mr. Alex.
Robertson was found. Fig. 99 is a good picture of a roughly chipped piece of
pure quartz, from the same spot. It is turtle-shaped and has been flaked length-
wise. Quartz specimens of any kind are rare in Ontario. It is impossible to say
with certainty what was the purpose of this object, but it} all probability it was
intended for personal ornamentation.
FIG. 100. (Quarter Size).
Fig. 100 represents one of several large flaked implements in the museum
from Wolfe Island, opposite Kingston. It is too large and too roughly shaped for
use as a spear, but may have served as an axe. It strongly resemble, specimens
found to the south, that seem to have been formed for digging, but there are no
indications on the surface of this tool that it was ever so employed. Aside from
its considerable size it is remarkable in showing a nucleus fully two inches in
diameter.
44
54 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. .21).
STONE CUP.
101. (Full Size).
Figure 101 represents what is commonly known as a paint-cup. It is neatly
hollowed, has a flat bottom, and is made from some kind of primitive rock. In
the G. E. Laidlaw collection.
AMULETS OR GORGETS.
FIG. 102. (Quarter Size).
This gorget or amulet of Huronian slate, from the Tweedale collection is one
of the finest in the museum. It is four and five-eighth inches long and hand-
somely veined. What may be called the lower side is not so well finished as the
other. Unlike many objects of this class the hole shows signs of wear, the upper
side of it being perceptibly the smoother. The flanges at the lower end are
peculiar to this specimen. It was found in the township of South Yarmouth,
county of Elgin.
FIG. 103. (Quarter Size).
When perfect this gorget could not have been less than seven and a half, or
eight inches long. It is of a dark colored argillite resembling a common school-
45
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
slate. At the small end, one-half of a small hole remains showing that the
specimen at one time extended farther in this direction, as well as towards the
roughly fractured end. The small end is ground down from both sides to a cut-
ting edge. The chief peculiarity of this specimen consists in the number of care-
lessly cut diagonal lines, on both sides. Almost invariably articles of this kind
are perfectly free from markings. Locality, Nottawasaga. From the brothers W.
and D. Melville.
FIG. 104. (Quarter Size).
The gorget (fig 104) is a good specimen of its class, but unlike most others
the slate is unpolished on the one side — perhaps it is unfinished. Most of the
boring has been done from the rough side, only enough to clean the margin of
the holes having been done from the smoothed side. The inward side-curves are
unusually deep. — G. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 105. (Quarter Size).
This gracefully formed gorget is in the Laidlaw collection .f '.'It is made> of
grey slate, and with the exception of a small piece broken off the larger end Jit' is
perfect. The holes exhibit no signs of wear.
Fia. 106, (Quarter Size).
The peculiarity of this gorget is that it is concavo-convex, butjwhether made
so purposely, or on account of the original rough shape of the slaters not certain
46
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21)
A. 18&1
The holes have been bored entirely from the convex side shown above. — Geo. E.
Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 107. (Nearly Full Size).
Many specimens of aboriginal "jewelry" owe their shapes to the natural
forms of the material when found. This is especially true of articles made from
pebbles. Fig. 107 is a case in point. It is a pebble of fine sand-stone, the pen-
dant shape of which caught the eye, and the workman has proceeded to adapt it
to his fancy by boring holes in it. Examination shows that the smaller end
broke just before the boring of the last hole was completed. The Indian's lack
of prescience is shown by his leaving the boring of the most difficult hole till the
last, having even countersunk the others previously. Fig. 107 is from the town-
of North Yarmouth, and belongs to the Dr. Tweedale collection.
FIG. 108. (Quarter Size).
Figure 108 shows one of the plainest and neatest specimensjof^its class in
the museum. One side is straight, the other a little rounded from*end to end,
both edges are almost straight and nearly parallel, the width at the larger end
being exactly one inch, and at the holeH end a little over seven-eighths of an
inch. Its greatest thickness (in the middle) is five-sixteenths of an inch. From
North Yarmouth township, Elgin county. Dr. Tweedale collection.
FIG. 116. (Quarter Size).
As a rule, relics of this type are symmetrical. Fig. 116 is an exception. The
stone is Huronian slate. The hole has been bored before the notches were cut
47
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
above .and below. It was found by Mr. Chance in Markham township, and now
forms part of the G. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 117. (Quart tr Size).
This diagram represents what is the largest, and, it may be added, the
coarsest specimen of its kind in the museum. To the credit of the Indian
artificer, however, it may be stated that his work is still incomplete — scarcely
more than blocked out, in fact, but none the less valuable on that account. It is
live and a quarter inches long, and of Huronian slate. The base is almost in its
rough state, and no attempt has been made to bore the fore and aft holes that
are almost invariably found in specimens of this type. In the Dr. Tweedale
collection ; from White's Mills, county of Elgin.
STONE CARVING.
FIG. 109. (Full Size).
The specimen of which figure 109 is a cut was presented by Mr. J. W. Fitz-
gerald of Parry Sound. The material is gypsum, of a light pink color. Accord-
ing to the best of Mr. Fitzgerald's recollection it was found near Lindsay. The
carving is fairly good. Behind the figure a beginning has been made on each
side in boring a hole through the piece.
48
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A. 1891
DISKS.
FIG. 110.
FIG. 111.
FIG. 112.
FIG. 113.
FIG. 114.
Disks of pottery and stone, like those shows in figures 110 to 113, were used
in different ways. The smaller ones (tigs. 110 and 111) may have heen orna-
mental, as for beads, while it is known that the larger ones (tigs. 112, 113) were
used in a game. Figure 114 is from Hawaii, where it was employed by the
natives in a game called Naika (Nah-eek-ah,) being rolled along the ground as in
what was a favorite Indian pastime. It is introduced here merely for comparison.
A hole is shown in the centre, by mistake of the engraver.
TOTEM.
FIG. 115. (Full Size).
There can be little doubt that figure 115 was intended to represent a totem
and that totem, a turtle. Unfortunately both head and tail are damao-prl
4 (c.i.) 49
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
the general outline is a fairly good imitation of the animal, although the ancient
artist had but little regard for the necessary number of toes. The turtle totem
is made of fine-grained sandstone, was found in South Yarmouth township^
and is part of the Dr. Tweedale collection.
% SLICK STONE.
FIG. 118. (Quarter Size).
Fig. 118 represents what may be called a scraper. The round edge is sharp,
and the upper one ragged as if broken. It was found on the village site at
Logan's Hill in Victoria county.
SHELL.
FIG. 119. (Half Size).
The common unio or fresh-water mussel shell was employed by the Indians
for several purposes after the contents had been eaten. Near the Atlantic a
species known as the quahog afforded material for wampum, but the supply of
shell for our more westerly tribes seems to have been brought up the Mississippi
valley from the gulf coast. In some places considerable numbers of mussel shells
are found with other remains in heaps corresponding to the European " Kitchen-
middens."
A common use for these shells was that of scrapers in different kinds of handi-
craft. The worn edge in figure 119 indicates its employment by a left-handed
person. From the Clearville village site, Kent county.
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54 Victoria.
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A. 1891
FIG. 120. (Half Size).
Fig. 120 is also from the Clearville village site and shows how the wearing of
the edge would be produced by a person using the right hand.
FIG. 121. (Full Size).
From the above figure it may be concluded that the user employed both hands
alternately. This excellent specimen is from Fairchild's Creek, and was pre-
sented to us by Mr. E. C. Waters, Brantford.
FIG. 122. (Half Size).
Fig. 122 is from the same locality, and was presented by Mr. E. C. Waters,
of Brantford. The whole of the outer coating is worn off — indeed the body of
the shell itself has been rubbed down until a hole has been produced. Messrs.
Waters and Heath are of opinion that specimens of this sort have been used for
smoothing the inside of clay vessels, when in process of being manufactured, and
that this, or some similar use, accounts for the condition of such specimens. They
are probably correct in this supposition.
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FIG. 123. (Half Size).
In Ohio many strong unio shells are found punched as shown above. The
belief is that the purpose was to afford a means of lashing a handle to the upper
or hinge edge, by passing a cord or thong through the hole and diagonally over
and around the haft. What the use of such a tool could be we are left to imagine.
FIG. 124. (Full Size). FIG. 125. (Full Size).
Figs. 124 and 125 represent the obverse and reverse of an unfinished piece
of wampum, which was found in an ossuary in Beverly township. The process
employed my be traced in this specimen, where only part of the rounding has
been done, and only half of the hole has been bored. Many years after the
settlement of America by Europeans, the Indians clung tenaciously to wam-
pum, preferring it to metallic coin. In course of time, wampum was produced
in large quantities by the whites for trading purposes, and the use of it as a
currency was legalised. About the beginning of the present century, Canadian
Indians refused any other "coin." *
* From the Provincial Statutes of Lower Canada, Georgii III, 1792, His Excellency the
Right Honorable Guy Lord Dorchester, Governor, being the First Session of the First Pro-
vincial Parliament of Lower Canada.
" An Act to permit the importation of wampum, from the neighboring States by the inland
communication of Lake Champlain, and the River Richelieu or Sorel.
" Whereas the article of Wampum in the form of Beeds, moons or shells and hair pipes, is
indispensably necessary in the Indian Trade carried on from this Province to the Western
Country ; and Whereas the said Articles of Wampum in the form of Beads, Moons or Shells not
being the product or manufactory of any part of the British Dominions, can only be had from
the neighboring States, of which it is the product, Be it therefore enacted by the King's most
Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Legiolative Council and the As-
sembly of Lower Canada, constituted and assembled by virtue of and under the authority of an
Act passed in the Parliament of Great Britain, intituled "An Act to repeal certain parts of an
Act passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's Reign," intituled "An Act making more
effectual Provision for. the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America, and to
make further provision for the Government of the said Province." That from and after the pub-
lication of this Act, it ahall be lawful to His Majesty's subjects to import from the Neighboring
States, by the Inland communication of Lake Champlain and the River Richelieu or Sorel,
the article of Wampum, in the form of Beeds, Moons or bhells, Hair pipes of such nature
and kind as are used in the Indian Trade to the Western Country."
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54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A.
FIG. 126. (Full S'ze).
The collumella of large shells was often formed into beads and pendants
Fi« 126 shows one of many specimens found in an ossuary in Beverly, and
which is perforated at each end for suspensory purposes. Sometimes this part
of the shell was also made in to a variety of wampum.
FIG. 127. (Quarter Size).
The specimen of which the above is a diagram was found with several other
shell articles in a grave on the east side of Blackfriars Bridge, London, Ont., by
a Mr. John McDowell, in the year 1849. The other objects were, as in this case,
made from the material of a sub-tropical shell of large size. It is not probable
that figure 124 served any other purpose than that of a gorget, and as such,
or, indeed, in any capacity, it must have possessed great value on account of the
distance from which the material was brought, and its corresponding scarcity in
this part of the continent. No ^engraved shell objects are, so far as known to
me, found in Ontario.
FIG. 128. (One-third Size).
Among the specimens procured from Mr. J. Y. Connell, of Nevis, West Indies,
are two small gouge-like implements, made from a heavy uni- valve. Fig. 128
represents one of these tools. At the curve it is fully an inch in thickness. The
hollowed form is probably the result of necessity arising from the nature of the
material, rather than of intention ur desire on the part of the maker to produce
it. Still, it may have served a purpose similar to that for which stone gouges-
were made by the natives in this part of America.
53
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BONE.
FIG. 129. (Seven-eighth Size).
FIG. 130. (Seven-eighth Size).
Both of these specimens form part of the W. G. Long collection, which is
unusually rich in bone implements, a branch of industry apparently in great
favour among the people who occupied the area now included in the townships
of York, Vaughan, Markham and Whitchurch. Most of the objects of this
sort in the Long collection are of the common kind, varying from one and a-half
to seven inches in length. Any kind of ornamentation on such objects is of rare
occurrence, but figures 129 and 130 are notable exceptions. They were probably
used as fastening pins for clothing, rather than as awls or needles. Fig. 130 is
worn very smooth on one side, and is notched for suspension or attachment at
the head. Fig. 129 seems to be specially well adapted to pinning purposes.
FIG. 131. (Quarter Size).
The similarity of this bone tool to those still employed in the North-West
in the dressing of skins, is strong, even to the toothed edge. No smoothing by
friction has been done on this specimen, and the tool marks are quite plain. —
Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 132. (Full Size, 5f in.)
The purpose of Figure 132 may not be easily divined. It is made from the
leg-bone of a deer, probably. The surface is highly polished, and the rings — five
in the middle and four at each end — are rudely cut.
The supposition that it may have been used as the handle or hand-piece to a
string for carrying weights, receives some force from the fact that the inner edge of
one end is worn round and smooth, just as it would be if employed in this way.
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54 Victoria.
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It is quite as likely, however, that it was simply worn on a string passing round
the neck. The inside of the other end is too much weathered to offer much
evidence, but even there are indications of similar wear. Fig. 132 is part of Mr.
W. G. Long's find in the county of York.
FIG. 133. (One-third Size).
One of three similar specimens found on the Baptiste Farm, Tuscarora, is
figured here. They are simply the " wish-bones " of large fowls, having a small
hole drilled through the broadest and thinnest portion of one side, but that side
opposite to the one shown in the engraving. An Indian woman, who was stand-
ing by when these were dug up, immediately stated that she had heard some old
people speak of lines being twisted from bass wood bark by means of, or with the
assistance of such things, but she was unable to explain how they were used.
OJIBWAY GAME.
FIG. 134.
In Figure 134 is represented an old Ojibway game played for gambling pur-
poses, as, indeed, most Indian games were. It consists of seven conical bones
55
v Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
strung on a leather thong about eight inches long, which has fastened to it at
one end a small piece of fur, and at the other a hickory pin three and a-half
inches long. The game was played by catching the pin near the head, swinging
the bones upwards, and trying to insert the point of the pin into one of them
before they descended. Each bone is said to have possessed a value of its own *
the highest value being placed on the lowest bone, or the one nearest to the hand
in playing. This bone has also three holes near the wide end, and to insert the
pin into any of these entitled the player to an extra number of points. Above-
each hole is a series of notches numbering respectively four, six and nine, which
were, presumably, the values attached.
This game is mentioned by the Rev. Peter Jones (Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by)
in his book on the Ojibway Indians, but no name is given to it.* Dr. P. E. Jones,,
his son, has the only other specimen I have ever seen. The one in our possession
was presented by Mr. J. Wood, an intelligent and influential member of the
Mississauga band, near Hagersville.
HORN.
FIG. 135. (Quarter Size).
Deer-horn was either not much used in the making of implements, or its
liability to speedy decay is accountable for the few specimens of this material
found on the surface or in graves. The relic shown in figure 135 was probably
used in skinning. The cutting edge is damaged, and the whole specimen is con-
siderably weathered. The hole shows us that it was carried on the person, —
Geo. E. Laidlaw collection.
FIG. 136. (One-third Size).
ernment
may
* Since this was written, I have been informed by Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by, junior, the respected gpv-
nent chief of the New Credit Mississaugas, that the game was called " Pe-peng^-gun-e-gun, " which
be interpreted to mean, he says, " Stabbing a hollow bone."
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54 Victoria.
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A. 1891
This is one of several specimens presented by Mr. James S. Heath, of Brant-
ford. It is the greater part of a small deer-horn, from which the upper prongs
have been half cut and half broken. A hole, as seen in the diagram, has been
made at the base of the lowest prong. Messrs. Heath and Waters, who are both
ardent arch geological students, call specimens of this kind " arrow-straighteners."
With first-class mechanical eyes they detected the peculiar obliquity and wear of
the hole, and concluded that the purpose of the tool was to act as a " pinch " in
taking any bend out of arrow-shafts, either when newly made, or as the result of
seasoning. I have recently seen an account of some Pacific slope Indians who
make use of a wooden tool on the very same principle, thus confirming the view
taken by Messrs. Heath and Waters.
UNFINISHED RELICS.
FIG. 137. (Quarter Size).
In the specimen figured here, we have a capital illustration of one of the first
steps taken to reduce rough material to a desired form. The natural shape of the
stone has suggested a use, but one edge has not corresponded with the other,
having been somewhat rounder. To reduce it to symmetery the pecking process
has been carried on until a closer similarity is the result, but here the process ends.
Every other portion of the stone is in its original condition. This plain but
instructive relic we owe to Dr. Craig, of Lawrenceburg, Indiana. As a Canadian,
and an archaeologist, Dr. Craig takes a deep interest in the Provincial
Archaeological Museum.
FIG. 138. (Quarter Size).
Unfinished objects frequently possess interesting features. In figure 138 from
the Baby* farm the pecking process used to reduce the material to rough form is
57
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
. * ; _
well illustrated. By some accident the block has been rendered useless, and
while we may for this reason regret the loss of a good slate pipe, we are indebted
to it for an instructive example of the laborious methods that had to be employed
by the ancient workmen.
FIG. 139. (Quarter Size).
Though also blocked out for a pipe, the above is totally unlike figure 138 in
material and treatment, This specimen! is of a coarse crystalline limestone with
a considerable admixture of fine particles of mica. No untoward event to the
block has hindered the completion of the pipe, but something of the sort may
have happened to the maker himself. The bowl is bored an inch and a quarter
deep, and a start has been made in boring the stem. The hole in the bowl is
barely three-eighth in. in diameter, and the intention must have been to "rim " it
out at to least an inch, as the material is here an inch-and-a-half thick. Fig. 139
was found in ths township of Tuscarora, and presented to the museum by Mr. J.
H. Grouse, of Brantford. Other excellent articles from Mr. Grouse will be referred
to in our next report.
FIG. 140. (Quarter Size).
Here we have again illustrated some methods of working. The stone has
first been rubbed down on its two opposite sides until it is about an .inch and a
quarter thick. On both of these the outline of the pipe has been " scribed "
and deeply grooved with flint-flakes. A deep rut has also been cut length-
wise on the underside of what was intended for the stem to prevent chipping
from extending too far, as well as to present an angle for starting chips outwards.
This part of the work has been completed, and the base of the grove remains to
show how the work was done. On the upper side of the stem, as maybe
seen from the engraving, cross notches have been sawn deeply to permit'of super-
fluous material being knocked off. A break in the block has prevented the work
from being completed. From the Longheed farm, Nottawasaga.
^Pronounced Baw-by.
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FIG. 141. (Half Size).
It is not easy to say what the specimen here represented was meant for.
The material is limestone and the surface looks as if it had been scraped with
some fairty sharp instrument. A hole has been bored lengthwise close to the
outside, and the thin portion has been broken through purposely. The diameter
of the larger end is fully an inch. It was procured from Mr. "David Mellville
Nottawasaga.
FIG. 142. (Half Size).
In figure 142 we have an engraving of an unfinished tablet or gorget. It is
made of favorite material for this class of articles — slate. The side opposite to
the one shown is comparatively smooth and well finished. Perhaps the appear-
ance of the flaws shown in the cut put a stop to the boring, although the speci-
men shows that some work has been performed after the pieces broke off. One
hole is bored almost through, and a second has just been begun. This specimen
was procured from Mr. Jos. W. Stewart, but its locality is uncertain.
COPPER.
FIG. 143. (About one ninth Size).
The specimen figured above is truly a " long-knife." Its shape is suggestive
of European influence in almost every line, but the workmanship is undoubtedly
Indian. It measures exactly fourteen inches in length, but a small piece perhaps
not more than half-an-inch has been broken off the tine, or the handle, for it
mayjiever have had any other haft,the edges being rounded as if for use in its pres-
ent condition. This valuable article was found on St. Joseph's Island by Mr.
Alex. G. Duncan, and was generously presented to the Provincial museum by
Mr. W. D. Kehoe, editor of the " Express," Sault Ste. Marie.
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54 Victoria
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A. 1891
FIG. 144. (Full Size).
FIG. 145. (Quarter Size).
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
The copper knife here figured (Fig. 144) was found on Grassy Point, Baptiste
Lake, in North Hastings county and was presented to us by Mr. A. Robertson, of
Madoc. Both edges have been sharpened, and in the form of the handle we see
one of the steps towards insertion by means of a tine in a haft of wood or horn.
The handle is simply beaten down to thicken the edges of it, which are also
well rounded, for ease in holding, and near this extremity a small hole is bored
by means of which it may be slung from the belt. Its original owners were pro-
bably Algonquins.
In figure 145 we have a cut of one of the most peculiar copper implements
ever found in Ontario, or, so far as I am aware, in America. It was discovered
in an ossuary now within the limits of Midland city driving-park, a locality
occupied by the ELurons of old, and now the site of one of the most flourishing
young towns in the Dominion.
This unique specimen was presented to us by the directors of the park,
through their secretary Mr. H. F. Switzer,town clerk. It is a little over thirteen
inches in length and is nearly three inches across at the widest part. It is remark-
fable not for its size alone, but for its curve and its undulating or round-toothed
edge. No part of the blade is more than one-eighth inch thick, and the tine is
only about three-sixteenths. The teeth are fifteen in number,* and the con-
Condition of the specimen is so good as to show clearly how the making of them
has been done. One side is quite smooth, each tooth being in line with the body
"of the blade, while on the side shown in the engraving there is a distinct hollow
'corresponding to each projection. From these depressions it is perfectly evident
fthe edge was at first uniform in thickness and in curve, and that the projections
^were formed by repeated blows with a hammer of some sort having a small round
" pin ;" or another tool has been used as a punch which, when struck sharply
•, would " draw out " the edge as we see it. In any event the tool is a most remark-
able proof of aboriginal mechanical skill. To produce from a rough piece of
^copper, by hammering, this long, broad and uniformly thick blade would test the
skill of a white workman with a kit of tools at his command. But the desire to
produce an improved cutting edge as in this case, makes it appear that the work-
man has merely attempted to imitate the natural or inevitable serrations conse-
,quent on flaking stones, especially those of a silicious nature, which were often
,'tised as files and saws. The cuttirig-bar of a mowing machine is constructed on
the same principle, and hay-knives and large bread-knives are sometimes made
with an undulating edge like that of figure 145. It is needless to say that all our
cutting tools have been evolved from the flaked flint of primeval man.
When this blade was deposited with the bones of the deceased " brave " it was
carefully wrapped in beaver-skin, a portion of which is still adherent to one side.
As no European traces were discovered about the burial place, it is safe to say
that this implement is at least 260 years old, and may be much more.
The example set by the people of Midland City in placing this and other
valuable relics in the Provincial Museum, may be followed with advantage by
others whose good fortune may lead them to make a " find."
FIG. 146. (Quarter Size).
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54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A. 1891
Along with the carved knife already described from Midland City, there
was found a very gracefully formed copper axe, and, like the knife, having the
original beaver skin in which it was rolled up when deposited, still attached to
one side. While eight and three-fourth inches long, it is only one and a half
inches wide at the lip, and barely a quarter of an inch thick. It is perfectly
symmetrical in every line, and has been smoothly finished.
FIG. 147. (Quarter Size).
This axe also retains its old beaver-skin wrapping. *It is much heavier in
proportion to its. length and breadth than figure 146, being nearly half an inch thick
in the middle. The lip is very blunt and looks as if it had been used considerably.
The specimen in question was found at Point Mamainse, Lake Superior.
FIG, 148. (Full Size).
We are indebted to Mr. Alex. Robertson of Madcc for the copper implement
or weapon figured at 148. He found it in a small mounded grave on the shore of
Hog Lake, or Lake Moira, near Madoc. Its size and shape leave hardly any doubt
that it was made for insertion in a club-head. The small end is rough, the edges
are square and grooved (the latter, perhaps, as the result of hammering) and the
wide end has a good cutting edge. Its greatest thickness is barely a quarter of
an inch.
FIG. 149. (Three-quarter Size).
Fig. 149 appears to have been the tip of a shaft. Two-thirds of it are
62
54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21)
A: 18&1
socket, a part of which is broken off. It was found in the township of Vaughan
by Mr. Smelser, and presented by Dr. R Orr, Toronto.
FIG. 150. (Full Size).
Fig. 150 consists of a small coil of copper wire beaten flat. It is of doubtful
origin from the pure Indian or native copper point of view. It seems to be too
uniform in size for aboriginal make, and the fact that it was found on the Baby
farm suggests European origin.
FIG. 151. (Full Size).
This, too is of doubtful origin. It is from the Lotteridge farm, near
Hamilton. The workmanship, like that of figure 150, is probably Indian but
the material is, perhaps, European. The projection for the hole, too, has a
suspiciously European look.
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54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21).
A.
POST EUROPEAN RELICS
FIG. 152. (Full Size).
Relics of this kind are, as a rule, easily distinguished. There can be no
doubt regarding the origin of Fig. 152, which, with two others, was found on
Beausoleil Island in the Georgian Bay by Messrs. , from whom
they were procured for the Provincial Museum by the Rey. Th. Laboureau of
Penetanguishene. Double-barred crosses of this kind are now, it seems, unknown
in connection with Catholic worship, and it is somewhat singular that since we
received these relics of the old Hurons, another one almost identical in size and
pattern should have found its way to our collection from the North-West, where
it was picked up during the late rebellion.
Nahneetis, the Guardian of Health, is figured in Jones' " Ojebway Indians,"
p. 9o, with a triple barred cross, and the whole front of the dress covering the
effigy is ornamented with brooches similar to those illustrated at Figs. 155, 156,
157 and 162 in this report.
Regarding the peculiar form of cross from Beausoleil Island, Dean Harris of
St. Catharines, writes : " This small, dual cross is permitted to be worn only by
patriarchs of the Latin Church. It is also sometimes carried as a processional
cross, and as Richelieu was bishop and cardinal, it is possible that he used such
a cross either as pectoral or processional. In all probability these ornaments
were sent out to Canada during his regime, and receiving the blessing of the
priest among the Hurons, would have served the double purpose of being orna-
mental and of being used in devotion."
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54: Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2 1).
A. 1891
It should be noted that on two of the crosses there are engraved respectively
the letters " C. A." and " R. C." Taking a clue from Dean Harris's reference to
Richelieu, these letters may mean Cardinal Archbishop, and Richelieu Cardinal,
but as the dean says, " We can easily conjecture many things in association with
these letters, but they would be only conjectures."
FIG. 153.
In the report of United States Bureau of Ethnology for 1880-1, p. 178, is
figured a Navajo Indian with silver ornaments, regarding which Mr. W.
Matthews writes: " The cross is much worn by the Navajos, among whom, I
understand, it is not intended to represent the ' cross of Christ/ but is a symbol
of the morning star. The lengthening of the lower limb, however, is probably
copied from the usual form of the Christian emblem." We are ' indebted to
Major J. W. Powell, director of the Bureau, for permission to copy this cut
(Fig. 153.)
5 (c. I.)
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54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21),
A. 1891
FIG. 154.
FIG. 156.
FIG. 155.
Fig. 154 represents one of several "bangles" found with the crosses or>
Beausoleil Island. They appear to be made of silver, or else of some other soft
white metal. Figs. 155 and 156 are of thin silver, and were, no doubt, simply
used as brooches.
FIG. 157.
Fig. 157 was found near Mindemoya (Old Woman) Lake, Manitoulin Island,,
by the late Mr. John McPherson of this city, ana Yy him presented to the-
museum. It is extremely thin. A slender pin is still connected with it.
FIG. 158. (Full Size).
From Mr. John McPherson we also received the odd combination here-
figured. It consists of a cylindrical copper bead and a flat, triangular one, both
made from European sheet metal. Between these are strung four small glass beadsr
two white and two blue, in an alternate arrangement. These were found on.
Manitoulin Island.
FIG. 159. (Full Size).
FIG. 160. (Full Size).
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54 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 21;.
A. 1891
Finger-rings of any kind are seldom discovered. I know of but one appar-
ently genuine and highly finished stone ring. Those figured above are brass.
Fig. 159 has engraved upon the seal a capital L enclosing a heart ; and on figure
160 is cut the monagram I. H. S. The latter was found on what was thought
to be the site of the ancient Ossossane in the Huron country, and was presented-
by Rev. Th. Laboureau. The formerwas found on the Baby Farm.
FIG. 161. (Quarter Size).
The production of a pewter pipe like the above leaves no doubt as to Euro-
pean influence. The animal is probably meant to represent a bear. This pipe
was found near the village of Scotland in Brant county. The only other pewter
pipe in our collection came from the Bay of Quinte, where it was found some
ieet deep in the water, and was given to us by Dr. T. W. Beeman of Perth.
FIG. 162. (Full Size).
It has often proved puzzling to account for the presence of numerous, little
broach-pins (like those here figured) in ossuaries. The specimen of cloth represented
67
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
.-shows us the use that was, at least in some cases, made of them. Apparently the
whole skirt or 'body, or perhaps the whole of a garment was adorned in this way.
Although all are now coated more or less with verdigris, the metal is white.
The verdigris may, in part, be owing to the presence of a small copper vessel
that was found beside them in the grave.
The fabric to which they are fastened is a course linen and of brown color.
It was found along with the crosses already mentioned, on Beausoleil Island, and
was procured for the museum by the Rev. Mr. Laboureau of Penetanguishene.
EXTRACTS.
\
In a few of the following pages I have transcribed from rare sources some
bits of information relative to the Indians. The statements made tend in many
cases to throw light on portions of history and archocology that require all they
can get.
The first quotation is from the pen of John Mecklenburg, a Dutch Lutheran
minister. According to the custom of his day the Rev. Mr. Mecklenburg writes
his name in classic form, and thus figures as John, or Johannes Megapolensis.
His account of the Indians as he knew them, in what is now the State of New
York, is, perhaps, the quaintest, briefest and best ever written, and reveals to us
the Mohawk or Iroquois as in some respects not quite so bad a savage as he has
been painted.
" A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE MAQUAS INDIANS IN NEW NETHER-
LAND ; THEIR COUNTRY, STATURE, DRESS, CUSTOMS AND
MAGISTRATES, WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1644."
BY JOHN MEGAPOLENSIS, JUN., MINISTER THERE.
(From the Dutch.}
. . . . " The Inhabitants of this Country are of two Kinds, 1st, Christians
so-called ; 2nd, Indians ; of the Christians I shall say nothing ; my Design is to
speak of the Indians only. These among us are of two Kinds, 1st, the Mahakin-
haas, or, as they call themselves, Kajingahaga ; 2nd, the Mahakans, otherwise
called Agatzagena. These two Nations have different Languages, each having an
affinity to the other, as the Dutch and Latin. These People have formerly
carried on War against each other, but since the Mahakanders were subdued by
the Mahakohaas a Peace has subsisted between them, and the conquered are
obliged to bring a yearly Contribution to the others^ We live among both these
Kinds of Indians, and they coming to us from their Country or we going to them,
do us every Act of Friendship. The principal Nation of all the Savages and
Indians hereabouts with which we are connected, are the Mahakuaas* who have
* Mohawks.
68
54 Victoria Sessional Papers (No -Jl). A. 1891
laid all the other Indians near us under Contribution. This Nation has a very
heavy Language, and I find great Difficulty in learning it so as to speak and preach
to them fluently: there are no Christians who understand the Language
thoroughly ; those who have lived here long can hold a Kind of Conversation, just
sufficient to carry on Trade, but they do not understand the Idiom of the
Language. I am making a vocabulary of the Mahakuaa Language, and when I
am among them I ask them how Things are called ; then, as they are very dumb,
I cannot sometimes get an Explanation of what I want. Besides what I have
just mentioned, one will tell me a word in the Infinitive, another in the Indicative
Mood ; one in the first, another in the second Person ; one in the Present, another
in the Prceterperfect Tense. So I stand sometimes and look, but do not know
how to put it down : and as they have their Declensions and Conjugations, so
they have their Increases like the Greeks, and I am sometimes as if I was dis-
tracted and cannot tell what to do, and there is no Person to set me right ; I
must do all myself in Order to become an Indian Grammarian. When I first
observed that they pronounced their Words so differently, I asked the Commissary
of the Company what it meaned, and he told me he did not know, but imagined
they changed their Language every two or three Years ; I told him it could never
be that a whole Nation should so generally change their Language : — and though he
has been connected with them these twenty years he can afford me no Assistance.
"The Indians in this Country are of much the same Stature as Dutchmen ;
some of them have very good Features, and their Bodies and Limbs are well pro-
portioned ; they all have black Eyes, but their Skin is tawny ; in Summer they
go naked — (almost) ; the Children and young Folks to 10, 12 and 14 Years of Age
go mother-naked ; in Winter they hang loosely about them a Deer's, or Bear's or
Panther's Skin, or they take some Beaver and Otter Skins, or Wild-Cat, Raccoon's,
Martin's, Mink's, Squirrel, or several Kirds of Skins, which are plenty in this
Country and sew some of them upon others, until it is a square Piece, and that is
then a Garment for them, or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half Ells of
Duffils, and that they hang loosely on them, just as it was torn off, without any
sewing, and as they go away they look very much at themselves, and think they
are very fine. They make themselves Stockings and Shoes of Deer Skin, or they
take the Leaves of their Corn, and plat them together and use them for Shoes. The
Women as well as the Men go naked about the head ; the Women let their Hair
grow very long and tie it, and let it hang down their Backs ; some of the Men-
wear their Hair on one Side of the Head, and some on both Sides, and a
long Lock of Hair hanging down : on the top of their Heads they have a
Streak of Hair from the Forehead to the Neck about the Breadth of three
Fingers, and this they shorten till it is about two or three Fingers long,
and it stands right on End like Hog's Bristles ; on both Sides of this
Streak they cut the Hair short off, except the aforesaid Locks, and they also leave
on the bare Places here and there small Locks, such as are in Sweeping-Brushes,
and they are very fine. They likewise paint their Faces red, blue, &c., and then
they look like the Devil himself. They grease their Heads with Bear's-grease,
which they always carry with them for this purpose in a small Basket ; they say
they do it to make their Hair grow, and prevent their having Lice. When they
travel they take with them some Maize, a Kettle, a Wooden Bowl and a Spoon :
these they pack up and hang on their Backs, and when they are hungry they
make a fire and cook — they can get Fire by rubbing Pieces of Wood very briskly
against one another. They live in Common without Marriage, but if any of them-
have Wives the Marriage continues no longer than they think proper, and then
they separate and each takes another Partner. ***************
69
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
The Women are obliged to prepare the Land, to mow, to plant, and do every
Thing : the Men do nothing except hunting, fishing, and going to War against their
enemies : they treat their Enemies with great Cruelty in time of War, for they
first bit offthe Nails of the Fingers of their Captives, and cut off some Joints, and
sometimes the whole of the Fingers ; after that the Captives are obliged to sing
and dance before them stark naked, and finally they roast them before a slow
Fire for some Days, and eat them : the common People eat the Arms, Buttocks, and
Carcass, but the Head-men eat the Head and the Heart. Our Mahakas carry on
great War against the Indians of Canada on the river St. Lawrence, and take
many Captives, and sometimes there are French Christians among them. Last
year our Indians got a great Booty from the French on the river St. Lawrence,
and took three Frenchmen, one of whom was a Jesuit* ; they killed one, but the
Jesuit (whose left thumb was cut off, and all the Nails and Pieces of his Fingers
were bitten) we released him and sent him to France by a Yacht which was going
to Holland, They spare all the Children from ten to twelve Years old, and all
the Women they take in War, unless the Women are very old, and then they kill
them. Though they are very cruel to their .Enemies they are very friendly to
us : we are under no Apprehension from them ; we go with them into the Woods;
we meet with one another sometimes one or two miles from any Houses, and are
no more uneasy about it than if we met with Christians : they sleep by us too in
our Chambers ; I have had eight at once who laid and slept upon the Floor near
my Bed, for it is their Custom to sleep only on the bare Ground, and to have only
a Stone or a Bit of Wood under their Heads, they go to Bed very soon after they
have supped, but rise early in the Morning : they get up before Pay-Break. They
are very slovenly and dirty ; they neither wash their Face nor Hands, but let all
the dirt remain upon their tawny Skin, and look as dirty as Hogs. Their Bread
is Indian Corn beaten to Pieces between two Stones, of which they make a Cake
and bake it in the Ashes ; they eat with it Venison, Turkies, Hares, Bears, Wild
Cats, their own Dogs, &c. The Fish they cook just as they get them out of the
Water, without cleaning, and the Entrails of the Deer in the same Manner ; they
cook them a little, and if the Entrails are tough, they take one end in their Mouth
and the other in their Hand, and cut them off between their Hand and their Mouth,
and then they eat them ; so they do commonly with the Flesh, but they cut it a little
and lay it on the Fire so long as till we could go from the House round the Church,
and then it is done, and when they eat it the Blood runs down their Chins. They
can take a Piece of Bear's-Grease as large as two Fists, and eat it without any
Bread. It is natural for them to have no Beards, not one in an hundred has any
Hair about his Mouth : they have also naturally a great opinion of themselves,
and when they praise themselves they say Thy Othlcon (I am the Devil) they
mean by it that they are very brave. In order to praise themselves and their
People when we tell them they are very expert at catching Deer, they say, Tkoschs
Jeo aguweechon Kajingahaga kouaane Jountuckcha Othkon, that is, "Really all the
Mohaivks ate very cunning Devils. They make their Houses of the Bark of
Trees, very close and warm, and place their Fire in the middle of them ; they also
make of the Peeling and Bark of Trees Canoes, or small Boats, which will carrjr
four, five and six Persons ; in like manner they hollow out Trees and use them
for Boats : some of them are very large. ***** The arms used by the Indians
in War were formerly a Bow and Arrow with a Stone Axe and Mallet, but now
they get from our People Guns, Swords, Iron Axes and Mallets. Their Money con-
sists of certain little Bones made of the Shells of Cockles which are found on the
Beach ; a hole is made through the Middle of the little Bones ; and they are strung
*Pere Jogues.
70
Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 21). A. 1891
upon Thread, or they make of them Belts as broad as a Hand or broader, which
they hang over their Necks and on their Bodies ; they have also several Holes in
their Ears, and there they hang some ; and they value these little Bones as highly
as many Christians do Gold, Silver and Pearls, but they have no Value for our
Money and esteem it no better than Iron. ***** They place their Dead up-
right in Holes, and do not lay them down, and then throw on the Grave some
Trees and Wood, or they enclose them with Palisades. They have their set times
forgoing to catch Fish, Bears, Panthers, Beavers and Eels ; in the Spring they catch
vast quantities of Shad and Lampreys which are very large here — they lay them
on the Bark of Trees in the Sun, and dry them very hard, and then put them in a
Bag which they make of wild Hemp, and keep them till Winter when their Corn
is ripe ; to keep them from the Air, they dig a deep Hole and preserve them therein
the whole Winter. They can make Nets and Seines in their Way, and when they
want to fish with seines ten or twelve men will go together and help each other,
-all of whom'own the Seines.
