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of  ilje 


G.H.  Armstrong,  Esq 


WAMPUM     BELT 
FORT  GARRY, 1869 


- 


ANNUAL 


Archaeological   Report 


Including  1908-9-10. 

/•• .     /.     '         1- 

BEING  PART  OF 


Appendix  to  the 

Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education, 

Ontario. 


PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  OF  ONTARIO. 


TORONTO : 

Printed  and  Published  by  L.  K.  CAMERON,  Printer  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty. 

1911. 


Printed  by 

WILLIAM   BRIGGS, 

29-37  Richmond  Street  West, 

TORONTO. 


PRESENTATION. 

To  the  Honourable  R.  A.  PYNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  M.P.P.,  Minister  of  Education. 

SIR, — I  have  the  honour  to  herewith  submit  the  Archgeological  Report  of  the 
Provincial  Museum  for  the  years  1908-9-10-11. 

The  total  number  of  specimens  added  during  these  years  number  2,800. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

ROWLAND  B.  ORR. 
Nov.  30.  1911. 


[3] 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Presentation 3 

Butler  in    "  The  Wild  Northland  "    6 

Dr.  David    Boyle     7 

Archaeology   of  the   Province  of   Ontario    8 

Queenston    Heights     9 

Murray  Collection    12 

Attiwandarons 12 

Ground   Stone — Problematical   Fonm    18 

Bird  Amulets 20 

Ceremonial  Weapons  . , 27 

Stone  Pipes 37 

Stone  Axes  43 

Gouge  Forms 52 

Smelser-Orr  Collection   54 

Pipes 55 

Wood  and  Bone   64 

Awls 66 

Shell  Relics 76 

Huronia 83 

The  Hurons 86 

Archaeological  Evidence,  as  Determined  by  Method  and  Selection — Harlan  I.  Smith  90 

Additions  to  the  Museum  .                                                 93 


[5J 


"Back,  since  ages  at  whose  birth  we  can  only  guess,  but  which  in  all  human 
probability  go  deeper  into  the  past  than  the  reign  of  Arab  in  Yemen,  or  Kirghis 
in  Turkestan,  the  wild  red  man  has  roamed  these  wastes:  back  into  that  dark 
night  which  hangs  for  ever  over  all  we  know  or  shall  know  of  early  America. 
The  time  before  the  white  man  came/  what  a  measureless  eternity  lies  hidden 
under  the  words !  This  prairie  was  here  when  the  stones  of  the  pyramids  were 
unhewn,  and  the  site  of  Babylon  was  a  river  meadow — here  as  it  is  to-day,  tree- 
less, desolate,  and  stormrswept.  But  where  and  whence  came  the  wild  denizens  of 
the  waste?  Who  shall  say?  Fifty  writers  have  broached  their  various  theories, 
a  hundred  solutions  have  been  offered.  The  missionary  claims  them  as  the  lost 
tribes  of  Israel,  one  ethnologist  finds  in  them  a  likeness  to  the  Tartar,  another 
sees  the  Celtic  eye,  another  the  Roman  nose,  another  traces  them  back  to  Japan, 
or  China,  or  Australasia;  the  old  world  is  scarcely  large  enough  to  give  them  room 
for  their  speculations.  And  what  say  we?  Nothing;  or  if  aught,  a  conjecture 
perhaps  more  vague  and  shadowy  than  the  rest.  It  has  seemed  to  us  when  watch- 
ing this  strange  wild  hunter,  this  keen,  untutored  scholar  of  nature,  this  human 
creature  that  sickens  beneath  our  civilization,  and  dies  midst  our  prosperity — it 
has  seemed  to  us  that  he  was  of  a  race  older  and  more  remote  than  our  own,  a 
stock  co-eval  with  a  shadowy  age, — a  remnant,  perchance,  of  an  earlier  creation 
which  has  vanished  from  the  earth,  preserved  here  in  these  wilds — a  waif  flung  by 
the  surge  of  time  to  these  later  ages  of  our  own. 

"This  new  world  is  older  than  our  old  one.  Its  30,000  feet  in  depth  of  Azoic 
rock  tell  us  of  an  age  when  nought  of  living  form  moved  over  the  iron  earth.  And 
here,  probably  first  of  all,  the  molten  sands  rose  above  the  boiling  floods,  and  cooled 
and  crusted  into  a  chaotic  continent. 

"These  are  but  idle  speculations;  still  the  antiquity  of  the  Indian  race  rests 
upon  other  foundations.  Far  to  the  South,  where  the  prairies  rise  into  the  lofty 
plateau  of  New  Mexico,  ruined  monuments,  weed-grown,  and  hidden  beneath  ivy 
and  trailing  parasites,  stand  like  spectres  from  the  tomb  of  time.  Before  these 
mouldering  rock-hewn  cities  conjecture  halts;  the  past  has  drawn  over  them  a 
veil  that  no  research  can  pierce,  no  learning  solve.  Inscrutable  as  the  vestiges 
of  an  earlier  earth  they  stand,  the  lonely,  ruined  wrecks  of  the  Eed  man's  race." 
—Butler,  in  "The  Wild  North  Land." 


would  hope  /hat Death  does  not  end  oil. 

yrong  and  worst  should  com .  . 
5/W;  I  be  blamed  for  wh*t  I  could  not  see  ? 

;//  /  be  AsAed  why  I  did  not  from  first 
Believe  with  others  what  seemed  wrong  tome? 
D&vid  Boy/c 


DE.  DAVID  BOYLE. 

The  late  Superintendent  of  the  Provincial  Museum  was  born  at  Greenock, 
Scotland,  on  May  1st,  1842.  He  received  his  early  education  at  Mason's  Hall 
school,,  in  his  native  town.  With  his  parents  he  came  to  Canada  in  1856,  and 
settled  at  Elora,  Ont.  Shortly  after,  he  was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  a  blacksmith, 
at  the  village  of  Eden  Mills,  in  the  Township  of  Eramosa.  Some  time  after,  he 
returned  to  Elora,  attending  the  old  Grammar  School,  where  he  was  thoroughly 
grounded  in  all  those  branches  of  education  which  were  then  considered  necessary 
to  procure  a  teacher's  certificate.  His  first  school  was  at  Middlebrook,  where  he 
continued  to  teach  until  1871,  when  he  was  appointed  principal  of  the  Elora  Public 
School;  when  he  first  made  his  presence  felt  by  organizing  the  present  Elora 
Library — using  the  old  books  found  in  the  school  as  a  nucleus,  and  working  with 
untiring  energy — he  soon  had  what  he  dearly  longed  for,  the  material  to  advance 
his  scientific  knowledge.  He  early  became  a  close  student  of  biology  and  geology. 
The  forms  of  life  which  left  their  imprint  on  the  limestone  rock  of  the  Grand 
Elver  gave  him  a  large  and  varied  field  for  investigation. 

It  was  in  those  days,  when  his  keen  scientific  eye  was  upon  the  progress  of 
modern  science  in  the  old  world,  that  his  attention  was  attracted  by  the  researches 
in  the  vast  mines  of  ancient  Chaldea.  The  epoch-making  discoveries  of  Botha 
and  Layard  in  the  royal  palaces  of  Khorsabad  and  Nimrud  had  created  an  extraor- 
dinary enthusiasm  throughout  Europe,  and  left  its  impress  on  the  mind  of  the  em- 
bryo archaeologist  invhis  beloved  library  at  Elora.  Soon  we  find  him  following  the 
example  of  those  sages  of  the  East,  and  gathering  together  all  the  material  he  could 
find  of  the  Prehistoric  Eaces  of  his  adopted  land ;  and  here  was  laid  the  foundation 
of  what  is  now  one  of  the  finest  American  archaeological  collections  in  the  world. 

In  1875  he  left  Elora,  and  opened  a  book  store  on  Yonge  Street,  Toronto. 
He  brought  with  him  his  extensive  and  very  valuable  collection  of  Indian  relics — 
these,  after  a  short  time,  he  presented  to  the  Canadian  Institute,  and  thus  was 
created  the  nucleus  of  the  present  Provincial  Archaeological  Museum),  which  now, 
mainly  through  his  efforts,  ranks  among  the  finest  on  the  continent  of  America. 

In  the  early  days,  there  was  but  little  enthusiasm  shown  by  the  members  of  the 
Canadian  Institute.  The  commercial  pursuits  of  a  young  country  occupied  too 
much  of  their  time  to  allow  them  to  devote  any  of  their  energies  to  husbanding 
the  material  to  illustrate  aboriginal  life  on  this  continent.  Some  years  before, 
Sir  Sandford  Fleming  had  made  the  attempt,  in  connection  with  the  Institute,  to 
get  a  collection  together;  but  it  met  with  no  measure  of  success.  Prof.  Vander- 
Smissen,  when  President  of  the  Canadian  Institute  in  1886-7,  had  the  pleasure  of 
seeing  the  collection  in  the  attic  of  the  old  Institute  building  at  the  corner  of  Berti 
and  Eichmond  Streets  grow  in  importance,  under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Boyle.  In 
1885  a  grant  was  received  from  the  Government  of  $1,000,  which  was  continued  for 
some  years.  Most  of  this  grant  was  expended  for  field  work,  little,  if  any,  going  to 
the  worker — Mr.  Boyle  still  giving  his  time  free  of  all  charge,  and  oftentimes  spend- 
ing his  own  limited  means  in  furthering  his  beloved  work.  The  removal  of  the 
collection  from  the  Canadian  Institute  to  the  Museum  in  the  Normal  School;  the 
appointment  of  Mr.  Boyle  as  Director  of  the  same;  marks  the  real  commencement 
of  the  Archaeological  Museum,  and  from  this  time  it  began  to  grow  by  leaps  and 
bounds;  and  though  his  salary  was  but  a  mere  pittance,  yet  all  his  time  and  energy 
was  devoted  to  his  work.  He  superintended  the  opening  of  ossuries;  the  sifting 

m 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT: 


of  ashes  where  the  Indian  houses  stood;  the  careful  examination  of  mounds,  pits, 
and  fortifications;  nothing  that  pertained  to  unveiling  the  habits  and  customs  of 
the  Indians  missed  his  careful  eye.  He  visited  archaeological  collectors  in  various 
parts  of  the  Province,  convincing  many  of  them  that  the  proper  place  for  all  such 
collections  was  in  the  Provincial  Museum.  That  he  was  successful,  is  to  be  seen 
by  the  collection  he  has  left  behind  him.  Nine  hundred  specimens  in  the  Cana- 
dian Institute,  and  over  thirty-two  thousand  in  the  present  Provincial  Museum, 
are  evidences  of  the  enthusiasm  of  the  man,  and  his  great  ability  as  a  collector. 
We  thus  see  him  forge  his  way  ahead,  from  a  small  collector  and  an  unknown 
teacher,  until  we  find  him  at  the  head  of  the  Archaeological  Department  in  the  Pro- 
vincial Museum. 

Dr.  Boyle  was  a  man  of  sterling  character,  a  telling  and  incisive  public 
speaker,  possessed  of  a  singular  and  telling  humor.  He  was  in  private  life  the 
most  genial  of  story  tellers,  his  remarkable  memory  contributing,  perhaps,  more 
than  anything  else  to  his  public  success.  His  mind  was  a  repository  of  the  wit  and 
wisdom,  not  only  of  his  native  land,  but  the  best  things  of  Europe.  He  was  essen- 
tially Scotch,  cautious,  prudent,  determined,  and  with  that  strange,  quiet,  good- 
fellowship  that  distinguishes  those  of  his  race.  He  was  a  welcome  guest  wherever 
Scotchmen  were  gathered  together,  and  when  speech  and  story  went  round  on  St. 
Andrew's  night,  no  one  was  more  impressive  or  more  enthusiastically  received. 

His  literary  and  scientific  works  brought  to  him  the  honours  many  Societies 
all  aver  the  world  were  proud  to  confer.  To  increase  his  honours,  the  Provincial 
University  of  his  adopted  Province  called  a  special  meeting  of  the  Senate,  and, 
as  the  shades  of  night  were  fast  closing  around  him  in  his  sick  room,  they  conferred 
jupon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  give  the  life  history  of  one  of  Ontario's  great  men. 
We  can  but  say,  that  amongst  the  many  litterateurs  Scotland  has  sent  forth  to  all 
parts  of  the  world,  there  are  few  who  have  equalled  David  Boyle. 

ARCHEOLOGY  OF  THE  PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO. 

In  American  Archaeology,  man  in  the  cultural  process  is  the  unit  of  investi- 
gation. This  establishes  the  limit  of  the  science.  It  aims  at  a  reconstruction  and 
interpretation  of  the  order  of  civilization  existing  in  America  before  the  European 
occupancy.  That  civilization  in  this  Province  had  never  attained  a  position  higher 
than  semi-barbarism.  Numerically,  this  Province  was  never  largely  populated, 
and  at  most,  before  the  downfall  of  the  Huron  nation,  had  not  more  than  50,000 
souls. 

In  his  excellent  report  (1910)  Mr.  Frank  Pedley,  Deputy  Superintendent 
General  of  Indian  Affairs,  gives  the  native  population  at  22,563,  with,  a  birth 
rate  of  730  and  a  death  rate  of  559,  showing  that  at  least  in  this  Province,  "The 
Noble  Red  Man"  is  more  than  holding  his  own.  But  as  we  look  abroad  and  see 
the  amalgamation  of  the  races  steadily  going  on  we  must  recognize  the  fact  that 
LS  only  a  matter  of  time  until  the  Indians  as  a  native  race  will  have  disappeared; 
consequently,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  their  Ethnological  and  Archaeo- 
logical remains  should  be  well  looked  after.  National  pride  demands  that  this 
Province  be  not  behind  some  of  the  sister  States  of  the  American  Union  in  placing 
in  its  Museum  a  collection  that  will  be  surpassed  by  no  museum  in  the  world. 

The  Archaeological  collections  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Eastern  world 
are  all  right  in  their  place,  but  as  Canadians,  as  citizens  of  the  New  World  it  is 
our  duty  to  guard  most  carefully  the  archaeological  remains  of  those  races  who 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


preceded  us  on'  this  continent.  And  probably  the  time  may  come  when  we  can  lay 
down  with  accuracy  the  connecting  links  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  civili- 
zation. In  no  way  can  this  be  accomplished  so  well  as  by  the  close  study  of  the  re- 
mains of  semi-civilized,  as  well  as  civilized  races  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
day  may  come  when,  from  the  ocean  bed  of  the  Atlantic,  the  resurrected  remains 
of  the  ancient  Atlanteans  may  give  to  us  a  history  that  will  revolutionize  our  ideas 
of  the  ancient  world.  As  our  aeroplane  now  soars  aloft,  and  the  occupant  thou- 
sands of  feet  above  us,  gazes  down  upon  the  little  world  beneath  him,  so  in  time, 
some  Archaeological  genius  may  devise  means  of  descending  into  the  depths  of  the 
deepest  ocean,  and  presenting  to  a  wondering  world  the  history  of  the  buried  cities 
of  the  past.  Or,  maybe,  some  convulsion  of  nature,  such  as  has  occurred  in  the 
past,  may  disentomb  those  cities  which  it  submerged  thousands  and  thousands  of 
years  ago. 

But  our  duty  at  present  is  to  travel  along  the  beaten  paths  and  build  up  there- 
from the  history  of  the  ancient  races  on  this  continent.  From  Patagonia  to  the 
Yukon  their  footprints  are  to  be  found;  from  the  ruins  of  the  stately  palaces  of 
the  Incas  and  Toltec,  to  the  common  village  Long  House  of  the  Huron  and  Iro- 
quois,  we  have  but  to  gather  the  handiwork  of  their  artisans  and  sculptors,  the 
paintings  of  their  artists,  and  the  ornaments  and  weapons  of  their  nomadic  tribes^/ 
Time  and  research  will  do  the  rest. 

QUEEXSTON  HEIGHTS. 

The  last  field  work  done  by  the  late  Dr.  Boyle  was  in  April,  1908,  when  he 
was  informed  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Case,  of  St.  Catharines,  that  the  workmen  of  E.  D. 
Lowery,  contractor,  had  brought  to  light  quite  an  extensive  burial  ground  on  that 
part  of  Mr.  Lowery's  property  formerly  known  as  the  Dorchester  farm,  situated  on 
Queenston  Heights,  near  the  village  of  St.  David's,  and  within  a  short  distance  of 
the  Falls.  The  following  report  of  the  work  done  at  the  time  was  left  by  him : 

"  The  discovery  was  made  by  the  men  who  were  engaged  in  'stripping5  the 
ground,  that  is,  removing  the  surface,  to  get  at  the  underlying  coarse,  sharp  sand, 
which  is  of  excellent  quality  for  building  purposes,  and  has  been  worked  close  by, 
to  a  depth  of  a  hundred  and  seventy  feet.  Mr.  Case,  with  the  co-operation  of  Dr. 
E.  Jessop,  M.P.P.,  secured  from  Mr.  Lowery  permission  for  this  Department  to 
examine  the  ground,  and  to  appropriate  anything  we  might  find  for  Provincial 
Museum  purposes. 

"It  was  somewhat  unfortunate  for  us  that  we  did  not  receive  the  information 
at  an  earlier  date,  for,  on  reaching  the  ground,  we  found  it  occupied  by  a  large 
number  of  men  and  boys — some  even  from  the  United  States — who  were  making 
havoc  of  the  graves.  These  people  were  merely  curiosity  hunters,  and  as  a  matter 
of  course,  were  quite  successful  in  finding  and  carrying  away  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  excellent  specimens,  but  they  also  succeeded  in  putting  the  ground  in  such 
a  condition  that  no  one  could  make  any  intelligent  examination  of  it.  The  bodies 
had  not  been  buried  in  any  regular  way.  However,  from  what  appeared,  it  seemed 
evident  that  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  Indians  of  Huron-Iroquois  stock, 
the  Attiwandarons  had  chosen  this  place  as  a  burial  ground,  because  it  was  the 
highest  obtainable  for  such  a  purpose  in  that  part  of  the  country.  This,  added  to 
the  fact  that  digging  into  the  sand  was  very  easy,  made  it  a  favorite  place  of 
burial ;  for  its  area  of  some  five  or  six  acres  showed  that  it  bad  been  in  use  for  a 
long  time,  perhaps  even  by  those  who  lived  east  of  Niagara  River,  in  the  State  of 
New  York. 


10  AECH^EOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 

"The  interments  in  many  cases  took  place  subsequent  to  the  European  invasion, 
as  is  testified  by  the  contents  of  the  graves,  containing  as  these  do,  brass  kettles, 
glass  beads,  and  traces  of  metallic  iron.  In  some  cases  these  have  been  deposited 
along  with  articles  of  purely  native  fabrication,  but  in  a  few  instances  the  graves 
contained  no  traces  of  European  presence.  This  condition  makes  it  clear  that  the 
ground  was  used  for  burial  purposes  before,  as  well  as  after,  the  arrival  of  the 
French,  perhaps  as  recently  as  the  time  of  British  occupation.  The  land  on  which 
the  burying  ground  is  situated  is  at  an  elevation  of  some  700  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  not  less  than  500  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  which  is  only  about  eight  miles 
distant  to  the  north :  Lake  Erie,  to  the  south,  is  at  least  twenty  miles  off.  From  the 
Indian  cemetery,  Lake  Ontario  is  plainly  visible.  Only  three  miles  to  the  east, 
Niagara  Eiver  flows  north,  while  the  Great  Fall  is  not  more  than  six  miles  away 
to  the  south-east. 

"When  the  aborigines  were  supreme,  this  was  probably  one  of  the  most  densely 
populated  districts  in  North  America.  If,,  as  has  been  stated,  there  ever  was  a 
time  when  the  Niagara  Peninsula  was  treated,  even  in  some  small  measure,  as 
neutral  ground,  this  would  account  to  some  extent  for  its  popularity  as  a  place 
to  live  in,  more  especially  if  the  natives  regarded  the  vicinity  to  the  Falls  with 
any  superstitious  feelings;  and  it  is  pretty  well  known  that  the  mighty  Cataract 
did  inspire  some  sentiments  of  this  kind  on  the  part  of  the  Iroquois  whose  country 
lay  on  both  sides  of  the  river  gorge.  However  this  may  have  been,  it  is  quite  evi- 
dent that  here  we  have  what  was  a  favored  burying  place  for  many  yeans,  indeed, 
the  most  extensive  Indian  burial  ground  so  far  as  known  in  this  Province. 

Conchs  (busycon  perversum),  and  several  personal  ornaments  made  there- 
from, were  found  in  some  of  the  grave®.  This  would  indicate  a  period  probably  not 
very  remote  from  the  date  when  this  kind  of  aboriginal  trade  was  carried  on — 
when  native  copper  and  northern  furs  were  bartered  for  material  to  make  wam- 
pum, long-house  trumpets,  gorgets  and  various  kinds  of  ornaments." 

The  most  remarkable  and  wholly  unique  specimen  found  on  this  Lowery 
property  was  made  of  native  copper.  At  first  sight  it  (figure  28771),  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  made  from  European  sheet  copper,  nearly  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
in  thickness,  but  closer  examination  leads  to  a  different  conclusion.  Its  length  is 
almost  eighteen  inches,  and  it  varies  in  width  from  two  inches  at  one  end,  to  four 
and  a  half  inches  at  the  other.  For  fourteen  inches  of  its  length,  measuring  from 
the  narrow  end,  the  edges  are  fairly  straight,  although  diverging  slightly,  but  near 
the  end  it  is  flared  a  little  as  a  result  of  hammering  when  cold.  Indeed,  many 
portions  of  the  surface  bear  marks  of  similar  treatment,  as  is  attested  by  the 
presence  of  scales,  or  small  laminations.  If  produced  from  a  lump  of  native 
metal  it  represents  an  enormous  amount  of  labour,  and  of  skilled  labour  at  that. 
Few  marks  of  tools  remain  on  the  surface — none  prominently — which  is  no  doubt 
owing  to  the  fact  that  much  rubbing  has  been  done  with  some  abrasive  material, 
the  scratches  made  by  it  being  yet  traceable  on  some  parts  of  the  surface.  The  op- 
posite and  smaller  end  has  also  been  beaten  to  little  more  than  half  the  thick- 
ness of  the  main  body,  but  here  there  is  nothing  like  flaring.  Perhaps  this  end 
was  small  when  the  copper  was  in  its  unworked  state,  and  was  simply  beaten  to 
make  it  wider  but  we  cannot  tell  without  seeing  other  specimens  of  a  similar 
kind,  any  more  than  we  can  do  anything  but  guess  at  the  use  to  which  the  article 
was  applied.  Nothing  like  it  has  heretofore  come  into  our  hands,  and  no  refer- 
ence to  anything  of  the  kind  has  occurred  in  reading.  Meanwhile,  we  regard  it 
as  a  welcome  addition  to  our  slender,  but  valuable  copper  collection. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


11 


Fig.  28771— Half  diameter. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


MURRAY  COLLECTION. 

In  1308  the  late  Mr.  Boyle  procured  from  Mr.  William  Murray,  of  Clachan, 
County  of  Kent,  some  1,800  specimens  of  Indian  artifact.  Mr.  Murray  for  over 
thirty  years  had  been  an  enthusiastic  and  untiring  collector,,  and  to  men  like  him 
this  Museum  is  indebted  for  much  of  the  valuable  material  contained  therein.  The 
collection  was  mostly  made  in  the  Townships  of  Howard,  Orford,  Aldborough  and 
Dunwich.  Some  were  procured  from  north  of  the  river  Thames  in  Mosa  Township, 
and  the  banks  of  the  river  were  investigated  as  far  as  Lake  St.  Clair.  Mr.  Charles 
N.  Mitchel,  of  Lakeside,  himself  an  enthusiastic  and  intelligent  collector,  fre- 
quently accompanied  him. 

Most  of  this  collection  is  from  the  territory  of  the  Attiwandarons,  and  are 
largely  surface  finds,  being  turned  up  by  the  plough,  and  with  few  exceptions  the 
ceremonial  specimens  are  made  of  striped  slate  (Huronian),  which  is  not  only  in 
many  instances  beautifully  veined  (resembling  wood),  but  is  easily  worked,  and 
tak2s  a  very  handsome  finish  when  polished.  Many  of  the  forms  in  this  collection 
are  novel  to  the  Museum,  and  indicate  no  small  degree  of  art  taste  on  the  part  of 
the  makers,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  illustrations.  They  cover 
almost  every  form  of  stone  work  manufactured  by  the  native  races  residing  within 
the  bosom  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

I  think  it  has  been  remarked  by  a  writer  in  one  of  the  books  of  the  "  Jesuit 
Relations "  that  the  Neutrals  or  Attiwandarons  displayed  more  than  the  usual 
amount  of  care  on  the  production  of  their  stone  weapons  and  ornaments.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  people  in  question  did  bestow 
great  pains  in  this  way.  It  has  'been  our  fortune  to  obtain  collections  from  the 
extreme  east  and  west  of  the  Attiwandaron  territory,  and  a  very  casual  examina- 
tion of  the  material  will  bear  out  the  truth  of  this  observation  respecting  the 
workman's  skill  and  patience. 


ATTIWANDARONS. 

"An  important  confederation  of  Iroquoian  tribes,  living  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  north  of  Lake  Erie,  in  Ontario,  having  four  villages  east  of  Niagara  River 
on  territory  extending  to  the  Genesee  watershed;  the  western  bounds  of  these 
tribes  were  indefinitely  west  of  Detroit  River  and  Lake  St.  Clair.  They  were 
called  Neutrals  by  the  French,  because  they  were  neutral  in  the  known  wars 
between  the  Iroquois  and  the  Hurons.  The  Hurons  called  them  Attiwandaronk, 
denoting  'they  are  those  whose  language  is  awry.'  Champlain,  reporting  what  Le 
saw  in  1616,  wrote  that  the  (  Nation  Neutre '  had  4,000  warriors  and  inhabited  a 
country  that  extended  80  or  100  leagues  east  and  west,  situated  westward  from 
the  lake  of  the  Seneca.  They  raised  a  great  quantity  of  good  tobacco,  the  surplus 
of  which  was  traded  for  skins,  furs,  and  porcupine  quills  and  quillwork,  with  the 
northern  Algonquian  peoples.  This  writer  said  that  the  Indians  cleared  the  land 
'  with  great  pains,  though  they  had  no  proper  instruments  to  do  this.  They 
trimmed  all  the  limibs  from  the  trees,  which  they  burned  at  the  foot  of  the  trees 
to  cause  them  to  die.  Then  they  thoroughly  prepared  the  ground  between  the 
trees  and  planted  their  grain  from  step  to  step,  putting  in  each  hill  about  ten 
grains,  and  so  continued  planting  until  they  had  enough  for  three  or  four  years' 
provisions,  lest  a  bad  year,  sterile  and  fruitless,  befall  them.' 


1911 


ARCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


13 


Fig.  29195— Full  size. 


Fig.  29200— Full  size. 

"  The  Rev.  Father  Joseph  de  la  Roche  Daillon,  a  Recollect,  spent  the  winter 
of  1626  among  this  people.  He  was  adopted  by  the  tribe,  being  given  to 
Tsohahissen  (Souharissen?),  the  presiding  chief.  Daillon  says  of  the  Neutrals: 
'  They  are  inviolable  observers  of  what  they  have  once  concluded  and  decreed/ 
His  '  father  and  host/  Tsohaihissen,  had  ever  travelled  among  all  neighboring 
tribes,  for  he  was  chief  not  only  of  his  own  village,  but  even  of  those  of  the  whole 
tribe,  composed  of  about  twenty-eight  villages,  villa?,  and  towns,  constructed  like 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT 


Fig.  29201— Full  size. 


Fig.  29202— Full  size. 


Fig.  29205— Full  size. 


1911 


AECH^OLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


15 


those  of  the  Hurons,  besides  many  hamlets  of  seven  or  eight  lodges  for  fishing, 
hunting,  or  for  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  Daillon  said  that  there  was  then  no 
known  instance  of  a  chief  so  absolute;  that  Teohahissen  had  acquired  his  position 
and  power  by  his  courage  and  from  having  been  at  war  many  times  against  sev- 
enteen tribes,  and  had  brought  back  heads  (scalps?)  and  prisoners  fromi  all. 
Their  arms  were  only  the  war  club  and  the  bow  and  arrow,  but  they  were  skilful 
in  their  use.  Daillon  also  remarked  that  he  had  not  found  in  all  the  countries 
visited  by  him  among  the  Indians  a  hunchback,  one-eyed  or  deformed  person. 

"  The  father  declared  that  there  were  an  incredible  number  of  deer  in  the 
country  which  they  did  not  take  one  by  one ;  but  by  making  a  triangular  '  drive/ 
composed  of  two  convergent  hedges  leading  to  a  narrow  opening,  with  a  third 


Fig.  29206— Fall  size. 

hedge  placed  athwart  the  opening  but  admitting  of  egress  at  each  end  of  the  last 
one,  they  drove  the  game  into  this  pen  and  slaughtered  them  with  ease.  They 
practised  toward  all  animals  the  policy  that,  whether  required  or  not,  they  must 
kill  all  they  might  find,  lest  those  which  were  not  taken  would  tell  the  other 
beasts  that  they  themselves  had  been  pursued,  and  that  these  latter  in  time  of  need 
would  not  permit  themselves  to  be  taken.  There  were  also  many  elk,  beaver,  wild- 


Fig.  29208— Full  size. 


16 


AKCILEOLOGICAL  KEPOET. 


cats,  black  squirrels,  bustards,  turkeys,  cranes,  bitterns,  and  other  birds  and 
animals,  most  of  which  were  there  all  winter;  the  rivers  and  lakes  were  abund- 
antly supplied  with  fish,  and  the  land  produced  good  maize,  much  miore  than  the 
people  required;  there  were  also  squashes,  beans,  and  other  vegetables  in  season. 
They  made  oil  from  the  seeds  of  the  sunflower,  which  the  girls  reduced  to  meal 
and  then  placed  in  boiling  water,  which  caused  the  oil  to. float;  it  was  then  skimmed 


Fig.  29210— Full  size. 

with  wooden  spoons.    The  mush  was  afterward  made  into  cakes  and  formed  a  very 
palatable  food. 

"  Daillon  said  that  the  life  of  the  Neutrals  was  '  not  less  indecent '  than  that 
of  the  Hurons,  and  that  their  customs  and  manners  were  very  much  the  same. 
Like  those  of  the  Hurons,  the  lodges  of  the  Neutrals  were  formed  like  arbors  or 
bowers,  covered  with  the  bark  of  trees,  25  to  30  fathoms  long  and  6  to  8  in  breadth 


Fig.  29217— Full  size. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOKT. 


17 


and  had  a  passage  running  through  the  middle,  10  or  12  ft.  wide,  from  one  end 
to  the  other.  Along  the  sides  was  a  kind  of  shelf,  4  ft.  from  the  ground,  whereon 
the  occupants  lay  in  summer  to  avoid  the  fleas.  In  winter  they  lay  on  mats  on 
the  ground  near  the  fire.  Such  a  lodge  contained  about  twelve  fires  and  twenty- 
four  firesides.  Like  the  Hurons  they  removed  their  villages  every  five,  ten,  fifteen 
or  twenty  years,  from  one  to  three  or  more  leagues,  when  the  land  became  ex- 


Fig.  29265— Two- thirds  diameter. 

hausted  by  cultivation;  for,  as  they  did  not  make  use  of  manure  to  any  great 
degree,  they  had  to  clear  more  new  and  fertile  land  elsewhere.  Their  garments 
were  made  from  the  skins  of  various  wild  beasts  obtained  by  the  chase  or  through 
trade  with  the  Algonkin,  Nipissing,  and  other  hunting  tribes,  for  maize,  meal, 
wampum,  and  fishing  tackle. 

"  The  Neutrals  were  visited  in  1640-41  by  Fathers  Brebeuf  and  Chaumonot. 
The  tribe  was  then  engaged  in  vigorous  war  against  the  western  tribes,  especially 
the  Mascouteons.  These  two  missionaries  visited  eighteen  villages  or  towns. 


Fig.  292t>U— Two-thirds  diameter. 

stopping  in  ten  of  them,  and  expounding  their  own  religious  faith  whenever  they 
could  assemble  an  audience.  In  these  ten  settlements  they  estimated  about  500 
fires  and  3,000  persons. 

"  Immediately  after  the  political  destruction  of  the  Hurons  by  the  Iroquois 
the  latter  again  attacked  the  Neutrals.  The  entire  conquest  of  the  Neutrals  in 
1650-51  was  the  result  of  this  war,  and  some  remnants  of  the  Neutral  tribes  were 
incorporated  chiefly  with  the  Seneca  villages  in  New  York." — Handbook  of 
American  Indians. 
2  A 


18  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 

Ground  Stone — Problematical  form. 

Moorehead,  in  his  "  Stone  Age,"  gives  the  following  excellent  classification 
of  these  various  forms,  viz: — 

Ground  Stone. 
I.  Problematical  forms. 

1.  Laminae  (i.e.,  flat  "  spuds/'  "  gorgets,"  and  pendants) . 
Types:— 

(A)  Spade-shaped. 

(B)  Ovate. 

(a)  Sides  concave  (not  common). 

(b)  Sides  straight. 

(c)  Sides  convex. 

(C)  Leaf-shaped. 

(D)  Spear-shaped. 

(E)  Rectangular. 

(a)  Sides  concave. 

(b)  Sides  straight. 

(c)  Sides  convex. 

(F)  Shield-shaped. 

(G)  Pendants. 

(a)  Celt-shaped. 

(b)  Rectangular. 

(c)  Oval  or  circular. 

2.  Resemblances  to  known  forms. 

(A)  Animal-shaped  stones. 

(B)  Boat-shaped  stones. 

(C)  Bar-shaped  stones. 

(a)  Longer,  resembling  true  "bars." 

(b)  Shorter,  "  ridged  "  or  "  expanded  gorgets." 

(D)  Spool-shaped  stones. 

(E)  Pick-shaped  stones. 

(F)  Plummet-shaped  stones. 

(G)  Geometrical  forms. 

(a)  Spheres. 

(b)  Hemispheres. 

(c)  Crescents. 

(d)  Cones. 


3.  Perforated  stones  with  wings. 

(A)  Wings  with  constant  rate  of  change  of  width. 

(a)  Wings  expanding  from  perforation. 

(b)  Wings  with  sides  parallel. 

(c)  Wings  contracting  from  perforation. 

(B)  Wings  with  varying  rate  of  change  of  width. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  19 

II.  Tubes  and  tube-shaped  stones. 

III.  Beads. 

IV.  Pitted  stones  other  than  hammer  stones. 

The  same  author  makes  the  following  comments : 

"  If  one  will  reflect  on  the  beginnings  of  human  culture,  it  may  seem  to  one 
that  the  earliest  man  picked  up  a  flat  bit  of  bright  stone  without  irregular  edges — 
perhaps  it  was  oval — and  drilled  a  little  hole  in  the  top,  and  wore  it  about  his 
neck  as  an  ornament.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  man  began  with  the  specialized 
forms,  or  a  ridged  ornament,  which  must  have  been  of  later  development.  Whether 
by  later,  one  means  a  few  generations  or  a  thousand  years,  is  immaterial,  for,  as  we 
have  observed  in  other  places  in  this  book,  some  tribes  progressed  rapidly,  while 
others  did  not.  Among  the  latter,  the  period  of  development  in  ornamental  stones 
would  be  practically  nil,  for  there  are  no  problematical  forms  among  such  Indians 
as  the  Sens,  whom  McGee  found  in  the  stone  age  as  late  as  1901. 

"  Now,  while  such  Indians  as  the  Seris  have  not  progressed,  we  must  not 
imagine  that  the  rate  of  progress  among  other  tribes  was  always  very  low.  It  may 
have  been  rapid,  or  it  may  have  been  retarded;  no  man  can  affirm  with  reference 
to  this.  But  it  is  to  be  supposed  that  the  progress  was  considerable,  for  the  Indian 
is  superior  to  most  other  tribes  of  barbarians. 

"  It  is  not  necessary  to  point  out  that  the  Indian  brain  is  finer  than  the  Aus- 
tralian or  African  brain.  The  Indian  is  bright,  he  is  alert,  he  is  quick  to  avail 
himself  of  natural  advantages.  I  have  always  been  of  the  opinion  that,  had  the 
Indian  discovered  the  properties  of  iron,  and  constructed  more  permanent  dwell- 
ings, he  would  have  developed  a  high  culture  peculiarly  his  own,  on  this  continent. 

"  We  may  imagine  that  the  first  aborigine  to  discover  the  possibilities  of  the 
stone  ornament  selected  an  unusually  soft  clay-stone,  punched  a  hole  through  it 
with  a  thorn,  and  the  material  being  very  soft,  the  rim  between  the  perforation 
and  the  upper  part  gave  way  and  the  stone  was  lost.  Meantime,  other  natives, 
seeing  and  admiring  this  new  ornament,  followed  his  example.  Presently,  it  was 
ascertained  that  slate  and  sandstone,  while  harder  to  drill,  retained  their  shape 
and  were  more  serviceable  than  softer  clay-stones.  Somebody  discovered  that  it 
was  well  to  make  two  perforations  in  the  oval  stone.  Again,  that  by  grinding  the 
edge  of  the  stone  one  could  change  the  form,  and  thus  the  objects  came  into  use. 
A  stone  of  near  the  desired  shape  was  worked  accordingly,  and  flat  discs  remained 
as  more  or  less  circular  or  rectangular  ornaments.  Thus,  slate  and  shale,  rectangu- 
lar in  the  natural  state,  were  made  into  rectangular  or  square  ornaments  and 
tablets." 

"  Stone  Age  "  has  a  chart  showing  221  forms  in  this  class.  The  Murray  col- 
lection has  many  excellent  specimens,  some  of  which  we  reproduce.  They  vary 
very  much  in  outline,  but  in  all  we  have  evidence  of  the  artistic  taste  of  the 
sculptor.  Their  work  compares  favorably  with  that  done  in  stone  by  their  more 
civilized  cousins  in  Mexico  and  South  America.  The  majority  of  these  articles 
were  surface  finds ;  many  of  them  picked  up  by  the  farmer  while  tilling  his  soil. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  uses  a  large  number  of  these  articles  were  put  to  is 
very  meager,  and  we  are  often  led  to  say  that  if  our  self-sacrificing  ancestry  had 
devoted  a  little  more  time  to  the  history  of  their  home  life  we  would  have  gained 
greatly  thereby;  but  time  and  investigation  may  yet  restore  to  us  a  knowledge  of 
the  uses  of  many  of  these  artifacts. 


20 


AECH^JOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


BIRD  AMULETS. 

This  collection*  contained  eight  perfect  and  two  fragmentary  specimens  of 
what  are  called  "  Bird  Amulets,"  only  one  of  which  is  not  slate.  It  is  of  quartzite, 
and  not  of  such  graceful  proportions  as  are  those  made  of  argillaceous  stone.  No 
doubt  this  is  on  account  of  the  refractory  nature  of  the  material.  Such  objects 


Fig.  29176— Full  size. 


are  frequently  referred  to  as  Totems,  but  we  have  no  knowledge  of  clans  bearing 
names  to  correspond  with  the  various  shapes  we  find,  and  it  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  the  custom  to  represent  totems  in  this  manner. 


Fig.  29177 — Two-thirds  diameter. 

We  have  in  the  Museum  two  specimens  of  smoking  pipes  of  turtle  form  and 
two  more  objects  of  a  similar  shape,  which  appear  to  have  been  meant  for  purely 
ornamental  purposes.  The  latter  two  may  have  been  intended  for  some  totemic 
use,  but  it  is  just  as  likely  that  they  were  so  made  simply  because  the  shape  of 


Fig.  29178— Two-thirds  diameter.;, 

the  unworked  stone  suggested  the  form    in    question.      (See    No.    26765,    Arch. 
Report,  p.  7,  1904.)     The  name  by  which  these  are  known,  "Bird  Amulets"  was 
bly  given  because  they  are  suggestive  of  bird-forms,  and  we  do  not  know 
*  Murray  collection. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


enough  about  them  to  suggest  any  other  designation;  but  it  is  not  at  all  improb- 
able that  as  amulets  or  charms  they  had  some  connection  with  the  capture  of 
water-fowl.  In  addition  to  this,  the  theories  about  them  are  certainly  fanciful — 
from  being  worn  by  married  women,  conquerors,  and  war  parties,  to  placing  011 
the  low  of  a  canoe  during  a  fishing  expedition.  But  all  alike  are  hypothetical, 
and  we  have  yet  to  secure  more  positive  information  before  we  can  ascribe  to  them 


Fig.  29179— Full  size. 

a  definite  place  among  the  archaeological  remains  of  our  "lied  Man."  Whatever 
their  uses  may  have  been,  the  drilling  of  'the  other  stone  in  this  set  is  most  uni- 
formly done,  and  in  accordance  with  a  recognized  plan.  Drilling  in  stone  was 
one  of  the  arts  of  prehistoric  man  during  the  Neolithic  period,  continued  into  the 
Bronze  Age,  and  thence  down  to  historic  times.  Scores  of  examples  can  be  given 
from  both  Europe  and  America  in  which  the  drilling  shown  is  at  once  delicate 


Fig.  29180— Full  size. 

and  difficult.     In  prehistoric  Europe  man  drilled  a  hole  in  his  axe  and  put  a 
handle  in  it.     In  America  he  grooved  the  head  of  it  and  handled  it  by  a  withe. 

There  are  some  seventy-five  of  these  Bird  Stones  in  the  Museum,  varying 
from  one  inch  to  nine  and  three-quarter  inches  in  length.  No  two  are  exactly 
alike  in  general  outline  or  in  length;  some  eyeless,  some  without  tails,  others  with 
a  pointed  beak,  and  others  rounded,  others  again  with  the  bird's  head  at  both  ends. 
Most  of  them  are  perforated  at  the  base,  but  many  are  not.  Taken  all  together, 


22 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  29181— Full  size. 

they  form  a  most  unique  collection.  Their  number,  as  well  as  their  widespread 
distribution,  would  lead  us  to  believe  that  they  were  used  either  for  some  im- 
portant ceremonial,  or  else  for  utilitarian  purposes.  Be  their  use  what  it  may, 
their  elegant  outline  places  the  sculptors  far  above  the  class  of  people  we  are 
accustomed  to  call  "  barbarous." 


Fig.  29182— Two-thirds  diameter. 

Only  four  of  the  eight  perfect  bird  amulets  from  Kent  and  Elgin  counties, 
forming  part  of  the  Murray  collection,  have  the  protuberant  eyes,  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  many  such  specimens,  and  the  one  of  quartzite  has  not  the  diagonal 
holes  at  the  ends  of  the  base  which  are  almost  always  present  in  finished  slate 
objects  of  this  kind.  These  specimens  are  all  made  of  banded  slate,  and  like  most 
of  their  class  are  works  of  art.  No  two  of  them  are  alike. 


Fig.  29183— Two-thirds  diameter. 
% 

Fig.  29183  may  be  classed  with  the  Bird  Amulets.  It  is  of  quartzite,  and 
beautifully  carved.  The  outlines  are  all  proportionate.  The  lack  of  polish  and 
absence  of  holes  at  the  lower  angles  might  lead  one  to  suggest  that  it  was  only  partly 
finished. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  29134— Full  size. 

These  problematical  stones,  known  by  various  names — Gorgets,  Banner  Stones, 
Shuittles — evince  great  care  in  their  manufacture,  and  prove  that  a  skilled  hand 
was  employed.  Fig.  29134  is  somewhat  unique  in  its  appearance;  it  is  made  of 
beautifully  veined  slate,  wiiih  a  double  crescent;  the  holes  were  drilled  from  both 
sides.  In  no  place  does  it  show  any  sign  of  wear,  its  well-marked  edges  are  sharp 
just  as  they  left  the  maker's  hand.  It  is  the  only  specimen  of  the  kind  in  the 
Museum.  It  has  been  suggested  that  stones  of  this  kind  were  used  for  the  purpose 
of  winding  their  fairing  lines  thereon. 


Fig.  29188— Full  size. 

Fig.  29188  is  a  splendid  specimen  of  this  class.  It  differs  from  all  the  others 
in  that  there  is  no  ridge  from  top  to  bottom,  but  in  place  of  the  same  there  is  a 
square  protuberance  on  both  sides,  rough  on  the  surface,  looking  as  if  a  suitable 
piece  of  slate  had  been  taken.  The  indentations  at  either  end  are  quite  deep,  that 
at  the  top  being  one  inch,  the  lower  one  three-quarters  of  an  inch.  The  drilled 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  RBPOET. 


hole  through  the  centre  extends  to  the  points;  the  top  of  the  hole  shows  signs  of 
wear  and  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  used  for  stretching  thongs  or  strings. 
These  markings  can  be  seen  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cut. 


Fig.  29190— Full  size. 

Fig.  29190  though  very  similar  to  the  previous  one  (Fig.  29188)  is  much 
thinner.  On  both  sides  the  elevation  over  the  drilled  hole  is  very  slight  and  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  rubbed  off.  This  stone  shows  considerable  signs  of  wear, 
and  without  doubt  has  been  used  for  rubbing  down  cords  or  deerhide  thongs  for  use 
on  bows  and  snow-shoes.  These  marks,  which  can  be  plainly  seen  in  the  plate,  do 
not  extend  into  the  drilled  hole.  The  rubbing  appears  to  have  been  done  by  insert- 
ing cord  into  the  notches. 


Fig.  29192— Full  size. 

Fig.  29192  is  a  most  beautiful  specimen  of  green  lined  slate.     It  is  much 
icker  and  heavier  than  most  of  these  specimens.    The  hole  through  it  is  slightly 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


over  one-quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  not  as  perfectly  bored  as  in  most 
of  such  pieces.  On  the  front  is  an  elevated  ridge  with  thirteen,  marks  thereon, 
probably  to  represent  the  thirteen  lunar  months  in  the  Indian  year.  These  mark- 
ings are  very  regular,  and  are  not  so  deep  at  the  extremities  of  the  ridge  as  in  the 
centre. 


Fig.  29191— Full  size. 

Fig.  29191  differs  from  some  of  the  others  in  the  fact  that  the  ridge  in  the 
centre  is  of  an  equal  size  on  both  sides.  The  indentations  at  top  and  bottom  are 
sliglhtly  to  one  side  on  the  reverse  of  that  shown  in  the  cut,  the  corners  are  square, 
the  sides  curving  slightly  inward  to  the  top  of  the  hole.  The  drilling  extends  some 
distance  along  the  sides,  indicating  that  the  drilling-  had  been  done  first,  then  the 
cuttings  at  top  and  bottom  were  made.  The  two  wings  are  not  perfectly  symmetri- 
cal, as  can  be  seen  in  the  cut. 


Fig.  29197— Full  size. 

Fig.  29197.  This  butterfly  stone  is  made  after  the  pattern  of  many  others. 
It  is  well  made,  and  on  the  reverse  side  from  that  appearing  in  the  cut  the  ele- 
vated ridge  extending  down  the  centre  is  not  nearly  so  prominent  and  has  the  ap- 


26 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


pearance  of  having  been  worn.  Probably  in  some  of  these  a  polished  piece  of  wood 
was  passed  through  the  hole,  and  by  this  means  fastened  to  clothing,  or  around 
the  neck,  or  as  a  pendant  to  a  string  of  beads. 


Fig.  29193— Full  size. 

Fig.  29193  closely  resembles  the  previous  one  (Fig.  29197).  The  reverse  side  of 
this  is  almost  straight  across;  the  elevation  is  very  slight,  and  where  it  terminates 
at  the  lower  end  it  is  almost  flat.  The  hole  is  drilled  straight  through  and  is  uni- 
form in  size. 


Fig.  29196— Full  size. 

Fig.  29196  is  the  only  stone  of  this  pattern  in  the  Museum.  In  outline  it  is 
perfect,  both  sides  being  similar.  There  are  no  marks  on  it  whereby  one  could 
even  guess  at  the  use  to  which  it  had  been  put.  Stones  such  as  these  are  not  found 
south  of  the  Ohio  River ;  there  are  considerable  numbers  throughout  the  lake  region 
of  Ontario. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


27 


Fig.  29223— Full  size. 

Fig.  29223  might  be  classed  with  the  tubes.  It  is  well  bored,  with  a  groove 
on  both  sides,  the  groove  widening  slightly  from  tlhe  larger  end  to  the  smaller. 
The  hole  extending  from  end  to  end  is  the  reverse  of  the  grooves  and  becomes 
larger  toward  the  smaller  end.  Its  use  would  be  very  hard  to  suggest;  there  is  no 
similar  piece  in  the  Museum.  It  may  possibly  have  been  used  as  a  stretcher  for 
lines,  the  concave  part  at  top  and  bottom  for  rubbing  the  same,  as  something  sim- 
ilar to  this  is  used  by  the  Eskimo  for  this  purpose. 


Fig.  29189— Full  size. 

Fig.  29189  is  a  unique  specimen  in  this  class.  The  elevated  ridges  on  both 
sides  are  well  marked ;  the  hole  through  the  centre  is  uniform  in  size  and  perfectly 
drilled.  The  holes  at  the  lower  part  have  been  sunk  from  both  sides,  and  while 
one  would  think  that  they  were  placed  there  for  the  purpose  of  suspension,  they 
are  absolutely  unworn. 


CEREMONIAL  WEAPONS. 

In  the  collection  of  fairly  good  specimens  procured  from  Mr.  William  Mur- 
ray, of  Elgin  Count}r,  were  many  which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  we  must  call 
"  Ceremonial "  objects,  on  the  supposition  that  they  were  used  only  in,  or  at, 
feasts,  dances,  and  parades,  or  as  personal  decorations  at  any  time,  but  having 
some  symbolic  significance  in  all  probability.  One  of  the  most  characteristic  of 


28 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


these  is  shown  by  figure  29187,  which,  from  the  situation  of  the  holes,  we  may 
guess  was  worn  as  a  pendant.  It  is  handsomely  veined.  It  is  six  inches  and  a 
quarter  long  and  three  inches  wide  at  the  lower  end.  All  the  boring  has  been 


Fig.  29187— Three-quarters  diameter. 

done  from  the  side  shown,  apparently  with  drills  of  two  different  sizes.  The  por- 
tion between  the  side  circular  curves,  which  is  perforated  with  a  hole  nearly  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  is  considerably  thicker  than  the  rest  of  the  object. 
As  a  tool  it  possessed  no  value  whatever. 


Fig.  29199— Full  size. 

Fig.  291^9  is  a  view  of  what  by  tacit  consent  has  been  commonly  called  a 
"  Banner-stone."  The  hole  is  large  enough  to  contain  a  fairly  substantial  shaft, 
but  the  stone  head  as  figured  is  quite  too  small  to  have  been  used  to  hold  the 
handle  of  a  weapon.  It  is  more  likely  that  it  was  used  for  some  ceremonial  pur- 
pose in  connection  with  some  of  the  so-called  religious  rites. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  29211.     This  pendant-like    specimen    would    appear    to  have  been  used 
much  as  we  suppose  these  tools  were  that  are  figured  29258  to  29262. 


Fig.  29211— Full  size. 

The  upper  edge  of  this  one  looks  as  if  it  had  been  employed  to  rub  against 
something  else,  and  the  projections  are  suggestive  of  guides  to  keep  the  tool  in 
place  when  in  use  by  being  pushed. 


Fig.  29207— Full  size. 

Fig.  29207.  The  symmetry  and  gracefulness  of  this  figure  are  noticeable. 
It  is  made  from  a  piece  of  very  thin  Huronian  slate  scarcely  more  than  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  in  thickness.  Such  stones  as  these  with  two  holes  were  probably  fixed 
to  some  part  of  the  person  or  to  some  article  of  ceremony.  The  holes,,  as  in  this 
case,  are  usually  countersunk,  and  most  of  the  objects  such  as  this  are  made  of 
slate.  They  were  widely  distributed. 


30 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  29212.  This  pendant-like  specimen  of  slate  shows  that  a  piece  has  been 
broken  off  at  what  is  now  the  longer  angle  at  the  wide  end,  and  that  a  little  rub- 
bing has  been  done  to  make  the  place  of  fracture  smooth.  The  boring  has  all  been 


Fig.  29212— Full  size. 

done  from  the  side  shown  in  the  cut,  the  size  of  the  aperture  on  the  other  side  be- 
ing very  much  smaller.  In  this  case,  as  in  many  others,  the  hole  is  not  rubbed, 
nor  has  it  the  appearance  of  having  been  used  as  a  means  of  hanging  around  the 
neck. 


Fig.  29218— Full  size. 

Fig.  29218.  The  figure  here  seen  depicts  a  novelty  to  us.  The  Murray  col- 
lection contained  two,  one  of  which,  however,  was  much  damaged.  The  one  pho- 
tographed is  perfect;  the  imperfect  specimen  was  continued  in  use,  whatever  that 
use  may  have  been,  for  it  is  noticeable  that  after  a  fracture  had  taken  place  at 
one  end,  in  line  with  the  venation,  the  owner  was  at  some  pains  to  polish  down  the 
rougher  parts  of  the  break.  A  hole  at  each  end  is  bored  obliquely,  as  in  the  bird 
and  bar  amulets. 


Fig.  29221— Full  size. 

Fig.  29221.     This  photo-engraving  represents  an  example  of  what  is  known 
as  a  "degraded"  implement,  i.e.,  one  that  has  been  produced  from  a  perfect  im- 


1011 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


31 


plement  of  some  kind  and  which  was  latterly  used  for  a  very  different  purpose. 
Banner-stones  in  perfect  condition  are  symmetrical — this  is  onl}»  the  half  of  one 
which  has  become  broken  where  the  usual  central  hole  existed.  The  fractured  end 
still  shows  part  of  the  original  hole  which,  however,  has  had  the  fractured  portions 
rubbed  down  until  now  they  are  quite  smooth.  From  the  hollow  that  remains  as 
part  of  the  original  hole,  another  hole  has  been  bored  at  right  angles  to  meet  the 
one  shown  in  the  cut.  It  may  probably  have  been  used  as  a  pendant  on  a  bead 
necklace. 


Fig.  29214— Full  size. 

Fig.  29214  represents  a  piece  in  the  Murray  collection  differing  from,  any- 
thing else  in  the  Museum.  The  raised  button  in  the  centre  stands  out  nearly  half 
an  inch;  the  holes  at  either  side  are  much  larger  on  the  part  figured;  the  reverse 
side  is  slightly  convex.  It  may  have  been  used  for  a  button,  or  as  an  ornament  at 
festive  gatherings. 


Fig.  29241— Half-diameter. 


Fig.  29245— Full  size. 


Fig.  29246— Full  size. 

Figures  29241,  29245,  29246,  29247.  The  crude  animal  forms  illustrated 
have  a  fish-like  appearance,  with  the  exception  of  fig.  29245.  They  are  all  bored, 
seemingly  for  suspension  or  for  being  fastened  to  some  support.  The  exception  in 


32 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


question  is  notched  at  one  end,  and  this  would  serve  a  similar  purpose.  In  fig. 
29241  the  hole  at  each  side  near  the  head  has  a  separate  termination  on  the  base, 
but  those  near  the  tail  end,  as  we  may  call  it,  terminate  on  the  base  in  a  single 
hole.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  the  rear  hole  has  first  been  bored  clear  through 
from  side  to  side,  and  that  connection  with  the  base  was  effected  by  means  of  one 


Fig.  29247— Full  size. 

perforation  in  the  middle.  If  fig.  29246  be  an  animal  form,  as  its  resemblance  to 
fig.  29241  would  suggest,  what  was  meant  for  the  eye-hole  would  also  serve  for 
suspension,  as  it  is  bored  clean  through.  In  fig.  29247  the  boring  near  the  head 
has  been  done  as  in  fig.  29241  in  the  corresponding  situation.  The  strong  proba- 
bility is  that  all  of  them  except  fig.  29241  were  used  as  pendants. 


Fig.  29243— Two-thirds  diameter. 

Fig.  29243.  The  specimen  here  figured,  known  as  a  "Bar  Amulet,"  is  eight 
and  three- fourth  inches  in  length.  We  have  several  specimens  in  the  Museum  of 
similar  form,  but  all  smaller  than  this.  Like  the  "Bird  Amulets"  these  are  in- 
variably perforated  diagonally  through  the  base  at  each  end.  The  elevation  on  its 
rounded  side  is  exactly  in  the  middle.  From  its  general  outline  one  would  sur- 
mise that  it  had  been  put  to  some  useful  purpose. 


Fig.  292B6— Full  size. 

Figures  29236,  29216.  These  figures  represent  a  class  of  ancient  Indian  work 
of  which  absolutely  nothing  is  known  as  to  its  purpose.  The  hole,  usually  an  oval 
one,  passes  transversely  through  what  is  the  upright  portion  of  the  cuts.  In  the  case 
of  figure  29216  it  is  quadrangular.  There  are  several  specimens  in  the  Museum,, 
from  various  parts  of  the  Province,  and  their  purpose  in  aboriginal  economy  has 
always  been  enigmatical.  From  no  Indian  can  any  knowledge  of  their  use  be  ob- 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


33 


tained.  My  own  guess  is  that  they  were  in  some  way  employed  to  twist  cords  or 
strings,  but  such  guesses  are  worthless.  Perhaps  the  origin  of  this  hazy  supposi- 
tion arose  in  connection  with  the  finding  of  two  breast  bones  of  a  large  fowl  in  a 


Fig.  29216— Full  size. 


Fig.  29258— Full  size. 


Fig.  29260— Full  size. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


grave  near  Boston.  Creek,  not  far  from.  Hagersville,  when  two  Mississauga  women 
were  present,  one  of  whom  volunteered  the  information  (a  very  unusual  thing) 
that  the  breast  bones  had  been  used  in  such  a  way,  and  then  proceeded  to  state 
that  formerly  a  stone  implement  was  similarly  used.  From  her  description,  I  got 
the  impression  that  she  meant  a  tool  of  this  kind. 


Fig.  29261— Full  size.  Fig.  29262— Full  size. 


Figures  29258,  29260,  292G1,  29262.  These  figures— all  of  slate— seem  to 
represent  a  kind  of  scraper,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the  flint  tool  of  this  name, 
that  the  "Woman's  Knife/'  of  the  same  kind  of  stone,  bears  to  the  flint  one.  On 
the  concave  edges  they  are  all  brought  to  a  comparatively  thin  edge  as  if  used  for 
aid  in  dressing  skins  stretched  over  a  round,  or  rounded,  wooden  pole. 


Fig.  29237—  Full  size. 


Figures  29237  and  29238.     In  the  process  of  weaving,  it  is  necessary  to  press 
the  cross  threads  of  the  woof  tightly  against  each  other.    In  a  machine  loom  this  is 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


35 


Fig.  29238— Full  size. 

done  with  comparative  ease,  but  when  the  loom  is  little  more  than  a  plain  frame, 
the  work  of  packing  the  threads  closely  is  somewhat  tedious,  and  has  to  be  done 
by  means  of  some  such  tools  as  are  pictured  in  the  cut.  This,  however,  is  merely 
a  guess  at  the  use  of  such  "toothed"  specimens,  and  they  may  have  been  employed 
in  a  very  different  manner.  The  hole  in  this  specimen  is  bored  from  both  sides, 
a  large  drill  being  used  on  one  side,  and  a  much  smaller  one  on  the  reverse.  The 
teeth  come  down  to  a  sharp  point  and  are  uniform  in  length,  but  not  so  in  width; 
its  composition  is  striped  slate,  and  somewhat  peculiar  at  that,  as  can  be  seen  in 
fig.  29238. 


Fig.  29278— Full  size.  Fig.  29213— Full  size. 

Figures  29278,  29213.     The  crenated  edged  pendant  shown  by  fig.  29278  is 


36 


ABCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


unlike  anything  else  in  pendant  form  in  our  cases ;  it  is  likely  the  notches  were 
made  more  for  ornament  than  for  use,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  fig.  29213. 
Both  of  these  articles  were  worn  as  ornaments.  The  hole  shows  that  the  string 
carrying  it  has  worn  both  sides  alike,  and  the  same  in  both  stones.  The  serated 
edges  of  fig.  29213  has  thirteen  marks  on  one  side  and  fourteen  on  the  other; 
fig.  29278  has  twenty-five  marks  fairly  regularly  cut  in  it. 


Fig.  29263— Half  diameter. 

Fig  29263.  The  adze  represented  by  the  cut  is  the  only  one  we  have,,  made 
of  such  material — porphyritic  argillite,  which  was  evidently  chosen  for  the  pur- 
pose because,  as  a  pebble,  its  shape  suggested  this  kind  of  tool.  The  side  shown  in 
the  engraving  is  concave  and,  except  in  a  few  places,  it  is  very  smoothly  finished. 
There  is  no  appearance  of  any  handle  ever  having  been  used  with  it,  and  its  sharp 
convexity  near  the  upper  end  on  the  other  side  suggests  that  in  all  probability 
the  tool  was  held  directly  in  the  workman's  hand.  It  may  have  been  used  in  remov- 
ing surface  wood  already  charred,  in  the  making  of  dishes,  or  in  hollowing  canoes. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


37 


STONE  PIPES. 


Fig.  29250— Fu]]  size. 

Fig.  29250.     The  bowl  is  much  larger  than  is  usual  in  stone  pipes,  and  would 
hold  a  considerable  quantity  of  tobacco. 


;-  Fig.  29251— Full  size. 

Fig.  29251.  The  bowl  of  this  pipe  is  also  larger  than  usual,  and  though 
broken,  the  outline  is  well  shown.  The  circular  'base  is  flattened  slightly  at  the 
front  part  and  notched  around  the  base.  The  stem  is  square,  measuring  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch,  and  is  slightly  larger  where  it  joins  the  bowl. 


38 


AECH^EOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


Fig.  29252— Full  size. 

Fig.  29252.  The  head  is  neatly  carved,  somewhat  "simian"  in  appearance, 
the  nose  flattened,  and  ears  somewhat  crude,  but  well  brought  out.  The  stem  is 
round  and  the  base  of  the  pipe  comes  to  a  point  in  the  front. 


Fig.  29253— Full  size. 

Fig.  29253.     The  bowl  and  general  outline  has  a  decidedly  modern  appear- 
ance, though  in  other  respects  the  workmanship  is  that  of  the  Stone  Age. 


fl 


Fig.  29254— Full  size, 
short  and  thick;  the  hole  is  at  the 


Part;  the 
is  ^ot  a 


1911 


ABCELEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


39 


Fig.  2925«— Full  size. 

Fig.  29256  represents  a  quadrangular  pipe-head.  On  each  of  the  sides  an 
attempt  has  been  jmade  to  carve  a  human  face.  All  of  them  are  crude.  A  unique 
feature  of  this  pipe  is  the  position  of  the  suspension  hole,  which  is  bored  through 
the  eye  of  the  imperfect  face  carved  on  the  back  of  the  pipe  near  the  stem-hole, 
diagonally,  and  has  its  other  extremity  on  a  level  with  the  tip  of  the  nose  on  that 
side.  On  three  sides  there  is  clearly  seen  an  attempt  to  bring  out  the  supra-or- 
bital ridges,  and  on  two  of  the  faces  are  lines  extending  downwards  from  nose  and 
mouth, — lines  that  are  not  usually  regarded  by  any  Indian  artist.  This  pipe-head 
is  of  sandstone,  and  in  many  respects  is  rudely  made.  Probably  age  has  destroyed 
much  of  its  original  appearance. 


Fig.  29249— Half  diameter. 
Fig.  29249.     Close  as  is  the  resemblance  in  outline  between  this  specimen 


40 


ABCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


and  that  of  fig.  29263,  there  could  not  possibly  have  been  similarity  in  their  uses. 
Tlieire  can  be  no  doubt  that  fig.  29249  was  intended  for  a  smoking  pipe,  being  in 
fact,  a  prototype  of  what,  after  the  appearance  of  Europeans,  became  the  much 
coveted  tomahawk  iron-pipe.  The  stem-hole,  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
bored  in  line  between  the  two  crosses  in  the  diagram,  was  large  enough  to  receive 
a  very  serviceable  handle  of  hickory,  or  other  tough  wood,  provided  with  a  hole 
bored  through  it  lengthwise  for  a  pipe-stem.  This  hole  was,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
connected  with  another  through  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  for  smoking  purposes, 
when  the  owner  wished  to  rest  and  be  regaled,  after  exhausting  himself  in  per- 
forming some  bloodthirsty  task;  or  it  may  be  (if  the  owner  of  it  was  a  woman), 
after  she  had  done  some  arduous  work  in  the  preparation  of  kindling  wood  on  the 
camp  ground.  It  is  made  of  Huronian  slate,  very  well  marked,  the  lines  running 
at  a  slight  angle  from  end  to  end. 


Fig.  29229— Two-thirds  diameter. 

Fig.  29229  is  peculiar  in  being  octagonal,  as  well  as  in  the  style  of  its  orna- 
mentation around  the  larger  end — a  series  of  three  shallow-pitted  holes  on  each  of 
the  faces.  Such  tubes  may  have  been  used  as  smoking  pipes,  as  is  claimed  by  some 
United  States  archaeologists,  and  this  one  is  much  more  suggestive  of  that  use  than 
many  others,  being  provided  with  what  is  apparently  a  mouthpiece.  The  hole  in 
the  tube  is  much  larger  at  one  end  than  at  the  other.  The  larger  hole  extends 
about  three-quarters  of  the  length  of  the  tube,  where  the  smaller  hole  meets  it  most 
perfectly.  Huronian  slate  was  comparatively  seldom  used  in  the  production  of 
smoking  pipes,  or  of  tubes  of  any  kind,  in  Ontario.  One  is  tempted  to  attribute 
white  influence  in  the  making  of  this  tube,  no  matter  for  what  use  it  was  intended. 


Fig.  29222— Full  size. 

Fig.  29222  is  the  view  of  what  is  a  puzzle.  The  hole  goes  clean  through  so 
that  the  article  is  really  a  tube.  But  what  is  it  for?  It  is  well  made  and  is  fairly 
symmetrical.  The  upturned  end  curving  backward  to  the  body  of  the  tube  is 
slightly  groovd  at  both  sides,  with  the  general  appearance  of  having  been  used,  the 
stone  having  a  rubbed  appearance,  and  probably  may  have  been  used  in  the  process 
oi  weaving. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


41 


Fig.  29204— Full  size. 

Fig.  29204.  This  shows  the  side  and  one  end  of  what  looks  like  a  small 
double  edged  axe.  The  hole  is  oval,  and  large  enough  to  take  in  a  good  sized 
handle;  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether  the  object  was  ever  intended  for  use 
as  a  cutting  instrument.  The  hole  is  poorly  made  and  is  probably  the  result  of 
making  two  borings  through  the  stone,  and  afterwards  removing  the  partition  be- 
tween the  two  perforations.  The  hole  is  slightly  larger  at  one  end,  and  from  its 
appearance  it  has  been  used  for  rubbing  down  thongs  or  cords. 


Fig.  29203— Full  size. 

Fig.  29203.  We  have  here  the  side  and  end  views  of  a  specimen  regarding 
which  nothing  is  known.  The  hole  goes  from  side  to  side,  and  is  entered  by  two 
other  smaller  holes  near  each  end  from  the  bottom — as  it  stands  in  the  cut.  A 
slight  fracture  occurred  at  one  of  its  upper  corners,  as  can  be  seen  in  the  cut, 
but  was  well  polished.  Most  likely  it  was  worn  as  a  pendant. 


Fig.  29224-Full  size. 


Fig.  29225— Full  size. 


Figures    29224,    29225,    29226,    29231,    29232.     We    also    illustrate    here    a 
number  of  tubes  taken  fromi  the  Murray  collection,  and  mostly  found  in  Kent 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BEPORT. 


County.  These  tubes  are  well  made,  all  being  composed  of  banded  slate,  with  uni- 
form drilling.  They  vary  in  length  from  one  and  one-half  inches  to  seven  inches. 
They  are  all,  like  most  of  this  class,  smaller  at  one  end  than  the  other,  and  in 
one  or  two  instances  they  would  appear  to  have  been  used  as  pipes,  but  the  strong 


Fig.  29226— Full  size. 


Fig.  29231— Half  diameter. 


Fig.  29232— Half  diameter. 

probabilities  are  that  most  of  them  were  used  by  their  medicine  men  for  the  pur- 
pose of  cupping  or  drawing  the  evil  spirits  out  of  the  patient's  body.  Such  a 
practice  exists  even  at  the  present  time  amongst  the  Western  and  South-western 
tribes.  They  use  bone  and  wooden  tubes  much  resembling  the  stone  found  in  this 
Province. 


Fig.  29242— Two-thirds  diameter. 

'-Tf242,  shows  what  in  our  ignorance  we  (Pror.  Museum)   call  a  "canoe 
It  is  hollowed  almost  its  whole  length  and  is  perforated  in  the  centre 
the  supposition  that  the  aboriginal  women  wove  after  the  manner  of  the  white 
people,  specimens  of  this  kind  have  been  called  shuttles.    As  shown  by    he  £° 
tration   one  edge  IB  quite  straight,  while  the  other  is  rounded  both  ways.     Speci- 
mens of  this  kind  are  by  no  means  common,  and  this  is  the  largest  one  in  our  col- 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  43 


STONE  AXES. 

Out  of  all  the  axes  recently  added,  fewer  than  ten  are  transversely  grooved, 
and  some  are  only  slightly  so;  others  are  most  deeply  cut  into  on  the  edges.  By 
means  of  this  transverse  groove  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  distinguish  a  Canadian 
from  an  American  axe.  It  may  be  objected  that  when  such  tools  were  made  no 
such  distinction  of  territory  existed.  This  is  quite  true,  but  there  were  other  dis- 
tinctions corresponding  to  it,  which  set  the  fashion  in  the  production  of  various 
tools  and  weapons  besides  axes.  Perhaps  language  was  mainly  responsible,  but 
association  counted  for  much,  and  associations,  as  a  matter  of  course,  would  de- 
pend mainly  on  the  ability  to  converse  with  one  another.  In  Canada  our  dealings 
have  chiefly  been  with  two  stocks  of  Indians,  viz.,  the  Algonquins  and  the  Huron - 
Iroquois,  whose  languages  are  totally  distinct,  and  while  there  were  to  the  south 
of  us  representatives  of  both  those  stocks,  there  existed  topographical  differences 
as  well  as  what  may  be  called  national  distinctions,  sufficiently  powerful  to  regu- 
late even  matters  of  this  kind.  These  conditions,  in  connection  with  the  natural 
conservatism  of  primitive  peoples,  would  account  for  such  differences  when  a 
fashion  had  once  been  adopted. 

Even  within  the  comparatively  limited  area  of  this  Province,  with  its  220,000 
square  miles  (npt  including  the  lakes),  we  can  in  some  instances,  recognize  a 
marked  difference  between,  e.g.,  the  patterns  of  stone  gouges  from  the  eastern, 
western  and  middle  sections,  and  between  even  the  shapes  of  arrows  found  in  dif- 
ferent localities  at  wide  distances  apart.  More  than  once  it  has  been  mooted  in 
these  reports  that  in  all  probability  there  have  been  Indians  here  preceding  any 
known  to  history.  This  thought  arose  from  the  fact  that  in  graves  we  find  no 
material  of  what  we  call  the  "Ceremonial"  kind,  and  that  on  the  other  hand  all 
specimens  of  this  sort  are  picked  up  from  the  surface  of  newly-ploughed  land. 

Fig.  28796.  Among  nearly  three  hundred  axes,  or  celt-like  specimens  from 
the  neighborhood  of  Clachan,  are  a  good  many  quite  noticeable  on  account  of  the 
precision  with  which  they  have  been  made,  indicating  not  only  a  good  mechanical 
eye  but  skill  in  handling  the  material.  The  one  here  illustrated,  although  nearly 
devoid  of  polish,  is  almost  perfectly  symmetrical,  and,  with  a  good  handle,  must 
have  proved  an  effective  instrument  even  for  chopping  trees.  Minus  the  handle- 
hole  it  might  have  served  as  a  model  for  the  modern  axe  in  common  use. 

Fig.  28810.  In  at  least  one  respect,  this  is  an  exception  to  every  other  stone 
axe  I  have  even  seen.  As  a  rule,  tools  of  this  kind  are  more  or  less  convex  on  all 
sides — seldom  even  flat,  but  this  one  is  slightly  hollow  on  the  two  sides,  as  may  be 
seen  by  the  cross-section  diagram,  which  represents  the  curve  of  a  section  near  the 
arrow.  The  stone  is  a  fine-grained  grey  granite,  a  little  more  than  six  inches  long, 
nearly  three  inches  wide  at  the  lip,  and  averages  an  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness. 

Fig.  28814.  In  shape  this  axe  may  be  mentioned  as  the  "  antipodes "  of 
fig.  28810,  being  of  unusual  convexity  in  proportion  to  its  breadth.  The  pole  shows 
that  it  was  used  as  a  hammer.  A  chip  knocked  out  near  the  middle  of  the  lip  has 
been  smoothed  down,  apparently  with  a  half-round  or  a  rat-tailed  file.  The  stone 
is  of  granite. 


44 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  28796- Full 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


45 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  28814— Full  size. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


Fig.  28833.— Full  size. 


Fig.  28833  is  the  only  example  we  have  of  side-grooving.  The  handle  had 
evidently  been  attached  as  a  forked  or  split  piece  of  wood  by  being  lashed  to  the 
head  by  means  of  a  diagonal  arrangement  of  fibres  passing  over  one  edge  and  under 
another  at  the  opposite  side.  It  bears  signs  of  much  wear  on  all  the  angles  of  the 
notches  but  still  carries  a  good  cutting  edge.  It  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
brought  into  shape  wholly,  or  largely,  by  rubbing,  as  it  bears  no  evidence  of  chip- 
ping. It  is  a  greenish  grey  in  color,  and  looks  like  a  piece  of  highly  refractory 
material,  not  quite  dissimilar  to  jadeite  but  less  fine  in  texture. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  28847—  Half  diameter. 


Fig.  28847  is  not  by  any  means  «a  thing  of  beauty,-  but  to  one  who  likes  to 
learn  how  things  aboriginal  were  made  it  is  "a  joy  forever.-  As  in  many  other  in- 
stances  where  stone  tools  are  concerned,  the  ancient  worker  selected  a  piece  of  ma 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


19 


terial  best  adapted  to  the  shape  he  had  in  his  mind,  and  in  this  somewhat  large 
and  unshapely  pebble  he  probably  saw  a  shape  indicated  by  the  dotted  line  on  fig. 
28847a. 

The  edges  of  the  pebble  were  much  more  symmetrically  formed  than  the  sides 
of  it,  yet  the  old  mechanic  was  either  very  hard  up  for  "stuff,"  or  had  extremely 
poor  judgment  when  he  chose  this  water-worn  stone.  But  stones  of  any  kind  are 
not  plentiful  in  Kent  County.  In  any  event  the  work  done  on  it  is  totally 
different  from  other  work  of  the  kind  much  more  frequently  found.  To 
me,  too,  it  looks  much  older.  Comparatively  few  grooved  axes  are  found  in  On- 


F\g.  28845— Half  diameter. 

tario  (in  Canada  it  may  be  said),  and  it  frequently  happens  that  the  grooving  is 
not  all  like  that  of  more  southern  peoples;  the  work  done  in  Ontario  being 
somewhat  shallow  and  not  seldom  affecting  the  edges  only  of  such  specimens  as 
seen  in  fig.  28845,  which  is  six  and  a  half  inches  long,  and  proportionately  very 
thin — little  more  than  inch  at  the  pole. 
4  A. 


50 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  28860— Full  size. 

Figures  28860  and  2886-1  are  representations  of  unfinished  axes,  or  of  axes 
made  hurriedly  just  when  required.  They  might  be  called  for  this  reason  emergency 
axes  as  they  seem  to  have  been  most  probably  used  only  temporarily.  The  main 
thing  was  to  procure  a  cutting  edge.  The  reverse  is  roughly  straight,  while  the 
side  shown  in  the  engraving  has  the  cutting  edge  worked  from  both  sides 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  -REPORT. 


51 


Fig.  28864— Full  size. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


GOUGE  FORMS. 


Fig.  28821— Full  size. 

Fig.  28821  is  one  of  the  simplest  gouge  forms  we  have.  The  lip  is  only 
slightly  hollowed  (not  more  than  an  eighth  of  an  inch),  and  seems  to  have  been 
formed  by  a  modification  from  an  axe-form. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


53 


Fig.  28863— Full  size. 
Fig.  28863.     We  have  here  a  very  well  finished  and  somewhat  typical  tool. 


54  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Perhaps  most  white  men  would  say  at  a  glance  that  such  specimens  were  fitted 
to  a  handle  (a  knee-shaped  branch)  with  the  flat  side  to  face  the  wood,  but  an 
examination  of  similar  tools  from  Australia  having  the  wooden  handles  attached  to 
the  heads,  show  us  that  the  "Blackfellows"  of  our  sister  colony  fitted  the  rounded 
sides  into  grooves  in  the  wood,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  such  was  the 
method  employed  by  the  Indians  here.  At  any  rate  the  Australian  custom  ensured 
more  stability  in  the  haft  than  could  be  attained  by  placing  the  flat  side  against 
the  wood. 

SMELSER-ORR  COLLECTION. 

Early  in  the  lS80's  Mr.  Joseph  Srnelser  of  Laskey,  Ontario,  who  was  a  most 
enthusiastic  archaeologist,  and  who  had  at  that  time  a  very  fine  embryo  collection 
of  Indian  relics,  joined  forces  with  the  writer,  and  for  many  years  we  spent  much 
time  seeking  out  the  ash  beds,  and  opening  the  ossuaries  throughout  the  Town- 
ships of  Vaughan,  York,  Markham  and  King,  as  well  as  making  excursions  into 
the  County  of  Simcoe.  Most  of  the  village  sites  in  the  township  of  Vaughan  were 
investigated,  and  most  of  the  specimens  found  were  from  village  sites  which  had 
been  absolutely  uncontaminated  by  European  contact.  These  are  now  in  the  Pro- 
vincial Museum,  by  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Thomas  Smelser,  whose  only  desire  was  to 
fulfil  the  wish  of  his  venerable  father.  Few  men  with  the  arduous  duties  of  farm 
life  would  devote  as  much  time  to  archaeology  as  he  did.  When  any  new  village 
site  was  discovered  and  his  advice  was  sought  after,  he  was  always  most  willing  to 
give  every  assistance  in  his  power. 

The  village  sites  of  Vaughan  are  but  a  part  of  that  large  tract  from  Lake 
Ontario  to  the  Georgian  Bay,  covered  at  one  time  by  large  and  populous  bands  of 
Indians.  Probably  long  before  European  contact  the  entire  western  portion  of 
Ontario  was  occupied  by  the  Huron-Iroquois  race,  or  more  likely,  including  all 
the  tribes  who  spoke  their  common  language. 

We  must  always,  in  dealing  with  semi-civilized  tribes,  remember  that  they 
have  no  written  language,  and  that  in  the  course  of  several  centuries,  each  new 
linguistic  family  grafted  into  the  nation  brings  new  words  and  some  changes. 
Therefore,  archaeological  remains,  as  found  in  the  County  of  York,  are  very  sim- 
ilar to  those  found  in  the  district  south  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  and  north 
away  to  James  Bay.  The  village  sites  contribute  to  us  a  uniform  variety  of  ma- 
terial in  which  there  are,  however,  slight  differences  that  time  and  changed  cir- 
cumstance will  readily  account  for.  These  can  easily  be  recognized  by  the  close 
observer. 

Many  of  the  pipes  in  this  collection  are  somewhat  different  from  any  hereto- 
fore found,  and  with  further  investigation  I  have  no  doubt  much  new  material  may 
be  secured  for  the  Museum.  In  every  village  site  broken  clay  pipes  are  frequently 
found.  Stone  pipes  are  more  usually  surface  finds.  These  finds  lead  to  the  ques- 
tion, "Were  the  Indians  heavy  smokers,  and  where  did  the  habit  spring  from?" 
The  early  voyagers  to  America  noticed  that  a  curious  practice  prevailed  among  the 
Indians,  described  by  them  as  a  "fumigation  of  a  peculiar  kind."  This  they  found 
prevailing  in  some  form  everywhere  in  America;  and  from  the  expressions  of  these 
early  visitors,  it  is  quite  plain  that  the  Europeans  understood  nothing  about  the 
habit. 


1911  AKCILEOLOGICAL  KEPOKT.  55 

Montezuma  and  his  subordinate  courtiers  were  said  "to  compose  themselves 
to  sleep  by  smoking/'  Jacques  Cartier  found  the  same  practice  prevailing  on  the 
lower  St.  Lawrence.  Tobacco,  or  some  mixture  thereof,  was  invariably  smoked  in 
councils  with  the  whites,  for  ceremonial  or  other  purposes ;  but  that  it  was  mostly 
used  as  a  solace  to  the  nerves  of  the  warriors,  as  well  as  to  comfort  the  women 
slaves  around  the  campfires,  is  an  acknowledged  fact.  Of  the  antiquity  of  the 
habit  we  know  nothing.  Its  uniform  use  over  both  North  and  South  America 
would  lead  one  to  believe  that  it  dated  back  for  vast  ages  before  European  occu- 
pation. This  custom  alone  would  indicate  that  a  vast  period  of  time  must  have 
elapsed  from  the  severance  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  races. 