They are entire Strangers to all Religion, but they have a Tharonhijouagon,
(which others also call Athzoockkuatoriaho) i.e. a Genius which they put in the
place of God, but they do not worship or present Offerings to him : they worship
and present Offerings to the Devil whom they call Otskon or Aireskuoni. * * *
They call us Assyreoni, that is Cloth-Makers, or Charistooni, that is Iron-Workers,
because our People first brought Cloth and Iron among them. ********
The Mohawk Indians are divided into three Tribes, which are called Ochkari,
Anoware, Oknaho, that is, the Bear, the Tortoise and the Wolf ; of these the Tor-
toise is the greatest and principal, and boast that they are the oldest descendants
of the woman beforementioned ; (a woman who fell from heaven and was carried
by a Tortoise, while she paddled in the water with her hands and raked up earth
to form the dry land), these have made a Fort of Palisades, and call their Castle
Asserue. Those of the Bear are the next to these, and their Castle is by them
called Banagiro ; the last were taken from them and their Castle is called
Thenondiogo. Each of these Tribes carries the Beast after which it is called
(as the Arms in its Banner) when it goes to War against its Enemies, and
this is done as well for the Terror of its hinemies as for a Declaration of its own
Bravery. ****** But although they are so cruel, and have no Laws or
Punishments, yet there are not half so many Villaines or Murders committed
amongst them as amongst Christians, so that I sometimes think with astonishment
upon the Murders committed in the Netherlands, notwithstanding their severe
Laws and heavy Penalties. These Indians though they live without Laws or fear
of Punishment, do not kill People unless they are in a great Passion, or fighting,
"wherefore we go along with them, or meet them in the Woods without Fear.
JOHANNES MEGAPOLENSIS.
Hazard's Historical Collection of State Papers, Philadelphia, 1792, p. 517
et seq.
TRIBAL NAMES.
The number of synonyms by which many Indian tribes were known, makes
it difficult sometimes for the reader to understand. Sometimes the difference
consists merely in the spelling, but not seldom, totally different words are employed,
and with a wholly different meaning. There are various reasons for these diver-
gencies— the pronunciation of the same name may not strike all foreign ears
71
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21 ). A. 1891
alike, hence a difference in the spelling; sometimes the question of a European)
was misunderstood, and, in consequence, the wrong answer was given ; not unfre-
quently the name a people called themselves was different from that by which
they were known to their neighbors or enemies, and sometimes they actually
called themselves by more than one name, or the name of a family or band was
given by mistake to the " nation." Thus in the case of the Hurons, Parkman
remarks: — "The usual confusion of Indian tribal names prevails in the case of
the Hurons. The following are their synonyms :—
Hurons (of French origin) ; Ochateguins (Champlain) ; Attigouantans (the
name of one of their tribes, used by Champlain for the whole nation) ; Ouendat
(their true name according to Lalemant) ; Yendat, Wyandot, Guyandot (corrup-
tions of the preceding); Ouaouakecinatouek (Potier); Quatogies (Golden)."
Again, the Tobacco Nation ultimately united with the Hurons was known
as the Tionnontates, Deonondadies, Dionondadies, Tuinontek, Etionontates, and
Khionontaterrhonons !
The Mohawks did not apply the name to themselves. " An enemy hath
done this." These proud people acknowledged only the name Ganeagaono.
Instances of this kind are common among ourselves. From %the following extract
we may learn what was considered as the official or " authorized list " of all the
Indian tribes within British jurisdiction at the time the " Instructions " were
issued.
In the " Copy of Instructions to Guy Carleton, Esquire, Captain-General and
Governor-in-chief in and over the Province of Quebec in America, and of all the
territories dependent thereupon. Dated St. James, 3rd January, 1775, there is a
' Plan for the future Management of Indian Affairs.' "
According to this plan article 2nd provides " That for the better Regulation
of this Trade and the Management of Indian Affairs in general, the British
Dominions in North America be divided into Two Districts, to comprehend and
include the several tribes of Indians mentioned in the annexed Lists A. and B."
A
" List of Indian Tribes in the Northern District of North America :
Mohocks, Oneidas, Tuscaroras, Otiondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, Oswegachys>
Nanticokes, Conoys, Tuteeves, Saponeys, Caghnawagas, Canassadagas, Arundacksr
Algonkins, Abenaguis, Skaghquanoghronos, Hurons, Shawanese, Delawaresr
Wiandots, Powtewatamis, Ottawas, Chipeweighs, or Missisagis, Meynomenys,
Folsavoins, Puans, Sakis, Foxes, Turghtwees, Kickapous, Mascoatins, Pianashaws,,
Wawiaghtones, Keskeskias, Illinois. Sioux, Micmacs, Norwidgewalks, Arse-
guntecokes, Penobscots, St. Johns.
B.
List of Indian Tribes in the Southern District of North America :
Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, Cheictaws, Catawbas, Beluxis, Humas,
Attucapas, Bayugatas, Tunicas, Peluchas, Osuglas, Querphas."
The foregoing is from Papers relative to the Province of Quebec, ordered to
be printed 21st April, 1791 :
7'2
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
The following from " An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North
America for the years 1757, 1758, 1759, and 1760, by John Knox, London, 1769,"
will enable us to form an idea of the relative strength of the six nations who were
loyal to the British shortly before the outbreak of the American war, as well as-
to compare the names with some of those already given.
" At a muster taken this day, (August 5th., 1760), they [the Indians] amount
to thirteen hundred and thirty, composed of the following different nations, most
of whom were lately in alliance with the French, and by them called the
Iroquois :
Senesagos 329
Cayugas 284
Tuscarores 37
Cunasarages 20
Mohawks 51
Mohians 12
Oquagos 18
Oswegatcheis 15
The Belt Party 12
Senecas • 114
Onondagoes 203
Oneidas : 60
Canajorakies 85
Schonasies 22
Chennogoas 31
Mawas 3
Caunadroghas 34
Total .1330."
BALSAM LAKE.
BY GEORGE E. LAIDLAW.
Balsam Lake is a large lake lying to the north-east of Lake Simcoe, about
seventeen miles distant. The height of land lying between these two lakes lies
at an average distance of one mile west of Balsam Lake, which is a link in the
inland system of waters emptying into the Bay of Quinte ; this system being
one of the internal canoe highways to Montreal from the Huron country, and
was connected by a portage from near Beaverton, on Lake Simcoe, to the extre-
mity of West Bay Balsam Lake. This old Huron trail is now enlarged into a
government road called the Portage Road. The Hurons had the option of
another route to Balsam Lake ; namely, ascending the Talbot River as far as
possible, then portaging across the height of land to North Bay ; this is the most
northerly of the two.
Of village sites I know of but three ; the first situated about three-fourths
of a mile west of West Bay, and about the same distance north of the Huron
trail. ,The second, distant nine miles along the trail, and about one mile south
73
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
or about half way distant between the two lake's, and has need of being exam-
ined by an expert, for some unique relics have been found in that locality. The
third village, situated about one and a half miles west of North Bay and three
miles north of first village site.
There are quite a number of camp sites, from which fragments of pottery,
pipes, bone ornaments and implements, clam shells, charcoal, and burnt bones
have been picked up. These camps cover small areas, and are quite near the
.shore, wherever there is a bit of sandy beach.
Indian Point is a point a couple of miles long, jutting down into the lake
from the north end. Indians have lived on this point, from ancient times, down
to a score or so of years ago. Both ancient and modern relics have been found
there, but being cultivated for a quarter of a century, the traces are wiped out.
There is an ancient graveyard here similar to the ones in the vicinity of village
sites one and three. But the exact position of the single graves cannot be deter-
mined owing to cultivation.
There are three islands (Ghost, Birch and Ant) which were examined last
-summer by Mr. Boyle and myself. On Ghost Island, two graves on the south
side of the island were opened some years ago ; skulls being carried off and
relics if any. These are the only two known graves here, that have mounds
erected over them; diameter ten to twelve feet deep. On Ghost and Birch
Islands there are, evidently, a few short rows of single graves, containing neither
skeletons or relics, but showing by the discolouration, and the disturbance of
the soil, that they have at one time contained skeletons ; whether the skele-
tons have been disinterred for reburial in an ossuary, or totally decayed from
extreme age, is a matter for conjecture.
Ghost Island, it is claimed, was formerly a corn planting ground, and the
pagan Indians in modern times lived on it, while the Christian Indians of the
same tribe lived on the adjacent Indian Point.
On Ant Island were found arrow points, flint chips, etc.
Graveyards are generally found near a village site, but instead of being
located on the top of the hills like the Huron ossuaries, are on the slope, or at
the foot of the hill. The one on Indian Point being on the lowest piece of land.
These graveyards consist of single graves, which are about two feet deep, and
can be easily traced by the circular depressions in the soil. These single graves
occur in rows, which run in no particular direction; some even appearing to
cross one another. They contain no relics. A number were opened at village
site No. 1 last summer ; the skeletons were medium size, brittle and soft, crum-
bling on exposure to the air. Two or three skulls, however, were preserved.
Besides the two mound graves, a modern grave is occasionally found on the
banks of the lake ; of those known, two contain single skeletons in rough hewn
cedar coffins, fastened with nails of French make ; no relics ; locality, Indian
Point, while another contained two skeletons, evidently a woman and child,
wrapped in birch bark. A copper pot, pewter spoon, string of bells on buskskin,
small silver broach or buckle, silver ring and cross, were found with them ;
locality, bank of West Bay.
An ash heap on the outskirts of village No. 1 on examination, disclosed,
fragments of pipes, pottery, bone implements and ornaments, burnt bones, clam
shells, jaws of beaver and other small animals, fragments of turtle shells and
deer horns. Diameter of ash heap, seventeen feet ; depth, three feet.
74
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
At the eastern extremity of -this trail quite a number of relics have been
found, including stone axes, gouges and pipes, fragments of pottery, clay pipes,
flint arrow and spear heads — about the only place here where the latter are
found — flint scrapers, awls, and chips ; gun flints, iron tomahawks and French
axes, fragments of gun barrels, and hoop-iron arrow heads, and also a copper
arrow head, of native copper and native manufacture. This is about three
inches long and one and one-half broad, with corners turned up to form a
socket, the point rounder than sharp. The evidence of this variety of relics
shows that the trail was in use from a very early time. A quarter of a mile from
this trail is a large boulder, on the lake shore, containing a shallow mortar, pro-
bably used to pound shells, mica or quartz in the manufacture of pottery,
or to crush corn. Around it are evidences of a camp site.
The relics picked up on village site No. 1 show no trace of contact with
white men. There were two large slabs of green stone found here, probably
brought in from some far off quarry. They were about eighteen or twenty
inches long by about twelve wide and two or three thick.
Axes, celts, gouges, chisels, slick-stone, mullers of all sizes and material,
from granite celts pecked into shape, to rough slabs of slate, or green stone,
worked to an edge, and of all sizes, from two to fifteen inches long, none, how-
ever, are grooved.
Arrow and spear heads are not numerous, as in other sections, probably ones
of bone and horn being used to a great extent, or that the population lived
largely by agriculture and fishing, instead of hunting. " Parkman " mentions
there was a dearth of game in the Huron country, though there are doubts
whether this section was included in the Huron territory. These arrow and
spear heads embrace all the general types, tanged, barbed, notched, based, tri-
angular, etc. Materials, quartz and chert predominating, with a few of slate.
Scrapers embrace the horseshoe, leaf-shaped and circular types.
No doubt the larger chips and flakes of these were used for scraping, cut-
ting, sawing, etc.
The awls are of the ordinary club-based variety.
The square and oval types of pendants and gorgets occur, also the concave
sided, contain from one to three or four holes.
A good specimen of slate knife of the semi-lunar shape, as figured by
Abbott in " Primitive Industry " was found by Mr. Boyle on village site No. 2.
The bone articles consist of needles, eyed and eyeless, harpoons, arrow heads,
.awls of every size, made by sharpening one end of bone splinters, and pottery
markers. The latter being formed by sawing off one end of a bird's bone to
leave the impression of a ring, and sharpening the other end to a point to make
the strokes, as observed in the pottery patterns.
Ornaments are sections of hollow bones polished, probably birds', and used
as beads. Worked bones, similar to that which is figured in the Canadian Insti-
tute's Report for 1887, fig. 102. A few tallies were also found of horn objects ;
one specimen is evidently intended lor a pipe, and another is chisel shaped, with
a hole at butt end for suspension, and is large enough to be used for skinning
purposes.
Bear's tusks are plentiful on the village sites
75
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A 1891
Discs, beads of stone and pottery. These vary up to two inches in diame-
ter, and are sometimes well finished. The pottery ones were probably formed
from broken fragments. Some are perforated, others with the perforaion just
started, and a few are not perforated. See fig. 28 in " Fossil Man."
All the pottery from village and camp sites and isolated places, are of the
same class. The majority of the markings are similar to those represented by
" Dawson, in Fossil Man," as belonging to the Hochelagan's. See figs. 14, 16, 17r
21 and a, b, c, d,f, fig. 22. A few patterns resemble the Vermont style, p. 159,
and the Pennsylvania, p. 178 in "Abbott's Primitive Industry." "While not a few
samples indicate that the types figured in Primitive Industry p. 173, as coming
from the county of Grey, or modifications thereof were in vogue. These types-
are all intermingled, but the majority show the Hochelagan influence.
One sample of a denser, closer structure, found by myself, may be called a
Grecian type. It is the panel of a square mouthed pot, the ornamentation con-
sisting of a row of short parallel, horizontal, straight lines, surrounded by a
number of concentric squares, not very different to the Mexican Frette, figured
by Wilson on p. 30, vol. 1, Prehistoric Man.
The clay pipes may be divided as- follows : Firstly. The plain cornet or
Huron pipe of various sizes and colours, ornamented, or plain, or modifications-
thereof, figured in " Fossil Man," as Hochelagan, and fig. 6 Canadian Institnte's
Report for 1889. Secondly. The human face pipe, of which a splendid one,
double faced and unbroken, found on village site No. 1, was sent to the British
Museum. Another similar to fig. 14, Canadian Institute's .Report for 1889r
only with narrower eyes and thin protruding lips.
Another head pipe has very large pointed nose, broad forehead, and small
retreating chin. Another pipe evidently had a head perched on the rim. Arms
.and hands in front of bowl. Mr. R. G. Corneil has a double-faced pipe, and a
pipe with figure of a child projecting from front of bowl. Thirdly. Quite a
number of pipes of the following description are found: short, round, thick
bowl at right angles from the stem, varying from one to two and one-half inches
in height, and about one to one and one-half in diameter ; some very rough and
others glazed, a few are ornamented with indented rings and rows of holes.
There are a few pipes which cannot be classed. The fragment of a stem show&
a snake coiled around it ; another fragment split longitudinally shows that its-
stem hole was made with a twisted cord.
Vase types, do not occur frequently, no doubt owing to the extensive use
of clay pipes ; however, we have the vase type represented by two specimens ;.
the largest, of grey marble, with two stem holes, the diameter oval. The longer
axis through the sides, which contain the stem holes. The smallest is of black
marble, \nth one stem hole, circular diameter.
Both pipes are well polished and each has two small holes in the bottom,,
drilled to meet each other at an angle, either for suspension of an appendage, or
to securely fasten the stem. See figs. 12, 16, 19 Canadian Institute's Report,
1889.
An unfinished pipe shows that the bowl and stem hole were bored after the
pipe was shaped ; this one has a small bowl similar to the Chinese opium pipe,
set on a long base of square section, lessening to a mouthpiece, resembling the-
mound builders' pipe, in the manner that no separate stem was needed. Diame-
ter of stem hole, one-eighth of an inch.
76
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
ANIMAL PIPES. — This is a new and distinct class of pipe sculpture differing
greatly from known types and is represented by the bear, panther, and we may
include the monkey and lynx pipes.
The bear pipe is made of steatite, colour stained black ; length, three and
one-half by two and one-quarter inches, eyes, ears and mouth well marked ;
each leg is separate, and a groove around the neck. Locality, Balsover. (See
fig. 84).
The panther pipe is of steatite, colour a mottled green ; length, four and
one-eighth by two and one-fourth inches, same posture as bear pipe. An inden-
tation is on each side of neck, eyes bored through, ears defined by slight pro7
tuberances, mouth defined by an indentation on each side of jaw, legs not
separate as in bear pipe, each pair being en Hoc and in a natural position, two
stem holes. The perforation behind the hind legs, as in bear pipe, being pro-
bably used for attachment to the person of the owner by a cord. Locality,
township of Garden. See Fig. 85.
The lynx pipe is similar to above, but with tufts on the ears. Locality,
Muskoka.
EAGLE PIPE. — Material, Huronian slate, well finished, colour light green with
dark veins ; length, five inches ; thickness, two inches ; wings, beak, eyes, and feet
well executed. The position of the bowls on these pipes show that they were
made by the same people, and may be called totem pipes, being a different class
of sculpture from the Mound Builders' animal and bird pipes and fully as well
finished and executed, and as true to nature. No pipes like these being found
on Huron village sites, they may properly be relegated to some nation, the
Hurons exterminated or absorbed, or the only other alternative that they were
made since the Hurons left the country. Still these animal pipes may have
been the life-work of .a single pipemaker. See Fig. 86.
Copper relics are rare. Besides the arrow head before mentioned, a knife
has been found ; length, seven inches, point rounded.
Some exception has been taken to this knife, because it is supposed to
resemble the modern form. If this is conceded, then it must have been made in
modern times, which cannot be admitted, for the Jesuits in their records make
no mention of the natives working copper, and they were the most observant of
all observers. This knife resembles — except the rounded point — the ones figured
116, Canadian Institute's Report, 1887. Figs. 1, 2, p. 89, Short's North America
of Antiquity ; fig. 54 a, Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States.
It is evident from the different modes of burial and from other minor details,
that this country was inhabited by a people which were absorbed or extermi-
nated by the Hurons, or else they sought shelter with the Hurons from the
savage forays of the Iroquois. This people may or may not have been
the Hochelagans of Cartier; the evidences rather show that they were. So let
us extend their territory to this region. The Hurons having their settlements
and towns to the west of Lake Simcoe, did not extend to this side in historic
times, or else it would have been recorded.
This region having been too thickly populated to have been passed by
unnoticed. If Jesuit relations, locate no towns on this side of Lake Simcoe, or
mention no large population, then evidently at that time, none existed, so that
the village sites, etc., belonged to some other nation, or that the Hurons them-
selves resided here before they lived to the westward of Lake Simcoe.
77
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ABCELE-
OLOGY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND.
III.
BY A. F. CHAMBEKLAIN,~M.A.
AMBROSE, REV. JOHN, M.A. — A few observations on a beach-mound or
kitchen-midden, near French Village. . . . Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Insti-
tute of Natural Science. Vol. II. (1864), pp. 42-43. '
Describes shell-mound and contents on shore of Dauphiney's Cove, St. Margaret's Bay,
N.S.
BACK, CAPT., R.N. — Travels to the Arctic Regions. Forms pp. 509-704 of :
The Voyage of Capt. Beechey, R.N. to the Pacific and Behring's Straits, and the
Travels of Capt. Back, R.N., to the Great Fish River and Arctic Seas. Compiled
by Robert Huish, Esq., F.S.A. & Z.S. London 1836, VI, 704.
Describes religious offerings to Kepoochikawn at Cumberland House, (pp. 568-565), religious-
festival, in tent, (566-567), Chippewa burials (579-580), remains of Kskimo encampments
(661).
BOYLE, DAVID. — Archaeological Report. Annual Report of Canadian Insti-
tute, Session 1888-9. Toronto. 1889, pp. 1-118.
This most valuable report may be thus summarized : Introductory remarks (pp. 1-3),
archaeological remains in the Huron region (8-15) with map of the township of Nottawasaga
showing location of village-sites, graves, and ossuaries, (9) and map of earth-work in the town-
ship (11), detailed description of archaeological investigations at village-site at Clearville, Kent
County (15-18) with map (16), township of Humberstone (18), York- and Vaughan (19-20),
archsBological notes (21-42) with 39 figures, pottery (21-23), clay pipes (23-27), stone-pipes (28-
31), bone and horn implements (31-34), flint (35), stone-tubes (35), other stone specimens (36-
37), mortars (38), copper-implements (39-40), crania (with figure, 41), modern Indian dresses
(42), French relics from village-sites of the Hurons (42-46, see Hunter, A. F.), exhaustive
catalogue of specimens in the Provincial Archaeological Museum (48-101), Bibliography of the
Art and Archaeology of the Aboriginal tribes of Canada (102-118, see Chamberlain, A.F.)
Long article in Toronto Globe, Vol. XLVL, No. 190, Aug. 9, 1890, illus. by
numerous wood-cuts of specimens in the Provincial Archaeological Museum.
Canadian Indian, The. Vol. I. No. I. October, 1889.
Contains (pp. 6-7) a iew remarks on mounds, burial-places, etc.
CHAMBERLAIN, A. F. — Bibliography of the Art and Archaeology of the Abori-
ginal Tribes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland, II. Annual Report
of Canadian Institute, Session 1888-9. Toronto, 1889, pp. 102-118.
Contains some 160 titles.
— . The Archaeology of Scugog Island. Proc. Canad. Inst. 3rd 'Series
Vol. VII (1889), pp. 14-15.
Brief abstract of paper cited in previous section, See also " Toronto Mail," Jan. 14, 1889,
and Amer. Antiquarian, November 1889, p. 390. See likewise Proc. Canad. Inst. 3rd series,
Vol. VII (1889) pp. 13-14, pp. 40-41, " Toronto Mail," Jan. 14, 1889, April, 15, 1889.
DAWSON [SiR]. J. W— Nouvelle Note sur les Antiquite's Aborigines-
trouvees a Montreal. Pamphlet, 800, pp. 25-36. Apparently a reprint in French
from the Canadian Naturalist.
78
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21) A. 1891
Describes the finds at Montreal. Evidently a reproduction in French of the article " Ad-
ditional Notes on Aboriginal Antiquities found at Montreal," Canad. Naturalist atd Geologist,.
VI (1861) pp. 662-673 with same wood. cuts. See under Dawson, Sir J. W. in Section 11.
G , W. — On the occurrence of the Kjoekkenmoedden on the shore
of Nova Scotia, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. Vol.
II (1864), pp. 94-99.
Gives (pp. 94-97) a detailed account of the examination, at St, Margaret's Bay, N.S., of a
shell-heap. The mound was 100x25 feet and contained shells, bones, teeth of animals, needle*
of bone, arrow-heads, etc. At pp. 97-99 are descriptions of similar deposits at Cole Harbor, 1Q>
miles east of Halifax and at Cranberry Cove. The article is signed " W. G."
GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, THE. — Vol. LI, London, 1781. pp. 367-8.
Contains letter from " Y. Z." on " Punic Inscriptions on the western borders of Canada.
GILPIN, BERNARD J. B.A., M.D., M.KS.C. — The Indians of Nova Scotia,-
Proc. and Trans, of Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science, Halifax. Vol. II
(1876-1877), pp. 260-281.
General description of Indian Tribes of Nova Scotia. Notices, weapons (261), clothing,,.,
utensils (262), dress (270-271), agriculture (279).
.—On the Stone Age of Nova Scotia. lb., Vol. III. (1872-3), pp..
220-231, with plate containing ten figures between pages 320 and 321.
An elaborate and interesting paper. Describes clothing, etc. (221-2), cooking (223), graves
near Yarmouth (22 T), stone pipes (227), stone implements (228-9), pierced stones (228), arrow-
heads (228), spear-heads (229), hammer, axes, gouges, chisels, wedges, of polished stone (229), .
wicker-boat (229), chisels, wedges (230), serpent stones (230). The figures on the plate are :
1, 2, 3, arrow-heads ; 4, knife-blade ; 5, axe ; 6, lance-head ; 7, pipe ; 8, wedge ; 9, serpent
stone ; 10, plummet stone.
GOSSIP, WILLIAM. — On the Antiquity of man in America. Ib. 11^(1 868-9),
pp, 35-37.
Contains (pp. 70-71) brief notice of arts and customs, arms and utensils of Micmacs.
HALE, HORATIO. — In " Magazine of American History," Vol. (1883), p. 479.
Notices a curious carved oak image of Sastaretsi, king of the Wendats or Hurons.
. — The Origin of Primitive Money. Popular Science ^Monthly,,
January, 1886. pp. 296-307.
Discusses the origin, use, distribution, etc., of wampum, shell-money, and the like, with
numerous illustrations at pp. 303, 305, 306,
HALIBURTON, R G., ESQ. F.S.A. — On the Festival on the Dead. Proc. and
Trans, of Nova Scotia, Institute of Natural Science. Vol. I (1863), pp. 61-85.
HALLOCK, CHAS. — Three months in Labrador. Harper's New Monthy Maga-
zine. Vol. XII (1860-1861), pp. 577-599, 743-765.
Describes Eskimo of Ungava (p. 750), graves (752), dog-calls (765-6,), Eskimo burying-
ground (756), dress, etc. of Nascopies (759-760).
HANNAY, JAMES. — History of Acadia from its first discovery to its surrender
to England by the treaty of Paris. St. John, N. B. 1879, p. 440.
Chapter II (pp. 29-58) is devoted to " The Aborigines of Acadia," and notices dwellings (46),,,
methods of cooking (46), funeral ceremonies (55).
79
Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 21.) A. 1891
HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. — Vol. IV. pp. 690-692. Habits and
character of the Dog Rib Indians.
Reproduced from Sir John Richardson's " Arctic Search Expedition."
HoREfsKY, CHARLES. — Canada on the Pacific. Being an account of a jour-
ney from Edmonton to the Pacific by the Peace River Valley, and of a winter
voyage along the western coast of Dominion, etc., Montreal, 1874, X, 244 pp.
Appendix I (pp. 210-224). " The Indians of British Columbia. General remarks on In-
dians, see pp, 103, 117, 119, 120, 128, 131, 149, 150, 151 ; Indian encampment 119-120 ; In-
dian village 128-129,
HOUGH, WALTER. — An Eskimo strike-a-light from Cape Bathurst, with six
figures. Bulletin of U. S. National Museum, Vol. XI (1888), Washington 1889,
pp. 181-184.
Describes Eskimo apparatus for obtaining fire. Figure 1 (p. 181) tinder-pocket ; fig. 2
fire-bag ; fig. 3 pyrites ; fig. 4, 4* striker and handles ; fig. 5 (p. 183) using the strike-a-ligbt ;
fig. 6 old French strike-a-light.
. Aboriginal Fire-Making. Amer. Anthropologist, Washington.
Vol. Ill (1890), pp. 359-371,
Contains Description of Huron Fire-making from Lafiteau (p. 362), Figure of pump-drill
/used by Onondagua Indians of Canada in 1888 (p. 364) with description of same (p. 365).
HUISH, ROBERT. — See Back, Capt.
HUNTER, A. F., B.A. — French Relics from Village sites of the Hurons. The
'Geographical distribution of these relics in the counties of Simcoe, York, and
Ontario. Annual Report of the Canadian Institute. Session 1888-9. Toronto,
1889, pp. 42-46.
This valuable paper discusses in detail the important question of the distribution of French
L ralics in the Huron region, with a tabulated statement showing their location.
IRISH, WILLIAM C. — In Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1879, p. 448.
Heports that mounds and graves occur two miles east of Brighton, Ontario, on Presqu'ile
Point ; Similar mounds are on Redick's farm, four miles west of the first-mentioned.
JACK, J, ALLEN. — A sculptured slab found in St. George (Charlotte Co.)
New Brunswick. Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1881, pp. 665-671.
Lengthy discussion of a stone with inscribed face found in Charlotte Country, N. B.
In Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 48.
Notices stone images from New Brunswick, and sculptured slabs from St. Johns N. B.
JONES, J. M. — Kitchen-middens at St. Margaret's Bay, N. S. (from the Lon-
don Athenwum). Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1863, (Washington, 1864),
pp. 370-371.
Notice of shell-heaps and contents at St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia.
MORICE, REV. FATHER A.GL O. M. I. — The Western De'nes ; their manners
-and customs. Proc. Canad. Institute Toronto. 3rd Series, Vol. VII (1889) pp.
109-174.
Describes (p. 115) personal ornaments of D<$n<$s, dress, dwellings (p. 117), methods of
taking fish (pp. 129-130), canoes (p. 131), hunting (pp. 131-133), making of berry cake (pp. 133-
4) baking of fern-root (p. 135); arts and industries (135-138), Canoes, birch-bark vessels (p.
136), Chilkotin baskets of spruce-root, (136), moccasins, etc. (p. 137), carving (p. 138), knives,
80
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
axes (p. 138), copper (p. 138); weapons (pp. 139-141), bone and flint arrows (p. 139), spear (p.
139), stone casse-tete (p. 140), armour (pp. 140-141), burial (pp. 145-146), masks (p. 151), games
(pp. 154-155). The paper is accompanied by 16 figures as follows :
P. 167, fig. 1, carved totems, fig. 2, carrier harpoon ; p. 168, fig. 3, Chilkotin double-dart*
fig. 4, bone coregone fry used as bait ; p. 169, fig. 5, horn dart, fig. 6, bark-bottle ; p. 170, fig-
7, bark peeler and cambium scraper, fig. 8, bone chisel, fig. 9, bone scraper ; p. 171, fig. 10
(5 cuts), Dt^ne flint arrow heaps, fig. 11, bow- point, fig. 12, spear-head ; p. 172, fig. 13, stone
casse-tete, fig. 14, bone triple arrow ; p. 173, fig. 15, funeral posts ; p. 174, fig. 16, horn ladle
and spoon. The Indian tribes treated of here, live in the northern part of British Columbia,
(that part orginally known as New Caledonia).
MULLALY, JOHN. — A trip to Newfoundland. Harper's New Monthly Maga-
zine, Vol. XII (1856), pp. 45-57.
Notice of Micmac village and wigwams (p. 56).
PATTERSON, KEV. G., D.D. — The Stone Age in Nova Scotia, as illustrated by
a collection of relics presented to Dalhousie College. Proc. and Trans, of the
Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science. Halifax N. S. Vol. VII (1889), pp. 231-
252.
A most interesting and valuable detailed account of over 250 archaeological specimens from
Nova Scotia, which, together with some 50 other specimens from other parts of the world, were
presented to the Museum of Dalhousie College, by the Rev. George Patterson, D.D. of New
Glasgow, N.S.
General description of places whence the relics were obtained, pp. 231-242. Description
of prehistoric cemetery on the Big Island of Merigormish, and excavations made there in 1874,
and relics found, pp. 231-237; skull, p. 232, axe, etc. p. 233, bones, 233, stone-implements, 233,
stone spear-head, p. 234, stone-flakes, p. 234, quadrilateral stone implement, p. 235, copper-
knives, p. 235, bone, fish-spear heads, pp. 235-236, stone pipe, p. 286, kitchen- middens and
their location, pp. 237-239, kitchen-middens on the sea-coast, pp. 239-240, Palaeolithic and
Neolithic remains, p. 240 ; description of kitchen-midden on the farm of Rev, A. P. Miller,
Merigormish, from which about half the objects in the collection were obtained.
Pp. 242-252, are occupied with a detailed catalogue under proper heads of the various objects.
A. Flaked and chipped stone, pp. 242-5. I. Objects of stone, pp. 243-249. Raw material, pi 242,
irregular flakes of obsidian, p. 243, arrow-heads (from Merigormish, St. Mary's Antigonish,
Annapolis and Lunenburg Co.), pp. 243-244, spear-heads, perforators, scrapers, cutting and
sawing implements, leaf shaped implements, p. 244, large ovoid flat iniplements, p. 245. B.
Pecked, ground or polished stone, pp. 245-249. Wedges or celts, p 245, chisels, p 246, gouges,
adzes, hammers, cutting tools, p. 246, pendants and sinkers, discoidal stones, pierced tablet,
stones used, in grinding and polishing, p. 247. pestles, 247, tube, 248, pipes, 248-9, ornaments,
vases, p. 249. II. Copper, pp. 249-250. III. Bone and horn, pp. 250-251, bone piercers, fish-
spear heads, ivory harpoon points, p. 250, horn or ivory chisel, instruments of walrus ivory,
instruments of uncertain use, p. 251. IV. Shell, (none from N.S.). V. Clay,, pp. 251-252,
fragments of pottery. VI. Wood, (no prehistoric objects found in N.S.).
PAYNE, F. F. — Eskimo of Hudson's Strait. Proc. Canad. Inst. 3rd Series, Vol.
VI (1889), pp. 213-230.
Contains (p. 228), some remarks on Eskimo graves. Reprinted in pamphlet form 18, pp.,
Toronto, 1889. (Notice of graves on p. 16).
PIERS, HARRY. — Aboriginal Remains of Nova Scotia. Illustrated by the Pro-
vincial Museum Collections. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Institute of Natural
Science, Halifax, N.S. Vol. VII (1888-9, pp. 276-290.
A. Detailed descriptive catalogue of the archaeological specimens in the provincial museum.
Introductory, pp. 276-7. I. Stone, pp. 277-288. A flaked and chipped stone, pp. 277-280.
Pvaw material, flakes, unfinished arrow and spear-heads, p. 277, arrow-heads, p,278, spear-heads,
pp. 278-279, perforators, cutting implements, leaf-shaped implements, p, 279.
B. Pecked, ground and polished stone, pp. 280-288. Wedges, or celts, pp. 280-281, chisel,
281, gouges, adzes, p. 281, grooved axes, pp. 281-282 discoidal and implements of kindred
shape, pp. 282-283, (two stones each resembling a coiled snake), pierced tablets, pp. 283-284, stone*
6 (c. j.) 81
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
used in polishing and grinding, p. 284, tubes, pp. 284-286, pipes, pp. 286-287, ornaments, pp.
287-288. III. Copper, (18 specimens), p. 288. IV. Bone and horn (piercer or fish-hook), p,
288. IV. Shells, (2 fine strings of wampum beads), pp. 288-289. V. Clay, (various fragments
of pottery), pp. 289-290.
The very valuable and interesting paper of Mr. Piers is illustrated by a plate (Plate V of
the volume), with 9 figures, the explanation of which is found on p. 311 as follows : Fig, 1.
Pierced tablet from Smith's Cove near Digby. Fig. 2. Pierced tablet in Webster's Collection.
Figs. 3 and 4, "Snake stone," presented by Mr. Gilbert Seaman of Ninudie. Figs. 5 and 6,
*' Snake stone," presented by Miss Frame, of Shubenacadie. Figs. 7 and 8 Pipe from Musquo-
doboit Harbor. Fig. 9. Pipe from River Dennis, Cape Breton.
POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, THE.— Vol. XXXVII, (1889), p. 571.
Note on aboriginal mounds in Manitoba. See Bryce, Prof. G.
SCOULER, JOHN. — Observations on the indigenous tribes of the N.W. Coast
of America. Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., London, Vol. XI (1841), pp. 215-249.
On the Indian Tribes inhabiting the N. W. Coast of America.
Edinburgh, New Philos. Journ. Vol. XLI (1846), pp. 168-192.
SELLAR ROBERT. — The history of the County of Huntingdon and of the
Seigniories of Chateauguay and Beauharnois, from their first settlement to the
year 1838. Huntingdon, P.Q., 1888, VIII, 584 pp.
Notices (pp. 4-5) mound on Nun's Island, and (p. 5) relics found in Chateauguay.
"Toronto Globe," Vol. XLVI, No. 190, August 9, 1890.
Contains on pages one and two. a lengthy article on Indian archaeology, illustrated by
numerous wood-cuts of specimens in the possession of the Canadian Institute, including stone
and clay pipes, tubes, awls, totems, copper implements, etc., by David Boyle.
TRAILL, CATHERINE PARR. — The Canadian Crusoes ; A tale of the Rice
Lake Plains. Edited by her sister Agnes Strickland. 376 pp.. Boston, 1881.
Contains : description of preparation of rice (pp. 203-204), mortars (204), stone-implements
(p. 368), artistic work (pp. 375-6).
TURNER, LUCIEN M. — The single-headed drum of the Naskopie (Nagnagnot)
Indians, Ungava District, Hudson's Bay Territory. Bullet, of U. S. National
Museum, Vol. XI (1888), Washington 1889, pp. 453-4.
WARD, C. C.— Moose Hunting. Scribner's Magazine, VoL XII (1877-1878),
pp. 549-465.
Contains (p. 464) notice of a stone medallion found at St. George, New Brunswick, and
wood-cut of same on page 465.
WILSON, SIR DANIEL, LL.D., F.R.S.E., etc. — Trade 'and Commerce in the
Stone Age Trans. Roy. Soc , Canada, Sect. II, 1880, pp. 59-87.
Contains of the Canadian flints (pp. 71-72), obsidian (79), pipes Chippewayan (81), Assini-
boian (81-82), Chippewa (82), stone relics (85), spear-points (85), flints in Nova Scotia (86).
t
YOUNG, REV. EGERTON R. — By Canoe and dog train among the Cree and
Salteaux Indians. Toronto, 1890, pp. 267.
Describes : Making of birch-bark canoes (pp. 72-75), dog-sleds (95-6), cabin (206), full-page
illustrations of dog-feast (213), bone-fish-hook (235).
82
54 Victoria. Sessional tapers (No. 21). A. 1991
THE ALGONKIAN INDIANS OF BAPTISTE LAKE.
BY A. F. CHAMBERLAIN, M.A.
During the month of September, 1890, the writer (in company with David
Boyle, Esq., Ph. D. and Dr. Beament of Bancroft) paid a visit to the northern
portions of the county of Hastings, in the Province of Ontario. Among the places
visited was Baptiste Lake, situated about ten miles from the village of Bancroft.
On the islands and shores of that body of water reside some twenty Indians, of
Algonkian stock. They are Catholics, and a priest comes to them from time to
time to dispense the comforts of religion. Formerly the Indians roamed over the
region in question to a very great extent, but now, excepting the settlement
on Baptiste Lake, there are few Indians residing in it. At another part of the
lake there is an isolated settlement of Mohawks.
On the island visited, dwell, besides other Indians, Pana'sawa Ekwo'satsh
and his family. Francois (which Indianised becomes Pana'sawa) speaks English
(fairly well), Indian, and French-Canadian. His wife speaks Indian and very
little English. Their son John, about twenty-five years of age, speaks English
best, having forgotten some of his mother-tongue. Fran£ois' little boy (about 7)
speaks Indian only.
The art of making birch-bark canoes is known only to a very few Indians
in the settlement, besides Ekwosatsh himself. Not the least interesting portion
of the time spent at his house was passed in watching the construction, by
himself and wife, of one of these canoes. Some of these vessels are still made
without any of the additions due to the superior civilization of the white man,
such as leather, nails, etc., but very many of them contain these articles to
such an extent as to be of little value as specimens of aboriginal workmanship.
The mode of constructing a birch-bark canoe is after this fashion : First, the
bark (tchima'n tch'igwe) is selected from the best tree in large pieces, as free
from knots and blemishes as possible. The mould or form (ndeskodjigan),
around which the shell of the boat is to be built, is then set up. The piece,
of bark in approximately fixed positions are then steamed by filling the canos
(in process of building) with water and throwing heated stones into it. The bare
then being forced into proper shape and position is sewed with the spruce-rook
fibre (wa'tap), and the little interstices and seams are covered with a sort of pitcht
procured from the pine or some like tree. The various strengthened, side-pieces,
and thwarts are added from time to time as the construction progresses. The
names of the various parts of the canoe are as follows :
ENGLISH. INDIAN.
Bow Ekwa djawa'nuknl'tamo'nam'guk.
Stern [o'J taka'ning.
Thwarts Ml'tasog.
Lisses Pl'mikwa'nik.
Ribs , • • • Wa'gina'k.
Laths along top of sides Pl'tibi'ge'gun.
Pegs Kizikataskwan,
Mould , Ndesko'djigan.
Paddle Abwi'.
Bark Tchima'n tchigwe.
Stones used to steam bark Assi'nin.
S3
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2l) A. 1891
Indians here do not practice the art of making birch-bark baskets, or the
grass-woven pails and other vessels found amongst other tribes of similar stock.
Much of their folk-lore and traditions is now forgotten, but Ekwosatsh had the
reputation of remembering as much of the lore of his people as any Indian in the
settlement. He was not at all acquainted with the name Nanibozhu, but was
quite familiar with Wiske'tchak (another Algonkian name for this demi-god), who
he said was a "big man, two hundred feet long." The legend of Assemo'ka" (see
Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore III. pp. 149-150), was quite unknown to him. When
some of the party were approaching a cave in a high hill, some distance from the
island, a noise was heard proceeding from it, whereupon John (the son of
Ekwosatsh), who was guiding them, declared that it was made by a Windigu.
Mr. Mackintosh, school inspector for North Hastings, informed the writer
that the Algonkian Indians in his county are still afraid of the Mohawks, and a
young Indian, whom he employed to paddle his canoe in the far north of the
county, could scarcely hear the name Mohawk mentioned without showing signs
of great fear. Pana/sawa Ekwo'satsh claims that the Mohawks were badly
defeated by his people, and took great pleasure in relating the legends here
recorded.
LEGEND I.
Ekwosatsh says he heard this from his father's grandfather Mishito'gon, after
whom Lake MishitS'ga was named, and he claims to be the only one in the settle-
ment who knows it.
Ki'migatnowun ki'sa kakma Mitchina/towek, Ngi'zhma'zhawuk wudo'de
There had been men at that lake ; they killed them all, the Mohawks. I sent one
Mitchi na'towe' ode'ning ka'mingk. Pe'zhik, pi'tchi pa'tu mitchi na'towe ode'nonk
family opposite Mohawks to the village on the other side. One comes running, Mohawks,
ontchipi. Azhewe' wi'sinik ndaina/nik. Geshwa/bung kikaka wa'banunk
from the village. Our dog is hungry. To-morrow you will see him, to-morrow you are
azhaiya bi'zhlmu'sek saga/iguning. Mlga'kl mlna'gon o'gwane'nik kukinna
coming to the lake. They turn to fight us, all we kill, we did not kill all except two
gmesuna'nik ; ninnishkuna 'pino'djinshiik mzh mi'shido'nga sa/igun katinuk
children, two, at Mishitoga Lake, them all we kill, the Mohawks, in the town,
ka'mikut mitchi na'towe' odenongk. Pl'bung Kitchigizis (1) katinuk ka'migut
In winter, February, them all we kill.
nizh glmadj5nug odenongk. Neoodenowun mitchi na/t<5we [- ] azhaiye
Two, I took them to (my) town. Four towns, Mohawks, [I destroyed]. I am
miglwe nishtagank. Madjonug n'do'shkinl'glmuk.
going home to our own village. I took them away home.
LEGEND II.
(Related by Ekwo'satsh.)
Pezhiknawindomagwa'nun madawa/skugshawa/skongk. Wezhitag. Azhaiye
One came and told us at the Cranberry Marsh. Get ready ! They
pa'timig nisa ndowek. Wa'bung gizha/min pezhik nin nishna'bek. Pawittlgunk
come down. Next day I take up this one ? people. They watched them
(1) Kitchigizis (i.e. big month) is now the Indian name of February, but Ekwo'satsh said that
formerly it was called Naw^ndo'dzh.
84
54 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
ndukka'mawa'nanfk sl'bing (2). Ashinwa'bama/nanik si'bing pizhimshikog
come down the river. We see them coming in the river in the middle,
patindontchima'n ma'yaowa'nikum. Azhaiye win si'gona'nik ka'win mi'naswa-
lots of canoes [come down] the portage. They try to kill us not, we did not
'na'nanik bu'shkaswa'nanik Nanin kanapikog. Mitchi pu'kite wu'nunik
give them battle at all, we clubbed them
pawe'tigunk sibing.
at the river.
According to Indian tradition a great fight took place at Weslemkoon Lake,
one March day, years ago. This legend was told by an old Indian chief, who
died some time ago, after removing to Oka. .
NAMES OF LAKES AND RIVERS.
There are some very interesting names of streams and lakes in the region visited.
The writer was fortunate enough to obtain from Ekwo'satsh the Indian names of
many of these, with their etymological significations.
1. York River. No Indian name known.
2. Baptiste Lake is called Assi'ntowa'ningk, signifying the lake where they
"hunt with a long pole for fish (at night)."
3. L'Amable Lake, Kawa'ndjiwe'gamug, expressing the idea of "large hills
going up, see lake," as Ekwo'satsh put it.
4. Weslemakoon Lake. The name of this large body of water was given
variously by residents in its vicinity. The writer met the following forms :
West Macoun, Westlemakoon, Weslemakoon, Weslemkoon, Westnamaakoon. The
Indian name is sinimiku'ung, which signifies where "the beaver makes a hole in
the rock."
5. The "narrows" at Weslemakoon Lake are called, by the Indians,
Ota'shiwun.
7. Otter Lake translates Nigik Sa'igun.
8. Bow Lake translates 'Tigwa'bi Sa'igun.
9. Mink Lake translates Shangwe'sl Sa'igun.
10. Mink River translates Shangwe'si Sibi.
11. Papineau Lake is called in Indian Mi'shiwi Saigun, "beaver-house lake."
12. Mississippi River is called S'nl'miko'bi, "beaver creek."
13. Elephant Lake is called Oba'kadjishkawa' kuk, "where it is all dry, etc."
14. Bunor's Lake, Ta'gwa'kushlwe'ning, "place where they camp in the fall."
15. Mishitoga Lake is called Mfshitonga SaTgun, after a chief of that name.
16. The Madawaska is called Ma'dawa'skug.
17. An old beaver-dam some distance above Ekwosatsh's house was called
'Kwe'nim. .
18. A high granitic bluff near Bancroft, known as the "Eagle's Nest," is
rendered into Indian as Kinlu Wa/bik (eagle-rock).
19. The Ottawa is termed Tchi Si'bl', "the great river."
(2.) Egan " Shute."
(1.) This is the name of "a big marsh thirty miles from here, called Conroy's marsh." *
85
o4 Victoria. , Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
20. The Indian name of the St. Lawrence is 'Tchiga'mi Sibi, "the sea-river."
21. The island on which Ekwo'satsh lived he called Mi'nitik, a name given
to an island in a river.
LANGUAGE.
Besides the legends and proper names given above the writer obtained
from Ekwo'satsh a vocabulary of some 150 words. The language is that of the
Nipissings of Oka, at which place Ekwo'satsh had formerly been.
VOCABULARY.
ENGLISH. INDIAN.
Apples Wa'bimfnuk (i.e. white fruits).
Apple-tree Wa'bimimgunsh.
Bark Tchima'n tchigwe.
Barley Wa'iyada'gan.
Barley-flour Wa'iyada'gan napane'nuk.
Beans (white) Sa'insun.
Beans (another kind) Witisa'in.
Beaver Amik.
Bed Nipa'gun (from nipa, I sleep).
Beech 'Shawe'mish.
Beef Tikwe'yoth.
Beets Miskikade'yak (red turnip).
Blackberry (long) Ota'taga/komin.
Blanket Wa'bowe'yan (white skin).
Bow (of boat) Ekwa'djaa'wnukm'tamo'nam'guk.
Bowl (of pipe) O'shtigwan (i.e., head).
Bread Pukwe'zhigan (that which is cut).
Butter . , Toto'shmite (teat-grease).
Butternut Pakano'komish.
Cabbage *Teshu (Fr. des choux).
Cabrestan (for warping logs) Tediba'yakwe'gun.
Canoe Tchima'n.
Carrots Ka'teya'_bisun.
Cat Ka'djag5nsh.
Cedar Ki'zhik.
Ceiling (laths) Pitustchlga'nuk.
Chair Te'sibiwa'gun.
Cheese *Tchis (Eng. cheese).
Cherries Migwa'shimish.
Chew (to — tobacco) Takwa'men se'ma.
Coffee *Ka'pe (French cafe).
Come And! wendipun( where do you comefrom). '.
Coal oil Minaguk pimite'.
Corn Manda'min (mysterious seed).
Cow Ati'k. ^
Crib ^ Opindisa'gun.
Crib-oars Sha'bodja'nak Opindisa'gun.
Cucumber *Pikwa'komb (Fr. de concombres).
Cup Nagiinson.
86
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
VOCABULARY — Continued.
ENGLISH. INDIAN.
Cup and saucers Ni'bishwa'bona'gons.
Currants (red) Mi'shidji'minuk.
Deer Washke'shi.
Dog Animu'sh.
Door 'Skwandeb.
Figs Kinukitne'minuk.
Fire Ishkwede'.
Fir Shingobik.
Floor Mitchfsug.
Flour *Na'pane'nuk (plural fromF r. la farine).
Fork '. . Patuka'igun.
Fox Wagush.
Goose Wa'bika.
Gooseberries Sha/bominiik.
Grapes Shawe'minin.
Grape-vines Shawe'mish.
Hat . .Te'seo'kwan.
Hemlock Kaga'komish (raven-tree).
Hickory 'Tigwa'bak.
House Wikwam.
Huckleberries Ml'nin (i.e. the fruits).
. Ironwood .' Ma'nin.
Kettle Akikons, atikons.
Knife Wisniwa/go mo'komon (i.e. tableknife).
Lamp Wa/skonendjigun.
Laths Pitustchiga/nuk.
Lime Wabazheski.
Lisses (of canoe) Pi'mikwa'nik.
Logs (of which house is made). . . . Wikwa/makug.
Loon Mangk.
Maple (soft) Tchigome'mish.
Maple (hard) 'Nina'tuk.
Maple-sugar Nina/tuk sinzhabakwat.
Maple-syrup Tchiwa/gamfshigan.
Marten 0 . . . . Wa/bfshe'shi.
Melon (musk) *Tema/non (Fr. de melons).
Melon (water) Askipogwissiman.
Milk Toto'shwa'bo (teat-liquid).
Mortar : Wabazheski.
Mould (for canoe) Ndesko'djigan.
Muskrat . . , Wazheshk.
Mustard; ^emuta'd (Fr. lemutard).
Mutton Mantche'npwl'yo'th.
Oak (black Mitigomish.
Oak (red) Mitigomish.
Oak (white) Mishi'mish. ,
Oar Onsun.
Oats Mano'min.
Oil Pimite.
87
54 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1891
VOCABULARY — Continued.
ENGLISH. INDIAN.
Otter Nlgik.
Paddle Abwl'.
Pears Wa'biminuk (white fruits).
Pegs (of canoe) Kizikataskwan.
Pepper *Djepwe'v ; *tepwe'bun (Fr. du poivre).
Pillow , . Pikwe'shimun
Plates (little) Teslna'gons.
Pine Shingwak.
Pine Kwikens.
Pipe Poa'gun.
Pipe-bowl Oshtigwan (its head).
Pipe-stem Kidja/tik.
Plum-tree Pa'gesa'nimish.
Plum-stone game. Pa'ko'minan.
Pork Koko'shwinin.
Pork-grease Koko'shmite.
Pot Akik, 'tchakik (large pot).
Potatoes *Pata'kun (Fr. patate).
Punt-oar . O'nsun.
Raccoon Eslbun.
Raisins Shawe'minin.
Raspberries Miskvv^minu'k (red fruits).
Rats (house) Wa/wa/bigonozhishiig.
Reindeer Am'natik (true deer),
Ribs (of canoe) ... Wa'gina/k.
Rock Tchi'pikwa/bik.
Roof 'Pukwa'ning.
Rope Sesub.
Rye Kawa'djashidje'djuk.
Rye-flour - Kawa'djashldje'djuk napane'nuk.
Salt Shi'uta'gun.
Sheep Mantche'nish.
Sheet Ta/tago'kwawa/djlgun.
Skunk Shik6g.
Smoke (to — tobacco) Sagiiswe.
Spruce Minalk,
Spruce roots Wa/tap.
Stem (of pipe) . . ( Kldja'tik.
Stern (of boat) . . '. [0] taka/ning.
Stones Assfnin.
Stove Plwa/pikesigun.
Stove-pipe ' . Wabikwe'gun kwanda'gunun.
Strawberry 'Te'min.
Sugar Sinzhaba/kwat.
Sugar, (maple) 'Nlna/tuk sinzhaba'kwat.
» Sumac Kakaki'mlto'akunsh.
Syrup (maple) Tchiwa/gamfshigan.
Table Wisnawa'gun.
Tamarack 'Skegwa/tik.
88
51 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. -21). A. 1H01
VOCABULARY — Continued.
ENGLISH. INDIAN.
Tea (dry) Nl'bish.
T«a (liquid) JSi'bish wa'bo.
Thwarts (of canoe) Mitaso"g.
Tobacco Se'ma.
Tomatoes Kopustiyagun.
Tree Mitik.
Turnip Kade'yab.
Upstairs Pimi>a'gunk.
Venison Washkeshwly<5th.
Vinegar *Pine'gftn (from Fr. vinaigre).
Wall (of house) Ne'yagwikwam.
Water Nlpl.
Wheat Mi'sirninenuk.
Where .And! ko'zkon ? (where have you been ?).
Whiskey . Sko'dewa'bO (fire liquid).
Who We'nen km ? (who are you ?).
Window Sabwa'gun.
Wolf Mayinggun.
Wolverine Pizhu'.
In the above vocabulary the consonants have their ordinary English sounds.
The long vowels have the continental sounds; e is the sound in the English left ;
a the sound in am ; o the sound in not ; u the sound in but ; a is a sound approx-
imating to this last, but not so short and dull ; d and t, b and p, k and g often
interchange. The accents are marked, but in the case of dissyllables the stress
is often equally distributed. The same word is not always pronounced by the
same individual in exactly the same manner.
The French and English loan-words, which occur in the vocabulary, are
marked thus (*). As seen from a vocabulary of the Missiesagas of Skugog
obtained in 1888, the Baptiste Indians would seem to denote certain objects by
names quite different.
ENGLISH. BAPTISTS LAKE (1890). MISSISSAGA (1888).
Bark Tchigwe Wigwns.
Bean Witisa'in (pi.) Mishkodisimin.
Beets Miskikarievak (pi ) Miskotchi's.
Carrots Kateya/blsun (pi.) Osawatchis.
Fire Ishkwede Isketuk.
Hat Teseo'k wan Wlwakwan.
Pepper Tepwe'bun Wa/sakon.
Potato Pata/kun (pi.) Opin.
Turnip Kade'yab Tchls.
Window Sabwa'gun Wasa'djakan.
The Nipissing and Mississaga dialects, on the whole, however, closely re-
semble each other.
7 (c. i.) 89
ANNUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT
AND
CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
(SESSION 1891),
BEING
:E> IE isr ID i zx:
TO THE
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION,
ONTARIO.
PRINTED BY OEDEE OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TO It ONTO:
PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1892.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 5
NOTES 7
PALCEOLITHS 10
•SOUTHWOLD EARTHWORK * 11
MALAHIDE TOWNSHIP 11
•CAMDEN TOWNSHIP 12
WlLLIAMSBURGH EARTHWORK 13
HERSCHEL TOWNSHIP 13
LANARK COUNTY, by Dr. T, W. Beeman 15
ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM 18
POTTERY ; 23
€LAY PIPES 26
STONE PIPES 29
FLAKED IMPLEMENTS 34
-CELTS, CHISELS, GOUGES 36
VARIOUS SLATE SPECIMENS 39
FINGER KING 43
RUBBING TOOLS 43
BONE AND HORN 44
SHELL 50
IRON TOMAHAWK 51
COPPER 51
BRITISH COLUMBIA SPECIMENS 52
LETTER FROM MR. W. H. JONES 53
LETTER FROM MR. ROWLAND E. GREEN 55
CRANIA 57
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS, by Dr. Susanna P. Boyle 57
^ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT-
BY DAVID BOYLE.
To the President and Members of the Canadian Institute : —
GENTLEMEN, — Our year's work has been successful, and I am able to an-
nounce augmented interest in archaeological matters, beyond the limits of the
Institute. The increase of correspondence alone has been considerable and has
occupied an unusually large portion of time. Many of the letters received are
irom farmers and young people ; from the former, generally, with regard to
features observed on the farm, and from the latter, asking for information about
^specimens they have found, and where they may procure books that will lend
them assistance in prosecuting the study of archaeology. In a large number of
•cases correspondents ask for copies of our reports, but these, I am sorry to say,
we cannot always send, as the issue is too small to supply the increasing demand.
During no other period since the commencement of this work have so many
requests and invitations been received to go here and there for the purpose of
examining this or that locality. Only want of time and means has prevented
this being done in many cases. It is hoped, however, that much of such work
may be overtaken during the next year, especially in some of the newer parts
of the country, where the conditions for investigation are superior to those of
the old settlements.
With the increase of interest manifested in this study, two types of individ-
ual are particularly noticeable. First, there is the man of true scientific instinct,
who says, in effect, " I am glad this work is going on, and it is my intention to
help it in every way I can," and, secondly, there is the sordid, mercenary man
who says in effect also, " I am glad this work is going on, and it is my intention
to help it in every way I can, so long as I can make anything out of it" We
have to thank both for much valuable assistance rendered during the year.
Again also, we are indebted to the Legislature of the province for the aid
•extended to our work. ' Without it, absolutely nothing could have been done,
except in a very perfunctory sort of way.
Up to the present time, one of the chief drawbacks to the museum has been
its undesirable situation on a third storey. It is hoped that the new arrange-
ments entered into will render it more attractive to the general public. Here-
after, with the approval of the Minister of Education, the Museum will find ac-
commodation in the building of the Toronto Public Library, where it will be open
daily, (all day, and not only during afternoons as formerly). This arrangement*
however, affects only the exhibition of the specimens. A s heretofore, the archaeo-
logical work will be under the direction of the Canadian Institute, and will be
as purely provincial in its character as it has always been.
During the year we have been under especial obligations to Hon. Peter Mc-
Laren and Mrs. McLaren, of Perth ; Dr. T. A. Beeman, of Bancroft ; Dr. T. W.
Beeman, of Perth ; Dr. M. I. Beeman, of Centreville ; Mr. Arthur Brown, Public
School Inspector, Morrisburg ; Mr. Archibald Riddell, Bancroft ; Mr. Fred. Mul-
lett, Bancroft ; Mr. John Bell, ex-M. P. Lennox and Addington ; Mr. Chester
Henderson, Southwold ; Mr. D. H. Price, Aylmer ; Mr. J. H. Coyne, St. Thomas ;
Mr. J. H. Grouse, Brantford ; Messrs. McCrossen, Osborne and Bend, of Penetan-
guishene ; Mr. W. H. Jones, Vancouver City, British Columbia ; Mr. T. Sydney
Dobbin, Esquimalt, British Columbia ; Mr. Alan Macdougall, Toronto ; Capt.
David Allan, Elora ; Mr. Jas. Bolan, Springfield, Mass. ; and to Messrs. W. J.
Morris, Harry Morris, Jas. Knox, J. S. Wilson, Cyrus Davis, Nelson Covell, E-
M. Morgan, Andrew McCoy, Andrew Drummond, Thos H. Scott, Matthew Scott'
Mrs. Sherritt, James King, James McLaren, Geo. Hone, Geo. Carpenter, Chas.
Mackey, John P. Fraser, J. F. Kennedy, Jas. Graham, Thomas Moffat, J. W. Bor-
rowman, Jas. Jackson, Mrs. Smith, W. H. Blair, Daniel McDonald, James Walker,.
John Coutts, R. McLean, John F. Moore, Andrew Paul, Miles Brown and Austin
Keays, all of whom have contributed through Dr. T. W. Beeman, to make the
collection from Lanark county as nearly as possible a thoroughly representative
one.
Mr. W. J. Moule, the artist, has taken pains to make the drawings for this
report as accurate as possible, and the engravings made by the Central Press
Agency have been capitally reproduced, by the photozincographic process.
NOTES.
" The student who applies the comparative method to the study of human customs and institu-
tions is continually finding usages, beliefs, or laws existing in one part of the world that have
long since ceased to exist in another part ; yet where they have ceased to exist they have often
left unmistakable traces of their former existence. In Australia we find types of savagery
ignorant of the bow and arrow : in aboriginal North America, a type of barbarism familiar
with the art of pottery, but ignorant of domestic animals or of the use of metals ; among the
earliest Romans, a higher type of barbarism, familiar with iron and cattle, but ignorant of
the alphabet. Along with such gradations in material culture we find associated gradations in
ideas, in social structure, and in deep-seated customs. Thus some kind of fetichism is apt
to prevail in the lower stages of barbarism and some form of polytheism in the higher stages.
"In the most advanced societies we find numerous traces of such states of things as now
exist only among savage or barbarous societies. Our own ancestors were once polytheista, with
plenty of traces of fetichism. They were organized in clans, phratries, tribes. There was a
time when they used none but stone tools and weapons, when there was no private property in
land, and no political structure higher than the tribe. . Among the forefathers of the present
civilized inhabitants of Europe are unmistakable traces of human sacrifices, and of the reckoning
of kinship through the mother only. When we have come to survey large groups of facts of this
sort, the conclusion is irresistibly driven home to us that the more advanced societies have
gone through various stages now represented here and there by less ad van ced societies ; that
there is a general path of social development, along which, owing to special circumstances, some
peoples have advanced a great way, some a less way, some but a very little way, and that by study-
ing existing savages and barbarians we get a valuable clue to the interpretation of pre-historic times.
All these things are to-day common-places among students of history and archaeology ; sixty years
ago they would have been scouted as unintelligible and idle vagaries. Yet to this change is en-
tirely due the superior power of modern historical methods. Formerly the historian told anec-
dotes <>r discussed particular lines of policy ; now he can do that as much as ever, but he cai
also study nation-building, and discern some features of the general drift of events from the earli-
est to the most recent times." — John Fiske, Pop. Science Monthly, Sept, 1891. pp. 585. 586.
With the advance of time, interest increases in all that relates to the early
condition of man. The words ethnology, anthropology and archaeology are rapidly
becoming as common as geology astronomy and geography. Everything that
illustrates a point in the life-history of existing primitive peoples is carefully
noted ; comparisons instituted, and conclusions either arrived at or attempted. A
German traveller recently discovered a tribe of cave dwellers in Africa, and,
thereupon, curiosity was aroused as to how the manners and customs of these
modern troglodytes would bear out conclusions arrived at from an examination
of ancient cave -dwellings in France, Belgium and England. Notwithstanding
racial distinctions and lapse of time, the results of the comparison were said to
be highly satisfactory.
But, although much has been written, especially during the last half century,
on the beginnings and growth of society, one still hears a frequent repetition of
the query, What does it matter to us how a lot of savages lived a hundred or a
thousand years ago ? A query of this kind always embodies a sneer; a sneer
implying that time devoted to such matters is spent foolishly or absolutely
thrown away.
" We are too apt," says Reclus,* " to look down scornfully from the heights
of modern civilization upon the mental processes of former times, upon the ways
of feeling, acting and thinking, which characterise human aggregations anterior
to our own. How often we scoff without knowing anything about them ! We
have fancied that the ethnology of inferior races was nothing but a medley of
* ftlie Reclus in " Primitive Folk," 1890, p. vii.
nonsense ; and, in fact, prejudices appear doubly absurd when we do not possess
the key to them. We have ended by believing that there is no intelligence but
our own, no morality that does not fit in with our formulas. But who are we
that we should take up such a lofty position with regard to the intellectual and
moral weakness of those who preceded us ? There is a lesson to be learnt, if we
take the pains to look for it, in these errors through which the human race has
passed, these illusions which it has left behind. They are no mere anomalies or
sports of chance launched forth into empty space ; they have been produced by
natural causes, in natural, and we may say, logical order. * * * The whole
series of superstitions is but the search for truth amidst ignorance,"
A common error regarding savages is that they have lived, or still live, in a
state of chronic war and bloodshed, either with their neighbours or among them-
selves ; a moment's consideration should suffice to show the fallacy of this view,
for besides the very considerable amount of time required to provide food and the
material for clothing, many, many days and weeks of patient labour were spent
in flaking flints, chipping and polishing celts, boring holes in implements of
various kinds, and in fashioning what, to us, are mysterious objects, so far as
their use is concerned.
Misconception of this kind is likely to arise from the perusal of " penny-
dreadfuls," and even from books of professedly higher aim, where the savage is
never introduced without a " diabolical grin on his countenance, a war-club in
his blood-stained hand," and " his dishevelled locks matted with the gore of his
innocent victims."
Prince Kropotkin* on this point remarks, " At no period of man's life were
wars the normal state of existence. While warriors exterminated each other and
the priests celebrated their massacres, the masses continued to live their daily life,
they prosecuted their daily toil. And it is one of the most interesting of studies to
follow that life of the masses ; to study the means by which they maintained
their own social organisation, which was based upon their own conceptions of
equity, mutual aid, and mutual support of common law, in a word, even when
they were submitted to the most ferocious theocracy or autocracy in the state."
The myths and superstitions of primitive folk, their social organization, their
germs of constitutional government, their daily occupations, their forms, cere-
monies, games and amusements, the mechanical methods and devices they
employed, and the examples of their handicraft — all these must ever possess an
increasing interest to thoughtful persons generally, but more especially to those
whose desire it is to study civilisation " in its wide ethnographic sense " as " that
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
"Even when it comes to comparing barbarous hordes with civilised nations, the
consideration thrusts itself on our minds, how far item after item of the life of the
lower races passes into analogous proceedings of the higher, in forms not too far
changed to be recognised, and sometimes hardly changed at all. Look at the
modern European peasant using his hatchet and his hoe, see his food boiling or
roasting over the log fire, observe the exact place which beer holds in his calcu-
lation of happiness, hear his tale of the ghost in the nearest haunted house, and
of the farmer's niece who was bewitched with knots in her inside till she fell into
fits and died. If we choose out in this way things which have altered little in a
long course of centuries, we may draw a picture where there shall scarce be a
hand's breadth difference between an English ploughman and a negro of Central
Africa." f
" Mutual Aid Among Savages," Nineteenth Century, April, 1891, p.
"Primitive Culture," by Edward B. Tylor, London, 1871, vol. 1, p. 6.
559.
Except, perhaps, in the matter of house accommodation, it might not be
difficult to prove that the every-day life of the old American savage was superior
to that of peasants in some civilised communities to-day. This, not so much to
the credit of the Indian, as to show that modern society in at least a few of its
phases, has not made all the advance it was capable of making, or that we have a
right to suppose it should have done.
In the region of the aesthetic, the Indian, even of this northern latitude,
occupied an immensely higher plane than the class just mentioned. He under-
stood the effect of colour, and employed it to some purpose, both in personal
decoration and on articles of manufacture ; his sense of the elegant in form is well
illustrated in the graceful outline given to many of his coarse clay vessels, his
pipes of stone and clay, and in the great variety of beautifully fashioned objects
which are known to us, for the want of a more definite name, as " ceremonial "
weapons. In the adornment, too, of his clay pipes and pots he attempted to
please the eye by means of depressed lines, dots and circles, to form patterns, some
of which are both regular and complicated.
Morally, his code may not have been a very high one, out religiously, he may
fairly be placed among the first of animists. To him, everything visible and
tangible was the abode of a spirit. When he dreamt of anything he must obtain
it, lest his spirit should forsake his body to fraternise with the spirit of what ap-
peared to him in his sleep ; or his dream was a visit paid to him from the soul' of
the subject of hisd ream.* According to Morgan^ the Iroquois used to make a hole
in the grave to facilitate the passage of the soul from and to the body, and more
recently it was customary to bore one or more holes in the coffin for a similar
purpose.
Sagard informs us that the soul of the dog, went to serve the soul of his
owner in the Spirit-land. f Of nothing concerning the Indians are we more
certain then of his pan-spiritism — all the early writers referred to this belief.
Not only were natural objects thus regarded, for weapons, tools, ornaments, war-
paint and all other objects, partly or wholly manufactured, were similarly
possessed. Hence the custom of placing those articles in graves.
" That the purpose of such offerings is the transmission of the objects' spirit
or phantom to the possession of the man's, is explicitly stated as early as 1623 by
Father Lallemant : when the Indians buried kettles, furs, etc., with the dead, they
said that the bodies of the things remained, but their souls went to the dead who
used them. The whole idea is graphically illustrated in the following Ojibwa
tradition or myth. " Gitchi Gauzini was a chief who lived on the shores of Lake
Superior, and once, after a few days' illness he seemed to die. He had been a
skilful hunter, and had drsired that a fine gun which he possessed should be
buiied with him when he died. But some of his friends not thinking him really
dead, his body was not buried ; his widow watched him for four days, he came
back to life, and told his story. After death, he said, his ghost travelled on the
"broad road of the dead toward the happy land, passing over great plains of
luxuriant herbage, seeing beautiful groves, and hearing the songs of innumerable
birds, till at last, from the summit of a hill, he caught sight of the distant city of the-
dead, far across an intermediate space, partly veiled in mist, and spangled with
glittering lakes and streams. He came in view of herds of stately deer, and
moose, and other game, which with little fear walked near his path. But he had
no gun, and remembering how he had requested his friends to put his gun in his
* Nouvelle France, Charlevoix, vol. vi., p. 78.
f Iroquois— Morgan, p. 176. JHistoire du Canada, Theo. Sagard p. 497.
10
grave, he turned back to go and feteh it. Then he met face to face the train of
men, women, and children who were travelling toward the city of the dead.
They were heavily laden with guns, pipes, kettles, meats, and other articles ;
women were carrying basket-work and painted paddles, and little boys had their
ornamented clubs, and their bows and arrows, the presents of their friends.
Refusing a gun which an overburdened traveller offered him, the ghost of
Gitchi Gauzini travelled back in quest of his own, and at last reached the place
where he had died. There he could see only a great fire before him and around him,
and finding the flames barring his passage on every side, he made a desperate
leap through, and awoke from his trance. Having concluded his story he gave
his auditors counsel that they should no longer deposit so many burdensome things
with the dead, delaying them on their journey to the place of repose, so that
almost every one he met complained bitterly. It would be wiser, he said, only
to put such things in the grave as the deceased was particulary attached to, or
made a formal request to have deposited with him."*
Perhaps it is in some degree owing to this belief in universal spirit possession
that our northern Indians so seldom ventured to fashion anything immodest, or
even suggestive. That it was not for the want of mechanical ability we know —
the multiplicity of designs in clay, stone and bone sufficiently attest this, but
whatever the reason may have been the almost entire absence of such objects is
a noteworthy fact, when taken in connection with the early records relating to
all the tribes in this part of America.
Among North American Indians, perhaps the Cherokees deserved least credit
for their good taste in this respect, but even they compare favorably with the.
peoples ot South America.
While many specimens, (especially flaked ones) found in different parts
of the province, may be classified -as palseoliths, they have, up to the present
time always been found associated in such a way with neoliths that it is
impossible to designate them as palseoliths with any degree of certainty. Leaf-
shaped " flints " have been picked up that are quite as rudely formed as any from
the deepest stalagmite deposits of Europe, but never in situations to suggest that
they are other than rough-hewn tools or weapons, which, as such, had a purpose
in the economy of people who were capable of producing better things. Until
we find specimens of this kind, as Dr. Abbott found them in the Trenton gravels,
or in some situation isolated from all others, or distinct as to material or coating
from specimens of a superior quality in the same neighborhood, we shall not be
warranted in making any distinction relative to time of possible production.
Those that approach most nearly to satisfying some of those conditions, and now
in the museum, were found on the farm of Mr. Seabrook, near Komoka in
Delaware township. Nearly seventy were found in a " nest " only a few inches
below the surface. In appearance they bear every mark of being much older
than other specimens found in the same district, but unfortunately among the lot
as forwarded to us was an arrow-head of decidedly more recent type, and Mr.
Seabrook asserts that it was found along with the rest. A further reference to-
these, with two cuts, may be found in the Archaeological Report for 1886-7 p. 45.
^Primitive Culture, Tylor, vol. 1, pp. 434, 435.
11
SOUTHWOLD EARTHWORK.
i
A former examination of this remarkable earthwork in company with Dr
Tweedale having proved unsatisfactory for want of time, the place was visited
again last May by Mr. Jas. Bain, Mr. W. H. Jenkins and myself, Mr. Chester
Henderson the proprietor, and Mrs. Henderson doing everything possible to
facilitate the object we had in view.
It was thought that a close scrutiny might lead to the discovery of the re-
mains of palisades, as in the case of the Beverly works [Can. Inst. Ann. Rep.
1886-7, p. 11] but in this we were disappointed. We uncovered the banks at
various points, by removing the sod to the depth of several inches, but no trace
of palisades was found anywhere. At a place near the south-sast point, where
the outer bank measured seventeen feet across the base, and was three and a half
feet above the adjacent level, we made a cut the whole depth exposing a clean
section, which showed very clearly the structure of the work, on account of the
admixture of dark and light-coloured mould as it had been thrown up by the
builders.
A large number of test-holes, made in various parts of the enclosed area,
proved the existence of various ash-heaps. Some fragments of pottery and deer-
horn were found.
MAL ABIDE.
The people who at one time held the ground now included in the county of
'Elgin, have left many evidences of their fondness for the throwing up of embank-
ments, of which the most remarkable is that in the township of Southwold,
already referred to. But others are reported in various parts of the county.
In Malahide township there are several works of this kind, a few of which
we examined. On the farm of Mr. Stephen Pound, lot — concession 7, is a
plateau, some three or four acres in extent, the sides of which facing the north-
east and south-east respectively, are unusually steep and from fifteen to twenty-
five feet in depth. The sides mentioned converge to a point almost due east,
and connecting the opposite ends where the declivities begin is a bank about one'
hundred yards long, forming the western boundary of a triangular area. Only
twelve or thirteen years ago this bank is said to have been quite three feet high ;
it is now barely one foot above the level, having been already ploughed five or
• six times.
Taking into account the two naturally formed steep sides, there can be little
reasonable doubt that the embankment was constructed for the purpose of de-
fending the spot on its weakest or most approachable side. The bank was pro-
bably palisaded, but the length of time the ground had been under cultivation
rendered it useless to look for any traces of such fortification. On the Dalby
farm, lot 26, concession 6, is a bank eighty-six feet long and nearly two feet high.
It is not quite straight, but forms a very obtuse angle twenty-two feet from its
western extremity. While this elevation has both internally and externally
apparent evidences of artificial formation, we could find no traces of posts or pal-
ings, nor did it at all resemble the heaps sometimes left to indicate the former
existence of a " long-house."
On the same farm and but a short distance away, are two mounds each
twenty-five feet in diameter, one being about two feet, and the other nearly four
12
feet high. They are old kitchen-middens, consisting mainly of ashes and domes-
tic refuse. Both have been opened at various times with the usual result : clay
pipes, broken pottery, splintered bones and unio shells.
From an eighty-three-year-old native of the township, we learned that while
a good many skeletons have been discovered singly, no ossuaries have been found
in that part of the country.
CAMDEN.
The township of Camden, in the county of Addington, has been in former
days a famous Indian fishing and hunting ground. On the invitation of Dr. M.
I. Beeman, of Centreville, I spent a few days there during the past summer, and
although some of the places examined did not "pan out " as well as could have been
wished, a considerable amount of information was gained — information that will
probably prove valuable in future.
Being joined by Dr. T. W. Beeman, of Perth, we proceeded first to examine
a number of knolls situated very closely to one another on the farm of Mr.
Israel Stewart, lot 37, in the 4th concession of the township. For many years,
these had been regarded by the settlers " in all the region round about " as In-
dian graves, but the first glance tended to throw discredit on this view. A few
spadefuls of earth from some of them speedily satisfied us (if we had any doubt)
that the knolls were of natural formation, and the wonder is that such a simple
test had not been made long before, by those who regarded them as what they
were not.
On the same farm there is a long bank, some three or four feet above the
general level, which has every surface appearance of our western earth- works, and
of one I subsequently visited further east, in the township of Williamsburgh.
An examination of this bank revealed to us the fact that it was simply an ancient
reef, formed by the anticlinal strata of an upheaval which took place long before
even the Indians had " discovered " America.
In an adjoining field, close to Varty Lake there are still many traces of
former Indian occupation, and here, some years ago, Mr. Stewart found a fine
copper spear-head, which came into our possession through Dr. T. W. Beeman.
Along a low ridge on the farm of Mr. George Milligan, lot 29, con. 6, we
found innumerable traces of old-time residence, consisting mainly of pottery frag-
ments, and one bone awl or bodkin (with . a hole in it) picked up by Dr.
Beeman.
On the farm of Mr. Joseph B. Lucas, many interesting specimens have been
found from time to time. From this gentlemen we have procured a large, block-
ed-out, stealite, platform pipe (see figure 28), two gouges and three large stone
axes.
Mr. George G Wager, of the village of Enterprise, presented us also with a
knife-like formed lime-stone specimen, the shape of which is probably due to
natural causes.
Besides the gentlemen already referred to, our thanks are due to Mr. John
W. Bell, ex-M.P., for the courtesy and assistance he rendered during a portion of
the time spent in Camden township.
From the interest that has been created in that part of the country, profit-
able returns may yet be expected, and should any discovery be made, the Insti-
tute will no doubt hear of it, through Dr. M. I. Beeman.
13
WILLIAMSBURGH.
Early in the season, I received from the Minister of Education, a letter ad-
dressed to him by Mr. Arthur Brown, Public School Inspector of Dundas county,
pointing out that in the township of Williamsburgh, a few miles from Morrisburg,
there was still to be seen a portion of what had once been very extensive earth-
works. Mr. Brown expressed the opinion that the place should be examined in the
interests of archaeology, and we have to acknowledge our indebtedness to him for
calling attention to what is (or was), according to our present state of knowledge,
the most easterly circular embankment in Ontario. On reaching Morrisburg,
Mr. Brown kindly accompanied me to the place, and put me in communication
with Mr. J. J. Merkely, one of the oldest residents in that part of the country.
Mr. Merkely remembered seeing the embankment first in 1816. It was then
about three feet above the surrounding level, and enclosed an area of about five
acres. His father Mr. Jacob Merkely, and his uncle Henry had both told him that
within the enclosure there were five " pottery ovens," but this statement my in-
formant regarded as having reference rather to quantities of pottery fragments
found in certain places, than to anything in the form of structures that could
properly be called " ovens." Many stone and bone implements had been collected
from the place, but nothing indicative of European influence — no iron, sheet-
copper, or glass.
Remains of human bodies had been exhumed, but these invariably belonged
either to isolated graves containing only one body, or to single graves arranged
in rows — no ossuaries or communal graves are known to have been found in the
neighbourhood.