At  the  entrance  to  the  Temple  of  the  Cross,  one  of  the  many  ruins  at  Patin- 
que,  in  Mexico,  stands  a  bas-relief  showing  the  priest  with  a  straight  tubular  pipe 
in  his  hand,  smoking  the  same.  The  posture  of  the  figure  in  the  bas-relief  is  such 
as  may  be  seen  to-day  when  the  Moki  priest  thus  holds  the  pipe  at  a  ceremonial 
dance.  In  Mexico  and  South  America  pipes  were  not  in  common  use.  The  cigar 
or  cigarette  was  used.  The  tobacco  was  dried  and  powdered,  the  wrapping  of  the 
cigarette  was  usually  a  leaf  of  corn.  In  all  the  Indian  languages  of  North  and 
South  America  words  are  found  to  designate  the  tobacco  plant,  and  in  the  lang- 
uages of  the  Northern  tribes  especially,  there  are  commonly  two  words  for  to- 
bacco, probably  referring  to  different  varieties  of  Nicotiana.  The  rapidity  with 
which  the  habit  spread  into  Europe  is  well  brought  out  by  a  clause  in  the  will  of 
Diego  Columbus,  da'ted  May  2nd,  1523,  in  which  he  made  a  legacy  to  a  tobacco 
merchant  in  Lisbon.  There  are  some  forty  varieties  of  the  tobacco  plant  noted  by 
botanists. 

The  following  photo-engravings  of  pipes  represent  only  a  few  of  the  collec- 
tion, all  of  which  were  found,  either  by  Mr.  Smelser  or  myself.  Many  of  the  sur- 
face finds  were  secured  by  going  over  the  newly  sown  wheat  fields  in  the  fall,  after 
a  nice  rain.  Axes  and  adzes  were  frequently  found  on  the  fences,  placed  there  by 
the  farmers. 


PIPES. 


Fig.  30880— Full  size. 

Fig.  30880  represents  a  limestone  coral  pipe,  beautifully  made,  and  evidently 
well  polished  when  new.  The  ages  of  frost  and  rain  that  it  must  have  gone  through 
have  certainly  marred  its  surface,  and  slightly  cracked  the  rim  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  bowl.  The  top  of  the  pipe  is  nearly  square;  the  raised  rim  around  the  top 


56 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  width,  and  well  and  most  regularly  made.  The 
hole  at  the  stem  of  the  pipe  is  bored  much  the  same  as  in  the  stone  pipes.  The  per- 
foration at  the  base  of  the  pipe  is  so  made  as  to  increase  its  strength,  owing  to  the. 
material  being  more  friable. 


Fig.  80874— Full  size. 


Fig.  30874— Three-quarter  diameter. 

Fig.  30874  is  a  beautifully  marked  slate  pipe;  a  surface  find  on  Lot  27,  5th 
Con.,  Vaughan.  The  pipe  is  somewhat  peculiarly  marked.  On  the  upper  part  of 
the  bowl  there  are  four  markings  following  across  the  face  of  the  pipe — two  to 
the  left  and  two  to  the  right.  Immediately  below  this  are  two  straight  lines  equi- 
distant and  equal  in  length.  At  the  lower  front  part  is  the  usual  hole  of  stone 
pipes.  On  one  side  of  the  base  are  three  deeply  carved  markings;  on  the  other 
side,  two,  while  on  the  reverse  side — on  that  seen  in  the  half-tone — there  are  four 
straight  markings,  finely  drawn  across  the  middle  of  the  bowl  of  the  pipe.  The 
top  of  the  bowl  is  nearly  square,  flattening  down  to  a  point  at  the  base.  The  hole 
for  the  insertion  of  the  stem  is  handsomely  carved  and  quite  regular.  In  illus- 
trating this  pipe,  we  do  so  with  manufactured  stem,  showing  the  use  the  aborig- 
ines made  of  that  stem  hole  in  the  base  of  the  anterior  part  of  almost  all 
stone  pipes.  The  handle  was  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  pipe  and  a  thong  of 
deer  hide  or  a  string  of  other  material  was  used  to  attach  the  stem  of  the  pipe  to 
the  bowl.  This  was  evidently  used  so  that  the  pipe  and  its  stem  could  be  kept  to- 
gether. Even  to  this  day,  amongst  some  of  our  northern  Indians,  I  have  seen  the 
pipe  used  as  spoken  of.  This  pipe,  before  I  received  it,  had  been  used  for  years 
and  years  as  an  ordinary  smoking  pipe. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  31044— Full  size 

Fig.  310-14  is  a  Soapstone  pipe,  found  on  Lot  2,  6th  Con.  of  the  Township  of 
King.  It  is  of  a  nice  grey  soapstone,  beautifully  polished,  with  four  circular  rings 
in  relief  around  the  bowl.  The  pipe,,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  engraving,  is  well  pol- 
ished and  artistically  made.  The  base  of  the  pipe  is  much  larger  than  usual,  and 
the  hole  for  the  stem  is  larger,  and  nearly  one  inch  in  length. 


Fig.  31041— Full  size. 

Fig.  31041  represents  a  most  beautiful  and  perfect  specimen  of  a  red  clay 
pipe.  In  form  it  is  somewhat  unique,  differing  considerably  from  most  pipes  of 
its  class.  It  is  made  from  a  lighter-colored  clay  and  is  finer  in  its  grain  than  the 
average  pipe.  The  markings  around  the  bowl  have  been  most  artistically  done. 
The  rings  can  be  seen  in  the  engraving,  and  are  perfectly  regular  and  equi-distant. 
This  pipe  was  found  in  the  ash-bed,  Lot  7,  on  the  5th  Con.  of  the  Township  of 
King.  It  bears  the  appearance  of  having  been  made  in  the  same  manner  as  their 
stone  pipes.  The  clay  was  moulded  into  shape,  burned,  and  then  drilled.  Near 
the  ash-beds  where  this  pipe  was  found,  is  an  enormous  granite  boulder,  covered 
with  evidences  that  it  had  been  used  for  sharpening  axes,  and  rubbing  down  other 
stone  or  copper  implements.  One  of  the  copper  spear  heads  now  in  the  Museum 
was  found  in  the  same  ash-bed  as  this  pipe. 


58 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  30873— Full  size. 

Fig.  30873  represents  a  marble  pipe,  found  on  Lot  17,  Con.  5,  Township  of 
Vaughan.  It  is  made  from  white  marble,  and  when  perfect  must  have  been  a 
beautiful  specimen  of  the  engraver's  art.  The  stem  differs  from  that  in  other 
pipes  in  its  length.  The  hole  in  the  stem  is  perfectly  drilled,  and  about  an  eighth 
of  an  inch  across.  It  is  situated  at  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  slightly  to  one 
side.  The  inside  of  the  bowl  shows  the  marks  of  some  sharp  instrument,  probably 
used  for  cleaning  it  out.  The  marble  is  polished  most  effectively,  and  the  outside 
is  a  handsome  dark  color,  though  in  places,  as  can  be  noticed,  it  is  slightly  marred. 
The  capacity  of  the  pipe  is  much  larger  than  most  of  those  in  our  collection. 


Fig.  31036— Full  size. 

Fig.  31036  is  a  Huron  shaped  clay  pipe,  with  the  characteristic  protruding 
square  rim  around  the  top.  The  bowl  is  flattened  in  the  front,  this  flattening 
extending  down  to  the  stem,  and  from  the  appearance  where  the  fracture  occurred 
it  probably  extended  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.  This  pipe  was  found  in 
the  Township  of  Vaughan.  It  is  somewhat  peculiarly  marked  around  the  protrud- 
ing square  at  the  top  of  the  bowl— an  oblong  hole  at  each  corner  of  the  square,  a 
deep  line  between  them,  and  above  it  five  dots,  regularly  made  and  equi-distant. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


69 


Fig.  31026— Full  size. 

Fig.  31026  has  been  a  very  respectably  formed  clay  pipe.  The  markings  on 
the  bowl  of  this  pipe  differ  from  those  on  many  of  the  others.  While  the  stem  is 
broken  off,,  there  is  still  sufficient  left  to  show  the  exact  shape  of  what  was  once  a 
splendid  specimen  of  the  potter's  art.  The  most  unusual  thing  about  this  pipe 
is  that  it  has  two  holes  leading  into  the  bowl  of  the  pipe  instead  of  one.  In  weight 
it  is  quite  as  heavy  a~s  the  stone  pipe,  and,  evidently  from  use,  has  been  coloured 
quite  dark. 


Fig.  .30917— Full  size. 

Mg.  30917  represents  a  clay  pipe  found  in  the  ash  beds  of  Lot  8,  in  the 
Township  of  Gwillimbury.  It  is  very  similar  to  other  Huron  pipes,  many  of  which 
have  been  found  all  through  that  section  of  the  County  of  Simcoe.  It  bears  evi- 
dences of  the  fact  that  the  Indian  in  smoking  did  not  do  as  the  Irishman  does, 
insert  the  pipe  between  his  teeth,  as  no  teeth  marks  are  to  be  found  on  the  stem. 
The  enlarged  portion  at  the  upper  part  constitutes  the  bowl;  the  stem  runs  up  to 
the  bowl  in  a  very  graceful  curve  an  inch  in  length,  and  the  hole  in  the  stem  curves 
up  also  and  enters  the  bowl  at  its  base. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  30921— Full  size. 

Fig.  30921  is  a  clay  pipe  found  in  Vaughan  Township.  The  stem  is  broken 
off  short  and  the  bowl  is  chipped  at  its  upper  and  front  part.  The  face  moulded 
on  the  front  of  it  is  very  well  done,  but  it  does  not  bear  any  resemblance  to  Indian 
features.  The  markings  on  the  back  of  the  bowl  represent  a  form  of  head-dress, 
nicely  and  regularly  marked  with  two  dotted  lines. 


Fig.  31040—  Full  size 


Fig.  31040.  This  unusual  shaped  pipe  bowl  was  found  on  Lot  28,  5th  Con.  of 
Vaughan.  It  is  finished  above  the  middle  with  a  number  of  small  holes  around 
the  enlarged  part.  The  hole  in  the  stemi  is  small  in  size  and  about  1-16  of  an  inch 
from  the  upper  part.  The  moulding  at  the  top  of  the  bowl  is  not  very  smoothly 
done. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


61 


Fig.  31042— Full  size. 

Fig.  31042  represents  a  pipe  made  of  fine  clay  and  well  moulded.  Age  and 
use  have  darkened  it  yery  much  in  colour.  The  bowl  represents  a  human  figure  in 
sitting  posture,  the  face  extending  above  the  bowl  and  forming  part  of  it.  The 
features  have  a  decidedly  Indian  cast.  A  number  of  pipes  formed  on  this  mould 
have  been  found.  Some  three  or  four  were  secured  from  the  Township  of  Vaughan 
where  this  one  was  found.  We  have  also  in  the  Museum  a  number  of  stone  pipes 
carved  as  this  one  was  moulded.  The  head,,  and  particularly  the  chin,  is  well 
brought  out;  the  back  of  the  head  has  been  broken  and  shows  that  there  had  been 
a  cavity  where  the  brain  should  be.  The  arms  and  legs  are  very  well  executed, 
but,  as  usual,  not  moulded  according  to  anatomical  proportions.  The  scroll  work 
both  back  and  front  is  elegantly  done,  and  when  this  pipe  was  new  it  must  have 
been  a  work  of  art. 


Fig.  ?0918— Full  size. 

Fig.  30918  is  a  small  pipe  two  inches  in  length  and  nearly  a  half  inch  in  width 
at  the  base  of  the  bowl.  It  is  made  from  the  usual  clay  of  the  other  pipes.  It  is 
perfectly  formed,  gracefully  made,  and,  while  it  may  possibly  have  been  used  as  a 
toy  for  the  children,  it  could  also  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  cigarette  smoking, 
which  was  so  commonly  practised  by  the  occupants  of  the  South  portion  of  this 
continent.  This  pipe  was  found  in  one  of  the  ash  beds  in  the  Township  of 
Vaughan,  but  though  others  were  found  in  the  same  place,  they  were  not  so  per- 
fectly made,  one  having  the  stem  broken  off. 


6.2 


AECH^BOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  30879— Full  size. 

Fig.  30879  is  a  small  stone  pipe,  circular  in  outline,  with  a  row  of  holes 
around  the  top  of  the  pipe.  Differing  from  most  stone  pipes,  the  flattening  is  on 
the  sides  at  the  base,  and  the  remnants  of  what  was  once  the  hole  for  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  stem  has  been  broken  off.  The  hole  in  the  bowl  is  very  similar  to  those 
in  other  stone  pipes.  The  bowl,  while  not  very  large,  is  quite  large  enough  for  a 
respectable  Indian  smoke;  they  were  not  to  be  found  with  a  pipe  in  their  mouths 
at  all  times. 


Fig.  30972— Full  size. 

Fig.  30972  is  a  grey  stone  pipe,  with  a  beautifully  carved  head  on  the  front  of 
the  bowl.  This,  while  probably  intended  to  resemble  a  bald-headed  eagle,  is  well 
shaped.  The  beak  in  particular  is  well  made.  The  eyes,  to  imitate  the  ever  watch- 
ful eye  of  the  eagle,  are  very  large,  so  large  in  fact  that  the  cavities  meet,  and  there 
is  a  small  hole  from  one  eye  to  the  other.  The  bowl  of  the  pipe  is  somewhat  tri- 
angular in  shape,  with  the  breast  of  the  bird  extending  forward  and  curving  inward 
towards  the  head.  The  hole  at  the  base  of  the  pipe  is  bored  from  the  anterior 
part  of  the  pipe  into  the  base,  the  larger  hole  being  at  the  base,  the  smaller  being 
at  the  front  of  the  pipe.  This  hole  presents  the  appearance  of  having  been  some- 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


63 


what  worn.,  as  it  evidently  would  be  by  the  constant  friction  of  the  string  or  leather 
thong  for  attaching  purposes  to  the  stem.  On  the  back,  where  the  bowl  of  the  pipe 
was,  much  still  can  be  seen.  Immediately  below  it  is  the  hole  for  the  insertion  of 
the  stem,  a  portion  of  which  is  still  remaining,  including  the  base  of  the  pipe, 
immediately  above  the  hole  in  which  is  the  remains  of  the  suspension  hole  of  the 
original  pipe.  This  pipe  is  one  of  a  similar  make  to  a  number  in  our  collection. 
It  is  made  on  the  same  principle  as  Fig.  31042  in  this  report — the  figure  of  a 
human  being  in  a  sitting  posture.  The  hole  extending  from  the  base  of  the  pipe 
to  the  bowl  is  beautifully  and  most  regularly  bored,  and  is  about  three-quarters  of 
an  inch  in  length. 


Fig.  30375— Full  size. 

Fig.  30875  is  a  stone  pipe  found  in  York  Township.  At  one  time  it  had  been 
a  beautifully  carved  piece  of  work.  The  face  of  a  child  adorns  what  was  once  the 
front  of  the  bowl  of  the  pipe.  The  remains  of  the  bowl  are  still  to  be  seen  below 
and  behind  the  face  of  the  child,  but  after  its  partial  destruction  the  expert  pipe- 
maker  again  took  it  in  hand  and  carved  out  a  new  bowl.  This  is  only  one  of  the 
many  instances  in  which  the  Indian  made  use  of  a  broken  article  to  manufacture 
something  new. 


Fig.  -30876.— Full  size. 

Fig.  30876  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  a  whistle.  It  is  the  only  one  of 
the  kind  in  our  collection.  It  was  found  on  Lot  13,  3rd  Con.  of  Vaughan.  It 
measures  two  and  one-half  inches  in  length,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  width  at 
its  larger  end,  and  one-third  of  an  inch  at  its  smaller.  It  is  perforated  through 
its  entire  length.  Immediately  in  the  centre  is  a  drilled  hole  leading  into  the  hole 
running  through  the  stone.  The  specimen  is  of  slate,  well  polished  and  in  a 
splendid  state  of  preservation.  In  conversation  with  a  well-informed  Indian  some 


64  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


years  ago,  I  was  informed  that  this  whistle  was  used  to  call  the  deer,  or  for  stop- 
ping them  in  their  flight  for  the  purpose  of  slaughter.  While  many  bone  whistles 
are&to  be  found  in  ash  beds,  wooden  whistles  were  extensively  used  by  them. 


Fig.  31047 — Full  size. 

Fig.  31047  belongs  to  that  class  of  problematic  stones  classed  as  Banner 
Stones.  Only  half  of  the  stem  was  found.  Like  most  of  these  stones,  it  was  not 
found  on  a  village  site,  but  was  turned  up  by  the  plough  in  the  field.  It  came 
from  the  Township  of  King,  and  has  the  usual  axial  perforation  and  the  neatly 
made  hole,  as  is  well  shown  in  the  cut.  This  hole  is  perfect  in  outline,  and  the 
stone,  from  its  varied  colours  and  striation,  must  have  been  a  thing  of  beauty. 


WOOD  AND  BONE. 

The  primitive  tools  of  earliest  man  were  made  of  wood,  and  instead  of  classi- 
fying our  earliest  progenitors  as  belonging  to  the  Stone  Age,  I  think  we  might 
properly  classify  them  as  living  in  the  great  Wooden  Age,  which  must  have  ante- 
dated the  Bone  and  Stone  Age  by  a  long  period  of  time.  Thorns  were  their  awls 
and  needles ;  knots  of  hardwood  their  war  clubs ;  and  pointed  wood  their  fish  spears 
and  arrows.  Of  their  wooden  implements  we  know  but  little.  The  "Jesuit  Rela- 
tions" informs  us  that  wooden  vessels  were  very  extensively  used,  but  being  a  per- 
ishable article  there  are  few  remains  of  wooden  articles  manufactured  by  prehis- 
toric man  in  existence.  He  has  left  us  in  the  Birch  Bark  Canoe  a  boat  more  use- 
ful, more  artistic,  and  swifter  than  any  such  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
Adopted  by  the  white  man,  its  graceful  form  may  be  seen  on  all  our  inland  waters, 
both  as  a  pleasure  craft,  and  as  a  commercial  commodity. 

Following  the  Wooden  Age  came  that  of  Bone.  It,  too,  being  perish- 
able, only  under  exceptional  conditions  few  specimens  have  been  handed  down 
to  us.  And  yet  we  have  every  reason  to  believe  that  bone  implements  of 
every  kind  were  in  common  use  on  this  continent.  Those  specimens  that  we  have 
are  comparatively  modern,  only  antedating  the  European  occupation  of  this  con- 
tinent by  a  few  centuries.  In  Europe  it  is  otherwise.  There  in  their  caves,  cov- 
ered with  stalagmite  are  to  be  found  the  remains  of  bone  articles  made  by  races  of 
man  absolutely  unknown  to  us.  In  the  caves  of  France,  and  in  the  caverns  of 
England,  bone  articles  are  found  most  artistically  engraved.  So  perfect  is  the 
engraving  OR  some  of  them  that  to  the  untrained  eye  they  would  be  looked  upon 
as  the  work  of  some  modern  engraver.  Such  as  these  were  preserved  under  the 
most  favorable  circumstances. 

The  bones  of  the  Mastodon  and  other  prehistoric  animals  were  utilized  by  the 
aborigines.  From  them  were  made  wedges,  ornaments,  and  articles  for  culinary 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  65 

purposes.  The  bone  specimens  made  by  our  North  American  Indian,  while  fre- 
quently carved,  are  in  no  sense  comparable  to  those  of  his  prehistoric  confrere  in 
Europe,  though  in  many  of  the  articles  a  more  than  passing  resemblance  can  be 
noticed.  Their  tablets  of  perforated  bone  resemble  the  American  gorget;  their 
needles,  awls,  and  chisels  are  also  strikingly  similar.  Southall,  in  his  "Epoch  of 
the  Mammoth,"  shows  a  horn  teaspoon  from  Switzerland  precisely  like  some  found 
in  Onondaga  County,  K.Y.,  U.S.A. 

The  bone  collections  in  Canadian  and  American  Museums  are  not  as  large  as 
one  would  expect.  Excepting  those  preserved  under  the  most  favorable  circum- 
stances they  have  decayed  and  disappeared  like  the  bones  of  their  makers.  I  have 
opened  burial  places  in  sand  where  the  bones  were  soft  and  friable.  I  have  seen, 
also,  the  black  outlines  of  the  long  bones  of  the  body  turned  into  silica,  and  noth- 
ing left  of  them  but  the  colouring  matter  in  the  sand;  again,  I  have  opened  an 
ossuary  without  any  evidence  of  European  contact,  and  of  a  probable  age  of  not 
less  than  four  hundred  years,  where  the  pit  was  a  square  one,  dug  out  of  hard  pan, 
and  until  the  time  it  was  opened  remained  a  cistern,  filled  with  water,  and  I  have 
found  bones  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  All  the  bone  implements  found  in 
this  province  are  taken  from  village  sites  or  kitchen  middens  where  the  ashes  from 
their  winter  fires  had  been  deposited — the  hardwood  ashes  acting  as  a  preservative, 
and  so  great  a  preservative  that  after  the  lapse  of  many  hundreds  of  years  speci- 
mens have  been  taken  from  their  ashy  bed  as  perfect  as  the  day  they  were  made — 
the  points  of  the  awls  so  sharp,  smooth  and  glossy  one  would  think  they  had  only 
left  the  maker's  hand  yesterday. 

Bones  also  were  largely  used  in  the  making  of  dice  and  tubes  for  gambling 
purposes.  The  Huron-Iroquois,  during  the  long  winter  nights,  spent  much  of 
their  leisure  time  playing  games  of  chance,  and,  like  their  European  successor, 
made  dice  their  favorite  form  of  gambling.  In  most  cases  the  counting  was  done 
numerically,  using  pieces  of  bone  or  pebbles.  The  dice  were  mostly  flat,  being 
painted  on  one  side  and  marked  or  grained  on  the  other.  A  number  of  specimens 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Museum.  Dice  were  also  manufactured  from  the  broken  pot- 
tery lying  around  the  camps,  numerous  specimens  of  which  can  be  found  surround- 
ing and  in  their  ash  beds.  Perrot  says :  "The  savages  have  also  a  sort  of  game  of 
dice,  the  box  for  which  is  a  wooden  plate,  well  rounded  and  well  polished  on  both 
sides.  The  dice  are  made  of  six  small,  flat  pieces  of  bone,  about  the  size  of  a  plum 
stone.  They  are  all  alike,  having  one  of  the  faces  coloured  black,  red,  green  or 
blue,  and  the  other  generally  painted  white  or  any  different  colour  from  the  first- 
mentioned  face.  They  throw  these  dice  on  the  plate,  holding  the  two  edges,  and  on 
lifting  it  they  make  them  jump  and  turn  therein.  After  having  struck  the  dish  on 
the  cloth  they  strike  themselves  at  the  same  time  heavy  blows  on  the  chest  and 
shoulders  while  the  dice  turn  about,  crying  "Dice,  dice,  dice"  until  the  dice  have 
stopped  moving.  When  they  find  five  or  six  showing  the  same  colour,  they  take  the 
gains  which  have  been  agreed  upon  .with  the  opposite  party.  If  the  loser  and  his 
comrades  have  nothing  more  to  play  with,  the  winner  takes  all  that  is  on  the  game. 
Entire  villages  have  been  seen  gambling  away  their  possessions,  one  against  the 
other,  on  this  game,  and  ruining  themselves  thereat.  They  also  challenge  to  a 
decision  by  one  throw  of  the  die,  and  when  it  happens  that  a  party  throws  six, 
all  those  of  the  tribe  that  bet  on  him  get  up  and  dance  in  cadence  to  the  noise  of 
gourd  rattles.  All  passes  without  dispute.  The  women  and  girls  also  play  this 
game,  but  they  often  use  eight  dice  and  do  not  use  a  dice  box  like  the  men.  They 
only  use  a  blanket,  and  throw  them  on  with  the  hand." 


66 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


AWLS. 

Figures  30864,  30863,  30862,  30865,  31083,  31084,  31082.  In  this  col- 
lection there  are  some  very  fine  specimens  of  bone ;  these  awls  in  the  Museum 
are  probably  unique.  Their  fine  finish  and  beautifully  rounded  points  mark 


Fig.  30863— Full  size. 


Fig.  31083— Full  size. 


them  as  having  been  made  by  some  pre-Huron  race.  The  ash  bed  in  which 
the  awls  were  found  was  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Little  Humber,  Lot  16  Con 
7 ,  Tp.  of  Vaughan.  The  peculiarity  of  this  ash  bed,  situated  on  the  second  river 
bottom,  was,  in  the  first  place,  its  extensive  size  and  great  elevation,  some  thirty- 
five  feet  long  by  twenty  feet  wide,  with  a  depth  of  ashes  of  from  three  to  five  feet 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


67 


On  making  a  cross-section  we  found  the  evidence  of  a  dual  occupation — a  layer  of 
dark  vegetable  mould  separated  the  ashes.     That  above  the  mould  contained  al- 


Fig.  30862— Full  size. 


Fig.  81082— Full  size. 


most  no  remains  except  some  broken  pottery  and  remains     of     pipes,  but  in  the 
lower  deposit  the  awls,  forks   (or  whatever  they  may  be  called),  illustrated,  were 


88 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


found.     They  vary  in  length  from  seven  and  three-quarter  inches  to  five  and  one- 


Fig.  30864-Full  size.  Fig.  30865-Full  size.  Fig.  31084-Full  size. 

half  inches.    In  most  of  them  the  elegantly  polished  points  extend  more  than  half 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


69 


their  length.  Their  workmanship,  and  the  conditions  under  which  they  were 
found,  would  lead  one  to  believe  that  they  were  pre-Huron  in  their  origin,  and  the 
probability  is  that  they  were  the  work  of  a  branch  of  the  Iroquois  family  previous 
to  their  establishment  or  the  union  of  the  tribes,  as  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the 
Iroquois  family  had  very  little  veneration  for  bone,  and  consequently  they  became 
more  expert  in  their  workmanship. 


Fig.  30843— Full  size. 


Fig.  30848— Full  size. 


Fig.  31090— Full  size. 


Fig.  31092— Full  size. 


Fig.  31093— Full  size. 


Fig.  31096— Full  size. 

Figures  3,0843,  30848,  31090,  31092,  31093,  31096,  are  all  smaller  specimens 
of  awls,  many  of  which  were  found  in  ash  beds  in  Vaughan  and  York.  They  are 
short,  some  of  them  very  well  made,  and  have  the  appearance  of  having  been  used 
for  heavy  or  thick  work,  where  a  short  awl  would  be  the  most  useful. 

Figures  30868,  31098,  31099.  These  needles  are  flat  and  perforated  in  the 
centre.  The  European  needles  are  perforated  at  one  end  and  quite  sharp  at  the 


Fig.  30868— Full  size. 


70 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


other.  The  needles  used  by  the  Indians  are  flat  and  thin,  often  rounded  at  the 
ends  like  those  in  this  set.  These  could  only  have  been  used  in  coarse  work  and 
should  be  called  bodkins.  The  fine  sewing  was  done  with  the  sharp  pointed  awl 
and  a  hemp  or  sinew  thread.  It  is  probable  that  for  fine  stitching  the  bone  awl 


Fig.  31098— Full  size 

was  used,  and  that  the  sinew  or  hemp  thread  was  carried  through  the  hole.  Mr. 
Morgan  says  of  needles  and  their  uses :  "A  small  bone  near  the  ankle  joint  of  the 
deer  has  furnished  the  moccasin  needle  from  time  immemorial;  and  the  sinews  of 
the  animal  the  thread.  These  bone  needles  are  found  in  the  mounds  of  the  West, 


Fig.  31099— Full  size. 

and  beside  the  skeletons  of  the  Iroquois  where  they  were  deposited  with  religious 
care.  This  isolated  fact  would  seem  to  indicate  an  affinity,  in  one  article  at  least, 
between  the  Iroquois  and  the  Mound  Builders,  whose  name  and  era  of  occupation 
and  destiny  are  entirely  lost." 


Fig.  308(37— Full  size. 
Fig.  30867  evidently  was  used  as  a  shuttle  in  the  process  of  weaving. 


It  is 


coarsely  made,  particularly  at  one  end,  blunt  and  somewhat  larger  at  the  other. 
It  is  not  by  any  means  a  work  of  art,  never  having  been  even  polished.  It  was 
found  on  the  Miller  farm,  York  Tp.,  where  the  large  pot,  described  p.  20,  fig.  1, 
Archaeological  Report,  1907,  was  found,  at  which  ash-bed, — and  it  covered  many 
acres — very  few  bone  implements  were  found. 

Figures  30808,  30812,  30799,  30818,  30814,  80802,  30806,  30816.     The  above 
so-called    bone     beads     were     numerous     throughout     the     ash-beds.     They     are 


Fig.  30808— Full  size.      Fig.  30812— Full  size. 


Fig.  30818— Full  size. 


Fig.  30814— Full  size. 


Fig.  30802-Full  size. 


Fig.  30806— Full  size. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


not  by  any  means  uniform  in  length  or  size.     As  beads  they  would  not  be  very 
ornamental,  and  were  most  likely  used  in  some  of  the  many  games  played  by  the 


Fig.  30799— Full  size.  Fig.  30816— Full  size. 

Indians.     The  cutting  of  the  bone  was  somewhat  coarse,  and  most  of  these  bones 
look  as  if  they  had  been  filed  with  a  stone  instrument  and  then  broken. 


Fig.  31104— Full  size. 

Fig.  31104  is  a  harpoon  five  and  one-quarter  inches  long,  and  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  wide  at  the  centre.  At  the  point  it  is  double  barbed,  rounded  at  the  upper 
end,  with  four  notches  on  one  side,  evidently  made  for  the  purpose  of  fastening  the 
shaft  for  throwing  and  the  string  for  drawing  in  the  fish  when  speared.  Many  of 
these  spears  have  a  hole  for  attaching  a  line.  It  is  thin  and  well  pointed,  and 
under  any  circumstances  would  be  a  very  formidable  weapon.  Few  early  articles 
of  horn  or  bone  were  more  widely  used  than  harpoons  of  various  forms.  The  as- 
tonishingly few  numbers  of  these  found  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  their  de- 
struction by  small  animals,  and  their  rapid  decay  when  away  from  preservative 
material. 


Fig.  31105— Full  size. 

Fig.  31105  is  a  spear  with  an  unusually  sharp  point,  notched  on  both  sides  at 
its  base.  It  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  made  with  a  cutting  instrument, 
and  had  it  not  been  found  by  myself,  so  located  that  European  contact  was  impos- 
sible, I  would  have  said  that  it  was  cut  out  with  a  knife.  It  most  assuredly  was  a 
dangerous  weapon,  either  as  a  spear  or  as  an  arrow  head.  Bones  made  as  this  one 
are  most  unusual  in  our  collections;  it  is  not  even  polished. 


Fig.  30824— Full  size. 

Fig.  30824  has  been  an  excellent  specimen  of  a  comb.     The     six     teeth  are 
broken  off  short.     It  is  very  nicely  shaped,  with  a  perforation  in  the  rounded  top. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


The  bone  shows  the  effects  of  age.  It  has  been  frequently  said  that  Indian  combs 
were  the  result  of  European  contact;  in  this  case  I  removed  this  one  from  the  ash- 
bed  where  it  was  deeply  embedded,  and  so  situated  as  to  indicate  that  it  had  been 
there  long  before  the  village  site  had  been  deserted,  so  long  that  Eastern  contact 
was  impossible.  The  Indian  use  of  combs  does  not  appear  to  date  very  far  into 
prehistoric  times,  but  the  fact  is  that  they  were  so  perishable  that  we  must  not 
express  opinions.  We  do  know,  however,  that  many  were  made  of  wood. 


Fig.  31013— Full  size. 

Eig.  31013.  This  string  of  wampum  was  found  in  an  ossuary  situated  in  a 
sand  hill  on  Lot  24,  Con.  7,  Vaughan  Tp.,  about  fifty-five  years  ago.  There  were 
many  specimens  removed  therefrom  at  that  time,  amongst  others  was  a  copper 
kettle,  showing  that  at  least,  the  products  of  European  labor  had  extended  this  far. 
There  was  also  found  in  this  ossuary  a  tibia  with  a  copper  band  around  it  where 
a  fracture  had  taken  place,  and  the  bone  had  grown  up  around  it  and  become  use- 
ful. That  those  beads  were  purely  Indian  is  extremely  doubtful.  Immediately 
after  the  Puritan  set  his  foot  upon  American  soil,  he  took  advantage  of  the  Indian 
desire  for  beads,  and  soon  the  manufacture  of  such  articles  was  extensively  car- 
ried on,  and  ttie  impress  of  machine  art  can  still  be  seen  upon  many  of  them.  The 
Indians  were  great  imitators  and  soon  they  became  adepts  at  transfiguring  their 
shells  into  beads.  While  these  illustrated  have  all  the  appearance  of  being  Indian 
made,  they  are  without  doubt  simply  copies  of  the  European  article. 


1911 


AKCEL330LOGICAL  REPORT. 


73 


Fig.  31045— Full  size. 

Fig.  31045.  We  have  here  another  form  of  Bird  Stone.  In  this  we  have  the 
protruding  knobs  on  one  end,  with  a  stub  tail  on  the  other  shaped  like  a  isaddle. 
The  surface  is  slightly  concave,  like  many  of  these  stones.  It  is  a  work  of  art, 
and  shows,  on  the  part  of  the  sculptor,  a  good  knowledge  of  proportion  and  detail, 
in  fact  it  makes  one  think  there  must  have  been  a  great  diversity  of  intellect 
among  the  natives,  probably  not  more  than  we  have  among  our  uneducated  races 
to-day,  but  enough  to  show  that  they  were  fast  merging  into  the  stages  of  partial 
civilization. 


Fig.  31025— Full  size. 

Pig.  31025.  This  is  also  what  is  called  a  Bird  Stone.  This  name  is  given  to 
a  class  of  prehistoric  stone  objects,  and  for  what  purpose  they  were  used  is  not 
known.  It  has  been  suggested  that  "in  olden  times  these  ornaments  were  worn 
on  the  heads  of  Indian  women  and  only  after  marriage/'  and  suggest  that  they 
may  have  symbolized  the  brooding  bird.  The  protruding  eyes  are  absent  from 
this  specimen,  and  it  is  not  so  well  polished  as  usual.  The  holes  at  the  lower 
angles  are  quite  characteristic.  The  perforations  at  each  end  are  well  drilled  and 
made  according  to  the  usual  form.  The  beak  of  the  bird  comes  to  a  sharp  point 
not  rounded  as  in  most  cases.  The  head  on  one  side  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
lower  than  the  other. 


AECfL&OLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


Fig.  31046— Full  size. 

Fig.  31046  is  also  classed  with  the  Bird  Stones,  but  in  general  appearance  it 
is  more  like  a  saddle.  It  is  void  of  a  head  or  eyes,  with  perforations  at  angles  of 
base,  and  grooved  surfaces  on  either  side  of  holes,  indicating  that  it  may  have 
been  attached  to  the  head  or  some  other  part  of  the  body.  This  stone  was  found  on 
Lot  13,  Con.  3,  Township  of  Vaughan. 


Fig.  31014— Full  size. 


Fig.  31049— Full  size. 

Figures  31049  and  31014  are  solid  stone  tubes;  both  specimens  were  found 
in  the  Township  of  Vaughan.  One  is  somewhat  shorter  and  thicker  than  the 
other.  The  use  these  stones  have  been  put  to,  according  to  archaeologists,  is  very 
vague,  from  cupping  devices  used  by  the  medicine  men  to  tubes  for  smoking  the 
pipe  of  peace.  The  drilling  of  these  stones  is  a  work  of  art.  The  hole  from  end 
to  end  is  perfectly  straight,  at  times  reaching  from  side  to  side  and  from  one  end 
to  the  other.  Whatever  their  use,  they  show  a  work  of  people  well  worthy  of  a 
higher  state  of  civilization.  On  one  of  these  stones  we  have  a  series  of  marks  on 
one  side,  as  if  it  had  been  used  for  tallying  purposes;  they  number  forty.  In 
dealing  with  problematic  stones  of  this  kind,  we  must  always  remember  that  the 
Indian  was  as  skilled  a  gambler  as  his  European  contemporary;  this  may  explain 
the  use  of  some  of  these  stones. 


1911 


ARCELEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


75 


Fig.  31015— Full  size. 

Fig.  31015  is  a  piece  of  red  Huronian  slate,  bored  with  a  hole  slightly  in- 
creasing in  size  from  the  smaller  end  to  the  larger.  This  stone  has  the  appearance 
of  being  unfinished,  or.,  if  finished,  made  from  a  rough  piece  of  stone,  the  cracks 
being  unpolished.  Like  many  of  the  other  stone  tubes,  its  use  is  very  uncertain. 
From  the  appearance  of  the  tube  it  is  possible  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  whistle 
by  the  insertion  of  a  small  marble  within  the  larger  end.  Similar  tubes  have 
been  used  in  that  way  by  the  Indians  of  the  south-west. 


A  Fig.  26765— Full  size.  B 

Fig.  26765.  The  turtle  form  shown  by  figures  A  and  B  26765  not  only  ex- 
emplifies what  is  perhaps  a  totem-form,  but  illustrates  a  somewhat  unusual  me- 
chanical device  sometimes  seen  on  north-west  stone  pipes  that  have  been  broken. 
A  seat  is  cut  in  the  material,  extending  across  the  fracture,  on  each  side  of  which 
holes  are  bored,  partly,  or  wholly  through,  and  into  this  seat  molten  lead  or  silver 
is  poured.  In  this  case  the  metal  looks  like  silver,  but  is  probably  lead.  It  will 
be  seen  that  as  the  metal  enters  the  holes  it  acquires  a  holding  power  longitu- 
dinally, which  otherwise  it  would  not  possess. 

•We  are  so  much  disposed  to  regard  the  Indian  as  a  mere  savage  that  it  is 
difficult  for  us  to  give  him  any  credit  for  mechanical  ingenuity  beyond  what  is 


AKCILEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


necessary  to  exercise  in  the  making  of  tools  and  weapons  in  a  manner  similar  to 
that  which  has  been  sanctioned  by  the  custom  of  centuries,  and  in  this  case  we 
feel  like  attributing  the  use  of  the  device  in  question  to  intercourse  with  the  white 
man.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  in  this  case,  no  matter  where  he  may  have 
procured  the  idea,  what  looks  like  ornamentation  was  done  wholly  on  purpose  to 
remedy  a  break,  that  had  separated  the  head  from  the  body. 


Fig.  29388— Full  size. 

Fig.  29388  shows  what  is  known  as  a  scraper  or  spud.  A  "spud"  or  a 
"scraper"  such  as  this,  is  supposed  to  mean  a  tool  for  removing  flesh  from  skins 
or  for  smoothing  wooden  surfaces,  just  as  carpenters  sometimes  use  pieces  of  glass. 


Fig.  29388  B— Full  size. 

The  edge  view  (Fig.  29388  B)  will  show  how  this  tool  was  useful  in  the  way  in- 
dicated. A  sharply  formed  angle  may  be  seen  at  the  lower  end,  admirably  formed 
for  scraping  purposes.  This  scraping  edge  may  be  of  accidental  formation  (in- 
deed, it  is  anything  but  easy  to  understand  how  it  could  have  been  formed  pur- 
posely), but  in  any  case  this  degraded  form  of  a  spear  or  of  an  arrow-head  must 
have  proved  a  very  serviceable  implement. 

Only  one  feature  of  this  tool  might  lead  us  to  doubt  the  "degrading"  process, 
and  that  is  the  great  strength  of  the  neck. 


SHELL  RELICS. 

Although  civilized  man  has  but  little  use  for  shells,  to  the  untutored  sav- 
ages they  were  not  only  of  considerable  economic  importance,  but  were  atso  ex- 
tensively used  in  the  ornamentation  of  their  persons.  The  attractive  colors  of 
many  shells  made  them  readily  adaptable  as  ornaments.  Many  of  them  were  no 
doubt  highly  valued  on  account  of  their  beauty,  and  perhaps,  also,  on  account  of 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  77 

a  superstitious  veneration  for  the  shells  themselves.  Shells  with  the  mouth  aper- 
ture turned  to  the  left,  as  were  the  Busy  cons,  may  have  been  special  objects  of 
reverence;  the  Chinese  even  yet  believe  that  a  conch  shell  with  the  whorl  turning 
to  the  right  has  the  power  of  quieting  the  waves  when  blown  upon  loudly. 

The  bulk  of  the  shell  material  used  by  the  Indians  in  Ontario  was  obtained 
from  beyond  the  borders  of  the  Province,,  most  of  the  shells  coming  from  the 
Atlantic  seaboard.  Some  shells  even  came  from  such  distant  parts  as  Central 
America.  The  occurrence  of  these  shells  so  far  from  their  native  habitat  is  the 
best  evidence  we  have  of  the  extensive  commercial  relations  which  existed  between 
the  widely  separated  inhabitants  of  North  America,  although  we  must  not  forget 
that  the  arrival  of  Europeans  gave  a  considerable  impetus  to  this  trade,  and  most 
of  our  shell  relics  were  introduced  after  the  arrival  of  the  early  French  traders 
and  explorers.  This  we  know  from  the  fact  that  they  are  almost  entirely  absent 
from  prehistoric  sites,  while  they  are  most  frequently  found  in  direct  association 
with  relics  of  iron,  brass,  and  glass  of  European  manufacture. 

On  prehistoric,  and  also  on  sites  belonging  to  a  later  period,  we  find  numer- 
ous land  and  fresh-water  shells,  which  had  been  put  to  a  variety  of  uses. 

One  of  the  many  uses  of  shells  was  for  culinary  purposes.  The  largest  of  the 
introduced  shells,  such  as  the  conch  and  Busycon,  had  the  interior  parts  skilfully 
removed  and  thus  made  serviceable  cups  or  ladles,  of  which  there  is  a  fine  example 
from  an  ossuary  in  Beverly  township  in  the  Museum.  We  may  be  quite  certain 
that  many  of  our  ordinarv  clam  or  mussel  shells  were  frequently  used  as  spoons, 
because  they  required  very  little  alteration  to  adapt  them  to  such  a  use.  In  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  these  shell  spoons  were  a  little  more  specialized,  being  cut 
so  as  to  form  a  handle  on  the  hinge  side,  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  these  are 
all  made  from  left  valves,  and  the  position  of  the  handle  indicates  that  they  were* 
made  for  use  with  tEe  right  hand. 

Clam  shells  may  also  have  come  in  for  some  considerable  use  as  knives,  the 
sharp  edges  of  some  species  making  them  quite  useful.  Early  writers  and  explorers 
make  reference  to  such  use  of  shells,  Among  the  Indians  of  the  South  sharp 
shells  were  used  as  razors  and  for  cutting  the  hair,  and  two  valves  of  a  shell  were 
sometimes  employed  as  tweezers  for  pulling  it  out.  There  is  no  evidence  of  such 
a  use  of  shells  in  Ontario,  at  least  the  Jesuit  Relations,  almost  our  only  source  of 
information  regarding  the  Indians  of  Ontario,  do  not  speak  of  it.  Our  clam 
shells  were  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery,  both  as  smoothers  and 
scrapers  and  as  a  tempering  material.  Some  pottery  in  the  Museum  contains  this 
shell  tempering  material,  and  the  clay  of  which  many  of  our  pipes  are  made  also 
seems  to  contain  a  good  proportion  of  it.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  the  majority 
of  the  shell  scrapers  had  been  used  by  right-handed  persons.  Another  use  to  which 
clam  shells  may  have  been  put  in  Ontario  was  in  tanning.  Some  modern  tribes 
of  Indians  have  used  them  for  this  purpose  in  recent  years.  A  few  may  also  have 
seen  service  as  scrapers  in  woodworking.  In  Ohio  the  shells  of  a  large,  massive 
species  of  fresh-water  clam  were  perforated  for  attachment  to  a  handle,  and  were 
used  as  hoes.  None  of  our  Unio  Shells  appear  to  have  been  used  for  this  purpose. 

It  was  as  ornaments,  however,  that  shells  came  in  for  most  extensive  use,  and 
shell  was  the  favorite  material  all  over  America  for  beads,  pendants,  gorgets  or 
breast-plates,  and  other  ornaments.  The  fresh-water  shell  beads  are  the  most 
common  on  prehistoric  sites,  and  those  made  from  the  larger  ocean  shells  occur 
more  frequently  on  sites  known  to  be  post-European.  With  the  exception  of  the 


78  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  _ 

laro-e  engraved  gorget  obtained  from  one  of  the  Rice  Lake  mounds,  which  is  un- 
doubtedly of  prehistoric  age,  very  few,  if  any,  of  these  objects  have  been  discovered 
on  early  sites. 

The  Indians  were  fond  of  bedecking  themselves  with  all  kinds  of  ornaments, 
and  beads  especially  were  much  favored.  According  to  Champlain  the  Huron 
girls  lavishly  adorned  themselves  with  wampum  beads  on  festive  occasions.  Large 
quantities  of  beads  have  been  found  in  graves,  ossuaries  and  mounds.  Dr.  Boyle 
discovered  865  small  disc-shaped  beads  on  the  neck  of  a  skeleton  in  the  Princess 
Mound,  Rice  Lake,  and  in  the  same  mound  were  300  beads  made  of  a  small  ocean 
univalve.  But  this  seems  as  nothing  compared  with  the  large  numbers  which 
were  found  in  mounds  in  the  United  States;  the  Grave  Creek  Mound  in  Virginia 
alone  yielded  between  three  and  four  thousand  beads. 

Small  entire  shells  were  most  frequently  used  for  the  purpose,  especially  in 
prehistoric  times,  and  nearly  all  are  fresh-water  species  found  in  our  inland  rivers 
and  lakes.  The  shells  of  several  of  our  water  snails  and  also  .a  few  of  our  land 
snails  were  perforated  through  the  lip  for  suspension.  Disc-shaped  beads  made  ot 
the  fresh-water  clams  are  very  scarce.  Two  or  three  different  species  of  entire 
ocean  shells  used  as  beads  are  in  the  Provincial  Museum.  These  in  their  original 
state  are  all  more  highly  coloured  than  our  native  species  and,  we  may  be  sure, 
were  very  highly  prized. 

Of  shell  beads  made  from  the  Interior  columns  of  the  larger  ocean  shells 
there  are  many  different  kinds.  Some  are  spherical,  others  are  disc-shaped,  while 
others  again  are  cylindrical  and  from  one  to  over  six  inches  long,  with  a  general 
diameter  of  about  from  three-sixteenths  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch. 

Fig.  28750  represents  a  string  of  some  of  the  more  common  forms,  which  were 
found  in  a  grave  near  St.  David's,  Ontario,  by  Dr.  Boyle.  Some  of  the  larger 
ones  are  over  two  inches  in  length.  There  are  fifty  in  this  string  and  they  were 
all  found  in  the  one  grave.  The  short,  cylindrical  beads  shown  in  fig.  28747  are 
of  the  usual  form  and  average  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Two  of 
tfiem  are  triangular  in  shape  rather  than  round.  These  were  also  found  in  the 
grave  at  St.  David's.  There  is  also  a  small  string  of  sixteen  disc-shaped  beads 
(fig.  28748)  ranging  from  one-quarter  to  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  from 
the  same  place. 

Very  unusual  forms  are  sometimes  met  with.  There  is  one  in  the  Museum 
collection  of  the  cylindrical  type,  about  one  and  five-eighths  inches  long  and  one- 
quarter  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  peculiar  in  having  the  holes  bored  somewhat 
like  those  in  bird  amulets,  instead  of  from  end  to  end  as  in  most  specimens  of 
this  class.  Another  one  has  the  holes  drilled  through  from  side  to  side  at  each 
end.  These  both  come  from  Beverly  Township. 

The  runtee  is  another  variety  of  bead  numerously  represented  in  the  Museum 
collection.  These  are  flat,  oval  pieces  of  shell  with  a  hole  drilled  from  end  to 
end  through  the  narrow  side.  There  are  also  some  pieces  which  are  almost  square 
and  some  are  rectangular.  An  oval  one  from  Port  Colborne  has  an  oblique  hole 
drilled  through  one  end.  Others  are  provided  with  two  holes  and  one  of  these  is 
over  two  inches  in  diameter. 

Illustrations  of  the  different  beads  are  given  on  Plate  VIII.,  figs,  e,  f,  g,  h; 
Plate  IX.,  figs,  a  to  o;  and  fig.  .0  on  Plate  X.  of  the  report  for  1907. 

Many  shell  beads  were  used  as  wampum,  although  there  was  also  one  kind 
which  was  made  for  this  special  purpose.  This  was  small  and  cylindrical  and  was 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


79 


Fig.  28750— Half  diameter. 


80  AECH^EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  long  by  about  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  wide.  This 
is  the  kind  that  is  most  often  meant  in  historical  references  to  the  use  of  wampum. 
Another  variety  was  disc-shaped,  and  these  are  the  most  numerously  represented 
in  the  Provincial  Museum.  These,  as  already  mentioned  above,  were  made  out 


Fig.  28747— Full  size.  Fig.  28748— Full  size. 

of  the  solid  interior  columns  of  ocean  shells.  The  cylindrical  wampum  is  made 
of  the  quahog  or  "hen"  clam,  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  purple  spot  at  the 
posterior  end  of  the  shell  forming  the  more  valuable  blue  wampum. 

Some  of  the  early  travellers  and  traders  give  minute  accounts  of  the  process 
of  manufacture.  These  accounts  are  given  fully  in  the  report  for  1907,  pages 
78,  79. 

The  use  of  these  shells  as  a  medium  of  exchange  probably  originated  in  the 
value  set  on  them  as  personal  ornaments.  The  really  extensive  use  of  these  beads 
as  currency  did  not  commence  until  they  began  to  be  manufactured  by  the  whites, 
the  enterprising  Dutch  colonists  being  the  first  to  employ  machinery  in  their 
manufacture.  Indeed,  the  Dutch  themselves,  and  the  early  English  colonists, 
too,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  other  currency,  adopted  it  as  a  standard  of  exchange; 
and  we  read  that  even  church  offerings  were  often  made  with  wampum  by  these 
early  settlers;  and  it  was  also  used  by  our  Canadian  Indians,  as  we  learn  from  the 
Relations,  for  the  same  purpose  and  even  to  obtain  prayers  for  the  repose  of  the 
soul. 

We  may  be  quite  certain  that  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  wampum  found  in  On- 
tario has  been  manufactured  to  the  south  of  us,  and  reached  our  Indians,  whose 
culture  was  already  considerably  affected  by  white  contact,  through  the  channels 
of  trade  conducted  by  early  French  traders. 

Wampum  was  not  only  used  as  currency  or  in  ornamentation  but  was  also 
used  for  presents;  it  was  often  paid  as  a  ransom  for  prisoners,  and  with  it  atone- 
ment was  made  for  crimes  committed  by  the  Indians;  it  was  sent  with  messengers 
as  their  credentials,  and  represented  the  chiefs  authority;  the  Iroquois  exacted 
annual  tribute  in  the  shape  of  wampum  from  neighbouring  tribes.  Wampum  was 
also  woven  into  "belts,  with  various  designs  worked  in  with  the  different  coloured 
beads,  and  as  such  were  permanent  records  of  some  transaction  or  treaty.  It  was 
also  strung  on  strings,  and  these,  according  to  the  different  arrangement  of  the 
white  and  purple  beads  which  composed  it,  conveyed  some  meaning  to  the  "keeper 
of  the  wampum/'  the  archivist  of  the  tribe.  These  and  the  belts  are,  by  some 
ethnologists  and  archaeologists,  considered  to  be  later  adaptations  of  the  use  of 
wampum. 


1911  ARCK/EOLOGICAL  REPORT.  81 


This  shell  currency  had  a  fixed  value  among  the  Indians.  The  values  are 
variously  given  by  early  travellers  such  as  Adair,  Beverly  and  Brickell.  Roger 
Williams  also  refers  to  its  value,  in  the  currency  of  the  time,  in  his  Key.  Bev- 
erly says  the  English  traders  valued  the  white  at  nine  pence  a  yard  and  the  purple 
at  eighteen  pence.  Williams  tells  us  that  six  of  the  white  beads  were  equal  in 
value  to  one  penny  and  the  purple  were  worth  three  for  a  penny.  One  fathom,  ac- 
cording to  him,  was  once  valued  at  ten  shillings,  but  later  the  value  dropped  to 
five  shillings  per  fathom.  Among  the  Dutch  it  is  known  to  have  reached  as  high 
as  four  guilders,  or  one  dollar  and  sixty-six  cents.  With  the  introduction  of 
inferior  beads  and  quicker  means  of  manufacture,  the  value  fell,  and  it  was  finally 
no  longer  regarded  as  legal  tender. 

Of  pendants  there  are  all  kinds,  from  rough,  unfinished  pieces  of  ocean  shells 
and  Unios  with  a  perforation  at  one  end  to  some  nicely  finished  specimens.  These 
are  of  various  shapes — some  oval,  others  round,  and  some  mere  narrow  strips. 
Entire  shells  were  also  used  for  the  purpose,  some  being  perforated  for  suspen- 
sion, while  others  are  notched. 

There  is  another  class  of  shell  objects,  of  which  we  have  only  one  found  in 
Ontario,  and  these  are  known  as  pins.  They  may  also  be  pendants,  and  Thurston 
refers  to  them  as  "  bracketts,"  but  their  precise  use  is  not  known.  A  few  are 
perforated.  A  specimen  in  the  Museum,  which  comes  from  ISTottawasaga  Town- 
ship, is  provided  with  a  suspension  hole,  and  this  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it 
was  worn  as  an  ornament.  It  is  «hown  in  fig.  g,  Plate  XII.,  in  the  report  for  1907. 

Many  other  peculiar  ornaments  were  fashioned  from  shells.  The  Museum 
collection  has  one  made  of  Unio  shell  which  represents  a  fish,  even  the  eyes  and 
mouth  being  indicated.  Several  holes  are  provided  for  suspension  and  for  the 
attachment  of  other  ornaments.  Unfortunately,  the  tail  portion  is  lacking  in  this 
interesting  specimen.  Another  object,  made  of  ocean  shell,  resembles  a  lizard.  It 
has  one  perforation.  Both  of  these  specimens  were  found  in  Beverly  Township. 

Round,  oval,  sandal,  and  pear-shaped  plates,  known  as  gorgets  or  breast-plates, 
were  made  of  the  large  Busycon  shell's  and  the  Giant  Conch.  They  are  found 
along  almost  the  entire  eastern  seaboard  of  the  continent,  and  are  even  met  with 
as  far  inland  as  Tennessee,  Ohio,  Nebraska,  Ontario,  and  Manitoba.  They  must 
have  been  highly  valued,  for  we  find  them  among  the  treasured  objects  buried  in 
the  graves.  Judging  from  the  numbers  found  in  Ontario,  they  were  a  popular 
kind  of  ornament  among  our  aborigines.  Like  the  conch-shell  beads  and  wampum, 
they  occur  most  frequently  in  localities  yielding  European  relics,  and  so  are  of  a 
comparatively  late  date. 

Only  two  engraved  gorgets  have  so  far  been  met  with  in  Ontario.  One  of 
these  was  evidently  brought  in  from  the  south,  the  design  on  it,  a  conventionalized 
figure  of  a  rattlesnake,  being  similar  to  that  on  gorgets  found  in  Tennessee.  A 
good  illustration  of  both  these  specimens  is  given  in  the  report  for  1907,  fig.  /, 
plate  XII,  and  fig.  a,  plate  XIV. 

Most  gorgets  have  only  two  suspension  holes,  but  many  are  also  provided  with 
three  and  more.  These  extra  holes  may  have  been  intended  for  the  attachment  of 
other  ornaments,  and  possibly,  also,  for  pearl  settings,  although  pearls  have  not 
been  met  with  on  an  aboriginal  site  anywhere  in  Ontario.  They  are  of  all  sizes, 
from  those  less  than  two  inches  in  diameter  to  those  fully  six  inches  across  and 
seven  or  eight  inches  long. 


82 


AKCHJEOLOGICAL  KEPORT. 


Fig.  28754— Half  diameter. 

We  present  an  illustration  of  one  of  the  largest  ones  so  far  obtained  in 
Ontario,  fig.  28754.  This  is  an  unusually  large  one,,  being  eight  and  one-half 
inches  long,  and  must  have  been  longer,  because  part  of  the  lower  portion  is  broken 
away,  and  it  may  have  been  fully  seven  inches  wide  when  whole.  It  has  a  single 
perforation,  but  there  must  have  been  another  in  the  missing  portion.  This  speci- 
men is  made  of  the  lip  of  a  large  Busycon  shell.  The  proud  possessor  of  this 
gorget  was  no  doubt  envied  by  the  other  members  of  the  tribe,  but  he  must  have 
found  it  at  times  a  rather  cumbrous  ornament.  It  was  found  in  a  grave  near 
St.  David's  by  Dr.  Boyle. 


Fig.  28755— Half  diameter. 

^  Fig.  28755  shows  one  of  the  same  type.    This  was  found  in  the  same  locaJity 

as  fig.  28754.     It  also  is  made  from  the  lip  of  a  Busycon.     There  are  three  holes 

equal  distances  apart,  but  only  the  two  middle  ones  were  used  for  sus- 


1911 


AECIL^OLOGICAL  KEPOKT. 


83 


pension.     It  is  seven  inches  long  and  four  and  three-quarter  inches  wide. 
a  much  better  state  of  preservation  than  the  one  shown  in  fig.  28754. 


It  is  in 


Fig.  28756— Half  diameter. 

The  round  one  shown  in  fig.  28756  is  interesting  on  account  of  the  number 
of  holes,  and  the  presence  of  shallow  pits,  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  apart, 
around  the  edge  of  the  gorget.  It  is  provided  with  eight  holes,  seven  being  in  a 
row  across  the  middle,  and  the  other  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  away.  The 
two  outer  holes  may  have  been  the  ones  used  for  suspension.  It  is  a  little  more 
than  four  and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter.  Traces  of  the  original  natural  col- 
ouring are  still  visible  on  the  convex  side,  and  it  appears  to  have  been  made  of 
the  Giant  Conch.  It  must  have  been  a  beautiful  object  originally. 


HUEOfflA. 


The  fifth  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Archives  of  Ontario  has  just  been  issued. 
The  volume  is  truly  a  credit  to  the  Provincial  Archivist,  Dr.  Alexander  Eraser, 
and  must  have  entailed  a  great  amount  of  editorial  labour.  The  work  is  the  re- 
sult of  many  years  close  study  by  Eev.  Father  Jones,  S.  J.,  the  learned  Archivist 
of  St.  Mary's  College,  Montreal,  whose  archaeological  and  historical  accomplish- 
ments have  obtained  recognition  on  both  the  American  and  European  continents. 
The  Eeport  is  of  permanent  value,  and  the  Bureau  of  Archives  has  laid  investiga- 
tors of  our  early  Canadian  history  under  a  debt  of  gratitude  by  its  publication. 
We  quote  a  portion  of  the  volume  -on  the  Wyandots'  place  in  the  Great  Huron- 
Iroquois  family. 

"At  some  unknown  date  all  the  Iroquois  and  Huron  tribes  formed  but  one 
single  people.  This  fact  noted  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  by 
Father  Jerome  Lalemant  has  since  been  acknowledged  by  every  modern  Indian 
philologist  as  fully  established.  If  language  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  criterion  to 
go  by,  the  Hurons  proper  were  the  original  stock  from  which  sprang  all  the 
branches  of  the  great  Iroquoian  family,  whether  included  in  the  primitive  con- 
federation of  the  Five  Nations,  or  standing  apart  territorially,  within  historic 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BEPOBT. 


85 


86  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


times,  as  did  the  Tuskaroras,  the  Cherokees  and  the  Andastes.  Father  Chau- 
monot,  who  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the  Huron  and  Iroquois  tongues,  and  who 
had  lived  as  missionary  among  both  nations,  says  in  his  autobiography  that  'as  this 
language  (the  Huron)  is,  so  to  speak,  the  mother  of  many  others,  particularly  of 
the  five  spoken  by  the  Iroquois,  when  I  was  sent  among  the  latter,  though  at  the 
time  I  could  not  understand  their  language,  it  took  me  but  a  month  to  master  it; 
and  later,  after  having  studied  the  Onondaga  dialect  only,  when  present  at  the 
councils  of  the  Five  Nations  assembled,  I  found  that  by  a  special  help  of  God  I 
could  understand  them  all.'  It  was  for  this  reason  that  Father  de  Carheil,  the 
Indian  philologist,  who  has  laboured  among  the  Onondagas  and  Cayugas,  chose  the 
Huron  idiom  as  the  subject  matter  of  his  standard  work.  He  compiled  his 
RADICES  Huronicae,  comprising  some  nine  hundred  and  seventy  verbal  roots, 
as  a  text-book  as  well  for  future  Iroquois  missionaries  as  for  Huron.  A  more  mod- 
ern authority,  Horatio  Hale,  had  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  Wyandots  of  the 
Anderdon  Reserve  used  the  most  archaic  form  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  speech  that 
had  yet  been  discovered.  These  AYyandots  were  for  the  most  part  descendants  .of  the 
Petun  Indians,  the  nearest  neighbours  of  the  Hurons  proper,  who  spoke  a  dialect 
but  slightly  different  from  that  of  the  latter." 


THE  HURONS.* 

"  More  than  two  centuries  have  elapsed  since  the  Hurons  vanished  fromi  their 
ancient  seats,  and  the  settlers  of  this  rude  solitude  stand  perplexed  and  wondering 
over  the  relics  of  a  lost  people.  In  the  damp  shadow  of  what  seems  a  virgin  forest 
the  axe  and  plow  bring  strange  secrets  to  light :  huge  pits,  close  packed  with  skele- 
tons and  disjointed  bones,  mixed  with  weapons,  copper  kettles,  beads  and  trinkets. 
Not  even  the  straggling  Algonquins,  who  linger  about  the  scene  of  Huron  pros- 
perity, can  tell  their  origin.  Yet,  on  ancient  worm-eaten  pages,  between  covers  of 
begrimed  parchment,  the  daily  life  of  this  ruined  community,  its  firesides,  its 
festivals,  its  funeral  rites,  are  painted  with  a  minute  and  vivid  fidelity. 

"  The  ancient  country  of  the  Hurons  is  now  the  northern  and  eastern  portion 
of  Simcoe  County,  Canada  West,  and  is  embraced  within  the  peninsula  formed 
by  the  Nottawassaga  and  Match edash  Bays  of  Lake  Huron,  the  River  Severn  and 
Lake  Simcoe.  Its  area  was  small,  its  population  comparatively  large.  In  the  year 
1639  the  Jesuits  made  an  enumeration  of  all  its  villages,  dwellings  and  families, 
the  result  showed  thirty-two  villages  and  hamlets,  with  seven  hundred  dwellings, 
about  four  thousand  families,  and  twelve  thousand  adult  persons,  or  a  total  popu- 
lation of  at  least  twenty  thousand. 

"  The  region  whose  boundaries  we  have  given  was  an  alternation  of  meadows 
and  deep  forests,  interlaced  with  footpaths  leading  from  town  to  town.  Of  these 
towns  some  were  fortified,  but  the  greater  number  were  open  and  defenceless. 
They  were  of  a  construction  common  to  all  tribes  of  Iroquois  lineage,  and  peculiar 
to  them.  Nothing  similar  exists  at  the  present  day.  They  covered  a  space  of 
from  one  to  ten  acres,  the  dwellings  clustering  together  with  little  or  no  pretension 
to  order.  In  general,  these  singular  structures  were  about  thirty  or  thirty-five 
feet  in  length,  breadth  and  height ;  but  many  were  much  larger,  and  a  few  were  of 
prodigious  length.  In  some  of  the  villages  there  were  dwellings  two  hundred  and 
forty  feet  long,  though  in  breadth  and  height  they  did  not  much  exceed  the  others. 

*  Parkman. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  87 

In  shape  they  were  much  like  an  arbor  overarching  a  garden  walk.  Their  frame 
was  of  tall  and  strong  saplings,  planted  in  a  double  row  to  form  the  two  sides  of 
the  house,  bent  till  they  met,  and  lashed  together  at  the  top.  To  these  other  poles 
were  bound  transversely,  and  the  whole  was  covered  with  large  sheets  of  the  bark 
of  the  oak,  elm,  spruce,  or  white  cedar,  overlapping  like  the  shingles  of  a  roof, 
upon  which,  for  their  better  security,  split  poles  were  made  fast  with  cords  of  lin- 
den bark.  At  the  crown  of  the  arch,  along  the  entire  length  of  the  house  an  open- 
ing a  foot  wide  was  left  for  the  admission  of  light  and  the  escape  of  smoke.  At 
each  end  was  a  close  porch  of  similar  construction;  and  here  were  stowed  casks  of 
bark,  filled  with  smoked  fish,  Indian  corn,  and  other  stores  not  liable  to  injury 
from  frost.  Within,  on  both  sides,  were  wide  scaffolds,  four  feet  from  the  floor, 
and  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  house,  like  the  seats  of  a  colossal  omnibus. 
These  were  formed  of  thick  sheets  of  bark,  supported  by  posts  and  transverse 
poles,  and  covered  with  mats  and  skins.  Here,  in  summer,  was  the  sleeping  place 
of  the  inmates,  and  the  space  beneath  served  for  storage  of  their  firewood.  The 
fires  were  on  the  ground,  in  a  line  down  the  middle  of  the  house.  Each  sufficed  for 
two  families,  who,  in  winter,  slept  closely  packed  around  them.  Above,  just  under 
the  vaulted  roof,  were  a  great  number  of  poles,  like  the  perches  of  a  hen  roost, 
and  here  were  suspended  weapons,  clothing,  skins  and  ornaments.  Here,  too,  in 
harvest  time,  the  squaws  hung  the  ears  of  unshelled  corn,  till  the  rude  abode, 
through  all  its  length,  seemed  decked  with  a  golden  tapestry.  In  general,  how- 
ever, its  only  lining  was  a  thick  coating  of  soot  from  the  smoke  of  fires  with 
neither  draught,  chimney  nor  window.  So  pungent  was  the  smoke  that  it  pro- 
duced inflammation  of  the  eyes,  attended  in  old  age  with  frequent  blindness.  An- 
other annoyance  was  the  fleas;  and  a  third,  the  unbridled  and  unruly  children. 
Privacy  there  was  none.  The  house  was  one  chamber,  sometimes  lodging  more 
than  twenty  families. 

"  He  who  entered  on  a  winter  night  beheld  a  strange  spectacle :  the  vista  of 
fires  lighting  the  smoky  concave;  the  bronzed  groups  encircling  each, — cooking, 
eating,  gambling,  or  amusing  themselves  with  idle  badinage;  shrivelled  squaws, 
hideous  with  three-score  years  of  hardship;  grisly  old  warriors,  scarred  with  Iro- 
quois  war  clubs;  young  aspirants  whose  honours  were  yet  to  be  won;  damsels  gay 
with  ochre  and  wampum;  restless  children  pell  mell  with  restless  dogs.  Now  a 
tongue  of  resinous  flame  painted  each  wild  figure  in  vivid  light;  now  the  fitful 
gleam  expired,  and  the  group  vanished  fromi  sight,  as  their  nation  has  vanished 
from  history. 

"  The  fortified  towns  of  the  Hurons  were  all  on  the  side  exposed  to  Iroquois 
incursions.  The  fortifications  of  all  this  family  of  tribes  were,  like  their  dwell- 
ings, in  essential  points  alike.  A  situation  was  chosen  favourable  to  defence, — the 
bank  of  a  lake,  the  crown  ©f  a  difficult  hill,  or  a  high  point  of  land  in  the  fork  of 
confluent  rivers.  A  ditch,  several  feet  deep,  was  dug  around  the  village,  and  the 
earth  thrown  up  on  the  inside.  Trees  were  then  felled  by  an  alternate  process  of 
burning  and  hacking  the  burnt  part  with  stone  hatchets,  and  by  similar  means 
were  cut  into  lengths  to  form  palisades.  These  were  planted  on  the  embankment, 
in  one,  two,  three  Or  four  concentric  rows, —  those  of  each  row  inclining  towards 
those  of  the  other  rows  until  they  intersected.  The  whole  was  lined  within,  to 
the  height  of  a  man,  with  heavy  sheets  of  bark;  and  at  the  top,  where  the  palisades 
crossed,  was  a  gallery  of  timber  for  the  defenders,  together  with  wooden  gutters, 
by  which  streams  of  water  could  be  poured  down  on  fires  kindled  by  the  enemy. 
Magazines  of  stones,  and  rude  ladders  for  mounting  the  rampart,  completed  the 


88  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  

provision  for  defence.  The  forts  of  the  Iroquois  were  stronger  and  more  elaborate 
than  those  of  the  Hurons;  and  to  this  day  large  districts  in  New  York  are  marked 
with  frequent  remains  of  their  ditches  and  embankments. 

"  Among  these  tribes  there  was  no  individual  ownership  of  land,  but  each  fam- 
ily had  for  the  time  exclusive  right  to  as  much  as  it  saw  fit  to  cultivate.  The 
clearing  process— a  most  toilsome  one — consisted  of  hacking  off  branches,  piling 
them  together  with  brushwood  around  the  foot  of  the  standing  trunks,  and  set- 
ting fire  to  the  whole.  The  squaws,  working  with  their  hoes  of  wood  and  bone 
among  the  charred  stumps,  sowed  their  corn,  beans,  pumpkins,  tobacco,  sunflowers, 
and  Huron  hemp.  No  manure  was  used;  but,  at  intervals  of  from  ten  to  thirty 
years,  when  the  sioil  was  exhausted,  and  firewood  distant,  the  village  was  abandoned 
and  a  new  one  built. 

"  There  was  little  game  in  the  Huron  country ;  and  here,  as  among  the  Iro- 
quois, the  staple  of  food  was  Indian  corn,  cooked  without  salt  in  a  variety  of  forms, 
each  more  odious  than  the  last.  Venison  was  a  luxury  found  only  at  feasts;  dog 
flesh  was  in  high  esteem;  and  in  some  of  the  towns  captive  bears  were  fattened 
for  festive  occasions.  These  tribes  were  far  less  improvident  than  the  roving  Al- 
gonquins,  and  stores  of  provision  were  laid  up  against  a  season  of  want.  Their 
main  stock  of  corn  was  buried  in  caches,  or  deep  holes  in  the  earth,  either  within 
or  without  the  houses. 

"  In  respect  to  the  arts  of  life,  all  these  stationary  tribes  were  in  advance  of 
the  wandering  hunters  of  the  North.     The  women  made  a  species  of  earthen  pot 
for  cooking,  but  these  were  supplanted  by  the  copper  kettles  of  the  French  traders. 
They  wove  rush  mats  with  no  little  skill.     They  spun  twine  from  hemp,  by  the 
primitive  process  of  rolling  it  on  their  thighs;  and  of  this  twine  they  made  nets. 
They  extracted  oil  from  fish  and  from  the  seeds  of  the  sunflower, — the  latter,  ap- 
parently, only  for  the  purposes  of  the  toilet.     They  pounded  their  maize  in  huge 
mortars  of  wood,  hollowed  by  alternate  burnings  and  scrapings.     Their  stone  axes, 
spear  and  arrow  heads,  and  bone  fish  hooks,  were  fast  giving  place  to  the  iron  of 
the  French ;  but  they  had  not  laid  aside  their  shields  of  raw  bison  hide,  or  of  woodj 
overlaid  with  plaited  and  twisted  thongs  of  skin.     They  still  used,  too,  their  prim- 
itive breastplates  and  greaves  of  twigs  interwoven  with  cordage.     The  masterpiece 
of  Huron  handiwork,  however,  was  the  birch  canoe,  in  the  construction  of  which 
the  Algonquins  were  no  less  -skilful.     The  Iroquois,  in  the  absence  of  the  birch, 
were  forced  to  use  the  bark  of  the  elm,  which  was  greatly  inferior,  both  in  light- 
ness and  strength.  Of  pipes,  than  which  nothing  more  important  in  their  eyes,  the 
Hurons  made  a  great  variety,  some  of  baked  clay,  others  of  various  kinds  of  stone, 
carved  by  the  men,  during  their  long  periods  of  monotonous  leisure,     often  with 
great  skill  and  ingenuity.     But  their  most  mysterious  fabric  was  wampum.     This 
was  at  once  their  currency,  their  ornament,  their  pen,  ink,  and  parchment;  an'd 
its  use  was  by  no  means  confined  to  tribes  of  the  Iroquois  stock.     It  consisted  of 
elongated  beads,  white  and  purple,  made  from  the  inner  part  of  certain     shells. 
It  is  not  easy  to  conceive  how,  with  their  rude  implements,  the  Indians  contrived 
tio  shape  and  perforate  this  intractable  material.     The  art  soon  fell  into  disuse, 
however,  for  wampum  better  than  their  own  was  brought  them  by  the  traders, 
besides  abundant  imitations  in  glass   and  porcelain.     Strung  into  necklaces,  or 
wrought  into  collars,  belts  and  bracelets,  it  was  the  favorite  decoration  of  the  In- 
dian girls  at  festivals  and  dances.    It  served  also  a  graver  purpose.     No  compact, 
no  speech,  or  clause  of  a  speech,  to  the  representative  of  another  nation,  had  any 
force,  unless  confirmed  by  the  delivery  of  a  string  or  belt  of  wampum.     The  belts, 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  89 

on  occasions  of  importance,  were  wrought  into  significant  devices,  suggestive  of 
the  substance  of  the  compact  or  speech,  and  designed  as  aids  to  memory.  To  one 
or  more  old  men  of  the  nation  was  assigned  the  honourable,  but  very  onerous, 
charge  of  keepers  of  the  wampum, — in  other  words,  of  the  national  records;  and 
it  was  for  them  to  remember  and  interpret  the  meaning  of  the  belts.  The  figures 
on  w.ampum  belts  were,  for  the  most  part,  simply  mnemonic.  So  also  were  those 
carved  on  wooden  tablets,  or  painted  on  bark  and  skin,  to  preserve  in  memory  the 
songs  of  war,  hunting,  or  magic.  The  Hurons  had,  however,  in  common  with  other 
tribes,  a  system  of  rude  pictures  and  arbitrary  signs,  by  which  they  could  convey 
to  each  other,  with  tolerable  precision,  information  touching  the  ordinary  sub- 
jects of  Indian  interest. 

"  Their  dress  was  chiefly  of  skins,  cured  with  smoke  after  the  well-known  In- 
dian mode.  That  of  the  women,  according  to  the  Jesuits,  was  more  modest  than 
that  "of  our  most  pious  ladies  of  France."  The  young  girls  on  festal  occasions 
must  be  excepted  from  this  commendation,  as  they  wore  merely  a  kilt  from  the 
waist  to  the  knee,  besides  the  wampum  decorations  of  the  breast  and  arms.  Their 
long,  black  hair,  gathered  behind  the  neck,  was  decorated  with  discs  of  native  cop- 
per, or  gay  pendants  made  in  France,  and  now  occasionally  unearthed  in  numbers 
from  their  graves.  The  men,  in  summer,  were  nearly  naked, — those  of  a  kindred 
tribe  wholly  so,  with  the  sole  exception  of  their  moccasins.  In  winter  they  were 
clad  in  tunics  and  leggings  of  skin,  and  at  all  seasons,  on  occasions  of  ceremony, 
were  wrapped  fron\head  to  foot  in  robes  of  beaver  or  otter  furs,  sometimes  of  the 
greatest  value.  On  the  inner  side,  these  robes  were  decorated  with  painted  figures 
and  devices,  or  embroidered  with  the  dyed  quills  of  the  Canada  hedge- hog.  In 
this  art  of  embroidery,  however,  the  Hurons  were  equalled  or  surpassed  by  some 
otf  the  Algonquin  tribes.  They  wore  their  hair  after  a  variety  of  grotesque  and 
startling  fashions.  With  some,  it  was  loose  on  one  side,  and  tight  braided  on  the 
other;  with  others,  close  shaved,  leaving  one  or  more  long  and  cherished  locks; 
while,  with  others  again,  it  bristled  in  a  ridge  across  the  crown,  like  the  back  of 
a  hyena.  When  in  full  dress,  they  were  painted  with  ochre,  white  clay,  soot,  and 
the  red  juice  of  certain  berries.  They  practiced  tattooing,  sometimes  covering  the 
whole  body  with  indelible  devices.  When  of  such  extent,  the  process  was  very 
severe;  and  though  no  murmur  escaped  the  sufferer,  he  sometimes  died  from  its 
effects. 

"  Female  life  among  the  Hurons  had  no  bright  side.  Marriage  existed  among 
them,  and  polygamy  was  exceptional.  Once  a  mother,  and  married  with  a  reason- 
able permanency,  the  Huron  woman  became  a  drudge.  In  March  and  April  she 
gathered  the  year's  supply  of  firewood.  Then  came  sowing,  tilling,  and  harvest- 
ing, smoking  fish,  dressing  skins,  making  cordage  and  clothing,  preparing  food. 
On  the  march  it  was  she  who  bore  the  burden;  for  in  the  words  of  Champlain, 
"their  women  were  their  mules."  The  natural  effect  followed.  In  every  Huron 
town  were  shrivelled  hags,  hideous  and  despised,  who,  in  vindictiveness,  ferocity, 
and  cruelty,  far  exceeded  the  men. 

"  To  the  men  fell  the  task  of  building  the  houses,  and  making  weapons,  pipes, 
and  canoes.  For  the  rest,  their  home  life  was  a  life  of  leisure  and  amusement. 
The  summer  and  autumn  were  their  seasons  of  serious  employment, — of  war, 
hunting,  fishing  and  trade.  There  was  an  established  system  of  traffic  between 
the  Hurons  and  the  Algonquins  of  the  Ottawa  and  Lake  Mpissing;  the  Hurons 
exchanging  wampum,  fishing  nets  and  corn  for  fish  and  furs.  From  various  relics 
found  in  their  graves,  it  may  be  inferred  that  they  also  traded  with  tribes  far 


90  ARCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

southward,  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Each  branch  of  traffic  was  the  monopoly 
of  the  family  or  clan  by  whom  it  was  opened.  They  might,  if  they  could,  punish 
interlopers,  by  stripping  them  of  all  they  possessed,  unless  the  latter  had  succeeded 
in  reaching  home  with  the  fruits  of  their  trade, — in  which  case  the  outraged^ 
monopolists  had  no  further  right  of  redress,  and  could  not  attempt  it  without  a) 
breaking  of  the  public  peace,  and  exposure  to  the  authorized  vengeance  of  the  other 
party.  Their  fisheries,  too,  were  regulated  by  customs  having  the  force  of  laws. 
These  pursuits,  with  their  hunting,— in  which  they  were  aided  by  a  wolfish  breed 
of  dogs  unable  to  bark, — consumed  the  autumn  and  early  winter;  but  before  the 
new  year  the  greater  part  of  the  men  were  gathered  in  their  villages. 

"  Their  feasts  and  dances  were  of  various  character,  social,  medical  and  mys- 
tical or  religious.  Some  of  their  feasts  were  on  a  scale  of  extravagant  profusion. 
A  vain  or  ambitious  host  threw  all  his  substance  into  one  entertainment,  inviting 
the  whole  village,  and.  perhaps  several  neighbouring  villages  also.  In  the  winter  of 
1635  there  was  a  feast  at  the  village  of  Contarrea,  where  thirty  kettles  were  on 
the  fires,  and  twenty  deer  and  four  bear  were  served  up.  The  invitation  was  sim- 
ple. The  messenger  addressed  the  desired  guest  with  the  concise  summons,  "Come 
and  eat";  and  to  refuse  was  a  grave  offence.  He  took  his  dish  and  spoon,  and  re- 
paired ito  the  scene  of  festivity.  Each,  as  he  entered,  greeted  his  host  with  the 
gutteral  ejaculation,  Ho!  and  ranged  himself  with  the  rest,  squatted  on  the 
earthen  floor  or  on  the  platform  along  the  sides  of  the  house.  The  kettles  were 
jslung  over  the  fires  in  the  midst.  First,  there  was  a  long4  prelude  of  lugubrious 
singing.  Then  the  host,  who  took  no  share  in  the  feast,  proclaimed  in  a  loud  voice 
the  contents  of  each  kettle  in  turn,  and  at  each  announcement  the  company  re- 
sponded in  unison,  Ho!  The  attendant  squaws  filled  with  their  ladles  the  bowls 
of  all  the  guests.  There  was  talking,  laughing,  jesting,  singing,  and  smoking; 
and  at  times  the  entertainment  was  protracted  through  the  day." 

i 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL   EVIDENCE   AS   DETERMINED   BY   METHOD   AND 

SELECTION.* 

BY  HAELAN  I.    SMITH,  DOMINION  ARCHAEOLOGIST. 

Archaeological  evidence,  particularly  such  as  is  contained  in  specimens  and 
illustrations,  is,  no  doubt,  often  handled  in  such  a  way  that  is  is  very  misleading 
as  a  basis  for  the  reconstruction  of  prehistoric  ethnology.  This  is,  of  course,  not 
because  of  any  conscious  attempt  to  mislead  but  because  of  the  particular  methods 
of  making  the  collections,  and,  in  some  oases,  because  of  the  practical  selection  of 
illustrations. 