All that remains of this ancient earthwork is a few feet of the bank lying
partly outside and partly inside of the fence, on the west side of the road that
runs in a northerly direction from Morrisburg through the township of Williams-
burgh, and which at this point separates lots 30 and 31 on the fifth concession.
So inconspicuous is the remaining portion of this once extensive embankment,
that none but persons who know of its former connection would regard it as
other than a hummock or " cradle-knoll."
Having cut a section through it, however, the evidence was conclusive that
the earth had been thrown up artificially, besides which, we found fragments of
pottery at various depths as low as three feet.
HERSCHELL.
Almost midway in a line extending south-west from the Ottawa river
to lake Simcoe, is situated the township of Herschell. It is one of the
most northerly in Hastings county and has within its limits a lake known
as Baptiste, about eight miles in length. This lake has continuous river
communication, through the York and Madawaska rivers, with the Ottawa,
and by means of portages between the innumerable lakes and many streams
to the west and south, it would not be difficult to maintain canoe inter-
course with the Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe, Chemung Lake, Rice Lake
and Lake Ontario. At all events, it is evident that it has once been a fairly
populous centre, and that too, until within a comparatively recent period.
Several village sites and camping grounds have been observed at various places
on the shores of Baptiste Lake, and last summer there was discovered a burial
ground of considerable extent. I am sorry that before I succeeded in reaching it
14
a number of amateurs had so destroyed the surface marks and disturbed the
graves that my examination was not nearly so satisfactory as I could have wished.
Whoever the people were that made their interments here, they were not of
Huron-Iroquois stock, as the graves, numbering nearly forty, were all single and
arranged in rows, like those recorded last summer on the farm of Mr. G. E. Laid-
law, on Balsam Lake, in the township of Bexley. Neither was the ground by
any means the highest in the neighborhood, but appears to have been chosen on
account of its light sandy character and its accessibility to the water.
The graves were of two kinds — some being encircled on the surface with
stones placed close to each other, and some having no such arrangement. In
every case the situation of a grave was known by the presence of a slight depres-
sion in the soil. The average depth of the interments was not more than three
feet ; the deepest one I opened being nearly four feet, and the shallowest one
scarcely more than a foot. The bodies seem to have been placed in the ground
without any reference to system or plan, so far as I could see, although I under-
stood some of those who had opened other graves to say that the skulls all faced
the lake, i.e., westward. In several of the graves were found remains of iron
knives, sword-blades and iron arrows. This, of course, pointed to the compara-
tively recent period of these particular burials, but I was anxious to learn whether
such articles were found only in the graves having the stone circles ; in those
that had not, or in both kinds. I am sorry I cannot say very definitely how this
was — I can only go the length of stating that in none of the stone-encircled
graves opened under my eye, were there any traces of iron implements, whereas,
in one not so marked, we found a quantity of iron weapons.
On the higher ground and at some distance from the other graves, I was
fortunate enough to discover one day, the spot in which a child had been buried.
The remains were scarcely a foot below the surface, and but little of the skeleton
was left. Only the ulna of one arm remained surrounded by two rows of small
wampum, which, strung as beads, had probably been worn by the child. Besides this
the grave contained a bone comb (fig. 62), the top of a wooden comb (fig. 78), half
of a sleigh-bell, a quantity of copper, glass and shell beads, and a small European
copper vessel, not more than six inches in diameter, Another child's grave
opened by Dr. Beeman contained a number of glass beads and a circular wooden
box about three inches in diameter, holding within it a small native-copper spoon-
like article, and a tiny moccasin.
Mr. Archibald Riddell in other graves found a " whitestone " pipe (fig. 15)
some bone tools and several fragments of iron weapons, all of which he has kindly
presented to the museum.
Dr. T. A. Beeman also presented us with all he discovered in the same place.
Other specimens found by Messrs. Mulcahy and Robins were procured by
purchase, so that the collection from this burial-place is now tolerably complete.
On the whole, this burying-ground is an interesting one. The people were
probably Ojibwas, rather than Hurons or Iroquois. If Ojibwas, it is likely they
were Mississaugas who had advanced so far on their southward and westward
march after European occupation along the front prevented Iroquois incursions,
or after the Iroquois had exhausted themselves in their attempts to exterminate
other foes.
Among the Mississaugas it is an accepted article of belief, that on the occa-
sion of their last encounter with the Mohawks, as they call them, the Iroquois
were so fearfully worsted that an agreement was come to between the two
peoples that the hatchet should forever be buried.
However this may be, it is plain that those who made many of the Herschell
graves were at that time in communication with the whites, and yet this inter-
15
•course had not proceeded far enough to modify the old burial customs of the
natives. With the stone pipe-heads, the bone implements and the wampum,
were buried copper vessels, sword-blades, and glass heads. Elsewhere, it is true,
we frequently find a similar condition of things, but here the presence of a small
birch-bark basket, a wooden box, a toy or baby moccasin, and some fragments of
coarse cloth, would seem to point to a time considerably more recent than when
the graves in the Huron and Neuter countries were formed, unless, indeed, it can
be shown that the soil in Herschell possessed superior preservative qualities.
Taken altogether the case containing the material from the shore of JBaptiste
Lake is one of the most complete and, therefore, most interesting and instructive
in the museum. The bone tools are dissimilar to anything else we have, (see
figures 63 to 66 in this report), and I have not seen anything like them figured
or described elsewhere,
»
LANARK COUNTY.
BY T. W. BEEMAN. M.D.
Former reports of the Canadian Institute have dealt principally with the arch-
aeology of the western end of this Province.
It has been my privilege to have the opportunity to devote some time to the
subject in a part of Ontario that has not received much attention.
The country jj,bout the Rideau range of lakes shows every sign of a once,
numerous Indian population. The advantages offered by these waters for communi-
cation were great.
My work has been confined to the Tay river and part of the lower Rideau Lake
but I secured a number of specimens from the farmers generally in the county.
From all appearances the Rideau seems to have been the principal Indian
resort as here are found in greatest quantities, evidences of an occupation that
must have been extended over a great length of time. The reason for believing
that the occupation of the lake was an old one is, that there is a marked
difference in the weathering of different specimens. The pottery also shows
two different periods of time, and possibly two distinct peoples. As a rule
the older pottery was far superior in make and ornamentation to the newer Pieces
of both were found lying together in the same field or on the same siiore.
About the lake, every bit of sandy beech on the banks along the mouth of a
stream emptying in the lake, was sure to yield large numbers of specimens. Follow-
ing up the streams, every small lake showed one or more old village sites.
One in particular, Murdy Lake, showed one of the oldest camping places. Nearly
fifty years ago a dense hemlock growth was cleared off here, and even yet the
ash-beds of their old camp-fires are plainly visible. Numbers of specimens have
been found about this lake, at different times and more may be expected from
here. Through the kindness of Mrs Peter McLaren, I was enabled to visit many
different places about the Rideau on her steam yacht " Geraldine." Mrs McLaren,
takes an active interest in the work and, but for her I would not have been
able to do nearly so much. During our visits to the lake we found such a great
amount of work to be done, that it will take years of observation to get the
researches fairly begun, At the Narrow Locks, the dividing-point between the
lower and upper Rideau we found what was evidently an open-air work-shop, as
the shore for yards was covered with flint chippings. The flint could be obtained
an island but a short distance from this point.
Material of different kinds used in the manufacture of implements and wea-
16
pons is to be found about the Lake — steatite in abundance — Lake Huron slate
in large deposits not far away, besides sandstone, granite and slate. The deposits
of the latter being particularly fine.
The Rideau is five or six feet higher than it was in a state of nature, owing
to the work of building the canal, and as that depth of water would cover many
yards of shore, there must be a large amount of valuable material hidden from
our sight.
Spear and arrow points were the most numerous among the specimens and
were of the usual variety as to shape and material. A large number of spear
points, commonly so called, are just as likely to have been knives. They were
provided with notches, tor fastening the weapon to a handle, but in some cases one
side was nearly straight and the other curved. If they had been intended as
spear heads one would expect both sides to be alike. This can not be regarded
as altogether accidental, for the more specimens one studies the less apt one be-
comes to regard a certain form as an accident in making. The Indian workman
did not resemble the modern one in one particular. He was not conventional.
He followed no set rule. No two specimens can be found exactly alike, and it
cannot be because he did not desire to make them so. For the workman who can,
with another stone shape a piece of rude flint into a weapon so perfect as an arrow
or spear could also produce two or more exactly alike.
It shows that effect was sought from the first and with other evidence proves
the directness of the savage mind.
Many spear heads were found near the water's edge and were no doubt used
on a long handle for spearing fish. One feature of these was that so many of them
were broken transversely at about an inch from the notches. Can this be be-
cause the handle was split and each side extended along the spear head making a
point of least resistance ? It is quite possible that these spears may have been
used for the purpose of spearing through the ice mink, musk-rat, beaver and
otter.
The arrows were more numerous than any other specimens, and were gen-
erally of the elongated leaf pattern, but other kinds were also found. The material
used in the arrows was found in abundance about the lake, flint, chert, slate etc.,
There were many sizes, some so large that one would hesitate to say that they
could be shot with sufficient force to be effective, and yet they seem too small
to be used as spears.
To us the arrow seems but a poor weapon, but it had one great advantage
over the gun with its loud explosion. As it made no noise the hunter must often
have been able to secure more than one chance at his prey.
A few very peculiar specimens of a flint implement were found that must
be regarded as a skinning or scraping tool. They were about J or \ of an inch
in thickness, broad at the base and coming to a point at the other end, the
pointed extremity being curved so that at this end one side was concave the other
convex. The edges were very sharp, and by taking one between the thumb and
finger the flesh or skin could be laid open as effectually as with a knife. It could
readily be used as an instrument for scraping an arrow-shaft or for cleaning small
particles of flesh from a skin
A few small specimens of slate were found at one place in particular on the
lake, that at first were regarded as accidental until after finding several of the
same kind They were about -J of an inch thick, and in the shape of an irregular
square about one inch in size. Every edge was finished, but no effort seemed to
have been made to produce a cutting edge as on other slate tools. Finding them
about the lake, suggested the idea that they may have been used for scaling fish,
if, indeed, the natives took that trouble in preparing fish for food.
17
Celts were found in abundance and variety. The majority of them were,
polished, but few being found of the chipped variety, the same lack of conven-
tionalty was found among the celts as in other specimens. From the fact that so
many broken celts were found, some fractured transversely, others split, leads to
the conclusion that one of their uses was for striking hard substances.
From the large number of celts iound and from their many different sizes,
one would naturally think that this implement was a general-purpose tool about
the aboriginal lodge. To those restricted to the use of few tools, this would serve
many purposes, breaking or chopping ice, breaking bones to obtain the marrow,
digging edible roots, detaching the bark from a tree, as a wedge to split wood, as
well as being of great service in the chase or in war. Why this implement is
popularly regarded as one used exclusively for skinning deer, it is dfficult to
understand.
There were a few grooved axes found. One in particular deserves mention
on account of its perfection. The material is red granite, and it weighs a little
under four pounds. It has a groove around it at about one third its length, and
another groove running lengthwise from the base to the groove around it, being
for the purpose of fastening or tightening the handle on. Its width is about
twice its thickness, and it had no cutting edge. From this fact it should no doubt,
be regarded more as a hammer ; the other grooved axes had well defined edges,
but in no case was the groove so marked as in the granite specimen. (Fig. 41.)
Dr. Abbott, in his " Primitive Industries " speaks of grooved axes being very
commonly found in New Jersey. Among the specimens found here, they were
very rare and their presence here is probably a result of barter between tribes, or
possibly the result of the fortune of war, some brave from a distance being over-
come and leaving his wordly goods to his conquerors. This may account for
other implements found here, but made of material not to be obtained in this
locality.
Gouges were secured but nothing remarkable was noticed among them.
They were found, as a rule, away from the water, and this fact should have some
bearing on the use they were intended for. Why some gouges were hollowed
out the whole of their length, and others had but one end hollowed, is another
point of interest, It certainly could not have been a matter of unconcern as the
work in one case is much greater then the other. There must have been some
object in producing this difference as all the work of the Indian shows a decided
purpose.
Slickstones or scrapers were quite numerous, some of slate, others of sand-
stone. Those of slate were very often broken, but there was generally sufficient
left to show their original shape and the purpose for which they were intended.
A few drills or awls were found, one only being of bone. The flint awls were
of two principal shapes, the club based, and those that resemble an arrow to some
extent. From the fact that not many persons would recognize the flat drill, with
its small points may account for so few being found. The attention of those in search
for specimens, was called to the fact, that every stone with a worked or chipped
edge was valuable, and it resulted in securing many more things than
otherwise would have been found. Among the drills was one of bone, and this,
was the only specimen of bone obtained during the summer. It is more than
likely that other bone implements were overlooked.
Comparatively few ornaments -were secured. Those found were of soapstone
and slate, and were of the usual form, nothing remarkable being discovered.
Part of one discoidal stone was found. Several pipes were secured, only one
being in any way remarkable. This pipe, (Fig. 6) was found at Bob's Lake, over
twentv years ago, and is a very perfect piece of native work. The two serpents.
2 (c.O
18
are accurately moulded and both possess a degree of life and expression hardly to
be looked for under the circumstances. The conception must have been very
clearly worked out in the savage mind, before it could take its present form.
One complete clay dish was got, and it was a splendid specimen. The
ornamentation on it was of rather an ambitious kind, and must have been the work
of a master hand. This dish, (fig. 2) was found some years since, by Mr. Mathew
Scott, in a crack in the rock near an old beaver meadow. As to the methods
used in ornamentation, it is to be hoped, that another year's work, will throw more
light on the subject, by comparing a large number of specimens. From the faci
that other clay dishes have been found in this county in recent years, (bu
which were allowed to be broken) it is confidently expected that more still may
be secured and preserved.
Other localities, besides the Rideau Lake are rich in specimens.
In conclusion, it should be said that the work to be done in this section, is
but fairly commenced. Quite a respectable number of specimens were secured
but they don't represent a fraction of those remaining in the county that coulc
be obtained with very little trouble. From. the first I received the warmer
support of every one. With scarcely an exception, all who had specimens gave
them to me for the Museum, and the Institute is under a debt of obligation to
those who so generously gave up their relics, and, to me, it was a great encourgo-
ment to have my efforts in collecting so well received.
Not a few took more than a passing interest in the .subject and were of grea*
help in the work. To Mrs. McLaren I am most indebted for the chance of visit-
ing many points of interest about the Rideau.
The engineer and pilot of the Geraldine — Messrs. Geo. Hone and Dick Car-
penter— are enthusiastic workers and secured a large number of valuable speci-
mens during the summer. To their enthusiasm they add a degree of intelligence
that has been of great help in the work.
W. J. Morris, Esq., of Perth, was also a daily help to me from his intimate
knowledge of the county about here.
Mr. John S. Tullis, of Balderson, furnished me with some valuable informa-
tion that I hope to make useful in time.
Others who contributed specimens are Thomas Moffat, John P. Fraser,
Joseph M. Rogers, James Walker, Daniel McDonald, James Graham, J. F.
Kennedy, L.D.S., Master Austin Keays, Dr. E. M. Morgan ; Master Harry Morris, of
Perth, Wm. Richard McLean and Master Robert McLean, of Rideau Centre.
• Peter Campbell, Wm. H. Blair, John F. Moore, John Coutts, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. A
Palmer, Cyrus Davis, George Ritchie, Charles Mackey, Matthew B. Scott, T. B
Scott, James McLaren, James King, Andrew McCoy, Andrew Paul, Andrew
Drummond, Mrs. R. C. Sherritt, Miles Brown and John Poole.
ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM.
The following is a list of the principal additions to the museum during the year
Per Dr. T. W. Beeman, Perth :—
Copper spear, with socket. — Mr. Andrew Paul.
Copper spear, with socket. — Mr. W. J. Morris.
19
Stone axe. — Mr. Harry Morris.
Stone axe. — Mr. J. S. Wilson.
Stone axe. — Mr. Jas. King.
2 Stone axes. — Mr. Cyrus Davis.
6 Stone axes. — Mr. Nelson Covell.
Stone axe. — Dr. E. M. Morgan.
12 Stone axes.— Dr. T. W. Beeman and " Geraldine " party.
2 Iron tomahawks. — Mr. Andrew McCoy.
Quartzite arrow-tip. — Mr. Andrew Drummond.
Coarse jasper scraper. —
Chert arrow-tip.—
Fragment of gypsum (worked). —
Chert arrow-head. — Mrs. Sherritt.
Lenticular quartz specimen, roughly chipped. — Dr. T. W. Beeman.
6 " Flints."— Mr. Nelson Covell.
Arrow-head. — Mr. James King.
6 " Flints."— Dr. T. W Beeman.
Quantity of flakes and chips. — Dr. T. W. Beeman.
Quantity of broken pottery.— "
8 Stone axes. — Mr James McLaren.
Stone axe. — Mr. George Hone.
Stone axe, very large. — Mr. Chas. Mackey.
S Stone axes, plain. — Mr. John P. Fraser.
Stone axe, grooved. — Mr. John P. Fraser.
Stone axe, Huronian slate.—
Stone axe. — Mr. J. F. Kennedy.
Stone axe. — Mr. Jas. Graham.
2 Stone axes.— Mr. Thos. Moffat.
Stone axe, part. — Mr. J. W. Borrowman.
Part of discoidal stone. — Mr. Geo. Hone.
Gouge, slate, small. — Mr. Jas. Jackson.
Stone gouge. — Mrs. Smith, Oliver's Ferry.
Stone gouge. — Mr. W. H. Blair.
Base of flat-bottomed steatite pipe. — Mr Daniel McDonald.
Gorget, slate, two holes. — Mr. Jas. Walker.
Gorget, fragment. — Mr. John P. Fraser.
Gorget, fragment — Mr. John Coutts.
Spear-head or knife, slate. — Mr. Wm. R. McLean.
Pestle, double-ended, California. — Mr. Chas. Mackey.
Opalescent quartz arrow-head, Dakota. — Mrs. Peter McLaren.
2 small knife-like flints.— Mr. Thos. Moffat.
Broken pipe-tomahawk. — Mr. Chas. Mackey.
Specimens of arrow-heads. — Messrs. Matthew Scott, Thos. Moffat, Robert.
McLean, John F. Moore, Alex. Palmer, "Geraldine" party and Dr. T. W. Beeman.
Beautiful quartzite arrow-heads have been presented by Messrs. W. J. Morris,
Thos. Moffat and John F. Moore.
Pipe bowl, steatite. — Dr. T. W. Beeman.
2 Stone hammers. — Mr. Austin Keays.
From Addington County a few specimens have been received, the most valu-
able of which is the blocked-out form of a large pipe in soapstone. (See fig. 28.)
This unique specimen was found on the farm of Mr. Jos. B. Lucas, and by him
kindly presented to the museum, along with 3 stone axes and 2 gouges.
20
Through the kindness of Dr. M. I. Beeman, of Centreville, we have pro-
cured a few other specimens from the same county : and a fine gouge, from Eliza-
bethtown, Leeds, comes from Mr. J. M. Kogers. Perth,
Per Mr. Alan Macdougall, C. E. -:
Hydah blanket. — Mr. T. Sydney, Dobbin, Esquimalt.
Hydah fish-line and fish-hook. — Mr. T. Sydney, Dobbin, Esquimalt.
Blade of jade axe.
Catlinite pipe, Nottawasaga. — Mr. Bend, Penetanguishene.
Gouge chisel, grooved. — Mr. Jas. McCrosson, Warden, Reformatory,
Penetanguishene.
Stone pipe (cast). — Mr. J. H. Grouse, Brantford.
Paint cup (cast).
2 Bird amulets (casts).
Ceremonial axe (cast).
Gorget, Huronian slate. — Capt. David Allan, Elora. ,
140 Bone awls or needles. — Mr. W. H. Long.
26 Rubbed deer tarsal bones.
10 Worked bone fragments. v
135 Bone beads.
1 Carved bone.
1 Piece of worked horn.
10 Horn tips, worked.
8 Bear's teeth, bored.
1 Bear's tooth, notched.
2 Bear's teeth, plain
40 Clay pipes, mostly imperfect.
7 Stone pipes, whole.
9 Stone discs, plain.
2 Stone discs, bored.
8 Clay discs, from broken pottery. "
1 Small clay vessel.
22 Well marked fragments of pottery.
1 Gorget.
50 " Flints."
5 Iron tools.
51 Stone axes.
10 Miscellaneous.
50 Pieces of wampum. — Mr. E. C. Waters.
30 Clay pipes, imperfect.
1 Clay pipe, perfect.
1 Bird amulet.
1 Gorget.
1 Ceremonial axe, slate.
1 Pendant, slate.
4 Various, slate.
11 Slate fragments, partly worked. "
400 " Flints."
34 Hammer stones, rough.
15 " " and blocks.
31 Rubbing stones.
3 Grooved axes.
60 Stone axes, plain.
21
30 Bone pins.— Mr. E. C. Waters.
22 Bone awls or needles.
4 Needles, fiat with eyes.
91 Bone beads.
4 Bone spears, barbed.
3 Combs, imperfect.
50 Bone, various.
% Horn chisels.
1 Horn, grooved.
6 Bones, split. "
13 Unid shells, worked.
3 Shell ornaments, sub-tropical. "
3 Stone beads. "
1 Restored clay pot.
50 Various.
Quantity of broken pottery from Baptiste Lake.
6 Bone tools, use unknown.
2 Bone combs. — Mr. E. C. Waters.
1 Gouge. "
2 Stone axes.
1 Wooden ladle.
Hematite (war paint). "
Birch bark basket, pieces. "
5 Pottery fragments. "
1 Arrow of quartzite. "
3 Pieces plumbago. "
6 Iron pyrites. "
6 Sheet copper arrow-heads. "
12 Copper fragments. "
10 Iron tools, imperfect. "
3 Small copper vessels. "
*6 Stone pipes. "
2 Clay pipes.
300 Copper, glass and shell beads. "
Copper spike. — Capt. J. G. Spain, Simcoe.
Copper arrow-head. " "
28 Gorgets, whole and broken. — Capt. J. G.
3 Bird amulets. "
1 Bar amulet. "
1 Paint cup. «
4 Stone tubes. «
2 "Butterfly "stones.
4 Slate tools. "
1 Stone finger-ring. "
7 Stone pipes. "
3 Unfinished stone pipes. "
20 Clay pipes. «
5 Discoidal stones. ' «
16 Bone needles. "
5 Bone beads. «
3 Portions of human leg bones, perforated.
2 Shell ornaments. "
S Flint drills.
Spain.
22
400 " Flints " of various sizes.— Capt. J. G. Spain.
175 Stone axes.
60 Fragments of pottery. "
8 Gouges.
12 Rubbing stones. "
Unfinished gypsum pipe.
Stone pipe, Kansas. "
21 Miscellaneous.
1 slate spear head.— Mr. W. H. Blake.
45 Clay pipes, imperfect. — Wm. and D. Melville.
82 Clay pipe stems.
13 Clay pipes, imperfect. — Mr. David Boyle.
25 Clay pipe stems.
] Gouge. "
7 Stone axes.
15 Flints.
1 Flint arrow-tip, Scotland.
5 Bone beads. "
56 Miscellaneous. "
6 Arrow-heads, New Jersey. Mr. Jas. Bolan, Springfield, Mass.
Small pair of brass compasses from Fort Ste. Marie. — River Wye.
2 Skulls from Mounds, Arkansas. — Mr. C. W. Riggs.
27 Pieces of pottery, more or less whole. — Mr. C. W. Riggs.
3 Skulls from British Columbia. — Mr. W. H. Jones, Vancouver.
Stone axe. — Mr. Wm. Findlay, Onondaga.
Stone pipe, Manitoba. — Dr. T. W. Beeman.
Flint scrapers. — Mr. T. H. Powell, London, England.
2 Angle-sided axes. — Mr. Cyrenius Bearss.
1 Smoothly worked straight sided stone. — Mr. Cyrenius Bearss..
2 plain axes. " "
1 grooved axe. " "
1 Gouge.
1 very fine gorget or tablet. " ''
1 large slate " Slick " or hoe. — Mr. Archibald Riddell.
1 Soapstone pipe, Lake Weslemcoon — Dr. T. A. Beeman,
POTTERY.
•
The large pot shown by the diagram is really a thing of " shreds and patches/*
the pieces having been carefully put together by Mr. E. C. Waters, who also eked
out deficiencies with plaster of Paris for the purpose of restoring the complete
outline. The work is well done, enabling us to appreciate the beauty and to-
FIG. 1.
estimate the capacity of this ancient piece of pottery. The decorative attempts
are as rude as they are simple, and perhaps point to an earlier stage, or a more
primitive people than we connect with the more elaborately ornamented exteriors.
The vessel represented by figure 1 was found in Brant county by Mr. E. C. Waters.
It is ten inches in height and nine inches in diameter.
24
The piece of pottery-ware represented in the cut (fig. 2) is almost as perfect in
form as when it was made. It stands seven inches high and its greatest diameter
is eight inches. At the mouth it is slightly elliptical, the short and long diameters
being respectively five and a half and six inches. The tooling to form the pattern
has been carefully done and the^general effect is good. Each line is the result of
a single action, that is, no tool like that represented in figure 72 has been used
The scollops that surround the lower edge of the lip have been formed by pinch
FIG. 2.
ing with the finger and thumb, or by pressure with the tip of a finger, the nail
mark being plainly discernible at the base of each hollow. The three bars seen
on each row of ornament are raised nearly an eighth of an inch above the general
level. In color this vessel is of a uniform rusty brown, and the thickness is
scarcely three-sixteenths of an inch. The clay appears to have been of fine quality
and has been tempered with a much smaller quantity than usual of burnt granitic
or gneissoid rock. This handsome pot was found on the farm of Mr. Matthew Scott
on the " Scotch Line," not far from the town of Perth.
25
This small clay vessel (fig. 3) was found in one of the graves in Herschell town-
ship by Dr. T. A. Beeman and Mr. J. Robins. In form and finish it is much ruder
than figure 4, from the same locality, Its greatest diameter is four and three-
FIG. 3.
fourth inches. Little attempt has been made to ornament the neck, but the
pattern on the body of the vessel is made with considerable accuracy and is some-
what unique.
FIG. 4.
Figure 4 represents another vessel from Baptiste Lake, found by Dr. T. A.
Beeman, and presented to the museum by Dr. T. W. Beeman. This specimen is
somewhat oval in the body, and decidedly so in the neck, on account of the pro-
26
longation that has been made to extend beyond the ear, if ear it be, and not
merely an ornament. The arrangement of lines on figure 4 forms a very simple
pattern, quite unlike anything on clay in our possession. The
material and finish of this vessel are nearly as good as those
of the specimen from the county of Lanark (Fig. 2). Its thick-
ness is pretty uniform and averages not more than three-six-
teenths of an inch.
This smallest of small clay vessels, (fig- 5) we may readily sup-
pose, was only a toy. A bit of clay has been hastily moulded on the
end of a finger and burnt, most likely, along with some larger
FlG 5 articles. Not only does the shape of the hole correspond with
(Full Size.) that of the first joint of the finger, but the impression made by
the nail may still be distinguished. Township of Whitchurch. Mr. W. G. Long.
CLAY PIPES.
This illustration gives a good idea of a serpent or snake pipe found by Mr-
T. B. Scott of the Scotch Line, near the town of Perth. As a piece of clay model-
ing it is remarkable for its boldness of design, if not so much for the delicacy of
its execution. Two intertwined sna,kes form the bowl, their tails extending
along the stem fully an inch in the present imperfect condition of the pipe, and
FIG. 6. (Nearly Full Size.)
perhaps twice that distance originally. The heads are well formed, thejmouths
clearly cut, and the eyes deeply pitted as if made by the pressure of some round
and flat-ended tool. Diagonal lines, not very regularly made, across the body,
serve to represent scales, It is a' pity that this pipe has lost a portion of its stem,
perhaps not less than two inches. We are deeply indebted to» Mr. T. B. Scott
for placing this and several other specimens in our cases.
27
Fig. 7 is a very good cut of the only perfect square-mouthed clay pipe in
our collection, which includes nearly forty in a fragmentary condition. As most
of these were found in Nottawasaga, this type of pipe is known as the Huron
Pipe, par excellence. The specimen figured here was
found by Mr. Robins on the Baptiste Lake burial
ground, situated on the farm of Mr. Mulcahy in
Herschell township.
Of about thirty imperfect clay pipes from Brant
County, Figure 8 illustrates the only one that is at all
tastefully marked, the pattern being one commonly
met with on pottery fragments in the neighborhood
of Toronto. In Vaughan township this is the pattern
most frequently seen. Mr. E.G. Waters.
The small size of some clay pipes has led to the
conclusion that they were made as toys for the use of
children. Occasion-
ally such pipes are
not only small, but
they are so rude
in form as to make
it tolerably clear
FIG. 7. (Full Ske). that children were
themselves the artificers. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate both kinds. The former
is the work of a master hand, and the clay has been carefully tempered
with powdered shell. The bowl is elliptical, the longer axis being at right
FIG. 8. (Full Size).
(FiG. 9. (| Size).
FIG. 10. (| Size);
angles to the stem. The cavity in this pipe is large enough to have rendered
it, though on a small scale, a man's pipe. The bowl of figure 10 will scarcely
admit the little finger, and the stem-hole is no larger than a common pin.
The clay has not been tempered in any way. Both form part of the collection
made by Capt. Spain in Norfolk County.
The half bat-like human face shown at figure 11 is on part of a pipe found
in York township by Mr. W. G. Long. The head is placed with good effect,
like a medallion, on the side of the bowl, with little more than the ear-like
appendages extending above the edge. As in many, perhaps most of such clay
pipes, the face is made to look towards the smoker.
The workmanship, or, if it may be so expressed, the art, exemplified in figure
12 is different from anything else in the museum. What the nose was like we
28
may only surmise, for little of it remains. The treatment of the eyes is quite
uncommon. An oval depression about one millimetre in depth has been formed,
an the centre of which is an elevation deeply punctured. The hollow to repre-
FIG. 11. (Full Size)
FIG. 12. (Full Size).
FIG
(bull Size).
sent the eye has been made with a pointed tool, inserted three times side
by side. The mouth has been formed in the same way, and it is the septa of
clay remaining between the punctures that in the one case makes it appear
that an attempt has been made to represent eye-balls, and in the other case,
teeth. There 'is no attempt to form lips. The surface is smooth and well
finished. York township. Mr. W. G. Long.
A not uncommon design on clay pipes is that of a man whose head termin-
ates in a peak, and whose face, extending above the lip of the bowl, has a
simian appearance from having been moulded by a finger-pinch. Sometimes one
hand rests on the breast while the other extends to the mouth, and some-
times both reach the mouth. The legs in such pipes are very much convention-
alised, and often merge into scalloped ribs running along the stem. Figure 13
is in many respects an improvement on this design so far as the fragmentary
specimen allows us to judge. Unfortunately the head is missing, but the. arms
and hands are moulded with an amount of graphic rudeness not usual in this
type. Teeth, fingers, and toes were seldom attempted by the Indian workman.
In figure 13 the fingers are represented, but the left hand is much larger than
the right. Posteriorly the legs are in fair relief, but in front they scarcely stand
out beyond the body of the bowl, and are footless. The back of the figure forms
& sharp angle, and is neatly impressed with a row of small dots. York town-
ship. Mr. W. G. Long.
As a rule the Indian maker of clay pipes did
not display much of his fine work on the stems,
which are generally round and perfectly plain.
Figure 14 illustrates an exception. With one
convex side, and two flat ones, meeting in a rib,
FIG. 14. (Half Size). this stem is a singular one. It is two inches
and a half long, and an inch wide at the larger end. Brant County. Mr. E. C.
Waters.
29
STONE PIPES
The beautiful " white stone " pipe figured here
is an exceedingly rare and correspondingly interest-
ing specimen. Soft in its nature this stone readily
weathers, and thus loses any sharpness of outline
that carved specimens may have once possessed. This
pipe is unusually well-preserved, especially on the
side shown in the engraving. Despite the appearance
of the head, it is is probable that the animal whose
form extends above the bowl, and more than half
way along the stem was intended to represent a lizard.
We are indebted for this excellent specimen of the
FIG. -15. (Nearly Full Size).
" white stone " pipe to the kindness of Mr. Archibald Riddell, who took it
from one of the graves in the Lake Baptiste burying-ground, some days before
I reached the place.
FiG. 16. (g Size).
FIG. 17. (| Size).
Figs. 16 to 20 illustrate five pipes from Baptiste Lake. The patterns are
not common ones. All are of steatite except Fig. 16, which is made ot a rich.
30
brown, compact argillite. Figure 16 too, differs from the others in having the
sides form sharp angles with one another. With the exception of Figure 20, all
FIG. 19. (| Size).
FIG. 18. (| Size).
FIG. 20. (| Size).
these pipes are, in cross section about twice as long as they are wide — a similar
section of Figure 20 is perfectly circular. Figures 17 and 18 which most closely
resemble each other in shape, seem also to have been made from the same piece
of material, of a pale, yellow tint. Figure 19 is darker in color with a shade
of brown, and Figure 20 is a mottled gray. All have small holes at the base for
securing them to their stems, and in Figure 19 a beginning has been made from
each side in the making of a second hole. Only in Figure
20 is the bowl-hole perfectly round, it is nearly so in figure 18,
quite oval in Figure 17 and in Figure 19, in which the wall of
the bowl has been cut away quite thin 30 as to form in this
smallest of all these pipes a cavity of the largest capacity.
The specimens here figured were found by Messrs. Robins arid
Mulcahy, Dr. T. A. Beeman and myself at different times.
Figure 21 represents one of many valuable specimens
found by Dr. T. "W. Beeman on the shores of Lake Rideau.
It is of a dark brown steatite, and remarkable for the
accuracy with which it is formed. Enough of the stem is left
to show that it was of the flattened variety. In width it
exceeds the diameter of the bowl about one-fourth of an inch,
measuring an inch and an eighth across, while it is only five
sixteenths of an inch in thickness. The edges of the stem
are delicately ornamented with plain zig-zag lines.
FIG. 21. (§ Size).
31
Figure 22 illustrates a somewhat unusual form of catlinite pipe found in
the Township of Nottawasaga. It has not even a suspicion of the modern in its
form. Everything in the workmanship points to a time anterior to the manu-
FIG. 22. (| Size).
facture of " curiosities." A cross section of the end of the stem is shown. The
only other catlinite specimen from this township is the Beecroft pipe. (See Can.
Inst. Report, 1886-87, p. 28.) The extremely beautiful specimen here figured was
presented to the Provincial Archaeological Museum by Mr. Bend, an officer, of the
Reformatory at Penetanguishene.
Jb'iG. 24.
FJG. 23. (| Size).
Figure 23 represents an unfinished pipe found in Norfolk County. The
workmanship is a somewhat curious combination of Indian and European. The
contour of the head in its rough condition is suggestive of the eagle. The
material is a brown argillaceous stone, much like that of which figure 16 is formed.
Fig. 24 shows a cross section of the stem.
Capt. J. G. Spain, Simcoe.
A very pretty pipe, apparently made of lime-
stone, is here figured, nearly full size. The
attempt at ornamentation round the margin is
of the rudest. The chief peculiarity of this
pipe is the stem, a cross section of which is
shown as it would appear close to the head.
Each edge of the stem is relieved with a series
of notches sharply cut — fourteen on one side
and seventeen on the other. Capt, J. G. Spain,
Norfolk County
FIG. 25. (£ Size).
32
This excellent pipe (Fig. 26) was found a few miles south of Penetanguishene,
and was procured from Mr. A. C. Osborne, one of our members, who resides in
that town. It is of steatite, mainly drab in color, but shading into a dark gray
at the back, the face hands and breast being
almost black. The maker of this pipe had
some pretensions to anatomical accuracy in
his treatment of the chin, wrists and ankles.
He has even been careful to carve the feet
in-toed, according to a well known Indian
characteristic. But with all this care in these
and some other respects, he has failed to
produce thumbs and great toes.
I am indebted to Prof. W. H. Ellis, M.D.,
for the suggestion that this pipe represents
a man, with a bundle on his back, taking
a rest.
It is worthy of note that the only other
hatted pipe (fragmentary) in our possession
was found within a short distance of the
place where fig. 26 was picked up, (see
Can. Inst. Report for 1890-91 ; fig. 79,
p. 34), in which case, however, there is a
distinction between the crown and the rim
of the head-dress, A hat or cap very
similar to that shown on the Penetanguishene
pipe appears on a carved stone head from
the Dwyer farm in Beverly township, (see Can. Inst. Report for 1887-88
fig. 70, p. 46).
We have pipes of steatite, catlinite, " whitestone," common limestone, marble,
and even of sandstone, as well as of bone ; but the unfinished specimen repre-
FlG.
(Full Size.)
FIG. 27. (Nearly Full Size).
sented by fig. 27 is the only one of gypsum. It is three and a half inches long ;
the bowl (nearly an inch and a quarter, outside diameter) has been bored to its-
full depth, and is three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The stem, in cross section,
is mainly round, only the lower side being flattened. At the end it is roughly
33
squared, as if to form a mouthpiece,, but there is no stem hole — only the merest
beginning of one. The specimen in question was found on the St. Glair Flats,,
and forms part of the Spain collection.
FIG. 28. (About J Size).
As has been mentioned previously in these reports, it was the practice of the-
Indians to " block out " the various articles of stone as nearly as possible to the
required size before boring any holes that were necessary. The unfinished gyp-
sum pipe (fig. 27) is one example, and the accompanying illustration is another.
On more than one account this is a valuable specimen for museum purposes. The
size itself is somewhat out of the common, as the base measures 7J inches
long and 2J wide ; while the bowl portion stands If inches above the upper side
of the base or stem part. But the pattern is more noteworthy still, for it belongs
to a type better known in the region of the mounds, and which is designated by
American archaeologists as a " monitor " pipe. The stone itself is steatite of a
very soft quality, and the surface appears to have been stained black.
The end intended for the stem is five-eighths of an inch thick, the other
being only three-eighths of an inch in thickness. That this is an unfinished pipe
is undoubted, and we can only conjecture why the work of boring has not even
been begun. Perhaps it was procured in its present condition by barter or
plunder from some southern source, and was lost before an opportunity presented
itself for the boring operations to be performed.
This very interesting specimen was found on lot 3G, concession 5, township
of Camden, by Mr. Joseph Lucas, the intelligent proprietor of the farm, Mr.
and Mrs. Lucas generously presented this, and other specimens elsewhere enu-
merated, to the museum.
FLAKED IMPLEMENTS.
Popularly, all "flints " are regarded as having been made for shooting pur-
poses, or, if large, to be used as spears only. In reality there must have been
many other uses to which flaked " flints " or chert objects were applied,
although the shapes correspond largely with the typical arrow-head. It is, for
example, quite evident that articles of this kind, from eight inches to a foot in
FIG. 29.
(Full Size).
FIG. 30.
(Full Size).
FIG. 31.
(Full Size).
FIG. 32.
Fall Size).
FIG. 33.
(Full Size).
length, were not intended for either the one purpose or the other, and more es-
pecially are we warranted in coming to this conclusion when they are from three
to six inches in breadth. In such cases they are usually regarded as spades or
hoes. It is equally certain that many " flints " of smaller size were neither
arrows nor spears. When serrated they were probably used as saws, and, no-
doubt, many were employed for cutting purposes just as we use pocket-knives.
At best, when shooting with flaked arrow-tips, the result must have been
very uncertain, unless the aim was taken from close quarters, or the object a
pretty large one.
Figures 29 to 33 show the curvature possessed by specimens in our cases.
Shooting, with such specimens, must have been wide of the mark, unless the in-
tention was to send the shaft round a tree ! With a head like the one represented
by fig. 29 the motion resulting from a shot would resemble that of a boomerang.
In savage economy there were many uses to which such curved articles might be
applied, in scraping, splitting, carving, cutting and dressing stone, wood, bone or
35
furs. A very suggestive use is that of the scalping knife, but it is not at all certain
that in pre-European days the natives carried a special weapon to " raise the
hair." If they did, perhaps the sewere real scalping knives. Most of the curved
" flints " are much flatter, transversely, on the concave than on the convex side,
FIG. 37. (I Size).
FIG. 35.
FIG. 36. (I Size).
especially near the point. Figure 35, somewhat reduced, shows a side view
of tig. 32, which makes it absolutely certain that the specimen was made for any
other purpose but that of shooting.
Fig. 29 is provided with a deeply notched, or semi-barbed neck. Figs. 30
;and 31 are leaf-shaped, and fig. 33 has a plain straight-sided neck. Norfolk
County, Capt. J. G. Spain.
An unusual form of " flint " is shown at figure 36 in a slightly reduced form.
It is not easy to decide whether the pattern is the result of mere whim, or was
intended to serve some purpose. The smaller end is quite as carefully worked
as the larger one, and it may have been the intention to make the ends reversible.
/'\ This specimen is rather thinner in
/ \ proportion to its length than we
commonly find, and all the edges
are sharp, without any signs of
usage. Capt. J. G. Spaing Norfolk
County.
" Scrapers " are not found in
Canada in anything like such
quantities as in many countries of
Europe. In the collection from FlG' 39' (Fa11 Size)'
Norfolk county there are twenty or more, and
mostly provided with necks, as if they were " de-
graded " arrow tips. Most of the European articles
of this kind are roughly discoidal or elliptical, flat
on one side and convex on the other. This type
is also found here, besides another, which has a
strong straight neck. The working edge of figure
FIG. 38. (Full size). 37 is worn smooth.
Among oddly chipped flints, figure 38 is worthy of a place. It does not appear
ever to have been even roughly symmetrical — the dotted lines may indicate the
original shape and size of the weapon. From Brant county. Mr. E. C. Waters.
36
Figure 39 represents a chip of chert carefully worked down to a fine point,
no doubt for use as a drill. Some such tool must have been employed to bore
holes in wampum and other small articles. Brant county. Mr. E. C. Waters.
CELTS, CHISELS, GOUGES.
FIG. 40. (£ Size).
Among the many hundreds of celts and similar implements in the museum*
there is nothing to correspond with the specimen represented by figure 40*
except in general outline and material. The remarkable feature connected with
this object is the symmetrical pattern in relief which has been carefully formed
on one side. Although not more than a millimetre in height, it indicates no
small amount of labor, and more than a little mechanical skill to produce such a
result. The material is a very dark gray primitive rock, homogeneous in com-
position, and so hard as to scratch glass readily. The great amount of work
bestowed on this article suggests a few queries : Was it the property of some dis-
tinguished " brave " ? Had the design any particular meaning ? Was the imple-
ment more for ornament than use ? Was it made solely for ceremonial purposes ?
Or, was a special hatchet produced for " burial " in ratification of some
important treaty of peace ? This unique stone tomahawk was found a short dis- i
tance north of Norfolk county. Capt. J. G. Spain, Simcoe.
FIG. 41. (£ Size).
The tool illustrated by figure 41 was an adze rather than an axe, and
is of a pattern comparatively rare in Ontario. The groove for handle
attachment is not very deeply cut, and on the side not shown in the
engraving no attempt whatever has been made to extend this groove, but
as may be seen from the illustration, another groove has been cut length-
wise from the top of the adze to a point nearly in line with the lower
37
side of the horizontal groove. As I take it that the longitudinal groove
was intended to hold a wedge for the purpose of tightening the tool in its withe
or sinew-bound handle, the fact that it was cut on a side and not on an edge
enables us to see how the implement was used, Another peculiarity of the adze
is what I regard as the traces of wear resulting from its friction with the handle
when in use, for it is not only unusually smooth on the side shown in figure 41,
h but the smooth portion is of a pale green hue, suggestive of its having absorbed
I coloring matter from copper with which it has been in contact. On the opposite side
I; also, the smoothness and greenness are coincident, but to a much less extent. The
length of this adze is 7f inches. It is made of an exceedingly hard and fine
; grained, gray granite. The cutting edge is considerably battered, and the ,pole
|'j looks as if it had been employed as a hammer. The exceedingly instructive
implement here figured and described was found at the Indian Landing, Lake
I Bideau, by Mr. John P. Fraser, and by him presented to the Provincial Archae-
ological Museum.
FIG. 42. (§ Size).
When describing plain celts, axes or chisels in a general way, it would be
perfectly safe to say that transversely they are more or less oval, for even if one
side is somewhat flat the opposite side and corners
are nearly always rounded. Occasionally a speci-
men is found whose sides form right angles with
each other, but these are rare. Rarer still are
specimens like the one figured here, for both sides
are flat, and the corners on one side are rubbed
down to an angle of forty -five degrees. Figure 43
shows a cross section of this specimen. Humberstone. Mr. Cyrenius Bearss.
FIG. 44. (i Size).
^In figure 44 is represented what is probably an unfinished axe. If it was
ntended to be used in its present condition, its maker had an eye to utility with-
out any regard for appearances, because, while the blade has been brought to a
tolerably good cutting edge, the upper three-fourths of the tool are left in an
an extremely rude condition of chipping, except that some of the most prominent
ridges have been rubbed down as if for comfort in grasping it. This specimen
is somewhat singular in another respect, for the material — Huronian slate —
was seldom used in the making of axes or other cutting implements. We owe
the possession of this valuable specimen to Mr. John P. Fraser, of Perth, who
found it on the Lake Rideau shore.
FIG. 45. (§ Size).
A unique implement is figured here (fig. 45). It was evidently intended to-
serve the double purpose of gouge and chisel. The gouge end is peculiarly hol-
lowed, for besides being deeper than usual at the mouth, it is to some extent cup-
shaped, and if held at the proper angle it would contain fully a teaspoonful ol
water Extending also from the upper or inner end of this deeply cut hollow ii
a much shallower one, reaching within an inch of the chisel end. The latter pos-
sesses still the rough surface, resulting from the pecking process, while the deeper
one has been smoothed. The chisel end is almost as singular as the other, on
account of the sides of the lip being slightly flared — in other words, the " bit " or
cutting edgs is a little wider than the body of the tool immediately above it
This end has still an excellent cutting edge, but that of the gouge is considerably
battered. This remarkable implement is made from a piece of light gray and
close grained, dioritic rock. It was found near Penetanguishene, and was pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. Jas. McCrosson, Warden of the Provincial
Reformatory.
FIG. 46. ( Full Size).
What has been in its perfect condition a remarkably beautiful and unusually
small gouge is represented by figure 46. It is considerably damaged, but even in
its imperfect condition is valuable as suggesting some use not attributed to larger
and correspondingly strong specimens. As this one is made of slate it could not
have been meant for use where much force or strength was required. It was
presented to us by Mr. Jas. Graham, who found it on the shore of Rideau Lake.
39
VARIOUS SLATE SPECIMENS.
Perhaps the article represented by figure 47 was a knife — perhaps it was not
Argillite does not take a good cutting edge. This specimen was not an arrow-
head, for one side is straighter and less sharply ribbed than the other. As a spear
it would prove too fragile for use. Unlike many objects of this form and
material, it has not a serrated tine. It was found in the township"of N. Elmsley
by Mr. W. K. McLean.
FIG. 47. (§ Size).
Figure 48 is of slate, and less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness near
the unnotched end. At the opposite end it is only about an eighth of an inch
thick. On each side of one end have been cut seven notches, but on the side
shown above one of these has been destroyed by means of a splinter. The other
end appears never to have been finished, although it is worn quite smooth at the
extremity of a fracture. Both edges are sharp, and their concavity suggests that
the tool may have been used to " slick " the outside of clay vessels, while the
oblique ends may have been employed in making the lines that characterise
Indian ceramic adornment. Norfolk county. Capt. J. G. Spain.
FIG. 48. (Full Size).
Insignificant looking as fig. 49 is, the original was not improbably held in
high estimation by its owner. In form it may have been intended to represent
a bird — the projection at the upper end being meant for a head,
while at the lower end are seen the tail (from which a piece has
been broken) and the tips of the wings. The outline is not unlike
that of the Thunder Bird done in porcupine quill-work, as figured
in last year's report. It was most likely worn as a pendant, form-
ing part of a string of beads. The notches suggest its use as record
of some kind unless they were made for a purely ornamental pur-
FIG. 49. pose, as all the corners are similarly treated, although the marks on
ze'' two of them have become almost indistinguishable as the result of
wear. The stone is a dark red slate, not found in the county of Brant, where
this specimen was picked up by Mr. E. C. Waters.
" Gorgets " so-called have been previously figured in the reports of the
Institute, but this one (fig. 50) differs in many respects from most of the others
in our cases. Originally it has had seven teeth at one end, but the two outside
ones have almost disappeared — one apparently from wear, and the other as the
FIG. 50. (J Size).
result of a fracture. Perhaps the worn corner was also broken and afterwards
rounded off. The opposite extremity has also been roughly toothed, but it is
chiefly noticeable on account of five shallow hollows that have been drilled there.
As is nearly always the case with such articles, the material is of Huronian
slate. Norfolk county, Capt J. G. Spain.
This figure represents what is commonly
spoken of as a " paint-cup." It is made of slate,
and is neatly worked, although the outside is
not quite symmetrical. If the supposition that
articles of this kind were used for mixing
pigments to be employed in personal decora-
tion, be not the correct one, it is difficult to
surmise in what other way they could have
been utilised. Norfolk county, Capt. J. G. Spain.
A most singular " bar-arnulet " from the same source, is illustrated by figs. 52
and £3. Usually the basal holes pass out diagonally, one at each end, but in this
FIG. 51. (Nearly Full Size).
£ Size).
specimen they pass through the sides. On the upper edge, over the hole to the left,
there is just the beginning of a perforation, as if the intention had been to make
a connection with the basal hole from that point. In such objects, elevations at
FIG. 53.
one or both ends are not uncommon, but the central knob shown here is unique
so far as our collection is concerned. Although each hole in the base is half an
inch in diameter at the mouth, and fully a quarter of an inch in diameter where
they enter at the sides, the meeting-points within show apertures scarcely more
than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter with no signs of wear.
The stone of which this odd " bar-amulet " is made is a light brown, un-
veined argillite. The finish is only passably good.
FIG. 54. (Full Size).
Fig. 54 resembles, in some respects, specimens from Middlesex county in the
west and Wolfe Island on the east. The position of the hole in all of them is
puzzling, being either near the middle or towards the larger end. In the present
instance the hole is not only nearer to the large end, but it is considerably to one
side. The edge in this specimen, too, is crenated as well as chisel-shaped ; in the
others it is chisel-shaped and plain, whether sharp or blunt. The stone is
Huronian slate. E. C. Waters, Brant county.
FIG. 55. (| Size).
The tube figured here is of light pea-green, veined steatite. It is two and a
half inches long, the hole being about seven-sixteenth inches in diameter. Along
one side is a groove fully an inch across at the middle, and so deep that lesi than
an eighth of an inch of material separates it from the hole. Norfolk county,
Capt. J. G. Spain.
FIG. 56. (Size 2ixl|).
The
This may be called, for want o£ a better name, a small ceremonial axe.
hole is oval, f in. one way and 7-16 the other. It is slightly damaged on one
side, but even in its imperfect state is a handsome specimen. Its length is 2£
inches and its depth If inches. Brant county, Mr. E. C. Waters.
Too late to have engraved, we received from Mr. Archibald Riddell, manager
Bronson Lumber Co., the largest and one of the most perfect slate specimens in
the collection. In form it may be very properly described as semi-lunar, when
viewed sidewise. Across the slightly concave edge it measures nearly nine
inches, its width is four and a half inches, and the arc formed by its convex
edge measures thirteen and a half inches. The concave edge, or back, is half
an inch thick in the middle and tapers to one-eighth at each end. The back
is considerably thicker than what may be called the blade, and it has been formed
by the material of the latter portion having been worked down until its greatest
thickness is not more than three-eighths of an inch, thus forming a bar on each
side of the back, as if left to give it strength.
The methods employed in the cutting-down process may be traced, and from
this point of view alone the specimen is a very instructive one. These may be
referred to in a future report.
In outline it strongly resembles the blade of an ancient European battle-axe,
and the grooves that have been made at the base of the bars when the blade
was in process of formation, lend color to the idea that the object was attached
to a handle and used as a weapon of war. But several reasons may be adduced
to show why it was not so employed. First, there is the difficulty of attachment
to a handle owing to the want of notches at the end of the grooves — next there
is the evidence already referred to, that the grooves themselves are merely inci-
dent to the cutting-down process — then there is the improbability of such a form
being used for this purpose, and, chiefly, there is the objection that the material
is too fragile to prove very effective in the infliction of more than a few blows.
Its use was probably a more noble one, viz., that of preparing skins of
animals for clothing. It is well known that currying processes of various kinds
were well understood by savage man — indeed, such knowledge was indispensable
to his very existence, and it seems tolerably certain that this tool was employed
for the purpose of fitting hides or pelts for domestic or personal use.
As an implement for procuring clay to make pottery, or as a spade or hoe
for simple agricultural purposes, it could have been employed also with good
effect. In this case, however, it would have been scratched in the direction of
the thrust, whereas the thin convex edge is worn perfectly smooth.
However employed, the specimen is an exceedingly interesting one, and
places the Institute under another debt of obligation to Mr. Riddell, who pro-
cured it from an Indian at the mouth of the York River, where it joins the
Madawaska. The Irdian found it some distance below the surface when he was
digging a potato-pit.
43
FINGER RING.
Finger-rings are rare among relics of the Red Man. The only other one I
know of is in the public school iruseum at Elora. The specimen figured here
FIG. 57. (Full Size).
is from Simcoe county, and formed part of the collection of Capt. J. G. Spain. A
series of shallow cuts or notches round the edge of the hole were probably
intended for ornament rather than as a record or tally. Norfolk county.
RUBBING TOOLS.
The stone represented in this cut (fig. 58) has been employed in all pro-
bability for the reducing of bone awls or needles to shape. It is a flat gritty,
limestone pebble, well adapted for such a purpose, and the scratches made are still
FIG. 58. (Half Size).
visible on the sides of the rubs that have been deeply worn during the course
of rubbing. The angle at which the grooves run indicates that the stone was held
in the left hand, while the action was performed with the right. Capt. J. G.
Spain.
that can be said regarding fig. 59 is that the original has evidently been
employed as an effective tool, but in what way it is not easy to guess. The
oblique notch seen at one end has its counterpart on the other side (see cross
FIG. 59.) Half Size).
FIG. 60.
section, fig. 60), and both appear to have been produced by rubbing on some
hard substance. The body of this tool is smooth, fairly symmetrical, and is
admirably fitted for the hand. Capt. J. G. Spain, Norfolk county.
BONE AND HORN.
Combs are not among the common finds on village sites, in graves, or else-
where, perhaps for a similar reason to that suggested in connection with fig.
74 (horn chisel). This one (fig. 61) was found in one of the graves at Baptiste
Lake. The side shown in the cut has been worked down to a smooth surface.
Some rubbing has also been done on the opposite side, but not much. The upper
end shows all the roughness of the original cutting. In the grave with this
specimen was found a quantity of red hematite, no doubt used as war paint
FIG. 61. (Full Size).
FIG. 62. (Nearly Full Size).
Another comb of bone is represented at fig. 62. It is chiefly remarkable in
having the upper part or back carved to imitate the form of a bird — probably a
woodpecker, with an elongated bill. I found this interesting specimen along with
a variety of others elsewhere referred to, in the grave of a child at Baptiste Lake
45
The long bone specimen illustrated here (fig. 63) measures eleven and a quarter
inches. It represents one of two, similarly marked, from Baptiste Lake, Hastings
FIG. 64. (i Size.)
FIG. 63. (§Size.) FIG. 65. (§ Size.)
county, and found in the burial ground there by Mr. Archibald Riddell.'^j The
grooves at both ends are perhaps too long to have been intended for marking
pottery. At the larger end they are three inches in length, and at the smaller
46
end an inch and a half. This specimen appears to be formed from a rib-bone,
the convex side of which is seen in the engraving.
Fig. 64 is also made from a rib, and is, at one end, grooved like Figure 63.
It is much more curved than figure 63. The ridges, eight in number, appear
rounded as the result of wear.
Figure 65 resembles nothing that has hitherto found its way into our
possession, nor is it like anything I have ever seen figured elsewhere. Indeed,
the same may be said regarding figures 63 and 64. At one end it has been
toothed like a comb. As but a small portion of the teeth remain it is impossible
to say with certainty how long these were originally, but perhaps they did not
exceed in length those shown in the following figure. The opposite end still
has the angle it possessed as a tool, and enough remains to show that two
deep grooves ran from heel to point on its narrow face, thus forming three sharp
ridges fully an inch and a half long Though somewhat weathered it was
probably never more than a quarter of an inch in thickness at this, its thickest end.
FIG. 66. (| Size.)
The toothed specimen here figured is thinner than even the one last des-
cribed— its thickest part, one-third of its length from the end of the teeth, is
only three-sixteenths of an inch. At first sight this might be taken for a comb,
but an examination of the teeth shows that the ends have been worn wholly on
one side. This specimen is six and one-eighth inches long. It was found in one
of the Baptiste Lake graves.
FIG. 67. (§Size.)
This exceedingly odd-looking specimen (fig. 67), forms part of the collec-
tion from Brant county. The horn of which it formed a part was palmated
Measuring seven and a half inches in length at present it does not appear that
much has been broken off the fractured end, as the edge shows traces of cutting.
As is the case with a few other specimens of deer-horn similarly bored, the hole
is worn at an angle, suggesting the use of the tool for purpose of an arrow-
straightener. See Can. Inst. Report, 1890-91, p. 56. But the condition of the
longer prong in figure 67 is suggestive of usage in some other way, for it has
been hollowed fully five-eighths of an inch deep, and the lips are whittled down
outwardly in such a manner as to leave a tolerably sharp edge forming the mar-
gin of the hollow. It may have been, as suggested by Mr. Waters, that this
portion of the tool was used as a sort of vice, pincers, or grip, in which small
objects were wedged to be held while being chipped or otherwise manipulated.
Mr. E. C. Waters.
FIG. 68. (Full Size.)
Simple in form as are specimens like figures 68 and 69, there is nothing
known with certainty as to their use. They have been called tobacco stoppers.
An old gentleman in Brant county assured me he had seen the Indians use them
to fasten down skins to the ground for dressing purposes. It has been thought
FIG. 69. (Full Si«e.)
they were employed as pins or as buttons for fastening articles of clothing about
the person. Figures 68 and 69 show about the maximum and minimum lengths
of these objects. Those here figured were found in Brant county by Mr. E. C.
Waters.
FIG. 70. (i Size.)
Figure 7 (^represents a portion of an antler on the outer surface of which
two deep longitudinal cuts have been made as if with the intention of cutting off
strips. The cutting seems to have been performed with some short tool, pro-
bably a flint flake. The marks produced by the action of the cutter are still to be
seen on the sides of cuts. E. C. Waters, Brant county.
48
The object here figured was no doubt used as a pipe and is the only one of
horn in the museum. The bowl is a little over an inch deep. The stem-hole
shows that it has been drilled with a rough-edged instrument, no doubt, flint. The
FIG. 71. (Full Size.) FIG. 73.
lower end is rounded, and the work has been performed with a not over-sharp
knife of some sort. An attempt has also been made to round off the outside of
the edge forming the lip of the bowl. E. C. Waters, Brant county.
On the prominent end of figure 72 is a series of seven ridges and six grooves.
The bottom of each groove is angular, and still retains the marks made by the
rude tool that did the cutting, while the faces of the ridges are smooth and round,
as if the result of wear. What strikes one as the most likely use for such a
tool is the marking of pottery. Having tested it on a piece of clay (see fig. 73)r
satisfactory results were produced — perhaps the results were too satisfactory, for
the pattern I formed possessed a regularity that seldom characterizes the line-
markings on Indian pottery, and this without any attempt on my part to be at all
exact. Besides this, I found that the pressure required to make the lines deep
enough would be likely to throw the vessel out of shape, unless, indeed, we suppose
that one hand supported the material inside, while with the other the pattern was
produced outside. It is, at any rate, certain that the tool could have been used in this
way, but that it was so used it would be rash to assert. E. C. Waters, Brant county.
FIG. 74. (J Size.)
Implements like the horn specimen figured here are not found very fre-
quently, perhaps rather on account of their liability to decay than because there
49
were not many in use. This one is nine and one-fourth inches long, and two
and three-fourths across its widest part. For cutting purposes it never could
have been of much account, but as a tool for the removal of bark from trees, or
as a spade, or a hoe, it was capable of doing fairly good work. The edges bear
the tool-marks of him who shaped the implement, but for fully half the distance
from the sharpened end, these are worn smooth, just as we might expest to find
them if the implement had been used as here suggested. E. C. Waters, Brant
county.
FIG. 75.
FIG. 76.
In a gravel-pit near the town of Simcoe were found the lower thirds of two-
human femurs, and the whole of a tibia, each of which is bored as seen in the
illustrations. The other fragmentary femur is not shown, because it corresponds
in every particular with the one represented here, except that it is a little shorter.
In the tibia (only part of which is engraved) it will be observed that three holes are
bored side by side, and in line. Unfortunately, since the find was made, a mouse
has made free with this specimen and has nibbled away the portions that sep-
arated the holes. Along with these there were an eyed bone needle of the usual
type and a foreign shell (a species of Natica also bored), the two being attached
by a strand of hair.
Mr. W. P. Byrch, of this city, suggests that these bones were probably so
treated, in connection with a belief thafe stuffing the holes with poisonous
substances would induce bodily pains in persons against whom the operator had
a grudge. The presence of the bone needle, the shell and the hair, gives colour
to the belief that witchery or enchantment had something to do with the
boring of the holes -in the bones, and with the burial of the bones themselves.
Mr. Byrch states that the Indians of Cape Croker still entertain a belief of the-
kind mentioned.
4 (c.i.)
50
SHELL.
Fig. 77 seems to be an ornament of some kind made from the columella
of a sub-tropical shell. It may have been a tool of some kind, the use of which
is not apparent, unless the point at one end and the smooth rounded edge at
FIG. 77. (I Size.)
the other are suggestive of application in marking patterns on pottery. It is not
likely, however, that material so scarce, and therefore so precious, would be
employed in any such way. Mr. E. C. Waters, Brant county.
WOOD.
FIG. 78. (| Size.)
Fig. 78 is from the child's grave already mentioned. It appears to be the
upper portion of a hair-comb, the teeth of which are decayed. In all likelihood
it was used for fastening, or adorning, rather than for dressing the hair. The
material is wood, and the workmanship would indicate the use of tools other
than stone.
51
IRON TOMAHAWK.
The iron tomahawk figured here is of a
type common enough in many parts of the
province. The noticeable thing about this
specimen is the evidence it bears of an
attempt on the part of its owner to reduce
its weight by the laborious process of cut-
ting a strip off it in true aboriginal style
with flint flakes and water. Neither the inten-
tion nor the method is so clear on this speci-
men on account of rust, as on one or two
others I have seen. Mr. Luke Mullock, of
Waterdown, has a tomahawk which has been
worked from both sides in this manner so
deeply that the severance is almost complete,
and the proof of the rubbing process is plain,
especially on each side of the eye, which would
have been dented had a chisel been employed
to make the cut. We have also in our collec-
tion a piece cut from a tomahawk, probably by
the same method, but a slight " burr " on the
inside of the eye renders it just a little doubt-
ful. Specimens of this kind tend to throw
considerable light on the transition condition
of Indian life. Possessed of a European tool,
a primitive method was employed to reduce its
size and weight. The tomahawk here illustrated
measures seven and a half inches in length, and is
an inch and one-eighth in thickness immediately
below the eye. Undertaking to cut through this
thickness of solid iron by friction with flint flakes gives one a glimpse of the patience
and tenacity of purpose that characterised the savage Indian. Both of the specimens
in our cases are from Brant county, and were found by Mr. E. C. Waters.
COPPER.
A number of sheet-copper arrow-tips like
those shown in the accompanying cuts were found
by Mr. Robins in some of the graves in Herschell
township. These arrow-heads are rudely and
carelessly cut from portions of European copper
kettles, They must have been quite useless for
shooting, and seem to have been made simply as
substitutes for flints for burial purposes. The large
num ber of European articles found in some of the
graves renders it tolerably clear that although
those who made the graves retained the old cus-
tom of depositing objects of various kinds with
the bodies, they had lost the art of making chip-
ped arrow points. Here we seem to have an
overlapping of the old and the new order of
things, as in many other places where specimens
of White manufacture are buried in accordance
with the traditional customs of the Indians. In
this case arrows were probably regarded as a
necessity, and the ghosts of these thin copper specimens were thought
for spiritual uses.
•FIG
(Full Size.)
FIG. 81.
(Full Size.)
sufficient
52
BRITISH COLUMBIA SPECIMENS.
To the kindness of Mr. W. H. Jones, of Vancouver City, British Columbia*
we owe the specimens figured in the three following cuts.
Figure 82 was brought to Van-
couver by a sea-captain, last spring,
from Newitti Head, at the extreme
north of Vancouver Island. This
would hardly be noteworthy, in con-
sideration of the large number of
specimens the natives now manufac-
ture for sale, were it not that this
article bears every evidence of belong-
ing to a date anterior to the demand
for mere curiosities.
The Hydahs are remarkable for
their carving proclivities, both in wood
arid stone. Their totem-posts are of
world-wide fame, and specimens of
their artistic handiwork in objects
made from black slate may be seen in
almost every museum. This specimen
appears to show that the Flatheads of
Newitti are scarcely inferior to the
Hydahs.
Notwithstanding the large amount
of work that has been expended on
figure 82, it was, in all probability,
intended only for a household chest —
perhaps for holding food, and corre-
sponding to what is known in Scot-
land as a " girnell." It is made of
pine, is five feet four inches long, and
has been hollowed to the capacity of
about two bushels. The main figure
represents a seal — the head supporter
is said to represent a rabbit or hare,
and the figure upholding the tail is a
human caricature, the head of which
is thrown far back, and the enormously
disproportionate mouth forms a deep
cup, capable of holding fully a pint.
The characteristic design has been
painted in red, white and black, now
much worn, and not quite as clear as
shown in the illustration.
Figure 83 gives a good idea of a
coffin found by Mr. Jones on a small
island about fifty miles north of Bur-
rard Inlet. When discovered it was
covered with stones and contained two
82. human skulls (see figs. 127 and 128)
and some other bones.
Mechanically, this box illustrates the ingenious devices practiced by the
53
Hydahs in forming right angled, wooden receptables. The cedar, which is a
split board, fairly well smoothed, has been half-checked and bent to form three
of the corners ; the fourth one, where the ends meet, being fastened with wooden
pins driven in as nails. The boards that form the top and bottom are much
thicker than the other, and they have been roughly slotted to receive the sides,
FIG. 83.
the square shoulder on the outside of the slot adding very much to the power
against pressure from within, while the inner and sloping side of the slot, fitting
tightly against the edge stiffens it against pressure from without.
The bottom is tied to the sides at each corner by means of some spruce root
fibre. There was no fastening to the top.
Two sides and one end are painted with devices on the grain of the wood.
It is a little over two leet long, and eighteen inches wide.
FIG. 84.
Figure 84 represents a model canoe from the same island as figure 82. It
is two feet, five inches long.
Since the foregoing was written, I have received the following letter from
Mr. Jones. The particulars he gives relative to the coffin and carved seal vessel
will be read with much interest.
"Vancouver, British Columbia,
Nov. 30, 1891.
" The Indian coffin I sent was found on a small Island not more than 40x60
feet, situated in Pendar Harbor, a small land-locked bay about 50 miles north of
54
Burrard Inlet. The island consists of rock and shingle with scarcely more
than two inches of mould upon it at any place. The centre of it was covered
by scrubby cedar and grass. The coffins were all near the highest part of the
mound, among some cedar brush, but whether that had been brought there by
the natives when they deposited the remains of their relatives and friends upon
this sequestered little island, I cannot say. The boxes were, as nearly as possible,
of the same size and all had been covered at one time with split cedar boards,,
almost similiar to the sides of the coffin, held in place by boulders weighing from
25 to 75 pounds. In some of the boxes we found two skeletons but in most only
one. Decomposition had so far advanced that we could not ascertain whether
the remains of the deceased had been cut limb from limb in order to get them
into such narrow quarters, nor could we determine whether the two corpses
whose skeletons we found in the one coffin, had been put there about the same
time, or one after the other had decomposed. Only two of the score of coffins
that there may have been on the island, were remarkable ; that I have sent
was the only one on which there was any painting. It was found near the
centre of this group of strange looking graves, and the stones upon the lid were
heavier than on the others, and there were more of them. Another coffin had
been placed upon a small, clumsily hewn- out canoe, about 8 feet long and
scarcely large enough to accommodate one man.
" From what I could learn by inquiry and judging from the state of the pre-
servation of the wood in these coffins, it is probable they had been on that sland for
upwards of fifty years and perhaps a hundred. Some of the Indians of the British
Columbia coast place the remains of their deceased friends in caskets very much like
these and suspend them among the branches of trees, and on one or two occasions
trouble has been threatened from fires made by settlers to clear the land having
spread to the wood and burned the trees in \vhich these bodies were. The figures
on the coffin are common to all the tribes of the northern Pacific coast, and are
supposed to be a representation of the all-seeing eye. The coffin sent is a
very fair sample, I think, of the kind of casket used for the dead by the Flat-
head Indians or Siwashes of British Columbia, who inhabit the coast from the
north of Vancouver Island to Puget Sound, though I think the idea of paint-
ing it, and especially the design came from their intercourse with the Haidah
Indians whose home is the Queen Charlotte Islands.
" The figure of the seal carved in wood, and supported by smaller figures at
each end, was probably used as a tureen in the cabin of a chief of the Newitti
Indians. It was brought from Newitti Head at the extreme north of Van-
couver's Island in Nov. 1890 by Capt. Jas. W. Anderson, who was there on a halibut
fishing expedition in the steamer Velos of Vancouver. The Indians of Newitti
belong to the Flatheads, but having travelled somewhat more than their brethren
of the south, and especially having come so frequently in contact with the
Haidahs, of Queen Charlotte Islands have adopted many of the arts of the latter,
who are among the most advanced in civilization of any of the aboriginal tribes
of America, and have learned the arts of carving in wood and painting. Some who
have visited these places are doubtful whether they do any of the carving with which
their cabins are so profusely supplied, themselves, hut prefer to think that they
have bought it all from the Haidahs. The cabins of the Newittis are usually
quadranglar in shape, made of split cedar, around the inside is a platform of these
cedar boards, about four feet wide, inside this is the level ground floor of the
cabin, with a hole about two feet in depth, hollowed out in the centre, in which
the fire for the household is built and the cooking done. The entrance to the
cabin is often through a movable door cut out of the trunk of a huge cedar,
which may be 20 to 30 feet in height and carved to the top in numerous grotes-
que figures, the whole being known as totem-poles. Many of their utensils for
55
household use are of wood, carved in various ways but in nearly all these carv-
ings the figures of the raven, the bear, the wolf or the big fish are seen, but fre-
quently, however, the design consists of a union of two or more of these forms
In all of the representations of these animals, the eye is made large and promi-
nent, their recognition of the presence of the all-seeing eye of the Great Spirit.(?)
" Yours truly,
"W. H. JONES."
Now on the way from British Columbia are the following specimens procured,
from Mr. Rowland E. Green : —
3 Slate totem poles.
1 Copper shield.
1 Pair silver bracelets.
Abilone shells.
8 Horn spoons.
1 Spruce fibre hat.
1 Water basket.
1 Medicine man's (Shaman's) horn.
Regarding these, Mr. Green sends the following interesting notes : —
" The slate totem poles are from Skidegate Inlet, Queen Charlotte's Island
the only place where such soft slate is found. The smallest of the three is priced
by the H. B. Co., at Fort Simpson at $7, and the other two, more in proportion,
according to size, up to as high as $20. The Indians employ their time during
the winter months in making these and bracelets such as the pair I send. The
latter are much smaller than the usual run of bracelets, each one is made from a
twenty-five cent piece, they sell at $3 to $4 per pair. The copper shield or coat
of arms came from Clew between Moresby and Provost Island in Genushewa Inlet.
It is beaten out of native copper found on Skedauz Island. They are valued by
tribes other than the Hydahs, at an enormous price. At Alert Bay in the Indian
graveyard is a board over the grave of a chief which contains a tally of the num-
ber of blankets his copper was valued at. I counted up to seventy -five, but as
after that it was confused I could not make out the exact number. Seventy-
five blankets each of which costs at least $2.50 makes the value $187.50. A
trader up north has a copper not any better than yours for which an Indian
offered him $50 gold coin and the offer was scorned. I, myself, in days gone by
was asked by a chief to lend him $20 to make up a sum he had to pay for a
copper. If I remember right the amount was $300.
" The abilone shells I procured at Clew, Q. C. I., to show what the mother-of-
pearl which you see inlaid in the horn spoons, was composed of. The fossils I picked
up on th beach at the same place. The horn spoons eight in number, are made from
the horns of the mountain goat and the cow, and are carved according to the
particular tradition which it represents. You will notice that both in these and
the totems the predominating faces or figures are man, bear, wolf, fish, frog and
raven, and sometimes you meet with a mixture between two of them, half fish
and half bear or half man. I saw an Indian carving a bracelet on which was
the representation of a bear's body with a fish's tail. I asked why he put such
a thing on the bracelet, and he answered that long ago their ancestors had seen
such in those waters. They can imitate any pattern you like to give them and
can work in any metal that is malleable. You will often see bracelets with a
perfect representation of the American eagle as it appears on the half dollars and
dollars.
56
" I suppose you wish to know the use of the spoons ; they are used at all meals
but not generally such valuable ones as these which fetch S3 readily in Victoria
and over the Sound. They have others of the same shape, but plain and made
of wood only. A lady who was at a marriage feast of a chief and chieftainess
told me that one of the ceremonies was the bridegroom inarched with his friends
•carrying big presents of biscuit, sugar, molasses, dried fruits, fish (dried), and
oolachan grease with berries. (This grease is the most horribly stinking stuff to
a white man that you can imagine.) After they had feasted, the chief toasted his
bride in a spoon big enough to hold a pint, full of this oolachan grease, he emptied
himself another and then filled it and handed it to her* and she was compelled to
do likewise, as it is considered a bad omen to spill or waste a drop. That bride is a
widow, and at present the head chief of Forfc Simpson, Soodall by name.
" The hat and basket are both made of the fibres of the root of the spruce tree
which -are boiled, and then beaten till they become disintegrated strings, of which
the hat and basket are composed ; if soaked in water the fibres swell and become
waterproof enough to carry water in them. They are practically indestructible from
fair wear and tear. The medicine man's hornismadeof wood and bound together with
the same material of which the hats are made This and several other instruments,
such as drums, fifes, and tom-toms are used by the native doctors in their incan-
tations over the sick, to drive away the devil, and if the devil is anything like a
human being he must indeed get scared, for the hubbub and noise are something
awful. This practice is however very seldom used of late, as the Hydahs with a
few exceptions have embraced Christianity, and to all appearances are, for new
converts, pretty strict in their adherence to their religious vows.
" Of numbers of villages which composed one of the most powerful and num-
erous of the nations on the north-west coast there remain now but three villages,
Massett, Skidegate and Clew. The first numbers between 200 and 250 persons,
the second, about 100 all told, and the last not more than 84 or 85. To add to
their misfortunes, on arriving on the mainland in March last to work in the can-
neries, hardly a soul of them but was prostrated with la grippe. Massett lost a
few old hands, but Skidegate and Clew lost terribly. The latter especially, lost
out of 98 counted last fall during six weeks previous to my visit there, eleven,
and one was dying whilst I took the census. Many others were sick at the time
but most of them bid fair to pull through. In conclusion I wish to say that these
Hydahs of Queen Charlotte Islands and those of Prince of Wales Island in
American territory who speak the same language, appear to be a different race
altogether from the rest of the coast tribes. They are more proud and haughty,
and consider it a degradation to do what they know to be wrong ; they also make a
proud boast that they never killed a white man. No other tribe on the coast can
say so.
" I must close by hoping you will be pleased with my description, and if so,
at some future date I will give you a resume of what I have ascertained in regard
to the coast Indians of British Columbia generally.
" I am, Sir,
" Yours very respectfully,
" ROWLAND E. GREEN."
57
CRANIA.
For two or three years it has been my intention to embody in one of these
reports the results of measurements, made on the skulls, in the museum. One
deterrent reason was a fear that the quantity of material was not large enough, for,
in the words of a distinguished anthropologist, " The first thing which is requisite
for craniometrical study, is a sufficient number of specimens. * * * * The
archaeologist, therefore, should collect the most likely specimens he can find, and
not take any he may lay hold of, and bring them to the laboratory with the
question, Are these the skulls of so and so ? * * * * Twenty skulls of
the same sex, are sufficient in general to remove all questions of difficulty ; but
this number is necessary." Want of material, however, no longer constitutes a
reason why such work should not be done, and I have been fortunate in securing
for this purpose the professional services of those who were able to execute it
much more satisfactorily than I could ever hope to perform it myself.
Where special attention is given to cranial examinations, many mechanical
devices are employed for the purpose of obtaining exact results, and it may be
in order to explain here that the only apparatus used for the following measure-
ments consisted of B tape-line and callipers. This not only rendered the labor
exceedingly tedious, but, notwithstanding the great care exercised, failed probably
to secure such absolute nicety as could be wished for in measurements of this
kind.
None but those who have attempted such work, can realise the number of
difficulties that present themselves in securing accuracy. " Bernard de Palissy
maintained that the human skull is the most irregular formed figure in nature,
and gave expression to a sentiment in which all must agree who are commencing
craniometrical researches. ' I have a desire,' he says, ' to measure the head, in
order directly to know its dimensions, and it appears, to me, that the sauterelle,
the rule and the compasses would be very proper instruments to employ for that
purpose, but the fact is I can never be sure of my measurements.*' '
For the purpose of emphasising the character of the following results, it
may be pardonable to state, that both of my assistants are graduates of Trinity
University, Toronto, that 'one is now a practising physician in the city of Hamil-
ton, and the other is demonstrator of anatomy in the Toronto. Women's Medical
College. I am glad to take this opportunity of thanking them both for the time
and attention they have gratuitously bestowed on the work.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.