A  collection  made  by  a  farmer's  boy  differs  from  one  made  by  a  man  trained 
in  archaeological  technique;  one  obtained  by  excavation  from  another  collected 
from  the  surface.  The  collection  gathered  by  a  connoisseur  differs  from  the 
collection  made  by  tihe  scientist  who  endeavors  to  obtain,  in  an  unprejudiced  and 
disinterested  manner,  the  evidence,  the  whole  evidence,  and  nothing  but  the  evi- 
dence. 

Archaeological  material,  being  necessarily  fragmentary,  readily  lends  itself  to 
misleading  reconstruction.  The  selection  of  unique  specimens  for  exhibition  in  a 
museum  or  for  illustration,  side  by  side  with  common  objects,  leads  to  misunder- 

*Adapted  from  Mr.  Smith's  article  in  the  American  Anthropologist,  1911. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  91 

standing  unless  the  label  or  the  text  is  carefully  read.  A  unique  specimen  may  be 
a  sport,  and  single  finds  must  be  considered  as  possibly  unique  until  duplicated. 
Collections  from  single  or  special  sites  may  also  be  misleading. 

A  collection  such,  as  is  made  by  a  farmer's  boy  from  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
for  instance  in  the  Grand  River  Valley,  will  probably  contain  many  arrow  points 
chipped  from  stone,  a  few  celts  pecked  from  stone,  some  grooved  axes,  and  per- 
haps a  perforated  slate  tablet,  with  but  few  other  objects.  One  made  by  an  ex- 
perienced archaeologist  from  the  surface  in  the  same  region  will  also  include  frag- 
ments of  pottery.  The  average  farmer's  boy  discards  these  because  they  are  broken, 
or  because  he  does  not  recognize  the  potsherds  as  objects  of  human  handiwork. 
Sometimes  he  even  believes  them  to  be  pieces  of  petrified  bark. 

If  the  archaeologist  makes  his  collection,  not  only  from  the  surface,  but  also 
by  excavating  into  such  places  as  mounds,  graves  and  village  sites,  his  collection 
will  contain  relatively  few  arrow  points,  celts,  grooved  axes,  and  the  like.  It  will 
include  a  large  number  and  a  great  variety  of  objects  made  of  bone,  many  of  an- 
tler, and  not  a  few  of  shell.  There  will  also  be  fragments  of  pottery.  The  reason 
that  a  collection  made  from  the  surface  by  both  the  boy  and  the  archaeologist, 
contains  proportionately  more  arrow  points  than  the  one  made  by  the  archaeologist 
in  excavating,  is  no  doubt  partly  because  these  objects  are  more  easily  seen  on  the 
surface  of  a.  field  which  has  been  washed  by  the  rains  of  a  season  than  they  are  in 
an  excavation  where  they  are  partly  covered  with  earth  dust.  The  reason  that  the 
objects  of  bone,  antler,  and  shell  are  found  in  excavating  is  that  in  the  ground 
they  are  protected  from  the  sun  and  rain.  Such  of  them  as  have  been  left  upon 
the  surface  or  are  brought  to  the  surface  by  the  burrowing  of  animals,  the  culti- 
vation of  fields,  and  the  like,  are  soon  cracked  by  the  sun  and  frost,  broken  by  the 
tread  of  man  and  beast,  and  finally  wholly  disintegrated.  Possibly  such  objects 
are  more  easily  discovered  in  the  excavations  than  the  arrow  points,  because  of 
their  average  lighter  color.  Celts  and  grooved  axes  are  probably  rare  in  the  excava- 
tions, because  they  are  relatively  rare  everywhere,  and  they  are  found  in  undue 
proportion  on  the  surface  because  there  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  objects  of  bone, 
antler,  and  shell  have  been  eliminated. 

The  collection  gathered  by  a  lover  of  specimens  as  such  often  contains  art 
treasures,  objects  made  of  precious  or  semi-precious  material,  unique,  ceremonial 
otr  ^mysterious  things.  Usually  there  are  few  or  no  examples  of  raw  materials,  ob- 
jects in  process  of  manufacture,  broken  or  repaired  artifacts,  or  the  common  things 
which  are  more  illustrative  of  the  life  of  the  prehistoric  people  under  investiga- 
tion than  are  the  "gems"  or  monstrosities  of  the  collection. 

The  collection  made  by  a  scientist  should  be  obtained  with  an  endeavour  to 
understand  the  whole  life  of  the  people,  and  in  it  the  unique  pieces,  perhaps  for- 
merly owned  by  a  chief  or  shamen,  bear  a  true  relation  in  numbers  to  the  common 
manufactures  of  the  whole  people.  Such  a  collection  may  be  likened  to  a  mer- 
chant's store  of  goods  after  he  has  "taken  his  inventory  and  replenished  his  stock 
by  filling  up  the  gaps.  Even  this  collection  sometimes  falls  short  for  at  least  two 
reasons.  The  archaeologist,  being  human,  often  runs  into  a  rut  and,  becoming  un- 
conscious of  his  special  interests,  collects  certain  things  at  the  expense  of  others. 
Moreover,  he  is  able  to  obtain  only  those  things  which  do  not  disintegrate,  and 
many  of  these  require  laborious  repairing  and  restoration.  These  remnants  must 
always  fail  to  present  evidence  as  isatisfactorily  as  a  collection  from  a  living 
people,  none  of  whose  manufactures  are  as  yet  decayed,  and  whose  physique, 
language,  and  philosophy  are  all  available  for  study. 


92  ARCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

The  illustrations  of  archaeological  objects,  such  as  are  published  in  a  report 
where  an  endeavor  is  made  to  show  all  the  forms  of  a  region,  give  a  false  impres- 
sion as  to  their  relative  abundance.  A  unique  specimen,  of  course,  must  be  fig- 
ured, whereas  there  is  no  need  of  going  to  the  expense  of  figuring  duplicates  of 
the  more  common  objects,  although  several  specimens  may  be  used  to  show  the 
irange  of  size  and  individual  variations.  Nevertheless,  a  unique  object  has  a  vis- 
ual presentation  far  greater  than  its  relative  abundance  warrants.  This  is  a  prac- 
tical problem  due  to  the  expense  of  making  and  printing  illustrations.  Any  false 
idea  gained  by  glancing  at  the  illustrations  and  neglecting  the  text  can  be  cor- 
rected only  by  carefully  reading  the  latter. 

The  same  general  idea  holds  good  in  regard  to  museum  exhibits.  There  is  a 
practical  difficulty  in  the  way  of  exhibiting  a  very  great  number  of  exact  dupli- 
cates. No  one  would  retire  a  unique  specimen,  although  exhibited  together  with 
only  three  or  four  common  specimens,  for  fear  that  it  would  give  the  impression 
that  there  was  one  of  these  to  every  three  or  four  of  the  others,  even  though  the 
real  proportion  might  be  one  to  ten  thousand.  There  are  practical  reasons  for  the 
method  of  selecting  illustrations  and  specimens  for  exhibition,  but  in  carrying  on 
investigation  one  must  also  take  into  consideration  facts  not  shown  by  the  museum 
exhibits  or  the  illustrations. 

A  unique  specimen  may  be  the  single  great  production  of  a  great  artist,  or 
it  may  be  only  the  offspring  of  an  idle  moment,  made  without  serious  considera- 
tion and  perhaps  by  an  abnormal  individual,  a  mere  freak,  unworthy  of  considera- 
tion in  the  study  of  native  craftmanship.  If,  in  making  a  collection  in  the  field, 
we.  are  satisfied  to  end  our  search  for  each  kind  of  object  as  soon  as  one  example 
is  secured,  it  will  never  be  known  whether  such  an  object  is  the  common  everyday 
tool  of  the  people,  or  a  freak,  or  again  the  unique  product  of  a  master  hand. 

A  collection  from  a  single  or  peculiar  site  may  lead  to  an  entirely  erroneous 
conclusion  if  one  is  satisfied  with  the  results  obtained  in  this  one  kind  of  place. 
For  instance,  objects  from  a  grave1 — which  may  be  that  of  a  man,  a  woman,  or  an  in- 
fant— may  be  both  characteristic  onjy  of  grave  finds,  not  typical  of  the  whole  culture 
of  the  people,  and  also,  peculiar  to  males,  females,  or  infants,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Again,  collections  from  the  part  of  a  village  site  near  the  water  do  not  permit  us 
to  generalize  with  regard  to  the  life  of  the  people.  The  objects  found  in  such  a 
peculiar  site  may  have  been  the  property  of  a  certain  peculiar  type  of  individual 
— a  potter,  metal  worker,  or  shaman — or  of  a  class  of  individuals — fishermen, 
women,  or  children.  It  may  be  that  the  children  always  played  in  that  part  of 
the  village,  and  that  these  objects  were  used  only  by  the  children.  A  collection 
made  a  few  miles  away  might  give  one  a  widely  different  impression  of  the  same 
material  culture.  A  collection  from  one  of  OUT  own  fishing  villages  would  give  one 
idea  of  American  life;  another  from  a  rural  village,  even  if  only  a  short  distance 
away,  would  give  an  entirely  different  conception  of  the  culture  of  our  people  as  a 
whole.  By  keeping  these,  among  many  other  points,  constantly  in  mind,  the  arch- 
aeologist may  contribute  much  more  in  reconstructing  prehistoric  ethnology  than 
otherwise  would  be  the  case,  and  his  contributions  will  become  by  no  means  unim- 
portant in  a  study  of  the  laws  governing  human  development. 

Geological  Survey,  Ottawa,  Ontario. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  93 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM,  1908. 

28579— Feather  Stole  or  Ruff,  Northern  India.     Mrs.  E.  A.  Jouffret,  Toronto. 

28580— Copper  Axe.    N.E.  part  of  Oaxaca  State,  Mexico.     John  Jefferson. 

28581 — Copper,  supposed  to  have  been  money.     N.E.  part  of  Oaxaca  State,  Mexico.     John 

Jefferson. 
28582 — French    Iron    Tomahawk.      Low    water    mark,    Sturgeon    Point.      Opposite    Dr. 

Allan's  residence.     Mr.  F.   D.   Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 

28583 — Spindle  Whorl.    West  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay. 
28584 — Spindle  Whorl.    West  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay. 
28585 — Spindle  Whorl.    West  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay. 
28586 — Quartzite  Knife,    Seven  Islands.    Opposite  Anticosti.    F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay. 
28587 — Stone  Gouge,  near  Minden,  Haliburton  Co.    F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28588 — Pointed  Stone,  near  Minden,  Haliburton  Co.    F.  D.   Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28589 — Pointed  Stone,  near  Minden,  Haliburton  Co.    F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28590 — 4 — Flints,  Lot  9,  Con.  3,  Smith  Tp.,  Peterboro'  Co.    F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28595 — 8 — Flints  or  Chippings,  Bobcaygeon  Island.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28599 — 604— Flints  and  Chippings,  Jacob's  Island,  Pigeon  Lake.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay, 

Ontario. 

28605 — Spear  Head,  Washburn   Island,   Scugog  Lake.     F.   D.    Moore,   Lindsay,   Ont. 
28606 — Arrow  Head,  Washburn   Island,  Scugog  Lake.     F.   D.   Moore,  Lindsay,   Ont. 
28607 — 11 — Sheet   Copper   Arrow   Heads,   from   a   grave   on   Chemong  Lake,   at   Bridge- 
north.     F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28612 — Native  Copper  Arrow  Head,   from  a  grave  on  Chemong  Lake,  at  Bridgenorth. 

F.   D.   Moore,   Lindsay,   Ont. 
28613— -Iron  Arrow  Head,  from  grave  on  Chemong  Lake,  at  Bridgenorth.     F.  D.  Moore, 

Lindsay,  Ont. 
28614 — Silver  Brooch,  from  a  grave  on  Chemong  Lake,  at  Bridgenorth.     F.  D.  Moore, 

Lindsay,   Ont. 

28615 — Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half  of  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.     Mr.  Moore. 
28616— Part  of  Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half,  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.    Mr.  Moore. 
28617— Part  of  Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half,  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.    Mr.  Moore. 
28618— Part  of  Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half,  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.    Mr.  Moore. 
28619— Part  of  Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half,  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.    Mr.  Moore. 
28620— Part  of  Clay  Pipe  Bowl,  E.  end,  W.  half,  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.    Mr.  Moore. 
28621 — 30 — Broken   Clay  Pipe   Stems,   E.   end,   W.   half  of  Lot  2,   Con.   3,   Fenelon   Tp. 
28631 — Hammer   Stone. 

28632 — 3 — Bone  Beads,  W.  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.  F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28634 — 9 — Bone  Awls,  W.  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.  F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay,  Ont. 
28640 — 32  Bones,  Teeth,  etc.,  W.  half  Lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Tp.  F.  D.  Moore,  Lindsay, 

Ontario. 

BY  EXCHANGE  FROM  PROF.  W.  K.  MOOREHEAD,  1908. 

28641— Clay  Pot,  near  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28642— Clay  Pot,  near  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28643— Clay  Pot,  near  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28644— Clay  Pot,  Byran  Co.,  Georgia,  U.S.A. 

28645 — Clay  Pot,  near  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28646— Clay  Pot,  Franklin  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28647— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28648— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28649 — Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28650— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28651— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28652— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28653— Clay  Pot,  Jackson  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28654 — Clay  Pot,  Houston  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28655— Clay  Pot,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28656— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28657— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28658— Clay  Pot,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28659— Clay  Pot,  Washington  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28660 — Clay  Pot,  Boulder  River,  near  Farmington,  N.  Mex. 

28661— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


28662— Clay  Pot,  Duval  Co.,  Fla.,  U.S.A. 

28663— Clay  Pot,  near  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28664— Small  Stone  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28665— Small  Stone  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28666— Small  Stone  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28667 — Small  Stone  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28668— Small  Stone  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  Ala.,  U.S.A. 

28669 — Clay  Disc,  Moundville,  Hale  Co.,  U.S.A. 

28670 — 28709— Flints,     Jacob's  Cavern,  Mo.,  U.S.A. 

28710 — Beaded  Saddle,  Cree  Res.,  near  Battleford,  Sask. 

28711 — Water  Color  of  Igorottes,  by  Gordon  V.  Usburn. 

28712 — Water  Color  of  Igorottes,  by  Gordon  V.  Usburn. 

28713 — Water  Color  of  Igorottes,  by  Gordon  V.  Usburn. 

28714 — Water  Color  of  Igorottes,  by  Gordon  V.  Usburn. 

28715— Zulu  woman,  laying  on  the  ground   (photo)    Charles  Soady. 

28716 — Group  of  Zulu  women  and  children  (photo)  Charles  Soady. 

28717— Two  Zulu  women  (photo),  Charles  Soady. 


ETHNOLOGICAL  FIGURES,  ILLUSTRATING  THE  MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS  AND 

COSTUMES  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  BENGAL,  INDIA,  PROCURED  FROM 

MR.  T.  P.  STEWART,  CALCUTTA,  INDIA. 

28718 — Religious  Musician    (Buddha)    India. 

28719— Policeman   (Chowhidar)   Bengal,  India. 

29720 — Coachman,  Calcutta,  India. 

28721 — Coolie  woman,  Bengal,  India. 

28722 — Palanquin  carried  by  Bengal  Coolies,  Baboo  (Native  Clerk)   inside. 

'2S723 — Mshalji   (low  caste)    Mahomedan,  India. 

28724— Kabulee,  India. 

28725 — Drummer    (Tom-tom  Wallah),  India. 

28726 — Groom   (Syce),  India. 

28727 — Butler    (Khanshama),   India. 

28728— Grass  Cutter,   Bengal,   India. 

28729 — Fisherwoman,   Bengal,   India. 

28730— Village  hut  (Koty),  Bengal,  India. 

28731 — Washerwoman    (Dhboie),  Bengal,  India. 

28732 — Farmer  with  Plow,  Bengal,  India. 

28733— Religious  beggar  woman  (high  caste),  India. 

28734 — Post  runner. 

28735 — Musician,  Afghanistan,  India. 

28736 — Fisherman,  Bengal,  India. 

28737— Valet   (Bearah),  India. 

28738 — Cook   (Babogee),  India. 

28739— Smith  shop,  India. 

28740 — Coolie  Woman,  Bengal,  India. 

28741 — Ox  Cart    (Hakri),  Calcutta,  India. 

28742 — Tike-tike,  or  ceremonial  tool  (adze)  used  by  natives  of  Polynesia.     Gift  of  John 

Taylor. 
28743 — Objects  from  a  grave  in  Manitoulin  Island,  procured  from  Mrs.  A.  Sagima,  Kil- 

larney,  Ont. 

28744— Eskimo  Pipe,  Fort  McPherson,  McKenzie  River.     H.  Prichard. 
28745 — Glass  Beads,  Lots  15  and  16  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 

28746— Glass  Beads,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.   St.  David's,  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28747— Shell  Beads  (Wampum),  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 
28748— Shell  Beads  (Wampum),  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 
28749— Shell  Beads  (Wampum),  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 
28750— Shell  Beads  (Wampum),  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 
28751— Busycon,  Perversum,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.       St.    David's,  Ont  . 

David  Boyle. 


1911 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


28752 — Busycon,  Perversum,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.       St  v  David's,  Oftt; 

David  Boyle. 
28753 — Portion  of  large  shell  used  in  making  Wampum,  Dorchester  Farm,   Queenston 

Heights.     St.  David's,  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28754 — Part   of   shell,    personal   ornament,    Dorchester    Farm,    Queenstoii    Heights.  .-i.-St, 

David's,  Ont,    David  Boyle.  :•;<.' 

28755 — Shell  Gorget,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.jDaticfc; 

Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28756— Shell  Gorget,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights,  i  St.  David's, 

Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28757 — Brass  Vessel,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's, 

Ont,    David  Boyle. 
28758 — Brass  Vessel,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's, 

Ont.,    David  Boyle. 
28759 — Clay  Vessel,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's, 

Ont,  David  Boyle.  , ..., v>;      ;, 

28760 — Clay  Vessel,  Lots  15  and  16,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's, 

Ont,  David  Boyle.  ,.,•.• 

28761 — Fragment  of  Clay  Vessel,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St.  David's,  Ont, 

David  Boyle. 
28762 — Carved  Bone   (Patella),  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.    St  David's,  Ont., 

David  Boyle. 

28763 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont,  David  Boyle. 
28764 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont,  David  Boyle.  . 
28765 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28766 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28767 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28768 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont,  David  Boyle. 
28769 — Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's  Ont.,  David  Boyle. 
28770 — Fragment  of  Skull,  Dorchester  Farm,  Queenston  Heights.  St.  David's,  Out, 

David  Boyle. 
28771 — Copper  Implement,    Dorchester   Farm,    Queenston    Heights.       St.     David's,     Ont,, 

David  Boyle. 

28772— Carib  Shell  Awl,  Strong  Hope,  St.  Thomas,  Barbados.    Pres.  by  J.  W.  Roach. 
28773 — Carib  Shell  Chisel,  Strong  Hope,  St.  Thomas,  Barbados.     Pres.  by  J.  W.  Roach. 
28774 — Carib  Shell  Chisel,  Strong  Hope,  St.  Thomas,  Barbados.     Pres.  by  J.  W.  Roach. 
28775— Carib  Shell  Chisel.     Presented  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Nicholls,  Sec.  Ed.  Board,  Barbados. 
28776 — Carib  Shell  Chisel.    Presented  by  Rev.  H.  Hutson,  Rector  of  St.  Lucia,  Barbados. 
28777— Carib  Shell  Chisel.     C.  N.  C.  Roach,  Mullins,  St.  Peter,  Barbados. 
28778 — Carib  Shell  Chisel.     C.  N.  C.  Roach,  Mullins,  St.  Peter,  Barbados. 
28779— Carib  Shell  Chisel.     C.  N.  C.  Roach,  Mullins,  St.  Peter,  Barbados. 
28780 — Celt,  or  Axe.     W.  Cork,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 
28781— Celt,  or  Axe.     W.  Cork,  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

28782 — Imperfect  Stone  Axe,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28783 — Imperfect  Stone  Axe,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28784 — Flute,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28785 — Silver  Brooch,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28786 — Silver  Brooch,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28787 — Silver  Brooch,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess!  MM 

28788 — Silver  Brooch,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28789 — Pair  Silver  Earings,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess.  •  ;W 

28790— Arrow  Head,  Grand  River  Res.     Procured  from  Jacob  Hess. 
28791 — Clay  Basin,  Hyde  Expedition,  Zuna  Indian,  New  Mexico.     F'.  D.  Moore. 


FROM  NO.  28792—30593,  PROCURED  FROM  WILLIAM  MURRAY,  ANP  WERE 
COLLECTED  IN  KENT  AND  ELGIN  COUNTIES. 


28792 — Stone  Axe. 

28793— Stone  Axe. 

28794 — Stone  Hammer 

28795 — Stone  Axe. 

28796— Stone  Axe. 

28797— Stone  Axe. 

28798— Stone  Axe. 

28799 — Stone  Axe. 
7A. 


fcci.1  !«'  >     '   *Ujl       -Ti   r/; 

V      i  ;  :       ^      '    ;    , 

'      r  E-l     •        -          !  t:-;, 


96  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT 


28800— Stone  Axe. 

28801 — Stone  Axe. 

28802— Stone  Axe. 

28803 — Stone  Axe. 

28804— 28812— Stone  Axes. 

28813 — Stone  Semi  Gouge. 

28814—28819 — Stone   Axes. 

28820— Stone  Gouge. 

28821— Shallow  Stone  Gouge. 

28822— 28824— Stone   Axes. 

28825 — Stone  Axe  or  Hammer. 

28826 — 7— Stone  Axe  or  Hammer. 

28828 — Stone  Semi  Gouge. 

28829— 28841— Stone  Axes. 

28842 — 44— Grooved  Stone  Axes. 

28845 — Edge-grooved  Stone  Axe. 

28846' — Grooved  Stone  Axe. 

28847— Unfinished  Grooved  Stone  Hammer. 

28848— Grooved  Stone  Axe. 

28849— 28873— Stone  Axes. 

28874 — Stone  Gouge. 

28875—99     Stone  Axes. 

28900 — 28928 — Stone  Axes. 

28929— 35— Stone  Chisels. 

28936 — Stone  Axe  or  Chisel. 

28937— 38— Stone   Axes. 

28939 — Stone  Axe  or  Hammer. 

28940— Fragment  of  Stone  Axe. 

28941— 28979— Stone  Axes. 

28980— Fragment  of  Stone  Axe. 

28981— 91— Stone  Axes. 

28992— Stone  Chisel. 

28993—4 — Stone  Axes. 

28995 — 6 — Stone  Chisels. 

28997— 8— Stone  Axes. 

28999 — Stone  Axe  or  Chisel. 

29000— 29003— Stone  Axes. 

29004— Rubbing  Stone. 

29005— 29037— Stone  Axes. 

29038 — 29040— Stone  Axes  or  Chisels. 

•29041— Stone  Gouge. 

29042 — 29065 — Stone  Axes. 

29066— Stone  Chisel. 

29067— 29074— Stone  Axes, 

29075— 29077— Stone  Chisels. 

29078— Stone  Axe  or  Chisel.      r 

29079— Stone  Axe. 

29080— Stone  Axe  or  Chisel. 

29081— Stone  Axe. 

29082— 3— Stone  Gouges. 

29084— 87— Iron  Tomahawks. 

29088 — Tinder  Steel. 

29089 — 29118 — Fragments  of  Pottery. 

29119 — 20 — Hammer  Stones. 

29121— Paint  Stone. 

29122 — Hammer  Stone. 

29123— Water-worn  Stone. 

29124— Stone  Chisel. 

29125— 28— Fragments  of  Clay  Pipes. 

29129— 30— Clay  Pipes. 

29131 — 39 — Fragments  of  Clay  Pipes. 

29140— Shell  Gorget. 

29141— Bone  Chisel. 

29142— Antler  of  Young  Deer. 

29143— 56— Bone  Awls  or  Needles. 

29157 — Bone  Bead. 

29158— Bone  Awl  or  Needle. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  9T 


29159 — 29169 — Imperfect  Gorgets. 

29170 — Woman's  Knife. 

29171 — 75 — Imperfect  Gorgets. 

29176— 83— Bird  Amulets. 

29184 — Part  of  Bird  Amulet. 

29185— Part  of  Bird  Amulet. 

29186— Imperfect  Butter-fly  Stone. 

29187 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29188—93 — Butterfly  Stones. 

29194 — Banner  Stone. 

29195— 6— Gorgets. 

29197— 8— Butterfly  Stones. 

29199 — Banner  Stone. 

29200 — 2 — Gorgets. 

29203 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29204 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29205— Unfinished  Gorget 

29206— 29215— Gorgets. 

29216 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29217— Gorget. 

29218 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29219 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29220— Part  of  Painted  Banner  Stone. 

29221 — Part  of  Painted  Banner  Stone,  rebored. 

29222 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29223 — Grooved  Tube. 

29224— Short  Tube. 

29225— Tube. 

29226— Tube. 

29227 — Imperfect  Tube.. 

29228—29231 — Tubes. 

29232 — Unfinished  Tube. 

29233— Small  Amulet. 

29234 — Imperfect  Tube. 

29?,?5 — End  of  a  Stone  Tube. 

29236 — Ceremonial  Stone. 

29237 — Crenated  Gorget. 

29237  1-2— Unfinished  Banner  Stone. 

29238 — Crenated  Gorget. 

29239 — Fish-shaped  Water-worn   Stone. 

29240— Ice  Chisel. 

29241 — Eel-shaped   Stone. 

29242 — Canoe-shaped   Stone. 

29243 — Bar  Amulet. 

29244 — Bar  Amulet. 

29245— Bar  Amulet. 

29046 — Bar  Amulet. 

29247 — Bar  or  Fish-shaped  Amulet. 

29248 — Water-worn  Stone,  partly  worked. 

29249— Stone  Tomahawk  Pipe. 

29250—55 — Stone  Pipes. 

29256 — Sandstone  Pipe  Head. 

29257— N.-West  Pipe. 

23  2  5  8— Gorget. 

29259 — 62 — Scrapers. 

29263— Adze. 

29264 — 77 — Gorgets. 

29278 — (Crenated  edge)    Gorget. 

29279 — Gorget. 

29280— Gorget. 

29281— 89— Gorgets. 

29290— Catlinite  Pipe. 

29291— Catlinite  Pipe. 

29292— Spear  Head    (Iron). 

29293 — Bayonet. 

29293  1-2 — Copper  Spear-head. 


98;  AKCH/E.OLOGIIOAL  EEPOET. 

29294 — 30593 — Arrow   Heads,   Spear   Heads,  Flints,  Scrapers,  etc. 
30594 — Iroq.  Indian  Dance  Mask,  Tuscarora  Reserve.     Jacob  Hess. 

30595 — Clay  Pipe,  found  on  farm  of  John  Spence,  Jr.,  Lake  Shore,    near  Hybla,  Mont- 
eagle  Tp.,  Hastings  Co.,  Ont.     Gift  of  John  bpence. 

FROM  NO.  30596—30694,  BY  EXCHANGE  WITH  THE  AMERICAN   MUSEUM   OF 

NATURAL  HISTORY. 

30596 — Two  Charred  Corncobs.    Fox  farm,  May's  Lick,  Mason  Co.,  Kentucky. 

30597 — Hammer  Stone,  showing  action  of  fire 

30598— Broken  Piece  of  Celt. 

30599— Celt. 

30600— Chipped   Disk. 

30601— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30602 — Fragment  of   Pottery. 

30603— Portion  of  Rim  of  Pot. 

30604—5  Fragments  of  Pottery    (rims). 

30605 — Disc  of  Stone,  with  central  perforation. 

30606— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30607— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30608— Fragment  of  Pottery,  bearing  handle. 

30609—2  Fragments  of  Pottery  (rims). 

30610 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30611 — 2  Fragments  of  Pottery. 

30612 — Fragment  of  Pottery  with  two  scallops  in  rim  above  handle. 

30613 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30614— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30615 — Fragment  of  Pottery,  bearing  handle 

30616—2  Fragments  of  Pottery    (rims). 

30617— Fragments  of  Pottery. 

30618— Shell-Unio. 

30619 — Hammer  Stone. 

30620— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30621 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30622 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30623 — Fragment  of  Pottery,  bearing  handle. 

30624 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30625 — Disc  of  Stone,  with  central  perforations. 

30626 — Grit  Stone,  with  groove  for  sharpening. 

30627— Piece  of  Turtle  Shell. 

30628— Black  Bear  Tooth. 

30629— Ulna  of  Deer. 

30630— Vertebra  of  Deer. 

30631 — Whole  Apicina  Marginella  Beads,  from  right  arm  of  skeleton 

30632— Stone  Disc. 

30633— Tibia  of  Male  Wild  Turkey. 

30634 — Ulna  of  Small  Mammal. 

30635— Metacarpal  of  Deer. 

30636 — Piece  of  Deer  Antler. 

30637 — 2  pieces  of  Scrapers.    Tarsal  Bones  of  Deer. 

30638—2  Antler  Tips  (arrow  or  spear-points). 

30639— Spatu late-shaped  Implement  of  bone. 

30640 — Bone  of  Animal. 

30641— Tooth  of  Deer. 

30642 — Arrow  or  Spear-head. 

30643— Lower  Jawbone,  Black  Bear. 

30644 — Canine  Tooth,  small  carnivorae,  perforated  pendant. 

30645— Bone. 

30646 — Bone  Awl.    Tarsa  metatarsus  of  deer. 

30647— Bone  Awl. 

30648 — Fragment,  flute  similar  to  one  tube  of  a  Pan  pipe. 

30649 — Fragment  of  Perforated  Pottery. 

30650 — Disc-shaped  Pebble. 

30651 — Bone  of  Deer. 

30652— Astragalus  Bone  of  Deer. 

30653 — Celt  or  Scraper,  made  of  deer  antler. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


30654— Shell-Unio. 

30655 — Tip  of  Deer  Antler. 

30656— Bone  Awl,,  Tibia,  Wild  Turkey. 

30657 — Bone  Awl,  upper  end  Tibia,  Wild  Turkey. 

30658 — Canine  Tooth,  Black  Bear. 

30659 — Arrow  or  Spear-head,  flint. 

30660 — Deer  Bone. 

30661 — Arrow-head,  flint. 

30662 — Awl,  from  Ulna  of  Deer. 

30663 — Awl,  from  Ulna  of  Deer. 

30664 — Awl,  from  Tarsa  Metatarsus  of  Wild  Turkey. 

30665 — Canine  Tooth  of  Mammal. 

30666— Bone  Tube  or  Bead. 

30667— Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30668— Perforated  Shell  Disc. 

30669— Perforated  Disc  of  Stone. 

30670 — Claw  or  Tooth-shaped,  Coal  or  Shale  Pendant. 

30671 — Charred  Corn,  found  with  skeleton. 

30672 — Olive  Shell,  from  neck  of  skeleton. 

30673 — Broken   Awl  or  Bone. 

30674— Piece  of  Elk  Antler. 

30675— Shell-Unio. 

30676 — Lower  Jaw  of  Woodchuck. 

30677 — Tooth   of  Deer,  perforated  for  pendant. 

30678 — Tablet  or  Stick,  cut  from  bone. 

30679— Bone  Bead  or  Tube. 

30680 — Fragment  of  Pottery. 

30681— Shell-Unio. 

30682— Awl,  made  from  deer  ulna. 

30683— Bone  of  a  Deer. 

30684—2  Antler  Tips*  Deer. 

30685 — Part  of  Deer  Antler. 

30686 — Bone  Cylinder. 

30687 — Penis  Bone  of  Raccoon. 

30688 — Disc  of  Stone. 

30689— Bone  Awl,  or  Perforator. 

30690 — Bone   Tube. 

30691 — Lower  Jawbone,  Deer. 

30692—10  Cylindrical  Shell  Beads. 

30693 — Arrow  Point. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM,  1909. 

30695 — Rug,  made  by  the  natives  of  Figi.  Presented  by  Mrs.  Wilson  C.  Eddis,  to  whom 
it  was  given  by  a  son  of  the  King,  Thakombau,  at  Suva,  in  May,  1894. 

30696 — Skull.  Dug  up  about  20  years  ago,  on  Smith  St.  (now  Riverdale  Ave.).  Pre- 
sented to  the  late  Louis  Kribbs,  of  the  Empire,  and  remained  over  his  office 
door  till  the  amalgamation  of  the  paper  with  the  Daily  Mail,  when  it  was 
given  to  Sol.  Cassidy,  by  one  of  the  Empire  staff.  Presented  by  Sol.  Cassidy. 

30697 — Unborn  Buffalo  Skin.  This  is  known  by  the  Indians  as  a  "tea  bag,"  and  is 
used  by  them  to  carry  a  supply  of  tea  while  on  their  travels  or  hunting 
expeditions.  It  is  the  skin  of  a  Buffalo  calf  whose  mother  was  killed  before 
the  calf  was  born.  It  was  brought  to  the  North-West  Territory  from  Dakota 
directly  after  the  Minn.  Massacre,  in  1862,  by  the  wife  of  "Thin  Moose,"  an 
Indian  belonging  to  "Standing  Buffalo's"  band  of  Sioux  Indians,  and  has 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  donor,  Mr.  W.  R.  Tucker,  for  20  years.  Mr. 
Tucker,  now  of  Toronto,  has  held  the  position  of  Instructor  on  "White  Caps" 
Sioux  Reserve,  Moose  Woods,  for  the  past  20  years. 

30698— Native  Basket,  Trinidad,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 

30699 — Clay  Pot,  Trinidad,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 

30700 — Catacou  Basket,  Antiqua,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 

30701 — Native  Baking  Dish,  Antiqua,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 

30702— Native  Basket,  Antiqua,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 

30703 — Lobster  Trap,  Antiqua,  W.  I.     Gift  of  Pickford  and  Black. 


100  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

30704—30713— GIFT  OP  REV.  C.  H.  BARLTROP. 

30704 Clay  Pipe,  Herbert  Tamley's  Farm,  Lot  10,  Con.  5,  Gwillimbury  Tp. 

30705 — 6 — Spear  Heads,  East  Gwillimbury. 

30707 — Arrow  Head. 

30708 — Spear  Head   (Markhall's  Farm). 

30709 — Unfinished  Knife   (Markhall's  Farm). 

30710— Gorget,  Peter  Ferguson's  Farm,  Warwick  Tp. 

307H — Spear  Head   (Wm.  Morris's  Farm,  Warwick  Tp.). 

30712 — Flint  Knife    (Wm.  Morris's  Farm,  Warwick  Tp.). 

30713 — Arrow  Point.     No  locality. 

30714— 30753— PROCURED  FROM  DILLMAN  S.  BULLOCK,  CENTRAL  CHILI. 

30714— Native  Whip,  Central  Chili. 

30715 — Native  Whip,  Central  Chili. 

30716 — Native  Hide  Softener. 

30717 — Native  Grass  Rope,    "Maul,"  made  from  Stalks  of  Sedge,  which  grows   on  the 

banks  of  streams. 
30718 — Native  Grass  Rope  Lasso. 

30719 — Native  Hair  Rope  Lasso,  made  of  horse  hair. 
30720— Native  Rawhide  Lasso. 

30721 — Native  Bridle  and  Strap,  sewn  with  rawhide. 
30722— Native  Saddle  "Chilla,"  bound  with  rawhide. 
30723 — Native  Hobble,  used  on  horses'  front  feet. 
30724— Native  Spindle  Whorl  "Huso." 
30725 — Native  Spindle  Whorl  "Cidoi." 
30726 — Native  Sieve  for  sifting  flour,  sheepskin. 
30727 — Native  Drinking  Horn. 
30728 — 9 — Native  Dinner  or  Call  Horns. 
30730—1 — Native  Wooden  Plates. 

30732 — Native  Mortar  "Mortero",  for  pulverizing  spices. 
30733 — 4 — Native  Wooden  Ladles  or  Spoons. 
30735— Native  Wooden  Stool. 

30736 — -Native  Hair  Brush,  made  of  sedge,  and  bound  with  rawhide. 
30737— Native  Basket. 

30738 — Native  Basket  "Kulks,"  for  carrying  all  burdens. 
30739 — Native  Adze  "Maichiaw"  used  for  making  wooden  plates  or  bowls. 
30740— Native  Basket  Work  Plate. 
30741— 3— Native  Clay  Jugs. 

30744—5 — Native  Hockey   Sticks,   Indian   national  game   "Chueka." 
30746 — 7 — Native  Hockey  Balls,  Indian  national  game  "Chueka." 
30748— 9— Native   Musical   Instruments. 
30750 — 1 — Native  Knots  tied  on  trees.     If  the  tree  dies  soon,  the  person  who  ties  it,  dies 

quickly;    if  it  lives,  they  will  live  also. 
30752—3 — Native  Bamboo  Spears. 

30754 — Beaver  Chips,  North  Hastings.     Dr.  A.  B.  Cook. 
30755 — Gouge,  Lot  28,  Con.  16,  Dungannon  Tp.,  Hastings  Co.    Wm.  Maxuree. 

("30756 — Windsor  Tp.,  Eaton  Co.,  Michigan. 
30756— 7— Crescents.    "Cast."     \  30757— Shawnee  Co. 

IChas.  N.  Fuller,  Grand  Ledge,  Mich. 
30758 — Iron  Knife,  used  by  the  Indians,  and  found  at  Tessier,  Sask.    Sep.  Latrace  Tes- 

sier,  Sask. 

ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM,   1910. 
30758a— Buffalo  Skull,  Nortb-West,  1883.     P.   Nicolle,   88   Shaftesbury   Ave.,   Toronto. 

ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM,  1911. 
30759— 30764— GIFT  OF  MR.  JAMES  McPHERSON,   JANUARY  23rd,   1911. 

30759 — Pestle.     Found  by  Henry  Leaybourn,  on  Lot  23,  Con.   7,  Melancthon  Tp.,   Duf- 

ferin  Co. 

30760— Flint.    Found  by  Alfred  Johnson,  on  Lot  30,  Con.  11,  Proton  Tp.,  Grey  Co. 
30761 — Flint.    Found  by  James  McPherson,  on  Lot  40,  Con.  10,  Proton  Tp.,  Grey  Co. 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  101 

30762 — Flint.    Pound  by  James  McPherson,  on  Lot  40,  Con.  10,  Proton  Tp.,  Grey  Co. 
30763— Stone  pipe.    Found  by  Walter  McPherson,  on  Lot  39,  Con.  9,  Proton  Tp.,  Grey  Co. 
30764 — Stone  Axe  or  Adze.    James  Leaybourn,  on  Lot  23,  Con.  7,  Melancthon  Tp.,  Duf- 

ferin  Co. 

30765 — Iron  Spear,  Scugog  Lake.     Gift  of  Fred.  Birch. 

30766 — Pipe,  Dorchester  Tp.    On  Mr.  Birch's  farm,  between  London  and  Ingersoll. 
30767 — /stone  Implement,  Dorchester  Tp.     Gift  of  Fred.  Birch. 

30768— 30786— GIFT  OF  MR.  JAS.  IRVINE,  HAMILTON,  ONT. 

30768 — 30771 — Arrow  Heads,  Mass.   State,  U.S.A. 
30772—30775 — Arrow  Heads,  Oklahoma  State,  U.S.A. 
30776 — Vegetable  Ivory,  Brazil,  South  America. 
30777 — 30780 — Arrow  Heads,  Ohio  State,  U.S.A. 
30781 — 30782 — Arrow  Heads,  Oklahoma  State,  U.S.A. 
30783 — Arrow  Heads,  Kansas   State,   U.S.A. 
30784— 86— Arrow  Heads,  Fort  Ancient,  Ohio,  U.S.A. 

30787— 31213— SMELSER-ORR  COLLECTION. 

30787—94  Foot  Bones   (ground  down),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30795 — 30823 — Bone  Beads,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30824 — Fragment  of  Bone  Comb,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30825 — Fragment  of  Bone,  Pendant,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30826 — Unfinished  Bone  Bead   (flat),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30827 — 30832 — Bone,  Vaughan  Tp.    Dr.  R.   B.  Orr. 

30833 — 30835 — Awls  or  Chisels  (Antler),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30o36 — 30837 — Parts  of  Deer  Antler,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.   R.  B.   Orr. 

30838 — 30866— Bone  Awls,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30867— 30868— Bone  Needles,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30869 — Tooth   (Pendant),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30870— Shell  (Pendant),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30871 — Bone  Awl,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30872 — 30876 — Stone  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30877 — 30878 — Fragments  of  Stone  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30879— 30880— Stone  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30881 — 30882 — Unfinished  Stone  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30883 — 30886 — Fragments  of  Pottery,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30887— Gorget,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30888 — Unfinished  Gorget,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30889 — Chisel  or  Scraper   (made  from  horn),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30890— Spear  Head,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30891 — 30899 — Arrow  or  Spear  Heads,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30900— 30913— Arrow  Heads,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30914 — Spear  Head,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30915— 30918— Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30919 — 30936 — Bowls  of  Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.   Orr. 

30937— 30947— Bowls  of  Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30948— 30993— Stems  of  Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

30994—31008 — Fragments  of  Stone  Adzes  and  Chisels,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr 

31009 — Stone  Tool  or  Implement    (small),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.   B.  Orr. 

31010 — 31012 — Scrapers,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31013 — Shell  Wampum,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31014 — Stone  Tube,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31015 — Ceremonial  Stone,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31016 — 31018 — Water-worn  Stones,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31019 — 31022 — Stone  Beads  or  Pendants,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

31023 — Round  Stone    (partly  worked),  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.   Orr. 

31024 — Fossil,  worked  to  the  shape  of  a  heart,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

(Heliophyllum  Colligatum). 

31025— Bird  Amulet,  Gwillimbury  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 
31026— Clay  Pipe,  Gwillimbury  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 
31027 — 31028 — Hammar  Stones,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 
31029 — Fragment  of  Pottery,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 
31030 — 31034 — Stems  of  Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 
31035— 31040— Bowls  of  Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 
31041 — 31042 — Clay  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 
31043—31044 — Stone  Pipes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 


102  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

31045— Bird  Amulet,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31046 — Fragment  of  Bird  Amulet,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31047 — 31048 — Parts  of  a  Banner  Stone,  Vaughan  Tp.    Jos.  Smelser. 

31049— Stone  Tube,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31050 — Rubbing  or  Polishing  Stone,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31051 — Copper  Arrow  or  Spear  Point,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31052 — Ceremonial  Stone,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31053 — Partly-worked  Stone,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31054 — Stone  Gouge,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31055 — 31058 — Stone  Chisels,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31059 — 31061 — Stone  Adzes,  Vaughan   Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31062— 31080— Stone  Adzes  or  Axes,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31081 — Long  Stone  Implement,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31082 — 31097 — Bone  Awls,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31098— 31099— Bone  Needles,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31100—31101 — Deer  Antlers,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31102 — Chisel    (bone),  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31103— Chisel    (antler),  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31104 — Bone  Spear  Point,  Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.   Smelser. 

31105 — Bone   Spear  or  Arrow   Head,    Vaughan  Tp.     Jos.  Smelser. 

31106— 31110— Teeth   (Bear). 

31111 — Tooth    (Beaver). 

31112— 31120— Foot  Bones. 

31121— Wampum    (Shell). 

31122— 31152— Bone  Beads. 

31153— Bead    (Shell). 

31154— 31157— Fragments  of  bone. 

31158— 31160— Shells. 

31161— Tooth. 

31162 — Piece  of  bone  or  rawhide,  bent  at  a  right  angle,  Vaughan  Tp.    Jos.  Smelser. 

31163—31213 — Arrow  Heads,    Vaughan   Tp.    Jos.    Smelser. 

31214—31231 — Carib  Shell  Implements,    Barbados,  W.  I.      C.  N.  C.  Roach. 

31232— 31234— Fragment  of  Conch  Shell. 

31235 — Barnacle,  taken  from  a  whale 

31236— 31245— Shell   Carib   Implements,   Barbados,  W.  I.   By  exchange.  Rev.  T.  Huckerby. 

31246 — 31247 — Fragments  of  Conch  Shell,  Barbados,  W.  I.    By  exchange.     Rev.  Thomas 

Huckerby. 
31248— 31253— Stone   Carib   Implements,    St.   Vincent,   W.    I.      By   exchange,   Rev.    Thos. 

Huckerby. 

31254 — Stone  Carib  Implement,  Musteque,  W.  I.     By  exchange,  Rev.  Thos.  Huckerby. 
31255 — 31259 — Stones,  St.  Vincent,  W.  I.     By  exchange,  Rev.  Thos.  Huckerby. 
31260 — Fragment    of    Bone    Ornament,     Innisfail  Tp.     Procured  from  Harry  Mayor. 
31261— Wampum   (Shell). 
31262— 31263— Teeth. 
31264— 31265— Bone  Awls  or  Chisels. 
31266— 31276— Bone  Awls. 
31277 — Awl    (Horn). 
31278 — 31279 — Fragments  of  bone. 
31280 — Beaded  Leg  Band 
31281— Bone  Ornament. 
31282— 31283— Stone  Pipes 
31284 — Copper  Tube  or  Bead. 
31285— Gorget. 

31286 — Part  of  a  Bird  Amulet. 

31287—31288 — Spear  Heads    (Stone).  "  "  "  ••  - 

31289— Scraper.  "  "  "  ••         '  f"    ' 

31290— 31294— Arrow  Heads. 
31295— 31310— Clay  Pipe  Bowls. 
31311 — 31312— Clay  Pipes. 
31313— 31314— Pipe  Stems. 

31315— Stone  Tool.  '•  " 

31316— Skull.  " 

31317— Stone  Gouge. 
3131 S— 31322— Stone  Axes. 
3I31S— 31324— Stone  Chisels. 
31S25— Mealing  Stone. 

31326— 31327— Discoidal  Stones.  " 

31328— Oval-shaped  Stone.  «•          •«  «•  ... 


1911  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  103 

31329 — Round    Stone.  Innisfail  Tp.    Procured    from    Harry    Mayor 

31330 — 31331 — Sharping  Stone  (Sandstone) 

31332 — 31333 — Hammar  Stones. 

31334— Pebble  Stone. 

31335— Gambling  Stone. 

31336 — A   piece   of  stone   or   ore   with   two  holes  drilled  in  it,    Innisfail    Tp.  Procured 

from  Harry  Mayor. 

31337 — 31345 — Bone  Beads.      Innisfail  Tp.     Procured  from  Harry  Mayor. 
31346 — Axe    (H.    B.    Co.),    Porcupine,    New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31347 — Copper  Pan,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.    Fred  Dane. 

31348 — 31349 — Stone  Axes  or  Adzes,  Pine  Orchard,  Ont.    Miss  Mary  Skinner. 
31350 — Fragment  of  Stone  Tool  or  Implement,  Pine  Orchard,  Ont.      Miss  Mary  Skinner. 
31351 — 31353 — Arrow  Heads,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31354—31356 — Band  of  old  flint  lock  gun,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31357 — Iron  Implement,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.    Fred  Dane. 
31358 — Iron  Axe,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31359 — Fragment  of  Iron  Axe,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31360 — Trigger  Guard  of  an  old  gun,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31361 — Brass  Plate  from  butt  of  an  old  gun,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.    Fred  Dane. 
31362 — 31363 — Skulls,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31364 — 31376 — Bones,  Porcupine,  New  Ontario.     Fred  Dane. 
31377— Piece  of  Pottery,  Clarksdale,  Miss.     John  W.  Stovall,  Stovall,  Miss. 
31378 — 31381 — Glacial  Rocks,  Arnprior.  Ont.     Armon  Burwash. 
31382 — Mastodon  Tooth,  Baby's  Farm    Humber  River,  York  Co     Frank   Baby,  per  John 

L.   Doran,  Toronto 


THE  HONOURABLE  ROBERT   ALLEN  PYNE,    M.D.,  LL.D.,   M.P.P. 
Minister  of  Education  for  the  Province  of  Ontario. 


ANNUAL 


Archaeological    Report 


1912 


BEING   PART  OF 


Appendix  to  the 

Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education, 

Ontario. 


PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF 

THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  OF  ONTARIO. 


TORONTO : 

Printed  and  Published  by  L.  K.  CAMERON,  Printer  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty 

1912. 


Printed  by 

WILLIAM   BRIGGS 

29-37  Richmond  Street  'West 

TORONTO 


PRESENTATION 


To  the  Honourable  E.  A.  PYNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  M.P.P.,  Minister  of  Education. 

SIR, — I  have  the  honour  to  herewith  submit  the  Annual  Archaeological  Eeport 
of  the  Provincial  Museum  for  the  year  1912. 

The  number  pf  specimens  added  during  the  year  is  732,  and  this  number 
should  be  greatly  increased  during  the  next  year  through  more  field  work,  and 
attention  to  many  collections  throughout  the  Province. 

Some  photo-engravures  have  been  made,  illustrating  the  addition  to  the  bio- 
logical and  osteological  departments  of  the  Museum. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

KOWLAND  B.  ORR. 
December  31st,  1912. 


[3 1 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Dr.  R.  A.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education    Frontispiece 

Presentation 3 

Path  and  Trail,   Dean  Harris    6 

Dress  of  Algonquin  Woman,  James'  Bay,  New  Ontario   (colored  plate),  facing  page.  7 

Algonquins — New    Ontario     7 

New    Material    15 

Pipes  17 

Gouge   and   Gorgets    19 

West  Indian  Stone  Axe    21 

Pottery * 24 

Ceremonial  Banner  Stones    . 28 

Bar    Amulets    32 

Boat    Stones 35 

Flints 36 

Pie-Columbian    Copper    46 

Indian  Skulls.     Dr.  C.  S.  McVicar 54  < 

List  of  Village  Sites,  Victoria  County.     Colonel  Geo.  E.  Laidlaw 62 

The  Snow  Snake  and  the  Indian  Game  of  Snow-Snaking.     P.  Onondaga  Loft 69 

Aboriginal  Net  Fishing  in  Long  Point  Bay,  by  Clayton  McCall 71 

Indian  Pottery  of  Prince  Edward  County,  by  Miss  Helen  M.  Merrill 75 

Old  Penetanguishene,  by  A.  C.  Osborne 83 

The  Conservation  of  Archaeological  Evidences,  by  Harlan  I.  Smith 86 

Additions  to  the  Museum,  1912 89  to  116 


The  romance  and  weird  fascination  which  belongs  to  immense  solitudes  and 
untenanted  wilds  are  fading  away  and,  in  a  few  years,  will  be  as  if  they  were  not. 
The  intangible  and  the  immaterial  leave  no  memories  after  them. 

"  The  march  of  civilization  is  a  benediction  for  the  future,  but  it  is  also  a 
devastation  before  which  savage  nature  and  savage  man  must  go  down.  Unable  or 
unwilling  to  adapt  himself  to  new  conditions  and  to  the  demands  of  a  life  foreign 
to  his  nature  and  his  experience  original  man  of  North  America  is  doomed,  like 
the  wild  beast  he  hunted,  to  extinction. 

"  For  centuries  he  stubbornly  contested  the  white  man's  right  to  invade  and 
seize  upon  his  hunting  grounds ;  he  was  no  coward,  and  when  compelled,  at  last,  to 
strike  a  truce  with  his  enemy,  he  felt  that  Fate  was  against  him,,  yielded  to  the 
inevitable  and — all  was  over.  In  the  Bacatete  mountains,  amid  the  terrifying  soli- 
tudes of  the  Sierras  of  Northern  Mexico,  the  Yaquis — last  of  the  fighting  tribes — 
is  disappearing  in  a  lake  of  blood,  and  when  he  is  submerged  the  last  dread  war- 
whoop  will  shriek  his  requiem.  It  will  never  again  be  heard  upon  the  earth. 

"The  lonely  regions  of  our  great  continent,  over  which  there  brooded  for 
unnumbered  ages  the  silence  which  was  before  creation,  are  disappearing  with  the 
vanishing  Indian;  a  new  vegetable  and  a  new  animal  life  are  supplanting  the  old 
now  on  the  road  to  obliteration.  The  ruin  is  pathetic,  but  inevitable. 

"  DEAN  HARRIS,  '  By  Path  and  Trail.'  " 


DRESS  OF  AN   ALGONQUIN   WOMAN 
James  Bay,  New  Ontario 


NEW    ONTARIO 


THE  ALGONQUINS 

The  name  Algonquin  is  said  to  mean  "the  place  where  they  spear  fish,"  i.e., 
the  front  of  the  canoe.  Other  philologists  insist  that  the  proper  interpretation  of 
the  word  is  "the  man  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,"  namely,  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Of  the  region  they  inhabited  in  this  Province,  the  opinions  of  the  far-seeing 
Schoolcraft  as  expressed  in  his  great  work  published  about  three-quarters  of  a 
century  ago,  can  now  be  fully  appreciated  by  every  citizen  of  this  great  Dominion. 

He  said,  "If  ever  there  was  a  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  which,  by  ai 
figurative  use  of  language,  deserves  to  be  called  a  land  flowing  with  milk  and 
honey,  it  is  the  sixfold  basin  of  the  great  American  lakes,  extending  from  the  foot 
of  Lake  Ontario  to  the  head  of  Lake  Superior,  together  with  a  region  draining 
much  of  the  highlands  separating  them  from  the  water  of  Hudson's  Bay." 

Who  anticipated  that  in  so  short  a  space  of  time  so  much  could  be  accomplished 
in  this  great  north  land  of  New  Ontario?  Commercial  roads  of  steel  now  traverse 
her  rocky  coastlines  and  penetrate  the  vast  areas  of  agricultural  lands  comprised 
within  her  borders,  the  development  of  which,  though  but  in  its  infancy,  is  going 
ahead  at  a  pace  that  is  unprecedented.  "The  Soo,"  the  parting  place  in  ancient 
days  of  many  Indian  tribes,  is  now  a  hive  of  industry ;  and  ere  another  half -century 
has  passed  over  her  historical  career,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  will  be  as  great  an  iron  city 
as  Pittsburg. 

The  first  contact  of  white  men  with  these  vast  forests  and  waterways  of  New 
Ontario  occurred  in  1615.  We  find  Samuel  de  Champlain  on  July  9th  of  that  year 
turning  his  course  westward  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river  with  two  whites,  ten  Indians, 
and  sufficient  provisions — or,  rather,  as  much  as  could  be  packed  in  two  canoes. 
During  the  trip  up  the  Ottawa  they  met  many  Algonquins,  and  at  this  time  pre- 
cautions were  being  taken  to  prevent  attacks  by  the  irrepressible  Iroquois.  He 
followed  the  Ottawa  river  to  the  junction  of  the  Mattewan;  thence  he  proceeded 
through  Talon,  Turtle,  and  Trout  Lakes  to  a  place  a  few  miles  south-east  of  North 
Bay.  Here  they  were  entertained  by  the  Indians,  and  on  the  shores  of  Trout  Lake 
are  still  to  be  found  kitchen  middens  and  the  burial  places  of  the  Algonquin 
tribes  occupying  the  territory  at  that  time.  While  making  his  arrangements  with 
the  Algonquin  tribes  to  assist  him  in  his  promised  attack  upon  the  Iroquois  con- 
federacy, his  ultimate  goal  was  the  Hurons,  from  whom  he  was  looking  not  only 
for  great  assistance  in  his  attack  upon  the  southern  Indians,  but  also  for  the  secur- 
ing of  considerable  prey  and  profit  to  the  merchants  of  New  France.  Previously  to 
Champlain,  Father  Le  C'aron,  a  Eecollet  priest,  with  some  ten  Frenchmen  had  made 
their  way  through  the  same  waterways  as  Champlain.  Thus  on  the  hills  and  plains 
of  New  Ontario  the  flag  of  European  civilization  had  been  planted  long  before  Old 
Ontario  was  known.  The  reception  given  to  Champlain  and  Father  Le  Caron  by 
the  various  tribes  on  the  road  to  Lake  Nipissing  was  most  cordial. 

The  Algonquin  family,  who  then,  as  now,  occupied  that  portion  of  this  pro- 
vince known  as  New  Ontario  formerly  covered  a  more  extended  area  than  any  other 
group  of  Indians  in  North  America.  Their  territory  reached  from  the  eastern 
shore  of  Newfoundland  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  from  Churchill  River  to 

[7] 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Pamlieo  Sound,  in  N.  Carolina.  On  the  east,  Algonquin  tribes  skirted  the  Atlantic 
coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Neuse  River:  on  the  south,  they  touched  on  the  terri- 
tories of  the  Siouan,  Iroquois  and  Muskhogean.  families.  Although  there  is  a  general 
agreement  as  to  the  peoples  which  should  be  included  in  this  family,  information 
in  regard  to  the  numerous  dialects  is  too  limited  to  justify  an  attempt  to  give  a 
strict  linguistic  classification.  The  data  are,  in  fact,  so  meagre  in  many  instances 
as  to  leave  it  doubtful  as  to  whether  certain  bodies  were  confederacies,  tribes, 
oands  or  clans,  especially  bodies  which  have  become  extinct  or  cannot  be  identified, 
since  early  writers  have  frequently  designated  settlements  or  bands  of  the  same 
tribe  as  distinct  tribes. 

In  New  Ontario  we  find  from  the  earliest  reports  of  those  that  visited  the 
locality  that  it  was  settled  principally  by  the  following  tribes :  Ottawas,  Missis- 
saugas,  Ojibways,  Temiskamings,  and  Abittibis,  Of  all  these  tribes  there  are  only 
about  95,000  left  at  the  present  day,  4,700  of  whom  occupy  the  district  of  New 
Ontario.  Between  Cartier's  time  and  that  of  Champlain  changes  occurred 
which  contributed  greatly  to  the  decline  of  Algonquin  ascendancy.  The  power 
of  the  Iroquois  confederacy  had  developed  so  marvellously  as  to  become  a 
scourge  to  the  other  Indian  nations;  and  when  they  turned  their  power  against 
the  Algonquin  tribes,  after  subduing  the  Hurons  and  Attawandarins,  they  drove 
them  into  the  fastnesses  of  the  North.  And  now  we  find  that  nearly  all  of  the 
Indians  on  the  reserves  in  New  Ontario  are  of  Algonquin  stock  and  are  but  rem- 
nants of  the  once  powerful  confederacy  of  winch  they  are  descendants. 

They  were  a  fine  race  of  men,  tall  in  person,  averaging  in  weight  about  173 
cm.;  nose  heavy  and  prominent,  somewhat  hooked  in  men,  flatter  in  women.  They 
were  active  hunters,  brave  and  expert  warriors,  good  orators,  and  shrewd  coun- 
sellors, and  spoke  a  language  at  once  soft  and  sonorous. 

The  Algonquin  tribes  probably  equalled  the  Iroquois  in  bravery,  intelligence, 
and  physical  powers,  but  lacked  their  constancy,  solidity  of  character,  and  capa- 
bility of  organization.  In  fact  they  did  not  appear  from  the  early  records  to  have 
had  any  strong  or  lasting  bond  of  unity  amongst  them.  Their  political  organization 
was  very  loose.  They  had  a  general  council  with  vague  and  limited  powers.  In 
this  council,  which  was  controlled  by  social  custom,  was  vested  the  government, 
such  as  it  was.  Some  of  their  chiefs  were  able  men  politically  and  had  been  success- 
ful leaders  of  war  parties.  The  question  of  justice  was  bound  up  with  social 
custom,  which  regulated  the  clan.  Their  property  rights  were  vaguely  defined. 
There  were  some  things  which  came  under  personal  possession,  such  as  wearing  ap- 
parel, badges  of  decoration,  weapons  and  various  contrivances  used  in  cooking,  and 
snow-shoes  and  dogs,  which  were  both  the  means  of  travelling  and  obtaining  food. 
The  cooking  of  food  and  the  preparing  of  game  killed  by  the  hunter  was  done  by 
the  women.  In  the  highest  latitudes  occupied  iby  the  Algonquins,  on  and  north 
of  the  Lake  Superior  basin,  we  search  in  vain  for  any  striking  objects  of  antiquity. 

As  he  yet  lingers  on  his  once  sacred  hunting  grounds  in  this  great  province, 
and  gazes  on  the  growing  creation  of  a  modern  civilization,  to-day's  representative 
of  the  Algonquins  may  well  query  whether  in  all  this  display  of  rapid  prosperity 
there  is  any  hope  of  permanency  for  his  race,  or  will  it  in  time  become  merged 
into  the  other  r^aces  which  occupy  this  country? 

History  is  clear  as  to  the  unity  of  origin  of  the  Ojibways  and  Ottawas,  and 
other  allied  tribes,  while  it  fails  to  inform  us  why  "Chippawa"  was  frequently  used 
instead  of  "Ojibway."  The  Nipissingo,  also  written  Nipissiriniens,  were  sup- 
posed to  be  the  basis  of  all  these  tribes.  This  was  a  term  applied  to  the  people 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


who  lived  on  the  banks  of  Lake  Nipissing,  at  the  source  of  French  River,  on  the 
north  shores  of  Lake  Huron.  This  lake,  lying  on  summit-lands,  occupies  the  line 
of  the  portage  between  Lake  Huron  and  the  great  "Outawas"  river,  and  was  the 
route  of  communication,  and  for  the  transportation  of  merchandise,  from  Hochelaga 
to  the  great  upper  lake  basins,  and  to  the  uttermost  regions  of  the  West.  This 
route  avoided  altogether  the  hostile  Troquois  country,  by  way  of  Niagara;  and  was, 
at  the  same  time,  by  far  the  nearest.  Tt  may  well  be  noted  here  that  at  the  present 
time  every  effort  is  being  made  to  revive  this  waterway  by  building  a  succession  of 
canals  connecting  Montreal  via  the  Ottawa  River  with  North  Bay  and  the  cities 
and  towns  of  the  Upper  Lakes. 

The  Algonquin  tribes  were  mainly  sedentary  and  agricultural,  perhaps  the 
exception  being  those  of  the  cold  regions  of  New  Ontario,  where  they  made  ex- 
tensive use  of  the  wild  rice  which  grows  in  the  shallows  of  many  of  their  lakes. 
They  were  also  extensive  hunters  of  fish  and  game.  Their  fish  were  taken  with 
hooks,  spears,  and  nets;  in  canoes  and  along  the  shore;  on  the  lakes,  ponds  and 
rivers.  They  captured  without  much  trouble  all  the  smaller  kind  of  fish  and,  in 
canoes,  often  dragged  sturgeon  with  nets.  Canoes  used  for  fishing  were  of  two 
kinds — one  of  birch  bark,  very  light,  but  liable  to  upset;  the  other  made  from  the 
trunk  of  a  large  tree.  They  fished  extensively  in  the  winter  time  with  nets,  their 
methods  being  very  much  the  same  as  the  present  time.  With  great  blows  of  an 
axe,  generally  made  from  an  elk's  horn,  they  made  a  tolerably  large  hole  in  the  ice 
of  the  pond;  then  at  intervals  they  made  other  smaller  ones  and  by  the  use  of  poles 
they  passed  a  cord  from  hole  to  hole  under  the  ice.  This  cord,  which  was  as  long  as 
the  nets  they  wish  to  stretch,  stopped  at  the  last  hole,  through  which  it  was  drawn 
and  they  spread  out  in  the  water  the  whole  net  which  was  attached  to  it.  That  is 
the  way  they  spread  the  nets  the  first  time.  When  they  wished  to  examine  them  it 
was  very  easily  done,  for  they  drew  them  out  through  the  largest  opening  to  collect 
the  fish  from  them,  then  it  was  only  necessary  to  draw  back  the  cord,  re-spread  the 
nets,  the  poles  serving  merely  to  put  the  cord  through  the  first  time. 

Eels  were  extensively  used  for  food — the  women  preparing  and  drying  them. 
In  preparing  they  opened  the  eel  up  the  back  and  washed  very  carefully ;  they  then 
suspended  them  on  poles  outside  their  huts  to  drain,  and  gashed  them  in  a  number 
of  places  in  order  that  the  smoke  might  dry  them  more  easily. 

The  Indians  were  very  fond  of  Sagamite.  The  word  "Sagamiteon"  in  the 
Algonquin  language  means  water  or  warm  gruel.  It  afterwards  was  extended  in 
its  meaning  to  signify  all  sorts  of  soups,  broths,  and  similar  foods.  The  corn  was 
pounded  in  their  mortars  into  meal,  then  was  boiled  in  water  with  the  addition  of 
meat,  fish,  or  oil,  when  they  had  such,  to  enrich  and  flavour  it.  Various  kinds  of 
vegetables  in  their  season,  rice,  beans,  peas,  pumpkins,  were  boiled  with  the  corn. 

In  their  social  life,  it  is  true,  they  were  very  patient;  but  order  is  maintained 
in  their  occupations,  and  peace  preserved  in  their  households  by  not  merely  the 
women  knowing  what  to  do,  but -the  men  also;  and  one  never  interferes  with  the 
work  of  the  other.  The  men  made  the  frames  of  their  canoes,  and  the  women 
sewed  the  bark  with  willow  withes  or  similar  small  wood.  Men  went  hunting  and 
killed  the  animals,  the  women  following  skinned  them  and  cleaned  the  hides;  and 
they  also  gathered  the  wood  that  was  burned.  In  fact,  they  would  make  fun  of  a 
man  who,  except  in  great  necessity,  would  do  anything  that  should  be  done  by  a 
woman. 

Their  clothing  was  composed  chiefly  of  the  skins  of  animals,  tanned  until  soft 
and  pliable,  and  was  sometimes  ornamented  with  paint  <and  beads  made  of  shells. 


10  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Occasionally  they  decked  themselves  with  mantles  made  of  feathers  overlapping 
each  other  as  on  the  back  of  a  fowl.  The  dress  of  the  women  consisted  usually  of 
two  articles,  a  leather  shirt  or  undergarment,  ornamented  with  fringe,  and  a  skirt 
of  the  same  material,  fastened  round  the  waist  with  a  belt  and  reaching  nearly  to 
the  feet.  The  legs  were  protected,  especially  in  the  winter,  with  leggings,  and  the 
feet  with  mocassins  of  soft  dressed  leather,  often  embroidered  with  wampum. 

There  is  little  in  the  conditions  of  the  hunter  state  of  man  that  can  be 
dignified  with  the  name  of  monument.  Tribes,  who  rely  on  the  bow  and  arrow 
for  their  means  of  subsistence;  who  cultivate  the  earth  by  loosening  the  soil  with 
the  scapula  of  a  stag  or  a  flint  spade;  who  are  completely  erratic  in  their  habits  and 
customs ;  and  who  put  up,  as  a  shelter  from  the  elements,  buildings  of  the  slightest 
and  most  perishable  materials,  cannot  be  expected  to  have  left  very  extensive  or 
striking  monumental  traces  of  their  past  history.  This  will  be  found  to  be  the 
case,  in  a  peculiar  manner,  it  is  apprehended,  with  the  antiquarian  remains  of  the 
branch  of  the  human  race  who  formerly  inhabited  the  area  of  New  Ontario.  The 
most  antique  things  in  it  appear  to  be  the  people  themselves.  They  are  the  greatest 
wonder  that  New  Ontario  has  produced,  except  her  silver  mines. 

These  tribes  roved  through  vast  forests,  of  which  they  can  hardly  be  said  to 
have  had  a  fixed  occupancy.  They  were  cut  up  into  many  petty  independencies, 
perpetually  quarrelling  with  each  other,  which  did  not  remain  stationary  long 
enough  to  organize  governments  capable  of  commanding  labour  on  public  works. 
To  waylay  an  enemy,  to  shake  his  scalp  in  the  air,  to  follow  the  tracks  of  a  deer 
or  a  bear,  to  brandish  the  war-club  in  the  dance — these  were  esteemed  greater 
achievements  among  them,  than  to  erect  a  column  or  inscribe  a  shaft.  We  are 
only  surprised  that  they  should  have  left  anything,  in  the  line  of  antiquities,  but 
the  small  and  naked  fields  which  they  tilled. 

.  The  antiquity  of  the  Algonquin  race  is  wrapped,  more  or  less,  in  the  mystery 
which  shrouds  the  origin  of  all  other  great  tribal  organizations  in  this  country. 
In  the  course  of  centuries  they  must  have  revolved  curiously,  making  almost  the 
entire  circuit  of  the  continent  north  of  Mexico  and  east  of  the  Rockies.  NOT  can 
we  conceive  that,  in  so  long  an  epoch  as  they  have  taken  to  occupy  so  much 
territory,  fewer  discrepancies  and  changes  of  language  should  have  occurred. 
"There  is  no  reason  whatever  to  believe  that  the  Algonquin  group  of  tribes,  as 
assimilated  by  language,  came  from  more  northerly  points  to  the  Nipissing  sum- 
mit. The  parent  language,  varying  as  it  progressed,  appears  to  have  been  propa- 
gated from  the  south  and  south-west  to  the  Virginia,  the  Chesapeake,  and  the 
Pennsylvania  coast;  and  it  was  thence  deflected  off,  multiplying  in  dialects  ex- 
ceedingly, towards  the  east  and  north-east,  along  the  north  Atlantic,  and  finally  it 
extended  north-west  up  the  St.  Lawrence  valley  into  the  region  of  New  Ontario. 

The  French,  in  1608,  found  a  people  speaking  the  same  generic  language  on 
the  north  banks  of  the  'St.  Lawrence,  between  Three  Rivers  and  the  site  of  Quebec. 
They  found  the  same  race,  at  quickly  successive  periods,  at  Lake  Mpissing,  at  the 
head  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  dwelling  around  the  basins  of  Lake  Superior, 
Huron,  Michigan,  and  a  part  of  Erie.  The  French  missionaries  called  them 
"Algonkins"  and  the  term  came  into  popular  use. 

As  the  science  of  man  becomes  broader  and  deeper  more  attention  is  being 
paid  to  the  antiquity  of  the  primitive  races  upon  this  continent.  "At  what  epoch 
came  he  here?"  "Was  he  born  of  the  soil?" — are  questions  which  may  well 
attract  the  attention  of  students  of  archaeology.  At  one  time  they  were  regarded 
as  rude  savages,  untutored  and  uncivilized,  but  to-day  we  find  amongst  the  ruins  of 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  11 

their  ancient  palaces,  temples  and  mounds,  evidences  of  a  fine  order  of  civiliza- 
tion; also  of  a  high  art  comparable,  and  in  many  cases  identical,  with  that  of  the 
ancient  nations  of  the  Old  World.  The  hieroglyphics  upon  their  palaces  and  temples 
are  being  deciphered,  and  as  time  goes  on  we  may  yet  know  more  of  them  than 
we  do  at  present. 

The  Palasontological  evidences  bearing  on  the  problem  of  the  origin  of  the 
American  Aboriginees  are  numerous.  That  there  was  a  lacd  connection  between 
the  Old  World  and  North  America  at  the  beginning  of  the  Pleistocene,  there  can 
be  no  doubt,  and  that  it  existed  as  late  as  the  close  of  the  last  glacial  and  probably 
well  into  the  post-glacial  epoch  is  also  reasonably  certain. 

Mr.  Austin  H.  Clark,  in  "The  American  Anthropologist,"  states:  "That  ac- 
cording to  the  evidence  of  biological  paleography  man  probably  reached  America 
over  the  broad  land  that  formerly  existed  across  Behring  Sea,  and  when  he  reached 
America  this  land  connection  became  disrupted  and  the  whole  region  acquired  an 
Arctic  climate.  A  few  accidental  visitors  may  have  wandered  across  the  Pacific 
from  the  South  Sea  Islands,  but  this  could  only  have  been  after  the  perfection  of 
the  art  of  navigation  by  these  people,  and  America  was  probably  settled  long  be- 
fore navigation  or  boat  building  had  reached  any  advanced  stage." 

Homes,  in  speaking  of  their  Eastern  origin,  says :  "Even  more  remarkable  and 
diversified  are  the  correspondences  between  the  architectural  remains  of  Yucatan 
and  those  of  Cambodia  and  Java  in  the  Far  East.  In  both  regions  the  chief  struc- 
tures of  the  cities  are  pyramids  ascended  by  four  steep  stairways  of  stone  bordered 
by  serpent  balustrades  and  surmounted  by  temples  which  employ  the  offset  arch 
and  have  sanctuaries,  altars,  tablets  and  glyphic  inscriptions.  The  walls  are  em- 
bellished with  a  profusion  of  carved  and  modelled  ornaments  and  surmounted  by 
roof  crests  of  elaborate  design.  There  are  present  also  as  supports  for  the  great 
stone  tables  and  the  lintels  of  the  doorways  dwarfed  Atlantean  figures  duplicating 
those  of  the  antipodal  cities — some  of  the  figures  representing  whiskered  men." 
The  significance  of  all  this  has  been  sought  again  and  again  without  any  satis- 
factory 'result. 

From  the  Anglo-Israel  theories  of  some  modern  writers  to  the  Platonic  theories 
of  the  Atlantean  civilization  there  is  a  very  wide  difference ;  but,  if  we  wish  to  trace 
the  origin  of  man  on  this  continent,  we  must  go  back  far  into  the  misty  ages  of 
the  past.  A  hundred  thousand  years  must  have  elapsed  since  aboriginal  man  first 
made  his  appearance  in  this  part  of  the  world.  Where  he  came  from  in  those  past 
ages  can  only  be  surmised.  That  his  place  of  origin  was  from  some  individual  source 
is  absurd.  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  with  the  submerged  continents  in  both  the 
Altantic  and  Pacific  Ocean  all  supplied  their  quota  of  material  to  make  up  the 
great  Indian  races  on  this  continent.  The  diversity  of  languages,  their  great  differ- 
ence in  general  appearance,  all  point  to  a  diversity  of  origin.  From  the  Mongolian 
Inca  to  the  tall  straight  athletic  Algonquin,  there  is  as  much  difference  as  between 
the  Lascar  of  Madras  and  the  .Shiek  of  North- Western  India.  The  evidence  of 
negro  intermixture  is  well  illustrated  by  the  masks  found  in  Central  America, 
showing  that  history  had  carried  down  to  them  accounts  of  the  black-faced  race 
who  had  once  been  engrafted  amongst  them. 

Of  the  many  tribes  who  occupied  places  in  New  Ontario  perhaps  the  Ojibways 
and  Ottawas  were  the  most  prominent,  and  of  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Al- 
gonquin race  in  this  territory  they  are  to-day  the  principal  representatives  of  the 
Ancient  Aboriginees. 


12  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


THE  OJIBWAY. 

Ojibway  (meaning,  "to  roast  till  puckered  up,"  referring  to  the  puckered 
seam  on  their  mocassins;  from  ojib  "to  pucker  up/7  up-way  "to  roast").  Thii 
was  one  of  the  largest  tribes  north  of  Mexico,  whose  range  was  formerly  along 
both  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior,  extending  across  Minnesota  to 
Turtle  Mountains,  North  Dakota.  Although  strong  in  numbers  and  occupying  an 
extensive  territory,  the  Ojibways  were  never  prominent  in  history,  owing  to  their 
remoteness  from  the  frontier  during  the  period  of  the  colonial  wars.  Tradition 
asserts  that  about  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America  a  large  section  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  Algonquin  nation  in  the  west  separated  into  several  tribes,  viz.,  the 
Ojibway,  Ottawa,  and  Pottawattomie,  and  occupied  various  territories  both  north 
and  south  of  Lake  Superior;  and  that  about  1612  they  suddenly  abandoned  this  west- 
ern locality,  many  of  them  going  back  to  the  Sault,  while  others  settled  at  the  west 
end  of  Lake  Superior,  where  Father  Allouez  found  them  between  1665  and  1667. 
There  is  nothing  found  to  sustain  the  statement  of  Warren  in  regard  to  the  early 
residence  of  the  tribe  at  La  Pointe.  They  were  first  noticed  in  the  Jesuit  Relation 
of  1640  under  the  name  Baouichtigouin  (probably  Bawa'tigowininiwug,  "people 
of  the  Sault"),  as  residing  at  the  Sault,  and  it  is  possible  that  Nicollet  met  them 
in  1634  or  1639.  In  1642  they  were  visited  by  Raymbaut  and  Jogues,  who  found 
them  at  the  Sault  and  at  war  with  a  people  to  the  west,  doubtless  the  Sioux.  A 
remnant  or  offshoot  of  the  tribe  resided  north  of  Lake  Superior  after  the  main 
body  moved  south  to  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  or  when  it  had  reached  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sault.  The  Marameg,  a  tribe  closely  related  to,  if  not  an  actual  division  of  the 
Ojibway,  who  dwelt  along  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  were  apparently  incorporated 
with  the  latter  while  they  were  at  the  Sault,  or  at  any  rate  prior  to  1670  (Jesuit 
Rel.  1670).  On  the  north  the  Ojibway  were  so  closely  connected  with  the  Cree 
and  Maskegon  that  the  three  could  be  distinguished  only  by  those  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  their  dialects  and  customs,  while  on  the  south  the  Ojibway,  Ottawa, 
and  Pottawattomie  always  formed  a  sort  of  loose  confederacy,  frequently  desig- 
nated in  the  last  century  the  Three  Fires.  It  seems  to  be  well  established  that 
some  of  the  Ojibway  have  resided  north  of  Lake  Superior  from  time  long  ante- 
dating the  Mound  Builders. 

Schoolcraft,  who  was  personally  acquainted  with  the  Ojibways  and  married 
a  woman  of  the  tribe,  describes  them  as  warriors  equalling  in  physical  appearance 
the  best-formed  of  the  north-west  Indians,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Foxes. 
Their  long  and  successful  contests  with  the  Sioux  and  Foxes  exhibited  their 
bravery  and  determination,  yet  they  were  uniformly  friendly  in  their  relations  with 
the  French.  The  Ojibway  were  a  timber  people.  Although  they  had  long  been  in 
friendly  relations  with  the  whites,  Christianity  in  the  early  days  had  but  little 
effect  on  them,  owing  to  the  conservatism  of  the  native  medicine-men.  It  is 
affirmed  by  Warren,  who  is  not  disposed  to  accept  any  statement  that  tends  to  dis- 
parage the  character  of  his  people,  that,  according  to  tradition,  the  division  of 
the  tribe  residing  at  La  Pointe  practised  cannibalism;  while  Father  Belcourt  affirms 
that,  although  the  Ojibway  of  Canada  treated  the  vanquished  with  most  horrible 
barbarity  and  at  these  times  ate  human  flesh,  they  look  upon  cannibalism,  except 
under  such  conditions,  with  horror. 

Their  wigwams  were  made  of  birch  bark  or  of  grass  mats;  poles  were  first 
planted  in  the  ground  in  a  circle,  the  tops  bent  together  and  tied,  and  the  bark 
or  mats  thrown  over  them,  leaving  a  smoke  hole  'at  the  top.  They  imagined  that 
the  shade,  after  the  death  of  the  body,  followed  a  wide  beaten  path,  leading  toward 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  13 


the  west,  finally  arriving  in  a  country  abounding  in  everything  the  Indian  de- 
.  sires.  It  is  a  general  belief  among  the  northern  0  jib  way  that  the  spirit  often  re- 
turns to  visit  the  grave,  so  long  as  the  body  is  not  reduced  to  dust.  Their  creation 
myth  is  that  common  among  the  northern  Algonquins.  Like  most  other  tribes 
they  believe  that  a  mysterious  power  dwells  in  all  objects,  animate  and  inanimate. 
Such  objects  are  manitus,  which  are  ever  wakeful  and  quick  to  hear  everything  in 
the  summer,  hut  in  winter,  after  snow  falls,  are  in  a  torpid  state.  The  0  jib  way 
regarded  dreams  as  revelations,  and  some  object  which  appears  therein  was  often 
chosen  as  a  tutelary  deity.  The  Medewiwin,  or  grand  medicine  society,  was  a 
powerful  organization  of  the  Ojibway,  which  controlled  the  movements  of  the 
tribe  and  was  a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  introduction  of  Christianity.  When  an 
Ojibway  died  it  was  customary  to  place  the  body  in  a  grave  facing  west,  often  in  a 
sitting  posture:  or  to  scoop  a  shallow  cavity  in  the  earth  so  as  to  form  a  small 
mound,  over  which  boards,  poles,  or  birch  bark  were  placed.  According  to  McKen- 
ney>  Ojibway  of  Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin,  practised  scaffold  burial,  the  corpse  being 
inclosed  in  a  box.  Mourning  for  a  lost  relative  continued  for  a  year,  unless  short- 
.ened  by  the  me  da  or  by  certain  exploits  in  war. 

As  the  Ojibway  were  scattered  over  a  region  extending  1,000  miles  from  east 
to  west,  they  Lad  a  large  number  of  villages,  bands,  and  local  divisions.  Some  of 
the  bands  bore  the  name  of  the  village,  lake,  or  river  near  which  they  resided, 
but  these  were  grouped  under  larger  divisions  or  subtribes  which  occupied  certain 
fixed  limits  and  were  distinguished  by  marked  differences. 

THE   OTTAWAS. 