DEAR SIR : — In accordance with your request, and with the assistance of Dr.
Letitia K. Meade, I have measured and examined certain of the Indian skulls in
the Institute's collection, and herewith present the results of the work done.
The measurements have been made as carefully and accurately as limited
time and scant apparatus would permit. On one or other of these grounds also,
some calculations are wholly omitted.
At first we examined and gauged upwards of one hundred skulls, according
to the rules laid down by Michele Centonze,but the accompanying results aie mainly
in agreement with the methods of Professr Paul Brooca, and Dr. Paul Topinard
of Paris. Some assistance too, was procured from references made to Morton's
Crania Americana.
* Paul Topinard, " Anthropology " p. 223. London, Chapman and Hall, 1890.
58
As it is recommended by anthropologists that observers, for the guidance
of readers, should always state the points of measurement, those we employed are
herewith given.
Diameters.
Maximum antero-posterior diameter, from glabella to the farthest point of
the skull behind.
Maximum transverse, from the two lateral points on the skull most distant
from each other, avoiding the mastoid portion of the temporal.
Vertical, basilo-bregmatic, fron the basion to the bregma.
Transverse frontal, minimum or inferior, at the narrowest part of frontal
bone just above the superciliary ridges.
Transverse frontal, maximum, from stephanion to stephanion.
Transverse occipital, from one asterion to the other.
Curves.
Median frontal sub-cerebral, from the nasal to the supra-orbital point.
Median frontal cerebral, from supra-orbital point to bregma.
Median parietal, from bregma to lambda.
Median occipital supra-iniac, from lambda to inion.
Median occipital cerebellar, from inion to opisthion.
Transverse supra-auricular, from a point situated above the auditory foramen
on the longitudinal root of the zygomatic process, through the bregma to the
analogous point on the opposite side.
Horizontal, circumference from supra-orbital point across temporal ridge of
frontal bone at the points from which the minimum frontal measurements were
taken to maximum occipital point and thence round opposite side of skull to
starting point. The horizontal anterior circumference extends on each side to
the line of the curve of the transverse supra-auricular circumference the posterior
horizontal circumference from this to maximum occipital point.
Face.
Length from ophryon to alveolar point.
Width, bizygomatic.
Length, skeleton of nose, from naso-frontal suture to nasal spine.
Width, skeleton of nose, greatest width of anterior orifice of nose.
In describing the inion M. Broca's method has been adopted and numbers
from 0 to 5 have been made of use to indicate the size of this process, 0 corres-
ponding to its complete obliteration, 5 to its maximum development. The
pterion is marked H or K according as it resembles either of those letters.
The part of the face to which the plane of the artificially lengthened occipital
foramen comes is marked in the notes, A, E, I, O, U: — A corresponding to tbe
alveolar point, E to the nasal spine, I to the position of the inferior turbinated
bone, O to the point at which the inferior border of the orbit reaches the median
line, and U to the median point situated at the top of the os unguis. This method
is also that, employed by M. Broca.
Those measurements marked (app) have been taken in skulls whose
measuring points were broken so that only approximate results could be
obtained.
59
The average cephalic index of the 35 skulls in which the requisite measure*
ments could be obtained, was 74.6 thus placing them among the dolichocephalic
crania of Broca's classification, or among the orthocephalic skulls according to
Prof. Huxley's nomenclature.
The average vertical index amounted to 73.5, and the frontal and Stephanie
to 67.6 and 88.4 respectively.
In calculating these averages the artificially deformed skulls A, B, C, and I>
from British Columbia and Arkansas were not taken into account.
Yours respectfully,
SUSANNA P. BOYLE, M.D., C.M.
60
KEY TO MEASUREMENTS.
DIAMETEES.
1. Antero-posterior diameter.
2. Transverse
3. Vertical " basion to bregma.
4. Transverse frontal, minimum.
5. maximum.
6. " occipital "
CURVES.
7. Median frontal, sub-cerebral.
8. " cerebral.
9. " parietal.
10. " occipital, supra-iniac.
11. " " cerebellar.
12. Transverse, supra-auricular.
13. Horizontal, anterior.
14. posterior.
15. " total.
FACE.
16. Length.
17. Width.
18. Length, skeleton of nose.
19. Width
20. Cephalic.
21. Frontal.
22. Stephanie.
23. Vertical.
INDICES.
61
MEASUREMENTS— CRANIOMETRY.
Fig. 84. No. 3.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age 60 .
1
Millimetres.
170
Sex female
2
139
Sutures not distinct, serrations, simple
3
1325
Inion 3 ..
4
808
Pterion H .
5
107
Part of face artifically lengthened, occipital.,
foramen comes to E.
6
7
105
15
Lateral parietes protuberant
8
105
Glabella, absent
9
115
Superciliary arches, slight
10
70
Form of forehead somewhat retreating ....
11
43
Frontal eminences, small
12
310
Vault root-shaped
13
230
Probola medium
14
270
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles
15
500
16
76
Inferior border nares, heart shaped
17
128
Mastoid process small *
18
43
19
20
21
22
23
20.6
81.7
58.1
75.4
77.9
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
62
Fig. 85. No. 4
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry,
Age, 40 1
Sex, male 2
Sutures, serrations simple, intermaxillary 3
slightly marked 4
Wormian bones, two present, in lambdoid and 5
masto -occipital sutures 6
Inion, 0 7
Pterion, H 8
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen comes 9
to E 10
Lateral parietes, bulging 11
Glabella, prominent 12
Superciliary arches, prominent 13
Frontal eminences, absent 14
Forehead, receding 15
Vault culminates at bregma 16
Conformation of vault, roof-shaped 17
Probola, projecting and rounded 18
Sub-iniac curve, flattened 19
Mastoid process, large, tubercular 20
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 21
Inferior border of nares, shallow curves 22
Muscular attachments all well marked. . 23
Millimetres.
202
146
136
97
110
110
20
110
122
48
70
289
235
280
515
90
132
53
30
72.2
66.4
88.1
67.3
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
63
Fig. 86. No. 5.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Face gone.
Age, 60 . .
1
2
Millimetres.
196
149
Sex. male
3
140
Sutures, deep and complex serrations, sagittal
bulging from bregma to f in. of obelion . .
Inion, 5, rough
4
5
6
93
110
112
Pterion, H
7
20
Artificially lengthened occip. foramen comes to
E
8
9
116
118
Olabella, prominent
10
75
Superciliary arches, prominent
11
52
Frontal eminences, absent
12
295
Forehead retreating
13
245
Vault culminates, 5.2 centimetres behind
bregma .
14
15
285
530
Mastoid process, large, rough
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
76.02
62.4
84.5
71.4
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
64
Fig. 87. No. 6.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Face and base of skull gone.
Age 50
1
2
Millimetres.
175
155 (aDD.^
3
" \ re /
Sutures, serrations simple, except lambdoid. . . .
Pterion,H
4
5
101
111
Inion, 0
6
110
Artificially lengthened, occipital foramen ....
Lateral parietes protuberant . .
7
8
21
110
Glabella absent ....
9
109
Superciliary ridges small
10
77
Frontal eminences small
11
imperfect.
Forehead straight
12
tt
Median line, slightly elevated from glabella to
a point between parietal eminences
13
14
;;
Probola medium in size Rounded ..*.<
15
«
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
«
u
u
(c
88.5
65.1
90.9
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Fig. 88. No. 7.
Oranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
Age, 45 1 186
Sex, male 2 143
Sutures, simple, sagittal depressed between 3 134
parietal eminences and lambda. Depression 4 97
in left lambdoid suture 5 110
Wormian bones, small one in masto-occipital 6 110
suture 7 19
Inion, 2 8 103
Pterion, H 9 115
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen comes 10 83
to 1 11 29
Lateral parietes, markedly bulging 12 297
Glabella, medium f 13 232
Superciliary ridges, medium . . . -. 14 267
Frontal eminences, rudimentary 15 499
Forehead, receding 16 91
Vault culminates at bregma, 17 140
Probola, small, smoothly rounded 18 47
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 19 27
Mastoid process, small, rough 20 76.8
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 21 67.8
Inferior border of nares, heart-shaped 22 88.1
23 72.0
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
5 (C.I.)
66
Cranioscopy.
One zygoma broken. 1
Age, 50., 2
Sex, male 3
Sutures, simple serrations 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 0 6
Artificially lengthened occip. foramen comes to I 7
Lateral parietes, moderately full 8
Glabella. small 9
Superciliary ridges, well developed , , 10
Frontal eminences, moderate in size 11
Forehead, straight 12
Median line, prominent to a point midway be- 13
tween inion and vertex where there is a 14
depression 15
Vault, somewhat keel-shaped 16
Probola, very prominent, globular 17
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles 18
Mastoid process, medium 19
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 20
Inferior border nares, tends to the horizontal. . 21
Infra-orbital foramina, large. Left measures 22
6.5 mm. transversely 23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
180
138
136.5
96
114
114
13
170
125
82
30
300
240
265
505
80.4
130
53
20.9
76.6
69.5
84.2
75.8
(app.)
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
67
Cranioscopy.
Fig. 90. No. 9.
Age, 65
Sex, male
Sutures, serrations very complicated.. .'
Pterion, H, but on left side bridge very narrow
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen comes
to E
Inion, 4
Lateral parietes, bulging
Glabella, very prominent
Superciliary ridges, very prominent . . .
Frontal eminences, small . . .
Forehead, retreating ,
Median line, presents at 2 centimetres above
lambda a rounded eminence about 2 cen-
timetres in diameter
Probola, not prominent
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles
Mastoid process, very long, thick and rough,
one is 30.8 millimetres in length
Malar bones, very thick, with muscular attach-
ments strongly marked. . .<
Hollow at root of nose, shallow
Inferior border nares, heart shaped
Inferior border orbit, much thickened
Muscular attachments, very strongly marked on
all parts of the skull. Posterior root of
zygoma is raised behind into fa prominent
ridge with sharply marked hollow behind
it. Similar markings are present on each
side in lambdoid suture about 2 centim.
above asterion, groove looking backward
and inward. On superior curved line is
another sharp depression looking upward
with a ridge below it ,
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
1 184
2 149
3 140
4 100
5 108
114
7 16
8 112
9 135
10 55
11 62
12 300
13 240
14 . 286
35 526
16 83
17 147
18 54
19 27
20 80.9
21 67.1
22 92.6
23 76.0
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
68
No. 9. — Continued.
Cranioscopy.
Teeth, none present. Alveolar borders smooth.
Temporal line, reaches to within 4.4 centimetres
of median line at bregma. Temporal fossae
thus very large
All foramina are surrounded by a rounded
ring of thickened bone.
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
Fig. 91. No. 10.
Cranioscopy.
Age, 70 . .
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
raniometry.
Millimetres,
199
130
134
91*
85*
106
8
112
130
45
67
278
239
270
507
71
Both zygomas gone.
53
28
65,3
70
107
67.3
Sex male
Sutures, simple. In some places obliterated ....
Inion 0
Pterion H '. . . '
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen comes
to I
Lateral parietes flattened perpendicular
Temporal ridge, from metopic point to this line
45 mm., bregma to stephariion, 47 mm ....
Glabella prominent
Superciliary ridges, prominent and rough ....
Frontal eminences slight
Forehead retreating . .
Probola bulging
Sub-iniac curve flattened
Mastoid processes, thick, rough, medium length
Median line, raised from glabella to obelion . .
Vault keel-shaped
Hollow at root of nose, deep
Inferior border of nares shallow
*In this case the high curve of the temporal lines makes the so-called maximum frontal diameter
appear less than the minimum.
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Fig. 92. No. 11.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 35-40 1
Sex, female 2
Sutures, serrations small but not complex. .... 3
Pterion, H .. . 4
Inion, 0 ..-..- 5
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen E . . 6
Glabella> absent .. . 7
Superciliary arches, small 8
Frontal eminences, slightly marked 9
Forehead, straight 10
Median line, elevated in parietal region 11
Probola, globular, bulging 12
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles 13
Mastoid process, large and very deeply grooved 14
posteriorly 15
Hollow at root of nose, scarcely any present. . 16
Inferior border nares, grooves shallow . . 17
. 18
19
20
21
22
23
Millimetres.
180
140
140
99.
112
111 :,
14
110
124
71
39 -
297
235
272
507
67 app.
137
: 49
30
77.7
70.7
88.3
77.7
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
70
Fig. 93. No. 12.
Cranioscopy.
Age, 70-80 1
Sex, rnale 2
*Sut«res, obliterated 3
Pterion, H 4
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen comes 5
to 0 6
Wormian bones, one small, at posterior inferior 7
angle of parietal 8
Lateral parietes, bulging . J 9
Temporal line, crosses parietal eminences 10
Glabella, medium 11
Superciliary arches, medium 12
Frontal eminences, prominent, united 13
Forehead, straight 14
Vault culminates 2.5 centimetres behind bregrna 15
Probola, prominent, globular 16
Inion,2 17
Mastoid processes, thick, short, rough 18
Hollow at root of nose, moderate 19
Inferior border nares, shallow 20
Septum nasi, divergent 21
22
23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
198
154
140
111
120
118
12
125
135
85
46
312
252
307
559
78
145
54
29
77.7
72.0
92.5
70.7
* In cut the sutures are too sharply defined.
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
71
Fig. 94. No. 13.
Cranioscopy.
Face gone.
Age, 66-70
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
raniometry.
Millimetres.
195
135
142
96
107
114
15
112
135
62
58
298
250
277
527
69.2
71.1
89.7
72.8
Sex, male
Sutures, almost obliterated .
Pterion,.H ...
Lateral parietes, flattened
Glabella, prominent
Superciliary arches, prominent
Forehead, retreating
Frontal eminences, absent
Vault, sugar-loaf
Mastoid process, thick broad rough
Probola, prominent
i
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
72
Fig. 95. No. 14.
Cranioscopy.
Almost all face gone. 1
Age, 60 2
Sex, male 3
Sutures, sagittal and coronal almost obliterated. 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 4 6
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen comes 7
to E 8
Lateral parietes, bulging 9
Glabella, prominent 10
Superciliary ridges, very pronounced 11
Frontal eminences, absent 12
Forehead, receding 13
Probola, bulging 14
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 15
Mastoid process, short, thick, rough 16
Malar bones, thick, wide, projecting 17
Wormian bones one in lambdoid suture, close 18
to lambda 19
20
21
22
23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
193
144
134
94
105
105
15
115
120
69
50
295
245
275
510
74.6
65.2
89.5
69.4
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
73
Fig. 96. No. 15.
Cranioscopy.
One zygoma broken. 1
Age, 25-30 2
Sex, female 3
Sutures, simple in arrangement 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 0 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen comes 7
to A 8
Lateral parietes, flattened 9
Glabella, absent : 10
Superciliary ridges, slightly marked 11
Frontal eminences, slightly marked 12
Forehead, receding 13
Probola, very prominent, globular 14
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles 15
Mastoid process, large, rough 16
Malar bones, slender 17
Inferior border of nares, almost semi-circular in 18
shape .... 19
20
21
22
23
Craniometry,
Millimetres.
178
125
138.5
82
100
105
12
105
120
58
60
270
216
270
486
84
117 fapp.)
54
22
70.2
65.6
82
77.8
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
74
Fig. 97. No. 16.
Cranioscopy.
Age, 30-40 1
Sex, female 2
Sutures, serrations small and very intricate . . 3
Pterion, H 4
Inion, 2 5
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I .... 6
Lateral parietes, moderately protuberant 7
Glabella, absent 8
Superciliary ridges, absent 9
Frontal eminences, slightly marked 10
Forehead, straight 11
Probola, very globular 12
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles 13
Mastoid process, small, slender 14
Hollow at root of nose, absent ; root of nose 15
broad 16
Inferior border of nares, shallow grooves 17
Arch of palate, very high 18
19
20
21
22
23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
180
127
126.5
82
93
104
15
109
124
64
50
271
223
275
498
75
124 (app.)
51
23
70.5
645
88.1
70.2
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
75
Fig. 98. Xo. 17.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 50 1
Sex, female , 2
Sutures, serrations, simple 3
Pterion, H 4
Inion, 1.... 5
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen, mid- 6
way between A and E 7
Lateral parietes, moderately protuberant * 8
Glabella. absent „ 9
Superciliary ridges, slightly developed 10
Frontal eminences, absent 11
Forehead, straight 12
Probola, globular 13
Sub-iniac curve, on level with the condyles. ..." 14
Mastoid processes, small, slender 15
Hollow at root of nose, medium 16
Inferior border of nares, sharply curved grooves ; 17
right lower than left 18
Wormian bones, small one in posterior inferior 19
angle of left parietal bone 20
21
22
23
Millimetres.
173
134
139
89
104
103
11
109
110
57
55
279
222
270
492
72
130
52
25
77.4
66.4
85.5
80.3:
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
76
Fig. 99. No. 18.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Face entirely gone, with glabella and super-
ciliary arches.
Age 70 .......
2
3
Millimetres.
155
147
Sex male
4
95
Sutures, almost indistinguishable, except lower
part of lambdoid and pouamous
5
6
103
105.5
Pterion H
7
-d
Inion, 1, flattened tria/igular in centre, some-
what elevated at the sides
8
9
o
g^S
0 flr^
Lateral parietes, very protuberant from parietal
eminences downwards ,
1?
.-a « 2
3 rO
Q
Frontal eminences very small
12
310
Forehead rounded
18
248
Probola slightly protuberant
14
275
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles
Mastoid processes, short, but broad
Occipital bone, superior curved line strongly
marked. On each side of external occipital
crest is a small foramen. At outer ex-
tremity of inferior curved 'line on left side
is a large rounded prominence. This is
also present on right, but is much smaller.
15
l«
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
523
61.2
92.2
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
77
Fig. 100. No. 19.
C.ranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Face gone.
Age, 70
1
2
Millimetres;
200
141
Sex, male
3
141
Sutures, serrations fine but not deep
4
101
Pterion, H
5
J05 5
Inion, 3
6
J16
Lateral parietes, moderately full . ...
7
11
Glabella, small
8
115
Superciliary ridges, medium
9
137
Forehead, retreating
10
77
Frontal eminences, indistinct
11
• 45,
Vault, keel-shaped
12
§00*
Median line, vertex 4J centimetres behind
bregma ,
13
14
235-
298»
Probola, globular, prominent
15
533-
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles ,
16
Mastoid processes, short, wide
17
Wormian bone, one in temporo-occipital suture.
18
19
20
21
22
23
70.5
71.6
95.7
70.5
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
78
Fig. 101. No. 20.
Fig. 102. No. 20.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 50 1
Sex, male ! 2
Sutures, deeply serrated 3
Pterion, H, bridge narrow . =.....,... 4
Inion, 4, rough 5
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I .... 6
•Glabella. medium , 7
Superciliary ridges, medium 8
Frontal eminences, absent 9
Forehead, retreating 10
Lateral parietes. slightly bulging 11
Probola, globular 12
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 13
Mastoid process, small but very massive at root.! 14 (
Hollow at root of nose, deep 15
Inferior border of nares, curves wide, shallow. . | 16
Wormian bones, three present ; two in right | 17
side of lambdoid, and one in occipito-l 18
mastoid suture of left side. In front of 19
each occipital condyle on basilar process is 20
a distinct tubercle 21
22
23
Millimetres.
IPO
140
140
95
111
110
15
111
132
76
48
295
230
289
519
72.5
136
49
28
73.6
67.8
85.5
73.6
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
79
Fig. 103. No. 21.
Cranioscopy.
Age, 66-70 1
Sex, male 2
Sutures, almost obliterated, excepting the lamb- 3
doid 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 2 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I. ... 7
Lateral parietes, vertical, flattened 8
Glabella, small 9
Superciliary ridges, medium 10
Frontal eminences, indistinct 11
Forehead, straight 12
Median line, elevated at sagittal suture 13
Probola, prominent 14
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles 15
Hollow at root of nose, medium 16
Inferior border of nares, the sides asymmetrical 17
owing to marked deviation of septum nasi 18
to the left 19
20
21
22
23
page 60 for Key to Measurements
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
192.5
141
140
97
107
111
13
111
130
74
51
304
230
302
532
84
137
60
27.5
73.2
68.7
90.6
72.7
so
Fig. 104. No. 22.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
One side of skull gone.
Ao;e 30
1
2
Sex female .
3
Sutures, serrations deep and intricate
Pterion H
4
5
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, 1 ....
Lateral parietes protuberant
6
7
Glabella small . . . . .
8
Superciliary ridges small . .
9
Frontal eminences absent . . .
10
Forehead straight . .
11
Mastoid processes small
12
Hollow at root of nose medium
13
Inferior border of nares heart-shaped
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Millimetres.
135
99
ioa
13
110
112
290 (app.)
82
124
51
27
93,4
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
81
Fig. 105. No. 23.
Granioscopy.
Left zygoma broken. 1
Age, 20-25 2
Sex, female 3
Sutures, serrations deep but simple 4
Pterion. almost K shaped 5
Inion, 0 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I ... 7
Lateral parietes, protuberant, especially below 8
parietal eminences 9
Glabella, small 10
Superciliary ridges, absent 11
Frontal eminences, indistinct 12
Forehead, straight 13
Vault, smoothly curved 14
Probola, very prominent, globular 15
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles 1C
Mastoid process, small 17
Hollow at root of nose, none ; root of nose wide 18
and flat 19
Inferior border of nares, widely curved 20
Wormian bones, one small in each occipito-mas- 21
toid suture 22
23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
176
135
133
87
104
105
12
110
127
62
50
285
205
287
4.:J2
79
122
50
26
76.7
64.4
83.6
75.5
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
C (CM.;
82
Fig. 106. No. 24.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Very thick-walled and heavy.
Age, 30 . . . '
1
2
Millimetres,
190
142
Sex, female .
3
138.5
Sutures, serrations very intricate and deep. . . .
Pterion,H
4
5
102
105
Inion, 0
6
110
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . . . .
Lateral parietes, protuberant
7
8
15
128
Glabella, small
9
135
Superciliary ridges, small . . . ...
10
75
Frontal eminences fairly well marked ...
11
44
Forehead, straight . .
12
302
Median line elevated as far as lambda
13
241
Probola, very prominent, globular
14
286
Sub-iniac curve, level with condyles
15
527
Mastoid process, short, thick
16
81
Hollow at root of nose medium
17
140
Inferior border of nares narrow curves
18
52
Wormian bones, os epactal
19
24
i
20
21
22
23
74.7
71.8
97.1
72.8
See page 60 for Key to Measui ements.
83
Fig. 107. No. 25.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Very small.
Age, 20 . .
1
2
Millimetres.
156
127
Sex, female
3
1275
Sutures, serrations intricate
4
85
Pterion, H
5
100
Inion, 0
6
99
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . . . .
Lateral parietes, slightly protuberant, especially
at parietal eminences
7
8
9
]5
96
104
Glabella, small
10
57
Superciliary arches, moderate
11
46
Frontal eminences, absent
12
270
Forehead, somewhat retreating
13
209
Probola, slightly protuberant
14
235
Sub-iniac curve, on level with the condyles . . .
Mastoid process, small ....
15
16
444
76
Hollow at root of nose, shallow
17
122
Inferior border of nares shallow curves . . .
18
44
'
19
20
21
22
23
25
81.4
66.9
85
81.7
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Fig. 108. No. 26.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 60 1
Sex, male 2
Sutures, serrations small, obliterated in many 3
places 4
Pterion, H , 5
Inion, 0 , 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I .... 7
Lateral parietes, protuberant 8
Glabella, large 9
Superciliary ridges, well developed 10
Frontal eminences, small 11
Forehead, retreating 12
Mastoid process, broken on both sides 13
Median line, elevated in parietal region 14
Probola, medium, globular 15
Sub-iniac curve, does not extend below con- 16
dyles 17
Hollow at root of nose, very shallow 18
Inferior border nares, heart shaped 19
Wormian bones, a large one 4.2 centimetres 20
long at lambda, two small elongated in left 21
side larnbdoid suture, and another small in 22
right lambdoid suture 23
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Millimetres.
195
133
133.5
94
96
110
13
118
129
76
45
305
255
275
530
92
144
54
26
68.2
70.6
97.9
68.4
85
Fig. 109. !No. 27.
Cranioscopy.
Age, 70 1
Sex, male , 2
Sutures, serrations deep, simple 3
Pterion, H . . 4
Inion, 3, rough, triangular, with a point pro- 5
jecting downward 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . 7
Lateral parietes, flat, vertical 8
Glabella, very prominent 9
Superciliary ridges, very prominent. 10
Frontal eminences, absent 11
Forehead, retreating 12
Median line, elevated from coronal suture to a 13
point midway between the parietal fora- 14
mina, also in middle line of frontal bone 15
there is a longitudinal median eminence 16
present 17
Sub-iniac curve, does not extend to level of con- 18
dyles 19
Mastoid process, long and strong 20
Hollow at root of nose, shallow. 21
Inferior border of nares, curves small, shallow. . 22
Styloid processes, very long 23
Craniometry.
Millimetres.
194.5
138
138
102
107
109
8
120
118
78
41
292
235
280
515*
89
150
56
27
68.3
76.6
95.3
70.9
* The superciliary ridges in this skull are exceptionally high, so much so that the total horizontal
circumference measured over them is 535 millimetres, or a difference of 20 millimetres in excess of the sum
of the anterior and posterior measurements, the anterior being taken above them.
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
86
Fig. 110. No. 28.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 25 1
Sex, female 2
Sutures, serrations simple i 3
Pterion, H , 4
Inion, depressed instead of elevated, and intern- 5
ally presents no elevation corresponding to 6
external depression 7
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . . . 8
Lateral parietes, moderately full 9
Glabella, small 10
Superciliary ridges, medium 11
Frontal eminences, indistinct 12
Forehead, straight 13
Median line, raised from bregma to point situated 14
between parietal foramina , ' 35
Probola, slightly curved 16
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 17
Mastoid process, short, thick 18
Hollow at root of nose, medium 19
Inferior border of nares, narrow, sharply curved 20
grooves 21
Wormian bones, two present, one in parieto- 22
mastoid suture, and another at lower end 23
of lambdoid suture on right side; both small.
Millimetres,
1825
134
140
91.5
98
110
10
111
125
80
42
293
218
287
505
78
134
52
27
73.4
68.2
93.3
76.7
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
87
Fig. 111. No. 29.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Face entirely gone.
Ase, 50 .
1
2
Millimetres.
174
138
Sex female
3
12$
Sutures, serrations simple
4
85
Pterion 4 ...
5
94.5
Inion 2 flattened
6
111
Lateral parietes, protuberant . . . . t
7
20
Median line, depressed between parietal emin-
ences
8
9
100
108
Glabella, small
10
67
Superciliary ridges, small
11
52
Frontal eminences, indistinct
12
283
Forehead, somewhat retreating ...
13
222
Mastoid process, small, thick
14
281
Probola, flattened
15
303
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles
16
Wormian bones, a small one at each end of
lambdoid suture
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
79.3
61.5
89.9
73.5
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
88
Fig. 112. No. 42.
Cranioscopy.
Craniomet* y.
Left zygoma gone.
Age, 60 . .
1
2
Millimetres.
194
144
Sex, male
3
152
Sutures, very simple serrations
4
94
Pterion H.
5
117
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, below
A
6
7
111
14
Inion, 4
8
120
Lateral parietes, moderately full
9
132
Glabella, very prominent
10
58
Superciliary ridges very prominent
11
50
Frontal eminences, slightly marked, united ....
Forehead straight . .
12
13
318
238
Probola slightly protuberant
14
294
Sub-iniac curve slight
15
532
Mastoid process, thick, rough, of medium length
Hollow at root of nose, pronounced, deep ....
Inferior border nares, grooves shallow and wide
Muscular attachments on occiput very strongly
marked . ...
16
17
18
19
20
82
148
53
27
74.2
21
22
23
65.2
71.7
78.3
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
89
Fig. 113. No. 45.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Left zygoma gone.
Age, 25 . .
1
2
Millimetres.
185
127.5
Sex, female ...
3
135
no
4
9o
Pterion, H
5
104.5
Inion, 0
6
106
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, A . .
Lateral parietes flat
7
8
10
109
Glabella small ......
9
118
Superciliary rid ores, prominent
10
Imperfect.
Frontal eminences small united
11
Imperfect.
Forehead, straight
12
285
Probola, medium
13
227
Sub-iniac curve, broken
14
275
Mastoid process, short, thick
15
502
Vault, beautifully curved
16
76 (app.)
/
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
w ^u,£/£/.y
128 (app.)
48
28.5
68.9
72.9
88.0
72.9
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
90
Fig. 114. No. 47.
Cranioscopy.
Both zygomatic proesses absent. 1
Age, 65 2
Sex, male 3
Sutures, indistinct 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 2, rough 6
Artificially lengthened occipital .foramen, A . . 7
Lateral parietes, protuberant 8
Glabella, very prominent 9
Superciliary ridges, very prominent 10
Frontal eminences, indistinct 11
Forehead, markedly retreating 12
Median line, elevated from glabella to metopic 13
point where it divides and encloses a 14
rounded elevated triangular space which 15
extends 3 centimetres on each side of 16
bregma, sagittal suture raised 17
Probola, medium 18
Sub-iniac curve, does not extend below condyles 19
Mastoid process, long, rough 20
Hollow at root of nose, deep, nose has been 21
broken in life, and is somewhat deflected. 22
Inferior border of nares, sides ascend rapidly 23
*Over superciliary ridges=250 mm.
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Craniometry
Millimetres.
190.5
138
144
94
104
105
10
112
119
77
44
295
236*
279
515
78
141
52
26
72.4
68.0
90.4
75.5
91
Fig. 115. No. 48.
Fig. 116. No. 48.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Very heavy.
Age, 25
1
2
Millimetres.
192
144
Sex, male
3
146
Sutures, deep, simple
4
96-
Pterion, H
5
110
Inion, 0
6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . .
Lateral parietes, full . .
7
8
18
112
Glabella, prominent
9
138
Superciliary ridges, prominent
10
72
Forehead, retreating
11
49
Frontal eminences, indistinct
12
311
Probola, globular. .
13
224
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles .
14
304
Mastoid processes, short, thick, rough
15
528
Hollow at root of nose, deep
16
94
Inferior border of nares, shallow curves ....
Wormian bones, os epactal
17
18
138
55,
Vault, dome-like
19
28;
20
21
22
23
75.0
66.6
87.2
76.0
See page 60 for Key to Measurements
92
Fig. 117. No. 49.
Fig. 118. No. 49.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Very heavy.
Age, 50 . .
1
2
Millimetres.
183
145
Sex, male
3
142
Sutures simple
4
98
Pterion H ....
5
111
Inion 1 . .
6
112
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . .
Lateral parietes, prominent
7
8
9
120
Olabella medium
9
119
Superciliary ridges prominent
10
73
Frontal eminences indistinct. . .
11
47
Forehead straight
12
298
Probola slightly protuberant . . -
13
234
-Sub-iniac curve, does not extend below condyles.
M.astoid process thick rough pointed
14
15
281
515
Hollow at root of nose, shallow
16
85
Inferior border nares, broad shallow grooves. .
Wormian bones, 4 present, one large in lamb-
doid suture to right of lambda, one at
junction of lambdoid and mastoid sutures,
and two small ones in lambdoid suture of
left side.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
146
56
26
79.2
67.5
88.2
77.5
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
93
Fig. 119. No. 51.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 40 1
Sex, male / 2
Sutures, frontal and parietal serrations simple, 3
in lambdoid they are more complicated . . 4
Pterion, H 5
Inion, 0 6
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, E . . . . 7
Lateral parietes, flat 8
Glabella, small „ 9
Superciliary ridges, medium 10
Frontal eminences, indistinct 11
Forehead, straight 12
Median line, culminates 3.75, centimetres behind 13
bregma 14
Probola,- prominent, rounded 15
Sub-iniac curve, on level with condyles 16
Mastoid process, short, thick, rough 17
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 18
Inferior border nares, widely curved ». . . . 19
Wormian bones, 3 present, one in sagittal suture 20
and one at centre of lambdoid suture. ... 21
22
23
Millimetres,.
192.
136-
142:
99
111
110'
10'
120'
13T
70
46
298
240
285
525
85
138
58.5
27.0
70.8
72.7
89.1
73.9
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Fig. 120. No. 54.
Fig. 121. No. 54.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
Age, 25 1
Sex, male 2
^Sutures, frontal suture present, serrations of all 3
the sutures complicated, the posterior 4
extremity of the frontal suture joins the 5
coronal to the right of the junction of the 6
sagittal 7
Pterion,H 8
Inion, 2 9
Lateral parietes, moderately full 10
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, 0.. 11
Glabella, medium 12
Superciliary ridges, prominent 13
Frontal eminences, indistinct 14
Forehead, straight 15
Probola, prominent, globular 16
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 17
Mastoid process, short, thick 18
Hollow at root of nose, very shallow 19
Inferior border nares, grooves shallow 20
Root of nose, very wide „ 21
Wormian bones, an os epactal and one also 22
about middle of lambdoid suture on left side. 23
Millimetres.
197
138
132
98
111
112
11
115
139
73
47
298
240
295
535
76
140
56
26
70
70.8
88.3
67.0
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
95
Fig. 122. No. 64.
Fig. 123. No. 64.
Cranioscopy.
Both zygomatic processes wanting.
Age 25 ,
c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
raniometry.
Millimetras.
187
145
128
98
118
120
9
117
113
89
29
294
240
28i>
525
82 (app.)
52
30
77.5
67.5
83.0
68.4
Sex female
Sutures serrations small and intricate
Pterion H
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen, I ....
Lateral parietes protuberant
Glabella small .
Superciliary ridges absent .
Frontal eminences fairly distinct
Forehead straight .
Probola prominent globular
Sub-iniac curve on level with condyles
Hollow at root of nose, absent, root of nose wide
and flat
Wormian bones, 9 present altogether, 5 in upper
part of lambdoid sutures, 3 to right of
lambda and 2 to left, also a small one in
angle between squamous and mastoid
sutures, 2 more in lower end of right limb
of lambdoid suture and a ninth in occipito-
mastoid suture ; largest in left lambdoid 27
millimetres long.
S«e page 60 for Key to Measurements.
96
Fig. 124. No. 67.
Cranioscopy.
Face entirely gone.
Asre 45..
C
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
raniometry,
Millimetres,
184
142
134
96
113
114
15
116
114
71
48
299
252
270
522
77.1
67.6
84.9
72,8
Sex female
Sutures, serrations small and somewhat intricate.
Pterion H
Inion, 2 , . . ,
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen
Lateral parietes protuberant
Glabella small
Superciliary rid°'es. small
Frontal eminences well marked united
Forehead straight
Probola, small, but very globular in form ....
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condvles
Mastoid process, slender, short ,
Wormian bones, 2 on each side of lambda in
lambdoid suture, one on each side being
large and close to parietal; besides these
there are several smaller ones.
e i
See page 60 for Key to Measurements,
97
Fig. 125. No. 80.
Cranioscopy.
Craniometry.
One half (lateral) of face gone.
Ao-e 25
1
2
Millimetres.
182
134
Sex female
3
135
4
93
Pterion, H
5
108
Inion 3
6
105
^ Artificially lengthened occipital foramen E . . . .
Lateral parietes, slightly curved and protu-
berant .
7
8
9
11
112
126
Glabella small
10
67
Superciliary ridges, small
11
39
Frontal eminences well-marked
12
290
Forehead, straight
13
232
Probola, globular
14
270
Sub-iniac curve extends below condyles . . .
15
502
Mastoid process small slender
16
Hollow at root of nose absent
17
Wormian bones, four present, in lambdoid
suture, two to left and two to right of
lambda. The two to the right are large
and united by a suture, those to left are
smaller and separate from one another ....
18
19
20
21
22
23
73.
69.4
86.1
74.1
See 'page 60 for Key to Measurements.
Fig. 120. A. (Brit. Columbia.)
Cranioscopy.
Artificially deformed.
Ao^e, 50
C
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
raniometry.
Millimetres.
161
150
114.5
92
109
110
15
104
110
60
39
288
230
265
495
87
137
56
25
93.1
61.3
84.4
71.1
Sex female ...
Sutures, coronal and sagittal almost oblite-
rated lambdoid simple
Pterion H
Inion 1 ....
Lateral parietes very protuberant
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen, O . . . .
Grlabella very slight . •
Superciliary ridges very slight
Frontal eminences, right small, left almost
indistinguishable
Forehead, markedly retreating
Median line, depression between frontal emi-
nences, then an elevation about two centim.
wide, and extending three or four centirn.
laterally immediately in front of bregma,
behind this another depression. Between
parietal eminences is a most marked de-
pression extending from opposite parietal
eminences to lambda . . ...
Mastoid process small
Hollow at root of nose absent
Inferior border nares curves flattened
Parietal region, very wide on top and flat-
tened, behind, the parietal eminences are
separated by a depression at the bottom
of which is the sagittal suture, giving the
posterior part of the skull a natiform
appearance. The left side projects farther
backward than the right and is much more
prominent laterally
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
99
Fig. 127. B. (Brit. Columbia.)
Cranioscopy.
Artificially deformed. 1
Age, 60 ...v 2
Sex, male 3
Sutures, almost obliterated 4
Pterion, H 5
Artificially lengthened, occipital foramen I .... 6
Lateral parietes, bulging, left more prominent 7
than right 8
Glabella, medium 9
Superciliary ridges, medium 10
Frontal eminences, absent . . 11
Forehead, retreating 12
Curve of vault, culminates at bregma, then 13
flattened as , far as a point situated be- 14
tween the parietal eminences, whence it 15
descends almost perpendicularly to inion. . 16
Inion, 3 forms a rounded prominence two inches 17
in diameter 18
Probola, flattened 19
Sub-iniac curve, slight 20
Mastoid process, short, rounded, thick 21
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 22
Inferior border nares, heart-shaped 23
Root of nose, wide and flat
Parietal region, very wide behind. When
viewed from above is triangular in shape
with line between parietal eminences as
a base. Right parietal bone more pro-
minent posteriorly than left
Craniometry.
Millimetre*
170
156
123
103
120
1J8
11
130
112
69
46
313
228
282
510
87
145
51
27.5
91.7
66.0
85.8
72.3
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
100
Fig. 128. C. (Brit. Columbia.)
Fig. 129. C. (Brit. Columbia.)
Cranioscopy.
Age, 30 1
Sex, male 2
Sutures, lambdoid takes an irregular course . . 3
Pterion, H, bridge very narrow 4
Artifically lengthened occipital foramen, O. . . . 5
Lateral parietes, very full 6
Glabella, very prominent 7
Superciliary ridges, medium 8
Forehead, retreating . 9
Frontal eminences, absent 10
Inion, 1 11
Probola, flat 12
Sub-iniac curve, extends below condyles 13
Mastoid process, small pointed 14
Wormian bones, five present. A small one at 15
posterior termination of sagittal suture. 16
One large and two small in lambdoid suture 17
on right side, and a small one just above 18
mastoid region in left lambdoid 19
Hollow at root of nose, shallow 20
Inferior border nares, curves run sharply up- 21
ward and outward , . . 22
23
Craniometry.