Ottawa  (from  adawe,  "to  trade,"  "to  'buy  and  sell,")  a  term  common  to  the 
Cree  and  Ojibway,  and  applied  to  the  Ottawa  because  in  early  traditional  times, 
and  also  during  the  historic  period,  they  were  noted  among  their  neighbours  as 
intertribal  traders  and  barterers,  dealing  chiefly  in  corn-meal,  sunflower  oil,  furs 
and  skins,  rugs  or  mats,  tobacco,  and  medicinal  roots  and  herbs.  On  French 
River,  near  its  mouth,  on  Georgian  Bay,  Champlain  in  1615  met  300  men  of  a 
tribe  which,  he  said,  "we  call  les  cheueux  releuez."  Of  these  he  said  that  their 
arms  consisted  only  of  the  bow  and  arrow,  a  buckler  of  boiled  leather,  and  the 
club;  that  they  wore  no  breech-clout,  and  that  their  bodies  were  much  tatooed  in 
many  fashions  and  designs;  that  their  faces  were  painted  in  diverse  colours,  their 
noses  pierced,  and  their  ears  bordered  with  trinkets.  The  chief  of  this  band  gave 
Champlain  to  understand  that  they  had  come  to  that  place  to  dry  huckleberries  to 
be  used  in  the  winter  when  nothing  else  was  available.  In  the  following  year  Cham- 
plain  left  the  Huron  villages  and  visited  the  "Cheueux  releuez"  (Ottawas),  living 
westward  from  the  Hurons,  and  he  said  that  they  were  very  joyous  at  "seeing  us 
again."  This  last  expression  seemingly  shows  that  those  whom  he  had  met  on 
French  River  in  the  preceding  year  lived  where  he  now  visited  them.  He  found 
this  tribe  populous;  the  majority  of  the  men  were  great  warriors,  hunters,  and 
fishermen,  and  were  governed  by  many  chiefs  who  ruled  each  in  his  own  district; 
they  planted  corn  and  other  things;  they  went  into  many  regions  400  or  500 
leagues  away  to  trade;  they  made  a  kind  of  mat  which  served  them  for  Turkish 
rugs;  the  women  had  their  bodies  uncovered,  saving  a  robe  of  fur  like  a  mantle, 
which  was  worn  in  winter,  but  usually  discarded  in  summer. 

In  the  Jesuit  Relation  for  1667,  Father  Le  Mercier,  reporting  Father  Allouez, 
treated  the  Ottawa,  Kiskakon,  and  Ottawa  Sinago  as  a  single  tribe,  because  they 
had  the  same  language  and  together  formed  a  common  town.  He  adds  that  the 


14  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Ottawas  (Outaouacs)  claimed  that  the  great  river  (Ottawa)  belonged  to  them, 
and  that  no  other  nation  might  navigate  it  without  their  consent.  It  was,  for  this 
reason,  he  continues,  that  although  very  different  in  nationality,  all  those  who 
went  to  the  French  to  trade  bore  the  name  Ottawa,  under  whose  auspices  the 
journey  was  undertaken.  He  adds  that  the  ancient  habitat  of  the  Ottawa  had 
been  quartered  on  Lake  Huron,  whence  the  fear  of  the  Iroquois  drove  them,  and 
whither  were  borne  all  their  belongings,  as  it  were,  to  their  native  country.  Of 
the  Ottawa,  the  Father  says :  "They  were  little  disposed  toward  the  faith,  for 
they  were  too  much  given  to  idolatry,  superstitions,  fables,  polygamy,  looseness  of 
the  marriage  tie,  and  to  all  manner  of  license,  which  caused  them  to  drop  all 
native  decency." 

According  to  tradition  the  Ottawa,  Ojibway,  and  Pottawattomie  tribes  of  the 
Algonquin  family  were  formerly  one  people  who  came  from  some  point  north  of 
the  great  lakes  and  separated  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  The  Ottawa  were  located  by  the 
earliest  writers  and  also  by  tradition  on  Manitoulin  Island  and  along  the  north 
and  south  shores  of  Georgian  Bay. 

There  is  unquestioned  documentary  evidence  that  as  early  as  1635  a  portion 
of  the  Ottawa  lived  on  Manitoulin  Island.  Harassed  by  the  Sioux,  and,  a  promise 
of  protection  by  the  French  having  been  obtained,  they  returned  in  1670-71  to 
Manitoulin  Island  in  Lake  Huron.  In  Father  Claude  Allouez's  trip  to  Lake 
Superior  in  1664,  frequent  mention  is  made  of  the  Ottawa,  and  he  states  that 
"these  savages  regard  this  lake  as  a  divinity  and  offer  it  sacrifices,  but  whether  it 
is  on  account  of  its  size  or  because  of  its  goodness  in  furnishing  a  supply  of  fish 
to  make  up  for  the  lack  of  game  in  these  parts  I  do  not  know.  As  you  sail  over 
its  clear  waters  you  can  see  far  down  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake  pieces  of  copper, 
some  of  these  as  much  as  ten  and  twenty  livres  in  weight.  The  Indians  keep  bits 
of  the  metal  about  them  and  hand  them  down  as  precious  heirlooms  to  their 
children/'  Allouez  on  this  voyage  was  anxious  to  find  the  great  rock  of  pure  copper, 
which  was  said  to  have  projected  far  out  of  the  water,  but  he  found  it  not.  It  may 
be  of  interest  to  the  reader  to  know  that  this  same  copper  rock  is  now  in  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  Washington. 

THE    POTTAWATTOMIES. 

The  Pottawattomies  have  also  figured  in  the  early  history  of  New  Ontario. 
In  the  Jesuit  Relations  for  1641  they  are  spoken  of  as  living  in  the  vicinity  of 
Winnebago.  Yerwyst  says  that  in  1641  they  were  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  Their  abid- 
ing place,  like  most  of  the  Algonquin  tribes  was  not  lasting,  spreading  from  the 
prairies  of  the  great  west,  north  through  Illinois  to  the  Sault,  thence  eastward  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  North  Bay.  At  the  present  time  the  remnant  of  the  tribe 
that  is  left  mostly  occupy  reserves  in  the  United  States — those  that  remain  in 
New  Ontario  are  mixed  with  other  bands.  They  were  spoken  of  by  many  of  the 
early  writers  as  being  most  docile  and  affectionate.  Their  natural  politeness  and 
readiness  to  oblige  was  usually  extended  hospitably  to  strangers. 

THE  ABTTTIBI. 

The  Abittibi  is  a  little  known  Algonquin  band  whose  habitat  has  been  the 
shores  of  Abittibi  Lake.  The  first  recorded  notice  of  them  is  in  the  Relation  of 
1640.  It  is  said  that  the  Iroquois  warred  upon  them  and  two  other  tribes  of  the 
same  locality.  During  the  building  of  the  branch  of  the  Temiskaniing  and 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


15 


Northern  Ontario  Eailway  from  Iroquois  Falls  to  Porcupine  remains  were  found 
which  showed  evidence  of  Iroquois  contact  in  this  country,  and  many  relics  in  the 
museum — presented  by  Mr.  Fred  Dane  of  the  Temiskaming  and  Northern  Ontario 
Railway — attest  the  Iroquois  and  French  contact  at  this  time— probably  about 
1651. 


NEW  MATERIAL. 

During  the  year  1912  many  new  additions  have  been  made  to  the  archaeological 
specimens  in  the  Provincial  Museum,  and  to  those  who  have  been  our  best  friends 
in  the  past  we  are  further  indebted  for  liberal  contributions.  Lieut.  Col.  Geo.  E. 
Laidlaw,  Victoria  Road ;  Clark  Bros..,  Peterborough ;  James  Warren,  Walkerton : 
Dr.  Barnard,  Seneca,  Mo.,  and  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton,  County  of  Simcoe,  have 
given  largely  during  the  past  year.  We  reproduce  some  of  the  more  unusual  speci- 
mens from  their  collections. 


Fig.  31919— Full  size. 

Figure  31919  is  a  stone  hammer  which  has  evidently  been  used  very  consider- 
ably as  it  is  greatly  worn.  The  groove  around  the  centre,  where  the  handle  was 
attached,  presumably  by  a  deer  hide  thong,  is  worn  very  smooth.  The  stone  is 


16 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


very  hard,  the  centre  portion  quite  dark,  perfectly  smooth  and  well  polished.  This 
stone  is  of  quartz — this  and  other  material  capable  of  the  greatest  amount  of  work 
with  the  least  amount  of  wear — were  constantly  utilized  by  the  Indians.  Man 
living  in  an  age  of  stone  must  have  been  always  conversant  with  the  best  material 
possible  and  also  with  its  adaptability  for  particular  uses.  From  the  appearance 
of  this  stone  one  would  be  inclined  to  think  that  it  had  been  utilized  around  the 
camp  for  breaking  the  long  bones  of  animals  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the 
marrow  therefrom.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  most  of  the  long  bones  of  animals 
found  in  the  kitchen  middens  have  been  broken. 


Fig.  32068i— Half  diameter. 

Stone  Adze  Fig.  3206Sy2  found  in  the  Township  of  West  Missouri,  County  of 
Essex,  near  Thorndale.  This  adze  is  beautifully  made  of  fine  coloured  granite.  The 
bevelling  on  the  lower  side  of  the  adze  is  remarkably  well  done;  the  edges  are  square, 
and  the  front  part  of  the  adze  nicely  rounded.  The  evidence  on  the  reverse  side 
from  that  shown  in  the  photo  engravure  indicates  the  rubbing  of  the  material  used 
in  hafting  the  same. 


Fig.  31311— Half  size. 

Figure  31311 :  This  perfect  clay  pipe,  bell-shaped  and  beautifully  made,  has 
the  appearance  on  the  surface  of  being  glazed.  Probably  this  may  be  due  to  other 
conditions  as  the  North  American  Indian  was  unaware  of  the  process  of  glazing 
any  of  his  pipes,  but  by  the  use  of  other  materials  he  was  able  to  give  them  a  smooth 
polish. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  31937— Full  size. 

Figure  31937  is  a  pipe  made  of  soapstone  and  somewhat  darkened  in  colour, 
probably  from  use  or  exposure.  The  drilling  both  of  the  bowl  of  the  pipe  and  the 
stem  are  remarkably  well  done  and  unusually  regular.  It  may  probably  have  been 
used  to  smoke  without  a  stem,  but  from  its  general  appearance  and  from  the  size  of 
the  hole,  it  was  evidently  used  with  a  wooden  stem  attached  to  it.  Unlike  the  usual 
stone  pipe  there  was  no  hole  for  the  attachment  of  the  stem  thereto. 


_  Fig.  31312— Half  size. 

Figure  31312:  This  pipe,  also  found  in  the  Township  of  Innisfil,  County  of 
Simcoe,  is  so  perfect  a  specimen  of  a  modern-  clay  pipe,  except  in  colour,  that  one 
would  imagine  the  hands  of  some  European  in  modern  days  had  made  it,  yet  in 
every  particular  it  conforms  with  the  pipes  of  Pre-Columbian  times.  The  ring 
markings  and  the  dots  around  the  top  of  the  pipe  are  similar  to  those  of  many 
others;  also  the  methods  of  making  the  inside  of  the  bowl  and  the  holes  of  the  stem 
are  purely  Indian. 


18 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  31282— Full  size. 

Figure  31282 :  This  is  a  stone  pipe  found  by  Mr.  Harry  Mayor  in  the  Town- 
ship of  Innisfil.  It  is  fairly  well  made.  The  head,  which  was  evidently  intended 
to  represent  a  bear,  is  very  good:  mouth,  eyes,  and  ears  being  very  well  exempli- 
fied. The  bowl  is  small  and  cut  as  similar  bowls  are  in  other  pipes  of  this  kind. 
A  number  of  these  pipes  are  to  be  found  in  the  Museum,  a  particularly  good  col- 
lection having  been  presented  by  Colonel  Laidlaw.  The  hole  between  pipe  and 
stem  is  bored  similarly  to  the  holes  in  the  amulets  and  other  ornaments  made  of 
stone.  The  paws  are  brought  together  forming  a  handle  for  the  purpose  of  hold- 
ing the  pipe.  At  the  upper  part  of  this  handle  is  a  slight  projection  intended 
evidently  to  represent  the  fore  paws  of  the  animal. 


Fig.  31922— Full  size. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


19 


Figure  31922  is  a  gorget  of  striped  slate  made  in  an  unusual  way.  The  hole 
is  a  little  above  the  centre  bored  in  the  same  manner  as  is  usual  in  artifacts  of  this 
kind.  It  may  have  been  used  for  the  purpose  of  rubbing  down  deer  hide  thongs 
to  make  snow  shoes  and  also  for  use  in  sewing.  The  hole  is  worn  sufficiently  to 
indicate  that  it  has  been  used  for  some  utilitarian  purpose.  It  is  the  only  gorget 
of  this  kind  in  the  Museum. 


Fig.  31921— Full  size. 


Figure  31921  is  a  beautifully  made  gouge  of  bluish  gray  granite.  It  was 
found  neaw  Walkerton,  in  the  County  of  Bruce,  and  with  a  number  of  other  valuable 
artifacts,  was  presented  to  the  Museum  by  James  Warren,  Esq.,  of  Walkerton. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


This  gouge,  when  properly  hafted,  would  make  a  very  useful  implement  for  Indian 
work.  Evidently  great  care  and  labour  were  expended  in  fashioning  such  gouges 
and  they  must  have  been  made  for  some  important  purpose.  Diligent  search  in 
the  "  Jesuit  Relations  "  has  failed  to  give  us  any  satisfactory  explanation  of  these 
unique  objects.  N~Q  theory  of  the  use  of  such  artifacts  as  this  so  well  explains  the 
excellent  condition  in  which  most  of  them  are  found  as  does  the  one  that  they 
were  chiefly  used  in  excavating  or  cutting  where  wood  had  been  more  or  less 
charred — as  in  the  making  of  boats,  burning  the  log,  removing  the  burnt  wood  with 
a  gouge,  then  burning  again. 


Fig.  31388— Full  size. 


Figure  31386  is  an  unusual  shaped  stone.  For  what  uses  it  could  be  valuable 
is  exceedingly  uncertain.  It  may  probably  have  been  a  flat  stone,  smoothed  down 
into  shape  and  then  made  ready  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  amulet  or  some  other 
such  ornament  therefrom.  The  fish-shaped  head  only  indicates  an  article  partially 
finished,  and  age  has  done  the  rest  in  leaving  a  smooth  surface.  While  the  tail  is 
flattened,  the  process  of  finishing  is  incomplete. 


Fig.  31923— Full  size. 


Figure  31923  is  a  nicely  shaped  gorget  with  the  usual  two  holes  made  in 
proper  form,  but  with  lower  part  bell-shaped  and  bevelled  on  one  side  so  that  it  is 
not  perfectly  flat.  The  material  is  slate  and,  as  usual  in  pieces  of  this  kind  is 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


21 


beautifully  marked.  It  apparently  must  have  been  used  for  an  ornament,  as  it  is 
so  thin  that  it  was  not  likely  required  for  any  utilitarian  purpose.  The  love  for 
personal  adornment  common  to  man  in  whatever  stage  of  development  we  find  him 
manifests  itself  in  prehistoric  times  on  this  continent  by  the  presence  of  a  variety 
of  objects  of  a  decorative  character  such  as  the  one  represented: 


Fig.  31257— Full  size. 

Figure  31257  is  a  stone  axe  from  St.  Vincent,,  West  Indies,  presented  with  a 
number  of  others  by  the  Rev.  Thos.  Huckerby.  We  illustrate  this  axe  for  the 
purpose  of  showing  the  different  methods  of  manufacturing  the  same  between  the 
West  Indies  and  Canada.  These  axes,  when  properly  sharpened,  must  have  been 
fairly  useful  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  intended.  Of  course,  as  far  as 
cutting  the  hardwoods  of  the  Tropics,  they  would  be  absolutely  useless,  but  for  the 
softer  woods  and  cleavage  purposes  they  were  of  excellent  service. 


2%  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  31286— Full  size. 

Figure  31286  may  be  classed  amongst  the  bird  amulets.  While  the  head  is 
similar  to  many  of  those  in  that  class,  the  general  outline  closely  resembles  the 
amulets.  What  is  intended  as  the  head  is  pierced  by  a  hole  bored,,  similar  to  others 
of  this  class,  at  the  base.  Probably  this  hole  was  used  for  the  purpose  of  hanging 
it  suspended  round  the  neck  of  the  wearer. 

Figure  2  represents  a  few  of  a  cache  of  "  Flints  "  accompanied  by  a  copper 
hook,  found  at  Site  20,  lake  shore,  block  east,  Bexley  Township,  County  of  Victoria, 
May  24th,  1909,  and  presented  to  the  Provincial  Museum  by  Colonel  George  E. 
Laidlaw.  Colonel  Laidlaw  writes  as  follows  concerning  this  cache: 

"  This  cache  was  found  while  planting  trees  by  Mr.  Joseph  Lytle  and  Mrs.  A. 
A.  Macdonald  at  her  summer  residence.  The  flints  consisted  of  about  18  or  20 
irregularly  shaped  leaf  and  ovate  forms  from  one  inch  to  two  inches  in  length, 
several  blocks  of  flint,  and  about  fifty  large  untrimmed  flakes  and  rejects.  These 
seem  to  comprise  two  varieties  of  flint,  the  grey  ohertz  kind,  and  the  chalcedonic 
variety  of  a  lighter  colour,  the  latter  probably  coming  from  an  outcropping  in 
Garden  Twp.,  some  twelve  miles  away. 

There  is  also  one  large  flake  of  dioritic  material,  2^  in.  long,  1%  broad, 
partially  smoothed  in  one  place. 

This  cache  may  have  been  the  stock-in-trade  of  some  flint  worker.  It  was 
found  in  very  stony  ground  at  a  depth  of  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches.  It  was  dis- 
turbed and  partially  thrown  out  of  the  hole  before  being  noticed.  Most  of  the 
flints  and  the  hook  were  secured  on  the  spot  by  Mrs.  A.  A.  Macdonald.  The  rest 
were  carried  away,  but  were  recovered  inside  of  a  day  or  so.  There  were  no  small 
chips  noticed  that  would  lead  one  to  believe  that  there  was  chipping  done  on  the 
spot.  The  cache  was  within  a  very  few  yards  of  high  water  mark  and  also  near  a 
'boulder  containing  a  mortar,  on  south  side  of  site. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


The  copper  hook  is  of  native  copper  and  native  manufacture,  length  SJ^inches, 
width  from  point  to  shank  1%  inches,  weight  iy2  oz.  avoir.  The  shank  is  %  inch 
wide  by  %  inch  thick  in  cross  section,  and  was  probably  made  into  a  spike — first  of 
6%  inches  in  length,  and  then  bent  into  hook  shape,  similar  to  the  present  Limerick 
style.  It  may  have  possibly  been  used  as  a  gaff  hook,  as  it  is  too  large  for  an 
ordinary  fishing  hook.  This  is  the  first  flint  cache  on  record  from  this  section. 

Soapstone  pipe,  found  by  myself  on  Site  3,  Lot  5,  Con.  5,  Bexley  Township,  is 
one  of  the  "  everyday  "  class,  and  though  small  and  plain,  is  of  a  unique  shape  that 


Fig.  2— Full  size. 

has  not  been  recorded  before.  It  is  1%  inches  long,  three  sided  and  tapering  to  a 
small  base. at  bottom;  width  of  sides  at  top  1  inch,  at  bottom  y%  inch,  triangular 
cross  section  with  outside  angles  rubbed  down.  The  three  angles  project  slightly 
above  the  bowl.  The  bowl  has  been  made  by  excavating,  and  also  by  use  of  a  rotat- 
ory drill,  both  sorts  of  marks  being  shown.  Depth  of  bowl  hole  1%  inches.  There 
are  two  stem  holes — a  not  uncommon  feature  in  this  section,  the  smaller  one  entering 
through  one  angle  at  about  %  inch  from  the  base,  the  larger  stem  hole  nearly 


24  ARCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 

opposite  and  higher  up.  Diameter  of  bowl  11/16  inches;  of 
stem  holes  3/16  and  %  inches  respectively.  The  faces  show 
abundant  marks  of  rubbing  with  a  sandstone,  the  striae  not 
being  regular  enough  to  have  been  produced  by  a  steel  file. 
There  is  a  tranverse  nick  on  each  of  the  two  corners  near  the 
top,  use  of  which  is  problematical. 

Glassy  quartz  arrowhead,  2i/2  inches  long,  11/16  wide,  % 
thick,  this  was  found  on  Lot  10,  N.  P.  R.,  Eldon,  Bolsover 
P.O.,  and  given  by  Mr.  James  McGirr.  This  arrowhead  is 
mentioned  on  account  of  the  material  it  is  made  from,  it 
being  an  almost  transparent  glassy  quartz.  Several  rough 
scrapers  made  from  the  same  material  have  been  found  in  this 
locality. 

Figure  31081  is  a  very  fine  specimen  of  a  slate  pick.  It 
is  14  inches  long  and  measures  4  inches  in  circumference  at 
its  centre.  The  markings  show  that  it  had  been  hafted  and 
without  doubt  been  used  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  the  ice. 
It  was  found  by  the  late  Joseph  Smelser  on  Lot  2,  Con.  5, 
King,  on  the  banks  of  the  little  Humber  and  most  probably 
was  used  for  ice-breaking  by  the  villages  occupying  the  Humber 
in  ancient  days. 

POTTERY. 

The  importance  of  the  potter's  art  to  archaeology  has 
often  been  pointed  out.  Baked  clay  is  one  of  the  most  en- 
during materials  utilized  in  art,  and  its  employment  by  the 
races  of  men  has  fallen  but  little  short  of  universal.  The 
creations  of  that  noblest  of  arts — architecture  and  the  ante- 
cedent forms  of  house  building — are  necessarily  left  where 
erected  to  be  fed  upon  by  the  remorseless  elements  of  nature, 
but  the  less  pretentious  utensil  of  clay  accompanies  its  owner 
to  the  tomb,  where  it  remains  practically  unchanged  for  ages. 
And  many  of  our  glimpses  of  the  history  of  the  American  races 
of  Pre-Columbian  times  are  obtained  through  these  relics. 

These  pieces  of  pottery  are  in  the  Laidlaw  Collection,  and 
were  found  on  Lots  5  and  6,  Con.  2,  Township  of  Beverley, 
County  of  Victoria.  The  markings  on  some  of  these  pieces 
are  particulary  well  executed  and,  considering  that  probably 
four  or  more  centuries  have  passed  since  they  were  used,  their 
condition  is  remarkable;  and  when  in  a  finished  state,  un- 
cofroded  by  time,  they  must  have  presented  a  very  elegant 
appearance.  No  potter's  wheel  was  used  in  their  manufacture. 
•Sometimes  baskets  were  woven  and  the  clay  was  moulded  on, 

but  most  frequently  they  were  made  by  hand. 
Fig.  31081. 


AECH^OLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


^ 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 


These  four  pieces  of  pottery,  namely:  Figures  31468,  31469,  31477,  and  31483 
were  found  by  Clark  Bros,  in  the  Township  of  N.  Dumfries,  County  of  Waterloo. 
The  markings,  while  somewhat  different  from  the  Laidlaw  collections,  which  were 
probably  manufactured  by  Algonquins,  are  without  doubt  of  Attawandarin  origin. 
While  the  markings  may  be  on  the  general  pattern  of  other  Indian  pottery,  yet  the 
work  on  those  of  the  Laidlaw  collection  is  much  superior  to  that  of  the  Clark 
collection. 


Fig.  31469. 


Fig.  31468. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  31477. 


Fig.  31483 


These  fragments  of  pottery,— Xos.  30884  and  30885,  were  found  on  Lot  27, 
Con.  5,  Vaughan,  County  of  York.  Their  appearance  indicates  that  both  pieces 
were  a  portion  of  one  pot.  and  evidently  when  new  must  have  made  a  very  orna- 
mental utensil.  The  handle  in  both  cases  is  well  made  and  somewhat  similar,  indi- 
cating that  they  both  belonged  to  the  same  pot,  which  would  not  be  more  than  5  or 
G  inches  across  at  its  mouth.  The  material  used  is  clay,  and  ground  much  finer 
than  some  specimens  found  in  the  Township  of  Vaughan. 


Fig.  30884. 


Fig.  30885. 


28  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


CEREMONIAL  BANNER  STONES. 

There  lias  been  much  conjecture  in  regard  to  the  intended  function  of  a  great 
number  of  prehistoric  artifacts,  the  origin  of  which  is  probably  to  be  sought  in  a  re- 
ligious or  superstitious  feeling.  They  are  manufactured  from  a  great  variety  of 
materials — bone,  shell,  metal,  and  stone,  and  especially  slate  and  steatite.  Some 
may  owe  their  forms  to  the  whim  or  fancy  of  the  maker;  others  are  perhaps  sym- 
bolic for  use  in  the  manifold  parades,  dances  and  other  celebrations ;  but  the  uses  to 
which  they  might  be  assigned  in  their  different  forms  are  limited  only  by  the  im- 
agination. The  ancient  Scandinavians  wore  "Victory  Stones"  suspended  around 
their  necks  and  the  Eskimos  to-day  wear  charms  and  amulets  to  bring  success  in 
fishing  and  hunting.  The  coast  Indians  of  Alaska  place  great  reliance  on  amulets 
which  are  usually  carried  upon  their  persons.  There  are  a  large  number  of  these 
in  our  Museum. 

These  "Banner  Stones"  have  been  so  designated  by  the  late  Dr.  Boyle.  They 
are  found  in  various  parts  of  this  Province.  The  name  was  applied  to  them  from 
the  belief  that  they  were  used  on  the  top  of  banners  for  decorative,  ornamentative  or 
ceremonial  purposes.  As  can  be  seen,  there  are  certain  fundamental  features  in 
their  shape  that  would  suggest  to  the  student  of  archaeology  forms  that  might  well 
be  designated  Banner  Stones — these  features  being  the  axial  perforations  and  the 


Fig.  179—^  size. 

extension  of  the  body  into  wing-] ike  projections.  These  objects  are  usually  made 
of  some  order  of  argillite,  selected  for  its  fine  grain  and  attractive  colouring.  They 
are  probably  as  a  class  the  outgrowth  of  that  remarkable  culture  developed  along 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  her  tributaries,  known  as  the  Mound  Builders. 
We  select  from  our  collection  a  number  of  varieties  which  have  been  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  Province. 

Figure  179  is  a  Banner  Stone  found  in  Plympton  Township,  County  of 
Lambton.  It  is  of  gray  coloured  slate  and  is  greatly  worn.  The  concave  portion 
is  perfectly  smooth  and  polished.  The  hole  is  slightly  larger  on  the  convex  side. 
At  the  apex  of  the  convex  side  there  is  a  slight  flattening  which  is  somewhat 
unusual.  The  peculiar  shape  of  this  stone  differs  from  any  other  we  have  in  the 
Provincial  Museum.  The  sides  of  it  are  much  worn.  The  hard  portions  of  slate 
slightly  protrude  and  it  looks  to  be  very  old.  The  flared  ends  are  grooved  on  one 
side  and  were  probably  grooved  on  the  other  but  through  age  and  wearing  it  has 
disappeared.  This  artifact  has  the  appearance  of  great  age,  and  as  objects  of  this 
kind  are  found  throughout  the  Mound  Builders'  country,  it  is  quite  possible  it  may 
have  been  handed  down  from  them. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Figure  180 :  This  stone  artifact,  made  of  slate,  was  found  at  Forest.  The 
perforation  running  through  its  longer  axis  is  perfectly  uniform.  The  marking  in 
the  photo  engravure  is  the  result  of  a  fracture  which  has  been  repaired.  The  flared 
ends  are  much  the  same  as  that  of  Figure  179,  only  the  flared  ends  extend  very  much 
•farther  forward  on  the  concave  side  of  the  stone,  A  stone  such  as  this  could  be 
used  only  for  ceremonial  or  ornamental  purposes,  most  probably  the  latter. 


Fig.  178— i  size. 

Figure  178 :  This  probably  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  Banner  Stones  in  the 
Provincial  Museum.  With  it  is  a  highly  specialized  crescent  with  flaring  ends.  It 
is  beautifully  worked,  highly  finished,  colours  varjdng  from  black  to  green  slate,) 
with  an  intermixture  in  some  places  of  other  material,  changing  the  colour  and 
general  appearance.  The  concave  side  is  flattened,  while  the  upper  one  is  rounded, 
and  towards  the  centre  is  pointed.  The  perforation  runs  as  is  usual  in  these  pieces 
across  the  veining  of  the  slate.  It  is  perfectly  drilled  without  any  markings  or 
appearance  of  having  been  used.  Without  doubt,  pieces  such  as  this  were  used  for 
ornamental  purposes.  The  flared  ends  in  this  specimen  differ  from  those  of  the 
previous  ones  in  being  rounded  and  not  grooved. 


30 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Figure  10736  is  a  Banner  Stone  found  near  St.  Thomas,  Elgin  Co.  When  dug 
up,  it  was  some  four  feet  below  the  surface.  It  is  a  very  heavy  and  coarse  specimen, 
flattened  on  the  concave  -side,  and  pointed  at  the  end.  The  drilling  differs  from 
any  of  the  others.  From  the  fact  that  it  appears  to  have  been  drilled  both  from 
the  top  and  the  bottom,  the  hole  is  very  much  smaller  in  the  centre.  This  artifact 
might  have  been  hafted  and  used  for  a  pick,  as  it  is  rather  heavy  for  ceremonial  or 
ornamental  purposes.  It  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  stone  artifact  dating  away 
back  to  the  early  days  of  the  Stone  Age  in  America. 


Fig.  27410— S  size 

Figure  27410  is  a  stone  found  near  London  in  the  County  of  Middlesex.  It 
is  a  peculiarly  shaped  Banner  Stone,  being  quite  concave  on  one  side  and  flattened 
on  the  same.  A  protuberance  extends  out  from  both  sides  where  it  is  bored.  The 
boring  is  the  same  size  through  the  stone.  On  one  of  the  elevated  sides  is  a  ridge 
extending  from  the  upper  part  to  the  lower.  It  is  quite  convex  on  its  upper  sur- 
face, and  coming  to  a  point  is  round  but  somewhat  angular. 


Fig.  2017— £  size. 

Figure  2017  is  an  unusual  shaped  crescentic  Banner  Stone  found  on  the 
Tuscaroran  Reserve,  Brant  County,  and  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Chief  Smith. 
It  is  perfectly  round,  well  bored,  coming  to  a  point  at  each  end.  The  boring  is 
slightly  worn  and  would  indicate  that  it  had  been  used,  by  hafting,  for  some  pur- 
pose, probably  that  of  a  pick. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


31 


Fig.  168—2  size. 

Figure  168 :  A  fine  Banner  Stone,,  found  in  the  County  of  Xorfolk.  It  is 
beautifully  veined,  and  slightly  flattened  on  the  reverse  side,  as  shown  in  photo- 
gravure; convex  on  the  upper  side.  The  hole  is  one  third  larger  on  the- flattened 
side.  The  markings  of  the  drill  are  quite  prominent,  due  probably  from  different 
sizes  being  used.  This  article  properly  hafted  would  have  made  a  very  formidable 
weapon  in  warfare. 


Fig.  169—^  size. 

Figure  169  is  a  Banner  Stone  found  in  the  Township  of  Oneida.  It  is  also 
well  marked  and  beautifully  veined,  and  very  slightly  flattened  on  its  lower  side. 
The  upper  portion  is  quite  convex  and  the  hole  is  slightly  larger  on  the  convex  or 
upper  side  than  the  lower.  Its  pointed  ends  are  slightly  broken,  but  from  its  ap- 
pearance they  had  evidently  been  brought  to  a  sharp  point.  The  hole  is  well 
drilled,  as  in  the  others,  but  not  so  evenly,  and  is  slightly  larger  on  the  convex 
side,  differing  in  this  way  from  some  of  the  others. 


Fig.  166 — 1J  in.  at  centre,  6|iin.  long. 

Figure  166  is  a  Banner  Stone  with  an  unusual  appearance.  It  is  made  of 
very  gray  slate  and  is  6%  inches  long.  The  difference  between  this  and  the 
previous  ones  is  that  the  boring  is  through  the  larger  portion  of  the  stone.  The 
pointing  is  perfect  and  uniform  on  both  ends.  It  has  no  flattening  above  or 
below,  being  circular  from  end  to  end. 


32 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  25123—1  size. 

Figure  25123  is  a  Banner  Stone  from  the  County  of  Elgin,  also  flattened 
on  the  lower  side,  convex  on  the  upper.  The  point  at  one  end  has  been  slightly 
disfigured,  but  at  the  other  it  evidently  was  very  sharp  when  in  its  original  state. 
The  hole  in  this  case  is  slightly  larger  on  the  upper  or  convex  side,  and  smaller  at 
the  lower,  where  it  is  also  flattened.  The  veining  in  this  stone  is  exceedingly 
fine. 


Fig.  25054—2  size. 

Figure  25054  is  another  beautifully  veined  piece  of  slate,  pointed  at  both 
ends  and  convex  both  above  and  below.  The  hole  passes  exactly  through  the 
centre  and  is  slightly  larger  at  one  side  than  the  other. 


Fig.  23209— £  size. 

Figure  23209:  This  bar  amulet  is  slightly  elevated  in  the  middle  with  the 
usual  diagonal  holes  at  each  end.  It  was  found  in  Oxford  Township  and  is  of 
dark  gray-coloured  slate.  Prof.  William  examined  with  great  care  the  sur- 
face of  a  number  of  these  problematical  stones,  testing  them  from  a  point  of  view 
of  chemistry  ^and  mineralogy,  to  ascertain  what  elements  in  the  stones  weathered 
out  and  what  elements  remained.  His  observations  are  of  great  importance  in 
indicating  that  many  of  these  stones  are  old.  "How  old,"  he  says,  "I  do  not 
attempt  to  say  in  years  but  that  the  most  of  them  were  made  and  used  before  the 
Christian  Era," 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


33 


Fig.  10695—0  size. 

Figure  10695  is  a  bar  amulet  made  somewhat  after  the  principles  of  bird 
stones,  only  the  upturned  ends  are  not  so  well  marked.  It  is  of  greenish  striped 
slate  and  when  nicely  polished  would  no  doubt  look  very  well  as  an  ornament. 
The  perforations  can  be  seen  extending  from  the  side  downward  to  the  base.,  with 
no  evidences  of  wearing.  Articles  such  as  these  may  have  been  used  by  doctors, 
soothsayers,  or  ritual  priests.  During  peace  and  plenty  they  were  not  much  called 
for,  but  when  privations  and  warfare  stalked  amongst  them,  the  ritualism  of  pagan- 
ism at  once  became  an  object  of  great  concern  amongst  all  the  tribes. 


Fig.  26155— £  size. 

Figure  26155  is  probably  a  degraded  bar  amulet.  This  specimen  is  of  red- 
dish Huronian  slate,  and  seems  to  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  some  one  who 
has  spoiled  the  end  holes  by  grinding  them  partially  off  to  make  others  along  the 
base;  or  probably  the  other  hole  has  been  made  previous  to  the  grinding,  and 
the  piece  may  have  been  used  for  other  purposes.  This  piece  was  found  near 
Coleraine,  Township  of  Vaughan,  County  of  York. 


Fig.  17173—^  size. 

Figure  17173 :    This  is  a  slate  bar  amulet,  perfectly  flat  on  its  lower  surface, 
concave  on  the  upper,  with  slightly  enlarged  ends.     Beyond  this,   there   are  no 
markings  whatever  thereon,  not  even  a  drilled  hole.     The  use  of  such  an  artifact 
can  not  very  well  be  even  supposed. 
3  A. 


34: 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  7358—1  size. 

Figure  7358:  This  amulet  was  found  in  York  County,  near  Toronto.  It 
resembles  very  much  Figure  17173,  which  was  found  in  North  Cayuga.  The 
only  difference  between  these  two  stones  is  the  fact  that  one  is  very  much  heavier 
than  the  other,  but  in  both  the  polish  and  finish  are  perfect  and  in  general  out- 
line very  similar. 


Fig.  10748— f  size. 

Figure  10748  is  a  very  fine  piece  of  greenish  slate,  flat  on  the  under  surface 
and  slightly  concave  on  the  upper.  There  are  grooved  markings  on  each  side, 
absolutely  in  the  centre.  One  end  is  slightly  larger  than  the  other.  There  are 
no  holes  nor  anv  other  markings  other  than  those  mentioned  thereon. 


Fig.  10974— £  size.  —— 

Figure  10974  is  a  bar  amulet  found  at  Healey's  Falls,  County  of  Nor- 
thumberland. It  is  of  peculiar  shape  and  is  quite  different  from  the  preceding 
one.  Its  unbroken  end  is  somewhat  enlarged,  and  its  drilled  holes,  the  same  as  in 
bird  amulets,  are  at  both  ends,  one  end  having  been  slightly  broken.  There  is 
no  evidence  of  the  perforation  at  the  end  having  been  used  for  any  other  purpose 
than  that  of  fastening  it  to  the  dress  or  some  part  of  the  body  for  ornamental  or 
useful  purposes. 


Fig.  19731— Top  View— £  size. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


35 


Figure  19731  is  probably  the  finest  specimen  of  a  boat  stone  in  the  Provincial 
Museum.  It  is  made  of  grayish-coloured  striped  slate,  hollowed  out  in  the 
centre,  perfectly  smooth,  besides  being  perfectly  uniform.  The  holes  are  equi- 
distant from  the  end  and  equal  in  size.  For  what  purposes  it  could  be  used  there 
are  no  evidences,  as  the  holes  show  no  appearance  of  use.  It  is  surmised  that 
they  were  employed  as  charms  or  talismans  and  carried  about  the  person.  Similar 
forms  are  found  on  the  Pacific  coast.,  some  modelled  after  the  native  canoe,  while 
others  resemble  the  boat  stones  of  the  east. 


Fig.  214— £  size. 

Figue  214:  has  been  designated  a  boat  amulet.  The  drilling  out  of  the 
centre  of  the  stone  is  beautifully  and  most  regularly  done.  The  holes  differ  from 
the  others  in  their  being  bored  closer  to  the  end,  but  as  far  as  the  drilling  is  con- 
cerned, they  are  both  done  in  the  usual  way.  The  hole  on  one  side  is  nearly 
twice  as  large  as  that  of  the  other,  but  in  no  way  do  they  show  any  appearance  of 
use. 


Fig.  215—2  size. 

Figure  215,  which  has  been  designated  a  boat  amulet,  might  just  as  well  be 
called  a  bar  amulet,  as  there  is  no  hollowing  out  of  the  centre  of  the  stone.  This 
stone  is  perforated  at  both  ends  and  in  both  cases  the  perforation  shows  evidence 
of  wear  and  considerable  use.  Apparently  it  has  been  used  for  attachment  to 
the  dress  for  some  purpose,  probably  fastening.  The  perforations  which  go 
through  both  ends  would  indicate  such  use. 


Fig.  213—f  size. 

Figure  213  has  also  been  designated  a  boat  stone,  but  further  than  that  it 
has  little  connection  with  them.     There    are  no  markings    thereon.     It  is    per- 
fectly smooth,  of  very  fine  bevelled  slate,  and  well  polished  on  the  lower  surface, 
slightly  curving  upwards  at  each  end.     Without  doubt  it  has  been  used  for  decor- . 
ative  purposes  as  the  fine  grain  and  polish  would  indicate  such. 


36 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


FLINT. 

By  some  mineralogists  the  term  flint  is  limited  to  the  nodules  or  concretions 
found  in  chalk-beds.  As  this  particular  variety  does  not  occur  in  Ontario  it  is 
contended  that  we  have  no  "  true  "  flint  and  a  variety  of  names  are  applied  to  the 
allied  forms  found. here.  This,  however,  is  a  distinction  without  a  practical  differ- 
ence. The  wide  diversity  of  colouring  is  principally  due  to  minute  quantities  of 
iron  in  combination.  In  conditions  necessary  for  its  successful  working  into  useful 
shapes  no  line  is  to  be  drawn  between  the  flint  of  England,  the  chalcedony  of 
Brazil,  the  hornstone  of  Indiana,  and  the  chert  of  Ontario. 


Fig.  6703 — 1\  in.  long,  4j  in.  wide. 

With  the  advent  of  European  civilization  in  America,  the  Stone  Age  disap- 
peared very  rapidly, — never  again  to  be  reinstated  except  by  those  who  manufacture 
for  commercial  purposes.  Most  of  the  flints  found  in  this  Province  have  been 
surface  productions.  They  are  not  numerous  in  their  ashbeds  or  kitchen  middens, 
and  but  few  caches  have  been  found.  The  Ontario  article  is  quite  the  equal  of 
any  found  in  other  parts  of  the  continent,  and  compares  most  favourably  with  the 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


37 


Fig.  6753 — 8  in.  long,  5iun  wide. 


38 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 


Fig.  6709  -  64  in.  long,  3  in.  wide. 


Fig.  6715 
8  in.  long,  If  in.  wide. 


AECH^OLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


39 


Fig.  6711— 9^  in.  long,  8f  in.  wide. 


40 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  6743— Hi  in.  long,  3J  in.  wide. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


41 


We  illustrate  here  a  series  of  specimens  of  chert,  or  flint,  implements  found  in 
Canada,  and  also  a  comparative  representation  of  those  found  in  various  parts  of 
this  continent  with  those  found  in  Europe  and  the  East. 

Figures  6703,  6709,  6711,  and  6715  represent  a  number  of  flint  or  chert 
weapons  or  implements  taken  from  a  mound  on  Tidd's  Island,  River  St.  Lawrence. 
They  are  quite  characteristic  of  a  number  of  similar  large  specimens  found  in 
the  Provincial  Museum.  The  uses  that  they  have  been  put  to  have  been  probably 
various,  the  greater  likelihood  being  that  these  implements  were  used  largely  for 
agricultural  purposes,  such  as  planting  of  corn,  and  seeds  of  various  kinds,  as  at 
no  time  did  they  stir  up  the  earth  to  any  great  depth.  The  loose  alluvial  soil 
found  on  the  top  was  chiefly  used  by  them. 

Figure  6753  is  a  large  amber  coloured  flint  implement,  the  corner  of  which  has 
been  broken  off,  but  either  as  a  spade,  an  axe,  or  a  hatchet  when  properly  hafted, 
would  make  a  most  formidable  implement.  Evidently  considerable  iron  entered 
into  its  composition  as  evidenced  by  its  fine  colour. 

These  specimens  are  amongst  the  larger  ones  in  the  Museum. 

Figure  3177  is  an  arrow  head  found  near  Deny,  in  the  north  of  Ireland.     It 


Fig.  3177. 


Fig.  3179. 


Fig.  3180. 


Fig.  3178. 


Fig.  20146 


is  evidently  one  that  has  been  used  for  an  arrow  tip  and  is  beautifully  made  of 
very  light-coloured  flint.  Points  of  this  kind  are  found  distributed  over  the  con- 
tinent of  America. 

Figures  3178,  3179,  3180,  are  arrow  points  found  in  a  peat-bog  in  the  County 
Antrim,  Ireland.  The  three  specimens  are  quite  characteristic  of  European  flints 
and  resemble  very  closely  the  flint  implements  found  in  this  country.  The  chip- 
ping is  both  beautifully  and  regularly  done.  Thus  we  have  in  the  old  world  as  in 
the  new,  three  succeeding  phases  of  human  development — the  ages  of  Stone,  Bronze, 
and  Iron — which  demonstrates  that  man  slowly  and  gradually  merged  from  a  con- 
dition of  utter  barbarism  in  both  hemispheres.  The  age  of  Stone  in  one  may  be  an 
Electric  age  in  another. 

Figure  20146  is  a  beautifully  formed  flint  found  near  Brantford.  The  outline 
is  most  unusual  and  method  of  chipping  different  from  most  of  the  others.  This 
flint  has  well  marked  serrated  edges.  The  seven  points  on  each  side  of  the  flint 
.are  most  regularly  made.  The  two-pronged  base  with  the  three  serrations  and 
indentures  between  would  indicate  a  flint  article  used  for  ornamental  or  ceremonial 
purposes. 

Figures  5890,  10887,  25147,  5848 :  These  drills  are  representative  of  a  large 
number  of  a  similar  kind  found  in  the  Provincial  Museum.  The  first  three  were 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


found  in  the  western  part  of  the  Province.  Fig.  5848  represents  one  found  in  Miami 
Valley,  Indiana,  showing  the  general  uniformity  of  artifacts  o£  this  kind  all  over 
the  continent.  These  drills  were  used  largely  in  the  manufacture  of  their  pipes 
and  also  in  the  manufacture  of  all  material  that  was  not  too  hard  for  their  use. 
Evans  specifies  five  ways  of  making  holes  in  stone,  viz: 


Fig.  5890 


Fig.  10887 


Fig.  25147 


Fig.  5848. 


(1)  Chiselling  or  picking  with  "picks/'  celts,  or  drills  of  flint,  or  other  stone. 

(2)  Boring  with  wood  or  horn  using  sand  and  water. 

(3)  Grinding  with  a  tubular  grinder,  as  horn,  cane,  elder,  etc.,  with  sand  and 
water. 

(4)  Drilling  with  stone  drill,  i.e.,  of  flint  or  sandstone. 

(5)  Drilling  or  punching  with  metal. 

Many  of  these  flint  drills  are  wrought  with  admirable  skill  and  may  be  classed 
among  the  most  remarkable  relics  of  antiquity. 


Fig.  19825 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Figure  19825 :  Two  flints  found  in  Nottawasaga  Township.  They  are  not 
unusual,  and  were  probably  used  for  spearheads.  They  closely  resemble  some  of  the 
flint  specimens  found  in  Egypt,  though  the  indentation  at  the  base  is  not  so  ex- 
tensive. 


Fig.  1924. 


Fig.  1925. 


Figures  1924  and  1925  are  a  pair  of  typical  leaf-shaped  flints,  found  on  Wolfe 
Island,  River  St.  Lawrence.  Flints  of  this  kind  most  probably  were  hafted  and 
used  for  knives.  One  of  them,  namely,  1924,  is  somewhat  curved  in  the  point  and 
has  all  the  appearance  of  having  been  used  as  a  knife. 

Castanedo  who  accompanied  Coronado  in  1541  to  Quivira  (Kansas)  states: 
"  They  cut  the  hide  open  at  the  back,  and  pulled  it  off  at  the  joints,  using  a  flint 
as  large  as  a  finger,  tied  in  a  little  stick,  with  as  much  ease  as  if  working  with  a 
good  iron  tool.  They  gave  it  an  edge  with  their  own  teeth.  The  quickness  with 
which  they  do  this  is  something  worth  seeing  and  noting." 


Fig.  25703 


Fig.  25688 


Fig.  26702 


Figure  25688,  25702,  25703,  are  arrow  points  found  in  Waterloo  Township  in 
the  County  of  Waterloo,  and  quite  characteristic  of  arrow  tips  found  all  over  the 
Province.  Pointed  flint  objects  without  stems  are  for  the  most  part  triangular 
war  points.  The  story  of  their  use  is  as  old  as  the  glacial  sands,  and  the  reason 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


why  they  are  so  called  is  because  there  is  no  way  of  fastening  them  to  the  arrow 
securely,'  and  they  become  detached  from  it  when  the  victim  attempts  to  withdraw 
the  shaft.  The  use  of  both  glue  and  sinews  was  the  method  of  the  Indians  for 
fastening  the  tip  to  the  split  shaft.  In  the  west  the  glue  was  made  from  the  horns 
and  the  hoofs  of  the  buffalo. 


Fig.  31010.  Fig.  31011.  Fig.  31012. 

Figures  31010,  31011,  31012  are  characteristic  scrapers  and  were  found  in  the 
Township  of  Vaughan,  all  three  lying  together,  close  to  the  ashbed.  Articles  of 
this  kind  serve  pretty  much  the  same  purpose  the  world  over.  These  are  probably 
the  most  common  articles  of  this  kind,  found  in  the  Province  of  Ontario 

While  scrapers  are  commonplace  tools,  yet  they  played  a  very  important  part 
in  the  life  of  ancient  man.  The  economy  of  the  Indian  is  well  illustrated  in  this 
department  of  flint,  for  broken  knives,  arrows,  spearheads,  were  made  into  scrapers. 


Fig.  A.  Fig.  B.  Fig.  C. 

Figures  A,  B,  and  C  represent  three  obsidian  arrow-heads  or  spearheads  from 
Mexico.       While   each    one  of    them  differs  materially  from  the  others,  they  all 
resemble  closely  similar  articles  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  continent. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET.  45 

Obsidian  is  volcanic  glass  and  was  much  used  by  the  Indians  of  Mexico,  Ari- 
zona, and  California.  It  is  generally  blaekish  in  colour  but  some  varieties  are 
brownish,  reddish,  or  greenish  in  hue.  It  is  not  found  in  Ontario. 


AI4 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2.          Fig.  3. 

Figures  1,  2,  and  3  represent  three  arrow  tips  from  Arizona.  These  tips  were 
very  numerous  in  that  section  of  the  United  States,  and  are  very  much  smaller  than 
even  the  smallest  of  those  we  find  in  this  Province. 


Fig.  26965 

Figure  26965  is  a  bone  arrow  head  or  spear  head  found  in  the  County  of 
Simcoe.  While  it  resembles  very  closely  the  ones  previously  illustrated  in  stone, 
it  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind  we  have  in  the  Museum.  It  was  probably  made  from 
the  tibia  of  a  deer,  and  undoubtedly  many  of  this  kind  were  used  by  the  aborigines, 
but  unless  preserved  in  ashes,  few  bone  implements  are  found. 


46  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 

PRE-COLUMBIAN  COPPER.* 

Back  into  the  midnight  history  of  the  past,  back  amongst  the  ruined  palaces 
of  unknown  cities,  back  around  the  sacrificial  altars  beneath  the  vast  mounds  of 
the  unknown  races  of  all  continents  we  can  trace  the  existence  of  copper  or  bronze. 
Even  the  legendary  lore  of  the  earliest  ages  surrounds  the  history  of  this  most 
useful  metal  with  the  same  myths  as  cloud  the  story  of  mankind.  When  the 
site  of  the  Great  Pyramids  of  Egypt  were  sand  dunes — when  the  cities  of  the 
ancient  Hittite  Empire  were  unbuilt — when  the  palace  of  Knossos,  the  ruined 
capital  of  the  ancient  Minoan  Kings,  was  yet  in  the  Stone  Age,  we  find  bronze 
implements  and  ornaments  had  been  in  use  for  ages.  On  the  American  continents 
similar  conditions  existed.  Amongst  the  stately  ruins  of  the  Aztecs,  Toltecs, 
and  Incas,  we  find  copper  and  can  trace  it  even  back  into  the  inscrutable  darkness 
of  Pre-Columbian  times.  In  those  great  civilized  centres  of  Mexico  and  the  west 
coast  of  South  America,  vast  stores  of  copper,  gold,  and  silver  were  to  be  found, 
used  mostly  for  decorative  architecture  and  utilitarian  purposes.  When  we  pass 
northwards  amongst  the  tribes  occupying  the  territory  which  is  now  known  as 
the  United  States  and  Dominion  of  Canada  we  stand  in  wonder  at  the  existence 
of  so  many  linguistic  families,  and  are  at  a  loss  to  conceive  how  many  ages 
were  required  to  produce  such  a  condition.  Yet  amongst  them  all — whether 
permanently  located  or  wandering  tribes — implements  of  copper  were  in  use. 

Much  of  this  copper  was  derived  from  the  extensive  mines  on  Isle  Roy  ale 
and  the  western  and  southern  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  The  State  of  old 
Virginia  supplied  a  small  amount  and  probably  the  vast  copper  mines  on  Copper 
River  in  the  barren  lands  east  of  the  Mackenzie  River  may  have  supplied  some. 
As  these  copper  fields  were  utilized  by  the  Esquimos  undoubtedly  some  of  it, 
through  trade,  drifted  southward.  Primarily  the  copper  used  by  the  Indians  was 
that  ground  of!  during  the  glacial  periods  and  carried  south.  From  the  mines  of  Lake 
Superior  copper  was  carried  south  and  east  and  west  to  very  great  distances,  native 
copper  having  been  found  as  far  south  as  Cincinnati.  Probably  some  of  this  copper 
came  from  the  far  north,  carried  south  during  some  of  the  Glacial  periods,  but, 
be  that  as  it  may,  the  native  races  soon  learned  to  trace  up  those  stray  nuggets 
to  their  origin,  and  soon  we  find  the  mines  of  Lake  Superior  utilized  by  them. 
Isle  Royale  has  many  mines,  and  one  has  but  to  tramp  over  the  concealed  remains 
of  those  vast  ditches  to  appreciate  the  amount  of  work  done  and  the  amount  of 
copper  that  must  have  been  taken  southward.  By  whom  and  when  this  was  done 
we  know  not — but  the  weight  of  evidence  would  indicate  that  the  mines  were 
operated  at  the  time  of  the  European  occupation  and  work  was  discontinued 
owing  to  the  great  unrest  caused  by  the  introduction  amongst  the  various  frontier 
tribes  of  modern  methods  of  warfare. 

The  records  of  the  ancient  races  who  did  this  work  are  only  to  be  gathered 
from  the  artifacts  they  have  left  behind.  In  the  great  trenches  and  numerous  pits 
are  to  be  found  stone  miauls  elegantly  formed  and  well  suited  to  the  work  to  be 
performed.  Copper  axes  and  wedgjes,  and  the  remains  of  wooden  shovels  and 
supports,  preserved  by  the  infiltration  of  the  salts  of  copper,  all  show  a  well 
established  system  and  regular  methods  for  carrying  it  out.  In  those  ditches 
can  be  seen  to-day  the  evidences  of  where  fires  had  been  made  to  heat  the  stone; 
cold  water  would  then  be  thrown  thereon  and  after  the  resulting  disintegration 
the  mauls  completed  the  work  of  laying  bare  great  sheets  of  copper.  Copper 
axes,  adzes,  and  wedges,  assisted  by  wooden  shovels,  were  used  in  removing  the 

*Read  by  Dr.   Orr  before   International   Congress   of   Americanists,   London,   Eng., 
June,  1912. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


48  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

deibris.  In  no  place  do  we  find  that  they  penetrated  the  earth  any  very  great 
distance.  Some  of  these  ditches  are  twenty-five  feet  in  depth,  but  most  of  them 
very  much  less.  There  is  no  reason  to  think  that  the  men  who  worked  these  mines 
were  other  than  some  members  of  the  great  Indian  family  that  inhabited  the 
continent  in  Pre-Columbian  times.  That  a  great  civilized  race  commonly  called 
Mound  Builders  existed  and  worked  the  mines  is  absolutely  without  proof.  That 
the  people  who  did  this  work  lived  in  the  neighbourhood  is  without  doubt.  All 
along  the  Rainy  River,  through  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  away  north  to  the  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Railway  crossing,  there  are  evidences  of  extensive  settlements  in 


Fig.  2  (Fig.  3064). 

olden  times.  All  through  this  district  are  many  mounds,  mostly  burial,  some 
containing  copper  implements  and  ornaments,  many  containing  pottery  resembling 
that  found  in  the  mounds  along  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  None  of 
these  mounds  differ  materially  from  the  ordinary  burial  mound  of  the  various 
nomadic  tribes,  distributed  over  the  great  watershed  of  the  central  part  of  the 
Continent. 

The  distribution  of  copper  was  effected  by  barter  between  the  various  tribes 
all  over  America.     That  the  Indian  trader  covered  extensive  tracts  of  country  is 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  49 

well  exemplified  by  the  warrior  'bands  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  now  on  the 
banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Quebec,  next  away  in  Virginia,  and  in  a  short  time 
at  the  head  of  Lake  Huron  exterminating  the  few  Wyandots  left  at  the  Sault. 
The  covering  of  so  much  territory,  thousands  of  miles  in  extent,  leads  us  to  no 
other  conclusion  than  that  the  inter-tribal  commerce  all  over  the  Continent  was 
very  extensive  in  those  Pre-Columbian  times. 

In  the  Province  of  Ontario  the  finds  of  copper  have  not  been  very  extensive. 
The  wide  distribution  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  copper  artifiacts  are  being  found 
all  over  the  Province. 

In  the  Provincial  Museum  we  have  about  100  specimens  of  copper,  including 
artifiacts  of  most  of  the  varieties  found  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  There 
is  also  in  the  collection  a  number  of  specimens  which  undoubtedly  show  contact 
with  Europeans.  In  this  case  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  artifact  be  anything 
but  pure  native  copper,  as  the  early  trappers  and  travellers  as  well  as  missionaries 
made  use  of  the  native  copper  in  the  possession  of  the  Indians  out  of  which  to 
design  something  useful;  and  many  of  the  knives  found  have,  I  think,  probably 
been  remodelled  by  Europeans.  These  specimens  in  our  Museum  have  been  pro- 
cured from  all  over  the  Province,  some  surface  finds,  but  most  of  them  from  village 


Fig.  4.  (Fig.  2554b) 

sites  and  rifled  graves.  I  have  opened  a  great  number  of  ossuaries  myself  but  have 
never  found  copper  artifacts  in  any  of  them. 

*Fig.  1  (28,771)  is  a  unique  specimen  of  native  copper  found  by  Dr.  Boyle 
on  the  Lowery  farm  near  Niagara  Falls;  he  considered  it  as  a  piece  of  pure 
copper  of  Pre-Columbian  origin.  The  marks  of  the  pounding  can  be  seen  thereon. 

Fig.  2  (3,664)  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  copper  adze,  found  at  Fort  William, 
which  is  only  a  s'hort  distance  from  the  copper  mines.  This  adze  is  purely  Indian 
in  its  design,  and  when  properly  hafted  would  do  most  serviceable  work.  While 
this  is  the  largest  copper  adze  in  our  collection,  it  is  only  one  of  a  number  made 
after  the  same  pattern,  and  all  evidently  used  for  the  same  purpose.  It  weighs 
1  Ib.  41/2  ozs. 

Fig.  3,  (3681)  is  a  copper  chisel  taken  from  an  ossuary  near  Midland,  Ontario, 
by  H.  F.  Switzer,  Esq.,  Clerk  of  the  Town  of  Midland.  There  were  about  fifty 
skeletons  in  the  burial  pit.  Some  other  copper  articles  were  also  found  therein. 
This  article  had  been  wrapped  in  a  beaver  skin,  only  that  portion  of  the  skin 
remaining  which  was  underneath  and  had  been  preserved  by  the  salts  of  copper. 

The  distribution  of  pieces  of  this  kind  is  very  wide,  for  in  all  parts  of  Ontario, 
from  east  to  west,  they  are  to  be  found.  Some  excellent  specimens  have  been 
*Fig.  1  appears  on  page  11,  1911  Report. 


50 


AECH^OLOGICAL  REPORT, 


Fig.  5  (Fig.  3665). 


f*  Fig.  3  (Fig.  3681  ) 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


51 


unearthed  in  the  burial  mounds  at  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  In  a  few  cases  they 
are  sharpened  at  both  ends,  and  when  they  have  been  used  as  a  chisel  the  effects 
of  the  hammer  can  be  seen. 

Fig.  4,  (25548)  represents  what  has  been  a  well  formed  sheet  copper  pipe, 
the  markings  showing  where  the  union  was  made.  Age  -has  done  much  to  mar  its 
general  appearance.  There  are  two  pipes  of  this  class  in  the  Museum,  and  they  were 
believed  by  the  late  Dr.  Boyle  to  be  purely  Indian.  In  general  outline  they 
correspond  with  a  number  of  clay  and  stone  pipes  in  our  possession.  We  must 
always  remember  that  European  pipes  Avere  originally  copies  from  early  Indian 
forms. 

Fig.  5,,  (3,665)  is  a  characteristic  knife  and  one  of  a  great  number  among  our 
exhibits.  Many  of  these,  however,  were  made  from  sheet  copper,  which  was  easily 
cut  into  shape  and  then  pounded  down,  so  that  there  was  no  trouble  hafting  and 
sharpening  it.  Specimens  of  this  kind  have  been  found  in  every  part  of  the 
Province. 


Fig.  6  (Fig.  3695). 

Fig.  6  is  a  copper  spearhead  found  in  Minnesota  and  resembles  very  much 
similar  artifacts  found  in  the  Province  of  Ontario.     It  is  made  of  native  copper 


52 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


with  the  hafting  end  of  it  made  similar  to  the  copper  spearheads  found  in  various 
parts  of  this  Province.  Age  and  weather  have  corroded  it  considerably,  but  it 
still  shows  evidences  of  being  well  made  and  the  lines  on  it  are  almost  perfect. 


Fig.  7  (Fig.  28298.) 

Fig.  7  is  a  tool  of  native  copper  pounded  into  its  present  shape.  What 
use  was  made  of  it,  at  the  present  time  it  is  hard  to  say.  It  was  found  in  a 
gravel  pit  near  Nepigon,  New  Ontario,  and  is  evidently  pure  copper  procured 
from  the  Superior  district,  and  probably  very  old. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  53 


Fig.  8  (Fig.  3702.) 

Fig.  8  is  a  lump  of  native  copper,  weighing  3%  Iks.,  found  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Gilgallen,  Lot  12,  West  Williams,  Middlesex.  This  piece  of  copper  had  evidently 
been  carried  there  as  a  piece  of  merchandise  out  of  which  to  manufacture  copper 
implements  and  ornaments,  as  the  place  of  finding  was  not  likely  to  produce  any 
copper  during  the  drift  age,  but  was  evidently  brought  by  the  Indians  from  Lake 
Superior.  It  is  pure  copper  and  has  the  appearance  of  some  work  having  been 
done  on  it.  In  fact,  one  side  appears  to  have  been  cut.  It  was  from  material  of  this 
kind  that  the  natives  of  this  Province  manufactured  most  of  their  copper  im- 
plements. 

When  we  look  at  the  specimens  we  have,  after  400  years  of  exposure  and 
decay,  I  often  think  we  do  not  give  the  red  man  the  credit  to  which  he  is  entitled 
for  his  ingenuity. 

For  many  years  there  has  been  controversy  as  to  the  tempering  of  copper. 
In  no  part  of  the  North  American  continent  outside  of  Mexico  is  there  any 
evidence  that  copper  was  tempered.  ISTo  copper  implements  found  in  the  Province 
of  Ontario  were  anything  more  than  pure  copper,  hardened  by  pounding.  We 
must  remember  that  over  four  centuries  have  passed  since  European  contact,  and 
during  the  earlier  years  of  this  association  we  know  that  much  bronze  was  made 
use  of  in  barter  with  the  Indians;  no  matter  what  part  of  the  continent  we  visit, 
there  is  some  amalgam  of  copper  to  be  found  in  the  ashbeds  and  burial  mounds. 
Ail  this  is  of  European  origin.  In  our  collection  there  are  many  articles  of  sheet 
copper  such  as  arrowheads,  ornaments,  etc.,  all  made  from  sheet  bronze  supplied 
by  the  early  traders.  Amongst  the  Esquimos  of  the  Mackenzie  River  basin,  copper 
has  been  in  common  use  from  time  immemorial.  All  the  artifacts  are  made  of  pure 


54  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

copper  procured  from  the  copper  'belt  in  the  vast  barren  lands  west  of  Hudson  Bay : 
and  though  it  has  been  alleged  that  the  Esquimos  had  the  knowledge  of  tempering 
copper,  such  is  not  the  case;  for  no  copper  has  been  seen  amongst  those  peoples 
harder  than  that  produced  by  hammering. 

In  Mexico  and  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  conditions  were  different. 
Here  the  inhabitants  were  metal  workers  and  their  ornaments  in  gold,  silver 
and  copper  were  of  the  highest  order.  There  is  now  no  doubt  that  in  those 
civilized  centres  they  had  arrived  at  the  stage  of  manufacturing  bronze.  Charney 
has  stated  that  they  possessed  the  knowledge  of  tempering  copper.  Anything  that 
he  found  harder  than  copper  was  an  amalgam.  We  must  remember  that  the 
rapacious  crew  of  Latins,  Gauls,  Teutons  and  Celts  who  brought  bronze  to  the 
American  continent  were  looking  for  everything  in  the  line  of  precious  metals, 
and  they  early  learned  that  by  securing  native  copper  they  could  soon  transform 
it  into  bronze,  and  return  it  to  those  from  whom  it  was  pilfered  at  four  times  the 
price. 

That  the  Mayas  had  amalgams  of  copper  is  well  shown  in  an  article  by 
Blackinston  in  the  American  Anthropologist,  in  which  he  describes  the  finding  of 
copper  bells  in  a  cave  in  Honduras.  After  describing  the  clear,  ringing  note  made 
by  the  ball  of  copper  inserted  as  a  clapper,  he  states  that  these  bells  are  not 
only  surprising  in  their  design  but  are  especially  wonderful  on  account  of  the 
workmanship  and  technique  displayed.  Some  were  cast  in  moulds,  others  built 
up  tier  upon  tier  of  purely  spun  wire.  The  copper  of  which  these  bells  are 
constructed  contains  gold  in  small  quantities. 


INDIAN  SKULLS. 

The  skull  of  the  pre-historic  Indian  varies  very  much  in  its  conformation. 
While  it  may  be  somewhat  smaller  than  the  average  European  skull,  yet  that  of  the 
North  American  Indian  particularly  conforms  very  closely  to  those  of  the  European, 
and  in  type  is  very  little  behind  them.  Amongst  those  skulls  resurrected  from  the 
ancient  receptacles  of  past  ages  we  find  almost  every  form  of  the  three  principal 
classes  of  cranial  forms,  viz.,  doleochocephalic,  brachycephalic  and  mesocephalic.  To 
illustrate  the  different  forms  we  have  selected  skulls  of  known  antiquity  from 
various  places  all  over  the  continent,  to  show,  as  far  as  possible,  the  great  difference 
in  the  cranial  formation  of  the  American  Indian.  The  following  measure- 
ments of  a  Peruvian,  Algonquin,  British  Columbian,  and  Huron  skull  were  made 
by  Dr.  C.  S.  Me  Vicar,  of  Toronto. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


55 


SKULL    MEASUREMENTS. 


Detail  Measurements.    C.M. 

Peru. 

Algonquin. 

Brit.  Col. 

Eskimo. 

Huron, 

Diameter  antero-posterior 
(  g  1  abella—  occipital) 

15.5 

20. 

16. 

17.8 

18.5 

Diameter  antero-posterior 
(ophry  on—  occipital) 

14.8 

20. 

15.5 

17.8 

18.5 

Diameter  lateral  maximum  

15. 

12.8 

15. 

13. 

14. 

Diameter  bregma—  opisthion  

12.5 

15.5 

13.5 

13.5 

16. 

Diameter  bre^ma—  biauricular  line 

12 

13  5 

11.5 

12. 

12.5 

12. 

10. 

12. 

11. 

11.5 

Diameter  frontal  minimum  

10 

9 

10. 

10. 

10. 

Arc  nasion—  bregma 

10 

12 

10 

10 

11. 

Arc  bregma-larnbdia  

9 

13 

12  5 

9.5 

11.5 

Arc  lamba—  opisthion.  ... 

8  5 

9  g 

8  8 

10 

10. 

Circumference  maximum  

49.5 

52.5 

50 

51.7 

52.5 

Cephalic  Index  

97. 

64. 

94 

74. 

75. 

Vertical  Index  

80 

77 

84 

76. 

87. 

Estimated  capacity  in  C.C  

1  250 

1  450 

1  120 

1  270 

1,360 

56 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


PERUVIAN  SKULL. 

This  skull  amongst  some  others  was  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Dr.  Hrdlicka, 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institute.  It  shows  marked  frontal  with  moderate  occipital 
depression,  as  if  pressure  had  been  used  in  moulding  the  skull  in  the  youthful  days 
of  the  child.  This  skull  was  found  at  Pachacamac,  Peru,  and  is  quite  characteristic 
of  most  of  the  skulls  in  that  district. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ALGONQUIN  SKULL. 

This  skull  is  aA fairly  typical  one  of  the  great  Algonquin  family.  As  a  rule  not 
only  in  the  shape  of  their  heads  but  in  the  capacity  of  their  skulls  they  were  very 
much  superior  to  most  of  the  other  Indian  races  on  this  continent.  This  skull  is 
quite  characteristic  of  the  family  and  was  found  in  Northern  Ontario. 


58 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BBPORT. 


BIUTISII  COLUMBIA  SKULL. 

This  skull  is  one  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Jones,  of  British 
Columbia.  It  is  quite  characteristic  of  a  large  number  of  ancient  skulls  found 
on  the  Pacific  coast.  Like  the  Peruvian  skull  it  shows  evidence  of  frontal  depres- 
sion., due  probably  to  pressure. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORLV 


59 


ESQUIMAUX  SKULL. 

This  skull  differs  materially  in  shape  from  most  of  the  others.  It  is  more 
or  less  of  rounded  shape,  and  was  presented  to  the  Museum  'by  the  Rev.  C.  E. 
Whittaker,  of  Fort  Macpherson.  It  was  found  on  a  hill  about  forty  feet  from  the 
sea  cliff,  Arctic  Ocean,  midway  between  Herschel  Island  and  the  Mackenzie  River, 
at  a  place  called  King  Point  on  the  charts.  Within  one-quarter  of  a  mile  of  the 
spot  Captain  Roald  Amundsen,  of  the  sloop  Gjoa,  passed  the  winter  of  1905-06, 
and  buried  there  Lieut.  Wiik,  his  astronomer. 


GO 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


HURON  SKULL. 

This  skull  was  selected  from  a  large  number  found  in  an  ossuary  in 
the  Township  of  Vaughan.  In  selecting  it  a  fairly  average  one  was  taken,  and 
this  probably  represents  as  nearly  as  possible  the  average  ancient  Huron  skull 
measurements. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


61 


Fig.  A. 

Fig.  A  is  a  very  unusual  formed  Huron  skull.  It  was  taken  from  one  of  the 
ossuaries  in  the  Township  of  Vaughan,  and  in  its  origin  long  antedated  European 
occupation  of  that  district.  The  photo-engravure  brings  out  very  well  the  sagittal 
suture,  extending  from  the  nasal  bone,  up  through  the  frontal  bone,  dividing  the 
same  into  two.  We  have  one  other  specimen  of  a  similar  kind  in  the  Provincial 
Museum,  but  the  skull  is  a  German  one  from  Strasburg. 


62  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

LIST  OF  VILLAGE  SITES  IN  VICTORIA  COUNTY  AND  IN  SOME 
ADJOINING  LOCALITIES,  CORRECTED  TO  DATE. 

BY  COL.  G.  E.  LAIDLAW. 

.    1.  On  lots  1  and  2,  North  Portage  Road,  Bexley  Township,  011  north  end  of  lot, 
owned  by  Laidlaw  estate. 

2.  On  lot  north  y2  of  23,  Con.  3,  Eldon  Township,  owned  by  W.  J.  Stanley. 

3.  On  east  side  of  lots  4  and  5,  Con.  5,  Bexley,  owned  by  Percy  Corson. 

4.  On  lot  2,  North  West  Bay,  Bexley,  owned  by  Sir  Wm.  McKenzie. 

5.  On  lot  9,  Con.  3,  Bexley,  owned  by  G.  T.  McKague. 

6.  On  lot  18,  Gull  River  Range,  Bexley,  D.  Smith,  owner. 

7.  On  west  y2  lots  5  and  6,  Con.  2,  Bexley,  Wm.  Benson,  and  W.  J.   Chirpaw, 

owners,  respectively. 

8.  On  Block  E.,  Bexley,  Portage  Road,  Laidlaw  estate. 

0.  On  lot  22,  Con..  8,  Eldoii  Township,  Sam  Truman,  owner. 

10.  On  lots  44  and  45,  South  Portage  Road,  Eldon,  Sir  Wm.  McKenzie,  owner. 

11.  On  east  y:>  lot  29,  Con.  1,  and  west  y2  lot  21),  Con.  2,  Bexley,  owned  by  Wm. 

Perrington  and  John  Cory  respectively. 

12.  On  Indian  Point,  Bexley,  J.  H.  Carnegie,  owner.       This  is  the  first  site  on 

Indian  Point. 

13.  On  lot  2,  Con.  11,  Mara  Township,  Ontario  Co.,  J.  Newby,  owner. 

11.  On  lots  56  and  57,  Front  Range,  Somerville  Twp.,  owner,  Geo.  Rumney. 

15.  On  lot  60,  Front  Range,  Somerville,  J.  Wallace,  owner. 

16.  On  lots  19  and  20,  Gull  River  Range,  Bexley  Township,  Jas.  Moore,  owner. 

17.  On  lot  24,  Con.  2,  Somerville  Twp.,  Jos.  Eade,  owner. 

18.  On  lot  25,  Con.  3,  Digby  Twp.,  Wm.  Reid,  owner. 

19.  On  east  %  lot  1,  Con.  8,  Laxton  Twp.,  Deer  Lake,  a  Mr.  Innis  is  owner. 

20.  On  Block  E.  Bexley,  on  lake  shore,  Laidlaw  estate,  owner. 

21.  On  lot  21,  Con.  9,  Eldon  Twp.,  Donald  Frazer,  owner. 

22.  On  lot  17,  Con.  3,  Garden  Twp.,  John  Chrysler,  owner. 

23.  On  north  y2  lot  12,  Con.   1,  Fenelon  Twp.,  and  also  on  south  y2  same  lot, 

owned  by  Neil  Clark  and  Mrs.  S.  Foster,  respectively. 

24.  On  lot  23,  Con.  1,  Fenelon,  occupied  by  John  Truman. 

25.  On  east  part  of  lot  21,  Con.  1,  Fenelon,  owner,  Alex.  McKenzie. 

26.  On  west  y2  lot  23,  Con.  2,  owned  by  Jamieson  Bros.     This  site  is  in  connection 

with  a  semi-circular  earth  work. 

27.  On  broken  front,  lot  26,  Con.  3,  Fenelon,  Birch  Point,  Dougald  Sinclair,  owner. 

28.  On  west  part,  lot  26,  Con.  4,  Fenelon,  James  Fisk  is  occupant. 

29.  On  lots  60  and  71,  Front  Range,  Somerville,  Edward  Lee,  owner. 

30.  On  lots  11  and  12,  Con.  8,  Laxton  Twp.,  John  J.  Gostlin  and  G.  Winterburn, 

respective  owners. 

31.  On  lot  12,  Con.  7,  Laxton  Twp.,  Newton  Winterburn,  owner. 

32.  On  Indian  Point,   Bexley  Twp.,  Balsam   Lake.     This   is  the  second   site   on 

above  Point,  J.  H.  Carnegie,  owner. 

33.  On  lot  29,   Con.  3,  Fenelon  Twp.,  John  Forman,   owner,  east  side  of  Long 

Point,  Balsam  Lake. 

34.  On  lot  13,  Con.  10,  Eldon  Twp,,  H.  Thornbury,  owner. 

35.  On  lot  9,  Con.  8,  Fenelon  Twp.,  Ball  Point,  Sturgeon  Lake,  John  Cuppins, 

owner. 

36.  On  east  i/2  lot  20,  Con.  8,  Eldon  Twp.,  Donald  McArthur,  owner. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  63 

37.  On  lot  east  l/2  °f  5,  Con.  %>  Garden  Twp.,  Patrick  Duggan,  owner. 

38.  On  lot  41,  South  Portage  Boad,  Eldon  Twp.,  owned  by  Sir  Wm.  Mclvenzie. 

39.  On  lot  17,  Con.  10,  Eldon  Twp.,  Wm.  Thornbury,  owner.     This  site  may  be 

a  continuation  of  site  34,  as  neither  place  has  been  examined  by  myself 

as  yet. 

All  the  above  sites  have  been  more  or  less  described  in  the  Ontario  Archaeo- 
logical Reports,  so  it  is  not  necessary  to  take  up  space  by  describing  them  in  detail. 
The  following  are  new  additions  and  will  be  described  more  in  detail: 

40.  On  north  part  of  lot  11,  Con.  2,  Bexley,  is  either  a  small  village  site  or  an 

isolated  camp,  as  pottery  fragments,  pieces  of  pipes  and  flint  chips  can 
be  picked  up  on  the  crest  of  a  small  hill  or  tongue  of  land  running  into 
a  swamp.  Present  owner,  H.  Southern.  Place  was  examined  in  1897  by 
myself  in  company  with  the  then  occupant  W.  G.  Peel. 

41.  A  short  distance  to  the  north  of  Mr.   J.   Chrysler's   place,   on  the   east  side 

of  Mud  Lake,  Garden  Twp.,  existed  a  more  modern  camp  site,  on  a  place 
called  "The  Indian  Clearing,"  now  grown  up  with  large  sized  trees  of 
second  growth.  The  Mississaugas  grew  corn  here  about  the  year  1840. 
French  axes,  iron  tomahawks  and  steel  knives,  have  been  found  here,  also 
more  ancient  relics  such  as  clay  pipes,  pottery  celts,  flint  arrowheads.  A 
few  slate  gouges,  a  copper  knife,  and  a  red  stone  pipe  with  a  long  square 
sectioned  base  with  a  projection  on  top  have  been  found  in  this  vicinity. 
Material  of  this  pipe  is  probably  Xottawasaga  sandstone. 

42.  F.  D.  Moore,  K.C.,  of  Lindsay,   Ontario,  in  a  letter,  dated  April  8th,   1912, 

gives  this x  description  of  a  site  on  west  %,  lot  2,  Con.  3,  Fenelon  Twp., 
from  which  he  obtained  a  number  of  relics  presented  to  the  Provincial 
Museum  in  1908. 

"The  site  is  on  loamy  soil,  and  is  about  200  or  300  yards  south  from  McLaren's 
Creek,  and  one-half  mile  west  of  the  bridge  on  the  Fenelon  Falls  road  near 
Cambray  P.  0. 

"The  articles  picked  up  were  pronounced  by  the  late  Dr.  Boyle  to  be  of 
Huron  make.  The  site  must  have  been  occupied  as  such  for  many  years, 
as  the  ground  on  which  the  huts  or  camps  stood  was  so  burnt  and  discolored 
that  they  are  still  easily  distinguishable  from  the  surrounding  earth 
although  the  land  has  been  cultivated  continuously  for  years.  It  had 
ceased  to  be  occupied  by  Indians  long  before  the  coming  of  the  whites." 

About  35  or  40  years  ago  Messrs.  Dr.  DeGrassi,  Samuel  Irwin,  Inspector  of 
Weights,  Victoria  County,  and  Dr.  Chas.  Foley,  of  Lindsay,  obtained  a  lot  of 
relics  from  this  site.  They  also  found  two  or  three  skeletons  buried  in  a 
sitting  position,  the  knees  being  drawn  up  to  the  chin.  In  eacli  grave 
was  a  small  quantity  of  parched  (carbonized)  corn.  Mr.  Moore  has  never 
heard  of  any  other  human  hones  being  found  near  this  village  site,  though 
he  has  found  bones  of  all  the  animals  common  to  this  part  of  Ontario,  and 
the  vertebra  of  some  large  animal,  probably  moose  or  elk.  All  the  deer  leg 
bones  had  been  split. 

Mr.  Moore  also  comments  on  the  absence  of  "flints/7  and  that  the  tobacco  pipes 
are  all  of  the  usual  clay  make,  but  broken,  also  on  the  occurrence  of  numbers 
of  round  stones  (common  to  all  sites  here),  and  the  absence  of  mortars. 
The  usual  relics  occur,  pottery  fragments  perforated  (canines),  bear  teeth, 
stone  axes,  both  broken  and  perfect,  bone  artifacts,  etc.  The  collection 
of  relics  made  by  the  three  gentlemen  afore-mentioned  was  destroyed  by 
fire  some  few  years  ago. 


64  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Relics  occur  on  the  farms  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  late  Mr.  Samuel  Irwin 
in  a  letter  of  the  26th  August,  1897,  stated  that  some  of  the  graves  on 
this  site  contained  relics,  and  in  a  field  close  by  were  the  remains  of  what 
he  took  to  be  pottery  kilns  (i.e.,  ashbeds).  This  property  was  occupied 
at  that  time  by  a  Mr.  John  Daniels. 

43, 'The  late  Mr.  Isaac  Knight,  Public  School  Inspector,  Lindsay,  Ontario,  in  a 
letter,  dated  20th  January,  1900,  says,  that  Mr.  Wm.  Thurston  informed 
him  that  his  father,  Jabez  Thurston,  when  building  a  house  near  Sturgeon 
Point,  north  shore  of  Sturgeon  Lake,  a  quantity  of  bones  were  found  in- 
dicating an  Indian  burial  place,  on  rising  ground  a  few  yards  west  of  the 
Veriilam  Twp.  line. 

I  have  heard  from  other  sources  that  relics  and  graves  existed  here.  This 
point  is  now  a  favourite  summer  place. 

F.  D.  Moore,  K.C.,  of  Lindsay,  letter  of  April  20th,  1912,  mentions  4  or  5 
supposed  "ossuaries"  at  this  place.  Lot  10,  Con.  10,  Fenelon  Twp.,  and 
also  refers  to  flint  drippings  at  this  place. 

44.  Mr.  John  Cuppins,  lot  9,   Con.  8,  Fenelon  Twp.,  informed  me;,  on  the  18th 

April,  1902,  of  a  large  camp  site  on  lot  6,  Con.  5,  Verulam  Twp.  Large 
quantities  of  relics,  celts,  bones,  pottery,  etc.,  occur  here.  Robert  Mitchell, 
owner,  Dunsford,  P.  0. 

This  place  is  also  referred  to,  in  the  Lindsay  Post,  3rd  Sept.,  1909,  and  in 
Ontario  Archaeological  Report,  1902. 

Jas.  Dickson,  D.L.S.,  Fenelon  Falls,  in  letter  of  19th  April,  1912,  verifies  num- 
ber of  lot,  also  Mr.  Jas.  Lithgow,  License  Inspector,  Bobcaygeon  P.O.,  ex- 
reeve  of  Verulam,  verifies  this  lot  in  letter  of  25th  April,  1912. 

45.  Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter,  of  Barrie,  Ontario,  in  a  letter  of  19th  May,  1902,  refers 

to  a  site  at  Cambray  P.  0.,  Fenelon  Twp.,  where  the  Presbyterian  Manse 
now  is.  A  Mr.  Wilkinson  owned  the  place,  but  his  son  is  now  on  it,  1902. 
Fast  yL»  5,  Con.  1,  Fenelon — there  is  a  graveyard  here,  also  European  relics 
occur. 

46.  On  Jan.  22nd,  1900,  I  received  information  about  a  site  on  Thos.  Douglas's 

farm,  lot  10,  Con.  1,  Fenelon  Twp.,  %  mile  south  of  site  23  at  Neil  Clarke's. 
I  examined  the  place  on  8th  May,  1901,  but  could  find  no  relics.  Four  or 
five  years  previous  some  arrowheads  were  found,  and  a  skeleton  was  dug 
up  by  Mr.  Douglas  and  Dr.  Foley,  of  Lindsay.  Mr.  George  Coates,  of 
Cambray  P.  0.,  states  that  there  is  a  camp  site  and  a  burial  place  on  this 
lot,  see  Victoria  Warder,  24th  April,  1903. 

Mr.  George  Coates  in  letter  of  April  26th,  1912,  states  that  on  this  lot  is  a 
''surprise  pit,"  i.e.,  one  of  the  large  natural  pits  sometimes  found  near 
village  sites. 

47.  The  late  Dr.  David  Boyle,   Superintendent  of  Provincial   Museum,   Toronto, 

in  a  letter  of  Sep.  21st,  1907,  gives  information  of  a  supposed  ossuary 
on  lot  21,  Con.  4,  Garden  Twp.,  close  to  Lower  Mud  Lake,  owned  by  Mr. 
Joel  Day.  I  have  other  information  concerning  relics,  etc.,  from  this 
particular  locality. 

48.  Mr.   A.   F.   Hunter,   of  Barrie,   Ontario,   in   a  letter   of   October   29th,    1907, 

conveys  information  of  a  site  on  Mr.  Jas.  W.  Day's  place,  lot  1,  Con.  W, 
Mara  Twp.,  Ontario  Co.  This  site  is  about  one  mile  north  of  site  on 
J.  Newby's  farm,  No.  13. 

49.  Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter,  of  Barrie,  Ontario,  letter  of  October  29th,  1907,  convevs 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


information  also  of  a  site  on  a  Mr.  Van  Vlack's  place,  lot  30,  Con.  3,  Kama 
Twp.,  Ontario  Co. 

(Do  not  confuse  Kama  with  Mara,  for  they  are  two  distinct  Townships, 
adjoining  each  other). 
Mr.  Hunter  did  not  examine  this  site  or  No.  48. 

50.  Mr.  John  Cuppins,  on  18th  April,  1902,  informed  me  of  a  site  existing  on 

Mr.  Strowd's  lot  16,  Con.  6,  Fenelon  Twp.     Subsequent  investigation  shows 
that  this  might  be  lot  18,  Con.  6,  owned  by  Chas.  Strowd. 
This  site  is  referred  to  in  Ontario  Archaeological  Report,  1902. 

51.  Mr.  John  Cuppins  on  18th  April,  1902,  also  informed  me  of  a  site  on  the 

adjoining  farms  of  Hewie  and  Cullis,  about  two  miles  north  of  Cameron  P.  0. 
These  lots  would  be  probably  14  in  Con.  6,  Jas.  Hewie  owner,  and  15  in 
Con.  6,  J.  Cullis,  owner,  Fenelon  Twp.  Mr.  R.  G.  Corneil,  of  Lindsay, 
informs  me  in  a  letter  of  April  30th,  1912,  that  he  has  gathered  relics 
on  these  two  lots.  Mr.  Jas.  Dickson,  D.  L.  S.,  Fenelon  Falls  P.  0.,  letter 
of  April  19th,  1912,  mentions  the  fact  that  a  good  many  relics  were  found 
here'. 

52.  On  Mr.  S.  Pogue's  lot,  east  %  of  26,  in  Con.  5,  Yerulam  Twp.,  about  four 

miles  north  of  Sturgeon  Lake,  when  Mr.  Pogue  first  began  to  plow  up 
this  place,  he  found  lots  of  broken  pottery,  broken  pipes,  arrowheads,  and 
the  usual  stone  implements,  also  decaying  human  bones,  and  ashbeds  or 
fire-places.  My  information  is  derived  from  F.  D.  Moore,  K.C.,  of  Lindsay, 
letter  of  April  16th,  1912,  and.  letters  from  Jas.  Dickson,  D.L.S.,  Fenelon 
Falls,  dated  April  22nd  and  30th,  1912. 

53.  Mr.  Frank  Whalen,  Kirkfield  P.  0.,  informed  me,  011  the  9th  May,  1912,  that 

on  their  lot,  No.  6,  in  Con.  5,  Garden  Twp.,  on  east  bank  of  a  small 
creek  flowing  into  the  Talbot  River,  on  the  north  side,  is  a  spot  where 
formerly  they  used  to  plow  up  pipes,  pottery,  "skinning  stones,"  etc.,  and 
on  this  place  were  dark  patches  of  ground  and  ashbeds. 

54.  Mr.  Wm.  Fry,  of  Victoria  Road  P.  0.,  on  23rd  May,  1912,  informed  me  that 

about  25  years  ago,  when  plowing  on  the  south  end  of  lot  59,  South  Portage 
Road,  Eldon  Twp.,  they  used  to  turn  up  quantities  of  pottery  fragments, 
stone  implements,  etc.  Amongst  the  relics  turned  up  was  one  complete 
earthen  basin  of  reddish  colour.  This  was  put  to  one  side  but  eventually 
got  broken.  This  site  is  about  one  mile  south  of  the  Portage  Road,  and  is  on 
the  north  side  of  a  hill  which  faces  east.  The  Grass  River,  flowing  from 
the  south-west,  bends  around  this  hill,  and  flows  north-west  in  a  winding 
fashion  into  Mitchell's  Lake.  There  is  considerable  swamp  and  beaver 
meadow  along  this  creek. 

The  basin  mentioned  above    was  about  as  large  and  of  the  same  shape  as  a 
small  wash  basin. 

55.  This  site  is  on  Moses  Mitchell's  property,  lot  54,  N.  P.  R.    (North  Portage 

Road),  Eldon  Twp.,  and  is  close  to  the  Portage  Road.  The  site  is  on  a 
small  flat  of  land  on  the  north  side  of  a  hill,  forming  somewhat  of  a 
point  on  south  shore  of  Mitchell's  Lake. 

Several  ashbeds  occur.  The  relics  obtained  at  various  times  are  gouges  and 
celts,  a  semilunar  slate  knife,  and  a  copper  epatula.  Several  iron  hatchets 
have  been  found  on  the  hill,  but  not  on  the  site.  This  hill  is  a  long 
narrow  hill,  with  direction  east  and  west,  and  was  surrounded  on  all  sides 
by  swamp,  beaver  meadow  and  lake,  and  is  practically  surrounded  now 
5  A. 


66  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

toy  the  drowned  lands  of  the  Trent  Canal.     The  old  trail  probably  traversed 
it  lengthways. 

On  the  adjoining  lot,  No.  55,  N.  P.  R.,  to  the  east,  formerly  owned  by  the  Fry 
family,  on  same  flat  and  quite  close  to  site,  relics  have  been  found.  A 
copper  crescent  scraper  was  found  on  west  end  of  hill.  Mitchell's  Lake 
is  a  small,  shallow,  swampy  marl  lake  of  about  half  a  mile  diameter.  -The 
site  is  close  to  shore  and  at  foot  of  hill,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north 
of  the  Portage  Road  (or  old  trail). 

56.  Mr.  Wm.  Fry  informed  me  on  the  3rd  June,  1912,  that  when  he  owned  (or 
his  family)  the  north  end  of  lot  56,  North  Portage  Road,  El  don  Twp., 
north  of  Mitchell's  Lake,  that  they  used  to  plow  up  pottery  fragments, 
skinning  stones,  etc.  This  would  probably  be  near  the  exit  of  Grass  River 
from  the  lake,  and  would  either  be  a  small  site  or  a  fishing  camp.  This 
particular  section  is  so  converted  into  "drowned  land"  now  by  the  raising 
of  the  water  for  use  of  the  Trent  Canal,  that  it  has  somewhat  changed  that 
portion  of  the  topography  of  Eldon  Township.  It  is  pretty  hard  to  dis- 
tinguish now  the  old  shore  lines,  and  the  course  of  the  Grass  River  there. 

This  site  is  distant  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  north  of  the  Portage  Road. 

Of  the  above  list  of  village  sites  revised  and  listed  to  date,  I  have  personally 
examined  from  Nos.  1  to  33  inclusive,  and  also  numbers  40,  46,  54,  and  55. 
The  rest  have  been  listed,  with  a  view  of  future  examination,  as  the  informa- 
tion came  in  to  me.  As  this  information  came  through  first-class  reliable 
channels,  it  was  noted  down  as  received,  and  lately  made  into  this  list. 
Besides  the  above  list,  there  are  several  other  reported  sites,  of  which  the 
information  is  too  incomplete  or  too  scant  to  place  them  on  this  list.  If 
good  reliable  information  can  be  obtained  about  these  last  places,  or  visits 
made  to  them,  and  if  they  can  be  considered  bona  fide  sites,  they  will  be 
added  to  this  list. 

The  period  during  which  the  writer  became  aware  of  these  sites,  visiting  them, 
and  collecting  the  relics,  extended  from  1875  to  present  day — at  intervals. 
Almost  all  the  material  gathered  by  him  has  been  given  to  the  Provincial 
Museum  at  various  dates,  and  numbered  some  thousands  of  specimens. 

Years  of  cultivation  have  almost  obliterated  most  of  these  sites,  and  relics  are 
now  difficult  to  get.  It  may  also  be  stated  that  a  very  large  proportion 
of  these  village  sites  were  in  existence  before  the  advent  of  the  white  man, 
and  therefore  disclose  no  relics  showing  contact  with  white  men.  There 
seems  to  be  an  earlier  occupation  of  Iluronian  or  Iroquoian  influence,  and 
a  later  period  of  Algonquian  influence,  reaching  down  to  the  period  of  the 
settling  of  the  country  by  the  whites.  It  has  also  been  suggested  that 
earlier  skill  there  was  certain  Eskimo  influence,  traces  which  remained  in 
form  of  stone,  adze  blades,  horn  and  bone  tools,  etc.,  and  the  discovery  of 
walrus  tusks,  but  the  latter  may  have  been  (brought  to  this  section  for 
trade  purposes,  just  as  well  as  the  semi-tropical  shells  which  were  brought 
up  to  Western  Ontario  and  the  Huron  country  from  the  south-east  Atlantic 
coast.  This  evidence  of  Eskimo  contact  has  been  noticed  in  other  localities, 
too.  It  may  be  that  this  locality  was  on  the  border  line,  between  the 
Huron-Iroquois  and  the  northern  Algonkin  spheres  of  activities. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  67 

LOCALITIES  WHERE  RELICS  HAVE  BEEN  FOUND,  NOT  NECESSARILY 

VILLAGE  SITES. 

1.  John  A.  Torrey's,  lot  15  and  16,   Con.  5,  Eldon;  arrow  heads,  celts  and  a 

fine  blade  stone  pipe  of  the  Micmac  or  bottle  stopper  type.  This  place 
is  on  a  hill  almost  surrounded  by  a  swamp,  with  a  creek  to  southwest. 

2.  Norman  Robertson,  lot  5,  Con.   5,  Verulam.     This  is  immediately   south  of 

site  No.  44,  and  may  have  been  part  of  it.  Some  five  or  six  skulls  and 
some  relics  with  them  were  found  some  years  ago.  Informant,  Jas.  Lithgow, 
License  Inspector,  Bobcaygeon  P.  0.,  letter  of  April  25th,  191,2. 

3.  Jas.  Lithgow,  lot  9,  Con.  6,  Verulam :  pieces  of  pipes,  celts,  and  a  mortar  of 

pure  white  lime-stone,  16  by  24  inches,  dressed  inside  and  out  (i.e.,  smoothed) 
have  been  found  here. 

4.  A.   Gilchrist,  west   y2  lot   6,   Con.   8,   Eldon.     Relics   have  been  found  here. 

Amongst  them  several  stone  pipes,  one  of  which,  a  white  stone  (Steatite) 
pipe  with  a  long  stem  and  plain  bowl  of  rather  massive  proportions,  is 
now  in  the  Provincial  Museum. 

Mr.  Win.  Maxwell,  in  letter  of  April  29th,  1912,  informs  me  that  there  were 
graves  at  this  place,  pipes  and  arrow  heads  being  found. 

5.  Steven  Ryan,  east  y2  of  lot  8,  Con.  5,  Laxton,  south  of  Head  Lake — relics  of 

the  ordinary  sort  have  been  found  here. 

o.  Bolsover  P.  0.,  EJdon.  This  place  is  in  the  north-west  corner  of  Eldon  Twp., 
on  the  Talfoot  River,  and  the  locality  furnishes  many  relics  of  various  sorts, 
'some  showing  contact  with  white  man,  and  others  of  a  previous  time.  On 
lot  10,  North  Portage  Road,  Eldon,  in  the  near  vicinity,  arrow  heads  are 
found  when  the  wind  blows  the  sand  about.  There  is  a  local  tradition 
of  a  battle  between  the  Huron  and  Iroquois.  This  spot  would  be  on  the 
trail  between  Lake  Simcoe  and  Balsam  Lake,  when  Champlain  took  his  war 
party  of  Hurons  down  the  Trent  waters  to  attack  the  Iroquois  in  1615. 

7.  Beaverton  and  locality,  on  the  east  side  of  Lake   Simcoe,  in  Thorah   Twp., 

Ontario  Co.  In  this  locality  many  good  relics  have  been  found,  comprising 
gouges,  axes,  slate  knives,  arrow  heads,  made  out  of  a  rose-coloured  quartz, 
and  a  slate  (Huronian,  or  other  mottled  yellow  (brownish  stone)  turtle 
amulet,  much  like  a  bird  amulet,  also  several  copper  relics,  and  relics  show- 
ing contact  with  white  men,  notably  a  brass  pipe  tomahawk,  with  a  steel 
bit  dovetailed  into  the  brass  blade,  which  was  engraved,  and  the  pipe  bowl 
engraved.  This  latter  relic  was  found  near  Gamebridge  on  the  Talbot  River. 

8.  Washburn's  Island    is  on  broken  lots  13  and  14,  Con.  D.,  Mariposa.     This  is 

not  an  island,  but  a  point  of  land  running  into  Lake  Scugog  from  its 
northern  shore.  Mr.  F.  D.  Moore,  K.C.,  of  Lindsay,  in  a  letter  of  April 
20th,  1912',  states  that  all  kinds  of  relics  have  been  found  here  on  5  o<r  6 
acres  near  the  shore  of  the  lake,  especially  some  fine  specimen  of  flint, 
spear  and  arrowheads,  and-  also  some  human  bones.  This  place  should  be 
examined  with  a  view  of  determining  whether  it  is  a  village  site  or  not. 

9.  Lot  9,  Con.  3,  Twp.  of  Smith,  Peterborough  Co.,  where  F.  D.  Moore,  K.C., 

of  Lindsay,  formerly  lived,  furnished  arrowheads,  gouges,  etc.  See  letter 
16th  April,  1912. 

10.  Bridgenorth  at  Chemong  Lake,  Twp.  Smith,  at  the  foot  of  a  place  known 
as  the  "Green  Hill"  on  the  lake  shore,  and  vicinity,  furnished  the  relics 
given  by  F.  D.  Moore  to  the  Provincial  Museum,  consisting  of  flints,  sheet 


68  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

copper  (brass),  arrowheads,  native  copper  arrowheads,  iron  arrow  heads, 
and  a  silver  buckle  or  broach.  See  Ontario  Archaeological  Report,  1911; 
also  letter  April  20th,  1912. 

11.  Jutting  into  Balsam  Lake  from  the  south  is  Long  Point  of  several  miles  in 

length,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  boundary  line  running  east  and  west. 
'  The  south  part  is  in  Fenelon  Twp.,  and  the  north  is  in  Bexley.  Many 
relics  of  the  ordinary  kind  come  from  here,  including  a  beautiful  long  slender 
stone  axe  or  pick,  a  grooved  maul  of  limestone,  ovoid  in  shape,  and  a  human 
effigy  pipe  in  dark  grey  soapstone,  figure  squatting. 

12.  G.  R.  B.  Coates,  Cambray  P.   0.,  in  letter  of  26th  April,  1912,  informs  me 

that  relics  are  found  on  his  lot,  No.  8,  and  south  half  of  No.  9,  Con.  1, 
Fenelon,  and  also  in  vicinity. 

13.  South-east   corner   lot    10,    Con.    7,    Bexley   Twp.,    Abram    Faulkner,    is   in   a 

very  hilly  locality.  On  one  side  of  the  hill,  facing  south,  near  a  spring, 
many  relics  and  pottery  fragments,  also  pipes,  have  been  picked  up  at  times 
for  a  number  of  years.  This  locality  is  known  as  the  "French  Settlement." 
This  spot  may  be  a  village  site  and  will  be  examined  at  the  first  opportunity. 

14.  R.   H.   Pearoei,  on  east  part  of  north   %  lot  2,   Con.   2,   Bexley   Twp.,  on  a 

bench  land  on  south  side  of  Raven  Lake,  more  recent  relics  have  been 
found,  such  as  traders'  clay  pipes,  etc.,  also  flint  modules  and  chips.  The 
spot  is  about  40  rods  .from  lake  shore,  which  is  very  marshy  and  is  of 
marl  formation.  This  spot  may  have  been  occupied  by  later  Algonkins. 

15.  Mr.  J.  G.  Glass,  Customs  collector,  Lindsay,  has  collected  flints    (arrow  and 

spear  heads),  also  "skinning  stones"  on  lots: 

North  west  %,  16,  Con.  5,  Mariposa,  on  South  east  y±,  15,  Con.  6,  Mariposa, 

and  on  South  y2,  15,  Con.  4,  Mariposa. 

See  letter  of  June  24th,  1912.     This  place  is  near  Little  Britain  P.  0. 

16.  On  lots   5,   6,   7,   8,   South   Portage   Road,   Bexley,   occupied   now  by  Messrs. 

Edward  and  Frederick  Lytle,  settled  by  their  father,  some  celts,  etc.,  have 
been  picked  up,  including  a  white  soapstone  pipe  in  form  of  a  convention- 
alized animal's  head,  probably  a  moose,  judging  from  the  relatively  large 
size  of  the  muzzle. 

Besides  above  places,  there  have  been  other  places  where  relics  have  been  picked 
up,  either  singly  or  in  quantities  in  this  group  of  townships,  but  of  which 
I  have  very  meagre  details  at  present.  There  was  a  fine  collection  made 
near  Beaverton,  and  taken  to  the  west.  Several  large  collections  in  Lindsay 
were  sold  to  go  to  the  States,  and  one  was  burnt.  Some  small  local  collec- 
tions have  been  given  to  the  Provincial  Museum,  but  no  data  seems  to 
have  been  kept  as  to  where  and  how  the  relics  were  obtained.  Whether  they 
were  grave  finds,  surface  finds,  or  village  site  finds.  I  had  examined  the  Beaver- 
ton  and  several  of  the  Lindsay  collections,  but  the  owners  could  or  would  not 
give  any  data.  They  seemed  to  think  that  if  they  told  where  these  relics 
came  from,  that  they  would  be  losing  something  tangible.  I  much  deplore 
this  secretive  way  of  concealing  knowledge,  and  at  that  time  gave  much 
publicity  to  what  local  archaeological  work  I  was  then  undertaking — both 
by  reports  and  newspaper  articles,  with  the  results  that  I  became  aware 
of  a  great  many  sites,  and  was  presented  with  a  large  number  of  relics, 
which  were  placed  in  the  Provincial  Museum. 

Two  maps  have  been  used  in  locating  these  sites.  The  first  published  by  Mr. 
Tom  Kains,  P.L.S,  and  compiled  by  Jas.  A.  Patterson,  C.E.,  in  1877, 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPORT.  69 

giving  the  then  owners  of  the  individual  lots,  which  has  been  a  great  help. 
The  second  map  is  published  by  the  Times  Printing  Company.,  of  Peter- 
borough, 1910.  This  one  does  not  give  the  names  of  owners  of  lots,  but 
gives  several  additional  Townships  and  lately  created  post  offices,  etc. 


THE   SNOW-SNAKE  AND  THE  INDIAN  GAME  OF  SNOW-SNAKING. 

F.  ONONDAGA  LOFT,  TORONTO. 

In  order  to  give  the  reader  a  clear  conception  of  the  nature  of  the  game  of 
snow-snaking  which  so  interestingly  engrosses  the  Cayuga,  Onondaga  and  Sinaca 
tribes  of  the  Six  Nations,  as  a  winter  game  upon  the  highways  of  the  reserve,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  preface  the  narrative  by  a  description  of  the  snow-snake  and 
how  it  is  made. 

The  word  snow-snake  is  an  Anglo-Saxon  word  descriptive  of  its  appearance 
—mainly  the  head  or  point  of  it  which  is  shaped  exactly  like  the  head  of  the  reptile 
of  that  name  and  tapering  to  a  thinness  at  the  tail  end  of  the  timber.  The  Cayuga 
name  for  it  is  Ah-en-nah  and  the  Mohawk  Ah  de  lah  wen  tah.  In  no  way  do  these 
Indian  words  apply  as  a  meaning  to  the  word  snow-snake.  They  are  as  dissimilar 
as  the  snake  is  crooked  in  motion,  and  the  snow-snake  straight. 

The  wooden  snake  is  hewn  out  and  finally  carved  and  whittled  out  of  some 
of  the  finest  tirnber  that  can  be  obtained,  mainly  the  second  growth  of  maple, 
hickory,  or  beach;  or  of  lighter  woods  so  long  as  its  texture  and  flexibility  in 
the  finished  state  will  stand  the  test  of  the  strain  it  must  perforce  encounter  at 
some  time  or  other  by  plunging  itself  with  great  force  into  a  stump  tree  or  rail  ap- 
pearing as  an  obstacle  in  its  swift  course. 

The  snake  is  usually  cut  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  long  for  the  adults,  and 
shorter  for  the  younger  generation.  When  the  wood  is  shaved  clown  almost  to  its 
final  lines,  it  is  placed  over  the  stove  in  the  house  for  several  months  so  as  to  be 
thoroughly  dried  and  seasoned  before  the  finishing  touches  are  applied  and  put  in 
a  highly  polished  state.  One  of  the  last  things  to  be  done  is  to  mount  the  point  or 
half  the  head  with  lead  which  is  filed  to  a  fine  point.  This  process  is  to  protect  the 
timber  from  splitting  or  otherwise  ruining  the  snake  when  coming  in  contact  with 
an  obstacle  with  great  force.  The  weight  of  the  lead  is  also  an  essential  and  a 
necessary  adjunct  in  the  process  of  manufacture  to  effect  a  complete  equilibrium. 
The  process  of  moulding  the  lead  on  the  head  is  ingenious  and  original,  pertaining 
to  the  Indian  art  of  moulding  jewelry  into  shape.  The  head  of  the  snake  is  carved 
artistically,  into  which  is  poured  the  molten  lead  and  when  cooled  is  cut  and  filed 
to  the  desired  shape,  making  a  perfect  and  reasonably  strong  guard  for  the 
timber. 

A  snake  is  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide  and  half  an  inch  in  thickness 
on  the  body  and  tapering  gradually  at  each  end,  with  the  head  slightly  elevated 
from  the  level  plane.  The  tail  end,  which  is  taken  in  the  fore-finger  and  balanced 
by  the  third  and  fourth  finger  when  in  the  act  of  throwing  it,  is  necessarily  made 
very  thin  and  flexible. 

On  a  very  straight  and  smooth  course,  and  if  the  snake  is  successfully  de- 
livered by  the  force  of  an  able-bodied  man,  it  is  possible  to  send  it  three  to  five 
hundred  yards.  Like  everything  else  in  sport  or  games  it  takes  the  expert  to 
make  a  great  performance,  and  there  are  many  to  be  found  in  the  ranks  of  the 


70 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Snow  Snake. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  71 

exponents  of  this  game  of  snow-snaking.  Contestants  may  number  twelve  or  more 
men  in  a  party,  each  one  pitted  against  the  other  for  supremacy  in  the  art  and 
science  of  throwing  them  in  respect  of  great  distances. 

Cold  frosty  days  are  the  most  desirable  for  a  successful  game  as  against  the 
mild  weather  which  tends  to  make  the  snow  stick  to  the  snake  and  thus  retard 
its  speed.  During  the  progress  of  a  game  each  player  keeps  his  snake  polished  up 
to  the  highest  possible  smoothness  by  stroking  or  rubbing  it  from  end  to  end  with 
a  piece  of  woollen  cloth  in  which  is  placed  a  bit  of  melted  beeswax. 

I  have  noted  in  recent  years  that  playing  on  the  ordinary  roads,  which  are 
necessarily  crooked  and  irregular,  has  become  undesirable  to  the  lovers  of  the  game. 
To  overcome  the  obstacles  that  beset  them,,  an  ingenious  device  has  been  originated 
by  some  of  them  in  making  an  improved  roadway  specially  for  the  snakes. 

Beside  the  highway  a  space  is  used  for  the  purpose.  A  log  with  a  diameter 
of  about  one  and  a  half  feet  is  pulled  along  the  unpacked  snow  by  a  team  of  horses 
which  makes  a  half-rounded  course  well  adapted  for  an  independent  way  for  the 
snake.  This  idea  also  serves  to  protect  pedestrians  or  teams  from  coming  in 
possible  contact  with  these  snakes.  To  be  pierced  in  the  foot  or  leg  by  a  snake 
going  at  its  swiftest  speed  would  mean  a  very  serious  injury.  Again,  it  is  possible 
that  these  snakes  would  be  broken  by  teams  or  sleighs  passing  over  them  when  it 
had  come  to  a  stand.  Inasmuch  as  these  playthings  are  dearly  valued  by  the  owners, 
they  take  every  precaution  to  protect  them  by  stationing  a  man  here  and  there 
along  the  course  to  lift  them  out  of  the  way  of  being  trampled  upon,  but  not  a 
fraction  of  an  ir^ch  must  be  deviated  in  its  replacement  to  the  former  position  in 
respect  of  the  spot  where  the  point  rested. 

Great  enthusiasm  and  interest  is  manifested  in  the  game  during  its  progress. 
Usually  there  is  a  good  stake  wagered  on  the  result  of  each  throw.  Apart  from 
the  outside  wagers  in  favour  of  a  choice,  each  contestant  is  likely  to  wager  upon 
himself  as  well.  The  favoured  custom,  however,  is  for  the  players  to  pool  the 
stake  and  he  who  throws  the  longest  distance  in  any  throw  appropriates  the  pool. 

The  gentle  womanhood  of  our  Iroquois  nation,  who  have  been  always  so  con- 
spicuously identified  with  the  social,  economic,  political  and  sporting  life  of  the 
race,  wilJ  be  found  taking  a  great  interest  in  this  popular  winter  game.  I  know 
of  mothers,  wives,  and  sisters  whose  enthusiasm  will  lead  them  to  uncover  their  own 
selected  magic — the  choice  of  some  particular  wood,  root,  or  seed  of  some  plant- 
touch  the  snake  with  it  as  well  as  the  arm  of  the  favourite  contestant,  believing 
in  its  influence  to  associate  success  with  him. 


ABORIGINAL  NET  FISHING  IN  LONG  POINT  BAY. 

BY  CLAYTON  Me  CALL. 

Owing  to  the  abundance  of  food  in  its  sheltered  waters,  Inner  Long  Point  Bay 
probably  teemed  with  more  fish  than  any  other  part  of  the  Attiwandaron  country, 
and  consequently  its  shores  afford  perhaps  the  best  evidence  of  aboriginal  net  fishing 
in  that  region.  Only  the  north  shore  of  the  bay  has  been  examined  for  relics  of 
that  pursuit,  both  Ttfrkey  Point  and  Long  Point  Island  being  as  yet  unexplored 
for  the  same. 

At  the  top  of  the  bank  on  the  Maclnnes  .farm  there  was  a  fishing-station, 
proved  by  a  few  sinkers  having  been  found  among  the  arrowheads  and  bits  of 


72  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

pottery  on  the  site.  The  bay  being  at  the  south,  Cope's  Gully  on  the  west,  and  a 
branch  of  the  same  on  the  north,  splendid  protection  from  enemies  was  afforded. 
Several  dozen  sinkers  have  been  picked  up  on  the  beach  beneath,  which  shows  that 
hauls  were  made  from  it. 

About  a  half-mile  west,  at  Woodward's  Landing,  considerable  numbers  of 
sinkers  have  been  found.  As  pieces  of  pottery  are  sometimes  discovered  among 
them,  and  as  no  Indian  specimens  are  on  the  cliff,  the  camp  in  connection  with  this 
fishing  ground  was  probably  on  a  flat  of  land  which  existed  there  until  quite  re- 
cently. Escape  from  enemies  could  have  been  made  by  means  of  canoes. 

On  the  Becker  farm,  nearly  a  mile  above  Woodward's  Landing,  is  a  site 
bounded  by  the  bay  and  a  short  ravine,  with  remains  similar  to  those  on  the  first- 
mentioned  station.  Although  it  is  likely  that  a  fishing  ground  was  beneath,  no 
proof  of  the  supposition  exists. 

Several  other  small  camps  were  also  along  the  shore,  on  the  cliff,  but  there 
is  nothing  definite  to  show  that  they  were  connected  with  fishing.  Solitary  sinkers 
are  occasionally  washed  on  to  the  beach  almost  everywhere,  but  it  is  doubtful  if 
they  mark  the  location  of  other  fishing  grounds. 

Shape  and  weight  were  the  chief  considerations  in  choosing  the  raw  material 
for  sinkers,  the  former  requirement  being  the  more  important.  Sinkers  are  almost 
invariably  flat,  because  such  required  only  two  nicks  to  hold  them,  by  means  of  a 
thong,  to  the  hempen  nets,  whereas  cubical  ones  needed  three  or  four.  An  ex- 
ample of  this  "emergency"  kind  is  shown  in  Figure  5,  Plate Of  some  four 

hundred  specimens  in  the  writer's  possession,  nearly  all  are  longer  than  broad,  but 
we  must  not  infer  that  an  oblong  shape  was  necessary,  because  pebbles  are  usually 
worn  so.  The  outline  decided  the  position  of  the  nicks,  for,  if  any  sinker  is  sus- 
pended from  a  cord  tied  through  the  notches,  with  the  minor  axis  perpendicular, 
the  two  sections  will,  with  but  few  exceptions,  be  seen  to  nicely  balance  each  other. 

As  crooked  sinkers  are  in  the  minority  and  are  less  artistic  than  symmetrical 
ones,  the  latter  were  perhaps  the  most  popular  and  may  be  considered  as  the  type. 
This  symmetrical  style  can  be  divided  into  four  classes  as  follows,  the  order  denot- 
ing the  relative  proportion: 

m    i    -niv  x-    i  (  (a)   Elongated. 

Truly  Elliptical  *{  (Jj   Monfcircu]ar. 

.  .  -p,,,.   ,.         \  (c)   One  side  curved  more  than  the  other. 

Approximately  Elliptical    ^  (d) 


Fig.  A. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


73 


Two  questions  now  arise :  Why  were  the  sinkers  balanced  ?  and.,  why  wrere  the 
nicks  made  on  the  minor  instead  of  the  major  axis?  The  answer  to  both  lies  in  the 
manner  of  attaching  them  to  the  nets.  If  we  imagined  the  sinkers  to  have  been 
fastened,  in  any  possible  manner  we  please,  with  the  major  axis  perpendicular  to 
the  border  of  the  net,  we  can  easily  realize  the  awkwardness  of  this  method;  so  in 
all  probability  each  was  firmly  bound  flat  to  the  meshes  at  the  bottom  of  the  net 


Fig.  B. 

with  the  longest  edge  resting  on  the  border.  Supposing  this  latter  position  to  have 
been  the  one  used,  if  the  two  sections  of  a  sinker,  especially  of  a  heavy  one,  did 
not  counterbalance,  the  tendency  would  have  been  to  twist  the  net  whenever  a 
slight  depression  was  reached,  thus  allowing  fish  to  escape.  If  the  nicks  had  been 
at  the  smaller  ends,  it  is  quite  clear  that  this  contingency  would  have  been  con- 
stantly occurring. 


Fig.  C. 

In  weight  sinkers  range  from  two  ounces  to  a  pound  and  three-quarters.  All 
sizes  being  found  promiscuously  and  the  average  weighing  about  nine  ounces,  it 
is  apparent  that  first  of  all  stones  of  that  weight  (being  the  most  convenient)  were 
chosen.  The  supply  giving  out,  others  were  substituted  as  long  as  they  were  neither 
too  heavy  nor  too  light,  and  of  course  as  correct  in  shape  as  possible. 

With  the  exception  of  the  nicks,  no  artificial  work  was.  ever  put  on  the  sinkers. 


74 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  D. 


Fig.  E. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


INDIAN  POTTERY  OF  PRINCE  EDWARD  COUNTY. 

BY  HELEN  M.  MERRILL. 

Few  pastimes  have  I  found  as  interesting  as  that  of  collecting  Indian  pottery, 
particularly  where  white  drifting  sand-hills  range  in  wild  beauty  and  fascinating 
loneliness  from  West  Point  to  Wellington,  in  Prince  Edward  County.  Five  miles 
along  the  graceful  curves  of  Great  Sandy  Bay,  fine,  pure  sand  has  for  centuries 
been  washing  out  of  Lake  Ontario.  Not  only  has  it  formed  the  shores  of  the  bay, 
but  it  has  separated  West  Lake  from  Lake  Ontario  and  afforded  at  the  same  time, 
by  drifting  into  hills,  happy  play-grounds  for  passing  races  of  men.  The  sand- 


hills, or  Sandbanks  as  they  are  'better  known,  are  still  what  they  have  been  since 
the  early  settlement  of  the  county,  a  popular  pleasure  resort.  Latterly  they  have 
attracted  many  persons  from  different,  parts  of  America  who  in  summer  come  to 
spend  an  idle  day  or  week  or  month  by  the  shore.  The  breezy,  practically  barren 
sand-bar  affords  a  pleasant  driveway,  on  one  side  the  crystal  deeps  of  Big  Sandy 
Bay  in  Lake  Ontario,  on  the  other  the  cloudy,  reed-fringed,  shallower  waters  of  West 
Lake.  Near  Wellington  is  an  outlet  which,  changing  from  year  to  year  and  with 
the  seasons,  is  not  always  easily  forded.  Once  I  ventured  to  cross  it.  My  horse 
was  a  young  thoroughbred.  The  road  led  precipitously  into  two  feet  of  flowing 


76 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


water.  A  long  drive  from  Picton  via  West  Point,  the  last  four  miles  by  the  wet 
shore  sands,  probably  accounted  for  her  taking  the  situation  coolly  and  causing  no 
accident.  The  following  summer  I  approached  the  outlet  from  Wellington.  It 
was  as  wide  as  an  ordinary  river  and  as  formidable.  A  team  bound  for  West  Point 
was  making  a  detour  in  Lake  Ontario  by  a  ridge  of  sand  at  no  point  visible  above 
the  water,  a  route  beyond  my  venture. 

If  an  outline  of  this  section  of  the  county  could  be  obtained  as  it  appeared 
centuries  ago,  probably  before  any  human  being  set  foot  on  its  shores,  there  is  little 
doubt  but  that  it  would  show  West  and  East  lakes  as  deep-set  bays  similar  to 
South  and  Smith's  bays  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  peninsula.  Traces  of  old  sea 


walls  still  exist  on  the  inner  shores  of  West  Lake.  Similar  walls  are  probably  to 
be  found  in  East  Lake  which  lies  back  of  Little  Sandy  Bay  in  Lake  Ontario, 
round  West  Point.  A  sand-bar  again  forms  the  line  of  separation  between  the 
smaller  body  of  water  (East  Lake)  and  Lake  Ontario.  In  this  instance,  however, 
the  strip  of  land  is  thickly  wooded  for  more  than  two  miles  with  balsam,  pine  and 
spruce  trees,  among  which  winds  a  beautiful  driveway.  No  wind  enters  here  even 
when  league-long  breakers  roar  in  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  it  is  delightful  driving 
through  the  wood  to  hear  the  strange  voice  of  surf,  which  seems  to  proceed  from  the 
heart  of  a  forest  so  dense  is  the  narrow  belt  of  evergreens.  At  the  present  time 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


77 


a  picturesque  outlet  runs  for  a  mile  diagonally  through  the  sand-bar,,  and  the 
road  crosses  it  over  a  substantial  bridge.  There  are  evidences  still,  it  is  said,  of 
two  outlets  which  at  remote  periods  ran  directly  through  the  bar  as  does  the  one 
near  Wellington. 

While  Indian  relics  have  been  found  in  various  localities  in  the  county,  the 
collection  of  sherds,  or  fragments  of  pottery,  which  suggested  this  sketch  was  made 
at  the  Sandbanks.  Xear  the  shore  and  close  by  the  wood  at  West  Point  where  the 
hills  begin,  sheltered  of  late  by  a  wind-break  of  willows  to  prevent  further  encroach- 
ment of  sand  in  that  vicinity,  our  attention  was  attracted  a  few  years  ago  to  several 
sherds.  Appropriating  them  we  searched  in  the  sands,  digging  with  small  pieces  of 


driftwood.  More  were  found  and  we  returned  at  intervals,  sometimes  following  a 
heavy  wind  which  was  likely  to  uncover  a  few  good  specimens  which  gave  hints 
as  to  the  location  of  others.  To-day  the  store  seems  to  be  exhausted.  Little  more 
remains  than  traces  of  an  ash-bed  which  indicates  the  site,  possibly,  of  a  lodge  or 
other  habitation,  or  of  an  open-air  kiln. 

When  ?  and  by  whom  ?  were  the  insistent  questions  as  gradually  the  sands  gave 
up  their  secret  stores.  It  was  a  time  of  enchantment, — the  sun  and  the  wild  wind, 
the  surf  on  the  beach,  the  absolute  loneliness,  the  peculiar  charm  of  the  pervading 
influence  of  ancient  days.  Occasionally  when  resting  for  a  moment  and  glancing 


78  ARCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 

around  a  glimmer  was  caught  of  poplars  along  the  lagoon,  Which  heightened  the 
effect,  Indians  attributing  the  restlessness  of  their  leaves  to  their  being  haunted 
by  souls  of  the  departed. 

So  far  as  I  know  only  sherds  have  been  found  here.  Several  years  ago  a  pot 
was  discovered  in  the  hills  remote  from  the  shore.  The  nearest  approach  to  a  pot 
in  my  own  collection  is  a  rather  large  piece,  a  few  handfuls  of  smaller  ones,  and 
several  large  edge  pieces.  The  curves  of  the  latter  and  the  shape  of  the  largest 
piece  indicate  a  pot  of  no  mean  dimensions.  On  a  rainy  day  they  are  as  entertain- 
ing as  a  Chinese  puzzle  inasmuch  as  they  ever  resist  falling  into  line  in  the  shape 
of  a  pot.  All  through  life  we  have  our  playthings.  In  childhood  they  include 
broken  bits  of  modern  china.  When  we  are  grown  up,  fragments  of  the  red  man's 
ancient  ware  are  a  pastime. 

Although  with  all  my  hunting  I  have  not  yet  found  a  pot,  I  feel  quite  recom- 
pensed by  having  secured  nearly  50  decorated  edge  pieces,  which  represent  as  many 
differently  ornamented  pots;  and  there  is  always  an  ignis  fatuus  promise  of  a  pot, 
such  as  coming  across  something  "  hard  and  smooth  and  round  "  in  the  sand,  which 
is  more  or  less  stimulating  even  though  it  so  far  unfailingly  has  proved  to  be  only 
a  stone. 

The  pots  represented  by  my  collection  of  sherds  were  ornamented  at  the  top, 
the  decoration  varying  in  depth  from  a  half  to  four  inches.  A  few  have  a  row  of 
short,  slightly  slanting  creases  round  the  edge  inside,  like  fork  prints  round  old- 
fashioned  pies.  Others  have  a  crease  running  round  in  the  rim.  All  markings 
presumably  were  made  by  bits  of  stone,  bone  or  wood  prepared  for  that  purpose. 

Of  the  forty  odd  patterns  no  two  are  alike.  Many  are  fancifully  ornamented, 
others  slightly.  Two  have  perforations  in  groups  near  the  edge,  which  are  obvi- 
ously only  ornamental,  as  they  end  in  protuberances  inside  the  pot.  The  minute 
impressions  which  in  several  instances  ornament  the  lower  portions  of  a  pot  out- 
side, are  the  result,  perhaps,  of  the  clay  having  been  moulded  inside  a  basket  for 
support,  or  of  the  use  of  malleating  tools. 

Beside  diversity  in  decoration  there  is  a  marked  difference  in  the  thickness 
of  the  pottery,  which  varies  from  less  than  a  quarter  to  over  three-quarters  of  an 
inch,  and  also  in  color  and  texture,  the  latter  owing  in  a  measure  to  the  fineness 
or  coarseness  of  the  granite  or  other  broken  stone  which  was  always  mixed  with  the 
clay.  The  color  varies  from  grayish  fawn  to  reddish. 

When?  and  by  whom?  The  questions  are  still  insistent.  As  to  the  date  of 
manufacture  the  Indian  himself  left  no  record  better  than  his  ware.  He  kept  note 
of  time  presumably  by  his  pipe  and  the  moon.  He  had  not,  like  the  Buddhist,  been 
brought  up  on  figures.  He  had  never  dreamed  of  even  an  Asankya. 

As  to  the  potter,  a  history  of  Indian  occupation  of  Prince  Edward  County 
and  vicinity,  together  with  a  careful  study  of  archaeological  material  found  at 
various  points  might  be  of  avail  in  tracing  him.  For  some  time  it  has  seemed  to 
me  that  there  should  be  compiled  a  history  on  Indian  occupation  of  Ontario  by  a 
series  of  maps  as  well  as  by  text  which  would  cite  not  only  notes  by  early  explorers 
and  missionaries,  but  odds  and  ends  of  data  which  may  be  gleaned  from  Indian 
traditions.  Text  relating  to  the  red  man  is  'becoming  less  and  less  prominent  in 
our  histories.  This  is  to  be  regretted.  Indians  hold  too  prominent  a  place  among 
the  makers  of  history  in  the  early  days  of  the  province,  for  the  present  writers  on 
history  to  afford  to  exclude  them. 

As  late  as  1800  Indians  were  numerous  in  and  around  Prince  Edward  County. 
A  few  years  later  the  first  surrender  was  made  of  land  owned  by  the  Missisauga. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


79 


80  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

With,  the  exception  of  the  Mohawk  and  the  Chippewa  in  Hastings  County,  the 
Missisauga  appear  to  have  been  the  only  Indians  then  owning  land  in  that  district. 
Numerous  surrenders  of  townships  and  parts  of  townships  were  made  by  them  in 
Hastings,  Addington  and  Frontenac  counties  in  1822,  and  several  at  other  dates 
in  Hastings,  including  four  by  the  Chippewa  in  1818.  The  Missisauga  were  a  sub- 
tribe  of  the  Chippewa,  an  Algonquian  tribe.  Big  Island  in  the  Bay  of  Quinte  was 
surrendered  in  1833  by  the  Missisauga,  and  Waupoos  Island  (Wawboose,  rabbit 
skin)  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  county  in  1838.  Near  Waupoos  Island  a  Missis- 
auga reserve  of  450  acres  at  the  Rock,  or  Cape  Yesey,  a  promontory  100  feet  high, 
is  said  to  have  been  surrendered  in  1835.  In  1856  all  islands  owned  by  them  in  the 
Bay  of  Quinte  and  at  Weller's  Bay  also  were  surrendered.  The  Mohawk  of  the 
Bay  of  Quinte  are  of  United  Empire  Loyalist  extraction,  and  once  owned  all  of 
Tyendenaga  township,  near  Deseronto,  under  a  grant  from  Governor  Simcoe.  1793. 
Small  lots  of  land  have  been  surrendered  by  them. 

While  on  the  trail  of  the  potter  one  would  better  bear  in  mind  that  by  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century  the  manufacture  of  pottery  was  011  the  wane  and  soon 
became  a  discarded  art  among  Indians,  owing  to  the  fact  that  implements  and 
utensils  which  they  were  in  the  habit  of  making  were  more  and  more  plentifully 
supplied  them  by  explorers,  missionaries  and  traders. 

On  maps  and  in  earlier  writings  are  records  of  Indian  fortifications  and 
villages  in  different  parts  of  the  county.  The  first  settlement  where  Picton  is  now 
situated  was  made  by  Indians  at  the  south  end  of  the  bay.  To-day  Picton  is  known 
to  the  Mohawk  in  Tyendenaga  as  Jee-yoli-daii-ltoon-vmwdaw-daij  which  means  "at 
the  head  of  the  river."  The  bay  at  Picton  is  narrow  and  river-like.  Several  years 
ago  a  sherd  was  dredged  from  the  bed  of  the  harbor,  and  an  arrowhead  was  found 
at  Chimney  Point  where  the  store-house  and  wharf  of  the  Richelieu  and  Ontario 
Navigation  Company  now  stand. 

On  a  knoll  in  a  field  overlooking  the  Little  Swamp  near  Picton,  is  an  inter- 
esting ash-bed,  nor  is  it  hallowed  ground  on  account  of  its  ancient  stores.  Yearly 
the  field  is  ploughed  and  sherds  turned  in  and  out.  Quantities  of  ashes  are  still 
easily  distinguished  from  the  sandy  loam  of  the  field.  There  is  clay  close  by.  The 
ash-bed  is  not  on  the  crest  of  the  knoll,  but  clown  the  slope.  The  owner  of  the  farm, 
a  man  over  80  years  old,  while  spading  out  a  few  specimens  for  me  in  1903,  sug- 
gested as  an  explanation  for  its  position,  that  perhaps  when  Lake  Ontario  was  at 
a  higher  level  than  at  present,  the  knoll  was  an  island — shores  of  islands  were 
favourite  camping  grounds.  Considering  the  topography  of  the  county  and  the 
similarity  of  pottery  found  in  different  localities,  this  seems  highly  improbable. 

East  of  the  Murray  Canal  lies  Indian  Island.  Local  tradition  recounts  a  fierce 
battle  fought  there  many  years  ago  between  hostile  tribes.  Near  Massassaga 
(Missisauga)  Point  are  several  mounds. 

Above  the  harbor  at  Picton,  and  the  marsh,  is  the  old  Indian  Carrying  Place, 
or  portage,  to  East  Lake,  which  even  prior  to  three  centuries  ago  facilitated  travel 
between  the  Bay  of  Quinte  and  the  northern  shores  and  regions  of  the  county. 
Hunt  as  one  may  for  trace  of  it,  in  Paradise  Valley  alone  where  hills  converge  near 
Glenwood  cemetery  and  the  passage  is  so  narrow  that  it  would  be  inconvenient 
not  to  set  foot  on  it,  is  one  sure  that  he  is  on  the  trail. 

At  the  eastern  extremity  of  East  Lake  is  situated  the  picturesque  village  of 
Cherry  Valley,  which  derived  its  name  from  a  species  of  cherry  w'hich  until  the 
middle  of  the  past  century  £rew  in  abundance  in  that  part  of  the  county,  particu- 
larly on  the  sand  hills,  and  was  found  only  there.  The  fruit  was  described  by 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


81 


6  A. 


82  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Adam  Kidd,  an  Irish  poet,  who  visited  the  Sandbanks  in  1828,  as  growing  on  small 
shrubs.  It  is  now  extinct.  Its  possible  origin  is  obvious  in  the  light  of  the  fact 
that  Sulpician  priests  established  a  Mission  at  Rente,  north  of  Wellington,  not  long 
after  the  arrival  of  the  first  of  that  Order  from  France  in  1657, — a  clump  of  ceri- 
siers  de  France  was  found  by  the  first  settlers  in  the  north  of  Simcoe  county  near 
the  site  of  a  Jesuit  Mission.  The  Sandbanks  and  East  Lake  were  in  a  direct  line  of 
travel  over  the  oJd  route  from  the  Bay  of  Quinte  to  Rente.  Indian  pottery  has  been 
found  at  Cherry  Valley  and  elsewhere  on  East  Lake. 

The  Bay  of  Quinte  was  so  called  presumably  after  Rente  for  the  same  reason 
that  Toronto  River  (now  the  Humber)  the  water  on  which  Indians  inhabiting  the 
northern  districts  set  out  in  their  canoes  for  the  aboriginal  village  of  Toronto,  was 
so  named.  Similar  instances  are  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  Ontario,  such  as  the 
Montreal  River  which  flows  into  Lake  Temiskaming,  a  place  of  embarkation  re- 
mote indeed  from  the  point  of  destination  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  East  Canada  Creek 
and  West  Canada  Creek,  tributaries  to  the  Mohawk  River  in  New  York  State,  may 
also  be  cited.  The  Mohawk  was  a  convenient  route  to  Canada  in  days  long  preced- 
ing as  well  as  at  the  time  of  the  exodus  of  the  United  Empire  Loyalists. 

In  1668,  according  to  reliable  authority,  a  number  of  Cayuga  and  other  Iro- 
quois,  with  a  few  adopted  Hiirons  emigrated  from  New  York  to  the  Bay  of  Quinte 
region.  It  would  appear  from  various  data  that  one  of  their  villages,  Rente  (from 
l\cnt  'a — field,  meadow — an  Iroquois  word  of  which  Quinte  is  obviously  a  French 
spelling)  was  situated  at  Weller's  Bay,  a  place  of  beautiful  shores  protected  by 
curving  headlands  from  the  sweep  of  wide  waters.  On  the  west  lies  the  sand-bar 
known  as  Bald  Head  Point  which  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  sites  of  Rente.  In  1847 
this  point,  or  bluff,  appears  to  have  been  an  island  known  as  Newegcewaum  (Bald 
Head).  It  belonged  at  that  time  to  the  Missisauga.  The  name,  Rente,  obviously 
originated  at  a  former  site,  possibly  one  of  the  fields  cleared  and  cultivated  by 
Indians  who  sojourned  in  the  Quinte  district  previously  to  Champlain's  arrival 
there.  Numerous  sherds  have  been  found  at  Bald  Head,  as  well  as  whole  pots,  wam- 
pum, arrowheads,  beads,  pipes,  silver  crosses  and  many  other  interesting  relics. 
Skulls  have  also  been  discovered,  one  with  an  arrowhead  piercing  the  temple,  a 
gruesome  thing  to  look  upon  ;  another  with  a  hatchet  embedded  in  it — evidence, 
possibly,  of  intertribal  disturbance. 

Perhaps  the  manufacturer  of  my  own  collection  of  fragments  of  pottery  will 
be  found  to  be  of  the  Troquois  of  Rente.  Perhaps  he  was  of  the  Missisauga  or  some 
other  Algonquian  tribe — the  Algonkin  inhabited  the  region  of  country  north  of 
the  Bay  of  Quinte  preceding  the  coming  of  the  Cayugas — or,  it  may  be,  that  he 
belonged  to  a  still  more  remote  period. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  BEPOBT. 


83 


OLD  PENETANGUISHEXE* 

BY  A.    C.    OSBORNE. 


Penetanguishene,  once  the  centre  of  British  naval  and  military  operations, 
and  reminiscent  of  French  occupation  and  the  fur  trade,  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
a  beautiful  bay  of  the  same  name,  an  inlet  of  the  Georgian  Bay,  projected  right  into 
the  land  of  the  ancient  Huron,  of  whose  former  domain  Simcoe  County  now  em- 
braces the  greater  portion. 


NOG-A-NISH. 

A  modern  type  of  Missisauga  Indian.  Died  at  Byng  Inlet,  1909,  aged  104 
years.  Photo  by  permission  of  Mr.  Emery,  Byng  Inlet. 

The  offspring  of  savage  tradition — this  euphonious  name  owes  its  origin  to 
the  sand  dunes  of  the  Tiny  peninsula,  on  the  western  shores  of  the  bay,  which 
glisten  like  gold  in  the  sun,  and  which,  in  the  Indian  tongue,  are  known  as 
"  Penetanguishene,"  signifying,  when  freely  translated,  "  The  Place  of  the  White 
Rolling  Sands. "  The  bay,  whose  waters  lave  its  banks,  receives  the  same  name, 
which  is  in  turn  applied  to  the  town  nestling  on  its  shores.  Penetanguishene, 
Hochelaga,  Stadacona,  with  the  hosts  of  striking  aboriginal  names,  spread  over 

*From  work  now  in  press. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the  continent  of  America,  not  only  appeal  to  the 
imagination  and  excite  a  profound  interest  in  the  curiosities  and  limitations  of 
the  Indian  dialects  ;  they  also  stand  as  "  imperishable  Cenotaphs  "  in  that  grand 
galaxy  of  place-names,  perpetuating  the  memory  of  long  extinct  nations,  pointing 
to  their  pathetic  history  and  fate.  They  likewise  reveal  the  foot-prints  of  vanished 
races,  innumerable  as  the  sands  upon  the  shore,  who  once  roamed  this  vast  wilder- 
ness lords  of  the  soil.  In  these  fantastic  names  savage  tradition  and  modern  en- 
lightenment salute  one  another  across  remote  centuries  of  time,  as  now  discovery, 
development,  the  arts,  and  sciences  clasp  hands  with  each  other. 

This  highly  poetic  and  expressive  name  is  claimed  by  local  tradition  to  be  of 
Abenaki  origin,  a  dialect  of  the  great  Algonquin  family  which  once  occupied  the 
region  extending  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  north  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  and  the  great  lakes,  and  was  already  here  when  the  Huron 
savage  appeared  on  the  scene.  The  A-ben-a-ki  and  their  dialects  are  now  confined 
mainly  to  Xew  Brunswick  and  the  Maritime  Coasts,  and  Penetanguishene,  slightly 
modified  by  the  exigencies  of  changing  dialects,  is  one  of  the  few  names  —  melan- 
choly relics,  sparsely  scattered  here  and  there  north  of  the  great  lakes  —  which 
remain  to  tell  of  A-ben-a-ki  occupation.  Strangely  enough,  Penetanguishene  and 
Cataraqua  (Kingston)  are  the  only  two  names  of  the  Abenaki  dialect  remaining 
in  Ontario  which  remind  us  of  the  passing  of  this  once  powerful  branch  of  the 
great  Algonquin  race.  It  is  said  "  there  are  slippery  places  in  Indian  philology/' 
which  admonish  us  of  the  "  uncertainty  of  tribal  divisions  and  dialect  derivations." 
Still,  there  are  many  facts  in  the  history  of  these  tribal  changes  and  local  tradition 
which  furnish  abundant  evidence  confirming  the  theory  of  this  origin.  Edward 
Jack,  an  authoritative  writer  on  Indian  lore,  who  spent  his  life  in  the  forest  with 
the  Indians,  especially  the  Abenaki,  says  he  frequently  heard  words  and  phrases 
from  the  Abenaki  language  used  by  the  0  jib  ways  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
Again,  some  few  years  ago,  two  or  three  Abenaki  families  migrated  from  Xew 
Brunswick  to  work  in  the  lumber  regions  of  Muskoka,  and  when  conversing  on 
the  subject  they  always  claimed  that  this  was  formerly  the  stamping  ground  of 
the  Abenaki  race,  and  local  tradition  agrees  in  strongly  supporting  their  claim. 
The  present  form  of  "  Penet  anguish  en  e  "  is  Ojibway,  and  like  Cau-da-ra-qua 
(Kingston),  which  has  no  less  than  thirty-nine  variant  spellings,  its  orthography 
has  undergone  numerous  changes,  though  not  so  many.  Among  the  variations  may 
be  noted  Penetangoushene,  Penetanctoshene,  Penetanctshene,  with  an  extended 
list  still  undiscovered. 

Penetanguishene  Bay  first  became  known  to  white  men  when  in  August,  1615, 
that  intrepid  adventurer,  Champlain,  and  his  French  Voyageurs  landed  at 
Outouacha  Bay  (now  known  as  Colborne  Bay  or  Northwest  Basin),  on  the  western 
shores  of  the  bay,  on  an  expedition  of  discovery  and  exploration  in  the  Huron 
country  after  an  arduous  journey  of  over  nine  hundred  miles  from  Quebec  up  the 
St.  Lawrence,  Ottawa  and  Mattawan  rivers,  across  Lake  Mpissing,  down  the  French 
River  and  the  island  of  the  Georgian  Bay,  making  the  trip  in  frail  canoes  and  over 
innumerable  difficult  and  unfamiliar  portages.  The  Penetanguishene  Bay  was 
known  several  years  previous  to  the  first  visit  of  French  traders  to  Toronto  Bav.  as 
only  in  1735  was  Fort  Rouille,  on  the  present  site  of  Toronto,  established.  Situ- 
ated near  the  shores  of  Outouacha  Bay  was  the  Huron  town  of  Otouacha,  with  a 
population  of  several  hundred  souls,  whose  inhabitants  hailed  the  advent  of  the 
strangers  with  joyful  acclaim  and  dispensed  savage  hospitality  with  a  liberal  hand. 
This  locality  was  later  to  attain  historical  notoriety  as  the  centre  of  thrilling 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  85 

events  connected  with  the  Huron  missions  of  the  Jesuits.  Proceeding  westward, 
calling  at  Carmaron  and  two  other  Huron  towns  on  the  way,  Champlain  arrived 
at  Carhagouha,  a  Huron  town  with  a  population  of  about  two  thousand  Indians, 
enclosed  with  triple  palisades  thirty-five  feet  high,  situated  somewhere  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lafontaine.  Here  he  met  the  Recollet,  Father  Caron,  who  had  preceded 
him  a  few  days  with  some  Frenchmen,  and  together  the  campany  knelt  at  a  tem- 
porized altar  and  celebrated  the  first  mass  in  the  Huron  country.  Champlain,  in 
the  course  of  his  journey,  visited  Touaguainchain,  the  nearest  Huron  prototype 
of  Penetanguishene,  situated  near  the  head  of  the  bay,  then  several  other  villages 
on  the  way.  The  party  continued  their  progress,  passing  through  a  succession  of 
native  towns  till  they  reached  Cahiague  and  the  Xarrows,  near  Orillia.  Here  we 
leave  Champlain  busied  with  his  commissariat  preparatory  to  his  second  expedi- 
tion against  the  Iroquois.  Champlain's  history  and  career  are  familiar  to  all  and 
need  not  be  further  repeated. 

Father  Martin  located  the  former  site  of  Ihonatiria,  on  the  banks  of  a  small 
stream  falling  into  Outouacha  Bay  and  some  distance  above  its  shores.  There  is 
a  slight  difference  of  opinion  among  archaeologists  as  to  its  exact  location,  but  until 
the  question  is  authoritatively  decided  to  the  contrary  we  must  assume  Father 
Martin's  view  as  the  correct  one.  At  Ihonatiria  the  first  Jesuit  Mission  was  estab- 
lished by  the  heroic  Brebeuf  in  1634,  and  called  the  Mission  of  St.  Joseph.  This 
was  the  opening  scene  in  that  great  wilderness  drama  of  the  Jesuit  Huron  Missions 
of  seventeen  years.,  during  which  struggling  missions  were  established  in  many 
Indian  towns  and  villages,  entailing  untold  hardship,  suffering,  and  death.  The 
main  Central  Mission  House  of  St.  Marie  I.  (Old  Fort),  on  the  River  Wye,  near 
the  town  of  Midland,  was  built  in  1639,  and  the  mission  ten  years  later  culminated 
in  the  bloody  conflict  of  St.  Louis  and  the  terrible  tragedy  of  St  Ignace,  in  which 
Brebeuf  and  his  companion  perished.  Then  followed  the  building  of  St.  Marie  II., 
on  Christian  Island,  to  which  the  mission  was  remoATed,  and  the  final  dispersion 
took  place  in  1650-1.  In  commemoration  of  these  thrilling  events,  and  in  honor 
of  these  devoted  pioneer  missionaries,  the  corner  stone  of  the  Memorial  Church  at 
Penetanguishene  was  laid  in  1886,  and  the  edifice  erected,  in  a  great  measure,  as 
a  national  memorial. 

An  interregnum  of  one  hundred  and  ten  years  followed,  during  which  the 
"land  of  the  Huron,"  relegated  to  the  wild  beasts  of  the  forests  only,  when  the 
silence  and  desolation  were  broken  by  an  occasional  Iroquois  hunter,  was  devoid 
of  history  and  almost  without  tradition.  The  conqueror,  the  exultant  Iroquois,  in 
turn  gave  way  to  the  Ojibway  of  the  north  by  whom  he  was  gradually  replaced,  and 
who  ruled  lords  of  this  domain  till  the  conquest  and  the  advent  of  the  British 
upon  the  scene  in  1759,  which  changed  the  course  of  savage  empire.  Five  years 
later  Alexander  Henry,  the  famous  traveller  and  fur-trader,  passed  over  these 
waters  with  his  savage  captors  in  1764,  on  his  way  to  ^Niagara  and  liberty  when 
the  Indian  braves  made  a  treaty  of  amity  with  Sir  William  Johnson. 


86  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

THE    CONSERVATION  OF  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EVIDENCES. 

HARLAN  I.  SMITH. 

The  conservation  of  archaeological  evidences  consists  in  preserving  them  all 
unimpaired  where  they  may  be  available  to  the  workers  who  use  this  method  of 
reconstructing  prehistoric  cultures.  This  we  would  take  for  granted  were  it  not 
that  laws  prohibiting  the  exportation  of  antiquities  are  frequently  presented  to 
legislative  bodies  while  the  destruction  of  archaeological  evidences  by  untrained 
excavators  grows  apace. 

The  passage  of  laws  preventing  the  exportation  of  archaeological  specimens, 
especially  from  such  countries  as  Canada  and  the  United  States,  is  contemptible. 
There  may  be  some  excuse  for  such  laws  in  certain  countries,  as,  for  instance, 
Egypt,  Greece,  Italy,  and  Mexico,  but  few  specimens  are  found  in  Northern 
America  so  unique  or  rare  that  many  more  like  them  may  not  be  found  through 
serious  and  careful  exploration,  and  these  would  replace  any  which  are  taken  out 
of  the  country. 

Practically,  where  archaeological  specimens  are  exported  from  a  country  by 
foreign  archaeologists,  the  people  of  that  country  are  benefited,  for  the  true 
archaeologist  seldom  explores  a  country  which  is  being  thoroughly  cared  for  by 
its  own  countrymen,  and  these  countrymen  are  Benefited  in  as  much  as  the  ex- 
plorations are  conducted  at  the  expense  of  others,  and  they  secure  by  means  of  re- 
ports and  otherwise  the  knowledge  resulting  from  the  explorations. 

For  example,  I  have  known  of  a  great  shell  heap  covering  many  acres,  and  in 
places  reaching  a  height  of  nine  feet,  which  had  never  been  explored  systematically, 
and  from  which  very  few  specimens  had  been  taken,  except  those  uncovered  by 
road  builders.  No  attempt  was  made  by  the  people  of  the  country  in  which  the 
shell  heap  was  located  even  to  properly  preserve,  label,  and  publish  these  speci- 
mens. A  foreign  expedition  sent  one  of  its  men  there  to  carry  on  work  with  a 
staff  of  five  men,  including  at  least  three  of  scientific  training  and  ability,  and 
caused  explorations  to  be  conducted,  chiefly  in  one  spot,  for  a  period  of  not  less  than 
a:  month,  and  finally  published  the  results  of  the  exploration,  illustrating,  by  means 
of  drawings  and  expensive  reproductions  of  photographs,  practically  all  the  dif- 
ferent objects  found.  Then  objection  was  raised  by  the  people  of  the  locality 
who  had  so  long  neglected  their  opportunities.  They  even  endeavored  to  get  a 
law  passed  to  make  it  illegal  for  foreigners  to  remove  antiquities  from  their  coun- 
try. One  man  interested  in  science  inquired  if  anything  more  could  be  found  at 
the  site,  and  seemed  to  feel  with  resentment  that  everything  had  been  taken  out 
of  his  country.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  shell  heap  is  so  large,  covering,  as  it 
does,  several  acres,  that  it  is  unlikely  that  it  will  ever  be  completely  dug  away. 
Judging  from  the  number  of  specimens  found  in  a  month's  work,  scores  of  similar 
collections  could  be  made  from  that  one  shell  heap,  and  there  are  many  hundreds 
of  shell  heaps  in  this  same  country.  The  excavation  made  by  the  expedition,  while 
large  in  itself,  was  exceedingly  small  in  proportion  to  the  acres  of  heap  left  undis- 
turbed. 

Since  this  time,  a  period  of  considerably  over  ten  years,  the  people  of  that 
country  have  made  no  systematic  exploration  of  the  site,  or  if  they  have,  have  not 
published  their  results  or  even  communicated  them  to  scientific  men,  and  conse- 
quently they  would  have  no  complete  knowledge  of  it,  and  no  complete  series 
of  specimens  from  it,  had  not  the  institution  of  the  foreign  country  been  some- 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  87 

what  generous.  The  foreign  expedition  not  only  presented  a  copy  of  its  publica- 
tions, describing  the  place  and  the  antiquities  found  therein,  to  every  great  coun- 
try in  the  world,  but  sent  copies  to  the  libraries  and  learned  societies  of  the  coun- 
try explored,  in  particular  the  government  and  university  libraries  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  shell  heap.  Moreover,  casts  of  the  specimens  and  duplicate  specimens  them- 
selves were  supplied,  in  exchange,  to  the  country  in  which  the  explorations  were  con- 
ducted. 

The  surface  survey  of  Blandford  Township,  Oxford  County,  Ontario,  a  town- 
ship taken  at  random,  carried  on  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Wintemberg,  resulted  in  the  loca- 
tion by  this  one  man  of  twenty-six  lodge  and  village  sites,  five  burial  places,  and 
many  surface  finds.  The  township  is  less  than  thirteen  miles  long  and  barely  nine 
miles  wide,  an  area  much  smaller  than  one  hundred  square  miles.  Less  than  nine 
field  working  days  resulted  in  these  discoveries.  This  makes  a  find  of  more  than 
three  sites  per  day.  More  time  or  a  greater  number  of  observers  would  no  doubt 
have  developed  even  more  sites  and  material.  As  there  is  no  reason  to  consider 
this  township  especially  favorable  for  prehistoric  occupation,  it  being  in  the  midst 
of  Ontario,  and  not  bordering  a  great  lake  or  having  a  very  large  river,  we  may 
conclude  that  the  other  townships  in  the  area  (common  to  Southern  Ontario,  the 
cleared  forest  area,  the  St.  Lawrence  lowlands,  and  the  Iroquoian  linguistic  area) 
would  average  just  as  productive.  We  may  expect  some  to  be  more  barren  of 
archaeological  remains,  but  others,  those  located  on  lakes  or  including  special 
features,  such  as  quarries  or  rich  corn  lands,  to  far  surpass  it  in  archaeological 
productiveness.  Ii>  thus  seems  that  there  is  ample  material  in  this  whole  area  for 
all  archaeological  workers  and  for  both  our  own  and  foreign  museums. 

If  the  archaeologists  of  a  country  are  conducting  satisfactory  explorations, 
foreigners  will  seldom  come  and  explore  in  that  country,  but  will  content  them- 
selves with  reading  the  reports,  and  confine  their  explorations  to  other  regions 
which  are  not  being  properly  explored.  When  they  come  to  need  specimens  to  give 
exposition  to  the  public  of  archaeological  facts  regarding  that  country,  they  will 
send  for  duplicate  specimens,  endeavoring  to  obtain  them  by  exchange  or  purchase. 
If  obtained  by  exchange,  valuable  material  for  a  similar  purpose  is  returned,  sav- 
ing the  expense  of  exploration,  and  with  the  additional  economy  that  the  duplicates 
of  both  are  made  useful.  If  they  are  secured  by  purchase,  the  money  may  be  used 
for  exploration  where  most  needed.  Casts  and  even  illustrations,  if  arranged  to 
bring  out  an  idea,  rather  than  to  show  a  series  of  curiosities,  may  do  more  good  in 
educating  the  citizens  of  a  country,  than  a  few  unrelated,  although  unique,  and 
financially  valuable  specimens. 

People  are  continually  digging  up  archaeological  specimens,  sometimes  in 
the  course  of  agricultural  pursuits,  sometimes  where  roads,  railways,  canals,  irri- 
gation ditches,  and  the  like  are  being  constructed.  The  knowledge  regarding  these 
specimens  is  seldom  preserved,  even  in  manuscript,  and  is  soon  forgotten.  Con- 
servation of  archaeological  knowledge  would  consist  in  the  publication  of  these 
facts,  and  the  distribution  of  these  publications  to  the  libraries  of  th£  interested 
countries  of  the  world.  By  this  means  the  facts  are  sure  to  be  saved  even  if  the 
manuscript  should  be  burned,  or  a  single  published  account  be  lost,  for  if  one 
library  burns,  others  have  the  publication  which  may  be  copied  or  reprinted. 

The  exploration  of  a  site  by  untrained  men  is  too  often  in  the  spirit  of  adven- 
.  ture,  and  the  mound,  village  site,  or  what  not,  is  destroyed  by  those  who  do  not 
put  on  record  their  results,  so  that  no  serious  or  trained  archaeological  worker 
ran  ever  explore  it  and  give  to  the  world  the  facts. 


88  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 

Specimens  disturbed  by  such  people,  or  even  those  collected  by  archaeologists, 
are  too  often  carelessly  kept,  sometimes  without  even  being  catalogued,,  so  that  the 
data  regarding  them  is  sooner  or  later  lost,  and  practically  never  available  to  those 
archaeologists  who  are  really  doing  serious  work.  Even  in  museums,  specimens 
are  too  often  allowed  to  be  broken  by  the  careless  handling  of  untrained  subor- 
dinates, ruined  by  the  ravages  of  insects,  by  violent  changes  of  temperature  and 
moisture,  and  by  the  damaging  effects  of  allowing  the  sun  to  shine  on  such  speci- 
mens as  are  made  of  shell,  antler,  and  bone.  All  this  is  also  a  waste  of  money. 
The  conservation  of  archaeological  evidence  would  include  the  numbering  and 
cataloguing  of  these  specimens,  so  that  the  numbers  should  not  be  effaced,  and  so 
that  if  one  catalogue  were  lost  or  destroyed,  as  for  instance  by  fire,  another  would 
be  available.  Men  should  be  trained  as  preparatory,  cataloguers,  and  caretakers, 
so  that  there  should  be,  instead  of  untrained  and  careless  people  handling  and  car- 
ing for  the  specimens,  a  sufficient  number  of  persons  from  whom  may  be  drawn 
those  to  properly  number  and  catalogue  the  specimens,  as  well  as  to  see  that  other 
things  are  done,  as,  for  instance,  the  drawing  of  curtains  when  in  the  course  of 
the  day  the  sun  reaches  such  a  position  that  its  rays  tend  to  destroy  such  objects 
as  those  made  of  antler  and  other  materials  which  are  easily  damaged  by  the  sun- 
shine. 

It  may  better  conserve  the  antiquities  of  a  country  to  let  them  lie  a  few  years 
longer  where  they  have  been  for  many  years  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground 
than  to  allow  them  to  be  excavated  by  an  inexperienced  or  unskilled  person,  or 
one  who  fails  to  place  his  material  results  on  free  public  exhibition,  and  to  care- 
fully publish  these  results,  where  they  may  be  available  to  all  students.  At  present 
there  is  such  great  lack  of  well-trained  archaeological  field  workers  that  compara- 
tively little  field  work  should  be  attempted,  and  funds  should  not  be  made  avail- 
able for  exploration  faster  than  men  can  be  trained  to  wisely  expend  them. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  we  of  to-day  often  look  upon  the  archaeological 
results  of  a  generation  ago  as  of  little  or  no  value,  but  regret  that  we  have  not  the 
opportunities  of  that  time  to  examine  the  unimpaired  archaeological  evidences  en- 
joyed by  the  earlier  workers;  at  the  same  time  we  clamor  for  conclusions  to  the 
exclusion  of  descriptive  details.  Have  we  to-day  any  greater  right  to  expect  our 
bare  conclusions  to  be  of  value  than  had  those  others,  and  is  it  not  our  first  duty  to 
keep  our  conclusions  and  theories  distinctly  separate  from  the  facts,  and  to  record 
the  facts  in  such  a  way,  so  that  our  conclusions  may  be  checked  or  revised? 

The  conservation  of  archaeological  material  seems  clearly  to  consist,  not  in 
passing  dog-in-the-manger  laws,  but  in  preventing,  so  far  as  possible,  all  excava- 
tion of  the  archaeological  sites  by  untrained  excavators ;  in  the  now  most  unheard  of 
careful  cataloguing  by  trained  clerks  of  specimens,  in  the  proper  care  of  these  by 
specially  skilled  mechanics,  in  the  publication  of  the  results  of  excavation,  and  in 
differentiating  clearly  between  our  facts  and  our  theories. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  89 

ADDITIONS  TO  THE  MUSEUM,   1912: 
COLLECTION  OP  W.  F.  &  L.   C.   CLARK,  PETERBOROUGH,   ONTARIO: 

31383 — Banner   Stone,   Glen   Morris   village,   North   Dumfries. 

31384 — Banner   Stone,  West  William  Twp.,   Middlesex  County. 

31385 — Banner  Stone,  Otter  River. 

31386 — Fish  Amulet,  Lobo  Twp.,  Middlesex  County. 

31387 — Gorget,  Glenheim  Twp.,  Oxford  County. 

31388 — 9 — Gorgets,  Otto  River. 

31390— Gorget,    Essex   County. 

31391— Gorget  Broken,   Blenheim   Twp.,   Oxford   County. 

31392 — Gorget    Broken,    South    Dumfries. 

31393— Slate  Axe,  Lobo  Twp.,  Middlesex  County. 

31394— Stone  Axe,  Ailsa  Craig,  Middlesex  County. 

31395— Stone  Axe,  Cobourg. 

31396— Stone   Axe,    Middlesex   County. 

31397 — 8 — Stone  Axes,  North  Dumfries. 

31399 — Stone   Axe,   Oneida   Twp. 

31400 — Stone  Axe,   North  Dumfries. 

31401 — Stone  Axe,  Ayr,   Ontario. 

31402— 3— Stone  Axes,  North  Dumfries. 

31404 — Stone   Axe,    South    Dumfries. 

31405 — Stone  Axe,  Oneida  Twp. 

31406— Stone  Axe,   Glen   Morris,   North   Dumfries. 

31407 — 'Stone  Axe,  Rice  Lake,  Peterborough  County. 

31408 — Stone  Axe,  Oneida  Twp. 

31409— Stone  Axe,  North  Dumfries. 

31410 — Stone   Axe,   from   grave,    Kentucky,    U.S.A. 

31411 — Stone   Axe,   Maysville,   Kentucky,    U.S.A. 

31412 — Stone   Axe,   North   Dumfries. 

31413 — 9 — Skinning   Knives,    Oneida,   Twp. 

31420 — Skinning  Knives,   Otter  River. 

31421—5 — Skinning    Knives,    North    Dumfries. 

31426 — Worked    Stone,   near   Guelph,   Wellington   County. 

31427 — 33— Field  Stones,  some  partly  worked,  used  for  gambling,  N.  Dumfries. 

31434 — Field  Stones,  some  partly  worked,  used  for  gambling,  Oneida  Twp. 

31435 — Field  Stones,  some  partly  worked,,  used  for  gambling,  Cobourg. 

31436—7 — Field    Stones,    some    partly    worked,    used    for   gambling,    Ailsa   Craig. 

31438 — Clay   Pipe,   Ohio. 

31439 — Clay  pipe,  North  Dumfries. 

31440— Clay  pipe,  North  Dumfries. 

31441 — Clay   pipe,    stem,    South   Dumfries. 

31442 — 54 — Pieces  of  Clay  pipe  bowls  and  stems,  North  Dumfries. 

31455 — Stone  pipe,  Otter  River. 

31456 — Stone  pipe  bowl,  partly  worked,  North  Dumfries. 

31457 — Copper  Axe  or  chisel,   Ohio. 

31458 — Copper   spear   head,   near   Chemong   Lake,    Peterborough    County. 

31459 — Copper  arrow  or  spear  point,  Sugar  Island,  Rice  Lake. 

31460 — Copper    implement,    North    Dumfries. 

31461— Broken  Catlinite  pipe  bowl,  Oneida  Twp. 

314^2 — Bone  skin  dresser,  British  Columbia. 

31463— 4— Piece   of  pottery,   Ohio. 

31465— 90— Piece   of   pottery,   North   Dumfries. 

31491— 501— Piece   of   pottery,   North   Dumfries. 

31502 — Flint  mounted  to  show  its  use,  North  Dumfries. 

315,03 — Arrow  point  mounted  to  show  its  use,  North  Dumfries. 

31504 — Flint  mounted  to  show   its  use,  Brant  County. 

31505— Flint    spear    head,    Brantford. 

31506—13 — Flint  and  quartz  arrow,  spear  heads,  and  drill,  York  Co.,  S.  Carolina. 

51514—23 — Quartz   spear  and   arrow  heads,  York  County,    S.   Carolina. 

31524—5 — Quartz  and  jasper  spear  points,   Talbot  County,   Georgia. 

51526— 7— Flint   arrow    heads,    Jackson    County,    111.,    U.S.A. 

51528— 9— Flint  arrow  heads,  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan. 

51530 — Flint  knife  mounted  to  show  its  use,  Washtenaw  Co.,  Michigan. 

51531— 3— Flint  arrow  heads  and  drill,  Maysville,  Kentucky. 

31534 — 5 — Quartz    arrow    points,    Georgia. 


90  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


31536 — 7 — Quartz    arrow    points,    Virginia. 

31538 — White  flint  arrow- point,  Montgomery  Co.,  Montana. 

31539 — Flint  arrow  point,  Hamilton   County,   Ohio. 

31540 — Flint   arrow    point,    Southern    Illinois. 

31541— 3— Flint  arrow  points,  Ailsa  Craig,   Ontario. 

31544 — 5 — Flint  arrow  points,   Paris   Ontario: 

31546 — Flint  arrow  point,  London,   Ontario. 

31547 — Flint  arrow  point,  Ayr,  Ontario. 

31548 — Flint  arrow  point,   Otter  River. 

31549 — Flint  arrow  point,  West's  Oo,rners,  Ontario. 

31550 — Flint  spear  point,  near  Brinsley,   Ontario. 

31551 — Flint   spear   point,    Middlesex   County,    Ontario. 

31552 — 3 — Flint  spear  arrow  point,  Waterloo  County,  Ontario. 

31554 — Flint  arrow  point,   Gait,   Ontario. 

31555 — Flint   arrow   point,   West   Williams,   Ontario. 

31556 — 61 — Flint   arrow   points,   locality   not   known. 

31562 — Flint  spear  point,   London   Twp.,   Middlesex   County. 

31563— Flint   spear   point,   Blenheim   Twp. 

31564 — Flint  spear  point,  Kentucky. 

31565 — 641 — Flint   spear   and    arrow    points,    North    Dumfries. 

31642 — 709— Flint   spear   and   arrow   points,    Oneida   Twp. 

31710 — Slate  gorget,   small,   crenated   ends,   Oneida  Twp. 

31711 — Shell   wampum,   mound,    Putnam   County,    111. 

31712 — Stone   wampum,   Lanark   Co.,   Ontario. 

31713 — Shell   wampum,   found   in   grave,   Genesee  County,  N.Y. 

31714— 25— Flints  from  mounds  in  Oneida  Valley,  Haldimand  Co. 

31726 — 30 — Flint  arrow  and  spear  points,   Otter  River,   Ontario. 

31731— Flint   scraper. 

31732— Flint   arrow    point,    South    Dumfries    Twp. 

31733— Flint   arrow  point,   Brant  Co. 

31734 — Flint  arrow  point,  London   Twp. 

31735— Flint   spear   point,   Lobo   Twp. 

31736— Flint   scraper,   Lobo   Twp. 

31737 — 48- — Flint   arrow   points,   Waterloo    County. 

31749 — Flint  spear  point,  Greene  County,  Ohio. 

31750 — 52— Flint   and   quartz   spear   points,    South   Carolina. 

31753 — 67 — Flint    arrow    points,    Waterloo    County. 

31768— Slate   gorget,   Waterloo   County. 

31769— Flint   drill,    North    Dumfries. 

31770— 1— Flint   drills,    Oneida   Twp. 

31772— Unio  shell,  North  Dumfries. 

31773 — Piece  of  broken  slate  gorget,   Otter  River. 

31774— Unio   shell,    North   Dumfries. 

31775— 7— Teeth,    North   Dumfries. 

31778— 9— Small   shells,    North   Dumfries. 

31780— Bone   needle,   North   Dumfries. 

31781— Bone  awl,   North   Dumfries. 

31782 — Shell   wampum,   North   Dumfries. 

31783 — Carved   bone   armlet,    North   Dumfries. 

31784 — Bone  bead,  North  Dumfries. 

31785— 97— Bone   awls,   North   Dumfries. 

317P8 — £— Bone  arrow  points,  North  Dumfries. 

31800 — Bone  head,  North  Dumfries. 