Millimetre.
170
159
126
100
109
117
15
105
110
60
52
320
232
286
518
98
146
56
25
90.3
62.2
91.7
74.1
See page 60 for Key to Measurements.
101
Fig 130. D. (Mound, Arkansas.]
Fig. 131. D. (Mound, Arkansas.)
Cranioscopy.
Lower part of occiput broken.
Age, 40
Sex, female
Sutures, simple, sagittal depressed posteriorly
Pterion, H
Artificially lengthened occipital foramen pos-
terior border of foramen broken
Lateral parietes, moderately prominent ....
Glabella, small
Superciliary ridges, small
Forehead, receding
Frontal eminences, very small
Inion, 0
Probola, flat
Sub-iniac curve, flat
Mastoid process, small ,
Hollow at root of nose, shallow
Inferior border nares, curves wide and shallow
Craniometry.
Millimetre.
1
150
2
144
3
143
4
92
5
123
6
109.5
7
13
8
94
9
120
10
62
11
12
322
13
220
14
250
15
470
16
96 (app.)
17
133
18
» 55
19
27
20
96.
21
63.8
22
74.7
23
95.3
§ee page 60 for Key to Measurements.
8 (c.i.)
0 VvAncur
io
FIFTH ANNUAL, REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
SESSIOIDT ±8Q2-3,
BEING
TO THE
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION,
ONTARIO.
FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TORONTO :
PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 & 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1893.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Archaeological Report 1
Notes 3
Catalogue of Specimens shown at Columbian Exposition, Chicago 7
Specimens showing methods of working 7
Hammers , 7
Axes 7-8
Gorges 8
Flaked Implements 8
Slate Spears . 9
Tablets, or Gorgets 9
Animal Forms in Slate, etc 10
Miscellaneous (Slate) 10
Ceremonial Stones (Bird amulets) 10
" (Bar amulets) 11
" (Horned and Winged objects) 11
" (Tubes) 11
Discoided stones 12
Bone and Horn 12
Shell 12
Stone Pipes 13
Clay Pipes 13
Copper Tools and Weapons . . 14
Post, European . 14
Illustrations, with notes.
Methods of working 15
Clay Pipes 15
Stone Pipes , 16
Gorgets 19
Bone 20
Copper 21
The Southwold Earthwork and the Country of the Neutrals, by James H. Coyne, B.A. . 22
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT.
BY DAVID BOYLE.
To the President and Members of the Canadian Institute :
GENTLEMEN, — As I have been employed during the past year on work that
prevented as much time as I could wish being devoted to the archaeological field,
and as the council has consented to exhibit a typical selection from our cabinets
at the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in Chicago during the present
year, the occasion seems opportune to review in a very general way what has
been accomplished since the Canadian Institute undertook the formation of an
Archaeological Museum.
It is true that almost from the establishment of the society by Royal Charter
in 1852, one of the most cherished objects of the leading members was to collect
information regarding places throughout the Province that were in any way con-
nected with the Indians, and -to bring together, for preservation, specimens of
aboriginal tools, weapons, utensils and ornaments.
This purpose was no doubt mainly influenced by a very general movement
among the most advanced nations in Europe along archaeo-anthropological lines.
In France, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark and our own Mother Country, atten-
tion had been for some time directed to the study of early man, in so far as such
study might be prosecuted by an examination of his relics, and by comparing
those of one country with those of another.
Only mention need be made of Dr. Schmerling's discoveries in the Belgian caves
in 1833 ; of the pre-historic human remains found in the Dusseldorf cave ; of the
Danish Kitchen-middens and the Swiss Lake-dwellings ; of the important dis-
coveries made by M. Boucher de Perthes at Abbeville, and of the numerous
•evidences collected relative to early man in the valleys of the Thames, the Seine,
the Somme, the Rhine, and in many other localities in widely separated portions
of Europe.
In view of this great intellectual movement it was inevitable that its
influence should reach America, and we accordingly find that in 1854 the council
•of the Canadian Institute issued a circular asking for such particulars as might
be in possession of non-members with regard to the existence of village sites,
burial places, etc., but there is no reason to suppose that the results were very
encouraging. The nucleus of an archaeological collection was formed, but as no
€ase-room was provided (the specimes being simply placed on open shelves) the
relics in possession of the Institute in 1886 were neither numerous nor valuable.
In that year a small private collection was presented to us, and cases were
supplied for future accessions.
With the consent of the council, your curator decided to specialise his efforts
archaeologically, on the ground that, with the advance of settlement, traces of
-early occupation would speedily disappear, and that, in any event, it was high
time to preserve for the examination and study of our own people such evidences
)f aboriginal life as too many persons seemed anxious to deport to the museums
>£ foreign countries.
As soon as the success of the project appeared to be assured, application was
lade to the Provincial Legislature for assistance on the exceedingly valid plea
that while the work would be carried on by the Canadian Institute, it would be,
in character and scope national, not local.
On this understanding, a small sum was placed in the estimates for archaeo-
logical research, and a like amount has since been voted annually. Without such
aid it would be wholly impossible to prosecute the work at all satisfactorily, and
it is especially gratifying to be able to state that not only have our efforts in all
directions been so eminently successful, but we have been rewarded with high
praise from all whose opinions are worth anything on this subject.
Our annual reports, of which the present is the sixth issue, have done more
than a little towards educating public taste in the study and preservation of what
relates to pre-historic associations in Ontario and elsewhere, and the demand for
copies from the Institute has increased to such an extent that for the last three
years the supply has been insufficient.
Members of the Legislature, too, agree in stating that they have applications
for these reports far in excess of their ability to satisfy.
The publications in question are simply records of what has been done here
and there, and of accessions to the Museum, but they have awakened so much
interest throughout the province, that there are now invitations for your curator
to visit as many places as would occupy the whole of two or more seasons.
It is much to be regretted that this kind of work cannot be systematically
undertaken. Sometimes well-meaning residents make the attempt, but too often
observations of an important character are wholly overlooked — more frequently
nothing is done, and the plough eventually obliterates all traces of what might
have proved an instructive spot, or a place of " treasure trove."
With the increase of material, every year adds to the difficulty of accommo-
dating the collection. The large room occupying the whole uppermost story of
the Institute's building has long been overcrowded, and a considerable number of
specimens have been placed in the Library. Extension can proceed but little
further under the present arrangement, and increased accommodation must, before
long, be found here or elsewhere.
As a mere matter of business the collection is worth many times what it
cost, whilst from an educational and scientific point, its value is inestimable, and
it is deeply to be regretted that no better place for its accommodation can be
found in Toronto.
During the year we have become possessed of three small, but in some
respects, valuable private collections. One of these was the property of Mr. E.
C. Waters, of Brantfurd ; a second belonged to Chief A. G. Smith, of the same
city, while the third was the property of Mr. F. W. Waugh, also of Brantford.
The first is especially rich in implements of bone and horn, and includes several
unique specimens in stone and clay. Mr. Waugh's is miscellaneous, but comprises
some rare specimens. That of Chief Smith is remarkable mainly for stone pipes,,
and for a very fine assortment of post-European silver ornaments, including
brooches, pins, bracelets and hat-bands, all of the kind formerly given to the
Indians as " presents."
Since the issue of the Jast report, too, we have received from Dr. T. W. Bee-
man, of Perth, a large number of excellent specimens found by himself and others-
in the County of Lanark.
Mr. T. W. Irwin, of Peterborough, has presented us with a large and beauti-
ful clay vessel found in a rock-cleft on the divide between the waters flowing-
into the Ottawa, and those that reach the Bay of Quinte, and valuable specimens
of various kinds have been presented by Messrs. Archibald Eiddell, of Arnprior ;
W. McDonnell, J.P., of Lindsay; David Allan, of Rylston, and others, to all of
whom we beg to express our gratitude.
We have also to thank Mr. E. F. White, of Clarksburg,for depositing with us
a very fine specimen of pottery in perfect condition. It was found in the Blue
Hills of Nottawasaga.
Special thanks are also due to Mr. W. G. Wright, of Collingwood, for his
donation of fifty-six specimens, some of which are very valuable. A few of them
are figured in the following pages.
Yours respectfully,
DAVID BOYLE.
Toronto, March 1st, 1893.
NOTES.
It appears to be tolerably certain that when the French took possession of
Canada, both banks of the St. Lawrence west of Montreal, part of the territory
lying south of Lake Ontario, and probably most of that lake's northern shore
were regarded by the Iroquois as their country. The territory of the Neuters, or
Attiwandarons, extended along the northern shores of Lake Erie and for some
distance inland, occupying the whole of the Niagara peninsula and stretching
eastwards on the south of Lake Ontario until it marched with the country of the
Iroquois. North of the Neuters, and occupying most of the area bounded on the
west and north by Lake Huron and the Georgian Bay, were the Hurons, akin to
the Iroquois, but long separated from them.
The areas referred to comprised the greater portion of old Upper Canada, or
what is the southern part of the Province of Ontario as now constituted.
Natives- of Algonquin stock seem to have been confined to the territory lying-
still further to the north, on both sides of the Ottawa, and westwards, even
beyond Lake Superior. After the extermination of the Hurons and the Neuters
by the Iroquois, and when the conquerors had themselves ceased to be a terror,
the Ojibwas or Chi ppa ways gradually took possession of the country formerly
held by the tribes mentioned, and it was with the Ojibwas the British authori-
ties had to deal after Canada was ceded by the French.
Before proceeding to the point to which this leads, it may prove interesting
to say a word or two regarding the various land surrenders made by the natives
to the British Government, for it must be borne in mind that the territorial
rights of the Indians were always admitted by the home authorities. These
rights were fully recognised by the proclamation of George III., 7th October,
1763, and it is somewhat curious to remark that the first purchase made from the
Indians of this country was "for ten shillings, and divers good and valuable con-
siderations given on 23rd September, 1787," for what now forms the southern
portion of the County of York, embracing the townships of Etobicoke, York and
Scarboro'; although the surrender was not completed by the Mississagas until the
1st of August, 1805.
In the following year a strip of similar width extending from the west-
ern limit of the former tract to the mouth of Burlington Bay, and containing
85,000 acres, was surrendered by the Mississagas for the sum of £1,000 sterling.
All the other land purchases were made from the Chippaways, of whom the
Mississagas and Saugeens were tribes.
But the knowledge that within the scope of history there has been a double
aboriginal occupation of the Province fails in any degree to account for much
that characterises certain classes of relics which appear to be of a more archaic
type than others. It is undoubted that among the specimens found in almosi>
any given locality, there is a larger or smaller proportion of chipped objects some-
what rude in form and finish, corresponding in the main with those that are
known in Europe as paloeoliths. Some of the pipes, too, but more rarely, are of
forms usually considered ancient when compared with others, and there seems
reason to doubt whether most or many of the so-called " ceremonial weapons "
were used for any purpose by natives contemporary with European settlers.
The chipped objects referred to include, of course, all those forms known as
arrow-heads, spears, lances and knives, and which are usually characterised by
a lack of that symmetry, gracefulness of outline, and proportion of parts so much
admired in what we regard as " choice specimens."
Hitherto, a very general belief has been entertained that the ruder forms
were merely blocked out preparatory to higher finish, or, that they were make-
shifts, or, that they were the work of non-adepts, or, that they were "rejects,"
and while there is still good ground for holding such views in a very large num-
ber of instances, there is, at the same time, a tendency on the part of not a few
students to wonder whether some of the coarsely-flaked, neckless, and much-
weathered specimens are not actually the counterparts of what are known else-
where as paloeoliths, pointing to a time and condition of existence on the part of
a people long prior to the fifteenth century, near the close of which European
intercourse began with the natives of this continent.
In several widely-separated parts of the United States, what may be called
the paloeolithic proof appears to be conclusive, and. while it would seem reason-
able to believe that similar evidences should exist in Ontario, none has been
forthcoming so far. Here we have no indisputable proof that even a flake of
flint has been discovered in a bed of gravel or of boulder clay, otherwise than by
comparatively recent intrusion. Workmanship alone affords grounds for the
conjecture that some chipped stone implements and weapons antedate others, and,
as has already been mentioned, it is quite possible to account for the variations
on totally different grounds.
With regard to pipes, however, similar arguments will not so readily apply,
for it is tolerably safe to assert that the production of these, and the practice of
smoking, belong to a period long subsequent to that of pre-glacial or even co-
glacial man, and to a condition of society far in advance of the paloeolithic.
When man became a smoker he ceased to be purely and simply a savage, for
whether we connect the practice of smoking with early man's ideas of indul-
gence, or of superstition, it points, at all events, to a stage in his advancement
when food quest had ceased to be his all-absorbing occupation, and when senti-
ment had begun to exercise its sway in ministering to what he was pleased to
regard as his comfort, or for the purpose of appeasing the many spirits with
which he peopled his surroundings.
The making of pipes also demanded a higher, though, perhaps, not more diffi-
cult degree of mechanical skill in the manipulation of clay or of stone than was
involved in the act of chipping to produce a cutting edge. But, although for
these reasons, it is quite plain that pipes came in long subsequent to the time
when the rudest forms of stone implements were in use, it is, nevertheless, not
very hard to distinguish the evolution of the former from what we consider their
most archaic to their most recent types, although individual specimens are occa-
sionally somewhat perplexing.
Still, there is another difficulty. Just as we find the coarsest flints
mingled with those that are most beautifully made, now and then we discover
.a pipe of antique shape buried with material that we have reason to believe
•comparatively recent. Were the old pipes heirlooms — family fietishes perhaps,
—were they only "finds " to some succeeding Indian, as they are to ourselves, or,
were some of those we look upon as ancient pipes after all simply reproductions
of old patterns ? Who shall say ? If we may form our conclusions from the
writings of travelers, and from what we know to be yet the practice among
outlying tribes, the ceremonial pipe was distinguished from others both in point
of size and grandeur, but even this is a little hazy, and we are to a great extent
in ignorance of the whole part played by the pipe among pre-historic Indians.
It has long been found convenient by writers and students to refer all
Indian " goods and chattels " of unknown use to the catalogue of " ceremonial "
objects. The list has become a very large one, and is likely to increase, although
there can be little doubt that if our knowledge were as extensive as our possess
ions the number of ceremonial articles would be very materially reduced. A
considerable proportion of these relics are made of Huronian slate, which is often
found so beautifully veined, or grained, as to be highly suggestive of petrified
wood to a common observer. The objects made of this material are among the
most beautiful specimens of primitive handicraft found in North America, and
easily rank first among the Indian relics of Ontario. To whatever use assigned,
they must always have possessed a high value, and one would naturally suppose
that they must have been conspicuous objects on the person, or connected with
the persons of their owners. If worn as charms or amulets, they would have
been very noticeable — if employed in dances,' feasts or pow-wows they could
scarcely have failed to attract the attention of onlookers, and yet amid all that
has appeared respecting " The Manners and Customs of the North American
Indians," we search in vain for information with regard to those so-called
" ceremonial " objects of stone. We find tolerably minute descriptions of head-
dresses, masks, mantles, robes, leggins, moccasins, wampum belts, necklaces of
various kinds, bracelets, ornaments of feathers and porcupine quills, dyes and
pigments, but not a word about " ceremonial " stones — some of which were
conventionalised forms of quadrupeds and birds, some elegantly formed bars (in
all these cases having a hole bored diagonally through the base at each end),
some like double-edged axes, some resembling pairs of horns, some like butter-
flies, and others of various fanciful shapes, but always with a hole apparently for
the reception of a handle, or perhaps for suspension. Regarding these not a syll-
able has been written to satisfy our curiosity.
It is particularly noteworthy that specimens of the kind in question are
nearly always found absolutely perfect, free from marks of abrasion or wear, and
not even a sign of friction about the holes.
Some students wonder very pertinently whether these objects had not actu-
ally gone out of use previous to the appearance of the white man, and here again
we are confronted with the possibility of another occupation by a people pre-
vious to that of the tribes found in possession by the French.
With regard to surmises of this kind, there is presumably no desire to point
to dispersed or supplanted races of totally different origin, as is sometimes done
when mention is made of the Mound-Builders, but rather to such speedy and
overwhelming extirpations of tribe by tribe as have fallen within historic scope.
The art of flint-flaking is still practiced by some of the North-west Indians,
t>ut so far as is known nothing corresponding to ceremonial stones has been
produced by any aboriginal people during the historic period.
Not taking into account the stone tubes and the varieties known as amulets
and gorgets, all the so-called " ceremonial " objects, as has already been remarked,)
are provided with a hole as if for the insertion of a thin shaft or handle, the
aperture seldom exceeding three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and if this was
the purpose of the hole it would seem all the more remarkable that our Indians-
did not thus attach handles to their tomahawks and hammers, as was the custom
of Old World primitive man. Until very recently I had not seen a single stone j
hammer or celt belonging to this Province with a hole lar^e enough to warrant
the belief that it had been made to receive a handle for working purposes, but an
excellent specimen of such a tool has been presented to us by Dr. T. W. Beeman, '
of Perth, who procured it from Dr. Clark, of Tarn worth. It was found at BeaveH
Lake, in the County. of Addington. The hole is about nine-sixteenths of an inch
in diameter, and both ends of the tool are considerably battered. It is four
inches in length, and an inch and three-eighths in diameter at the eye, which r
measuring from the centre, is only an inch and a half from one end, and, of
course, two and a half from the other. The extremity of the shorter end is
three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and rounded, while the opposite end is-
chisel or axe-edged.
Attention is called to the valuable paper by J. H, Coyne, Esq., M.A., of St.
Thomas, on the " Southwold Earthworks," in the county of Elgin.
Appended is a list of the typical specimens that have been selected for
exhibition at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago. To supply accommodation for
these the Ontario Government has kindly furnished twelve large and handsome
cases of cherry, having an area of one hundred and fifty square feet.
It is anticipated that as a result of this exhibition the Museum will receive
many valuable accessions, illustrative not of early man in Ontario, or even irt
Canada, alone, but in many other parts of the world.
A large edition of this report will be issued for the catalogue it contains of
the exhibit, and copies will be freely but judiciously distributed in Chicago.
Canadians and others into whose hands this report may come are herebjr
invited to correspond with the curator regarding the subject of archaeology, and
it is needless to say that contributions will be thankfully received from all well
authenticated sources.
In so far as our spare material will admit, exchanges will be effected.
DAVID BOYLE,
Curator,
CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS
ON EXHIBITION AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO,
MAY IST TO OCTOBER 31ST, 1893.
FKOM
THE PROVINCIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL, MUSEUM
OF THE
CANADIAN INSTITUTE, TORONTO,
SPECIMENS SHOWING METHODS OF WORKING.
1. Small block of brown stone, marked off and partly sawn for beads.
12. Portion of a stone marked off for a pipe. Nottawasaga township, Sim-
coe county.
14. Stone showing remains of holes bored in line to separate it from another
piece. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
17. Unfinished tool — semi-circular blade. Middlesex county.
18. Huronian slate pebble almost divided into five lengths by deeply-cut
notches. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
19. Stone showing method of cutting by sawing. Nottawasaga township.
21. Gorget or tablet partly bored. Western Ontario.
28. Large pebble pecked on one side to make it symmetrical.
34. Unfinished object in Huronian slate shows borings. McGillivray town-
ship, Middlesex county.
49. Limestone (deeply-channelled). Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
50. Large and roughly blocked out axe, Lanark county.
69. (?) Huronian slate. Nottawasaga, Simcoe county.
90. Large pebble dressed flat on one end. Lanark county.
97. Large " platform " steatite pipe, blocked out, ready for boring. Camden
towship, Addington county.
150. (?) Norfolk county.
HAMMERS.
15. Discoida] ; hollowed on two sides. Western Ontario.
16. Large flat limestone pebble grooved. Biddulph township.
HAMMERS (GROOVED).
1. Kingsville, Essex county.
2. Sebastopol township, Renfrew county.
AXES (MOSTLY PLAIN).
1. Victoria county (13J inches long).
2. Victoria county (10J inches long, 2 inches thick).
3. West Williams, Middlesex county (with longitudinal rib).
4. 5, 6, 7. Small specimens, Middlesex county.
8. Beaver lake, Addington county (with handle hole & inch diameter).
9. Kent county (both ends sharpened).
79. Huronian slate, Norfolk county.
263. Slender tapering form, Norfolk county.
475. Strongly ridged on one side, Norfolk county.
509. Having ornamental pattern in relief on one side. Norfolk county.
915. Small tool, half round transversely, pointed at one end.
AXES (GROOVED).
10. East Williams township.
11. Leamington, Essex county. Grooved deeply, grooves surrounded with
flanges.
12. Weston, York county.
13. Norfolk county.
25. Grooved vertically and horizontally. Lanark county.
GOUGES.
8. Near Lindsay, Victoria county.
12. Pilkington township, Wellington county.
18. Victoria county.
19. Pilkington township, Wellington county.
29. McGillivray township (transversely grooved for handle attachment).
36. South Sherbrooke township, Lanark county.
38. Humberstone township, Welland county.
39. Sheffield township, Addington county.
40. Penetanguishene, Simcoe county (gouge and chisel at opposite ends).
41. Haldimand county.
FLAKED IMPLEMENTS.
3, 4, 5, 6., 7, 8. Tidd's Island, 11. St. Lawrence. (From 6 to 8 J inches long ; 5
and 7 are of quartzite.)
15. Pickering township, Ontario county. (This is one of the largest chipped)
implements found in Ontario, it is 11^ inches long).
16, 17, 18. Wolfe Island, River St. Lawrence.
20. Biddulph township, Middlesex county.
23. Plymptori township, Lambton county.
24. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
28-39. Eleven specimens found together at the edge of a swamp in West
Williams township.
42. Wolfe Island, River St. Lawrence.
61-62. Wolfe Island, River St. Lawrence. (Two large roughly-flaked leaf-
shaped tools).
70-110. Flints, Brant county.
141-142. Curved flints, Norfolk county.
269. Large scraper, Norfolk county.
SLATE SPEARS.
4. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence.
5. Western Ontario (notched shank).
10. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
11. Wi throw Ave., Toronto.
14. Nottawasaga township.
17. Ryleston, Northumberland county.
TABLETS, ETC. (ONE HOLE).
5. Jarvis, Norfolk county.
8-9. Tidd's Island, R. St. Lawrence.
14. Gait, Waterloo county.
24. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
25. Biddulph, Middlesex county.
30. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
33. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
34. Bosanquet township, Lambton county.
36. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
47. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
48. Biddulph township, Middlesex county.
51. Humberstone township, Welland county.
52. No locality known.
57. Western Ontario.
58. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence (chisel-edged).
59. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence.
61. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence.
TABLETS (Two OR MORE HOLES).
1. St. Thomas, Elgin county.
3. Western Ontario.
4. Near Sarnia, Lambton county.
5. Gait, Waterloo county.
6. Orillia, Simcoe county.
13. Norwich, Oxford county
14. Exeter, Huron county.
15. London township, Middlesex county.
16. Plympton township, Lambton county.
28. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
29. Thedford, Lambton county.
32. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
33. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
34. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
38. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
41. Biddulph township, Middlesex county.
42. Middlesex county.
43. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
47. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
48. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
49. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
53. Lindsay, Victoria county.
10
54. St. Thomas, Elgin county.
55. McGillivray (Huronite) Middlesex county.
62. Wolfe Island, R. St. Lawrence.
69. Elbra, Wellington county.
70. Ellice township, Perth county.
ANIMAL FORMS IN SLATE AND OTHER STONE.
14. Wolfs or dog's head, Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
15. Finely-carved human head, Beverly township, Wentworth county.
16. Bird's head, Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
17. Beaver (?) Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
IS. B3ar (? Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
19. Turtle (sandstone) Elgin county.
87. Dog- like, head (marble) Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
MISCELLANEOUS (SLATE).
10. Small disc, perforated with one central and ten marginal holes.
19. Sub-conical ornament, If in. in diameter, Burford village, Brant county.
30. East Williams township, Middlesex county.
31. West Nissouri township, Middlesex county.
41. Newmarket, York county.
53. Slate knife (?) Western Ontario.
54. Cobourg, Northumberland county.
.55. Large semi-circular knife, Madawaska river, Renfrew county.
56-57. Pendants (?) Tidd's Island, River St. Lawrence.
64. Small perforated tool, chisel-edged at one end and pointed at the other
Probably a pottery marker.
204. Paint cup (?) Norfolk county.
CEREMONIAL STONES (BIRD AMULETS).
1. Aurora, York county.
2. Middlesex county.
3. Thorndale, Middlesex county.
4. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
5. Locality not known.
6. Elgin county.
7. Brantford, Brant county.
8. Port Rowan, Norfolk county.
9. Biddulph township, Middlesex county.
10. London, Middlesex county.
11. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
12. Stephen township, Huron count}^
13. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
14. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
1 6. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
17. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
18. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
11
(BAR AMULETS, ETC.)
20. Bosanquet township, Lambton county.
21. Scotland village, Brant county.
2o. West Williams, Middlesex county.
24. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
25. Middlesex county (oval hole).
27. Port Rowan, Norfolk county.
(HORNED AND WlNGED OBJECTS.)
26. Middlesex county.
28. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
29. Spherical Huronian slate, bored. Hollowed in line with hole on one side,
"West Williams township.
29|. Huronian slate, bored, transversely and double pointed.
30. Wingham, Huron county.
31. Norfolk county.
32. Caradoc Township.
33. Plympton township, Lambton county.
34-. Zone Township, Kent county.
35. Norfolk Lake shore.
36. Forest, Lambton county.
37. Wingham, Huron county.
38. Port Perry, Lake Scugog, Ontario county.
41. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
42. Blanshard Township, Middlesex county.
44. East Williams township, Middlesex county.
45. McGillivray, Middlesex county.
47. East Williams township, Middlesex county.
48. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
49. Biddulph township, Middlesex county.
51. Oval Huronian slate, bored, Middlesex county.
91. Oneida Township.
(TUBES.)
52. Middlesex county.
^62. Forest.
63. Norfolk Lake Shore.
64. Norfolk Lake Shore.
66. Beverly township, Went worth county.
•67. Western Ontario.
68. Wolfe Island, River St. Lawrence.
69. Wolfe Island (8J inches long).
72. McGillivray township, Middlesex county.
74. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
70. London township, Middlesex county.
85. Huron county.
87. East Williams township, Middlesex county.
90. Tuscarora township, Brant county.
92. Tuscarora township, Brant county.
93. Humberstone township, Welland county.
100. Brantford, Brant county (10 inches long).
12
DISCOIDAL STONES.
18. Middlesex county.
21-25. Eglinton, York county.
BONE AND HORN.
11. Part of human skull, rounded, and perforated with seven holes, Beverly
township, Wentworth county.
12. Portion of human skull, rounded, Vaughan township, York county.
24. Spear or harpoon (one barb) Beverly township, Wentworth county.
25. Spear or harpoon (three barbs") Victoria county. One end of this speci-
men is sharpened to a chisel edge.
28. Barbed fish-hook, Lindsay, Victoria county.
54. Small human figure, full length, hole through neck.
55. Small human mask, Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
56. Spear (one barb) York township, York county.
57. Hollow leg-bone (deer's ?); highly polished and ornamented with three rows
of rings deeply cut. York township, York county.
59. Chisel or gouge, Nottawasaga, Simcoe county.
70. Prongs of deer horn, probably used for smoothing or rounding thongs.
71-85. Awls or needles of various shapes and sizes, York township, York county.
86. Needle or pin with small hole, York township.
87-88. Probably pins for fastening articles of dress, York township, York county.
89. Wing-bones, notched preparatory to being cut into lengths, York township,
90. Wing bone slightly worked, York township.
91-92. Small foot-bones, partly worked, York township.
93-94-. Similar bones, rubbed down, York township.
95-97. Bear's teeth, perforated as if for necklace, York township.
98-100. Wolf's teeth, similarly perforated, York township.
101. Five small bone beads, York township.
102-104. Three strings of bone beads, York township.
105. Small bone spear or harpoon, three barbs on each side.
106. Large bone awl, Nottawasaga.
107. Large spear or harpoon (four barbs on each side) Nottawasaga.
108. Bear's teeth, notched Nottawasaga.
203. Human leg-bone, bored, Simcoe, Norfolk county.
204-206. Of unascertained use, Baptiste Lake, Hastings county.
207. Ojibwa game (like cup and ball) Brant county.
SHELL.
1. Busycon perversa, Nottawasaga, Simcoe county. (Large sea-shell, the-
material of which was used in making wampum).
3. Wampum, or beads from colurnellae of large shells, Beverly township.
4. Warnpurn, or beads from columellse of large sheDs, Beverly township.
5. Section of shell, partly cut for wampum, Beverly township, Wentworth
county.
6. Portion of large sea-shell, partly cut in preparation for wampum, Beverly
township, Wentworth county.
21. Ornament (pendant) Beverly township, Wentworth county.
23. Two triangular pendants or ear-drops, made from unio shells, Notta-
wasaga.
39-43. Circular gorgets, London, Ontario.
53. Single piece of wampum, half-rounded and half-bored.
13
STONE PIPES.
2. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
3. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
5, Albion township, Peel county, (boring of bowl and stem incomplete.)
14. Nottawasaga, Simcoe county.
15. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
16. Kent county.
21. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
22. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
24. Near Milton, Halton county. Monkey-like form.
28. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
31. Beverly township, Wentworth county.
37. Nottawasaga township. Simcoe county.
43. West Williams township, Middlesex county.
44. Wiarton, Grey county.
45. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
50. .Lake Moira, Hastings county.
56. Pittsburg township, Frontenac county.
58. Sault Ste. Marie (modern form).
59. London township, Middlesex county.
60. Grand Bend, Sable R., McGillivray township, Middlesex county,
100. Nelson township, Halton county.
101. Kentucky shore, opposite Lawrenceburg (Ind.)
102. Penetanguishene, Simcoe county.
104. Ryleston, Northumberland county,
105. Unfinished pipe, Tuscarora township, Brant county.
110. Unfinished gypsum pipe, St. Clair Flats, Lambton county.
111. White stone pipe,, Bap tiste Lake, Hastings county.
112. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
CLAY PIPES.
2. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
8. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
19. Holland Landing, York county.
22. York township, York county.
35. Beverly township, Wentworth county.
47. Onentisati, Simcoe county.
49. Orillia, Simcoe county.
54. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
80. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
8L Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
82. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
83. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
85. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
86. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
89. Onentisati, Simcoe county.
90. Beverly township, Wentworth county.
91. Nottawasaga township.
96. Near Lake Simcoe (double faced).
110. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county (wolf or dog-head),
114. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
2 (C.I.)
118. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county (oddly flattened).
119. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county (eagle's head).
120. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county.
121. Nottawasaga township, Simcoe county (eye of human face made to form
fcowl).
122. Nottawasaga (fragment of pipe, human face with long ears).
241. Baptiste lake, Hastings county (square mouthed).
COPPER TOOLS AND WEAPONS.
1. Axe or chisel with socket, Manitoulin Island.
2. Axe — plain, Brantford.
4. Chisel, Beverly, Wentworth county.
6. Spear head, with tine, Brantford.
13. Bracelet, Rice Lake.
15. Spear head, London township.
16. Large spear, with socket, Burford township, Brant county.
18. Chisel or small axe, Noncon Island, Lake Scugog.
25. Spear with tine, Perth.
26. Knife (?) Baptiste Lake, Hastings county.
27. Spike or spear (12J inches long) Kaministiquia River, at Fort William.
28. Axe or adze, Kaministiquia River, near Fort William.
29. Lake Moira, Hastings county.
27J. Spike or spear head, Port Rowan, Norfolk county.
28. Spike or chisel, London, Middlesex county.
29. Knife, St. Joseph's Island.
30. Curved cutting tool with undulated edge. Covered on one side with
piece of beaver-skin — the remains of wrapping when placed in the grave, Midland
City, Simcoe county.
POST-EUROPEAN.
1-61. Silver ornaments worn by the Indians. From graves in Brant county.
63. Silver hat-band, Brant county.
84. Pair of silver bracelets, Brant county.
85. Double-barred crous, Beausoleil Island, Georgian Bay.
91. Colored glass beads, Lake Medad, near Hamilton.
104. Blue glass beads, Beverly township.
105. Red glass beads, Beverly township.
15
METHODS OF WORKING.
Fig. 1 illustrates three of the methods employed in the manipulation of
stone. A series of holes has been drilled along one side to detach the speci-
men from'a larger portion, or to reduce it in size. Below these sawing has
been resorted to, and other parts of the surface show marks of rubbing.
FIG. 1.
This excellent specimen forms part of a small but valuable collection pre-
sented to us by Mr. W. G. Wright, ot Collingwood. Mr. Wright is an enthusiastic
and intelligent student of Huron-Iroquois remains in the counties of Grey and
Simcoe, and the Institute is deeply indebted to him for this and other gifts.
CLAY PIPES.
FIG. 2.
In the multiplicity of designs employed by the Indians in the manufacture
of pipes, the human face occupies a prominent place. Fig. 2 is, on the whole,
one of the neatest bits of clay work in the museum. It forms part of the
admirable little collection presented by Mr. W. G. Wright, of Collingwcod.
The pipe here figured is, in several respects, worthy of close examination.
The clay is of fine quality, and light in color. Portions of the surface possess a
fairly good glaze. The ears, both of which are broken, have been perforated.
It is almost needless to say that as this specimen is from near the shores of
Nottawasaga Bay, it belonged to one of the Huron tribes, probably the Tobacco
Nation.
16
Fig. 3 is of an unusual pattern. When perfect the end of the base, now-
fractured, was probably almost as long as the stem shown in the engraving. In
general design it approaches to the platform or " monitor" type, a form seldom
attempted in clay. Peculiar as this pipe is in many respects, it is the lower side
of the base that attracts most attention, for here has been moulded a human face.
The nose, mouth and one eye remain, and any lingering doubt is dispelled on
FIG. 3.
FIG. 4.
finding the nostrils distinctly marked. The imitation is a rude one, but nothing
is more certain than that the pipe-maker intended to represent a face in this
very unusual position. Fig. 4 illustrates the lower side of the base. This pipe
is from Brant county, and is part of the collection procured from Chief A. G.
Smith (De-ka-non-ra-neh), of the city of Brantford.
STONE PIPES.
FIG. 5.
The pipe figured here is of a pattern not uncommon among the Hurons.
The ornamental portion was carved to face the smoker. The stem is broken off
17
close to the bowl. The material is a compact grey limestone, and portions of
the bowl show traces of the working tools used in shaping it.
This pipe is also from the country of the Tobacco Nation, and was presented
by Mr. W. G. Wright, of Collingwood.
FIG. 6.
The pipe represented by figure 6 is the only one in our collection in which
the mouth of the face is made to serve as the stem-hole. The workmanship on
this bowl is rude, unless we regard it as an unfinished specimen. It was found
in the township of Nottawasaga by Mr. W. G. Wright, of Collingwood.
FIG. 7
The pipe of which Fig. 7 is a diagram is made of yellow soapstone. It
appears to represent a man carrying a burden, which forms the bowl proper.
The stem-hole enters from the front. This specimen shows signs of long use, as
none of the outlines are at all sharp. The face markings are nearly all obliterated.
Even when new it is not likely that Fig. 7 was a very fine piece of workman-
18
ship. It was found in the county of Brant, and in all probability belonged to
the Attiwandarons or Neuters. It formed part of the collection of Chief Smith,
Brantford.
FIG. 8.
Not many stone pipes are formed from Huronian, or veined slate, as is the-
specimen figured above, which was presented by Mr. David Allan, of Rylston,
in the county of Northumberland. It is not easy to recognise the animal-form
the old mechanic intended to represent. The stem-hole enters from behind, and
the hole shown in front no doubt served the double purpose of binding the
bowl to the stem when in use, and of enabling the owner to attach^ it to his-
person when carrying it about.
FIG. 9.
X1 11*. «7.
Fig. 9 represents a very plain form of pipe, the bowl and stem being almost
in line. It is made of dark gray soapstone, and was presented by Dr. T. W.
Beeman, of Perth, Lanark county. In the evolution of stem and bowl from
19
one piece, specimens of this kind may be regarded as indicating one of the early
stages, and yet the form may have depended wholly on the size and*shape of
the raw material. Fig. 9 is well formed, though simple in outline, and almost
without any attempt at decoration.
FIG. 10.
Another soapstone pipe from the same locality, and presented by Dr. T. W.
Beeman, is shown in Fig. 10. It is much larger than Fig. 9, and though less
graceful in outline, possesses some markings round the lip of the bowl intended
to enhance its appearance. The mouthpiece shows signs of many smokings.
GORGETS.
FIG. 11.
The gorget or tablet here figured is the most elegant and symmetrical in our
collection, which comprises nearly two hundred of such objects. The material
itself is an excellent specimen of the striped slate so much affected by the-
20
Indians in producing this kind of article, whatever its purpose may have been.
The piece, too, is remarkably thin — scarcely more than an eighth of an inch —
and, in view of this, one is inclined to wonder at the perfect condition of the
specimen.
We are indebted for this valuable tablet to Squire W. McDonnell, of Lindsay,
Victoria county.
FIG. 12.
The handsome specimen here figured is from the collection procured by the
Institute from Chief A. G. Smith, of Brantford. In point of perfection it is
almost equal to the specimen illustrated by Fig. 11, and in at least one respect it
is superior, viz., in the arrangement of the holes. Like Fig. 11 it is also unusu-
ally thin. It differs from most other objects of its class as to material, which
in this case is a very fine-grained stone resembling in color and appearance
-German lithographic limestone.
BONE.
FIG. 13.
This specimen may have been a pin for fastening clothing, or a tool for
marking pottery, or it may simply have been used as at ally-bone. It is acutely
pointed at one end, and its edges are tolerably sharp. At what may be called
the head are two series of notches which may have been intended either for
ornament or as a record.
The specimen was found in Brant county and is part of the Smith
•collection.
21
COPPER.
FIG. 14.
Fig. 14 represents a spearhead of copper found in Lanark county, and pre-
sented by Dr. T. W. Beeman. It is provided with a socket. The blade is thin
and flat on both sides. It is peculiar in having a hole at the head of the socket
as if to aid in fastening the handle. This hole may be of recent origin.
FIG. 15,
In Fig. 15 we have what represents a very tine specimen of native copper
weapon. Like the specimen shown at Fig. 14 it is provided with a socket which
is neatly formed. The side of the blade shown is flat, the opposite side is ridged as
shown in cross section in the diagram. This specimen also was presented by Dr.
T. W. Beeman.
22
THE SOUTHWOLD EARTHWORK AND THE COUNTRY OF THE
NEUTRALS.
BY JAMES H. COYNE, B.A.