31801 — Bone  pipe,   North  Dumfries. 

31802— Animal   tooth,    North   Dumfries. 

31803 — Human  tooth,  North   Dumfries. 

31804— 6— Gambling  bones,   North   Dumfries. 

31807— 23— Bone   awls,   North   Dumfries. 

31824— 35— Bone  beads,   North   Dumfries. 

31836— 43— Broken  pipe  stems,   North  Dumfries. 

31844— Piece  of  flint  drilled,  North  Dumfries. 

31845 — 60 — Foot  bones,   North  Dumfries,   probably   gambling  bones. 

31861 — Skull,    deformed,    Middlesex   County. 

31862— Lower  jaw,  Middlesex   County. 

31863 — 6 — Human   bones,   Middlesex   County. 

31867— Fossil,    Oneida    Twp. 

31868 — Two   pieces  of  bone,   one   animal  tooth,   North   Dumfries. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  91 

31869 — Small  stone  axe,   Kansas   City.   Gift  of  Miss   S.    Pulford. 
3187!0— 2— Flint  arrow  points,  Kansas  City.     Gift  of  Miss  S.  Pulford. 

31873 — Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  L.   Erie.  Gift  of  Clayton  McCall. 

31874 — Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  L.  Brie.  Gift  of  Clayton  McCall. 

31875 — Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  L.  Erie.  Gift  of  Clayton  McCall. 

31876 — Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  L.  Erie.  Gift  of  Clayton  McCall. 

31877 — 89— Stone  net  sinkers,   Port  Rowan,  L.   Erie.   Gift  of   Clayton  McCall. 
31890 — Snow  snake,  Brantford  Indian  Reserve.     Gift  of  F.  0.  Loft. 

31891— Zulu  shield,  South  Africa,  Gift  of  Sam  Herbert. 

31892 — Arrow  head,   Lot   13.   Con.   6,   Blenheim   Twp. 

31893— 95— Pieces  of  pottery,  Lot  13,  Con.  6,  Blenheim   Twp. 

31896 — Wampum  head  made  from  TJnio  shell,  N.  Dumfries  Twp. 

31897— Flat  fragment  of  bone,  Elliot  Village  site,  N.  Dumfries  Twp. 

31898— Bone  head,   Lot  10,   Con.   2,   Wilmot   Twp. 

31899— Bead,   Elliot  Farm,   North   Dumfries   Twp. 

31900 — Bone  awl,  Elliot  Farm,  North  Dumfries  Twp. 

31901)— Bone  awl. 

31902— Charred  corn,  Lot  10,  Con.  2,  Wilmot  Twp. 

31903 — Sioux  Indian  war  drum,  captured  during  Reil  Rebellion,  near  Battleford.     Gift 
of  Frank  Yeigh. 

31904 — Decorated  Buffalo  skull  used  by  the   Soto   Indians   in    their   Sun    Dance    Cere- 
monies.    Gift   of  Frank  Yeigh. 

31905— Leather  bucket,  found  in  the  Old  Fort.     Gift  of  Frank  Yeigh. 

31906— Long    (pestle  shaped)    stone,   mountain  near   Nelson,   B.C.     Gift  of  W.   J.  Arm- 
strong. 
Note. — 31907 — 31910:  By  exchange  with  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  Washington. 

31907— Plaster  bust  of  Jno.   Grass,   Teton   Sioux. 

31908— Plaster  bust  of  Charlie  Waghrigi,  Osaga. 

31909 — Skull   of  a  male   Perunian   showing   marked   frontal,    with    moderate    occipital 
depression.  ^    (Pachacamac,   Peru). 

31910 — Skull  of  a  male  Perunian  showing  very  slight  frontal  and  occipital  depression. 

31911— Buffalo  skull.     Gift  of  Jas  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31912— Buffalo  horn.     Gift  of  Jas  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31913— Antler    (Mule  deer).     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,   Walkerton,   Ontario. 

31914 — Pair  antlers    (Prong  horn  antelope).     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31915— Rib.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31916— Vertebrae   (Buffalo?).     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31917 — Gorget  or  breast  plate   (shell).     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31918— Ground  axe.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31919— Ground  axe.     Gift  of  Jas.   Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31920— Fragment  of  Ground  axe.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31921— Stone  Gouge.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31922— Stone  Gorget.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31923— Stone  Gorget.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31924— Stone  Gorget.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31925— Water  washed  pebble.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31926— Stone  pestle.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,   Ontario. 

31927— Stone  pestle.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

51928 — Stone  axe  or  adze.     Gift  of  Jas.  Wiarren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31929— Stone  axe  or  adze.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31930— Stone  axe  or  adze.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

51931— Stone  axe  or  adze.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31932— Stone  axe  or  adze.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

51933— Stone  chisel.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31934— Stone  chisel.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31935— Stone   chisel.     Gift  of   Jas.   Warren,   Walkerton,   Ont. 

51936— Stone   pestle.     Gift  of  Jas.   Warren,   Walkerton,   Ont. 

31937— Soap  stone  pipe.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,   Ont. 

51938— Stone  pipe.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

51939 — Tomahawk   Metal.     Gift   of   Jas.   Warren,   Walkerton,    Ont. 

31940— Tomahawk  Metal.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31941 — Old  metal  knife  bone  handle.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

31942 — Old  metal  knife  bone  handle.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walberton,  Ont. 

1943— Flint  spear  head.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ont. 

i'lint  spear  head.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

1945 — Flint  spear  head.     Gift   of  Jas.   Warren,   Walkerton,   Ontario. 
31946— Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,   Walkerton,   Ontario. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


31947—  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31948—  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31949  —  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,   Ontario. 

31950  —  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31951  —  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,   Ontario. 

31952  —  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 
31953—  Flint  arrowhead.     Gift  of  Jas.  Warren,  Walkerton,  Ontario. 

31954  —  Eskimo  skull,   found  between  Herschel   Island  and   the   Mackenzie  River.     Gift 

of  the  Rev.  C.  E.  Whittaker,  of  Fort  Macpherson. 
31955—32065  —  Chert  specimens,  exchange  from  W.  C.  Barnard,  Seneca,  Mo. 

32066—  Stone—  Lot  12,  Con.  4,  West  Nissouri  Twp.    W.  G.  Lee. 

32067—  Arrow  head,  Lot  12,  Con.  4,  West  Nissouri  Twp.     W.  G.  Lee. 

32068  —  Arrow  head,  Lot  12,  Con.  4,  West  Nissouri  Twp.     W.   G.  Lee. 

32069  —  83—  Flint   arrowheads,   from    Lake    Medad.     Gift   of   E.    D.    Marshall,   Hamilton, 

Ontario. 

32084—  Soap  stone  pipe,  Site  3,  Lot  5,  Con.  5,  Bexley.     Col..  G.  E.  Laidlaw. 
32085  —  Arrow   head,   quartz,    Lot   10,    N.P.R.,    Eldon,    1912.     Col.    G.    E.    Laidlaw. 

32086—  Copper  Hook,  Block  E.  Bexley,  Site  20,  Lake  Shore.     Col.  G.  E.  Laidlaw. 

32087—  Cache  of  Flints,  Block  E.  Bexley,  Site  20,  Lake  Shore.     Col.  G.  E.  Laidlaw. 

32088—  Iron  Adze.     Gift  of  William   Thompson. 

32089—  Sword    (Clayburn),    near    Presquille    Point,    Lake    Ontario.     Gift   of   H.    Meade, 

Los  Angeles. 

32090—  Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  Lake  Erie.     Clayton  McCall. 

32091—  Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  Lake  Erie.     Clayton  McCall. 
32092  —  Stone  net  sinker,  Port  Rowan,  Lake  Erie.     Clayton  McCall. 

32093—  Pair   shaps    (leggings),    Cree    Indian,    Filehill    Reserve,    Sask.      Procured    from 

Jim  Tickle. 
32094  —  Pair    shaps    (leggings),    Cree    Indian,    Filehill    Reserve,    Sask.      Procured    from 

Jim  Tickle. 

32095—  Pow  wow  sash   (bone  and  bead),  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured 

from  Jim  Tickle. 

32096—  Belt   (beaded),  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 
32097  —  Pair  moccasins,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32098—  Sash   (beaded),  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32099—  Tobacco  bag,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32100  —  Tobacco  bag,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32101  —  Bead  necklace,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32102  —  Shoulder  strap,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32103—  Shoulder  strap,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32104—  Arm  band,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32105  —  Arm  band,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32106  —  Pair    women's    leggings,    Cree    Indian,    Filehill    Reserve,    Sask.      Procured    from 

Jim  Tickle. 

32107—  Pair  child's  leggings,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,   Sask.     Procured  from  Jim 

Tickle. 

32108—  Beaded  vest,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 

32109—  Beaded  club,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 
32110  —  Shell  earrings,  Cree  Indian,  Filehill  Reserve,  Sask.     Procured  from  Jim  Tickle. 
32111—  Moccasins   (beaded),  Chas.  B.  Hale,  Clinton. 

32112  —  Small  brass  kettle,  Barber's  Bay,  Iroquois  Falls.     Donated  by  Fred.  Dane. 

32113  —  Woman's  coat   (Algonquin),  Hudson  Bay.     Procured  from  C.  G.  Gladman. 
32114—  Hood   (beaded).     Procured  from  C.  G.  Gladman. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


93 


CAPUCHIN,  or  SAPAJOU  MONKEY    (Ge'bus  fatuellus) 
South  America. 


J.M.,  Jr. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


CAPUCHIN,  OB  SAPAJOU  MONKEY 

(Cebus  fatuellus) 

South  America. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


95 


96 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Carpal  and  Meta-Carpal  bones  of  African  Lioness.  J.M.,  Jr. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


97 


98 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


99 


n 

g. 


100 


ARlCIL^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


CARAPACE 
Showing  anatomy  of  fore  and  hind  limbs. 

(Green  Turtle) 

GREEN  TURTLE  (Chelone  My  das) 
West  Indies. 


J.M.,  Jr. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 


101, 


UPPER  VIEW  OF  CARAPACE 
(Green  Turtle) 


J.M.,  Jr. 


102 


AROH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  PLASTRON 
(Green  Turtle) 


.J.M.,  Jr 


ARCEL^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


103 


g    <D    <V 


Is 


03  -a 


1-9    >». 


104 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


MARBLED  GODWIT   (Limosa  Fedoa)  J.M.,  Jr! 

North  America,  breeding  in  the  interior  (Missouri  region  and  northward),  migrating  in 
winter  southward  to  Central  America  and  Cuba. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


105 


a    _j 

£    t 

I 


106 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


J.M.,  Jr. 


GANNET 

(Sula  Bassana) 

Coasts  of  the  North  Atlantic;   south  in  winter,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Africa; 
breeds  from  Maine  and  the  British  Islands  northwards. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


107 


J.M..  Jr. 


AMERICAN  WHITE  PELICAN 
(Pelecanus  Erythrorohynchos) 

An  accidental  visitor  to  the  Great  Lakes.    They  breed  commonly  in  North  Manitoba 

and  the  Western  Provinces. 


108 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  RJEPORT. 


AMERICAN  WHITE  PELICAN   (Pelecanus  Erythrorohynchos)        J.M.,  Jr. 
An  accidental  visitor  to  the  Great  Lakes.     They  breed  commonly  in  North  Manitoba 

and  the  Western  Provinces. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


109 


KING  EIDER   (Male) 
(Somateria  Spectabilis) 

Circumpolar  distribution.  Breeding  on  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
Seas;  in  winter  south  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Aleutian 
Islands  in  great  numbers;  on  the  east,  south  irregularly  as 
far  as  New  York. 


110 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


HARLEQUIN    (Male)  J.M.,  Jr. 

(Histrionicus  Histrionicus) 

Northern   North    America,    breeding   from    Newfoundland,    the    Rocky 

Mountains,  and  the  Sierra,  Nevada,  northward;   south  in 

winter  to  the  middle  States  and  California. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Ill 


AMERICAN  WOODCOCK    (Philohela  Minor)  J.M.,  Jr. 

(Female) 

Eastern  Province  of  North  America,  south  to  Dakota,  Kansas,  etc.,  breeding  throughout 

this  range. 


112 


ARCIL^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


113 


MOURNING  DOVE  J.M.,  jr. 

(Zenaidura  Macroura.) 

A    common    summer    resident    of    North    America    from    Southern    Maine, 
Southern  Canada  and  Oregon,  south  to  Panama  and  the  West  Indies. 


8  A. 


114 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


AKCHJEOLOGICAL  EEPO'RT. 


115 


PASSENGER  PIGEON  J.M.,  Jr 

(Ectopistes  Migratorius) 

Formerly  a  very  abundant  summer  resident,  then  occurring  in  flocks  of  countless 
thousands,  but  now  practically  extinct. 


116 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


(Young  male) 

J.M.,  Jr. 


(Adult  male) 

CORY'S  LEAST  BITTERN 
(Botaurus  Neoxenus) 

This  pair  of  birds  was  taken  at  Toronto,  Ashbridge's  Bay,  1900. 
are  now  the  property  of  the  Provincial  Government. 


These 


ESQUIMAUX  WOMAN 


ANNUAL 

Archaeological    Report 

1913 


BEING  PART  OF 


Appendix  to  the 

Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education, 

Ontario. 


PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF 
THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  OF  ONTARIO. 


TORONTO : 

Printed  and  Published  by  L.  K.  CAMERON,  Printer  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty 

1913. 


Printed    by 

WILLIAM   BRIGGS 

29-37  Richmond   Street  West 

TORONTO 


PRESENTATION 

To  the  HONOURABLE  E.  A.  PYNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  M.P.P., 

Minister  of  Education,  Toronto. 

SIR, — In  presenting  you  with  my  Third  Annual  Report,  and  the  Twent^- 
fiftti_issued  from  the  Ontario  Provincial  Museum,  permit  we  to  draw  your  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  additions  to  the  Archaeological  Department  during  the  year 
number  over  twenty-three  hundred  and  sixty.  The  additions  to  the  Biological, 
Ethnological  and  Historical  Departments  have  been  very  numerous.  In  fact,  the 
contributions  and  gifts  to  the  Provincial  Museum  during  the  year  191 3"  exceed  in 
value  the  entire  amount,  expended  for  maintenance  by  your  Department.  Valuable 
donations  have  been  received  during  the  year  from  Clayton  McCall,  G«o.  A.  Smith 
of  New  Hamburg,  L.  D.  Brown  of  St.  Mary's.  Numerous  other  smaller  collec- 
tions have  beenx  contributed  and  credited  at  the  end  of  the  Report.  I  would 
strongly  recommend  that  the  appropriation  for  field-work  be  very  much  increased 
for  tihe  ensuing  year. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be, 
Sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

ROWLAND  B.  ORE, 

Director. 
TORONTO,  Dec.  30th,  1913. 


[3] 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Esquimaux    Woman    Frontispiece 

Presentation •!•* 3 

Prehistoric  America    6 

Ontario  Provincial  Museum,  St.  James  Square,  Gould  Street,  Toronto;   facing  page  7 

The  Attiwandarons    7 

Primitive    Civilization    of    the    American    Indian.     By    Very    Rev.    W.    R.    Harris, 

D.D.,   LL.D 23 

Concerning  a  Few  Well-known  Indian  Names.     By  Armon  Burwash 34 

Ontario  Effigy  Pipes  in  Stone.     By  Col.  E.  Laidlaw 37 

New  Material  68 

Pottery 68 

Gorgets,   Pendants,  Pierced  Tablets    70 

Bird    Amulet 76 

Chisel  .  .  .   77 

Ceremonial    Stones    78 

Flints 80 

Scrapers,   Stemmed 85 

Gorges 87 

Pipes 90 

New  Additions    94 

Plaster  Casts   97 


[6] 


We  cannot  tell  here  the  story  of  all  these  races 
of  American  Indians,  however  interesting  it  may  be. 
We  shall  confine  ourselves  to  giving  a  resume  of  a 
few  of  them.  We  shall  give  an  account  of  the  habits 
of  these,  their  habitations,  industry,  manners  and 
style  of  life  so  far  at  least  as  is  possible  to  know 
them;  and  finally  we  shall  try  to  find  out  what  may 
be  known  of  their  origin  and  their  migrations.  Above 
all,  we  shall  confess  our  ignorance  when  proofs  are 
not  to  be  had,  or  when  assumptions  are  destitute  of 
the  clearness  and  precision  indispensable  to  their 
acceptance.  "  To  know,"  writes  Bacon,  "  when  to  be 
ignorant,  is  a  great  science,"  and  this  ought  to  be 
the  eternal  maxim  of  men  engaged  in  scientific 
studies. 

There  is  one  last  remark  which  I  cannot  omit.  By 
one  of  those  laws  which  cannot  be  overlooked,  men 
absolutely  alike  in  their  osseous  structure,  absolutely 
alike  in  the  degrees  of  progress  realized  by  them,  were 
scattered  in  the  jungles  of  India  and  the  cold  forests 
of  Canada,  hunted  the  bear  and  the  buffalo  with 
the  same  stone  weapons  on  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Delaware  as  of  old  on  those  of  the  Seine 
and  the  Thames.  Civilization  everywhere  follows  the 
same  phases;  the  same  wants  everywhere  produce 
the  same  conceptions.  This  is  the  great  and  useful 
lesson  resulting  from  anthropological  and  prehistoric 
studies,  and  to  borrow  the  words  of  the  eminent 
scholar,  Horatio  Hale,  "  the  study  of  the  physiological 
and  psychical  features  of  the  languages,  mythologies 
and  social  systems  of  the  different  surviving  races, 
from  Alaska  to  California,  leads  to  this  conclusion — 
that  the  physical  differences  existing  in  the  varieties 
of  men  can  be  adequately  explained  by  climatic  and 
other  local  influences;  and  that  all  ground  for  affirm- 
ing the  existence  of  several  human  species  evolved 
from  different  sources  must  disappear." 
L'Amerique  Prehistorique, 
Marquis  de  Nadaillac, 
Member  of  the  French  Academy. 


^^5       ^^^     ^^^ 


[6] 


_l  35 


u 


o  « 
tf  rt 


o  ^ 


THE  ATTIWANDARONS 

OR 

NATION  OF  THE  NEUTRALS 

Before  entering  upon  a  brief  history  of  the  Attiwandarons  or  Neutrals  of 
the  Niagara  Peninsula  it  may  be  of  some  service  to  introduce  a  preliminary  notice 
of  the  Europeans  who  first  visited  this  numerous  and  powerful  nation,  and  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  any  information  we  now  possess  bearing  upon  the 
habits,  customs,  manners  and  regional  habitat  of  this  annihilated  tribe. 

ETIENNE  OR  STEPHEN  BRULE  (BRUSLE). 

Etienne  Brule  was  the  first  white  man  who  ever  entered  an  Attiwandaron 
wigwam.  His  parentage  and  birth  are  not  recorded.  We  first  hear  of  him, 
when  in  1610,  he  accompanied  Champlain  to  the  Algonquin  encampment  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Richelieu,  then  called  Riviere  des  Iroquois.  He  was  one  of  the 
eight  who  recovered  from  the  disastrous  scurvy  that  carried  off  ten  of  Champlain's 
men  during  the  terrible  winter  of  1608-9. 

When  the  Algonquins  had  ended  their  interview  with  Champlain  they  returned 
to  their  hunting  grounds  on  the  Ottawa.  With  them  went  the  boy  Brule  com- 
mitted by  Champlain  to  the  care  and  protection  of  Iroquet,  chief  of  the  Algonquin 
band,  known  to  the  French  as  "The  Little  Tribe  of  the  Algonquins"  (La  .Petite 
Nation).  Brule  was  the  first  of  the  number  of  the  adventurous,  intelligent  and 
hardy  youth  whom  Champlain  put  in  the  care  of  his  Indian  allies  to  train  them 
to  the  life  of  the  woods — to  the  language,  manners,  customs  and  habits  of  the 
savages.  His  object  was  to  familiarize  these  young  men  with  savage  thought 
and  ways  so  that  through  them  he  could  bring  into  alliance  with  the  French 
all  the  tribes  of  the  upper  regions  of  New  France.  Prominent  among  these 
youths  was  Jean  Nicolet,  the  explorer  and  .interpreter. 

When,  in  1615,  Champlain,  at  the  Couchiching  council  of  the  Huron  and 
Algonquin  braves,  resolved  to  send  a  deputation  to  the  Andastes  or  Carantonannias, 
a  Huron  ofkhoot,  who  dwelt  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  River  of 
the  present  State  of  Pennsylvania,  Brule  accompanied  the  embassy.  It  was  a 
perilous  undertaking,  for  the  Iroquois  of  Western  New  York  were  the  enemy  of 
the  French  and  at  war  with  the  Hurons.  To  escape  the  Seneca  territory  through 

[7] 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOKT. 


which  lay  the  direct  route  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Susquehanna,  the  deputies 
were  forced  to  go  many  miles  out  of  their  way.  They  crossed  Lake  Simcoe, 
portaged  to  the  Humber  and  sailing  down,  canoed  around  Lake  Ontario  and 
landing  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Niagara  River  were  on  the  territory  of  the 
friendly  Attiwandarons.  Brule  was  the  first  white  man  to  see  and  canoe  the 
waters  of  Lake  Ontario.  Arriving  with  five  hundred  Andaste  warriors,  too  late 
to  assist  Champlain  and  his  allies  laying  siege  to  the  Onondaga  capital  (Oct., 
1615),  Brule  returned  with  the  Andastes  and  wintered  with  them.  He  now 
entered  upon  an  expedition  of  exploration  through  central  Pennsylvania,  the 
Susquehanna  regions  and  the  lands  about  Chesapeake  Bay.  Retracing  his  steps 
to  Carantouan  he  tarried  here  for  awhile  and  then  entered  upon  his  return 
journey  to  Huronia.  Passing  through  Iroquois  territory,  he  was  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Senecas  and  after  an  extraordinary  series  of  adventure  was  liberated  and 
escorted  by  Seneca  guides  to  the  Neutral  boundary.  Crossing  the  Niagara  River, 
he  passed  through  the  Neutral  villages  in  peace  and  arrived  safely  in  the  Huron 
country.  It  was  Brule  who  some  time  afterwards  met,  at  Three  Rivers,  the 
Franciscan  or  Recollet  priest,  Joseph  Le  Caron,  and  told  him  of  the  splendid 
climate,  the  rich  lands  and  the  number  and  influence  of  the  Neutral  nation— 
the  Attiwandarons. 

The  glowing  report  of  Brule  no  doubt  induced  Le  Caron,  then  Superior  of 
the  Recollets  in  New  France,  to  send  Father  Joseph  Daillon  on  a  mission  to 
the  Neutrals. 

The  Recollet,  Gabriel  Sagard  in  his  "Histoire  du  Canada  et  voyages,"  (Paris, 
1636,  p.  198),  tells  us  that  Brule,  in  1621,  was  at  the  Huron  town  of  Toanche. 
That  with  a  French  trader  named  Grenolle  he  went  on  an  expedition  of  explora- 
tion to  the  north  and  discovered  copper  outcroppings.  He  then  pushed  to  the 
west,  and  returning  with  a  large  ingot  of  copper,  claimed  to  have  visited  the 
Paouitagourtgs  or  Sauteurs  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  now  the  "Soo."  All  this  may 
be  true,  but  G.  W.  Butterfield  in  his  "History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Northwest," 
(Cincinnati,  1881,  p.  5)  claims  this  honor  for  the  explorer,  Nicolet.  He  writes: 
"Entering,  finally,  St.  Mary's  strait,  his  (Nicolet's)  canoes  were  urged  onward 
for  a  number  of  miles  until  the  falls — Sault  de  Sainte  Marie — were  reached: 
and  there  stood  Nicolet,  the  first  white  man  to  set  foot  (1634)  upon  any  portion 
of  what  was,  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  after,  called  'the  territory  north- 
west of  the  river  Ohio.' " 

In  1632,  Brule  was  again  with  the  Hurons  of  the  Georgian  Bay.  In  this 
year  he  was  tortured,  roasted  and  devoured  by  the  Huron  savages  for  reasons  not 
necessary  to  be  mentioned  here.  He  is  referred  to  for  the  last  time  in  the 
"Relation"  of  1636,  where  the  Algonquins  of  Borgne  de  1'Ile  charge  the  Bear 
Clan  of  the  Hurons  with  the  murder  of  Etienne  Brusle  and  "un  pauvre  miserable 
franchise  massacre  aux  Hurons." 

JOSEPH  DE  LA  ROCHE  DE  DAILLON. 

The  Recollet  (Franciscan)  priest  de  La  Roche  de  Daillon  of  an  aristocratic 
family  of  the  Department,  now  known  as  the  La  Sarthe,  France,  came  to  Canada 
in  1625,  and  in  company  with  the  Jesuit  priests  Jean  de  Brebeuf  and  Anne  de 
Noue,  arrived  in  the  Huron  Country  July  25,  the  same  year.  On  October  18, 
1626,  he  left  Toanche  or  Penetanguishene  Bay  on  his  mission  to  the  Attiwandarons. 
He  was  accompanied,  according  to  Sagard  (III.  Hist.  p.  800)  by  one  or  two 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT.  9 

Huron  guides  and  two  French  traders,  La  Vallee  and  Grenolle.  This  was  the 
Grenolle  who  afterwards  sailed  with  Brule  on  his  north-western  expedition. 
From  his  letter  to  a  relative  in  Paris,  France,  (Le  Clercq  "Le  Premier  Etablisse- 
ment  de  la  Foy  dans  Nouvelle-France"  p.  347  et  seq.)  we  learn  that  leaving  the 
Huron  Frontier  he  entered  the  lands  of  the  Tobacco  nation  or  Petuns,  known 
to  the  early  English  and  American  settlers  as  Tionnontates  or  Dinnindadies. 
His  path  now  carried  him  southward  through  the  counties  of  Grey  and  Wellington 
till  he  struck  the  Grand  River,  and  following  its  course  entered  the  hunting 
lands  of  the  Attiwandarons.  Now,  let  us  take  a  few  extracts  from  his  letter: 
"Passing  through  the  Tobacco  nation"  he  informs  us  that  he  "made  the  acquain- 
tance of  and  formed  a  friendship  with  a  Petun  Chief,  a  man  of  importance, 
who  promised  to  guide  me  to  the  Neutral  country.  He  fulfilled  his  promise; 
(we  slept  in  the  woods  only  five  nights,  and  on  the  sixth  day,  (October  24,  1626,) 
arrived  at  the  first  village  where  we  were  well  received.*  We  then  visited 
four  other  towns  in  every  one  of  which  the  people  vied  with  each  other  in 
bringing  us  food — some  venison,  others  squashes,  neinthaony,  (Indian  corn 
roasted)  and  the  best  they  had."  Daillon  then  called  a  council  of  the  head 
men,  and  after  distributing  gifts  to  them,  requested  that  he  might  be  per- 
mitted to  remain  and  "instruct  them  in  the  law  of  God  and  the  means  by 
which  they  might  go  to  heaven."  He  rejoiced  their  hearts  with  more  presents, 
and  in  the  exuberance  of  their  appreciation  of  his  generosity,  they  made  him 
a  citizen  of  their  nation  and  placed  him  under  the  protection  of  their  valiant 
chief,  Thoshahissen.  So  far  everything  was  pleasant  for  the  good  priest.  Soon 
the  skies  darkened  and  clouds  portending  a  storm  began  to  rise  above  the  horizon 
of  his  expectations.  Some  one  reported  to  the  Hurons  that  the  priest  was  about 
to  divert  the  commerce  of  the  Attiwandarons  from  themselves  to  the  French  at 
the  "Place  of  Trade."  This  Place  of  Trade  was  at  Lake  St.  Peter's,  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  River,  fifty  miles  below  Montreal.  It  was  called  Cape  Victory, 
for  it  was  here  that  Champlain  and  the  braves  of  the  Petite  nation  defeated  the 
Iroquois  warriors.  This  was  where  Fort  Richelieu  was  afterwards  built.  Directly 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Richelieu,  facing  the  fort,,  was  the  "Place  of  Trade,"  des- 
cribed by  Sagard,  alluded  to  by  Father  Daillon  and  possibly  by  the  heroic  Brebeuf, 
1640. 

"  The  Iroquois  closed  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Hurons,  with  whom  they  were 
at  war,  forcing  them  to  a  circuitous  Ottawa  route  to  reach  the  Place  of  Trade  and 
exchange  their  furs  and  peltries  with  the  French.  The  Neutrals  had,  until  the 
visit  of  the  priest,  sold  their  furs  and  trinkets  to  the  Hurons,  who,  at  great  profit, 
rebartered  them  to  the  French.  The  Neutrals  did  not  know  how  to  get  to  the  Place 
of  Trade,  perhaps  had  never  heard  of  it. 

Now  if,  under  the  direction  and  advice  of  the  priest,  the  trade  of  the  Neutrals 
was  diverted  from  the  Hurons  to  the  French,  the  Huron  nation  would  be  hard  hit, 
The  wise  men  of  Huronia  met  in  Council  and,  two  weeks  after  the  meeting.,  Huron 
messengers,  ambassadors  from  the  kinsmen  of  the  Neutrals,  arrived  in  their  villages 
and  it  was  all  over  with  the  mission  of  the  brave  and  pious  missionary.  The  Huron 
runners  went  from  village  to  village  denouncing  the  French,  saying  "they  were  sad, 

*  Mr.  J.  B.  Hewitt,  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  says,  in  his  article  on  the 
Neutrals,  that  "this  first  village  was  Kandoucho  or  All  Saints."  Mr.  Hewitt,  who  is 
uniformly  accurate,  has,  we  are  satisfied,  mistaken  the  Kandoucho  of  Brebeuf  and 
Chaumonot's  time,  named  by  them — 1640 — All  Saints.  This  "  first  village "  is  not 
mentioned  by  name  in  Daillon's  letter  or  by  Le  Glercq  or  Sagard. 


10 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOKT. 


melancholy  people,  who  live  only  on  snakes  and  poison;  that  we  eat  thunder, 
which  they  imagine  to  be  an  unparalleled  chimera,  relating  a  thousand  strange 
stories  about  it;  that  we  all  had  tails  like  animals;  that  the  women  had  only 
one  nipple  in  the  centre  of  the  breast ;  that  they  bare  five  or  six  children  at  a 
time;  adding  a  thousand  other  absurdities  to  make  us  hated  by  them,  and  prevent 
them  trading  with  us,  so  that  they  might  have  the  trade  with  the  French  to 
themselves  exclusively,  which  is  very  profitable  to  them."  They  also  asserted 
that  the  priest  was  a  great  sorcerer,  that  when  among  the  Hurons  he  introduced 
the  plague  which  destroyed  hundreds.  By  his  sorcery,  they  contended,  he  would 
poison  their  streams,  drive  away  the  game  and  destroy  their  crops.  The  Neutrals 


Aboriginal  Deer  Hunting,  Champlain. 

were  overcome  with  fear.  A  sorcerer  was,  of  living  men,  the  most  malignant, 
most  powerful  for  evil  and  the  most  dreaded.  Sorcerers  were  remorselessly  slain. 
If  the  accusation  had  been  brought  home  to  one  of  their  own  he  would  have 
perished  that  night.  They  dared  not  slay  the  priest  for  they  dreaded  the  ven- 
geance of  the  French.  But  from  the  hour  the  charge  was  brought  against  him 
he  became  a  victim  of  abuse,  insult,  scorn  and  contumely.  His  mission  was  a 
failure,  his  hopes  dead,  his  expectations  buried. 

He  returned  to  the  Huron  country  and  there,  on  July  18,  1627,  in  the 
Indian  town  of  Toanche,  wrote  his  valuable  letter.  In  this  letter  he  records 
his  own  experience  with  the  tribe,  tells  of  what  he  saw  and  heard,  expresses 
hopes  for  their  conversion  and  declares  himself  to  be  "The  most  humble  servant 


ARCiL^OLOGICAL  REPORT.  ll 

of  our  Lord, — Joseph  de  La  Roche  d'Aillon."  Father  Daillon  left  the  Huron 
country  in  the  autumn  of  1628,  and  never  returned.  He  sailed  for  France, 
September  9,  16&9.  In  the  "Liste  Chronologique"  of  the  Abbe  Noiseaux,  the 
date  of  his  death  is  recorded,  July,  16,  1656. 

BREBEUF  AND  CHAUMONOT. 

On  November  2,  "Feast  of  All  Souls/'  1640,  two  missionaries  of  the  "Society 
of  Jesus"  (Jesuits)- JoJ^n-d.e  Brebeuf and  Joseph  Chaumonot,  *left  Huronia  to 
preach  the  gospel  of  *  saWation  to  the  great  nation  of  the  Atit|randarons.  The 
history  of  the  life  and  martyrdom  of  the  heroic  priest,  John  dfe  Brebeuf,  is  so 
familiar  to  every  student  of  Canadian  aboriginal  and  missionary  life  as  to 
make  it  almost  idle  for  us  to  dwell  upon  it  here.  If,  according  to  Parkman, 
La  Salle  was  "one  of  the  grandest  men  that  ever  trod  the  American  continent" 
we  may  claim,  without  a  suspicion  of  exaggeration,  that  John  de  Brebeuf  is  one 
of  the  most  saintly  and  heroic  figures  in  Canadian  History.  An  admirable 
sketch  of  his  life  and  a  thrilling  and  brilliant  description  of  his  martyrdom  are 
to  be  found  in  Dean  Harris'  "Pioneers  of  the  Cross  in  Canada/'  Of  Joseph 
Chaumonot,  Brebeuf's  priestly  companion  on  the  Neutral  mission,  very  little  is 
known  even  to  the  critical  reader.  We  propose  to  enter  upon  a  few  details  of 
his  life  and  complete  the  brief  biographies  of  the  only  white  men  who  lived 
with  the  Attiwandarons  and  furnished  us  with  all,  and  with  the  only  historical 
and  accurate  information  bearing  on  the  habits  and  customs  of  this  ruthlessly 
slaughtered  tribe  of  Indians. 

Joseph  Marie  Chaumonot  was  born  in  France,  March  9,  1611.  He  made 
his  studies  in  Philosophy  and  Theology  in  the  universities  of  Rome  and  Florence, 
Italy,  and  after  his  ordination  to  the  priesthood  in  1639,  sailed  in  a  few  months 
for  Canada,  landing  at  Quebec,  August  1,  1639.  Early  in  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year  he  entered  the  Huron  country  and  under  the  direction  of  the  mis- 
sionary fathers,  Ragueneau  and  Daniel,  he  began  the  study  of  the  Huron  language. 
His  mission  compelled  him  to  visit  every  morning  the  huts  of  the  savages.  This 
he  found  the  most  trying  ordeal  of  his  vocation,  for  his  stomach  revolted  against 
the  filth  and  foul  odors  of  the  cabins.  "So  great  was  my  repugnance  to  these 
visits,"  he  writes  in  his  "Autobiographic,"  "that  every  time  I  prepared  to  visit 
one  of  these  hute  I  felt  I  was  about  to  undergo  the  ordeal  of  torture."  Though 
not  dowered  with  great  ability  he  possessed  extraordinary  gifts  of  memory  and 
in  an  incredibly  brief  time  mastered  the  Huron  tongue,  "the  most  difficult  of 
all  the  savage  languages,"  writes  Sagard.  It  was  because  of  his  intimate  familiarity 
with  the  Huron  language  that  he  was  selected  to  be  the  companion  of  Father 
Brebeuf  on  the  mission  to  the  Attiwandarons  whose  speech  was  that  of  the  Hurons 
though  differing  in  dialect.  Joseph  Chaumonot  was  a  man  whose  nature  was 
"childlike  even  to  credulity,  timid  even  unto  fear;  an  intellect  incapable  of 
high  development,  a  character  in  which  there  was  nothing  striking,  yet  a  man 
who,  under  the  divine  influence  of  grace  and  by  the  austere  practice  of  the 
highest  virtues,  became  one  of  the  most  beautiful  figures  in  the  early  missionary 
life  of  Canada."  (Rochemonteix,  vol.  Ill,  p.  399.)  In  the  first  week  of  Novem- 
ber, 1640,  the  two  missionaries,  Brebeuf  and  Chaumonot,  bade  farewell  to  their 
priestly  companions  at  Sainte  Marie  of  the  Hurons  and  after  a  trying  experience 
extending  over  a  period  of  five  days  arrived  at  the  frontier  Neutral  village  of 
Kandoucho  which  they  named  "All  Saints."  Almost  at  once  the  devoted  men 


12 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


JOHN  DE  BB£:BEUF,   S.J. 

Missionary  to  the  Attiwandarons. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOBT.  13 

encountered  a  storm  of  opposition.     The  details   covering  their  experiences  and 
observations    are    recorded    in    the    Relation    of    1641,    where    we    read    that    the 
Neutral  nation  occupied  "about  forty  towns  inhabited  by  twelve  thousand  souls.* 
Hardly  had  the  missionaries  crossed  into  Attiwandaron  territory  when  they 
encountered  a  serious  opposition  and  an  open  hostility  unforeseen  and  unexpected. 
Huron  messengers,  carrying  to  the  Neutral  chiefs  valuable  gifts  and  some  French 
axes,  had  entered  the  territory  before  the  missionaries,  and  warned  the  warriors 
to  be  on  their  guard  against  the  "black-gowns"  if  they  wished  to  save  their  lives. 
"It  is  hard  to  credit,"  writes  Lalemant,   "the  tremendous  effect  produced  upon 
these  poor  savages  by  the  stories  of  the  Hurons.     The  report  circulated  among 
them    of   our   great   power    for    evil    wrought   upon    their    naturally    defiant   and 
courageous  spirits  a  fearful   and  withering  effect.     The  very  appearance  of  the 
Fathers,  their  movements  and  dress — so  different  from  their  own —  their  manner 
of  walking,  their  gestures,  and,  in  fact,  their  every  action,  seemed  to  be  a  con- 
firmation of  the  ominous  tidings  borne  to  their  ears.     The  breviaries,  ink-horns 
and  materials  for  writing  were  regarded  as  instruments  of  magic,  and  their  very 
posture,  when  on  their  knees  praying  to   God,   was   associated  with  the  practice 
of  sorcery.     When  they  went  to  the  stream  to  wash  their  plates,  they  were  said 
to  be  poisoning  the  waters.     It  was  reported  of  them  that  when  ever  they  visited 
a  lodge,  the  children  began  to  bleed  and  were  seized  with  a  fit  of  coughing,  and 
the  women  struck  with  barrenness.     In  fact,  there  was   no  misfortune  so  great 
for   the   present  and   the   future   of   which   they   were   not   considered   to   be    the 
cause.     At  some  oJ  the  cabins  where  the  Fathers  lodged  the  inmates  slept  neither 
night   nor    day,    refused    their    presents    as    things    malign,    and    skulked    in    the 
farthest  ends  of  the  tents.     The  good  wives  already  looked  upon  themselves  as 
lost,  and  mourned  for  their  little  ones,  who  would  not  live  to  people  the  earth." 
The  Neutrals  believed  the  Huron  runners,  and  after  five  months  of  heroic 
endeavour  the  men  of  God  returned  to  Huronia  bearing  with  them  the  fruit  of 
self-sacrifice,    patience    and    unconquarable    courage    and    the    disappointed   hopes 
they  had   reaped   from   a  harvest   of   barren   regrets. 

THE  ATTIWANDARONS. 

The  eminent  and  observant  Jesuit,  Francis  Joseph  Bressani,  in  his  history 
"Breve  Relatione,"  written  in  1653,  after  describing  the  boundaries  of  the  hunt- 
ing grounds  of  the  Hurons,  writes :  "To  the  south,  on  the  shores  of  this  great 
lake  (Huron),  dwelt  the  people  xrhom  we  call  the  'Nation  of  the  Petuns/  so  named 
from  the  great  quantity  of  tobacco  which  they  raise  and  to  which  they  give 
the  name  of  petun.  To  the  south,  but  leaning  towards  the  east,  dwelt  the 
Neutral  Nations.  Their  nearest  villages  to  us,  who  live  at  Ossossane  of  the 
Hurons,  are  distant  about  one  hundred  miles.  Their  territory  is  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  length."  (Martin  edition,  p.  11.)  These  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  would  include  all  the  land  extending  from  thirty  miles  east  of 
the  Niagara  River  to  the  St.  Clair  flats.  It  was  a  rich  and  productive  region 
covered  with  a  magnificent  forest  growth  and  filled  with  forest  life.  How  long 

*  Daillon  wrote  that  when  he  visited  them  there  were  twenty-eight  towns,  villages 
and  bourgs.  The  disparity  disappears  when  we  understand  that  clusters  of  huts  were 
sometimes  called  villages,  and  that  as  Sagard  tells  us  in  "  Le  Grand  Voyage  du  Pays 
des  Hurons,"  "II  y  a  des  certaines  contrees  ou  ils  changent  leur  villes  et  villages,  de 
dix,  quinze  ou  trente  ans. — There  are  some  countries  where  they  change  the  sites  of 
their  towns  and  villages  every  ten,  fifteen  or  thirty  years." 


14 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


the  Neutrals  possessed  this  splendid  heritage  no  one  knows.  Horatio  Hale  -  in 
his  "Book  of  Iroquois  Rites"  is  of  the  opinion  that  "centuries  before  the  dis- 
covery of  Canada,  the  ancestors  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  family  (including  the 
Neutrals)  dwelt  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence."  This  assumption  of 
the  author  may  be  correct,  and  accepting  it  to  be  so  in  lieu  of  a  better,  a  natural 
increase  of  the  family  followed  and  dissensions  occurred.  As  the  hives  swarmed, 
band  after  band  moved  westward,  following  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario, 
the  main  body  of  the  migrants  calling  themselves  "Wendots,"  known  early  in 


Petun  woman  ridging  tobacco  plants. 

the  seventeenth  century  to  the  French  as  Hurons,  camped  on  the  Niagara 
Peninsula.  Remaining  here  for  a  period  they  eventually  rounded  the  western 
waters  of  Lake  Ontario  and  in  course  of  time  took  possession  of  the  Georgian 
Bay  forests.  After  many  years  they  were  joined  by  their  kinsmen  the  Tionnontates 
or  Petuns  who  followed  the  course  of  the  Ottawa. 

All  this,  however,  is  only  tradition,  and  in  it  there  is  nothing  to  account 
for  the  migrations  and  settlement  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie  of  the 
Attiwandarons  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  trunk.  Dean  Harris  thinks  that  the 
Neutrals  were  among  the  first  to  leave  the  main  body.  In  his  lecture  on  the 


ARCKzEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  15 


"Flint  Workers"  he  says:  "Regarding  their  migration  there  is  not  even  a  tradi- 
tion, but  their  settlement  beyond  the  most  westerly  of  the  Iroquois  clans  and 
the  fact  that  they  held  aloof  from  the  Huron-Iroquois  feuds  point  to  an  earlier 
and  wholly  independent  flitting.  It  is  also  admitted  that  their  language  differed 
but  slightly  from  that  of  the  Hurons  which  was  undoubtedly  the  parent  tongue, 
so  the  inference  is  that  their  separation  from  the  Wyandot  side  of  the  mountain 
down  by  the  sea  must  have  occurred  long  before  the  great  disruption  drove  the 
older  clans  to  seek  a  home  on  the  shores  of  the  Georgian  Bay." 

The  first  authentic  reference  to  this  sedentary  tribe  is  made  by  Champlain 
in  his  "Journal"  (ed.,  1619).  He  tells  us  that  at  the  time  of  his  visit  to  the 
Hurons  the  Neutrals  were  in  friendly  alliance  with  the  Ottawas  and  the  Andastes, 
but  were  then  at  war  with  the  Nation  of  Fire  whose  tribal  lands  stretched  east- 
ward as  far  as  the  Detroit  Narrows.  Champlain  did  not  enter  the  territory  of 
the  Neutrals,  hence  his  estimate  of  their  numbers  and  fighting  strength  was 
simply  hearsay. 

The  Franciscan  priest,  de  la  Roche  Daillon,  who  tramped  the  Neutral 
territory  (1626)  tells  us  that  in  his  time  the  Neutrals  numbered  12,000 
s-ouls,  and  were  able  to  throw  4,000  warriors  against  the  enemy.  In  his  letter 
he  speaks  of  the  climate  with  appreciation,  notes  the  incredible  number  of  deer, 
moose,  panthers,  bears,  wild-cats  and  squirrels  in  the  woods.  "The  rivers  furnish 
excellent  fish,  and  the  earth  yields  abundant  crops.  They  have  squashes,  tobacco, 
corn,  beans  and  Bother  vegetables.  Their  real  business  is  hunting  and  war.  Their 
life,  like  that  of  the  Hurons,  is  very  impure  and  their  manners  and  customs  just 
the  same."  He  adds  that  there  were  twenty-eight  villages  in  the  country. 

As  the  Attiwandarons  sprung  from  the  Huron-Iroquois  trunk  their  govern- 
ment, criminal  code,  marriage  ceremonies  and  superstitions  were  the  same  as  those 
of  the  Hurons.  Their  dances  and  feasts,  treatment  of  prisoners  taken  in  battle,  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  the  division  of  labor  between  men  and  women,  their  passion 
for  gambling  and  manner  of  trapping  and  hunting  were  all  similar  to  those  of 
the  Iroquois  and  Hurons  with  which  we  are  familiar. 

Daillon  and  Brebeuf  drew  particular  attention  to  their  funeral  customs  and 
treatment  of  their  dead.  The  dead  body  was  tenderly  kept  in  the  lodge  till  the 
odor  of  decaying  flesh  became  insupportable.  The  corpse  was  then  carried  to 
an  elevated  scaffold  and  after  the  flesh  had  been  devoured  by  carrion  birds  or 
rotted  away,  the  bones  were  collected  together,  cleaned  and  polished  and  suspended 
from  the  covering  of  the  lodge  till  the  communal  "Feast  of  the  Dead"  or  tribal 
burial.  "Their  reasons,"  writes  Father  Chaumonot,  "for  preserving  the  bones  in 
their  cabins  is  to  continually  keep  before  them  the  memory  of  their  dead;  at  least 
so  they  state." 

The  Neutrals  carried  to  an  insane  excess  the  belief  that  madness  and  insanity 
were  produced  by  some  mysterious  agency,  superhuman  power  or  a  foreign  spirit 
entering  the  brain  of  the  insane  man.  They  dreaded  the  evil  influence  of  the 
possessed  person  and  thought  that  any  interference  with  the  freedom  or  license 
of  a  fool  would  be  visited  by  the  wrath  of  the  evil  spirit  or  Oki  in  the  madman. 
Pretended  maniacs  haunted  every  village.  They  abandoned  themselves  to  idiotic 
folly  so  that  by  the  people  they  would  be  thought  to  have  received  a  mystic 
power  from  an  Oki.  "On  one  occasion,"  writes  Chaumonot,  "three  pretended 
maniacs,  as  naked  as  one's  hand,  entered  the  lodge  where  we  were,  and  after 
performing  many  foolish  antics,  disappeared.  On  another  occasion  some  of  them 
2  A. 


16 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


a 


*®^IK 


AKCH^BOLOGICAL  REPORT.  17 

entirely  naked,  not  even  wearing  a  breech-clout,  rushed  in  and  began  to  examine 
our  bags/7* 

It  is  of  interest  to  inquire  how  the  Neutrals  were  able  to  remain  aloof  from 
the  interminable  feuds  which  from  remote  times  were-  waged  on  either  side  of  them 
by  the  Hurons  and  the  Iroquois.  There  is  no  other  example  in  aboriginal  history 
of  a  tribe  occupying  middle  or  neutral  land  that  was  not  sooner  or  later  com- 
pelled to  side  with  one  or  the  other  of  the  tribes  lying  on  its  opposite  frontiers, 
if  these  tribes  were  engaged  in  never-ending  strife.  The  secret  of  their  neutrality 
and  immunity  from  attack  will  probably  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  Neutrals 
controlled  the  flint  beds  and  quarries  of  the  Lake  Erie  shore,  near  Point  Abino, 
where  the  chert-bearing  rock  is  most  abundant.  Without  flint  arrow-tips  and 
flint  lance-points,  the  Iroquois  could  not  cope  with  the  Hurons,  nor  the  Hurons 
with  the  Iroquois.  The  Iroquois  were  too  shrewd  and  the  Huron  too  prudent 
to  make  an  enemy  of  a  people  who  manufactured  the  weapons  of  war  and  con- 
trolled the  supply.  To  all  who  are  interested  in  the  life  of  primitive  man  in 
our  Province,  the  superiority  of  the  workmanship  manifested  in  the  flint  objects 
found  in  the  bone-pits  and  old  kitchen-middens  of  the  Niagara  Peninsula  and 
in  the  lands  around  Chatham  and  Amherstburg  must  satisfy  them  that  the 
Neutral  excelled  the  men  of  other  tribes  in  splitting,  polishing  and  fitting  flakes 
of  the  chert-carrying  rocks. 

Independent  of  its  concrete  value  as  ethnological  evidence  in  the  study  of 
the  North  American  Indian's  upward  movement  toward  civilization  the  Neutral 
flint  is  partial  proof  that  what  is  cultivated  or  manufactured  with  superior  skill 
by  one  tribe  is  eagerly  sought  after  by  others.  We  have  instances  of  this  in 
the  Tobacco  Nation  and  the  Neutrals.  Primitive  methods  of  manipulating  raw 
material  and  of  manufacturing  and  handling  tools  and  instruments  must  ever 
prove  attractive  to  the  student  of  ethnology,  for  in  these  methods  wo  observe  the 
dawn  of  ideas  actualised  in  the  daily  lives  of  savages. 

Father  Chaumonot,  in  the  Relation  of  1641,  tells  us  that  the  AttiAvandarons 
were  physically  the  finest  body  of  men-he  had  anywhere  seen,  but  that  in  cruelty 
to  their  prisoners  and  in  general  lewdness  they  surpassed  those  of  any  tribe 
known  or  visited  by  him.  We  are  of  the  opinion,  formed  from  hints  thrown 
out  by  early  writers,  that  there  was  a  communal  understanding  among  the 
Indians  living  east  of  the  Ebcky  Mountains,  that  of  the  prisoners  captured  in 
war  and  tortured  to  death,  women  were  spared  the  agony  of  death  by  burning. 
At  times  this  merciful  exception  was  violated  by  the  Iroquois  and  the  Illinois, 
but  the  Neutrals  were  the  only  tribe  that  habitually  broke  the  pact,  for  they 
subjected  many  of  their  female  prisoners  to  the  atrocious  torture  of  fire. 

Long  immunity  from  incursions  by  the  Hurons  and  the  Iroquois,  the  fertility 
of  the  soil,  the  wealth  of  stream  and  forest  life,  the  superabundance  of  vegetable 
and  animal  food  tempted  the  Neutrals  to  devote  their  leisure  to  the  enjoyment 
of  every  savage  luxury  and  to  the  indulgence  of  every  animal  appetite.  They 
boasted  in  their  village  councils  that  the  Hurons  and  the  Iroquois  feared  them 
and  dared  not  to  meet  them  in  battle.  The  truth  was  they  quailed  before  the  face 
of  the  Five  Nations  and  stood  in  awe  of  the  Hurons  who  refused  them  right 
of  way  to  the  Ottawa.  But  as  a  bloody  pastime  they  waged  cowardly  and 
ferocious  war  against  the  weak  western  Algonquin  clans.  In  Eagueneau's  Eela- 

*Discurrunt  velut  a  Daemone  possess!,  et  irrumpunt  in  mapalia,  (Res  Gestae.    MSS., 
p.  39). 


18  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

tion  of  1644,  we  read  that  in  the  summer  of  1643,  the  Neutrals  threw  2,000 
of  their  fighting  men  into  the  lands  of  the  Mascoutins  or  Nation  of  Fire.  That 
they  invested  one  of  the  forty-five  towns  of  the  enemy,  and,  after  a  ten  days' 
siege,  stormed  and  capturejLut,  slaughtering  men,  women  and  children.  They 
burned  seventy  of  the  Mascoutins  at  the  stake,  tore  out  the  eyes  and  girdled 
the  mouths  of  the  men  and  women  past  sixty  years  of  age,  and  scorning  their 
appeal  to  be  put  to  death,  abandoned  them  to  the  horrors  of  a  death  by  starvation 
and  exhaustion.  They  raided  the  country  and  dragged  back  with  them  to  their 
own  forests  eight  hundred  prisoners,  men,  women  and  children,  many  of  whom 
were  distributed  among  the  Neutral  villages,  in  which  they  were  condemned  to 
atrocious  mutilations  and  frightful  tortures  prolonged  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 
There  is  a  mysterious  law  of  retribution,  which  in  the  accuracy  of  its  applica- 
tion is  reduced  to  a  mathematical  certainty.  When  the  Mohawks  and  the 
Senecas,  the  War-hawks  of  the  wilderness,  had  driven  to  flight  or  destroyed  their 
enemies,  the  Hurons,  they  turned  wistful  eyes  on  the  land  of  the  Attiwandarons. 
The  Attiwandarons,  who  had  filled  to  overflowing  the  measure  of  their  atrocities, 
had,  by  their  ruthless  barbarity  and  savage  cruelties,  invoked  their  doom. 

The  Iroquois  now  looked  around  for  a  pretext  to  open  war  on  the  Neutrals. 
Father  Lafitau  states  in  his  "Moeurs  des  Sauvages"  that  when  the  Iroquois  had 
conquered  their  enemies  and  feared  to  lose  through  idleness  their  warlike  endur- 
ance and  skill  in  battle,  they  sought  an  excuse  to  attack  the  Neutrals.  Shon- 
nonkeritoin,  war-counciljor  to  the  Onondagas,  now  proposed  to  an  Attiwandaron 
warrior,  chief  of  the  cl&n  of  the  Eagles,  that  the  young  braves  of  the  two  tribes 
would  meet  in  occasional  combats  in  order  to  stimulate,  from  time  to  time,  their . 
warrior  courage.  The  -  Neutral  chief  after  repeated  refusals  at  last  consented, 
though  reluctantly.  In  a  skirmish  which  followed,  an  Iroquois  warrior  was 
taken  prisoner  and  burned  at  the  stake  by  the  Neutrals.  As  there  had  been 
no  actual  war  declared  between  the  tribes,  this  mutilation  and  burning  provoked 
the  indignation  of  the  Five  Nations.  The  Onondagjas,  to  avenge  his  death, 
entered  upon  the  lands  of  the  Neutrals,  and  the  Mohawks  and  Senecas  marched 
to  the  assistance  of  their  countrymen. 

An  additional  reason  for  the  war   is  given  in   the   "Relation,    1651"   where 
it  is  stated  that  the  friendly  reception  and  hospitality  extended  to  a  fugitive  band 
of  Hurons,   after  the  ruin  and   dispersion   of  that  unhappy   nation,   excited  the 
wrath  of  the  Iroquois,  who  for  some  time  were  impatiently  awaiting  a  pretext 
to  attack  the  Neutrals.     Then  there  was  a  tradition  among  the  remnant  of  the 
Neutrals   who  had  escaped   from   their   enemies   and   fled   to   the   regions   south- 
east of  Sault  Sainte  Miarie,  that  the  refusal  of  the  Attiwandarons  to  surrender 
a  Huron  girl,  a  captive  of  the  Senecas,  who  had  escaped  and  fled  to  the  Neutrals 
for  protection,  brought  on  the  war.     But  this  tradition   is   contradicted  by  the 
"Relation,   1659-60"  where  it  is  stated  that  the  few  Hurons  dwelling  with  the 
Neutrals   and   those  who  fled   to   the   Neutral   lands   for   shelter   after   the   ruin 
of  their  country  were  delivered  to  the  Iroquois  as  a  peace-offering.     Be  the  cause 
of  disruption  what  it  may,  it  is  known  that  in  1650,  the  war  between  the  Neutrals 
and  the  Iroquois  began  and  was  prosecuted  with  a  ruthlessness  and  savagery  for 
which  the  contending  parties  were  notorious.     In  the  midsummer  of  this  year  the 
Senecas  and  Onondagas  attacked  a  frontier  town  of  the  Neutrals  within  whose 
palisaded  walls  were  1,600  warriors.     After  a  siege  of  a  few  days,  the  Senecas 
carried   the  fortified  town  and  made   it  a   slaughter-house.     The   following  year 
they  stormed  another  town,  and  after  butchering:  the  old  men   and   children   at 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  19 

the  breast,  carried  off  a  number  of  prisoners  and  among  them  many  young  girls 
reserved  as  wives  for  Onondaga  and  Seneca  warriors. 

In  retaliation,  the  Neutral  fighters  captured  a  frontier  town  of  the  Senecas, 
killed  .and  scalped  two  hundred  men  and  wreaked  their  vengeance  on  fifty 
prisoners  whom  they  tortured  and  burned  to  death.  When  the  Senecas  told 
their  countrymen  the  story  of  the  atrocious  torture  of  their  warriors  the  whole 
Iroquois  confederacy — the  Five  Nations — supported  their  cause.  They  sent  1,500 
of  their  best  fighters  across  the  Niagara  River,  who,  in  rapid  succession,  stormed 
village  after  village,  tomahawked  and  scalped  the  inhabitants  and  returned  to 
their  own  country  dragging  with  them  troops  of  prisoners  reserved  for  adoption 
or  the  flames. 

This  campaign  of  the  Iroquois  warriors  led  to  the  ruin  and  dispersion  of 
the  Neutrals.  The  inland  and  remote  towns  were  struck  with  panic.  They 
abandoned  their  homes  and  their  hunting  grounds,  fled  to  the  west  and  north- 
west, preferring  the  horrors  of  retreat,  hunger  and  exile  to  the  rage  and  cruelty 
of  their  ruthless  conquerors.  The  unhappy  fugitives  were  devoured  with  famine 
and  in  scattered  bands  wandered  through  the  forests,  through  swamp-lands  and 
streams  in  search  of  anything  that  would  stay  the  devouring  pangs  of  hunger. 
In  time  the  tribal  remnants  found  homes  among  the  northern  Algonquins.  In 
April,  1652,  it  was  reported  at  Quebec  that  those  of  the  Neutrals  who  fled  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  Susquehanna  had  joined  with  the  Andastes  in  an  attack 
on  the  Senecas.  In  July,  1653,  word  was  brought  to  the  same  city  that  some 
Algonquins,  with  several  hundred  Neutrals  and  a  remnant  of  the  Petun 
Nation,  had  assembled  in  council  near  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw.  They  are 
mentioned  as  an  independent  nation  in  the  "Journal  of  the  Jesuits,"  July,  1653. 
Henceforth,  they  lose  their  tribal  indentity  and  affiliating  with  the  Tionnontates 
become  known  as  Wyandots.  Nicolas  Perrot  in  his  "Memoire"  (chap.  xiv.  ed., 
1864)  refers  to  them  as  "Huron  neutres"  and  as  "Hurons  de  la  nation  neutre." 

Father  Fremin  in  a  letter  embodied  in  the  Jesuit  Relations,  1670,  says  that 
in  September,  1669,  he  visited  the  Oneida  village  of  Gandoga  peopled  with  the 
remnants  of  three  nations  destroyed  by  the  Iroquois.  Among  them  were  the 
descendants  of  the  slaughtered  Neutrals  who  were  adopted  by  the  Iroquois  and 
incorporated  into  the  Oneidas  to  fill  the  places  of  those  of  the  tribe  lost  in  war. 
This  is  the  last  time  the  Neutrals  are  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  "Nouvelle 
France,"  now  tihe  Dominion  of  Canada. 

NOTE: — We  have  in  this  article  on  the  Attiwandarons,  quoted  so  freely  from 
the  Jesuit  Relations  that  an  explanatory  note  may  be  found  serviceable.  The 
historical  value  of  these  Relations  has  of  course  been  long  understood  by  students 
of  aboriginal  and  missionary  life  in  Canada,  but  to  the  general  reader,  even  to 
the  educated  general  reader,  the  Relations  were  somewhat  of  a  myth  owing  to 

"These  Neutrals  were  probably  the  Detroit  band  referred  to  by  Perrot  and  induced 
by  the  Iroquois  to  abandon  their  Huron  and  Algonquin  affiliations,  and  settle  in  the 
villages  of  the  Five  Nations.  Here  is  what  Perrot  writes:  "  L'Irroquois  continua  aussy 
la  paix  avec  un  autre  village  establi  au  Detroit  que  Ton  nomme  Huron  de  la  nation 
neutre,  par  ce  qu'ils  n'epouserent  par  les  interests  de  leurs,  alliez  et  qu'ils  s'estaient 
tenus  dans  la  neutrality  Les  Irroquois  les  obligerent  cependent  de  quitter  le  Detroit 
et  de  venir  s'establis  avec  eux": — "The  Iroquois  also  kept  the  peace  with  the  people 
of  another  village  established  at  Detroit,  who  were  called  Huron — Neutrals  because 
formerly  they  did  not  identify  themselves  with  the  interests  of  other  tribes,  but 
observed  between  them  a  habitual  neutrality.  The  Iroquois,  however,  compelled  them 
to  leave  Detroit  and  to  settle  among  themselves." — Memoir  par  Nicolas  Perrot,  Tailhan 
edition,  page  80. 


20  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


their   rarity   even   in    large   libraries.     At   a    very    early    period    their   value    was 
recognized   by   Charlevoix,   who,   in    1743,   wrote:    "There   is   no   other   source   to 

which  we  can  resort  to  learn  the  progress  of  religion  among  the  Indians Of 

the  Apostolic  labours  of  the  Missionaries  they  give  very  edifying  accounts." 

In  1858,  the  Relations  were  published  by  the  Canadian  Government  and 
made  available  to  a  limited  extent.  Parkman,  the  Harvard  historian,  was  the 
first  writer  to  make  their  merits  fully  known  on  this  continent.  In  his  preface 
to  his  "Jesuits  in  North  America"  (1879)  he  wrote  as  follows:  "The  sources 
of  information  concerning  the  early  Jesuits  of  Xew  France  are  very  copious. 
During  a  period  of  forty  years  the  Superior  of  the  Mission,  sent  every  summer, 
long  and  detailed  reports  embodying  or  accompanied  by  the  reports  of  his  sub- 
ordinates, to  the  Provincial  of  the  Order  where  they  were  annually  published 
in  duodecimo  volumes  forming  the  remarkable  series  known  as  the  Jesuit  Rela- 
tions  I  should  add  that  the  closest  examination  has  left  me  no  doubt 

that   these   Missionaries   wrote   in   perfectly   good   faith,    and    that   the   Relations 
hold  a  high  place  as  authentic  and  trustworthy  historical  documents/' 

The  "Relations  de  la  Nouvelle-France"  open  with  the  report  of  Pere  Biard 
in  1616;  then  comes,  in  the  long  series,  that  of  Father  Charles  Lalemant,  written 
in  1626.  The  duodecimo  volumes  referred  to  by  Parkman  were  published  in 
Paris  and  covered  the  years  from  1632-1672.  These  comprised  41  volumes,  39 
of  which  carried  the  title:  "Relations"  and  two,  that  of  "Letters"  (1654-55  and 
1658-59). 

The  entire  series,  edited  by  Ruben  G.  Thwaites,  assisted  by  a  corps  of  expert 
translators,  may  now  be  obtained — translated  into  English — from  any  of  our 
large  public  libraries. 


••:     "-33       •     "/-"••    •3f&j£ZJk1-'i    ',"~-'=r       } 


Sc:ULPTLRED    MONOLITH. 

(Quirigua,  Guatemala.) 


PRIMITIVE  CIVILIZATION  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

INDIAN 


By    VERY  REV.   W.   R.   HARRIS,   D.D.,   LL.D 

Dr.  Edgar  L.  Hewett.  Director  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  and 
Mr.  S.  G.  Morely,  an  authority  on  Hieroglyphics,  accompanied  by  two  crayon 
artists,  passed  the  summer  of  1912  exploring  and  uncovering  the  forest-shrouded 
city  of  Quirigua,  Guatemala,  Central  America.  The  existence  of  the  weird  ruin 
was  first  made  known  to  the  English-speaking  world  by  John  L.  Stephens,  whose 
companion,  Catherwood,  visited  it  in  the  winter  of  1840-41.  A  description  and 
drawings  of  some  of  the  monuments  may  be  found  in  the  second  volume  of 
Stephens'  "  Central  America,  Chiapas  and  Yucatan,"  New  York,  1841. 

The  New  York  correspondent  of  the  *'  London  Standard  "  thinks  the  origin 
of  the  American  Indian  will  be  solved  by  Dr.  Hewett.  The  Doctor  himself  is 
almost  convinced  that  the  excavations  now  under  way  at  Quirigua,  and  the  decipher- 
ment of  the  secret  writings  on  the  monuments  and  tablets  of  this  pre-Columbian 
city,  will  unfold  the  parchment  which  hides  the  origin  of  the  mysterious  Indian 
race.  After  returning  in  the  spring  of  1910  from  his  first  visit  to  Quirigua,  the 
Doctor  is  reported  to  have  said:  "I  found  the  long-dreamed-of  key  to  the  origin 
of  the  American  race.  Here  oefore  me  were  monuments  so  clear  in  their  symbols; 
building  lines  so  definite  in  their  form;  and  supplementary  details  of  such  positive 
character,  that  I  realized  the  task  was  merely  clearing  the  site  and  returning  with 
replicas  of  the  glyphs  or  writings,  to  make  once  and  for  all  time,  positively  and 
irrefutably  clear,  the  strange  history  of  these  people.  .  .  .  The  reading  of  this 
mass  of  decipherable  data  means  the  answer  to  one  of  the  world's  great  scientific 
questions." 

If  the  eminent  Archaeologist  thinks  he  can  decipher  the  secret  writings  on 
the  monuments  of  Copan,  Palenque,  or  Quirigua,  or  that  "  the  reading  of  the  mass 
of  decipherable  data  "  will  solve  the  problem  of  the  origin  of  the  American  Indian, 
we  fear  he  is  destined  to  share  the  disappointment  of  many  presumptions  antiquar- 
ians who  nursed  the  same  delusion  long  before  Dr.  Hewett  visited  Central  America. 
If  the  key  to  the  Maya  or  Quiche  secret  characters  be  ever  found,  and  the  glyptic 
writings  translated,  we  are  not  so  sure  that  they  will  reflect  any  light  on  the  origin 
of  the  American  Indian. 

When  Champollion  found  the  key  to  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  great  hopes 
were  cherished  that  the  problem  of  the  origin  of  the  Egyptians  would  be  solved. 
But  neither  the  characters  on  the  vocal  Memnon,  nor  those  on  the  gigantic  pillars 
at  Thebes,  nor  the  secret  writings  on  the  fallen  obelisk  at  Karnac,  gave  any  clue 


AKCH^OLOGICAL  KEPORT. 


COLOSSAL  STATUTE. 
(Palenque,  Chiapas.) 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  35 

to  the  history  of  pre-historic  Egypt.  The  Abbe  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  who  spent 
many  years  in  Mexico  and  Yucatan,,  translated  into  French,  the  "  POPUL-VUH," 
the  sacred  book  of  the  Quiches  of  Tabasco,  and  left  us  a  grammar  and  a  copious 
vocabulary  of  the  Quiche  language,  failed  in  his  efforts  to  trace,  to  his  cradle-land, 
the  American  Indian.  In  his  able  Essay:  "  Sources  de  Phistoire  primitive  du 
Mexique/'  he  supports  the  theory  of  a  lost  continent.  Diego  de  Land  a,  who  was 
Bishop  of  Merida,  Yucatan,  1573,  wrote  the  "  Eelacion  de  las  Cosas  de  Yucatan," 
enclosing  in  it  a  complete  nomenclature  of  the  characters  of  the  Maya  calendar,  and 
the  signs  of  the  secret  writings  on  some  of  the  Maya  monuments,  could  give  us 
only  the  myths  and  the  traditions  of  the  aged  men  of  the  peninsula,  but  could 
furnish  nothing  definite  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Indians  of  Central  America  or 
Chiapas. 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  1854,  went  carefully  over  the  pages  of  the  Dresden, 
the  Mexican,  and  all  the  Codexes  given  by  Lord  Kingsborough  in  his  elaborate  and 
costly  publication,  comparing  them  with  ancient  documents  he  had  found  in 
Mexico,  yet  he  discovered  nothing  bearing  upon  the  origin  of  the  Indian.  But, 
waiving  all  speculation  and  theory,  we  are  satisfied  that  Yucatan,  Tabasco,  and 
Central  America  are  destined  to  return  the  best  results  to  the  investigations  of  the 
Archaeologist  and  of  the  student  of  andent  American  history.  Admitting  that 
Mexico  and  parts  of  South  America  had  at  one  time  a  civilization  equal  to  that 
of  Central  America,  still,  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  and  Honduras  nave  preserved  the 
most  complete  memorials  of  the  remote  past,  and  (heir  monuments  of  the  Dast  are 
more  accessible  to  examination. 

Before  entering  upon  the  study  of  the  ancient  civilization  of  Central  America, 
let  us  hurriedly  review  the  theories  put  forward  on  behalf  of  the  existence  of 
original  man  on  our  .continent.  Some  writers  regard  the  Indians  as  autochtons, 
a  separate  race  created  in  America  and  for  America ;  others  ascribe  their  origin  to 
a  remnant  of  a  pre-Noachic  race  of  men,  who  escaped  the  diluvian  cataclysm,  and 
are  now  the  oldest  people  of  the  human"  race.  Plausible  arguments  and  ingenious 
sophistries  have  been  made  and  advanced  on  behalf  of  a  Chinese,  Welsh  and 
Japanese  immigration.  Again  we  are  confronted  with  innumerable  volumes 
tracing  the  origin  of  the  Indian  .to  Jews,  Canaanites,  Phoenicians,  Greeks,  Carth- 
aginians and  Scythians.  Others  are  of  the  opinion  that  America  received  its  first 
inhabitants  from  the  islands  which  lie  between  the  extremities  of  Asia  and 
America,  that  is  to  say,  from  Yezo,  Gama's  Land,  and  other  lands,  including  a 
cluster  of  isles,  possibly  the  Aleutian  Islands.  Then  there  is  the  Behring  Strait, 
across  which  in  very  remote  times,  an  Asiatic  tribe  is  supposed  to  have  sailed  and 
populated  America,  and  the  "  Lamanite  Myth  "  of  the  "Book  of  Mormon"  re- 
cording the  sailing  of  Nephi  the  prophet  with  his  sons  and  daughters  from  the  shores 
of  the  Persian  Gulf  to  the  Coast  of  South  America — 600  years  before  the  Christian 
Era.  All  these  suppositions  are  now  relegated  to  oblivion,  and  their  ghosts  will 
not  presumably  walk  again.  Scott  Eliott,  in  his  book:  "The  Story  of  Atlantis/' 
returns  to  the  theory  of  a  lost  continent,  and  like  Ignatius  Donnelly  in  hi?  "  Lost 
Atlantis,"  supports  his  theory  witih  very  plausible,  if  not  convincing,  arguments. 
There  has  been  much  dispute  among  learned  men  over  the  contention.  According 
to  one  group  of  writers,  the  tradition  of  a  submerged  continent  is  pure  fiction, 
founded  upon  a  fragmentary  passage  in  the  writings  of  Plutarch.  Another  group 
hold  the  tradition  to  be  historically  true,  but  say  that  the  existence  of  the  continent 
is  incapable  of  absolute  proof.  The  great  German,  Schlieman,  is  not  afraid  to 


26  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOKT. 

imperil  his  reputation  by  contending  for  the  actuality  of  the  lost  land.  He  writes : 
"  I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  Atlantis  was  not  only  between  America,  the 
west  coast  of  Africa  and  of  Europe,  but  that  it  was  the  cradle  of  civilization." 
Let  us  now  glance  at  the  civilization  of  prehistoric  America,  which  induced 
Schlieman  to  express  himself  so  unreservedly. 

PREHISTORIC  CIVILIZATION  OF  AMERICA. 

In  the  ruins  of  the  pre-Columbian  cities  of  Yucatan  and  Central  America, 
we  see  the  most  elaborate  forms  of  sculpture  adorning  the  altars,  idols  and  build- 
ings,— the  remains  of  a  people  skilled  in  architecture,  sculpture  and  drawing,  and 
beyond  doubt,  excelling  in  arts  that  have  perished.  These  sculptured  Monoliths, 
altars  and  statues  are  not  rude  and  archaic.  In  many  of  the  halls  yet  standing, 
are  arabesques  fashioned  in  Mosaics  and  in  grecques,  and  delicate  tracery,  not 
unworthy  of  a  place  in  modern  decorative  art.  The  pillars  and  stone  tablets,  which 
carry  hieroglyphics,  are  remarkably  well  executed.  These  hieroglyphics,  or  secret 
writings,  were  executed  in  characters  known  only  to  the  priests  and  learned  men 
of  the  race.  We  have  not  as  yet  been  able  to  decipher  them,  so  that  the  characters 
on  the  monuments  of  Copan,  Palenque  and  Mayapan  furnish  us  no  data  or  Inform- 
ation. The  Maya  system  of  symbolic  writing  appears  to  be  a  species  of  mnemonics. 
The  hierographs  on  the  Palenque  tablets,  now  in  the  National  Museum.  Mexico 
City,  are  in  perpendicular  rows,  and  for  aught  we  know  the  characters  may  be 
alphabetic  and  a  written  language.  On  these  tablets  we  perceive  a  highly  arti- 
ficial system  of  writing,  and  to  interpret  it,  the  Aztec  or  Mexican  picture-writing 
affords  us  no  help. 

The  architecture  and  system  of  writing  of  these  prehistoric  people  are  different 
from  those  of  any  other  known  race,  ancient  or  modern.  They  are  of  a  new  order, 
and  are  entirely  and  absolutely  anomalous.  They  stand  alone.  The  cultivation 
and  refinement,  such  as  it  was,  was  not  derived  from  the  old  world.  Without 
models  or  masters  from  abroad,  their  architecture  originated  among  themselves. 
They  were  a  distinct  people,  having  an  existence  independent  of  Asia,  Europe,  or 
Africa,  apparently  indigenous  like  the  animals,  plants  and  fruits  of  the  soil.  No 
analogies  of  art  connect  the  ancient  civilization  of  America  with  that  of  any  known 
people.  In  their  art  they  copied  Nature,  and  at  Uxmal,  in  Yucatan,  and  Copan, 
in  Honduras,  we  gaze  upon  buildings  not  unworthy  to  stand  side  by  side  with  the 
best  examples  of  ancient  Egypt  and  Assyria.  These  primitive  Americans  were 
skilled  in  medicine  and  surgery.  The  "  Notes  sur  la  medecine  et  la  Botanique  des 
Anciens  Mexicains,"  published  in  book  form  lately  by  the  Vatican  Polyglot  Press, 
contains  many  items  of  information  that  must  surprise  those  who  think  that  only 
in  recent  times  have  we  made  valuable  discoveries  in  therapeutics,  and  that  all 
serious  investigation  in  medicine,  or  whatever  has  been  done  in  surgery,  has  been 
accomplished  by  European  methods  and  by  the  men  of  Europe.  Among  the 
Mayas  of  Yucatan  and  the  people  who  antedated  the  Tol tecs  in  Mexico,  doctors 
were  constituted  a  distinct  and  separate  body  of  men.  They  formed  a  class  by 
themselves,  and  the  sons  inherited  the  profession  of  the  father?.  They  made  use 
of  a  multitude  of  drug?,  and  were  familiar  with  diuretics,  emetics,  dietetics, 
febrifuges,  emollients  and  vermifuges.  They  had  many  medicaments  for  all  forms 
of  indisposition.  They  administered  their  medicine  in  many  different  ways:  a^ 
decoctions,  infusions,  oils,  ointments  and  plasters.  Certain  gums  and  resins  they 
applied  as  electuaries.  They  recommended  vapor-baths,  and  varied  the  treat- 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


INNER  WALL  OF  TEMPLE. 
(Mitla.) 


28  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 

meat  to  suit  the  disease  or  the  individual  patient.  The  historian  d'Anghiera 
states  that  in  his  own  time,  1524,  when  European  physicians  in  Mexico  failed  to 
cure  their  Spanish  patients,  the  native  doctors  were  sometimes  sent  for,  and  often 
effected  a  cure.  Even  as  late  as  the  days  of  the  Conquest,  when  Maya  and  Aztec 
civilization  had  greatly  declined,  Cortes  and  his  men  were  successfully  treated  by 
native  doctors  for  illness  and  wounds.  Cortes  was  so  convinced  of  their  skill, 
that  he  wrote  to  the  Spanish  Court  asking  that  no  physician  of  iSpain  be  allowed 
to  come  to  the  colony.  These  native  physicians  anticipated  modern  advances  for 
they  made  use  of  the  seeds  of  certain  plants  for  anaesthesia  and  a  distilled  spirit 
for  lessening  the  painfulness  of  operation.  Last  August,  Professor  Marshall 
Seville  of  Columbia  University,  'New  York  City,  returned  from  two  months' 
excavations  in  Esmeraldas,  Ecuador.  He  brought  back  with  him  skulls  of  South 
American  men,  who  lived  five  hundred  years  before  the  discovery  of  America.  The 
teeth  in  the  jaws  were  filled  with  an  alloy,  and  crowned  with  metallic  caps.  In  all 
cases,  he  assures  us,  the  workmanship  is  almost  the  equal  of  the  modern  dentist's 
art. 

Sahagun,  who  studied  their  system  of  medicine  very  carefully,  hints  even  of 
antiseptics.  It  was  not  alone  in  the  use  of  drugs,  however,  that  these  doctors  were 
skilled.  When  the  Spaniards  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  in  1519,  Native  Botany  was  in 
advance  of  that  of  the  old  world.  Several  centuries  later,  the  genius  of  Linnaeus 
enabled  him  to  substitute  for  Jong  descriptions  of  plants,  a  concise  designation, — a 
generic  name  and  a  specific  classification.  But  many  centuries  before  the  time  of 
the  great  botanist,  these  ancient  scientists  had  something  resembling  it,  and 
possessed  a  botanical  nomenclature  of  their  own.  Their  classification  was  superior 
to  that  of  Europe,  before  fee  ferrth  of  Linnaeus. 

They  had  traced  the  influence  of  temperature  and  elevation  upon  plants  and 
shrubs,  and  to  some  extent  had  systematized  their  knowledge.  Though  their 
botanical  knowledge,  compared  with  our  own,  was  imperfect,  we,  nevertheless,  have 
abundant  evidence  that  they  had  advanced  far  on  the  road  to  mastering  the  science 
of  botany. 

The  Department  of  American  Antiquities  in  the  National  Museum,  Mexico 
City,  is  the  most  notable  in  the  world,  and  is  a  veritable  treasure-house  of  pre- 
Columbian  relics  and  prehistoric  "finds."  In  one  room  of  the  department  are 
exhibited  examples  of  famous  Aztec  picture-writings  and  Aztec  maps  and  drawings 
of  Tenochtillan,  now  the  City  of  Mexico.  Here  also  are  arms,  jewels,  glazed 
pottery  and  cloth  made  from  the  fibres  of  Heneguen,  agave  and  the  Maguey  plant. 
Beautiful  specimens  of  feather  cloth  woven  from  extremely  delicate  tissues  of 
cotton,  combined  with  feather  and  rabbit's  fur,  polished  crystals,  obsidian  or  vol- 
canic glass  manufactured  into  delicate  objects  of  ornamental  or  economic  value; 
figures  of  gold  and  silver,  exquisitely  wrought,  and  filagree  ornaments  of  beautiful 
design,  fill  many  cases  in  the  Museum. 

Anthropologists,  such  as  d'Orbigny,  de  Bourbourg.  and  Heinrich  Schlieman,;' 
are  of  the  opinion  that  the  region  now  known  as  Yucatan,  Chiapas  and  Tabasco,' 
was  the  cradle-land  of  primitive  American  civilization.  From  this  land  went  oiitj 
in  the  very  remote  past,  colonies  into  South  and  Central  America,  carrying  withj 
them  the  arts  of  civilized  men.  From  here  also,  detached  bodies  went  into  Mexico 
and  the  North  lands,  where  they  built  Mitla  and  other  cities,  the  wonderful  ruins 
of  which  excite  our  astonishment  and  admiration.  In  these  lands  we  find  the 
tidal  remains  of  an  ancient  race,  which  welled  up  from  its  primal  springs  in 
Yucatan  and  thence  overflowed,  multiplied  and  rolled  on  over  the  entire  continent. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


TEMPLE  FIGUKE.. 
(Copan,  Honduras.) 


30  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

As  the  overflowing  population  rolled  far  away  from  its  origin  and  its  source, 
it  lost  the  best  part  of  its  civilization.  It  losi  its  social  strength,  its  historic 
memories,  arts,  tradition,  crafts,  and,  in  some  instances,  almost  the  very  means  and 
methods  of  subsistence. 

In  time,  the  womb  of  primitive  civilization  itself  became  gangrened,  and  when 
Cortes  entered  Mexico  and  Grijalva  landed  in  Yucatan,  they  found  the  Aztec  and 
Maya  civilization  decaying,  disintegrating  and  decomposing.  Some  of  the 
sculptured  statues  are  of  heroic  dimensions.  The  curiously  designed  figures,  the 
unfamiliar  carvings  on  the  altars  and  the  panel  work  on  the  inner  walls  of  Copan 
are  not  surpassed  by  the  temple  specimens  of  Egypt  and  Assyria  on  exhibition  in 
Paris  and  London. 

Mournfully  beautiful  are  the  ruins  of  the  prehistoric  City  of  Copan,  sur- 
rounded by  a  forest  painful  in  the  intensity  and  duration  of  its  silence.  It  is  a 
phantom  in  the  wilderness,  and  when  we  demand  of  it  to  tell  us  how  many  centuries 
have  passed  away  since  the  quarry  was  opened  for  these  stones;  how  long  since 
the  builders  began  the  city;  how  long  was  the  city  inhabited,  and  when  was  the 
city  deserted,  there  comes  no  answer  to  our  questionings.  If,  as  it  is  now  conceded 
by  students  of  Central  American  history,  the  Quiches  preceded  the  Mayas,  and 
another  race,  antedating  the  Mayas,  built  the  cities  whose  ruins  now  exist  all  over 
Central  America,  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  what  assurance  have  we  that  many  civilized 
communities  did  not  successively  appear,  run  their  course  and  perish  in  the 
veiled  ages  of  prehistoric  times.  And  by  prehistoric  times,  I  mean  the  ages 
between  the  creation  of  man  and  the  beginning  of  authentic  history.  Under  the 
limitations  of  our  information  and  knowledge  we  are  free  to  assume  that  the 
Quiches,  Mayas,  Yucatecas  and  the  Indians  now  in  Central  America  and  Yucatan 
were  and  are  the  descendants  of  the  civilized  people  who  built  the  cities  now 
abandoned.  In  order  to  account  for  the  magnitude  and  splendor  of  the  temples 
and  public  buildings  of  these  cities  a  centralized  form  of  government  must  have 
existed.  These  immense  buildings  could  have  been  erected  only  by  the  expenditure 
of  great  labor — probably  slave  labor — and  under  a  highly  organized  system  of 
superintendence.  Possibly  the  government  was  an  imperial  autocracy  or  it  may 
have  been  like  that  of  Greece,  which  was  in  religion  and  language  one  nation 
though  politically  a  confederacy  of  sovereign  states. 

Who  may  deny  that  the  savage  or  barbarian  tribes  who  roamed  the  plains  or 
peopled  the  forests  of  North  America  in  the  memory  of  men  yet  living,  were  not 
scattered  fragments  from  the  wreck  of  this  civilization  that  in  remote  ages  was 
lost  in  lurid  storms  of  war,  or  disappeared  under  adverse  conditions,  which  then,  as 
in  our  own  times,  made  and  make  for  the  decay  of  national  unity,  national 
virtue  and  character. 

Defining  in  particular  the  social  and  the  family  state  and  condition  of 
American  Indians  with  reference  to  the  knowledge  we  have  acquired  of  them,  we 
note  that  the  same  fortunes  have  followed  the  migrations  of  the  dispersed  and 
scattered  race. 

When  human  beings  become  destitute  and  desperate  conditions  of  life  make 
them  so,  barbarism  and  savagery  will,  in  time,  overtake  them.  When  driven  by 
the  fortunes  of  war,  or  under  the  dire  pressure  of  famine,  from  its  own  land,  the 
flying  remnant  gradually  separated  from  the  civilization  it  carried  from  its  home, 
it  lost  its  culture,  just  as  we  would  lose  it  now  with  all  our  refinement,  if  we  were 
forced  to  live  their  lives,  and  were  subject  to  the  same  conditions  and  hardships. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  31 

And  in  the  forests  to  which  the  wanderers  fled  for  shelter  and  safety,  we  can 
well  imagine  desperate  conditions  of  existence,  and  therefore  impossible  conditions 
of  civilization. 

But  from  what-  people  or  from  what  land  did  Yucatan  inherit  its  civiliza- 
tion? The  men  who  colonized  the  peninsula,  who  built  Xumal,  Mayapan  and 
Palenque,  were,  in  the  material  order,  civilized.  They  could  not  have  risen  from 
savagery,  for  there  is  no  record  in  the  annals  of  our  race  of  any  savage  tribe  of 
men  advancing,  unassisted  by  civilized  man,  one  single  step  on  the  road  to  civiliza- 
tion. This  is  history.  We  must  then  assume  that  the  men  who  colonized  Yucatan 
were  civilized.  Let  me,  by  way  of  parenthesis,  mention  that  the  chronology  of  the 
Bible,  the  age  of  man  upon  the  earth  or  the  universality  of  the  Noachic  deluge,  have 
not  been  authoritatively  settled  by  the  Christian  Church.*  We  must  also  and  per- 
missibly take  it  for  granted  that  these  civilized  inhabitants  of  Yucatan  lived 
before  the  smelting  of  iron  ore  was  discovered,  for  if  these  first  inhabitants  came 
from  Europe,  Asia  or  Northern  Africa,  they  could  not  have  forgotten  the  art  of 
smelting  or  the  utilization  of  iron.  The  axe,  saw,  plough,  shipbolt,  spear-head,  and 
chisel  were,  according  to  Herodotus,  known  to  all  the  civilized  races  of  antiquity. 
The  civilization  of  Egypt  goes  back  to  the  deluge.  The  use  of  iron  was  known 
in  the  time  of  Tubal-Cain,  son  of  Lamech,  who  antedated  Noah.  It  was  known 
long  before  the  building  of  Solomon's  temple,  before  the  time  of  Hesiod  and 
Homer.  Iron  reaches  back  as  far  as  history.  Now  notice  this:  No  tempered 
copper  or  implement  of  iron  was  ever  found  amid  the  remains  of  ancient  America, 
or  indeed  indications  that  it  was  ever  known  or  even  heard  of.f  It  is  true  there 
was  no  iron  ore  in  Yucatan,  but  these  civilized  people,  if  they  had  known  the  use  of 
iron,  would  have  sent  out  prospectors,  even  to  Durango,  where  they  would  have 
found  a  mountain  of  iron.  Moreover,  huge  aerolites,  and  holosiderata  were  and 
are  found  in  many  places  on  the  surface  from  Cholula  and  Zacatecas  to  Vera  Cruz 
and  Chiapas.  If  this  continent  were  at  any  time  peopled  by  a  civilized  race  from 
the  old  world,  it  must  have  been  long  before  mankind  was  acquainted  with  the 
properties  of  iron.  Nor  could  they  have  lost  the  art  of  smelting  if  they  had 
descended  into  barbarism  and  rose  again,  for  among  the  savages  of  Equatorial 
Africa,  the  smelting  of  iron  remained  with  them  in  their  debasement.  It  is  also 
a  singular  fact,  that  although  Cortes,  Bernal  Diaz,  and  the  Spanish  writers  of  the 
early  Sixteenth  Century  are  eloquent  in  their  admiration  of  the  material  and 

*  Some  of  my  readers  may  feel  disposed  to  challenge  this  statement.  If  so,  I  may 
remind  them  that  at  the  meeting  of  the  "  Congregation  of  the  Index,"  called  to  examine 
the  dissertation  of  Vossius  on  the  "  Age  of  the  World,"  the  learned  Mabillon  was 
invited  to  give  his  opinion  on  the  contention  of  Vossius  that  the  "  deluge  was  not 
universal  either  in  its  application  or  in  its  effects."  Mabillon  replied  that  the  theory  of 
Vossius  could  be  accepted  or  at  least  tolerated: — "  Principio  haec  opinio  nullatenus 
continet  errorem  capitalem  neque  contra  fides,  neque  contra  bonos  mores."  Such  was 
the  opinion  of  Mabillon — a  doctor  of  theology.  The  Congregation,  which  met  in  Rome 
in  1686,  consisted  of  nine  cardinals  and  was  attended  by  many  bishops  and  distinguished 
members  of  the  religious  orders.  The  thesis  of  Vossius  was  critically  examined  and 
not  condemned.  The  details  of  the  examination  are  given  in  the  posthumous  writings 
of  the  distinguished  Benedictine,  Don  Mabillon  (Paris,  1724,  p.  59,  etc.). 

f  "  Que  en  Yucatan  ay  muchios  edificios  de  gran  hermos-ura  que  es  la  cosa  mas 
senelada  que  se  ha  descubierto  en  las  Indias,  todas  de  canteria  muy  bien  labrada  sin 
aver  ningun  genero  da  metal  en  ella  con  que  se  pudiessa  labrar. — There  are  in  Yucatan 
many  buildings  of  great  beauty,  the  greatest  wonders  we  have  yet  seen  in  the  Indies. 
These  buildings  are  all  of  stone,  which  are  cut  into  beautiful  shapes,  something 
surprising,  since  the  builders  had  no  metal  tools  to  help  them  in  their  work."  (Relacion 
de  Yucatan,  Landa,  1571.) 
3  A. 


32  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 

social  civilization  of  the  Aztecs,  they  make  no  mention  of  domesticated  animals. 
Such  domesticated  animals  as  the  cow,  dog,  horse,  goat,  sheep,  hen  and  cat,  were 
introduced  by  the  Spaniards.  In  the  Aztec  codexes,  or  in  the  traditions  of  any 
American  race,  there  is  no  mention  or  memory  of  a  domesticated  animal.  Xor 
can  we,  by  affinity  of  language  with  any  spoken  or  written  tongue  of  the  other  con- 
tinents of  the  world,  trace  any  relationship  between  these  Indians  and  other  races 
of  men. 

Nothing  is  so  indelible  as  speech.  Sounds  that  in  unknown  ages  of  antiquity 
were  spoken  by  the  races  of  the  earth  still  live  in  their  languages.  Languages, 
like  seeds,  never  entirely  die.  They  stay  with  the  soil,  and  when  nations  or  tribal 
families  disappear  forever,  mountains  repeat  and  rivers  murmur  the  voices  of 
these  races  that  have  disappeared,  been  absorbed  or  were  annihilated.  All 
European,  African  and  Asiatic  languages  have  been  traced  back  to  their  sources, 
but  the  Nauhal  and  its  cognate  tongues  stand  alone,  and  throw  no  light  on  the 
origin  of  the  people.  Philologists  like  Gallatin,  Duponseau  and  Mueller,  say  it 
differs  radically  from  all  other  known  languages.  No  theories  of  derivation  from 
languages  of  the  old  world  sustain  the  test  of  critical  examination  or  of 
grammatical  construction.  Comparison  with  the  Sanskrit,  the  Hebrew,  the 
Phoanician,  Japanese,  Chinese,  Celtic  or  Scandinavian  languages,  establishes  no 
affinity  between  them  and  any  primitive  American  tongue.  As  the  human  voice 
articulates  not  more  than  twenty  distinct  sounds,  whatever  resemblance  there  may 
be  found  to  exist  between  any  other  language  and  the  Maya  or  Nauhal  ir  of  uo 
ethnic  value. 

While  endeavouring  to  solve  the  problem  of  prehistoric  man  in  America,  we 
are  confronted  with  another  issue  of  great  import :  When  America  was  discovered, 
strange  and  unfamiliar  animals  prowled  through  its  forests  and  roamed  over  its 
plains.  Fresh  water  fish  abounded  in  lake  and  stream,  and  reptilian  life  was 
everywhere.  These  were  here  ages  before  the  coming  of  man.  Fossil  remains  of 
extinct  animals  and  saurians  of  giant  size  and  strength,  such  as  the  tyrannosaurus, 
the  tryceratope,  the  diplodocus,  the  iguandon,  and  of  huge  mammalian  monsters, 
have  been  recovered  from  petrified  clay  in  Colorado,  Utah  and  Wyoming.*  So 
that  if  we  refuse  to  admit  the  possibility  of  a  lost  continent,  or  a  bridge  joining 
the  new  to  the  old  lands,  we  are  confronted  with  the  theory  of  a  separate  creation, 
which  can  neither  be  admitted  nor  is  admissible.  The  possibility  of  a  lost  con- 
tinent so  ably  contended  for  by  Le  Plongeon,  Heinrich,  Darwin,  Donnelly, 
Schlieman  and  many  eminent  archaeologists,  carried  a  plausibility  that  obtained 
for  it  a  large  and  influential  following. 

But  the  theory  when  attacked  from  the  side  of  science  and  cosmogony,  could 
not  then  resist  the  strength  of  the  logic  and  arguments  of  its  enemies,  and  it 
disappeared.  But  it  did  not  die.  It  is  very  much  alive  to-day,  for  since  the  battle 
between  the  opposing  forces,  fought  sixty  years  ago,  new  discoveries  have  been 
made  and  new  territory  explored. 

The  eminent  traveller  and  antipodean  explorer,   Clement  Wragge,  who  last 

*  There  is  a  wonderful  specimen  of  the  diplodocus  in  the  Carnegie  Museum  at  Pitts- 
burg.  It  was  found  in  the  lower  cretaceous  hard-pan,  in  1900,  in  Wyoming,  U.S.  The 
skeleton,  when  uncovered  by  the  members  of  the  Carnegie  expedition,  measured  eighty- 
three  feet.  The  creature  was  herbiverous,  and  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  water 
and  in  the  marsh  lands.  After  it  was  mounted  in  Pittsburg,  Mr.  Carnegie  presented 
reproductions  of  the  monster  to  five  of  the  leading  Natural  History  Museums  of  Europe. 
The  largest  known  find  of  these  huge  animals  is  the  giantasaurus,  dug  up  in  German 
East  Africa  about  a  year  ago.  Tt  measured  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  length. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BEPOET.  33 

summer  returned  from  the  Easter  Island  of  Waihu,  Pacific  Ocean,  2,300  miles 
west  of  Chili,  is  persuaded  that  the  rock  carvings  he  discovered  near  the  Bay  of 
Islands  and  the  Cyclopean  Monuments  found  on  Easter  Island  are  of  very  ancie.at 
date.  Discussing  the  origin  of  these  relics  he  writes:  "The  people  who  built  the 
wonderful  statues  and  cut  the  marvellous  inscriptions  on  Easter  Island,  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  Polynesians,  but  are  allied  to  those  dwelling  in  Central  and 
South  America  long  ages  ago.  In  fact  they  are  to  be  referred  to  an  Atlantian 
race." 

Dr.  Paul  Schlieman,  a  grandson  of  the  Archaeologist,  Heinrich  Schlieman, 
writing  to  the  "London  Budget"  last  May,  tells  us :  "I  am  as  satisfied  as  I  am  that 
I  exist,  that  before  the  beginning  of  the  Eocene  age,  perhaps  in  the  Cretaceous 
Period,  a  great  continent,  inhabited  by  a  civilized  race,  existed  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  American  Indians  are  the  descendants  of  ths  race." 

When  Mr.  Schlieman's  promised  book  appears,  we  may  examine  at  leisure 
the  grounds  en  which  he  builds  this  declaration. 

Herr  C.  Gagei,  with  the  thoroughness  of  German  scholarship,  in  a  recent  work 
he  has  given  us  on  the  same  subject,  endeavors  to  prove  that  a  great  continent  did 
once  exist  in  the  Eastern  half  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  that  the  volcanic  islands 
of  the  Azores,  the  Canaries,  and  the  Cape  de  Yerdes,  now  represent  all  that  is  left 
of  it  above  the  waters.  He  is  supported  in  his  contention  by  M.  Pitard,  who 
lately  found  in  the  Canaries  unquestionable  cretaceous  deposits. 

It  is  possible  that  the  supposed  submersion  of  the  Continent  occurr^r]  many 
thousand  years  later  than  the  Cretaceous  Period,  for  in  Central  America,  and  on 
some  of  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic,  there  yet  exist  types  of  animals  and  examples 
of  vegetation  belonging  to  the  Pliocene  Age,  the  last  division  of  the  Tertiary 
Period,  and  near  to  the  known  appearance  of  man. 

The  problem  of  a  submerged  continent  has  by  no  means  been  solved.  Eecent 
discoveries  afford  the  possibility  of  making  others,  and  from  the  liberal  encourage- 
ment given  by  the  late  Morris  K.  Jessup,  in  research  work  among  the  coast  tribes 
and  those  of  Northern  Asia,  some  further  light  may  be  reflected  on  the  origin  of 
the  American  Indian.  In  any  case,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  when  the  elder 
Agassiz  first  propounded  the  theory  of  a  glacial  age,  he  encountered  a  storm  of 
opposition  and  ridicule. 

Geology  and  political  geography  are  but  of  yesterday,  and  we  cannot  predict 
what  advances  and  discoveries  may  be  made  before  the  opening  of  the  next  century. 

Day  by  day  we  are  now  uncovering  the  carefully  guarded  secrets  of  the  earth. 
Though  wonderful  disclosures  have  already  rewarded  enthusiastic  research,  and 
our  expanse  of  human  knowledge  greatly  broadened,  yet  the  fringe  has  onJy  been 
felt,  and  the  great  secrets  of  the  earth  and  of  the  duration  of  human  life  on  this 
continent  are  yet  to  be  revealed.  We  are  prepared  to  accept  and  to  sift  at  all 
times  new  evidence,  and  to  abandon  any  theory  found  to  be  untenable  or  out  of 
harmony  with  later  disclosures. 


34  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EBPORT. 


CONCERNING  A  FEW  WELL  KNOWN  INDIAN 

NAMES. 

By  ARMON  BURWASH,  Arnprior. 
CANADA. 

How  the  Indian  name  Canada  came  to  be  applied  to  this  country  is  what  the 
Indians  themselves  would  call  a  "  Big  Medicine,"  meaning  thereby  a  mystery. 
The  word  Kanata  or  Ganata,  denoting  a  town  or  settlement,  is  an  Iroquois  word 
and  is  in  common  use  amongst  the  Iroquois  yet;  but  at  the  time  when  the  earliest 
recorded  history  of  Canada  began  to  take  shape,  all  of  this  country,  from  its  most 
easterly  sea-board  to  Lake  Ontario,  was  occupied  by  Algonquin  tribes.  Now  the 
Algonquin  word  for  a  town  or  settlement  is  Odanah.  Why  then  did  the  early 
discoverers  coming  as  they  did  from  the  east,  apply  an  Iroquois  instead  of  an 
Algonquin  name  to  the  country? 

Although  there  is  no  direct  evidence  to  that  effect,  one  is  almost  forced  to 
explain  this  Big  Medicine  by  assuming  that  before  the  date  of  recorded  history  the 
Iroquois  must  at  some  time  have  occupied  the  Jower  St.  Lawrence.  And  this 
assumption  is  much  strengthened  by  the  statement  of  Abbe  Faillon  that  "  many 
of  the  words  used  by  Cartier  in  1535  were  Iroquois  words." 

OTTAWA. 

Another  Big  Medicine  is  the  application  of  the  name  Ottawa  to  the  Ottawa 
River. 

Champlain  in  his  diary  of  his  voyages  up  the  Ottawa  in  1613  and  1615  always 
mentions  it  as  the  river  of  the  Algonquins.  He  refers  to  the  Ottawa  Indians 
indeed  but  states  that  their  country  was  north  and  west  of  the  Georgian  Bay.  And 
Pere  Marquette  writes  in  1668  that  "  The  Ottawa  Indians  were  the  first  to  open 
trade  with  the  French  in  western  furs/'  but  he  also  places  them  on  the  Georgian 
Bay.  It  does  not  appear  that  the  Ottawa  Indians  ever  lived  on  the  Ottawa  River, 
in  fact  the  evidence  all  points  the  other  way. 

The  River  is  known  to-day  by  the  Indians  who  live  upon  its  banks  above  Lake 
Temiscaming  as  the  Ivitchi  Sippi,  that  is — The  Grand  River — and  in  the  Govern- 
ment Reports  of  1780  on  the  fur  trade  it  is  spoken  of  only  as  the  Grand  River. 

So  the  solution  of  this  Big  Medicine  seems  to  be  that  the  river  was  not  named 
from  the  Ottawa  Indians  but  obtained  its  name  in  the  same  way  in  which  they 
obtained  theirs.  Ottawa  is  the  Algonquin  word  denoting  Trade.  The  Ottawa 
Indians  were  so  called  because  they  were  the  great  trading  tribe  of  the  Algonquins, 
;and  the  Ottawa  River  was  probably  first  called  the  Ottawa  when  it  began  to  be  the 
great  trading  route  between  the  West  and  Montreal. 

GATINEAU. 

•  The  Gatineau,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Ottawa,  owes  its  name  to  a  custom 
•common  to  many  savage  races,  that  of  describing  themselves  as  "  The  Men  "  or 
"  The  People/' 

Etinook  is  a  Cree  word  signifying  People,  in  this  case  of  course  Indians,  and 
Ga  Etinook  is  The  People,  thus  Gatineau  becomes  "  the  river  of  the  people." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  35 

Etinoo,  Person,  (the  plural  is  Etinook,  meaning  persons  or  people)  seems  to 
be  one  of  the  few  words  common  to  all  of  the  Northern  Indian  languages.  In  a 
more  or  less  modified  form  it  runs  through  all  the  dialects  of  the  Algonquins  and 
appears  as  Etschinac  in  the  Iroquois. 

A  good  instance  of  the  way  in  which  names  of  this  kind  become  corrupted  is 
shown  in  the  present  name  of  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Gatineau.  The  early 
French  voyageurs  translated  Ga  Etinook  into  Les  gens  de  terre,  (the  men  of  the 
country)  and  modern  map-makers  have  transformed  this  into  Jean  de  terre,  the 
way  in  which  the  name  of  this  stream  is  now  written. 

These  same  voyageurs  named  the  Indians  of  the  upper  Gatineau,  Les  Tetes  de 
boules,  (round-heads)  not  on  account  of  any  peculiarity  in  the  shape  of  their 
skulls  but  because  of  a  round  fur  hood  which  they  were  accustomed  to  wear  during 
cold  weather. 

MADAWASKA. 

The  Madawaska,  the  largest  of  the  Ontario  tributaries  of  the  Ottawa,  is  named 
from  Mata,  the  fork  of  a  river,  and  Aushka  the  sound  of  a  rippling  current — Mata- 
w-aushka — meaning  the  river  with  the  rippling  current  at  its  mouth.  The  w 
sound  was  inserted  simply  to  make  it  easier  of  pronunciation.  It  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  the  Indian  tongues  were  not  as  flexible  as  ours  are.  Only  a  very 
few  of  all  the  Algonquin  tribes  could  sound  the  letter  R  at  all,  and  even  that  few 
in  but  a  very  modified  form.  Anyone  looking  at  a  map  of  the  vast  territory  once 
occupied  by  Indians  of  the  Algonquin  race  must  notice  that  there  are  almost  no 
names  on  it  containing  the  letter  R.  And  even  of  the  very  few  that  do  appear  there 
almost  all  can  be  traced  to  Iroquois  or  Huron  sources. 

In  the  Indians  of  the  Madawaska  and  Gatineau  Rivers  we  find  proof  that 
sub-tribal  or  clan  divisions  had  a  marked  effect  on  physical  stature.  Champlain 
in  his  diary  mentions  a  report  that  he  had  heard,  to  the  effect  that  the  Indians 
of  the  Upper  Madawaska  were  men  of  very  great  size.  This  report  appears  to 
have  been  well  founded.  Nikik  (The  Otter)  who  was  chief  of  this  clan  about 
fifty  years  ago  was  well  known  to  the  lumbermen  of  that  day  and  was  a  man  of 
immense  size  and  tremendous  physical  strength,  and  the  members  of  the  clan  as 
a  whole  were  considerably  above  average  height  and  of  heavy  build.  On  the  other 
hand  the  Tetes  de  Boules  were  and  are  rather  short  men,  though  of  sturdy  form 
and  possessed  of  great  endurance.  Yet  these  two  clans  belonged  to  the  same  tribe. 

PETEWAWA. 

This  name  is  in  the  original  Pitchawawa,  meaning  the  long  river.  Pitcha 
means  long  in  the  sense  of  time,  not  in  the  sense  of  distance.  So  the  actual 
meaning  of  the  word  is  the  river  that  it  takes  a  long  time  to  travel  over.  Anyone 
who  has  had  any  experience  on  that  turbulent  stream  will  feel  that  the  name  is 
well  applied. 

MATTAWA. 

From  Mata,  a  fork,  in  this  case  meaning  the  important  river  fork.  It  was  at 
the  mouth  of  this  river  that  the  great  travelled  route  branched  off  from  the  Ottawa 
and  led  up  the  Mattawa  River  and  by  Lake  Mpissing  and  French  River  to  the 
Georgian  Bay.  And  for  many  a  long  year  this  was  practically  the  only  route  of 
trade  open  to  the  French  and  their  Indian  allies  between  the  West  and  Montreal, 
the  upper  St.  Lawrence  being  absolutely  closed  to  them  by  their  Iroquois  enemies. 


36  ARCH/EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Although  the  Algonquin  race  far  outnumbered  the  Iroquois,  yet  they  lived 
in  constant  dread  of  them.  So  much  so  was  this  the  case  that  the  old  familiar 
friend  of  our  childhood,  the  Bogey  Man,  appeared  in  the  Ci:'ee  lodges  as  the 
ISTottaway  (the  Cree  name  for  the  Iroquois)  i'or  even  in  comparatively  recent  days 
it  was  no  unusual  thing  to  hear  a  Cree  squaw  tell  a  misbehaving  papoose  that  if  it 
did  not  behave  itself  the  Nottaway  would  catch  it.  Possibly  it  was  with  some 
feeling  of  this  kind  in  mind  that  the  Indians  of  the  Georgian  Bay  gave  Nottawasaga 
Bay  its  name.  It  means  the  outburst  of  the  Iroquois,  as  it  was  through  it  that 
they  burst  forth  on  their  terrible  raids  against  their  northern  neighbours. 

QUEBEC. 

Quebec  takes  its  name  from  ivepek,  the  Ojibway  word  for  a  strait  or  narrows, 
referring  to  the  narrowing  of  the  St.  Lawrence  near  the  city  of  Quebec.  The 
same  root  word  is  found  in  the  name  of  Lake  Kipewa,  a  lake  composed  almost 
entirely  of  deep  bays  and  narrow  straits. 

ONTARIO. 

Ontario  is  probably  derived  in  the  first  instance  from  Ihonataree,  an  Iroquois 
word  meaning  The  Lake.  The  same  word  was  used  by  the  Onondagas  to  designate 
the  sea.  It  was  evidently  applied  by  them  to  big  waters  of  any  kind. 

TORONTO. 

Garunta  is  the  Iroquois  word  for  Tree.  At  some  time  in  the  past  some  partic- 
ular tree  must  have  marked  some  specified  spot  whereabout  now  stands  the  city  of 
Toronto. 

A  curious  instance  of  how  a  language  becomes  changed  is  shown  in  the  name 
which  the  Indians  of  the  Ottawa  now  apply  to  the  Canada  Jay — Kokoshwee.  It 
appears  that  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Hudson's  Bay  this  bird  was 
originally  called  Wissakejon,  from  which  the  Hudson's  Bay  men  deduced  Whiskey 
Jack,  the  name  by  which  it  is  best  known  to  travellers  in  Northern  Canada.  When 
the  French  introduced  Pork  amongst  the  Indians  these  latter  named  it  Kokosh, 
probably  a  corruption  of  the  word  Coohon,  a  pig.  On  their  part  the  French  named 
the  Jay,  no  doubt  owing  to  its  fondness  for  meat,  Mangeur  du  Lard,  Pork-eater. 
The  Indians  accepted  this  new  name  and  translated  Pork-eater  into  Kokoshwee, 
the  name  by  which  they  designate  it  now. 

The  foregoing  are  a  few  Indian  names  with  which  we  are  all  familiar.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  some  general  plan  will  soon  be  adopted  to  put  on  record  the 
meaning  of  as  many  as  possible  of  Ontario's  Indian  names,  before  it  becomes  too 
late.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that  recent  Government  Reports  state  that  their  numbers 
have  increased,  the  Indians,  as  a  race,  are  a  vanishing  race.  It  may  be  that  the 
number  of  individuals  is  greater,  but  their  customs,  occupations,  and  manner  of 
life  are  all  changing,  and  even  their  language  is  to  a  large  extent  becoming  cor- 
rupted. And  at  the  rate  at  which  settlement  is  now  sweeping  over  this  country, 
it  will  not  be  long  until  the  only  place  where  a  true  Indian  can  be  found  will  be  in 
that  happy  country,  where  according  to  Algonquin  tradition,  the  current  of  the 
shining  rivers  runs  both  ways,  down  one  bank  and  up  the  other,  so  that  no  good 
Indian  has  ever  to  paddle  against  the  stream.  And  where  every  lake  has  many 
winds  all  blowing  at  once,  and  each  canoe  no  matter  what  its  course  has  a  fair 
wind  of  its  own. 


ONTARIO  EFFIGY  PIPES  IN  STONE. 

By  COL.  GEO.  E.  LAIDLAW. 
2ND  PAPER. 

Since  the  appearance  of  my  first  paper  on  this  particular  type  of  pipe  sculp- 
ture, which  appeared  in  the  Ontario  Archaeological  Report  for  1902,  a  number  of 
specimens  have  turned  up  in  Ontario,  and  information  and  outlines  have  been 
received  about  others  in  the  United  States  from  authentic  sources,  which  have 
been  embodied  in  this  paper  for  the  sake  of  comparison. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  have  not  had  the  opportunity  to  see  the  above 
report,  which  I  believe  is  now  out  of  print,  I  will  reiterate  that  my  object  in 
writing  these  paper?  is  more  to  give  minute  description  than  in  theorizing  and 
speculating  on  the  occurrences  of  this  type  of  pipe  sculpture. 

The  Reports  mentioned  in  this  article  are  Ontario  Achseological  Reports 
issued  by  the  Board  of  Education,  and  the  museum  mentioned  is  the  Provincial 
Museum  of  Ontario,  except  when  otherwise  stated.  Also  the  measurements  are 
in  inches  and  the  weights  are  avoirdupois,  except  when  otherwise  mentioned. 

ONTARIO  SPECIMENS. 

No.  11,103  which  appears  as  fig.  31,  p.  36,  Report  1889,  also  fig.  229,  p.  83, 
Primitive  Man  in  Ontario,  and  has  some  resemblance  to  a  large  stone  ring,  with 
a  protuberance  on  the  periphery,  is  a  large  and  massive  unfinished  specimen  from 
Nottawasaga  Township,  presented  to  the  museum  by  Mr.  Angus  Buie.  This 
specimen  which  is  wedge-shaped  and  almost  circular  in  outline,  except  where  the 
head  projects,  clearly  and  unmistakably  shows  that  it  was  intended  for  an  animal 
pipe  of  rather  large  size.  Though  not  nearly  so  far  advanced  in  manufacture  as 
the  Leith  pipe  (No.  26,544),  it  shows  some  interesting  features.  It  is  much 
shorter  in  the  muzzle  in  proportion  to  size ;  and  above  and  below  the  large  central 
hole  of  oval  form  are  pecked  spaces  showing  that  the  ultimate  idea  of  the  maker 
was  to  make  two  more  holes,  similar  to  pipes  figs.  19,  20,  22,  Report  1902.  There 
are  also  a  well  defined  muzzle,  eyebrows  and  a  ridge  along  top  of  nose.  This 
specimen  weighs  1  Ib.  13  oz.  avoir.  Material  being  a  close  grained  dingy  blue 
argillite. 

Dimensions,  5%  inches  long,  4  inches  wide  and  1%  thick  in  thickest 
part,  and  shows  nothing  but  purely  aboriginal  methods  of  workmanship. 

These  wedge-shaped  specimens  are  thickest  at  the  head  and  shoulders,  thin- 
ning down  to  the  front  and  bottom. 

[37] 


38 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  11,103. 


ARCH/EOLOGICAL  REPORT.  39 

The  oval  hole  in  middle  is  counter  sunk  on  both  sides.  Mr.  Boyle  remarks  in 
Primitive  Man,  p.  93,  that  "  as  an  unfinished  specimen  it  possesses  many  in- 
structive features  as  to  methods  of  working  stone." 

No.  26,544,  fig.  1,  p.  48,  Eeport  1903,  is  another  massive  specimen  of  un- 
finished animal  effigy  pipes;  the  surface  of  which  is  so  smooth  and  even,  and 
lines  so  regular,  and  angles  so  distinct,  that  it  gives  one  the  impression  of  having 
been  made  with  European  tools,  compared  with  the  Buie  specimen  No.  11,103. 

This  is  a  nearly  finished  specimen  and  in  this  case  shows  that  the  bowl  was 
intended  to  be  bored  last,  evidently  with  a  metallic  drill. 

The  surface  of  pipe  shows  very  few  of  those  scratches  noticed  on  other  pipes. 
The  treatment  of  the  head  is  bold  and  clear  and  needs  only  a  few  details  to  be 
complete.  This  pipe  has  the  distinct  wedge  appearance  noticed  in  several  other 
pipes  of  this  class,  and  bears  a  general  resemblance  in  make  to  the  Mayor  pipe,  p. 
43,  Report  1902,  and  p.  18,  Report  1912. 

Dimensions :  Height  6%  inches,  width  4  inches,  thickness  1%  at  back  to  7-16 
at  lower  front  end.  Weight,  1  Ib.  14  oz.  Locality,  Leith  farm,  Township  of 
Binbrook,  Wentworth  Co.,  Ont.  Presented  to  museum  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Hartman  of 
Cincinnati.  Has  well  defined  head,  eyebrows  and  muzzle.  Material,  striped 
Huronian  slate.  The  bowl  hole  is  bored  y2  inch  in  depth.  The  large  central 
hole  is  of  squarish  outline  with  prominent  rounded  corners.  There  is  the  begin- 
ning of  another  hole,  by  pecking,  between  the  central  hole  and  the  head,  on  the 
left  side. 

No.  26,754.    Fig.  33,  page  26,  Report  1904,  also  page  101,  Report  1903. 

This  very  large  stone  pipe,  which  is  supposed  to  resemble  a  bear,  was  found  in 
August  or  September,  1902,  on  lot  6,  concession  20,  Tiny  Township,  Simcoe  Co., 
Ont.,  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Newberry,  who  disposed  of  it  to  Mr.  Oliver  Glaspell  of  Powles 
Corners  P.O.,  Fenelon  Township,  Victoria  Co.,  Ont.,  from  whom  the  writer  ob- 
tained it  and  presented  it  to  the  museum. 

This  was  a  surface  find  on  the  route  or  trail  of  the  Indians  between  Sawlog 
Bay  and  the  highlands  of  Tiny.  Was  unaccompanied  by  other  relics.  May  have 
belonged  to  the  later  Hurons  or  the  Algonquins  who  succeeded  them. 

The  pipe  was  in  a  fragmentary  condition  and  is  now  restored  minus  the  fore 
feet,  and  a  portion  of  the  frontal  bar. 

Material,  dark  grey  slate ;  posture  similar  to  other  animal  pipes  under  dis- 
cussion. Dimensions:  6%  inches  in  perpendicular  height.  Distance  between 
parallel  lines  at  back  and  at  nose,  4*4  inches.  Greatest  thickness  of  body  from 
side  to  side,  2  inches.  Greatest  depth  of  body  from  back  to  front,  2  11-16  inches. 
Length  of  head,  2  3-16  inches.  Breadth  behind  ears,  2  7-16  inches.  Stem  hole 
bored  with  a  tapering  drill ;  bowl  shows  plainly  drill  rings,  and  contracts  very 
rapidly,  is  2%  inches  deep  and  y^  wide  at  top.  Stem  hole  is  in  the  back.  Eyes 
are  large,  deep  circular  depressions.  Ears  prominent  and  rounded,  the  right  one 
evidently  being  slightly  broken  at  one  time  and  then  ground  smooth.  Ear  holes 
slightly  defined  as  also  are  the  nostrils — most  rare  occurrences.  No  slots  or 
markings  on  surface  of  pipe  other  than  those  that  represent  the  claws.  No  basal 
perforation,  though  there  are  deep  depressions  produced  by  boring  where  the  basal 
perforation  is  usually  situated  in  these  pipes.  A  deep  nick  terminates  each  hind 
foot,  separating  it  from  the  frontal  bar,  thus  showing  probably  that  the  designer 
did  not  intend  the  frontal  bar  a»s  a  branch  clasped  by  the  feet  as  in  other  cases, 
but  rather  as  a  produced  tail.  Hind  paws  slightly  raised  from  body.  The 
portion  of  the  frontal  bar  immediately  opposite  the  hind  feet  is  slightly  larger 


40 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  26,544. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPOET. 


No.  26,754. 


42  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

than  the  remaining  portion.  The  top  of  the  frontal  bar,,  and  the  forefeet  are 
missing.  Mouth  (strongly  denned,  face  very  much  "  dished "  or  "  hollow " 
strongly  resembling  a  raccoon's,  but  the  jaws  are  too  long  in  proportion,  and  too 
square  at  the  end  to  resemble  that  animal  in  any  marked  degree.  The  drill  has 
been  used  in  forming  the  throat,  and  marks  of  sawing  and  rubbing  appear.  Are 
these  what  McGuire  calls  "  file  marks  "  in  his  "  Aboriginal  Pipes,  etc/'  ? 

The  material  changes  in  color  to  a  dirty  purple  on  the  frontal  bar.     Weight, 

Ibs.  avoir.  It  has  been  suggested  that  this  specimen  represents  the  brownish 
variety  of  the  common  black  bear.  At  any  rate  the  contour  of  the  face  is  directly 
opposite  to  that  of  the  Bolsover  bear  pipe,  p.  40,  Report  1902.  This  pipe  is  of 
purely  aboriginal  workmanship,  the  design  being  bold,  the  head  resembling  a 
style  of  Huron  clay  pipes.  This  pipe  though  called  a  bear  pipe  shows  a  com- 
position of  features:  in  the  large  round  eyes  and  hollow  cheeks  of  a  raccoon,  and 
the  strong  heavy  jaw  of  an  old  dog  wolf,  arid  might  be  equally  well  named  after 
either  of  these  animals. 

The  marks  of  boring  on  the  surface  of  body  show  the  use  of  a  blunt  drill. 

Mr.  Boyle  in  referring  to  this  pipe,  p.  28,  Report  1904,  says:  "The  surface 
has  been  brought  to  a  condition  of  smoothness,  but  not  sufficiently  so  to  remove 
all  traces  of  the  scratches  that  were  made  in  so  doing,  and  in  no  case  are  there 
any  signs  of  marks  other  than  those  producible  by  the  rubbing  of  one  stone  on 
another.  The  design  is  boldly  carried  out,  but  there  is  no  nicety  of  detail.  On 
each  side  between  the  hind  feet  and  the  tail  there  is  the  beginning  of  a  hole." 

No.  25572,  fig.  6,  p.  52,  Report  1903,  is  a  large  bird  pipe  made  from 
gypsum.  This  pipe  has  been  broken  off  just  above  the  frontal  projection,  and  was 
probably  about  6  inches  long  when  entire.  The  present  length  is  3%  inches. 
Depth  back  to  front,  1%.  Thickness  from  side  to  side,  l1^.  Diameter  of  bowl, 
11-16.  Depth  of  bowl,  Y\  inch.  Diameter  of  stem  hole,  9-16  inch.  The  pipe  is 
of  a  dirty  yellowish  white  color  and  the  surface  has  been  polished,  but  one  side 
shows  calcination  and  weathering.  The  eyes  are  well  defined,  being  small  pits 
about  y8  inch  in  diameter.  The  beak  is  well  pronounced,  having  a  prominent 
ridge,  and  the  mouth  is  well  marked.  The  bowl  has  a  very  small  capacity  for 
such  a  large  pipe,  and  the  stem  hole,  which  is  large,  inclines  upwards.  The  head 
projects  straight  up  from  the  pipe  and  does  not  bend  over  in  front  like  other  bird 
pipes  mentioned,  this  may  be  symbolical  of  flight.  Other  bird  pipes  are  in  a 
posture  of  rest  or  repose.  The  cross  section  of  pipe  is  oblong  with  rounded  corners. 
No  wing  marks  or  other  marks  on  surface  of  pipe.  Locality:  Lot  10,  Con.  3, 
Onondaga  Twp.,  given  by  W.  M.  Dick,  of  Brantford,  Ont. 

No.  25,098,  fig.  11,  p.  55,  Report  1903,  was  found  at  Lion's  Head,  Isthmus 
Bay,  North  Bruce,  Ont.,  and  comes  to  the  Museum  through  Mr.  "W.  W.  Dick. 

This  pipe  represents  an  owl  carved  from  slate,  the  angles,  edges,  and  corners 
being  very  precise  and  distinct.  The  bowl  was  made  before  the  pipe  was  finished 
as  the  lower  edge  of  the  bowl  orifice  is  very  sharp,  showing  that  the  V-shaped 
hollow  between  the  wings  on  the  back  (shoulders)  has  been  made  last.  Below  the 
stem  hole,  which  is  in  the  back,  there  are  two  flu  tings,  dividing  or  defining  the 
lower  parts  of  the  wings. 

The  top  of  the  breast  shows  an  inverted  V-shaped  insertion,  as  if  showing  the 
top  of  a  dress  or  shirt;  a  little  further  down  there  is  a  transverse  depression  bear-- 
ing 8  nicks.  The  feet  are  well  defined,  of  3  toes  each.  The  cross  section  is  square 
in  front  and  round  behind.  The  neatness  and  regularity  of  design,  the  appear- 
ance and  the  style  of  finish  lead  one  to  believe  that  it  was  made  with  metallic 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  25,572  (a). 


No.  25,572   (&) 


No.  25,098.     Front. 


No.  25,098.     Side. 


44  ABCH^EOLOGICAL  EBPOBT. 

tools.  It  is  a  more  compact  and  blockier  pipe  than  usual.  The  tail  is  denned  by 
4  slight  nicks.  There  are  slight  protuberances  for  ears.  The  underneath  part 
of  lower  mandible  is  well  denned.  The  wings  are  well  defined  and  are  slightly 
raised  from  the  remaining  pipe  surface,  this  trait  being  only  noticed  in  this 
specimen.  Dimensions  as  follows: 

Length,  3%  inches.  Width  across  breast,  1  5-16  inches.  Depth,  back  to 
front,  1  7-16  inches.  Depth  of  bowl,  l1^  inches.  Diameter  of  bowl,  9-16  inches. 
Diameter  of  stem  hole,  3-16  inches. 

The  color  for  the  most  part  is  dark  rich  brown,  but  on  the  left  side  a  little 
more  than  the  wing  is  of  a  pale  dull  green.  Quoting  from  Mr.  Boyle,  "  The  work- 
manship is  excellent  and  the  proportions  are  very  good.  The  eye  holes  are  bored 
fully  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  depth — deep  enough  to  form  a  good  seat  for  the 
insertion  of  any  other  substance  to  give  expression  as  eyes  to  the  figure,  if  any  such 
intention  existed  in  the  mind  of  the  maker.  The  end  of  the  tail  has  either  not 
been  finished  or  if  finished  has  been  broken  off,  as  it  is  still  in  the  rough.  In 
most  pipes  of  this  kind  a  hole  is  bored  crossways  through  the  feet,  but  sometimes 
perpendicularly  between  them.  In  this  pipe,  however,  we  have  a  compromise 


No.  16,239. 


hole,  the  boring  having  been  done  perpendicularly  from  below  half  way  through 
the  (frontal)  projection  that  forms  the  feet,  and  another  hole  to  meet  it  is  bored 
from  the  left  side.  A  little  below  the  breast  is  a  well-made  line  of  serrations,  the 
purpose  of  which  is  not  very  evident.  The  surface  of  pipe  is  not  as  highly  polished 
as  the  surfaces  of  many  stone  pipes  are,  so  that  the  scratches  of  the  rubbing  stone 
are  still  in  evidence,  and  the  word  '  rubbing  stone '  is  used  advisedly,  for  the  reason 
that  only  one  stone  moved  over  another  is  capable  of  leaving  such  results  as  are 
.apparent  on  the  surface  of  this  pipe,  and  this  is  the  more  remarkable  on  account  of 
the  fact  that  there  are  those  who  claim  pipes  of  such  patterns  to  be  of  unmistakable 
European  origin,  directly  or  indirectly.  Notwithstanding  the  generally  bold 
.artistic  way  in  which  this  pipe  has  been  worked  out,  there  is  not  a  single  feature 
of  it  bearing  witness  to  the  use  of  any  but  primitive  appliances." 

No.  16,239,  fig.  29,  p.  21,  Eeport  1905,  is  full  size  figure  of  a  bird  pipe  from 
Eldon  Twp.  Victoria  Co.,  that  has  had  its  head  broken  off.  It  is  rather  plain  in 
appearance,  not  having  much  work  done  upon  it.  The  frontal  projection  is  per- 
forated from  side  to  side  and  has  conventionalized  claws  marked  upon  the  front. 
The  data  concerning  this  pipe  has  been  lost,  but  I  believe  it  came  to  the  Museum 
through  Mr.  J.  W.  Laidlaw,  now  of  Kirkfield  P.O.,  Ont. 


AKCHJEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  27',239   (a) 


No.  27,239  (b). 


No.  27,239  (c). 


46  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

No.  27,23®,  fig.  13,  p.  26,  Report  1906,  is  another  'headless  pipe  from  the 
farm  of  Mr.  J,  J.  Finney,  near  Burnt  River  P.O.?  Somerville  Twp.,  Victoria  Co., 
where  it  was  found  in  1903  by  his  son  in  a  grave  with  three  skeletons  near  a  village 
site.  This  locality  is  four  miles  north  of  Rettie's  station  on  Midland  Ry. 

Dimensions:  Length,  3%  inches.  Thickness  at  shoulder,  15-16  inches.  Depth, 
back  to  front,  17-16  inches.  Depth  of  bowl,  1  inch.  Diameter  of  bowl,  9-16 
inches.  Diameter  of  stem  hole,  %  inches.  Left  side  has  slot  in  wing  and  shallow 
grooves  marking  wing  and  shoulder.  Right  side  has  shallow  groove  half  way  up 
side,  going  around  back  above  tail,  connecting  with  groove  on  left  side.  Also  has 
smaller  slot  on  wing.  There  is  a  flaw  on  right  side  at  end  of  wing. 

There  is  a  slight  groove  down  back  to  stem  hole.  The  frontal  projection  is 
rather  large,  of  a  squarish  outline,  is  perforated  through  from  side  to  side,  and  has 
three  nicks  across  the  front.  At  the  lower  part  of  back  near  base  there  are  three 
slight  cuts  denoting  tail  feathers. 

Where  the  head  is  broken  off  the  broken  part  of  the  neck  is  ground  smooth. 
There  is  a  deep  cut  around  neck  immediately  behind  the  broken  part.  Material 
dark  slate. 

Quoting  Mr.  David  Boyle,  p.  26,  Rep.  27,  who  says:  "It  shows  a  somewhat 
ambitious  attempt  to  make  a  bird-pipe,  but  the  maker  was  not  equal  to  the  occa- 
sion. Even  in  its  unfinished  state  it  is  clear  that  the  efforts  to  bring  it  into 
shape  were  in  many  respects  those  of  a  bungler,  and  it  was,  perhaps,  because  of 
such  treatment  that  the  head  was  broken  off.  The  fractured  end  has  been  sawn 
off,  either  by  the  hand  that  made  the  pipe,  or  by  some  one  else  equally  un- 
mechanical." 

No.  27,844,  figs.  10,  11,  p.  25,  Report  1906.  This  pipe  represents  a  heron  or 
bittern,  was  found  near  Port  Perry,  Lake  Scugog,  to  south  of  Victoria  County. 

This  is  a  very  finely  finished  pipe  but  not  polished.  The  surface  shows 
scratches.  The  neck  seems  to  be  prepared  foj  a  broad  band.  The  beak  is  still 
attached  to  the  feet  or  frontal  projection,  which  is  perforated  from  side  to  side 
by  a  conical  drill,  and  is  rather  large  in  proportion,  having  three  cuts  on  each 
side  inclining  upwards  representing  feet.  This  frontal  projection  is  divided  on 
the  lower  surface  or  bottom  by  a  long  cut.  The  eyes  are  clearly  defined ;  the  four 
holes  or  pits  on  right  side  are  evidently  made  with  the  same  drill  that  the  eyes 
were.  The  two  larger  shallow  depressions  on  each  side  have  been  ground  out 
same  as  the  two  smaller  depressions  on  left  side.  This  unevenness  of  distribution 
of  these  holes  or  slots  is  a  marked  feature  in  this  class  of  pipe. 

Dimensions:  Perpendicular  height,  2%  inches.  Width  across  breast,  11-16 
inches.  Distance  from  back  to  forehead,  2  13-16  inches.  Depth  of  bowl,  1%  in. 
Diameter  of  bowl.  %.  Diameter  of  stem  hole,  7-16.  Length  of  head  and  beak, 
2%.  There  are  two  notches  on  the  tail.  The  pipe  remains  stationary  if  placed 
on  base,  and  vice  versa.  Contour  of  head  and  beak  slightly  curved.  Upper  and 
lower  mandibles  well  defined.  The  hole  in  frontal  projection  has  been  bored 
from  each  side. 

Material :  A  brown  fine  grained  sandstone. 

Donor:  Mrs.  James,  Port  Perry,  Ont. 

There  seems  to  be  a  tally  on  angle  of  lower  jaw  of  nine  slight  notches. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


47 


No.  27,844  (a). 


No.  27,844  (&), 


4  A. 


48  AKCELEOLOGICAL  KEPOftT. 


BEAVER  PIPE.* 

Found  by  a  Mr.  Hewitt  near  Edgar,  at  or  near  site  43,  Oro  Twp.,  Simcoe  Co. 

Material :  Mottled  gray  steatite. 

Dimensions :  Perpendicular  height,  2  7-16  inches.  Thickness  through  side 
to  side,  %  incn-  Depth,  back  to  front,  1  inch.  Depth  bowl,  1  1-16  inch.  Diam- 
eter of  bowl,  y2  incn>  which  is  conically  bored.  The  stem  hole  in  the  back  has 
a  diameter  of  %  inch,  has  been  bored  with  a  blunt  drill  and  inclines  upwards 
slightly.  Slight  frontal  projection  reaching  from  side  to  side,  and  is  divided  by 
two  grooves  to  show  hind  feet.  Front  paws  designated  by  grooves  converging  in 
across  belly.  Suspensory  hole  in  short,  broad,  flat  tail.  Eyes  denned  by  small 
deep  holes.  Mouth  slightly  denned;  teeth  and  whiskers  (bristles)  denned  by 
slight  scratches. 

The  pipe  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  grooves  and  so-called  tally  marks 
upon  it.  'Starting  at  the  front  there  is  one  groove  across  the  neck  and  one  below 
this  again,  where  the  converging  grooves  begin  that  represent  the  fore  feet.  Then 


Beaver  Pipe.    Oro  Township  (a).  Beaver   Pipe.     Oro  Township    (&). 

another  horizontal  one  below  the  fore  feet  and  two  vertical  ones  in  the  frontal 
bar;  between  this  bar  and  the  suspensory  hole  are  three  more  parallel  horizontal 
grooves. 

There  is  a  group  of  six  parallel  horizontal  grooves  across  the  back  above  the 
stem  hole.  Their  ends  are  bounded  by  a  slight  groove  on  each  side. 

From  the  ends  of  the  horizontal  throat  and  abdominal  grooves  short  ones 
incline  towards  each  other  at  each  side.  The  tail  has  five  notches  on  each  side. 
A  groove  extends  around  the  hips  with  18  notches  on  the  top  side. 

There  is  one  lateral  slanting  groove  on  left  side  from  head  to  stem  hole  with 
8  notches  or  tallies  on  under  side.  A  pair  of  grooves  on  right  side  in  a  correspond- 
ing position  have  also  similar  notches,  8  in  each  case.  Are  these  merely  tallies,  or 
are  they  significant  of  something  else;  legends,  occurrences,  or  circumstances? 
And,  lastly,  from  a  small  hole  situate  about  the  end  of  the  back,  a  groove  runs 
down  the  tail  to  the  suspension  hole  and  is  continued  around  the  tip  of  the  tail. 

From  the  apex  of  each  pair  of  inclining  grooves  a  slight  cut  or  incision  falls 
towards  the  front.  The  juncture  of  the  neck  with  the  shoulders  is  shown  by 
almost  worn-ont  incisions  or  cuts. 

*Photo  of  this  and  following  three  by  F.  A.  Hunter,  Esq.,  Barrie. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT.  4=9 

There  are  three  notches  on  the  top  side  of  the  upper  groove  in  the  group  of 
six  parallel  grooves  on  the  back  and  four  on  second  line.  Constant  use  has  worn 
this  portion  so  much  that  one  cannot  determine  how  many  notches  there  were 
there  originally. 

This  pipe  may  be  called  an  inscribed  pipe.  Would  it  represent  the  great 
Beaver  Legend? 

Of  these  four  pipes,  Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter  in  letter  of  June  23,  1905,  says  they 
evidently  belong  to  the  Huron  Indians,  and  can  be  assigned  to  the  early  period 
when  the  Hurons  occupied  this  district  (west  of  Lake  Simcoe). 

This  pipe  belongs  to  the  second  division  of  animal  pipes  of  this  class,  having  a 
horizontal  frontal  projection  like  figures  24  and  26,  Eeport  1902;  the  first 
division  having  frontal  bars  in  a  vertical  position  in  front  of  the  pipes. 


TURTLE  PIPE. 


This   pipe   was   found   near   sites   43,   and   44,    Oro   Twp.    and   represents   a 
-napping  turtle  with  projecting  legs. 


Turtle  Pipe.     Oro  Township    (a).  Turtle  Pipe.     Oro  Township   (&). 

Dimensions :  Length,  2  13-16  inches.  Depth,  back  to  front,  2<y2  inches. 
Thickness  from  side  to  side,  1  1-16  inches.  Legs  are  broken  off  and  were  evi- 
dently separate.  No  frontal  bar.  The  abdomen  is  very  much  pronounced  and 
rounded,  and  is  defined  from  body  by  a  longitudinal  groove  on  each  side.  Tail 
defined  by  grooves  with  a  hole  bored  underneath  it;  now  broken.  Amis  defined. 
There  is  a  groove  around  hind  legs  showing  where  they  projected  from  carapace. 
Mouth  and  eyes  are  illy  defined.  There  is  a  slot  on  top  of  head.  Pipe  shows 
:much  use.  Being  possessed  of  three  stem  holes,  brings  it  into  the  class  of  pipe 
called  "Composite"  by  some  American  Archaeologists:  a  name  not  adopted  here 
yet.  Depth  of  bowl,  1  3-10  inches,  which  has  the  appearance  of  being  gouged  out 
instead  of  being  bored,  having  tool  marks  to  that  effect.  Diameter  of  bowl,  11-16 
inches.  Diameter  of  large  stem  hole  at  the  bottom  of  back,  9-16  inches;  has  the 
.appearance  of  being  made  with  a  blunt  rounded  drill.  Diameters  of  other  two 


50 


ABOELEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


stem  holes,  5-16  inches  each,  one  of  which  is  in  the  right  side  and  the  other  being 
at  the  top  of  the  belly. 

There  are  the  remains  of  a  groove  separating  the  two  front  legs  from  each 
other. 

Material:  A  black  stone,  probably  slate. 


DOUBLE-HEADED  OWL  PIPE. 

This  remarkable  pipe  owned  by  Dr.  D.  Evans  of  Innisfil  Twp.,  Simcoe  Co., 
was  found  in  that  locality.  Dimensions:  Length  from  tip  of  tail  to  horizontal 
line  across  tops  of  ears,  4  5-16  inches.  Width  across  faces  to  outside  edges,  3  inches. 
Thickness  through  back  to  front,  1  7-16  inches.  Width  across  breast,  1%  inches. 
Depth  of  bowl,  1  11-16  inches.  Diameter  of  bowl,  13-16  inches.  Diameter  stem 
hole,  11-16  inches. 


Double-headed  Owl  Pipe.     Innisfil  Town- 
ship  (a). 


Double  headed  Owl  Pipe.     Innisfil  Town- 
ship (&). 


Material :  Polished  black  steatite,  evidently  stained.  This  massive  pipe  has 
a  plain  unornamented  surface ;  represents  the  horned  owl.  There  are  three  deep  cuts 
or  grooves  on  top  of  each  head.  All  the  eyes  are  large  and  shallow.  The  beaks 
are  not  prominent.  The  left  head  is  facing  more  to  the  left  side  than  the  front 
The  right  head  faces  directly  to  the  front.  There  is  y2  inch  space  between  heads. 
The  grooves  on  the  heads  make  quite  distinct  ears,  giving  an  appearance  to  some 
aboriginal  clay  pipes. 

The  large  frontal  projection  has  a  horizontal  hole  through  from  side  to  side 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  51 

with  a  diameter  of  14  inch.  There  is  no  suspensory  hole.  The  bowl  has  been 
bored  with  a  tapering  or  conical  drill  and  has  gouge  marks  at  top.  The  stem  hole 
is  in  the  back  and  is  quite  large,  and  has  been  bored  with  a  blunt,  wide  drill 
leaving  the  hole  with  a  rounded  bottom.  The  pipe  evidently  has  been  much  in 
use.  Weight,  9%  oz.  avoir. 

Mr.  Hunter  in  remarking  upon  this  pipe  in  letter  of  June  23rd,  1905, 
remarks,  that  "It  is  worth  remembering  that  there  was  no  owl  clan  amongst  the 
Indians,"  and  also  "  does  the  double  heaoT  on  a  single  body  represent  a  freak  of 
nature  or  an  imaginary  bird?" 


UNFINISHED  BIED  PIPE. 

Found  on  Huron  site,  east,  %  Lot  6,  Con.  3,  Twp.  of  Vespra,  Simcoe  Co.,  by 
Ed.  H.  Williams,  Jr.  Dimensions:  Perpendicular  height,  4  11-16  inches.  Depth, 
back  to  front,  1^4  inches.  Thickness  from  side  to  side,  iy8  inch.  Material: 
common  grey  slate,  or  shale.  Shows  pecking  and  rubbing  mostly  with  but  slight 
traces  of  sawing.  Weight,  8^2  oz.  avoir.  The  diagnostic  features  not  being 


Unfinished  Bird  Pipe.     Vespra  Township. 

clearly  enough  defined  or  finished  enough  to  determine  species,  though  it  is  per- 
haps meant  for  a  crow  or  some  heavy  billed  smaller  bird. 

Frontal  projection  very  prominent.  The  bowl  hole  has  been  bored  to  a  depth 
of  nearly  l/2  inch.  No  stem  hole.  This  is  a  good  illustrative  specimen. 

No.  30,972,  p.  62,  Report  1911,  is  a  well  finished  symmetrical  pipe,  repre- 
senting an  eagle  or  other  bird  of  prey.  The  eyes  are  very  large  and  the  cavities 
bored  through.  The  beak  is  well  pronounced  and  defined  by  cuts  at  sides  and 
top.  Mouth  well  marked.  Lower  mandible  is  divided  longitudinally  by  a  cut 
underneath.  There  are  no  other  diagnostic  features  denoted.  Surface  is  well 
polished  and  smooth.  There  are  a  number  of  fine  criss-cross  scratches  all  over 
surface  evidently  representing  plumage.  Cross  section  of  body  oblong.  Bowl 
shows  upper  part  made  with  a  broad  drill  and  lower  part  made  with  a  more 
slender  drill.  The  stem  hole  is  near  base  of  pipe  and  inclines  upwards.  A 


52  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

suspensory  hole  has  been  drilled  in  from  base  of  pipe,  meeting  another  drilled  in 
at  an  angle  from  bottom  of  front.  All  the  drilling  (eyes,  bowl,  stem  hole  and 
suspensory  hole)  has  been  done  by  aboriginal  methods  as  evidenced  by  the  drill 
marks.  In  fact  the  whole  pipe  shows  no  sign  of  any  other  than  aboriginal 
methods. 

There  is  no  frontal  projection.  The  breast  slants  away  to  tail.  The  top  of 
the  head  has  been  flattened  after  the  eye  cavities  were  made.  The  surface  has 
been  polished  after  criss-cross  scratches  were  made,  some  of  them  being  rubbed 
out  in  places. 

Dimensions:  Perpendicular  height,  3%  inches.  Distance  from  back  to  front, 
1%  inches.  Thickness  of  back,  15-16  inches.  Thickness  of  front,  %  inches. 
Depth  of  bowl,  1  5-16  inches.  Diameter  of  bowl,  %  inches.  Diameter  of  stem 


No.  30,972. 

hole,  7-16  inches.  Diameter  of  eye  cavities,  %  inch,  and  of  suspensory  holes,  14 
and  3-16  inches.  '  Material :  A  clay  slate.  Locality :  Vaughan  Twp.,  York  Co., 
Donor:  Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

No.  30,875,  p.  63,  Report  1911,  is  a  very  interesting  and  unique  specimen, 
being  a  "  made  over  "  human  figure  pipe,  with  conventionalized  arms  and  legs. 
The  original  posture  was  in  the  usual  squatting  position  with  arms  resting  on  top 
of  knees.  After  the  pipe  was  broken  through  the  bowl,  or  the  bowl  broken  off 
as  the  case  might  be,  the  broken  part  was  then  ground  smooth  right  down  to  base 
of  pipe,  showing  remainder  of  bowl  and  the  juncture  of  the  stem  hole  and  bowl. 
The  secondary  bowl,  which  is  rather  broad  and  shallow,  was  bored  in  front  of  the 
figure,  through  the  upper  part  of  the  bent  legs  into  the  body  and  a  secondary  stem 
hole  being  bored  to  meet  it  at  right  angles  from  the  base.  The  position  of  the 
pipe  now  for  smoking  would  be  on  its  back  with  base  towards  the  smoker.  The 
original  position  would  have  its  back  towards  the  smoker,  head  upright,  facing 
outwards. 


AKCH^EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


53 


The  legs  on  each  side  are  marked  by  two  deep  cuts,  dividing  the  thigh  from 
the  body  and  the  calf  from  the  thigh.  The  tops  of  the  knees  are  separated  in  a 
like  manner  from  the  arms.  The  left  hand  and  fingers  are  depicted  by  several 
notches.  The  face  is  pretty  well  defined  and  is  circular;  eyes  are  small  pits  made 
by  a  drill.  The  mouth  is  a  small  nick.  Nose  a  mere  lump  with  faint  nostrils. 
Chin  well  denned.  No  ears  are  shown  or  marks  for  hair. 

The  front  of  the  pipe  has  also  been  cut  away  a  bit.  The  legs,  I  think,  were 
originally  separated  in  front  and  a  suspension  hole  was  bored  upwards  from  the 
base  between  the  feet.  The  feet  and  toes,  if  ever  designated,  have  been  removed 
by  the  secondary  working.  Surface  polished.  The  long  cuts  were  formed  by 
grinding.  The  neck  is  rather  thick.  All  workmanship  shows  aboriginal  methods. 

Dimensions:  Perpendicular  height,  2l/2  inches.  Thickness  at  shoulders,  1 
inch.  It  is  now  probably  about  %  original  size. 


No.  30,875. 


Probable  original  form  of  No.  30,875. 


Material:  Drab  clay  slate. 

Locality:  Vaughan  Twp.,  York  Co. 

Donor :  Dr.  K.  B.  Orr. 

The  crouching  or  squatting  position  of  the  human  body  with  arms  crossed 
above  knees  has  also  been  observed  in  small  Mexican  stone  figures,  two  of  which 
resembling  fig.  41,  report  1902,  are  illustrated  in  Bulletin  28,  Bureau  of  Ameri- 
can Ethnology,  p.  350. 

There  is  a  panther  pipe  from  Fort  Erie,  Ont.,  mentioned  on  p.  351,  vol.  9, 
No.  3,  Bulletin  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Science,  obtained  by  Dr.  A.  L. 
Benedict.  This  pipe  is  illustrated  on  a  plate  facing  p.  214.  Truman  C.  White's 
History  of  Erie  €o.,  N.Y.,  vol.  1,  with  following  information  "  a  beautiful  totem 
of  impure  gypsum  comes  from  Fort  Erie.  The  animal  represented  is  probably  a 
panther,  the  long  tail  being  curved  forward  and  the  claws  showing  in  bas  relief. 
Large  conical  perforations  from  the  neck  and  the  lower  part  of  the  back  of  the 
figure  meet  at  a  common  apex.  Possibly  these  openings  were  intended  one  for 


54 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


tobacco  and  the  other  for  the  introduction  of  a  stem."  See  letter  of  W.  L.  Bryant, 
Custodian  of  Museum,  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  Aug.  23,  1913. 

This  pipe  is  a  surface  find  and  is  now  in  above  museum. 

Dr.  A.  L.  Benedict,  of  Buffalo,  in  a  letter  of  Jan.  2,  1914,  remarks  as  follows: 
"  The  relic  referred  to  was  bought  at  Fort  Erie  about  30  years  ago.  The  stone  is 
an  impure  gypsum,  colored  brownish,  probably  from  smoke  and  dirt.  The  image 
represents  a  panther  or  some  other  animal  with  long  tail,  the  claws  being  in  relief, 
the  back  being  curved  and  the  head  and  tail  meeting.  In  the  back  are  two  conic 


Fort  Erie,   Ont.     Panther  Pipe.     Buffalo  Society  Natural  Science. 

holes  about  2.  c.m.  in  diameter  at  the  outside,  meeting  in  a  hole  about  1/2  c.m.  in 
diameter  at  the  apexes.     My  impression  that  the  object  was  a  token  or  ornament 
and  not  a  pipe,  as  the  holes  are  not  well  adapted  to  receive  a  stem,  although  it  is 
possible  that  the  object  may  have  been  used  as  a  pipe  also." 
Perhaps  this  pipe  is  an  unfinished  one. 


SOME  UNITED  STATES  SPECIMENS. 

We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  W.  M.  Beauchamp,  of  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  for  the  outlines 
and  notes  on  the  following  eight  specimens,  seven  from  New  York  State  and  one 
from  Ohio.  See  letters  of  April  1st  and  March  23rd,  1908.  Also  to  Mr.  A.  C. 
Parker,  State  Archaeologist,  Albany,  N.Y.,  for  outlines,  etc.,  of  the  Ripley  Animal 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


55 


pipe  and  Mr.  C.  C.  Willoughby  of  Peabody  Museum  for  notes  and  outlines  of  the 
Silverheels  Owl  pipe,  N.Y.,  and  to  Messrs.  G.  A.  West,  author  of  Aboriginal  Pipes 
of  Wisconsin,  and  S.  A.  Barrett,  curator  Public  Museum,  Milwaukee,  for  cut  and 
data  of  Wisconsin  bird  pipe. 

These  outlines  are  of  natural  size. 


No.  1  (a).     Ontario  County,  N.Y. 


No.  1   (6).     Ontario  County,  N.Y. 


No.  1  Owl  pipe  from  Ontario  Co.,  N.Y.     Material:  Grey  slate. 

No.  2.  From  Starkey,  N.Y.,  near  Seneca  Lake.  Material:  Fine  yellowish 
olive  slate  pipe  representing  a  hawk  or  eagle.  Fine  polish.  Claws  in  front  and 
tail  feathers  behind.  Hole  behind  (stein  hole)  elliptic  with  faint  radiations.  No 
perforations.  May  be  unfinished. 


No.   2.     Starkey,  N.Y. 


No.  3.     Squakie  Hill,  N.Y 


56 


AKCH^EOLOGICAL  BEPOKT. 


No.  3.     Olive  grey  slate  Owl  pipe,  from  Squakie  Hill,  near  Mt.  Morris,  N.Y. 
This  site  has  both  early  and  recent  articles  and  also  Mound  Builder  graves. 

This  pipe  has  a  construction  of  owl  and  human  features  in  profile. 
No.  4.     Flying  Squirrel  pipe,  Jefferson  Co.,  N".Y.,  of  grey  marble. 

Owner,  Col.  Camp,  of  Sackett's  Harbour,  N.Y.     This  is  a  large  and  remark- 
able pipe  of  light  greenish  grey  stone,  very  highly  polished.     The  stem  hole  is  in 


No.  4.     (a)   Jefferson  County,  N.Y. 

the  tail,  making  the  long  diameter  vertical  (on  end).  On  the  breast  is  a  con- 
ventional human  face,  two  eyes  and  a  mouth.  The  bowl  central,  above  (letter 
Ap.  1,  1908). 

"  The  circles  are  nearly  exact  in  this  pipe.  It  is  observable  that  the  face  is 
turned  from  the  smoker."  Same  letter. 

No.  5.  Striped  slate,  Jefferson  Co.,  N.Y.,  owned  by  Col.  Camp,  of  Sackett's 
Harbour,  KY. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


57 


No.  4.  (Z>)  Jefferson  County,  N.Y. 


58 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  5.  Jefferson  County,  N.Y. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


59 


RAVEN  PIPE 

No.  6.  Owned  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Hakes,  Binghamton,  N.Y.,  found  just  south 
of  Pennsylvania  line.  Green  striped  slate;  reverse  a  little  different.  This  is  a 
remarkable  pipe.  The  reverse  side  varies  in  its  decoration.  The  absence  of  the 
spur  (frontal  projection)  and  the  consequent  change  in  the  perforation  are  easily 
seen.  At  present  it  is  in  the  Public  Library  at  Binghamton  (letter  of  23  March, 
1908,  W.  M.  Beauchamp). 


No.  6.     Binghamton,  N.Y. 


No.  7.     From  Cayuga  Lake, 
side  and  purple  on  left  side. 

No.    8.     Panther   pipe   from 
Material:  Light  drab  slate. 

The  head  of  this  pipe  resembles  somewhat  a  lizard's  head,  and  does  not  appear 
to  me  as  a  distinctly  marked  panther's  head. 


Evidently  of  Huron  slate  being  green  on  right 
Ohio;   is   now   in   the    Smithsonian    Institute. 


60 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


No.  7  (a)  Cayuga  Lake,  N.Y.  No.  7  (6)  Cayuga  Lake,  N.Y. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


61 


No  8  (a)  Side  view.   Ohio. 


No.  8  (6)  Back  view.    Ohio. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


SILVERHEELS   OWL   PIPE. 

Now  in  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Archaeology,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 
Mass.  The  figures  are  of  natural  size.  Length,  3%  inches.  Depth,  back  to 
front,  1%  inches.  Width  across  breast,  1%  inch. 

Material:  Yellow  limestone.  Found  in  grave  30.  Silverheels  site,  Brant, 
Erie  Co.,  N.Y.,  by  Messrs.  M.  R.  Harrington  and  A.  C.  Parker,  who  conducted 
this  exploration  in  1903  for  the  Peabody  Museum.  The  site  produced  quantities 
of  European  artifacts  and  metals,  and  is  supposed  to  be  Erian,  existing  about  1st 
half  of  17th  century,  as  the  Eries  were  expelled  from  their  territories  in  1654. 


Silverheels  Owl  Pipe. 
Side 


S'ilverheels  Owl  Pipe.      S'ilverheels  Owl  Pipe. 
Front.  Back. 


See  p.  531  N.Y.  State  Museum  Bulletin  on  Excavations  at  Ripley,  N.Y.  Though 
Mr.  Parker  says  elsewhere,  p.  57,  N.Y.  State  Museum  Bulletin,  No.  132,  that  all 
the  pottery  from  Silverheels  site  is  Senecan  and  not  Erian. 

Mr.  Willoughby,  head  of  Peabody  Museum,  states  that  there  is  no  indication 
of  white  man's  influence  in  the  manufacture  of  this  pipe,  and  also  the  dots  on 
breast  and  head  represent  small  holes  or  pits  1-16  to  %  inch  in  depth.  A  cross 
section  of  eye  shows  that  2  drills  of  different  sizes  may  have  been  used.  The  feet 
are  not  well  defined,  the  left  foot  being  split  off  and  afterwards  polished  down. 
The  right  foot  shows  two  characteristic  claws  above  and  below  but  the  tips  are  not 
clear. 

The  perforation  in  the  frontal  projection  is  from  top  to  bottom.  There 
seems  to  be  no  fixed  rule  about  these  perforations. 

The  site  is  situated  about  y2  a  mile  from  High  Banks  up  the  Cattarangus 
River. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Figure  14,  p.  503,  N.Y.  State  Museum  Bulletin,  on  excavations  at  Ripley. 
N.Y.,  shows  an  animal  pipe  from  Grave  XLVIL,  Pit  92,  associated  with  a  pot 
of  typical  Brian  form.  A  Seneca  Indian  pronounced  it  a  representation  of  a 
mythical  monster,  known  to  the  Iroquois  as  "Nlagwahe."  This  statement  of  the 
Indian  is  to  be  taken  cum  grano  salix.  The  pipe  is  just  an  ordinary  animal  pipe 


Ripley  Animal  Pipe. 

of  plain  style,  with  the  diagnostic  features  not  plainly  enough  shown  to  determine 
what  particular  animal  the  pipe  represents.  The  site  is  classed  as  Brian,,  and 
showed  traces  of  contact  with  Europeans  and  the  time  of  occupation  estimated 
about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  This  pipe  was  found  on  Lot  27,  Ripley. 
Chautauqua  Co.,  N.Y.,  August,  1906,  by  A.  C.  Parker,  State  Archaeologist.  Dimen- 
sions: Length  3%  inches,  back  to  front  2  inches,  distance  between  eyes  y$  inch 
There  seems  to  be  some  doubt  as  to  what  material  it  is  made  from.  Mr.  A.  C. 


Ripley  Animal  Pipe. 
Face. 


Parker,  p.  536,  says  its  "color  is  bluish  white  and  it  appears  to  be  some  species 
of  talc  or  steatite."  Mr.  D.  H.  Newland,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  pronounces  the 
material  Ohio  kaolin.  It  may  be  burni  or  calcined  steatite.  There  are  three  marks 
or  cuts  on  each  hind  leg.  The  bowl  -md  stem  holes  have  been  drilled  and  gouged 


5   A. 


64 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


out.  There  is  nothing  in  the  workmanship  to  indicate  the  use  of  European  tools  or 
influence.  The  tail  is  produced  into  a  frontal  bar  reaching  the  chin.  The  eyes 
and  mouth  are  well  marked.  There  are  three  holes,  the  middle  one  being  the 
largest  and  is  between  the  front  and  hind  legs.  The  other  two  are  respectively 
between  the  head  and  fore  legs,  and  between  the  hind  legs  and  tail.  Other  features 
are  not  marked. 


Bird  Pipe.   Fig.  103,  Bull.     Polished  Stone,  N.Y.    Oneida  River,  N.Y. 


Figure  103,  Bulletin  on  Polished  Stone  Articles,  N.Y.,  by  Eev.  Wm.  M. 
Beauchamp,  is  a  bird  pipe  of  dark  green  slate,  7^/2  inches  high,  from  Oneida  River, 
N.Y.  Quoting  from  the  Bulletin,  is  "  Moderately  thick  with  a  perforated  pro- 
jection in  front  to  which  ornaments  may  have  been  attached.  It  has  wings, 
feathers,  cock's  comb,  an  engraved  collar  or  necklace,  as  well  as  a  thick,  open  bill. 
The  form  and  work  are  modern."  This  pipe  resembles  a  woodpecker  with  its 
straight  beak  and  crest,  and  riot  a  farm  fowl,  is  my  opinion. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


65 


Figure  117,  same  Bulletin,  is  another  bird  pipe  similar  to  Figure  103,  a  rare 
form  "  it  seems  to  have  been  made  by  the  same  hand,  and  was  found  on  the  Seneca 
River,  N.Y.  The  same  style  of  work  appears  in  some  Ohio  pipes  and  in  one  figured 
by  Dr.  Rau  from  N.Y.  This  pipe  is  of  green  slate  and  not  thick,  and  has  a  per- 
forated projection  in  front  as  well  as  lines  and  grooves  for  feathers/'  The  pipe 
is  3%  inches  high,  and  somewhat  resembles  a  partridge,  grouse,  or  quail. 

Figure  83,  p.  107,  Aboriginal  Pipes  of  Wisconsin,  by  Geo.  A.  West,  was  found 
in  1854  in  Dodge  Co.,  by  Mrs.  Wilhelmina  Hafemeister.  Material  black  slate, 
height  4  inches,  has  perforated  frontal  projection  carved  to  represent  claws.  It 
is  quoted  as  an  exotic  form  and  work  is  modern  of  New  York  type.  Illustration 
shows  wings  raised  from  body,  serrated  crest  or  comb,  and  a  straight  bill.  Probably 
represents  a  woodpecker. 


Bird  Pipe.    Seneca  River,  N.Y.    Fig.  117. 
Bull.  Polished  Stone,  N.Y. 

Mr.  Beauchamp,  in  reference  to  the  eight  outlines  furnished  by  him,  thinks 
"all  these  were  made  with  European  tools.  The  boring  for  the  stem  holes  is  too 
sharply  defined  at  the  surface  for  primitive  methods,  and  there  are  other  reasons. 
Perhaps  the  finest  bird  pipe  I  have  ever  seen  not  only  has  this  sharp  boring,  but 
the  crest  seems  a  veritable  cock's  comb.  It  might  be  called  a  woodpecker  and  of 
course  is  conventional,  but  suggests  a  barnyard  fowl.  ...  I  am  inclined  to  think 
them  of  Indian  make,  but  feel  certain  that  metallic  tools  were  used.  It  may  be 
difficult  to  give  a  date/'  (See  letter  April  1st,  1908.) 

"  The  elliptic  groves  are  a  frequent  feature  of  this  style."    (Same  letter.)          , 

The  views  expressed  by  Mr.  Beauchamp  in  his  opening  chapter  on  polished 

stone,  etc.,  anent  the  age  of  polished  stone  articles  in  New  York  State,  may  not 

exactly  fit  here  on  account  of  the  reason  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Hurons  and  Neti- 


66  ABCH/EOLOGK'AL  REPORT. 

trals  by  the  Iroquois  and  the  subsequent  occupation  by  later  Algonquins  of  their 
territory,  makes  it  a  bit  difficult  to  assign  these  pipes  to  any  particular  tribe 
or  people,  especially  as  most  of  the  pipes  are  surface  finds.  Without  examin- 
ing the  various  specimens,  one  cannot  very  well  pass  judgment  on  the  excellence 
of  finish,  which  is  shown  in  cuts  and  sketches,  especially  of  those  outside  the 
Province,  so  one  cannot  say  on  which  side  of  the  Lakes  the  finer  specimens  are 
found,  but  judging  from  what  we  have  seen,  and  have  seen  described,  equally 
good  specimens  seem  to  come  from  both  sides.  Though  the  unfinished  and 
rougher  specimens  from  New  York  State,  etc.,  are  not  described  minutely, 
they  are  just  noted.  This  is  wrong,  for  the  purpose  of  science  and  record 
each  specimen  has  its  own  individual  value,  and  whether  rough  or  fine,  finished 
or  unfinished,  the  individual  peculiarities  of  each  specimen  should  be  noted  for 
reference.  These  facts  should  be  strongly  impressed  on  students  and  others 
beginning  collections  of  Indian  relics.  The  figures  and  descriptions  in  this  article 
are  as  accurate  as  possible,  with  the  exception  probably  of  No.  1,  owl  pipe  from 
Ontario  Co.,  N.Y. 


Wisconsin  Bird  Pipe. 

The  materials  chiefly  used  are  various  kinds  of  slate — especially  Huronian,  and 
steatite  or  soapstone,  odd  specimens  are  of  limestone,  sandstone,  gypsum  and 
marble.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  no  specimens  of  this  type  made  of  catlinite 
have  turned  up,  to  the  writer's  knowledge.  This  fact  would  lead  one  to  deduce 
that  this  particular  type  in  question  was  in  vogue  before  the  introduction  of  cat- 
linite to  the  Lower  Lake  regions  by  the  Iroquois  on  the  return  of  their  war  parties 
from  the  west,  a  period  which  Dr.  Beauchamp  places  about  200  years  ago.  Neither 
has  the  writer  come  in  contact  with  any  pipes  of  this  type  made  from  Nottawa- 
saga  sandstone,  which  is  dark  red  in  color,  though  he  has  seen  other  local  pipe 
forms  of  both  these  materials. 

Rough  and  fine  specimens.  Query?  Which  are  the  older!  Were  the  finer 
specimens  made  first  with  metallic  tools,  or  even  by  the  white  man  for  the  pur- 
poses of  trade,  like  other  pipes  and  wampum,  and  were  the  rougher  specimens 
imitations  of  these  finer  forms,  made  by  Indians  with  incompetent  tools,  or  vice 
"T,sa?  Or,  are  the  finer  specimens  legitimate  descendants  of  the  rougher  and  more 
primitive  forms,  made  after  the  Indian  had  access  to  metallic  tools?  These 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  67 

forms  of  effigy  pipes  are  not  duplicated  in  clay,  if  we  may  except  clay  turtle  pipe, 
Figure  149,  N.Y*  Bulletin  on  Earthenware. 

The  writer  thinks  that  it  can  be  safely  assumed  that  this  type  of  pipe  sculp- 
ture is  indigenous  to  the  Huron  Iroquois  region.  The  beauty  of  coloring  of  some 
of  the  pipes  must  not  be  lost  sight  of,  and  some  specimens  have  as  much  attractive- 
ness in  their  coloring  as  in  their  lines. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter,  in  letter,  23rd  June,  1908,  remarks  that:  "  It  is  remarkable 
what  a  large  percentage  of  these  effigy  pipes  are  in  an  unfinished  condition,  or 
have  holes  twice  attempted,  or  some  other  incomplete  feature/7  and  that  "he 
cannot  account  for  this  circumstance." 

The  sharply  defined  boring  at  the  stemholes  mentioned  by  Dr.  Beauchamp  in 
his  letter,  April  1st,  1908  ("][)  does  not  always  obtain  here  by  a  large  percentage. 
In  a  number  of  cases  the  orifices  of  the  stemholes  and  bowlholes  show  plainly  the 
boring  by  non-metallic  tools,  leaving  very  indistinct  edges  such  as  )  (  this 
shape. 