That part of the township of Southwold lying between Talbot Creek and
the most westerly bend of Kettle Creek included several Indian earthworks,
which were well known to the pioneers of the Talbot settlement. What the
tooth of time had spared for more than two centuries yielded, however, to the
settler's plow and harrow,. and but one or two of these interesting reminders of
an almost-forgotten race remain to gratify the curiosity of the archaeologist or of
the historian. Fortunately, the most important of all is still almost in its origi-
nal condition. It is that which has become known to the readers of the transac-
tions of the Canadian Institute as the Southwold Earthwork. Mr. David Boyler
in the Archaeological Reports printed in 1891, has given the results of his exami-
nations of the mounds, and there is now in the possession of the Institute a care-
fully prepared plan made from actual survey by Mr. A. W. Campbell, C.E., for
the Elgin Historical and Scientific Institute of bt. Thomas, and presented by the
latter to the Canadian Institute. Mr. Boyle's reports and Mr. Campbell's plan
will together form a valuable, and, it is hoped, a permanent record of this inter-
esting memorial of the aboriginal inhabitants of south-western Ontario.
The writer of this paper has been acquainted with " the old fort," as it was
called, since the year 1867. At that time it was in the midst of the forest.
Since then the woods have been cleared away, except within the fort and north
of it. Indeed, a considerable number of trees have been felled within the southern
part of the enclosure. In the mounds themselves trees are abundant, and there are
many in the moat or ditch between. The stumps of those which have been cut
down are so rnany chronological facts, from which the age of the fort may be
conjectured with some approach to accuracy. A maple within the enclosure-
exhibits 242 rings of annual growth. It was probably the oldest tree within the
walls. A maple in the outer embankment shows 197 rings ; between the inner
and outer walls a beech stump shows 219 rings, and an elm 266. Judging from
the size of these stumps, it would be safe to calculate the age of the forest at
about 200 years, with here and there a tree a little older. The area enclosed is
level. In the field south there are numerous hummocks formed by the decayed
stumps and roots of fallen trees. The walls were manifestly thrown up from the
outside. There is an exception on the south-east. Here the ground outside was
higher, and to get the requisite elevation the earth was thrown up on both walls-
from the intervening space, as well as on the exterior wall from the outside.
Each of the walls runs completely round the enclosure, except where the steep
bank of the little stream was utilized to eke out the inner wall for five or six
rods on the west side, as shown on the plan. Opposite the south end of this gap-
was the original entrance through the outer wall. The walls have been cut
through in one or two other places, doubtless by settlers hauling timber across-
them.
The writer accompanied Mr. Campbell on his visits in the spring and fall of
1891. The members of the Elgin H. and S. Institute made a pretty thorough
examination of a large ash-heap south-east of the fort. It had, however, beeni
frequently dug into during the last score or two of years, with ample results, it
is said, in the way of stone implements of various kinds. There still remainedr
however, arrow-heads and drippings of flint, stones partially disintegrated from
the action of heat, fragments of pottery whose markings showed a very low stage
of artistic development ; fish-scales, charred maize and bones of small animals
23
the remains of aboriginal banquets. Within the enclosure, corn-cobs were found
by digging down through the mould, and a good specimen of a bone needle, well
smoothed but without any decoration, was turned up in the bed of the little
stream where it passes through the fort.
The original occupants were manifestly hunters, fishermen and agriculturists,
as well as warriors. Nothing appears to have been found in the neighborhood
pointing to any intercourse between them and any European race.
It would seem that the earthwork was constructed in the midst of a large
clearing, and that the forest grew up after the disappearance of the occupants.
A lew saplings, however, may have been permitted to spring up during their
occupancy for the sake of the shelter they might afford. These are represented
by the oldest stumps above mentioned.
The question, who were the builders, is an interesting one. To answer it,
we need not go back to a remoter period than the middle of the 17th century,
when the Iroquois, after destroying the Huron settlements, turned their attention
to the southward, and the Neutral nation ceased to exist. However long before
that time it may have been built, the enclosure was, we may reasonably believe,
a fortified village of the Neutrals up to their evacuation of this Province nearly
a quarter of a millennium ago.
Substantially all that is known of the Neutrals, is to be found in Cham-
plain's works, Sagard's history, the Relations and Journal of the Jesuits, and
Sanson's map of 1656. A digest of the information contained therein is given in
the following pages. The writer has availed himself of one or two other works
for some of the facts mentioned. Mr. Benjamin Suite's interesting and learned
articles on " Le pays des grands lacs au xvn^. Siecle " in that excellent magazine,
" Le Canada Fran9ais," have been most valuable in this connection.
The first recorded visit to the Neutrals was in the winter of 1626, by a
Recollet father, De Laroche-Daillon. His experiences are narrated by himself,
and Sagard, who includes the narrative in his history, supplements it with one or
two additional facts. In company with the Jesuit Fathers, Brebeuf and de Noue,
Daillon left (Quebec with the purpose of visiting the Hurons, who were settled in
villages between the Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe, and of laboring for their
conversion. After the usual hardships, journeying by canoe and portage, by way
of the Ottawa and French Rivers, they arrived at their destination. The ill-fated
Brule told wonderful stories of a nation, whom the French called the Neutrals,
and Father Joseph Le Caron wrote Daillon urging him to continue his journey
as far as their country.
He set out accordingly on the 18th October, 1626, with two other French-
men, Grenolle and la Vallee. Passing through the territory occupied by the
Tobacco nation, he met one of their chiefs, who not merely offered his services as
guide, but furnished Indian porters to carry the packs and their scanty provisions.
They slept five nights in the woods, and on the sixth day arrived at the first
village of the Neutrals. In this as well as in four other villages which they
visited, they were hospitably entertained with presents of food, including venison,
pumpkins, " neintahouy," and " the best they had." Their dress astonished their
Indian hosts, who were also surprised that the missionary asked nothing from
them but that they should raise their eyes to heaven, and make the sign of the
cross.
What excited raptures of admiration, however, according to his narrative,
was to see him retire for prayer at certain hours of the day, for they had never
seen any religious, except amongst the neighboring Hurons and Tobacco Indians.
At the sixth village, Ounontisaston, in which Daillon had been advised to
to take up his abode, a council was held at his instance. He observes that the
councils are called at the will of .the chiefs, and held either in a wigwam or in
the open air, the audience being seated on the ground ; that silence is preserved
whilst a chief is addressing the assembly, and that they are inviolable observers
of what the}' have once concluded and settled.
Daillon explained that he had come on the part of the French to make alli-
ance and friendship with them and to invite them to come and trade, and begged
them to permit him to stay in their country " to instruct them in the laws of our
God, which is the only means of going to paradise." They agreed to all he pro-
posed, and in return for his gifts of knives and other trifles, they adopted him as
" citizen and child of the country," and as a mark of great affection entrusted him
to the care of Souharissen, who became his father and host. The latter was,
according to Daillon, the chief of the greatest credit and authority that had ever
been in all the nations, being n<*t only chief of his village, but of all those of his
nation, to the number of twenty-eight, besides several little hamlets of seven to
eight cabins built in different places convenient for fishing, hunting or cultivating
the ground.
Souharissen had acquired so absolute an authority by his courage and his
success in war. He had been several times at war with the seventeen tribes who
were their enemies, and from all he had brought back heads of those he had slain,
or prisoners taken alive. His authority was without example amongst other
tribes.
The Neutrals are reported by Daillon as being very warlike, armed only with
war-club and bow, and dexterous in their use. His companions having gone
back, the missionary remained alone, " the happiest man in the world," seeking
to advance the glory of God, and to find the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,*
in order to conduct the savages to the French trading posts. He visited them
in their huts, found them very manageable, learned their customs, remarked that
there were no deformed people amongst them, and taught the children, who were
sprightly, naked and unkempt, to make the sign of the Holy Cross.
The natives were willing that at least four canoes should go to trade if he
would conduct them, but nobody knew the way.
Yrcquet, an Indian known in the country, who had come beaver-hunting
with twenty of his tribe, and taken 500, declined to give him any indication of
the mouth of the river, but he agreed with several Hurons in assuring Daillon
that a journey of ten days would take him to the trading post. The missionary,
however, was afraid of taking one river for another and getting lost or perishing
of hunger.
For three months he was treated with kindness Then the Hurons became
jealous lest the trade should be diverted from them. They accordingly circulated
rumors through every village, that Daillon was a great magician, that he had
poisoned the air in their country, and many had died in consequence, that if he
was not soon killed, he would burn up their villages and kill their children, with
other stories as extraordinary about the whole French nation. The Neutrals
were influenced by the reports. Daillon's life was in danger on more than 'one
occasion. The rumor reached Brebeuf and de Noue, that he had been killed.
They at once despatched Grenolle to ascertain the truth, with instructions to bring
Daillon back if alive. He acquiesced, and returned to the Huron country.
He speaks of a Neutral village, called Ouaroronon, one day's journey from
the Iroquois, the people of which came to tradsat Ounontisaston. Their village
was the last of the Neutral villages.
* NOTE. — This was doubtless the Niagara.
25
Daiilon, like every other traveler, was charmed with the Neutral country,
which he pronounces incomparably greater, more beautiful and better than any
other "of all these countries." He notes the incredible number of deer, the
native mode of taking them by driving them into an enclosure, and their
practice of killing every animal they find, whether they needed it or not. The
reason alleged was that if they did not kill all, the beasts that escaped would
tell the others how they had been chased, so that afterwards when the Indians
needed game they would not be able to get near it. He enumerates moose,
beaver, wild cats, black squirrels, larger than squirrels in France, bustards, turkeys,
cranes, etc., as abundant, and remaining in winter. The winter was shorter and
milder than "in Canada." No snows had fallen by the 22nd November. The
deepest was not more than two and a half feet. Thaws set in on the 26th
January. On the 8th March the snow was gone from the open places, but a
little still lingered in the woods. The streams abounded in very good fish. The
ground produced more corn than was needed, besides pumpkins, beans and other
vegetables in abundance, and excellent oil. He expresses his surprise that the
Merchants' Company had not sent some Frenchman to winter in the country, for
it would be very easy to get the Neutrals to trade, and the direct route would be
much shorter than that by way of French River and the Georgian Bay. He
speaks of the Neutrals' country as being nearer than the Huron to the French,
and as being on one side of the lake of the Iroquois (Lake Ontario), whilst the
Iroquois were on the other. The Neutrals, however, did not understand the
management of canoes, especially in the rapids, of which there were only two,
but long and dangerous. Their proper trade was hunting and war ; they were
lazy and immoral ; tlaeir manners and customs were very much the same as the
Hurons; their language was different, but the members of the two nations
understood one another ; they went entirely unclad.
Sagard adds that " according to the opinion of some " the Neutrals' country
was eighty leagues in extent, and that they raised very good tobacco which they
traded with their neighbors. They were called Neutrals on account of their
neutrality between the Hurons and the Iroquois ; but they were allies of the
Cheveux Releves against their mortal enemies of the Nation of Fire. Sagard
was dissuaded by some members of the French trading company from attempt-
ting to bring about a peace between the Hurons and the Iroquois. It was
supposed that this would divert the trade of the Hurons from Quebec through
the Iroquois country to the Dutch of the Hudson River. At so early a date did
the question of trade relations between the territories north and south of the
lakes agitate the minds of statesmen and men of commerce.
In the winter of 1640-1, the Jesuit missionaries, Brebeuf and Chaumonot,
traversed the country of the Neutrals. The former composed a dictionary
showing the differences between the kindred dialects of the Hurons and Neutrals.
Chaumonot made a map of the country, which is not extant; but it was no
doubt the authority for the delineation of the territory on Sanson's map of 1656,
and Ducreux's Latin map of 1660. It is highly probable that they reached the
Detroit River, and that they visited and named the Neutral village, of which the
Southwold earthwork is the memorial. The reasons for thinking so will appear
in the course of this paper.
What is probably the first printed map in which Lake Erie is shown was
made by N. Sanson d'Abbeville, Geographer in Ordinary to the King, and printed
in Paris, with " privilege du Roy " for 20 years, in the year 1656. It is a map of
the northern part of America. The sources of information are stated in general
terms, which may be translated as follows : " The most northerly portion is
" drawn from the various Relations of the English, Danes, etc. Towards the
26
" south the coasts of Virginia, New Sweden, New Netherlands and New England
" are drawn from those of the English, Dutch, etc. THE GREAT RIVER OF
" CANADA, or of St. Lawrence, and all the neighboring regions (environs) are
" according to the Relations of the French."
Now, we know that Father Eaymbault visited Sault Ste. Marie in 1641 and
mapped Lake Superior, and that Father Chaumonot in the same year rendered
the same service for the Neutral country. Sanson's map is fairly accurate for the
upper lakes, when compared with some maps published at a much later period
when the lakes had become well known to traders and travelers. It shows an
acquaintance with the general contour of Lakes Erie, St. Clair and Huron, with
several of the streams emptying into Lake Erie and Lake Huron on both the
Canadian and the American sides, with the names of tribes inhabiting both
shores, and with the locations of five towns of the Neutrals, besides some towns
of the Tobacco nation. The Neutral towns are given as S. Francois (N.E. of
Sarnia;, S. Michel (a little east of Sandwich), S. Joseph (apparently in the
County of Kent), Alexis (a few miles west of a stream which flows into Lake
Erie about midway between the Detroit and Niagara Rivers, and where the shore
bends farthest inland), and N. D. des Anges (on the. west bank of a considerable
river, probably the Grand River, near where Brantford now stands*). The
Detroit and Niagara Rivers, and four streams flowing into Lake Erie between
them, are shown but not named. The great cataract is called " Ongiara Sault."
The name " Ongiara " may, however, be that of a Neutral village east of the
Falls. Lake St. Clair is called " Lac des Eaux de Mer," or Sea-water Lake, pos-
sibly from the mineral springs in the neighborhood. The country of the
Tobacco Nation includes the Bruce peninsula, and extends from the Huron
country on the east to Lake Huron on the west and Burlington Bay on the south-
east. The Neutral country (Neutre ou Attiouandarons) would embrace the
whole of south-western Ontario south of a line drawn from the west end of Lak6
Ontario to a stream which flows into Lake Huron about midway between Point
Edward and Cape Hurd, and which is probably the Maitland River. The tribes
to the south of the lakes are indicated from the Niagara River to Lake Superior.
The Eries or •' Eriechronons, on du Chat," are south-east of Lake Erie ; the
" Ontarraronon " are west of what is probably the Cuyahoga River ; at the south-
west of the Lake appear the " Squenqioronon ; " west of the Detroit River are
the " Aictaeronon ; " west of Port Huron the " Couarronon ; " Huron county in
Michigan is occupied by the " Ariaetoeronon ; " at the head of Saginaw Bay and
extending southward through Michigan are the " Assietaeronons ou du Fen ;" in
the peninsula extending north to Mackinac are the " Oukouarararonons ;'
beyond them Lake Michigan appears as " Lac de Puans ; " then comes the
Mackinac peninsula and " Lac Superieur.'' Manitoulin Island is marked
" Cheveux Releves," the old French name for the Ottawas. The Tobacco Nation,
called " N. du Petun on Sanhionontateheronons," includes villages of " S. Simon
etSt!ude"in the Bruce promontory, " S. Pierre" near the south end of the
County of Bruce, and " S. Pol " south-west of a lake which might be Scugog.
The Narratives agree in stating that the Neutrals, like their kinsmen of the
Huron, Tobacco and Iroquois nations, were a numerous and sedentary race,
living in villages and cultivating their fields of maize, tobacco and pumpkins.
They were on friendly terms with the eastern and northern tribes, but at enmity
with those of the west, especially the Nation of Fire, against whom they were
constantly sending out war parties. . By the western tribes it would appear that
those west of the Detroit River and Lake Huron are invariably meant.
* Alexis corresponds with the actual situation of the Southwold earthwork.
27
Champlain refers to the Neutrals in 1616 as a powerful nation, holding a
large extent of country and numbering 4,000 warriors, and to their alliance with
the Cheveux Releves (the Ottawas), whom 'he visited in the Bruce peninsula,
against the Nation of Fire. He states that the Neutrals lived two days to the
south of the Cheveux Releves, and the Nation of Fire ten days from the latter.
The Nation of Fire occupied part of what is now Michigan, and it is quite
probable that they extended as far east as the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers.
Describing his visit to the Cheveux Releves, he adds : " I had a great desire
" to go and see that nation (the Neutrals), had not the peoples where we were
" dissuaded me from it, saying that the year before one of ours had killed one of
" them, being at war with the ' Entouhoronons ' (the Senecas), and that they were
" angry on account of it, representing to us that they are very subject to ven-
" geance, not looking to those who dealt the blow but the first whom they meet
" of the nation, or even their friends, they make them bear the penalty when
" they can catch any of them, unless beforehand peace had been made with them
" and one had given them some gifts and presents for the relatives of the
" deceased, which prevented me for the time from going there, although some of
" that nation assured us that they would do us no harm for that. This decided
"• us, and occasioned our returning by the same road as we had come, and con-
" tinuing my journey I found the nation of the Pisierinij, " etc.*
Brebeuf, who reckons the Hurons at more than 30,000, describes the
Neutrals in 1634 as much more numerous than the former. The Relation of
1641 gives them at least 12,000, but adds that notwithstanding the wars, famine
and disease (small-pox) which since three years had prevailed in an extraordinary
degree, the country could still furnish 4,000 warriors, the exact number estimated
by Champlain a quarter of a century earlier. The name of the Neutrals is
variously given as " Attikadaron," " Atiouandaronk," " Attiouandaron," " Atti-
wandaronk," but the last is the more common. The name signified " people who
spoke a slightly different dialect," and was equally applied to the Hurons by the
Neutrals. The Neutrals are mentioned in the Relations as one of the twelve
numerous and sedentary nations who spoke a common language with the Hurons.
The " Oueanohronons " formed " one of the nations associated with the Neutral
nation." They are afterwards called in the same Relation (1639) the
" Wenrohronons," and are said to have lived on the borders of the Iroquois, more
than 80 leagues from the Huron country. So long as they were on friendly terms
with the Neutrals they were safe from the dreaded Iroquois, but a misunder-
standing having arisen between them, they were obliged to flee in order to avoid
extermination by the latter. They took refuge (more than 600 in all) with the
Hurons, and were received in the most friendly and hospitable manner.
The Relation of 1640 speaks of a Huron map communicated by Father Paul
Ragueneau, in which a large number of nations, most of them acquainted with
the Huron language, are shown, including the Iroquois, the Neutrals, the Eries,
etc. The " Mission of the Apostles " was established among the Tobacco Nation
by Gamier and Jogues, in 1640. Nine villages visited by them were endowed by
the missionaries with the names of apostles, two of which are given in Sanson's
map of 1656.f In one " bourg," called S. Thomas, they baptised a boy five
years old, belonging to the Neutral nation, who died immediately afterwards.
* NOTE.— The above translation is verbatim and exhibits the author's peculiarities of style. The
Pisierinij are of course the Nipissings.
t The principal " bourg " was Ehwae, surnamed &. Pierre et S. Paul. If S. Pierre on Sanson's map is
the same place, this must have been near {the south end of the County of Bruce. The other village or
eion shown on the map is S. Simon et S. lude.
28
" He saw himself straightway out of banishment and happy in his own country."
The famine had driven his parents to the village of the Tobacco Nation. The
devoted missionaries add, that this was the first fruits of the Neutral Nation.
In the fall of the same year " the Mission of the Angels " was begun among
the Neutrals. The lot fell upon Jean de Brebeuf and Joseph Marie Chaumonot.
The former was the pioneer of the Jesuit Mission. He had spent 3 years among
the Hurons, from 1626 to 1629, and, after the restoration of Canada to France
by Charles I, he had returned, in 1634, to the scene pf his earlier labors. Hi&
associate had only come from France the year before. Brebeuf was distinguished
for hismastery of the native tongues, and Chaumonot had been recognized as an
apt student of languages. The plan of the Jesuits was to establish in the new
mission a fixed and permanent residence, which should be the " retreat " of the
missionaries of the surrounding country, as Ste. Marie was of those of the Huron
mission.
Lalemant, from their report, describes the Neutral nation as exceedingly
populous, including about 40 villages .(bourgous bourgades'). The nearest villages
were 4 or 5 days' journey, or about 40 leagues distant irom the Hurons, going due
south. He estimates the difference in latitude, between Ste. Marie and the
nearest village of the Neutrals to the south, at about 1°55/. Elsewhere the dis-
tance is spoken off as about 30 leagues.
From the first " bourg," going on to the south or south-west, (a mistake, for
south-east it would seem), it was about four days' journey to the mouth of the
Niagara River. On this side of the river and not beyond it, as " some map" lays
it down, (Champlain's, doubtless,) were most of the " bourgs " of the Neutral
nation. There were three or four on the other side, towards the Eries. Lalemant
claims, and there is no doubt as to the fact, that the French were the first
Europeans to become acquainted with the Neutrals. The Hurons and Iroquois
were sworn enemies to each other, but in a wigwam, or even a camp of the
Neutrals, until recently, each had been safe from the other's vengeance. Latterly,,
however, the unbridled fury of the hostile nations had not respected even the
neutral ground of their mutual friends. Friendly as they were to the Hurons
and Iroquois, the Neutrals engaged in cruel wars with other nations to the west,,
particularly the nation of Fire, as has been stated above. The previous year a
hundred prisoners had been taken from the latter tribe. This year, returning with
2,000 warriors, the Neutrals had carried off more than 170. Fiercer than the
Hurons, they burned their female prisoners. Their clothing and mode of living
differed but little from those of the Hurons. They had Indian corn, beans and
pumpkins in equal abundance. Fish were abundant, different species being met
with in different places. The country was a famous hunting ground. Deer, elkr
(or whatever were meant by " vaches "), wild cats, wolves, " black beasts,"
(squirrels), beaver and other animals, valuable for their skins and flesh, were in
abundance. It was a rare thing to see more than half a foot of snow. This year
there was more than three feet. The deep snow had facilitated the hunting, and, in
happy contrast with the famine which had prevailed, meat was plentiful. They
had also multitudes of wild turkeys, which went in flocks through the fields and
woods. Fruits were no more plentiful than among the Hurons, except that
chestnuts abounded, and wild apples were a little larger.
Their manners and customs, and family and political government were very
much like those of the other Indian tribes, but they were distinguished from the
Hurons by their greater dissoluteness and indecency. On the other hand, they
were taller, stronger, and better formed.
Their burial customs were peculiar, although similar customs are reported
at this day amongst some African tribes. The bodies remained in their wigwams
29
until decomposition rendered them insupportable, when they were put outside on
a scaffold. As soon as possible, the bones were removed and arranged within their
wigwams on both sides, in sight of the inmates, where they remained until the
Feast of the Dead.
Having these mournful objects before their eyes, the women habitually
indulged in cries and laments, in a kind of chant.
The Neutrals were distinguished for the multitude and quality of their mad-
men, who were a privileged class amongst them. The immunities they eajoyed
were frequently the cause of shrewd, bad, Indians assuming the character of
maniacs, in order to perpetrate crimes without fear of punishment. The Jesuits
suffered much at their hands.
Some old men told them that the Neutrals used to carry on war " towards "
a certain western nation, who would seem to have lived on the Gulf of Mexico,
where the " porcelain, which are the pearls of the country," was obtained from a
kind of oysters. They also obtained some vague notions of alligators, which are,
apparently, referred to by the description " certain aquatic animals, larger and
swifter than the elk/' against which these some people had " a kind of war," the
details of which are somewhat amusing, as given by Lalemant.
The two Jesuits left Ste. Marie the 2nd November, 1640, with two French
servants (probably " donne"s ") and an Indian. They slept 4 nights in the woods.
The 5th day they arrived at the first "bourg" of the Neutral Nation, called Kan-
doucho, but to which they gave the name of All Saints. This is probably the
same as N. D. des Anges, on Sanson's map, and not far, perhaps, from the site of
Brantford.
Owing to the unfavorable reports which had been spread through the country
about the Jesuits, the latter were anxious to explain their purposes to an assembly
of the chiefs and old men. The head chief, " who managed the affairs of the
public," was called Tsohahissen, (doubtless the same as Daillon's Souharissen).
His " bourg" was "in the middle of the country " ; to reach it, one had to pass
through several other " bourgs et bourgades." In Sanson's map, Alexis is placed
almost exactly " in the middle of the country " of the Neutrals. No other village
is marked on the map to which the expression could be applied. Its situation
nearly midway between the Detroit and Niagara rivers, a i'ew miles west of a
stream which flows into Lake Erie, just where the mouth of Kettle creek would
appear in a map of our own century, corresponds with that of the South wold
earthwork. Was the latter the Neutrals' capital ? We can only conjecture ; but
the evidence o$ the Relations, the map and the forest growth, all points strongly
to an affirmative answer to the question. There is a strong probability that it
was here Tsohahissen reigned (if the expression is allowable, as referring to an
Indian potentate) as head chief of the forty Neutral villages. Through the
western gate, doubtless, his warriors set out to wage their relentless warfare
against the nation of Fire, and, when satiated with blood, came back in triumph,
adorned with the scalps of their enemies.
Brebeuf's Huron surname, " Echon," had preceded him. He was regarded as
" one of the most famous sorcerers and demons ever imagined." Several French-
men had travelled through the country before him, purchasing furs and other
commodities. These had smoothed the way for the Jesuits. Under the pretext
of being traders, Brebeuf's party succeeded in making their way, in spite of all
obstacles interposed. They arrived at the head chief's village, only to find that
he had gone on a war party and would not return until spring. The missionaries
sought to negotiate with those who administered afiairs in his absence. They
desired to publish the Gospel throughout these lands, " and thereby to contract a
particular alliance with them." In proof of their desire, they had brought a neck-
.3 c.i.
30
lace of two thousand grains of " porcelain," which they wished to present to
" the public." The inferior chiefs 'refused to bind themselves in any way by
accepting the presents, but gave the missionaries leave, if they would wait until
the chief of the country returned, to travel freely and give such instruction as
they pleased. Nothing could have suited the fathers better. First, however,
they decided to return in their steps and reconduct their domestics out of the
country, and then resume their journey for the second time, and " begin their
function." As it had been the servants, however, who had assumed the role of
traders, and this pretext was now wanting to the Jesuits, they suffered every-
where from the malicious reports which had been circulated as to their purposes
in visiting the nation, and the acts of sorcery with which they were charged.
The Hurons of the Georgian Bay, alarmed for the monopoly they had hitherto
enjoyed, and jealous of the French traders, had sent emissaries amongst the
Neutrals to poison their minds against the adventurous travelers by the most
extraordinary calumnies. For these reports two Huron Indians, Aouenhokoui
and Oentara were especially responsible. They had visited several villages, pre-
sented hatchets in the name of the Huron chiefs and old men, and denounced
their visitors as sorcerers, who desired to destroy the Neutrals by means of
presents. These representations were so effectual that a council was held by the
chiefs and the present was formally refused, although permission to preach was
granted.
From village to village they passed, but everywhere the doors were barred
to them. Hostile looks greeted them wherever they went. No sooner did they
approach a village than the cry resounded on all sides " Here come the Agwa."
This was the name given by the natives to their greatest enemies. If any
received the priests into their dwellings, it was more frequently from fear that
the sorcerers would revenge the refusal, than from the hope of gain, " God making
use of everything in order to nourish his servants."
In the graphic language of Lalemant : " The mere sight of the fathers, in
figure and habit so different from their own, their gait, their gestures and their
whole deportment, seemed to them so many confirmations of what had been told
them. The breviaries, ink-stands and writings were judged by them instruments
of magic ; if the Frenchmen prayed to God, it was precisely according to their
idea an exercise of sorcerers. Going to the stream to wash their dishes, it was
said they were poisoning the water ; it was cha,rged that through all the wig-
wams, wherever they passed, the children were seized with a cough
and blood flux, and the women became barren. In short, there was no
calamity, present or to come, of which they were not considered as the source.
Several of those with - whom the fathers were lodged did not sleep day or
night on account of it ; they dared not touch what had been handled by them ;
they returned their presents, regarding everything as suspicious. The good old
women already regarded themselves as lost, and only regretted their little
children, who might otherwise have been able to re-people the earth."
The Neutrals intimidated the fathers with accounts of the Senecas, who they
•were assured were not far off. They spoke of killing and eating the missionaries.
Yet in the four months of their sojourn Brebeuf and Chaumonot never lacked
the necessaries of life, lodging and food, and amidst difficulties and inconven-
iences better imagined than described, they retained their health. Their pro-
vision of food was bread, baked under ashes, after the fashion of the country, and
which they kept for thirty and forty days to use in case of need.
" In their journey the fathers passed through eighteen ' bourgs ou bourgades'
" to all of which they gave a Christian name, of which we shall make use here-
" after on occasion. They stayed particularly in ten, to which they gave as much
31
" instruction as they could find hearers. They report about 500 fires and 3,000
" persons, which these ten bourgades may contain, to whom they set forth and
" published the Gospel, but it is very difficult for the sound of it to have rung
" through the whole country. We reckon, however, only these 3,000 in our
" calculation."
In another place it is stated that there were 40 villages of the Neutrals
in all.
Disheartened, the fathers decided to return to Kandoucho, or All Saints, to
await the spring. Midway, however, at the village of " Teotongniaton," or S.
Guillaume (perhaps in the vicinity of Woodstock), the snow fell in such quan-
tities as to be impassable. They lodged here in the cabin of a squaw, who enter-
tained them most hospitably, and instructed them in the language, dictating nar-
ratives syllable by syllable as to a schoolboy. Here they stayed twenty -five
days, " adjusted the dictionary and rules of the Huron language to that of these
" tribes (the Neutrals), and accomplished a work which alone was worth a journey
" of several years in the country."
Hurons from the Mission of La Conception volunteered to go to the relief of
the daring travelers. After eight days of travel and fatigue in the woods the
priests and the relief party arrived at Ste. Marie on the very day of St. Joseph,
patron of the country, in time to say Mass, which they had not been able to say
since their departure.
Amongst all the eighteen villages visited by them only one (that of
" Khioetoa," called by the fathers Sainct Michel) gave them the audience their
embassy merited. In this village, years before, driven by fear of their enemies,
had taken refuge a certain foreign nation, " which lived beyond Erie or the Cat
" Nation," named " Aouenrehronon." It was in this nation that the fathers per-
formed the first baptism of adults. These were probably a portion of the kindred
Neutral tribe, the Wenrdhronons, referred to above as having fled to the Huron
country from the Iroquois.*
Sanson's map shows S. Michel a little east of where Sandwich now stands.
Owing to their scanty number and the calumnies circulated amongst the
Indians respecting the Jesuits of the Huron Mission, the latter resolved to con-
centrate their forces. The Neutral mission was abandoned, but Christian Indians
visited the Neutrals in 1643, and spread the faith amongst them with a success
which elicits Lalemant's enthusiastic praises. Towards the end of the following
winter a band of about 500 Neutrals visited the Hurons. The fathers did not
fail to avail themselves of their opportunity. The visitors were instructed in the
faith, and expressed their regret that their teachers could not return with them.
A different reception from that experienced by Brebeuf and Chaumonot three
years before was promised.
Lalemant relates that, in the summer of 1643, 2,000 Neutrals invaded the
country of the Nation of Fire and attacked a village strongly fortified with a
palissade and defended stoutly by 900 warriors. After a ten days' siege they
carried it by storm, killed a large number on the spot, and carried off 800 cap-
tives, men, women and children, after burning 70 of the most warlike and blinding
the eyes and " girdling the mouths " of the old men, whom they left to drag out
a miserable existence. He reports the Nation of Fire as more populous than the
Neutrals, the Hurons and the Iroquois all together. In a large number of their
villages the Algonkin language was spoken. Farther away it was the prevailing
tongue. In remote Algonkin tribes at that early day there were Christians who
knelt, crossed their hands, turned their eyes Heavenward, and prayed to God
* NOTE. — Compare also the name of the village referred to by Sagard, " Ouaroronon."
morning and evening and before and after their meals, and the best mark of
their faith was that they were no longer wicked nor dishonest as tney were
before. So it was reported to Lalemant by trustworthy Hurons, who went every
year to trade with Algonkin nations scattered here and there in the far west, v
Ragueneau, in the Relation of 1648, refers to Lake Erie as being almost
200 leagues in circuit, and precipitating itself by " a waterfall of a terrible
height " into Lake Ontario or Lake St. Louys.
The " Aondironnons," a tribe of the Neutrals living nearest to the Hurons,
were treacherously attacked in their village by 300 Senecas, who, after killing a
number of them, carried as many as possible away with them as prisoners. The
Neutrals showed no open resentment, but quietly prepared to revenge themselves.
A Christian Huron, a girl of 15, taken prisoner by the Senecas, escaped
from them and made her way to the Neutral country, where she met four men,
two of whom were Neutrals and the others enemies. The latter wished to take
her back to captivity, but the Neutrals, claiming that within their country she
was no longer in the power of her enemies, rescued her, and she returned in
safety to Ste. Marie.
These incidents were the prelude to the storm which shortly afterwards
burst. In 1650 the principal part of the Iroquois forces was diverted against the
Neutrals. They carried two frontier villages, in one of which were more than
1,600 men — the first at the end of the autumn, the second early in the spring of
1651. The old men and children, who might encumber them on their home-
ward journey, were massacred. The number of captives was excessive, espec>J&
of young women, who were carried off to the Iroquois towns. The other villt
more remote were seized with terror. They abandoned their houses, their pi^
perty and their country. Famine pursued them. Scattered amongst distant
woods, lakes and rivers they lived in wretchedness and want, and in constant
apprehension of their relentless enemy.
The Journal (April 22, 1651) adds that after the destruction of the Neutral
village the* previous autumn the Neutral warriors, under the lead of the
Tahontaenrat, had followed the assailants and killed or taken 200 of them, and
1,200 Iroquois warriors had returned in the spring to avenge this disaster. In
August a Huron reported at Montreal the capture of Te ot 'ondiaton (probably
the village in which Brebeuf composed his dictionary, and which is referred to in
the Relation as having been taken in the spring). The condition of the Neutrals
was desolate and desperate. In April, 1652, news reached Quebec that the
. Neutrals had leagued with the Andastes against the Iroquois, that the Senecas
had been defeated in a foray against the Neutrals, so that the Seneca women had
been constrained to quit their village and retreat to the Oneida country ; and also
that the Mohawks had gone on the war path against the Andastes during the
winter, and the issue of the war was unknown. The last of July, 1653, seven
Indians from the Huron country arrived at Quebec and reported a great gather-
ing near Mackinac of all the Algonkin nations, with the remains of the Tobacco
and Neutral nations at A'otonatendie, three days above the Sault Ste. Marie
(Skia'e) towards th3 south. The Tobacco Indians had wintered at Tea'onto'rai",
the Neutrals to the number of 800 at Sken'chio'e towards Te'o'chanontian. These
were to rendezvous the next fall with the Algonkins, who were already on the
spot to the number of 1,000.
This is probably the last we hear of the Neutrals under their own name, "f
* Hurons from Georgian Bay.
+ Some of the survivors united with the remnant of the Hurons at Makinac and on Lake Superior, and
under the name of the Hurons or Wyandots they appear from time to time on the page of history. Their
removal to Detroit, on the establishment of the latter trading place by Cadaillac, ia jerpetuated by the
name of Wyandotte, to the south of the City of the Straits.
Parkman mentions the circumstance that an old chief named Kenjockety,
who claimed descent from an adopted prisoner of the Neutral nation, was recently
living among the Senecas of Western New York.
It is stated in the " History of the County of Middlesex " that over sixty
rears ago " Edouard Petit, of Black River, discovered the ruins of an ancient
building on the Riviere aux Sables, about forty miles from Sarnia. Pacing the
size he found it to have been 40 x 24 ft. on the ground. On the middle of the
south or gable end was a chimney 18 ft. high in excellent preservation, built of
stone, with an open fireplace. The fireplace had sunk below the surface. This
ruin had a garden surrounding it, ten or twelve rods wide by twenty rods in
length, marked by ditches and alleys. Inside the walls of the house a splendid
oak had grown to be 3 ft. in diameter, with a stem 60 ft. high to the first branch.
It seemed to be of second growth, and must have been 150 years reaching its
proportions as seen in 1828-9."
This must have been the mission of S. Fran9ois, shewn on Sanson's map.
After the expulsion of the Neutrals the north shore of Lake Erie remained
an unpeopled wilderness until a century ago. It was described in maps as
" Chasse de Castor des Iroquois." The unbroken forest teemed with deer, bears,
racoons, foxes, wolves and wild turkeys, and beaver dam? still remain in large
numbers to justify the cartographers of two centuries ago. Dollier de Casson
and Galine'e portaged from Burlington Biy to the Granl River in the autumn of
1669. La Salle, who had baen with them, turned back, and left them to proceed
without him. They met Jolliet, who gave them valuable topographical informa-
tn*1 Then they descended the Grand River to Lake Erie. They built a hut on
bank of a stream opposite Long Point (doubtless Patterson's Creek) and
, itered there. After a sojourn of over five months they proceeded westward
along the north shore of the Lake. Losing a canos in a storm and their two
canoes being unable .to carry more than four man, five of the party had to travel
by land.* They proceeded up the lakes to the Sault. Galine'e mapped out the
north shore of Lake Erie from his own observation.-f Bjfore leaving their winter
abode, however, they had set up a cross with an inscription, the proems verbal of
which translated is as follows :
" We, the undersigned, certify that we have seen affixed on the lands of the
lake called Erie" the arms of the King of France, with this inscription : The year
of salvation 1669, Clement IX. being seated in St. Peter's chair, Louis XIV.
reigning in France, M. de Courcelle being Governor of New France, and M. Talon
being intendant therein for the King, there arrived in this place two missionaries
from Montreal, accompanied by seven other Frenchmen, who, the first of all
European peoples, have wintered on this lake, of which, as of a territory not
occupied, they have taken possession in the name of their King by the apposition
of his arms, which they have attached to the foot of this cross. In witness
whereof we have signed the present certificate.
FRANgois DOLLIER,
Priest of the Diocese of Nantes, in Brittany.
DE GALIN^E,
Deacon, of the Diocese of Rennes, in Brittany."
* Near one of the creeks (probably Kettle Creek or Catfish Creek) in the County of Elgin, they found
the canoe Jolliet had hidden, and the difficulties of their journey were lessened.
t He refers to Sanson's map in his account of the exploration,
4 c.i.
Witfithe formal taking possession of the country by the French this paper
may tittingly close. Further research may add to our knowledge of the early
history and geography of the Neutrals' country. Meanwhile we may admire the
wisdom which they displayed in settling in so choice a region as the south-
western peninsula of Ontario. The north shore of Lake Erie was well called
" the Paradise of the Hurons," and perhaps no portion of it deserved the appella-
tion better than the ancient clearing in the midst of which was erected the earth-
work which has been under consideration in this paper, and which in all
probability was the residence of the chief Tsohahissen, and the abode for a time of
Brebeuf and Chaumonot as they waited the chiefs return in that stormy winter
of 1641.
JAMES H. COYNE.
St. Thomas, March 16, 1892.
BINDING SECT. FFB 3
AM Toronto, Royal Ontario
101 Museum. Art and Archaeology
T642 Division
1886/87- Archaeological report
1892/93
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