In  a  letter  of  Jan.  15th,  1914,  Mr.  A.  C.  Parker,  Curator  of  Archa?ology, 
State  Museum,  Albany,  N.Y.,  remarks :  "  In  making  a  study  of  Iroquois  imple- 
ments after  ten  years  or  more  of  actual  field  experience  in  excavating  (not  sur- 
face collecting)  I  am  impressed  with  ihe  differences  that  exist  between  Iroquois 
articles  made  from  stone  and  those  modelled  from  clay.  I  refer  especially  to 
pipes.  I  have  found  several  pipes  of  the  form  which  has  interested  you  especially, 
that  is  the  lizard  or  animal  effigy,  and  the  stone  pipes  of  the  owl  type,  wherein  the 
bowl  opening  is  atxthe  shoulders  of  the  effigy  and  runs  down  into  the  body.  I  have 
found  these  types  of  pipes  side  by  side  with  Iroquois  clay  specimens,  and  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  (however,  not  a  final  one)  that  these  represent  the  earlier  form 
of  stone  art,  and  that  these  pipes  were  kept  either  as  ceremonial  objects  or  as  heir- 
looms not  being  as  easily  broken  as  the  clay  objects,  naturally  the  means 
for  preserving  them  was  greater." 

The  writer  would  be  pleased  to  receive  any  further  notes,  outlines,  or  photos 
of  similar  pipes  for  future  record. 


ADDENDA. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter  in  a  letter  of  Dec.  2nd,  1903,  mentions  a  stone  bear  pipe, 
found  near  Roaches  Point,  Lake  Simcoe.  The  bowl  was  in  the  back,  and  stein 
hole  in  anus.  The  figure  was  standing  on  its  four  feet.  This  is  a  variation  of 
type  of  pipe  under  discussion,  and  would  more  resemble  the  Mound  Builders  style. 
This  pipe  can  not  now  be  located. 

Mr.  Hunter  also  in  another  letter  of  17th  Jan.,  1905,  mentions  an  effigy  Pipe 
owned  in  Sebright,  Ont.  Subsequent  inquiry  informs  us  that  this  is  a  horned  Owl 
pipe  of  dark  stone,  found  some  years  ago,  on  Lake  Simcoe  shore,  probably  between 
Orillia  and  Beaverton.  Reported  to  be  a  very  good  pipe,  but  no  outline  has  been 
cbtained  yet. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter  in  a  letter  of  May  25th,  1903,  in  reply  to  a  query  re  an 
animal  pipe  found  on  site  32,  Twp.  Oro,  Co.  Simcoe,  (see  page  175,  Report  for 
1902),  and  also  a  letter  from  Mr.  T.  M.  Hipwell  owner  of  the  lot,  which  is  east 
half  of  1  in  Con.  13,  beside  Bass  Lake,  give  us  the  information  that  this  pipe  with 
others  were  associated  with  other  relics,  amongst  which  were  iron  Tomahawks 
bearing  the  French  stamp.  This  pipe  was  of  black  stone  carved  to  represent  a 
mole,  and  was  given  away,  eventually  going  to  California  but  cannot  now  be  located. 


AKCH/EOLOGICAL  REPOKT. 


NEW    MATERIAL. 


The  present  Archaeological  Report  for  the  year  1913,  it  will  he  noticed,  deals 
largely  with  the  Neutral  or  Attiwandaron  tribe,  and  illustrates  a  number  of  speci- 
mens obtained  from  the  territory  once  occupied  by  this  numerous  nation.  The 
southwestern  portion  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  was,  when  thrown  open  for 
settlement,  a  huge  cemetry  where  lay,  buried  for  centuries  in  different  localities, 
large  deposits  of  stone  articles  manufactured  by  these  vanished  people.  It  is 
well  to  remember,  however,  that  after  the  ruin  and  flight  of  the  Neutrals,  their 
abandoned  grounds  were  overrun  by  Iroquois  scouting  and  hunting  parties,  by 
Algonquin  rovers,  and  by  French  and  United  States  trappers  and  traders;  for  from 
end  to  end  of  the  district  there  are  found  traces  of  Iroquois  and  Algonquin  tribes 
and  evidences  of  European  contact.  In  some  places,  commercial  beads  used  for 
ornament  and  of  European  manufacture  have  been  found,  indicating  that  French 
traders  had  visited  Neutral  territory  some  years  before  the  destruction  of  the 
tribe.  The  pottery  pipes,  flint  arrow-heads,  and  stone  and  bone  articles  used  in 
their  religious  rites,  while  resembling  the  same  productions  of  western  and  northern 
tribes,  show  an  artistic  design  and  finish  much  superior  to  similar  articles  pro- 
duced by  their  neighbors.  In  repairing  and  fitting  flint  arrow  tips,  shaft  heads  and 
fishing  spears,  the  Attiwandarons  had  no  superiors  in  any  part  of  the  American 
continent.  Their  territory  has  now  been  so  thoroughly  exploited  and  spaded  that 
we  do  not  expect  it  will  yield  in  the  future  anything  new  or  differing  from  the 
articles  now  in  our  possession.  Our  provincial  museum  possesses  the  finest  collec- 
tion in  existence  of  the  wonderful  artifacts  of  this  once  great  and  numerous  Indian 
nation.  This  collection  cannot  be  duplicated ;  for  the  mine  is  practically  exhausted 
and  nothing  new  or  unfamiliar  remains  to  be  discovered  by  a  future  explorer. 
More  than  this,  our  Eeport  unfolds  all  that  is  known  of  this  vanished  race : 
we  have  consulted  all  the  acknowledged  sources  of  information,  and  with  our 
article  appearing  in  this  issue,  the  last  word  of  this  forgotten  tribe  is  practically 
spoken. 


Pig.    33,620. 


Fig.    33,619. 


Fig.    33.621. 


ARCH^OLOGlUAL  REPORT.  69 

These  pieces  of  Attiwandaron  pottery  (Nos.  33620-33619-33621)  are  similar 
to  the  pottery  found  in  the  various  sites  of  Hurons,  Iroquois,  and  Algonquins. 
Whole  pottery  is  extremely  rare;  our  knowledge  of  Attiwandaron  pottery  is,  there- 
fore, largely  derived  from  fragments  which  are  fairly  abundant  in  many  sections. 
The  tempering  material  was  commonly  crushed  shell  or  crushed  stone,  often 
very  coarse,  the  same  as  used  by  all  the  northern  tribes:  the  Moundbuilders,  and 
some  others  made  it  of  much  finer  material ;  probably  exercising  more  care  in 
the  manufacture. 

"It  is  hardly  possible  to  find  within  the  whole  range  of  products  of  human 
handicraft  a  more  attractive  field  of  investigation  than  that  offered  by  aboriginal 
American  ceramics,  and  probably  no  one  that  affords  such  excellent  opportunities 
for  the  study  of  early  stages  in  the  evolution  of  art  and  especially  of  the  esthetic 
in  art.  The  early  ware  of  Mediterranean  countries  has  a  wider  interest  in  many 
ways,  but  it  does  not  cover  the  same  ground.  It  represents  mainly  the  stages 
of  culture  rising  above  the  level  of  the  wheel,  of  pictorial  art,  and  of  writing, 
while  American  pottery  is  entirely  below  this  level,  and  thus  illustrates  the  sub- 
stratum out  of  which  the  higher  phases  spring.  But  it  should  be  noted  that  not 
merely  the  beginnings  of  the  story  are  represented  in  the  native  work.  The  cul- 
ture range  covered  is  quite  wide,  and  opportunities  of  tracing  progress  upward 
to  the  very  range  of  civilization  are  afforded.  Between  the  groups  of  products 
belonging  to  the  inferior  tribes  scattered  over  the  continent  from  Point  Barrow  to 
Terra  del  Fuego,  and  those  representing  the  advanced  cultures  of  Central  America 
and  Peru,  there  is  a  long  vista  of  progress.  Near  the  upper  limit  of  achievement 
is  the  pottery  of  Mexico,  comprising  a  wonderful  cluster  of  well-marked  groups. 
Some  of  the  highest  examples  of  ceramic  art  are  found  in  or  near  the  valley  of 
Mexico,  and  a  number  of  striking  vases  of  this  region,  preserved  in  the  Mexican 
National  Museum,  may  be  regarded  as  masterpieces  of  American  fictile  art. 
Central  and  South  America  furnish  a  series  of  superb  groups  of  earthenware, 
among  which  are  those  of  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  Chiriqui,  Colombia, 
Bolivia,  Peru,  Brazil,  and  Argentina,  each  disputing  with  Mexico  the  palm  of 
merit.  Following  these  in  order  are  various  groups  of  ware  whose  remains  are 
assembled  about  the  margins  of  the  greater  culture  centers  or  distributed  widely 
over  remoter  districts.  The  work  of  the  Pueblo  tribes  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico,  all  things  considered,  stands  first  within  the  area  of  the  United  States; 
closely  approaching  this,  however,  is  the  attractive  ware  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
and  the  Gulf  Coast.  Below  this  and  at  the  base  of  the  series  is  the  simple 
pottery  of  the  hunter  tribes  of  the  North. 

"Numerous  tribes  have  continued  to  practise  the  art  down  to  the  present  time, 
some  employing  their  original  methods  and  producing  results  but  little  modified 
by  the  lapse  of  centuries,  while  others,  coming  more  directly  under  the  influence 
of  the  whites,  have  modified  their  work  so  that  it  no  longer  has  any  particular 
value  to  the  ethnologist  devoted  to  aboriginal  studies.  The  Pueblo  country 
furnishes  the  best  example  of  survival  of  old  methods  and  old  ideals.  Here 
numerous  tribes  are  found  practising  the  art  successfully,  producing  vases  and 
other  articles  quite  equal  in  many  respects  to  the  ancient  product.  The  study 
of  the  present  practices  is  highly  instructive,  and  the  archaeologist  may  begin 
his  study  of  the  ancient  pottery  of  America  with  a  pretty  definite  knowledge 
of  the  technical  and  functional  status  of  the  art,  as  well  as  a  clear  conception 
of  the  manner  in  which  it  embodies  the  symbolic  and  esthetic  notions  of  a  people/' 
—  (Bureau  of  Amer.  Eth.  1898-9). 


A  KC 1 1  .EOLOG1CAL  HEPOKT. 


GORGETS — PENDANTS — PIERCED  TABLETS. 

These  artifacts  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  for  ornamental  purposes, 
suspended  from  the  neck  or  some  other  part  of  the  body.  Usually  the  stone  was 
selected  on  account  of  its  fine  veining,  and  when  polished  must  have  looked  very 
well.  In  very  few  of  these  pieces  do  we  find  any  evidence  of  wear  in  the  holes 
which  are  most  uniformly  done ;  being  bored  from  both  sides  in  the  same  way 
as  tihe  bird-stones,  pipes  and  other  stone  artifacts.  There  is  an  almost  unlimited 
variety  of  these  stones,  with  the  holes  in  every  conceivable  place,  some  with  one, 
others  with  two,  three  and  four  perforations. 

The  following  pieces  were  mostly  found  in  the  counties  of  Oxford,  Middlesex 
and  Waterloo.  Some  carry  an  appearance  of  great  age,  and  others  are  almost 
as  fresh  as  the  day  they  were  made.  One  is  led  to  wonder  that  the  weather  with 
all  its  changes  has  not  exercised  a  more  injurious  effect  upon  them.  The  large 
majority  of  these  pieces  are  surface  finds. 


Fig.   No.   32,885. 

Figure  32885,  a  gorget  from  the  L.  D.  Brown  collection,  was  found  in 
the  Township  of  Missouri.  It  is  made  of  beautiful  striped  slate,  square  on  the 
sides.  The  hole  is  slightly  to  one  side  and  shows  some  slight  evidences  of  wear. 
Tn  thickness  it  exceeds  most  of  the  artifacts  of  this  kind. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


71 


Fig.  No.  32,874. 

Figure  32874,,  found  in  the  County  of  Oxford,  is  a  large  gorget  which  might 
very  well  have  been  used  as  a  breastplate.  It  is  made  from  gray  mottled  slate, 
and  is  very  much  thinner  than  usual  with  gorgets  of  this  size.  The  holes  are 
larger  and  closer  together.  It  is  elegantly  made  and  almost  absolutely  uniform 
in  outline.  Like  all  pieces  of  this  kind  the  outline  is  so  perfect  that  it  would 
suggest  to  us  that  the  makers  had  a  knowledge  of  geometrical  proportions,  not 
usually  supposed  to  be  possessed  by  northern  tribes. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  32,873. 

Figure  No.  32873  is  a  gorget  or  pendant,  found  in  the  Township  of  Nissouri. 
The  material  is  banded  slate;  there  is  but  one  hole,  which  is  much  larger  than 
in  most  specimens,  but  bored  as  in  the  others,  from  both  sides.  While  the  hole 
is  slightly  removed  from  the  centre  yet  the  general  outlines  are  almost  perfect. 


ARCH/EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  32,870. 


Figure  No.  32870  is  a  banded  slate  gorget  from  the  L.  D.  Brown  Collection, 
and  was  found  in  the  Township  of  Blanshard.  This  oval-shaped  stone,  perforated 
at  both  ends,  is  somewhat  rare,  and  is  thinner  than  most  of  these  stones.  The 
edges  are  slightly  chipped;  but  this  is  probably  due  to  exposure  after  it  left  the 
hands  of  the  aboriginal  owner. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Mg.  No.  32,877. 

This  gorget,  No.  32877,  in  the  L.  D.  Brown  Collection,,  is  a  surface  find  from 
the  Township  of  Zorra.  The  double  borings  are  orthodox,  and  while  this  piece 
is  slightly  smaller  at  one  end  than  the  other,  the  sides  are  uniformly  made.  It  is 
chipped  and  striated  just  as  if  it  had  been  through  a  glacial  period,  and  without 
doubt  has  the  appearance  of  great  age.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  many  of  these 
pieces  have  been  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation.  The  original 
makers  are  unknown,  not  only  to  us,  but  probably  to  the  Attiwandarons  themselves. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET. 


Fig.  No.  33,738. 

This  pick-shaped  object,  No.  33738,  was  found  in  the  County  of  Oxford,  and 
is  the  gift  of  W.  G.  Smith,  Esq.  Like  banner  stones,  crescents,  and  others,  its 
uses  are  but  a  matter  of  conjecture.  I  have  seen  a  piece  almost  identical  with 
it  in  the  magnificent  collection  of  the  Very  Eev.  James  Savage,  Detroit,  Mich. 
These  relics,  known  as  picks,  vary  considerably  in  size.  Not  all  are  perforated. 
This  is  a  good  sample  and  is  made  from  beautifully  stripped  slate,  properly 
perforated,  the  hole  being  slightly  smaller  on  one  side  than  the  other,  and  from 
general  appearances  bears  evidence  of  having  been  used. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  32,843. 

This  Bird  Amulet,  No.  32843,  in  the  L.  D.  Brown  Collection,  was  a  surface 
find  in  the  Township  of  Blanshard.  The  majority  of  these  bird  stones  are  surface 
finds.  This  one  is  of  striped  slate  with  prominently  projecting  eyes,  round  and 
button  shaped  on  an  elongated  stem.  It  has  a  flanged  tail;  the  holes  are  made, 
as  usual,  on  the  base,  as  may  be  seen  at  the  front  of  the  artifact. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  32,895. 

Figure  No.  32895  is  a  chisel  found  in  the  County  of  Oxford.  It  is  made 
out  of  very  fine  hard  slate.  The  cutting  end  at  one  time  has  been  very  sharp, 
but  is  now  somewhat  chipped.  The  smaller  end  has  the  appearance  of  having 
been  used  with  probably  a  mallet  or  wooden  hammer.  There  are  not  many 
similar  pieces  in  the  Museum.  It  is  probable  that  these  were  primarily  intended 
for  woodworking.  Chisels  of  this  kind  were  extensively  used  among  the  wood- 
working tribes  of  the  North-West.  It  is  also  well  known  that  chisels  of  this  kind 


78 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


were  frequently  used  in  the  skinning  of  animals.  With  a  hunter,  the  operation 
of  skinning  is  often  done  in  haste,  and  when  there  is  very  much  hurry,  yet 
the  fear  of  cutting  the  skin,  induces  the  flayer  rather  to  infringe  upon  the  carcass 
than  endanger  the  value  of  the  hide. 

In  the  hunter  state  of  society,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  women  to  prepare  and 
dress  the  skins  of  animals  taken  in  the  chase.  For  this  purpose,  the  skins  are 
stretched  in  the  green  state  on  a  frame,  and  the  flesh  and  integuments  are  cleanly 
removed.  This  was  done  in  the  early  times  by  means  of  an  instrument  of  stone, 
which  has  often  been  mistaken  for  a  small  axe.  It  is  a  species  of  hand  chisel, 
such  as  this,  that  may  not  cut  the  skin,  and  yet  of  sufficient  edge  and  hardness 
to  permit  a  stout  jerking  blow.  It  was  grasped  firmly  by  the  top.  It  was  often 
very  rude,  and  was  merely  nothing  but  an  elongated  stone,  small  and  brought  to 
an  edge. 

By  this  means,  the  skins  of  the  deer  and  other  animals  were  completely 
stripped  of  the  adhering  flesh,  prior  to  the  process  of  curing,  braining,  smoking, 
or  such  other  processes  as  were  necessary  to  fit  them  for  the  various  uses  to  which 
they  might  be  devoted. 


Pig.  No.  32,899. 

Figure  32899  was  probably  used  for  ceremonial  or  religious  purposes.  As 
is  well  known,  the  religion  of  a  people  is  always  of  the  greatest  importance, 
since  it  is  the  expression  of  the  theory  formed  by  that  people,  of  man's  position 
relating  to  the  rest  of  the  seen  and  unseen  world,  and  forms  the  basis  of  a  very 
large  part  of  their  Ethnography.  This  being  so  we  must  look  upon  all  artifacts 
such  as  this  with  an  eye  to  study  the  undermost  thoughts  of  the  ancient  Atti- 
wandarons. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


This  unique  stone  was  a  surface  find  in  the  County  of  Elgin,  near  Lake  Erie. 
We  have  no  similar  specimen  in  the  Provincial  Museum,  nor  have  I  at  any  time 
seen  anything  like  it.  The  boring  in  this  is  similar  to  the  boring  in  the  bird 
amulets,  and  is  very  neatly  done.  The  groove  at  the  top  is  very  smooth  and  has 
the  appearance  of  being  rubbed,,  probably  by  haf ting ;  and  when  in  use  was  decorated 
as  only  the  Indians  knew  how  to  do;  and  was  used  in  either  their  ceremonial  or 
war  dances. 


80  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

Figure  3:2844  is  a  beautiful  Banner  Stone,  found  in  the  Township  of  BLn  hard. 
It  is  made  of  dark  green  striped  slate.  The  ends  come  to  a  rounded  point.  The 
usual  perforation  in  the  centre  is  bored  in  the  orthodox  way.  On  the  side  shown 
in  the  photo-engravure  there  is  an  elevated  bridge  extending  across  the  stone; 
the  other  side  is  smooth  and  rounded.  The  orifice  is  y%  of  an  inch  on  the  convex 
side  and  9-16  of  an  inch  on  the  concave  side.  Stones  of  this  kind  show  an  amount 
of  skill  in  their  manufacture  that  is  truly  wonderful.  The  proportions  are  almost 
as  perfect  as  if  made  by  machinery. 

FLINTS,  No.  33923-33933. 

These  flints  were  found  in  a  cache  by  Adam  Becker,  Esq.,  on  Lot  25,  Concession 
15,  near  Cassel,  N.R.  Oxford.  They  were  all  lying  together  just  as  they  had  been 
placed  hundreds  of  years  previous.  They  are  undoubtedly  flint  knives  and  would 
answer  the  purpose  almost  as  well  as  steel.  They  form  a  part  of  the  Brown  Col- 
lection. These  cache  deposits  of  flint  occur  occasionally  in  Canada,  but  are  very 
common  in  the  mound  building  regions  of  the  Mississippi  and  generally  through 
the  Atlantic  States.  The  Largest  deposit  recorded  contained  upwards  of  8,000 
flint  disks  (Moorehead).  Few  exceed  5,000  while  those  containing  a  smaller 
number  are  very  numerous. 

Perhaps  none  of  the  products  of  aboriginal  art  are  better  known  than  those 
which  may  be  grouped  under  this  head  and  which  are  referred  to  as  knives,  drills, 
scrapers,  and  projectile  points.  Their  employment  must  have  been  general,  as 
their  dissemination  is  almost  universal.  Their  number  is  beyond  estimate.  Their 
most  important  characteristic  is  their  general  shape,  nearly  all  being  referable  to 
origin  through  the  leaf-shaped  blade.  Fill  out  the  outline  of  almost  any  specimen, 
large  or  small,  and  the  blade  form  is  restored. 

"  It  is  the  common  practice  to  speak  of  spearheads  and  arrowpoints  as  if 
they  belong  to  well-distinguished  classes,  but  the  line  can  not  be  drawn  between 
them  with  any  degree  of  clearness.  The  larger  forms  were,  in  general,  doubtless 
used  as  spearheads,  and  the  smaller  for  arrowpoints;  yet  it  is  probable  that  a 
large  percentage  of  specimens  of  medium  size  were  used  in  either  way  as  occasion 
required.  These  implements  were  also  equally  serviceable  for  other  purposes,  and 
many  of  them  may  have  been  hafted  and  used  for  cutting,  scraping,  or  digging. 
The  slender-shafted  hand  perforator  or  drill,  evidently  adapted  to  boring  stone, 
wood,  bone,  and  the  like,  and  in  numerous  cases  bearing  evidence  of  use.  may  also 
have  served  at  times  as  a  projectile  point.  The  line  separating  these  classes  of 
objects  into  functional  groups  is  therefore  somewhat  arbitrary,  although  convenient 
for  descriptive  purposes. 

"On  the  whole,  it  seems  most  probable  that  many  of  the  simpler  weapons,  im- 
plements, etc.,  have  been  invented  independently  by  various  savage  tribes.  Though 
they  are  remarkably  similar,  they  are  at  the  same  time  curiously  different.  The 
necessaries  of  life  are  simple  and  similar  -all  over  the  world.  The  materials  with 
which  men  have  to  deal  are  also  very  much  alike:  wood,  bone,  and  to  a  certain 
extent  stone,  have  everywhere  the  same  properties.  The  obsidian  flakes  of  the  Aztecs 
resemble  the  flint  flakes  of  our  ancestors,  not  so  much  because  the  ancient  Briton 
resembled  tb§  Aztec  as  because  the  fracture  of  flint  is  like  that  of  obsidian.  So 
also  the  pointed  bones  used  as  awls  are  necessarily  similar  all  over  the  world. 
Similarity  exists,  in  fact,  rather  in  the  raw  material  than  in  the  manufactured 
article,  and  some  even  of  the  simplest  implements  of  stone  are  very  different  among 
different  races/' — (Smithsonian  Inst.  Bui.  15.) 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOliT. 


81 


Fig.  Nos.  33,923-33,933. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Attiwandaron  Flints. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  RFPORT. 


Fig.  No.  33,684. 


Fig.  No.  33,685. 


These  two  arrowheads,,  Nos.  33,684 — 33,685,  were  found  at  widely  different 
places.  The  larger  one  on  the  banks  of  McKay's  Creek,  Oxford  Co. ;  the  smaller 
one  on  the  banks  of  the  Assiniboine  River,  Sask.  They  are  made  from  the  same 
chert,  and  fashioned  in  the  same  manner.  The  Attiwandarons  were  very  exten- 
sive flint-workers,  and  the  inference  is  that  they  supplied  those  artifacts  by  tribal 
trade  to  the  tribes  occupying  the  Plains  of  the  West;  the  northern  Algonquins, 
through  the  Hurons,  probably  being  the  intermediaries  in  trade.  Artifacts  of  flint 
are  very  numerous  in  the  Attiwandaron  territory;  even  to  this  day  they  are  fre- 
quently picked  up  as  surface  finds  all  over  the  western  counties  of  Ontario.  The 
flint  material  in  this  district  is  quite  the  equail  of  that  obtained  from  the  great  flint 
ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio,  or  from  the  celebrated  mines  in  Missouri;  with  the 
Attiwandaron  quarries  on  Lake  Erie,  as  with  most  of  the  other  quarries,  the  work- 
ings ceased  about  1650. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


I 


Attiwandaron  Scrapers. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  8>> 

ScKAPEtfS,  STEMMED. 

The  same  remarks  as  to  form  and  method  of  making  apply  to  stemmed 
scrapers  as  to  blunt  arrows,  except  that  the  chipping  of  the  end  is  always  from 
one  face  so  as  to  produce  the  chisel  edge.  This  edge  is  frequently  smooth  or 
polished  from  use.  They  would  answer  very  well  for  smoothing  down  articles  made 
of  wood,  or  for  cleaning  hides  in  tanning;  they  would  also  serve  excellently  for 
removing  scales  from  fish,  and  as  they  are  usually  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of 
good  fishing  places,  they  were  no  doubt  employed  for  this  purpose. 

"  Scrapers  'are  commonplace  tools,  yet  they  played  an  important  part  in  the 
life  of  ancient  men.  They  illustrate  his  economy,  for  we  know  that  he  made  over 
broken  spear-heads  and  arrow-points  into  scrapers. 

"  I  have  endeavoured  to  show  in  these  illustrations  all  types  from  the  cir- 
cular disc  witih  the  scraping  edge  to  the  highly  specialized  forms.  Of  course, 
scrapers  and  knives  merge  the  one  into  the  other,  and  where  the  scraper  ends  the 
knife  begins. 

"  Series  can  be  arranged  in  any  large  collection  beginning  with  simple  knife 
and  working  back  to  the  scraper  or  vice  versa.  In  the  Mandan  village-site  ash- 
heaps  more  than  seven  hundred  scrapers  were  found  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Steinbrueck ; 
the  large  Mandan  Collection  of  five  thousand  specimens,  which  contains  them,  was 
presented  to  our  museum  through  the  kindness  of  Professor  E,  H.  Williams,  Jr. 

"  In  the  past,  among  archaeologists,  there  has  been  no  little  discussion  with 
reference  to  scrapers.  They  were  mounted  in  short  handles  of  both  bone  and 
wood.  Numbers  of  them  have  been  found  in  the  cliff  houses  in  the  south-west 
attached  to  their  original  handles. 

"It  is  unfortunate  that  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  east  of  the  Great  Plains, 
the  climate  is  such  that  none  of  the  larger  bone  tools  have  withstood  decay.  At 
Madisonville,  the  cemeteries  and  ash-pits  have  furnished  us  with  some  of  the 
larger  bone  handles,  but  elsewhere  all  have  disappeared.  Stone  scrapers  were 
inserted  by  the  Plains  Tribes  in  bone  handles,  and  under  the  chapter  devoted  to 
bone  objects  several  of  the  handles  will  be  illustrated.  One  of  these  was  found 
near  the  head  of  the  Missouri  River  about  twenty  years  ago,  and  apparently  had 
been  lying  on  the  surface  for  a  considerable  length  of  time.  It  is  of  old  tvpe,  and 
I  have  taken  it  to  represent  how  the  scrapers  in  ancient  times  might  have  been 
mounted.  There  are  some  similar  tools  in  the  Smithsonian,  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  Peabody  Museum,  and  other  institutions.  Scrapers  are  few 
in  New  England  compared  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  North. 

"In  view  of  the  small  number  of  flint  implements  occurring  on  the  Great 
Plains,  which  the  Indians  called  the  "buffalo  country/7  there  are  more  scrapers 
of  yellow  chert,  poor  jasper,  and  white  flint,  in  proportion  to  other  parts  of  the 
country  than  elsewhere  in  the  United  States.  By  the  buffalo  country  I  mean  all 
the  territory  drained  by  the  following  rivers :  The  Missouri,  Red,  Brazos,  Arkansas, 
Mississippi,  and  tributaries.  The  Indians  of  this  region,  particularly  of  the 
Dakotas,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Iowa,  and  Texas,  depended  on  the  buffalo.  The 
buffalo  was  used  by  them  for  manifold  purposes:  (1)  Food,  (2)  bones  for  im- 
plements and  weapons,  (3)  glue  from  the  hoofs,  (4)  strings  from  the  sinews, 
(5)  skin  for  garments,  (6)  skin  for  dwellings,  (7)  skin  for  boats,  (8)  hide  for 
packing-cases  and  bags,  shields,  etc.,  (9)  skull  for  ceremonies,  (10)  the  small 
bones  for  rattles,  (11)  the  hair  for  filling  material,  (12)  droppings  for  fuel, 
etc.,  etc. 


86  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

"The  preparation  of  hides  was  perhaps  the  most  important  work,  and  re- 
quired the  attention  of  all  the  women  in  each  village  and  consequently  the 
employment  of  thousands  of  scrapers  and  flint  knives.  The  value  of  the  buffalo 
to  the  aborigines  cannot  be  over-estimated.  The  Indian  killed  and  made  iiSe 
of  every  part  of  the  animal,  and  the  hide-hunters  and  white  men,  who  made 
record  killings  simply  to  satiate  a  lust  for  blood  and  slaughter,  exterminated  the 
Buffalo;  chief  of  these  was  W.  F.  Cody,  or  "Buffalo  Bill,"  who  killed  4,280  buffalo 
in  fifteen  months,  according  to  Professor  W.  T.  Hornaday  in  the  Smithsonian 
Report  for  1887.  The  slaughter  of  the  buffalo  by  himself  and  nameless  Bills  and 
Dicks,  of  frontier  fame,  was  responsible  for  much  of  the  trouble  with  our  Plains 
tribes.  Canada  was  cursed  with  no  such  class  of  frontiersmen,  and  Canada  never 
had  one  twentieth  part  of  the  trouble  with  her  Indians  that  we  had  with  ours. 
The  extermination  of  the  buffalo  by  the  white  hide-hunters  was  justly  considered 
a  national  calamity  by  the  Indians  of  the  West.  It  menaced  their  very  existence 
and  made  paupers  of  whole  tribes. "--(Stone  A^e  in  X. A.) 


AECILEOLOGICAL  EE-POKT.  87 

GOUGES. 

We  illustrate  here  threo  varieties  of  gouges  found  in  the  Attiwandaron  Terri- 
tory. The  workmanship  upon  these  is  simply  perfect.  The  one  with  a  gouge  on 
one  end,  and  axe  on  the  other,  is  a  most  unique  specimen.  It  is  made  from  very 
hard  slate  and  elegantly  polished.  No.  9,862  is  a  typical  gouge  made  from 
granite.  The  groove  extends  from  edge  to  the  base. 

Professor  George  H    Perkins,  speaking  of  gouges,  says:— 

"  Although  by  no  means  confined  to  the  Champlain  Valley,  the  gouges  may 
be  regarded  as  very  characteristic  of  this  region,  for,  unless  I  am  in  error,  they  are 
found  here  more  abundantly  and  in  greater  variety  than  elsewhere. 

"  None  of  our  specimens,  not  even  the  best  '  banner  stones/  are  more  beauti- 
fully finished  or  of  handsomer  material  than,  some  of  the  best  of  our  gouges.  As 
is  true  of  other  objects,  there  are  all  grades  of  rudeness  or  elegance  in  these.  As 
a  class,  however,  the  gouges  are  more  carefully  shaped  and  more  perfectly  finished 
than  most  other  implements.  Indeed,  some  are  so  finely  finished,  of  such  attractive 
material,  and  so  apparently  unused,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  conjecture  for  what 
purpose  they  were  made.  They  are  of  only  moderately  hard  tolcose  slate,  often 
of  a  greenish-drab  color,  and  could  not  be  used  for  any  hard  work  without  very 
evident  abrasion,  and  yet  most  of  them  do  not  show  anything  of  the  sort.  The 
surface  is  not  only  smooth,  but  well  polished  and  the  edge  is  sharp. 

"While,  as  has  been  noticed,  great  variety  occurs  in  the  shape  of  the  gouges 
in  general,  these  arp  long,  slender,  flat,  or  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  side  and 
strongly  carinate  on  the  other,  so  that  a  cross-section  has  the  form  of  a  narrow, 
sharply  pointed  arch.  The  groove  may,  as  in  the  figure,  extend  throughout  the 
whole  length,  or  only  part  way. 

"  These  finer  examples  are  usually  longer.  Evidently  great  care  and  labor 
»vere  expended  in  fashioning  such  gouges  as  the  long  one  figured,  and  they  must 
have  been  made  for  some  important  purpose,  but  what  that  purpose  was  I  cannot 
imagine.  Diligent  search  in  various  old  accounts  which  early  explorers  have  left 
us  has  failed  to  bring  any  satisfactory  explanation  of  these  singular  objects. 

"  But  however  these  were  used,  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  use  of  most 
of  the  gouges.  By  far  the  larger  portion  are  of  hard  stone,  well  fitted  to  endure 
rough  service.  In  these,  of  which  we  have  a  number  of  specimens,  one  end  is 
hollowed  and  curved  to  form  a  regular  gouge  edge,  while  the  other  is  straight 
and  bevelled  to  form  a  chisel.  More  rarely,  both  ends  are  hollowed,  and  of 
course  in  these  the  groove  runs  from  end  to  end.  As  to  the  use  for  which  the 
gouges  were  usually  intended,  there  have  been  numerous  suggestions,  but  none 
is  entirely  satisfactory. 

"  In  one  of  his  accounts  Champlain  speaks  of  seeing  Indians  on  the  coast 
of  Maine  making  canoes,  dug-outs,  etc.,  by  charring  a  properly  prepared  log  and 
scraping  out  the  burned  portions,  then  charring  again,  and  thus  by  alternate 
charring  and  scraping,  they  accomplished  the  desired  end.  Water  poured  over 
portions  of  the  wood  that  were  to  be  retained  confined  the  burning,  which  was  done 
with  hot  stones,  to  the  part  to  be  hollowed. 

"  No  theory  of  the  use  of  these  gouges  so  well  explains  the  excellent  condition 
in  which  most  of  them  are  found  as  does  the  one  that  they  were  used  chiefly  in 
excavating  or  cutting  where  wood  had  been  more  or  less  charred.  Among  con- 
siderably more  than  a  hundred  of  these  specimens  that  have  been  found  in  this 
region  by  far  the  greater  number  do  not  show  much,  if  any,  effect  of  use." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Attiwandaron  Gouges. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


89 


Attiwandaron  Gouge.— No.   9,862. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


PIPES. 


Side  View.     Fig.  No.   91. 


Back  View.     Fig.  No.  91. 


This  pipe,  No.  91,  was  found  just  south  of  the  Southwold  Earthworks  and 
probably  was  a  Peace  Pipe  smoked  by  the  ancient  Attiwandarons  during  their 
long  occupancy  of  this,  the  ancient  capitol  of  their  once  powerful  confederacy. 
What  remains  of  this  old  fortification  is  simply  a  circular  rim  of  earth  enclosing 
about  two  and  one  half  acres  of  ground;  within  the  enclosure  and  around  it  the 
forest  still  stands;  monuments  to  the  memory  of  Souharissen,  probably  the  last 
chief  of  this  great  agricultura1  people,  and  this  beautifully  made  pipe  may  hare 
been  smoked  as  the  pipe  of  peace  when  Dallion  was  made  his  ward. 


Fig.   No.  32,858. 


AECH^EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


91 


Figure  ^No.  32858, is  a  clay  pipe,  found  in  the  township  of  Blanshard.  While 
it  is  small,  yet  its  capacity  for  tobacco  corresponds  with  those  of  a  much  larger 
size.  It  is  well  shaped  and  has  a  very  fine  polish ;  in  fact,  looks  as  if  it  might  have 
been  glazed.  The  stem  shows  no  evidence  of  wear.  The  Indians  in  ancient  days 
rarely  held  tha  pipe  with  their  teeth,  their  hands  and  lips  being  sufficient.  This 
pipe,  while  very  much  larger  than  their  infant  pipes,  yet  is  small  when  compared 
with  some  of  the  massive  clay  pipes  manufactured  by  them.  In  pipe-making,  the 
Attiwandrons  were,  if  anything,  in  advance  of  all  the  other  branches  of  the  Huron- 
Iroquois  family. 


Fig.  No.  33,622. 

Figure  33622  is  a  clay  pipe  found  on  Lot  31,  Concession  18,  E.  Zorra.  of 
the  Geo.  A.  Smith  Collection,  and  is  the  customary  form  used  and  made  by  all  the 
Huronic  tribes.  Its  outline  reminds  us  of  many  modern  forms:  the  clay  is  well 
baked  and  the  hole  in  the  stem  is  in  the  centre;  and,  as  is  usual  in  these  clay 
pipe*,  there  is  no  evidence  of  it  being  held  between  the  teeth  when  being1  smoked. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  33,090.  Fig.  No.  33,903. 

These  two  bronze  tomahawks,  Nos.  33903  and  33090,  the  former  one  in  the 
Brown  Collection,  was  found  near  St.  Mary's;  the  latter  was  found  on  the 
8th  Concession,  Ops  Township,  Victoria  Co.,  and  presented  to  the  museum  by 
Judge  Moore  of  Lindsay.  These  bronze  tomahawks,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  photo- 
gravure, are  beautifully  figured,  elegantly  marked  and  polished.  The  one  from 
Lindsay  has  the  steel  at  the  end  broken  off:  the  other  one  is  perfect.  One  other 
pipe  of  the  same  pattern  forms  a  part  of  the  Laidlaw  Collection,  and  is  illustrated 
in  the  Report  of  1897,  page  31.  They  are  noticeably  very  much  smaller  than  the 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EE-POBT. 


usual  iron  weapons,  and  proba'bly  were  simply  used  for  ornaments,  or  when  smoking 
the  Pipe  of  Peace.  Though  found  in  widely  different  places,  west  and  east,  yet  all 
three  were  manufactured  in  the  same  place,  in  the  same  manner,  aiid  were  evi- 
dently made  by  hand  and  not  by  machinery.  These  pipes  were  brought  in  by  the 
French  in  the  very  early  days;  probably  before  the  Attiwandarons  had  ceased 
to  be  a  nation. 


Pig.  No.  23,436. 

Figure  23436  is  a  left  lower  jaw  of  a  red  deer  (Virginianus)  found  on  the 
Seeley  Farm,  Brantford  Township,  and  presented  to  the  museum  by  F.  W. 
Waugh,  Toronto.  These  bones  are  rarely  found  and  only  in  the  hardwood  ash- 
beds  where  they  are  preserved.  Bones  such  as  this  were  used  by  the  Indian  women 
to  scrape  the  corn  from  the  cob,  and  when  experimented  with  is  found  to  be  an 
excellent  article  for  such  purpose.  The  Attiwandarons  were  very  extensive 
cultivators  of  corn.  The  entire  south-western  peninsula  has,  from  the  evidences 
of  their  village  sites,  been  at  one  time  or  another  under  cultivation. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPORT. 


ADDITIONS    TO    MUSEUM 

32115 — Skin  of  seal.  Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32116 — Buckskin  embroidered  picture  mat.    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32117 — Buckskin  embroidered  picture  mat.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32118 — Pair  moccasins  (buckskin).  Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32119 — 'Pair  shoes    (Esquimaux).     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32120 — Pair  moccasins,  long  (deer-skin  tops).    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32121 — Pair  leggins   (deer-skin  tops).     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32122 — Model  of  Esquimaux  kayak.  Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32123— Model  of  Esquimaux  kayak.  Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32124 — Esquimaux  bag.    Obtained  from  Mrs.  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32125 — Set  of  musical  pipes.    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32126— Fish  line  and  sinker.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32127-31— Stone  pipes.    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32132 — Stone    tray    lamp.      Obtained    from    Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32133 — Walrus  skull.     Obtained  from  Mrs.   D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32134 — Large  walrus  tusk.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32135 — Small  walrus  tusk.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32136-37 — Small  walrus  tusk.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32138 — Toggle  Point.    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32139 — Toggle  point.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32140 — Carved  bone  needle  case.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32141-48 — Small  pieces  of  bone  (carved).    Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32149 — Polar  bear  tooth.     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones    Beeton. 

32150— Piece  of  ivory    (worked).     Obtained  from  Mrs.  D.  A.  Jones,  Beeton. 

32153-32598 — By  exchange  with  Clayton  McCall,  Esq. 

32153 — 191 — Fragments  of  pottery;    Charlotteville  and  Walsingham  townships. 

32192-247 — Stone  axes,  adzes  and  chisels. 

32248— Stone  gouge. 

32249— Stone  implement. 

32250 — Arrow  head,  British  Columbia. 

32251-583 — Arrow  heads,  Norfold  Co. 

32584-589— Scrapers.    Norfold  Co. 

32590-98— Drill.     Norfold  Co. 

32599  to  33088^Procured  from  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's. 

32599-627 — Stone  adzes,   axes,  etc.,  townships  of  Blanshard  and  Nissouri. 

32628— Hammer  stone,  N.-W.  Territories. 

32629 — Stone  axe,  Nissouri  township. 

32630-633 — Stone  chisels  or  small  adzes.     Nissouri  township. 

32634-35— Stone  gouges,  Nissouri  township. 

32636 — Imperfect  grooved  axe,  township  NisSouri. 

32637-38 — Large  grooved  hammers.  Dakota  and  N.-W.  Territories. 

32639— Grooved  axe,  N.-W.  Territories. 

32640 — Rubbing  stone,  Michigan,  U.S. 

32641-809 — Chert  specimens,  arrow  heads,  spear  heads,  etc. 

32810-820 — Fragments  of  pottery,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32821— Shell,  old  Fort  Dorchester. 

32822 — Bow  aaid  arrow.     Oklahoma,  U.S.A. 

32823— Stone  club.  N.-W.  Territories. 

32824 — Pair  moccasins,  Alaska. 

32825— One  small  beaded  bag,  Alaska. 

32826 — One  tusk,  township  of  Nissouri 

32827 — Piece  of  bone,  Dorchester  and  London  townships. 

32828 — Piece  of  bone,  Dorchester  and  London  townships. 

32829 — Piece  of  bone,  Dorchester  and  London  townships. 

32830-31 — Teeth,  Nissouri  and  London  townships. 

32832 — Bone  pendant,  township  of  Blanshard. 

32833-35 — Bone  awls,  London  and  Dorchester  townships. 

32836— Piece  of  bone.  London  and  Dorchester  townships. 

32837 — Sandstone  pipe,  N.-W.  Territories. 

32838 — Small  beaded  pouch,  Oklahoma,  U.S.A. 

32839 — Pair  beaded  moccasins,  N.-W.  Territories. 

32840— Beaded  mat.     Oklahoma,  U.S.A. 

32841 — One  large  stone  hammer.   N.  Dakota,  U.S.A. 

32842— Catlanite  pipe,  N.-W.  Territories. 

32843-44— Bird   amulets,   township    of   Blanshard. 

32845 — Wampum,  Oklahoma,  U.S.A. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  95 


32846 — Old    knife,    found   in   Nissouri    township  in  1836. 

32847 — Brass  shell,  taken  from  Custar's  Battle  field. 

32848 — Piece  of  bone,  taken  from  Custar's  Battle  field. 

32849 — Catlanite  spear  point. 

32850 — Uma  pottery,  Arizona. 

32851 — Modern  caved  stone  knife,  township  Blanshard. 

32852 — Suture  cap,  Old  Man  River,  McLeod,  Alta. 

32853 — Piece  of  partly  worked  red  slate,  township  of  Dorchester. 

32854 — Small  stone  knife,  township  of  Dorchester. 

32855 — Piece  of  pottery,  township  of  Dorchester. 

32856 — Bowl  of  clay  pipe,  township  of  Dorchester. 

32857 — Bowl  of  clay  pipe,  township  of  Dorchester. 

32858 — S'mall  clay  pipe,  Dorchester  Tp. 

32859— Shell,  Blanshard  Tp. 

32860-61 — Shells,  township  of  Blanshard. 

32862 — Metal  spear  point,  Eskimo. 

32863-67 — Fragments  of  banner  stones,  township  of  Blanshard. 

32868-69 — Fragments   of  gorgets,  township  of  Blanshard. 

32870— Gorget,  Township  of  Blanshard. 

32871— Half  of  banner  stone,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32872 — Stone   implement,   township   of  Nissouri. 

3"2873-75 — Gorget,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32876 — Gorget,  township  of  Downie. 

32877 — Gorget,  township  of  Zorra. 

32878 — Gorget,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32879 — Gorget,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32880 — Gorget,  township  of  Downie. 

32881 — Gorget,  township  of  Blanshard. 

32882-85 — Gorgets,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32886 — Fragment  of  gorget,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32887— Gorget,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32888 — Fragment  of  gorget,  township   of  Nissouri. 

32889 — Stone  axe,  Lake  Erie. 

32890 — Ceremonial  stone,  Nissouri. 

32891 — Fragment  of  banner  stone,  Nissouri. 

32892— Stone  tube,  Nissouri. 

32893 — Bowl  of  a  soapistone  pipe,  County  Welland. 

32894 — Six  partly  work  stones,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32895 — Stone  chisel,  township  of  Nissouri, 

32896 — Stone  tube,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32897 — Soapstone  pipe,  township  of  Nissouri. 

32898 — Iron  tomahawk  pipe,  township  of  London. 

32899-902 — Iron  adzes,  township  of  London. 

32903 — Bronze  tomahawk  pipe,  township  of  London. 

32904-33087 — Arrow  heads,  township  of  Blanshard. 

33088 — Bangles,  made  of  deeir  toes. 

33089  to  33113— Gift  of  F.  D.  Moore,  Esq.,  K.C.,   Lindsay,   Ont. 

33089— Pistol  trap,  near  Fairburn!  Post  Office. 

33090 — 'Bronze  tomahawk  pipe,  8th  Con.,  Ops  township,  Victoria  County. 

33091 — Iron  tomahawk,  Minden  township,  Haliburton  county. 

33092 — Quartz  arrow  head,  Lake  St.  John,  near  Orillia. 

33093-102— Fragments  of  pottery,  Ops  township. 

33103 — Stone  whorl,  Ops  township. 

33104 — Stone  whorl.  Ops  township. 

33105— Rubbing  stone,  n.w.  quarter  lot  16,  con.  5,  Barapora  township,  Victoria  county. 

33106— Hammer  stone,  n.w.  quarter  lot  16,  con.  5,  Barapora  township,  Victoria  county. 

33107 — Stone  chisel  or  adze.  n.w.  quarter  lot  16,  con.  5,  Barapora  tp.,  Victoria  county. 

33108 — Stone  chisel  or  adze.  n.w.  quarter  lot  16,  con.  5,  Barapora  tp.,  Victoria  county. 

33109-111 — Stone  chisels  or  adzes,  east  pt.  of  s.w.  quarter  lot  2,  con.  3.  Ops  township. 

33112-113— Fragments  of  stone  chisels  of  adzes,  s.w.  quarter  lot  2,  con.  3,  Ops  township. 

33114 — Hprseshoe,  etc..  used  at  one  time  by  the  Wells-Fargo  Express  Co. 

33115 — Chert  scrapers,  River  Thames,  near  Dorchester.     Gift  of  M.  Smith,  London. 

33116— Stone  adze,  s.  boundary  Blanshard  township.     Gift  of  Geo.  McDonald,  Esq. 

33117-122 — Chert  arrow  heads,  s.  boundary  Blanshard  township.     Geo.  McDonald,  Esq. 

33123-124 — Stone  axes,  lot  33,  con.  4,  Nissouri  W.     R.  Sidney  Bridgeman,  Esq. 

33125 — Chert  specimen,  lot  33,  con.  4,  Nissouri  W.     R.  Sidney  Bridegman,  Esq. 

33126-130 — Arrow  heads,  lot  33,  con.  4,  Nissouri  W.     R.  Sidney  Bridgeman,  Esq. 

33131-133 — Stone  adzes,  lot  28,  con.  4,  Nissouri  W.     John  E.  Bowers,  Esq. 

7  A. 


96  AROH./EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

33134-33682 — Presented  by  George  A.  Smith,  Tavistock    Ont. 
33134-33179 — Fragments  of  clay  pipes,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 
33180-33189 — Fragments  of  clay  pottery,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 

And  from  lot  31,  con.  13,  East  Zorra. 

33190-33519 — Chert  specimens,  lot  31,  con.  18,  East  Zorra. 
33520-33551— Stone  adzes,  East  Zorra,  Wilmot  and  Blandford  townships. 
33552 — Stone  gouge,  East  Zorra,  Wilmot  and  Blandford  townships. 
33553 — Stone  gouge,  East  Zorra,  Wilmot  and  Blandford  townships. 
33554-33557— Stone  chisels,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 
33558 — Gorget,  lot  31,  con.  18,  E.  Zorra. 
33559— Unfinished  gorget. 

33560-563 — Fragments  of  stone  gorgets,  lot  35,  con.  18,  East  Zorra. 
33564 — Iron  tomaLawk,  lot  31,  ccn.  18.  East  Zorra. 
33565 — Stone  implements,  lot  30,  con.  2,  Block  A,  Wilmot  township. 
33566— Stone  implements,  lot  30,  con.  2,  Block  A,  Wilmot  township. 
33567-69— Clam  shells,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 
33570-75— Fragments  of  pottery,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo,  and  from  lot  31,  con.  13, 

East  Zorra. 

33576-81— Teeth,  lot  31,  con.  13,  East  Zorra. 
33582-97— Bone  beads,  lot  10,  Beasly  block,  Waterloo. 
33598-618— Bone  awls,  lot  10,  Beasly  block,  Waterloo. 

33619-621 — Fragments  of  pottery,  lot  4,  con.  7,  Blandford  township.    Fred  Mitchell. 
33622— Clay  pipe,  lot  31,  con  18,  East  Zorra. 
33623-632 — Leaf-shaped  arrow  heads,  found  in  a  heap  on  lot  25,  con.  15,  near  Cassel,  N.R. 

Oxford,  by  Adam  Becker,  Esq. 

33633-679 — Arrow  heads,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 
33680-681— Pendants,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 
33682 — Fragment  of  Skull,  lot  31,  con.  13,  Tast  Zorra. 
33683— Fragment  of  bone,  lot  10,  Beasly  Block,  Waterloo. 

33684 — Arrow  head,  McKay's  creek,  Nissouri  township.    Procured  from  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq. 
33685 — Arrow  head,  Assinaboine  River,  Sask.     Procured  from  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq. 
33686— Micmac  adze,  Nova  Scotia.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

33687— Brant's  rifle.     Gift  of  C.  K.  Buchanan's  estate,  Brantford,  Ont. 
33688-707— Boomerangs.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33708-711— Clubs.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33712-719 — Spear  points  (wood).     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33720— Shield.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33721-22 — Dance  implement.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33723— Kelp  blub   (carved).     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33723— Shield.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Esq.,  Australia. 
33725— Shield.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Australia. 
33726 — Spear  point.     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Australia. 
33727— Spear  point  (white).     Gift  of  A.  Owen  Speight,  Australia. 
33728— Small  moccasin.     Gift  of  C.  H.  Hale,  Esq. 
33729— Arrow  head.     Gift  of  C.  H.  Hale,  Esq. 
33730 — Pueblo  water  jug.    Procured  from  Mrs.  Annie  Orr. 
33731-2 — Brass  kettles,  Baby  Farm,  Humber  River.     Gift  of  H.  Smith,  j]sq. 
33733-35— Skulls,  Baby  Farm,  Humber  River.     Gift  of  H.  Smith,  Esq. 
33736 — Four  bones,  Baby  Farm,  Humber  River.    Gift  of  H.  Smith,  Esq. 
33737— Lace  making  pillow.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Hurley. 


.05 


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CAST  OF  TADPOLE  or  GREEN  FROG. 

First  stage. 


CAST  OF  TADPOLE  or  GREEN  FROG. 
S'econd  stage. 


I 
Is 

- 


THE  HONOURABLE  WILLIAM  HOWARD  HEARST 
PRIME  MINISTER  OF  ONTARIO 


ANNUAL 

Archaeological    Report 

1914 


BEING   PART  OF 


Appendix  to  the 

Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education, 

Ontario. 


PRINTED  BY  ORDER  OF 
THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  OF  ONTARIO, 


TORONTO : 

Printed  and  Published  by  L.  K,  CAMERON,  Printer  to  the  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty 

1914. 


Printed    by 

WILLIAM   BRIGGS 

29-37  Richmond   Street  West 

TORONTO 


PRESENTATION 

To  the  HONOURABLE  E.  A.  PYNE,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  MP.P., 

Minister  of  Education. 

SIR, — In  presenting  you  with  this,  the  Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Ontario  Provincial  Museum,  it  affords  me  much  pleasure  in  stating  that  this  year 
has  been  a  very  prosperous  one.  The  number  of  specimens  added  to  the  Museum 
since  the  last  Report  are  2,550. 

Increased  space  is  greatly  needed  to  exhibit  what  we  have  stored.  We  are 
indebted  during  the  past  year  to  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston;  Col.  Gr.  E.  Laidlaw; 
Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn,  Toronto;  E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D. ;  T.  R.  Mayberry, 
Esq.,  M.P.P.;  J.  P.  Hall,  Esq.,  Brown's  Town,  Jamaica;  Mrs.  W.  A.  Orr,  Los 
Angeles ;  John  Ross  Robertson,  Esq. ;  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq. ;  C.  A.  H.  Clark,  Esq.,  and 
others. 

1  have  the  honour  to  be, 
Sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

ROWLAND  B.  ORR, 

Director. 
Toronto,  Dec.  30th,  1914. 


[3] 


CONTENTS 


Hon.  Wm.  H.  Hearst,  Premier  of  Ontario   Frontispiece 

Presentation    „ 3 

Tionnontates,  Petuns  or  Tobacco  Nation   7 

Lacrosse,  "  Baggatiway  "  or  Le  Jeu  de  la  Crosse  " 19 

The  Pre-Christian  Cross.     By  Very  Rev.  W.  R.  Harris,  D.D.,  LL.D 26 

Ontario  Effigy  Pipes  in  Stone   (Third  Paper).     By  Col.  Geo.  E.  Laidlaw 44 

Certain  Ojibway  Myths.    By  Ool.  Geo.  E.  Laidlaw 77 

New  Accessions  to  Museum 80 

Plaster  Casts    .  92 


['I 


"  With,  regard  to  my  theory  on  the  relatively 
recent  period  of  American  civilization  and  its  Toltec 
origin,  I  am  far  from  being  the  first  in  upholding 
it,  since  Stephens  and  Humboldt  affirmed  it  some 
fifty  years  ago,  whilst  all  the  ancient  chroniclers 
implied  it.  Is  ancient  Egypt  less  interesting  because 
her  MSS.  are  now  read  and  her  origin  known?  Why 
then  should  the  people  who  raised  the  American 
monuments  be  less  deserving  of  our  regard,  because 
they  built  them  ten  centuries  sooner  or  ten  centuries 
later?  Does  it  alter  the  character  of  the  monu- 
ments or  destroy  an  art  unknown  to  us  hitherto? 
The  question  of  first  origins  has  always  seemed  to 
me  an  idle  pursuit;  and  if  the  evolutionist  doctrine 
is  true,  a  perfect  moral  microscope  would  be  re 
quired  to  reach  the  remote  past  of  man,  whose  count- 
less generations,  scattered  in  every  clime,  go  back 
to  the  dark  period  when  our  rude  iprogenitors  were 
hardly  distinguished  from  the  brute  creation." — 
"The  Ancient  Cities  of  the  New  Y/orld,"  Desire 
Charnay. 


[6] 


TIONNONTATES 


THE    PETUNS    OR    TOBACCONATION 

OF 
NOTTAWASAGA  LOWLANDS 

Before  entering  upon  a  brief  history  of  the  Petuns  or  the  Tobacco  Tribe,  whose 
hunting  grounds,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  covered  the  lands  now  included  in  the 
counties  of  Grey  and  Bruce,  it  may  add  something  of  value  to  our  article  if  we  give 
a  preamble  epitomising  the  lives  of  Champlain  and  the  Franciscan  priest,  Joseph 
Le  Caron,  who  were  the  first  white  men  to  visit  the  Tionnontates  and  record  their 
impressions  of  the  unfortunate  tribe  and  its  regional  habitats. 

SAMUEL  DE  CHAMPLAIN. 

Samuel  de  Champlain,  soldier,  colonizer,  and  navigator,  was  born  in  the  year 
1570  at  Brouage,  a  picturesque  little  town  in  the  department  of  Saintonge,  France. 
In  his  youth  he  took  service  with  a  cavalry  troop  and  served  for  a  time  in  the  wars 
conducted  by  Henry  IV,  King  of  France. 

The  career  of  a  soldier  did  not  appeal  to  him  and  he  left  the  Service  and 
became  a  mariner.  In  his  <e  Les  voyages  du  Sieur  de  Champlain"  he  tells  us: 
"  Navigation  seems  to  me  to  occupy  the  first  place.  By  this  art  we  obtain  a  know- 
ledge of  different  countries,  regions,  and  realms.  This  is  the  art  which  induced 
me  to  explore  the  coasts  of  a  portion  of  America,  especially  those  of  New  France." 
In  January,  1599,  he  sailed  to  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  and  Panama.  On  his 
return  he  wrote  the  record  of  his  cruise,  illustrating  it  with  charts,  etc.  In  March, 
1603,  he  made  his  first  voyage  to  Canada,  charting  the  Gaspian  Coast  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  Eiver  up  to  the  falls  of  St.  Louis.  In  May,  1604,  with  De  Monts,  he 
explored  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia  and  founded  a  colony  at  Port  Royal.  He 
returned  to  France  in  1607.  but  sailed  the  next  year  for  Canada  and  laid  the 
foundation  (1608)  of  the  City  of  Quebec.  In  1609  he  discovered  Lake  Champlain 


Samuel  de  Champlain. 


ABGELEOLOGJOAL  REPORT.  9 


when  he  accompanied  a  war  party  of  Hurons  and  Algonquins  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Iroquois.  In  October,  1612;  he  was  made  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New 
France. 

In  the  year  1611  he  continued  his  exploration  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  broke 
ground  for  the  erection  of  a  building  at  Place  Roy  ale,  on  the  site  now  covered  by 
the  City  of  Montreal.  In  the  year  1613  he  explored  the  region  above  Sault  Saint 
Louis,  visiting  "Les  Gens  de  Terre,"  "Les  Tetes  de  Boules,"  tribes  of  the  Gatineau 
and  the  River  Rideau  and  visited  the  Chaudiere  Falls  and  the  Algonquins  of 
Allumette  Island. 

In  the  year  1615  he  ascended  the  Ottawa,  which  he  calls  in  his  journal  "Le 
Riviere  des  Algonquins/7  descended  French  River  and  skirting  the  shore  of 
Georgian  Bay  joined  at  Carhagouha  (Township  of  Tiny)  Father  Le  €aron,  the 
Recollet,  who,  with  twelve  Frenchmen  had  reached  the  Huron  Country  a  few  days 
in  advance  of  Champlain.  Returning  from  an  expedition  againsit  the  Iroquois,  he 
passed  the  winter  1615-16  with  the  Hurons,  visiting  with  Le  Caron  the  Petuns 
or  Tobacco  Nation,  whose  hunting  grounds  lay  to  the  south-west  of  the  Hurons  in 
the  present  Counties  of  Grey  and  Dufferin.  He  then  crossed  into  the  lands  of  the 
Cheveux  Releves,  a  Chippewa  sub-tribe,  afterwards  known  as  the  Mississaugas,  and 
other  Algonquin  families. 

On  May  20,  1616,  accompanied  by  Algonquins  and  Hurons  he  descended  to 
Quebec,  from  which  town  he  sailed  for  France,  arriving  at  Honfleur  September 
10th.  He  soon  returned  to  Quebec  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  building 
up  his  Colony."  On  Dec.  25th,  1635,  iChamplain  died  in  Quebec  City,  where  a 
splendid  monument  commemorates  his  explorations  and  achievements. 

The  Abbe  Ferland,  Bancroft,  Dionne,  Garneau  and  Parkman  are  unanimous 
in  their  appreciation  of  the  splendid  qualities  of  head  and  heart  which  earned  for 
Champlain  an  honourable  and  conspicuous  place  in  modern  history.  Rochemonteix 
calls  him  a  "providential  man"  and  Charlevoix  in  his  "Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle- 
Erance"  writes:  "What  we  most  admire  in  him  are  his  fidelity  to  his  great  under- 
takings; his  intrepidity  when  confronted  with  serious  danger,  his  ardent  and  dis- 
interested zeal  for  his  country,  his  scrupulous  regard  for  honour  and  uprightness, 
and  above  all,  his  heart,  which  was  more  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  his  friends 
than  for  his  own  interests." 

He  was  a  painstaking  and  voluminous  writer.  He  bequeathed  to  us  the  follow- 
ing works :  "  Bref  discours  des  choses  plus  remarquable  que  Samuel  Champlain  de 
Brouage  a  reconnu  aux  In  des  Occidentales  " ;  "  Des  Sauva^es,  ou  voyages  de  Sieur 
de  Champlain  fait  en  1'an  1603";  "Les  Voyages  de  Sieur  Champlain  Xaint- 
congeois";  "Voyages  et  discourvertures  en  la  Nouvelle-France  depuis  Pannee  1615 
jusques  a  la  fin  de  1'annee  1618  ";  "  Les  voyages  de  la  Nouvelle-France  Occidentalle 
faits  par  le  Sieur  de  Champlain  depuis  Tan  1603  jusques  en  1'annee  1629  ";  "  Traite 
de  la  Marine  et  du  devoir  d'un  bon  Marinier  ";  His  writings  in  six  volumes,  edited 
by  Abbe  C.  H.  Laverdiere,  were  published  in  the  year  1870,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Faculty  of  the  University  of  Laval,  Quebec.  The  learned  Abbe  prefaces  the 
first  volume  with  an  illuminating  dissertation  on  Champlain,  his  triumphs,  voyages 
and  explorations.  In  the  Laval  Edition  the  account  of  Champlain's  visit  to 
Panama  and  Mexico  is  not  inserted.  His  last  work  published  in  1632  is  by  Sieur 
de  Champlain,  Captain  of  the  Kinsr's  Marine  Service ;  and  all  the  discoveries  made 
by  the  same  from  1603  to  1629.  His  explorations  in  Canada  ended  in  1616. 


10 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  11 


JOSEPH  LE  GABON. 

As  the  honour  of  being  the  first  missionaries  to  enter  the  Maritime  Provinces 
belongs  to  the  Jesuits  who  came  to  Canada  in  1611,  so  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  to  preach  Christianity  to  the  tribes  west  of  Quebec  rests  with  the  Franciscans. 
-Answering  the  invitation  of  Champlain  three  priests  of  the  Recollets,  John 
D'Olbeau,  Denis  Jamay,  Joseph  Le  Caron,  and  Pacific  Duplessis,  a  lay  brother, 
arrived  at  Quebec  in  the  month  of  June,  1615.  The  Recollets,  called  also  "Fathers 
of  the  Strict  Observance,"  opened  their  first  establishments  in  Paris  in  1605. 
Henry  IV.,  Louis  XIII.,  and  Louis  XIV.,  favoured  them  particularly.  Louis  XIV. 
appointed  Recollets  chaplains  to  his  troops  and  founded  a  monastery  for  the 
community  in  1678  near  his  royal  residence  at  Versailles. 

Immediately  after  their  installation  they  divided  between  them  their  mis- 
sionary allotments.  Jamay  was  appointed  ^Commissary  General,  remaining  at 
Quebec,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  spiritual  demands  of  the  colonists. 
D'Olbeau  departed  for  the  Sagueriay  tribes  to  winter  with  the  Montagnais,  and 
Father  Le  Caron  set  out,  in  the  summer  of  1615,  for  the  Huron  hunting  grounds 
in  western  forests. 

Joseph  Le  Caron,  according  to  an  entry  in  the  "Martyrology  of  the  Recollets 
for  the  Province  of  Saint  Denys"  was  born  in  the  suburbs  of  the  City  of  Paris  in  the 
year  1586.  Soon  after  his  ordination  to  the  Priesthood  he  was  appointed  Chaplain 
and  Preceptor  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.  Resigning  his  position  after  the  demise  of 
his  Royal  Patron  he  became  a  member  of  the  Community  of  Recollets  in  1610,  and 
took  the  three  vows  of  Poverty,  Chastity  and  Obedience  in  1611.  When  in  1614 
Champlain  appealed  to  the  Recollets  in  France  for  missionaries  for  -Canada,  Le 
Caron  cheerfully  volunteered  for  the  service  and  with  his  three  companions  sailed 
with  Champlain  from  the  Port  of  Honfleur,  April  24,  1615.  The  ship  anchored  at 
Tadoussac  May  25,  of  the  same  year. 

On  July  7,  in  company  with  a  band  of  Hurons  and  Algonquins  of  the  Ottawa 
the  zealous  priest  left  Sault  St.  Louis  and  began  his  wondrous  voyage  of 
seven  hundred  miles  to  the  great  lake  of  the  Hurons.  With  his  swarthy  com- 
panions he  ehtereol,  earjy  in  August,  the  Bay  of  Matchedas  and  late  in  the  afternoon 
was  hospitably  received  and  entertained  in  the  Huron  town  of  Caragouha  (Town- 
ship of  Tiny).  -A  few  days  after  his  landing  he  was  joined  by  the  intrepid 
Champlain. 

In  the  winter  of  161  &  Champlain  and  Le  Caron  visited  the  Petuns  or  Tobacco 
tribe,  (Bruce  and  Grey  Counties),  where  Le  Caron  was  coldly  received  and  his  ex- 
pectations unrealized.  Here  is  what  Sagard  (History  of  Canada,  page  42)  records 
of  his  reception:  "The  Missionary  now  visited  the  tribe  of  the  Petuns  where  he 
encountered  more  disappointment  than  consolation;  these  barbarians  extended  to 
him  no  welcome  nor  manifested  any  signs  that  his  visit  was  agreeable  to  them." 

Returning  to  the  villages  of  the  Hurons,  Le  Caron  passed  the  winter  among 
them  instructing  the  adults,  catechising  the  children  and  teaching  to  all  the  rudi- 
ments of  civilization. 

On  the  morning  of  May  20,  1616,  he  left  for  Quebec  with  Huron  traders  who 
set  out  from  Carhagouha  with  canoes  loaded  with  skins  and  peltries  for  the  fur 
market  at  Three  Rivers.  On  July  20,  he  sailed  with  Champlain  for  France,  return- 
ing, April  11,  1617.  When  in  France  he  was  made  Superior  of  the  missions  of 
New  France.  He  now  fixed  his  residence  at  Quebec,  visiting  Tadoussac,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Saguenay  River,  where  for  six  years  each  winter  he  devoted  him- 
self to  christianising  the  Montagnais  Indians  and  those  who  came  to  trade  from 


12 


AKCH^OLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  13 

the  Mistassini  region.  In  1623  he  was  joined  by  two  missionaries  of  his  order 
who  had  come  from  France  to  assist  him.  One  of  these  was  Gabriel  Sagard 
Theodat — commonly  known  as  Sagard — historian  of  the  Huron  missions.  The 
other  was  the  priest,  Nicolas  Viel,  drowned  in  1625. 

Accompanied  by  his  two  companions  Le  Caron  again  left  (July,  1623)  for 
the  Huron  country,  and  in  August  safely  reached  the  Huron  village  of  Carhagouha. 
Here  Le  Caron,  assisted  by  Viel  and  Sagard,  completed  his  dictionary  of  the  Huron 
language.  In  June  1624,  escorted  by  two  hundred  Hurons  and  a  flotilla  of  sixty 
canoes  loaded  with  mink  and  beaver  skins,  Father  Le  Caron  departed  for  Quebec 
and  the  following  year  sailed  for  France.  In  1626,  with  Champlain,  he  returned  to 
Quebec,  where  he  resided  until  1629,  in  which  year  he  resailed  for  France,  where  he 
was  appointed  Superior  of  the  Monastery  of  the  Recollets  at  Sainte  Marguerite  in 
Normandy.  The  brave  and  zealous  priest,  stricken  by  an  infectious  disease  con- 
tracted while  waiting  on  the  sick,  died  at  Sainte  Marguerite,  March  29,  1632,  in 
the  forty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  Father  Le  Caron  was  a  priest  of  large  endoAvments. 
He  spoke  fluently  the  Huron  and  Montaignais  languages,  dictionaries  of  which  he 
compiled  and  dedicated  to  the  King  of  France.  ("  Necrology  of  the  Eecollets/' 
Manuscript  numbered  13875,  National  [Library  (Paris)  Cf.  also  Sagard,  Le 
Clerque,  Gilmary  shea.) 

TIONNONTATES — THE    PETUNS    OK    TOBACCO    NATION. 

In  the  year  1648  Iroquois  warriors,  chiefly  Senecas  and  Mohawks,  invaded 
Huron  territory  and  on  the  morning  of  July  4th  attacked  and  captured  the  frontier 
town  of  Teanaustayae  standing  on  Land  within  what  is  now  the  Township  of 
Medonte,  Simcoe  County.  Here  the  Jesuits  had  established  the  mission  of  St. 
Joseph  with  Father  Antoine  Daniel  in  charge.  When  the  Iroquois  stormed  the 
town,  its  fighting  men  were  miles  away  hunting  and  trapping,  and  only  old  men, 
women  and  children  were  in  possession.  After  slaughtering  the  men,  women  and 
infants  at  the  breast,  they  set  fire  to  the  village  and  began  their  homeward  march 
to  the  Seneca  towns,  dragging  with  them  seven  hundred  prisoners  reserved  for 
torture  or  adoption.  The  missionary  Daniel  was  shot  to  death  and  his  body  thrown 
into  the  fire. 

Early  in  the  next  year,  1649,  the  enemy  returned,  captured  and  burned  two 
more  Huron  towns,  slaughtering  the  inhabitants  and  filling  the  country  with  con- 
sternation and  fear.  This  campaign  led  to  the  ruin  of  the  Huron  Confederacy  of 
which  the  Khiontatehronon  or  Tionnontates  formed  an  integral  part.  The 
Tionnontates,  known  to  the  early  French  and  Recollet  missionaries  as  the  Petuneux 
or  Tobacco  Nation  (Bressani-Martin,  Ed.  page  184,  Relation  1648)  had  at  the  time 
of  the  incursion  of  the  Iroquois  their  villages  an d^ hunting  grounds  in  Nottawasaga 
Township,  in  the  forests  of  the  Blue  Hills  and  occasionally  in  the  Mountains  of 
Saint  John. 

At  the  time  of  Champlain's  and  Le  Caron's  visit  to  them  in  1616  they  occupied 
lands  in  Bruce  and  Grey  Counties,  stretching  from  the  mouth  of  the  Saugeen  River 
in  the  west  to  the  lowlands  of  Nottawasaga  Township.  In  a  relentless  war  waged 
against  them  in  the  years  1636-38  bv  the  Mascoutens  and  their  allies  the  Potawa- 
tomies  and  Sauks  they  were  driven  from  their  own  territory  to  the  lands  bordering 
the  western  shores  of  Nottawasaga  Bay  and  the  slope  of  the  Blue  Hills. 

"When  the  Iroquois  raided  the  Huron  territory  in  1648-49  the  Petun  country 
lay  to  the  west  of  Huronia  proper,  extending  westward  from  the  hills  of  Notta- 
wasaga Township,  Simcoe  County,  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  northward  to 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOKT 


Cape  Kurd.  (Jones— "Huronia,"  page  228.)  They  were  a  sedentary  people  in- 
cluded among  those  tribes  whom  Sagard  called  the  nobility  of  the  land.  "They 
and  the  other  sedentary  tribes  may  be  regarded  as  the  nobles  of  the  Country.  The 
Algonquins  are  the  bourgeois  (commoners)  while  the  poor  and  wretched  are  repre- 
sented by  the  Montagnais."  (Sagard— H.  du  C.,  Ed.  1636.) 

Their  social  and  political  institutions  were  founded  strictly  on  blood  kinship. 
Their  dwellings  or  lodges  were  constructed  of  saplings  and  bark,  were  long  and 
narrow,  having  eight  or  ten  fires  in  each  lodge  and  a  specified  number  of  families 
to  each  fire.  These  lodges  were  collected  into  villages  and  towns,  palisaded  and 
fortified  when  facing  the  enemies'  frontier.  They  depended  for  their  sustenance  on 


ii 


Site  of  Ste.  Marie  on  the  Wye. 

horticulture  and  the  chase.  On  the  patches  of  ground  which  they  cleared  by 
burning  or  girdling  the  trees,  they  raised  large  supplies  of  corn  for  winter  use, 
squashes,  sunflowers  for  oil,  beans  of  many  varieties,  and  excellent  tobacco  fo'r 
trade  and  home  consumption.  They  were  skilled  hide-dressers  and  tanners.  These 
skins  and  pelts  served  them  for  rugs,  moccasins  and  raiment.  When  in  1640  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  opened  among  them  the  Missions  of  St.  Joseph  (Etharita)  and  St. 
Mathias  (Ekajenniondi),  the  Tionnontates  lived  in  nine  villages  inhabited  by 
members  of  the  'clans  of  the  Deer  and  the  Wolf  into  which  the  nation  was  divided. 
The  two  clans- numbered  about  fifteen  thousand  souls.  Etharita  or  St.  John  of  the 
Tionnontates,  the  capital  of  the  Wolf  clan,  was  probably  near  the  Blue  Hills  in  Grey 
County,  and  Ekarenniondi  or  St.  Mathias,  the  principal  town  of  the  Deer  clan,  was 
somewhere  in  Nottawasaga  Township,  Simcoe  County.  The  two  villages  would 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  15 

proba'bly  number  a  thousand  families.  When  Etharita  was  destroyed  by  the 
Iroquois  on  December  7th,  1649,  Father  Gamier,  the  missionary,  was  shot  and 
tomahawked.  This  village  lay  nearest  the  frontier  and  was  the  only  one  of  the 
Tionnontates  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

MIGRATIONS  OF  THE  TIONNOXTATES. 

A  people  who  have  no  literature  have  no  tribal  or  national  memories  or  records 
of  the  past.  '*  Our  Indians/'  writes  the  late  Archbishop  Tache,  of  St.  Boniface, 
N.W.T.,  in  1868,  "have  no  chronicles,  no  annals,  no  written  monuments,  nor  records 
of  any  kind  whatever."  That  this  assertion  bearing  upon  the  conditions  of  the 
tribes  of  the  Northwest  applies  to  savages  the  world  over  we  know  from  the  writings 
of  travellers  and  explorers  of  every  age.  "  I  could  find  no  monuments  or  marks  of 
antiquity  among  these  Indians,"  writes  Charles  Waterton,  the  explorer.  "  I  have 
seen  nothing  amongst  these  Indians  which  tells  me  that  they  existed  here  for  a 
century;  though  for  aught  1  know  to  the  contrary  they  may  have  been  here  before 
the  Redemption,  Were  I  by  chance  to  meet  the  son  of  the  father  who  moulders 
here  he  could  tell  me  that  his  father  was  famous  for  slaying  tigers  and  serpents  and 
caymen,  and  noted  in  the  chase  of  the  tapir  and  wild  boar,  but  that  he  remembers 
little  or  nothing  of  his  grandfather."  (Wanderings  in  South  America — London, 
1839,  p.  178.) 

Defining  in  particular  the  position  of  the  Indians  of  America,  with  reference 
to  the  knowledge"  we  have  acquired  of  them,  we  note  that  different  fortunes  have 
accompanied  different  tribes  in  their  antecedents.  Some  parts  of  the  eventful 
course  of  the  race  have  been  happy  enough  to  find  historians,  as  among  the  Astecs 
of  Mexico  and  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  who  wrote  reports  of  the  events  of  their 
times.  Such  reports  give  us  what  is  called  documentary  or  monumental  history. 

But  there  are  families  of  the  race  which  lie  outside  of  the  margins  of  any  local 
records.  •  Their  deeds  and  their  past  are  unrecorded.  Their  records  and  their 
lives  are  like  the  portions  which  the  Chinese  comprise  in  their  Annals,  but  which 
they  expressly  designate  "  Parts  outside  of  History."  Such  unrecorded  antecedents 
of  the  American  Indian  are  embraced  in  the  enigmatical  words  "Prehistoric 
America."  So  far  as  our  information  extends  the  tribes  of  the  Canadian  Wilder- 
ness before  the  coming  of  Jacques  Cartier  were  as  if  they  were  non-existent.  Their 
history  is  a  blank  and  the  events  in  their  lives  are  buried  beyond  the  hope  of 
resurrection. 

To  speculate,  then,  on  the  original  habitat  and  migration  of  the  Huron- 
Iroquois  and  affiliated  tribes  is  a  waste  of  valuable  time.  That  a  tribe  speaking  the 
Huron  language  was  in  possession  of  the  Island  of  Montreal  when  Jacques  Cartier 
landed  there  in  1535  is  now  admitted  by  writers  interested  in  the  early  history  of 
the  Huron-Iroquois.  The  tobacco  pipes  discovered  there  in  1863  when  compared 
with  those  unearthed  in  Nottawasaga  and  now  preserved  in  our  Archaeological 
Department  indicate  a  Petun  handicraft. 

Horatio  Hale,  whose  familiarity  with  the  Huron-Iroquois  dialects  constitutes 
him  an  authority,  tells  us  that  the  language  of  the  Petuns  was  the  parent  tongue  of 
the  Huron  and  Iroquois.  (Hale,  "Indian  Migration,"  page  33.) 

This  statement  gives  us  more  than  a  hint  that  the  Petuns  were  the  primitive 
stock  from  which  sprang  all  the  tribes  speaking  the  generic  language.  If,  as  the 
ethnologist  Mbonev  contends,  tradition  and  history  alike  point  to  the  St.  Lawrence 
r^o-ion  as  the  early  home  of  the  Hurons,  then  we  are  free  to  assume  that  the 
Tionnontates  were  the  last  of  the  Hurons  to  move  west  and  south.  They  were 


16  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

probably  moving  by  easy  stages  towards  the  west  to  join  their  countrymen  when 
Cartier  met  them  at  Montreal.  They  probably  took  the  Ottawa  route  as  they  were 
the  last  to  break  camp  down  by  the  sea,  they  were  also  probably  the  last  to  enter  the 
west,  where  they  settled  in  the  county  of  Simcqe  near  the  grounds  of  their  kinsmen, 
the  Ouendats  or  Hurons.  They  were  not  long  in  posesssion  of  their  new  lands 
when  according  to  the  Relations  of  1640,  they  attacked  or  were  attacked  by  the 
Ouendats.  They  then  moved  further  north  into  the  Bruce  Peninsula,  and  parts  of 
Grey  County,  where  they  were  when  Champlain  and  Le  Caron  visited  them  in  1616. 
We  now  enter  upon  a  time  when  henceforth  the  Canadian  tribes  will  find  historians. 
We  will  begin  to  know  the  important  events  of  their  lives  from  the  faithful  reports 
of  men  living,  observing  and  writing  at  the  time  these  events  happened,  or  within 
a  reasonable  and  speaking  distance  of  men  who  dwelt  among  them  and  orally  re- 
corded what  they  saw  or  heard. 

"The  country  of  the  Petuns,  previous  to  their  last  war  with  the  Mascoutens, 
extended  as  far  west  as  the  mouth  of  the  Saugeen  and  as  far  north  as  the  township 
of  St.  Edmonds  and  Lindsay/'  (Fr.  Jones  "Huronia,"  p.  219.)  From  these 
lands  the  Tionnontates  waged  a  bloody  and  ruthless  war  with  the  Mascoutens,  called 
by  the  French  "  The  Nation  of  Fire/7  The  Mascoutens  were  a  powerful  Algonquin 
tribe  dwelling  in  lower  Michigan,  or  according  to  Sagard,  nine  or  ten  days'  journey 
west  of  the  southern  end  of  Georgian  Bay.  (H.  du  Canada,  p.  194,  1886.)  Con- 
quered by  the  enemy  the  Tionnontates  fled  to  the  protection  of  their  Huron  kinsmen 
and  were  permitted  to  occupy  lands  in  parts  of  Grey  and  Simcoe  Counties,  known 
to-day  as  the  region  of  the  Blue  Hills  in  Mulmur  and  Nottawasaga  Townships.  -In 
these  lands  they  were  settled  when  the  Jesuit  Fathers  opened  missions  among  them 
and  reported  a  population  of  about  fifteen  thousand  (Rel.  1640).  They  were  called 
Petuns  and  Petuneux  by  the  French  because  of  their  abundant  and  well  cultivated 
fields  of  tobacco.  Petun  was  their  word  for  tobacco  and  the  French  found  the  word 
more  easily  pronounced  than  Khiontateronon  their  proper  name.  "  To  the  west/"' 
writes  Bressani  in  his  history,  "  live  the  tribes  which  we  call  the  Nation  of  Petuns,' 
because  they  raised  abundant  crops  of  tobacco  to  which  the  savages  give  the  name  of 
Petun."  (Martin,  Ed.  p.  13.) 

The  word  Petun  we  are  told  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  is  of  Tupi 
origin  and  is  still  found  among  the  dialects  of  that  tribe  in  Brazil.  The  word  clung 
to  the  plant  and  followed  its  migrations  from  the  distant  south  to  the  shores  of  the 
Georgian  Bay.  Possibly  in  the  remote  past,  the  northern  Indians  in  their  wander- 
ings from  southern  lands — for  their  colour  indicates  a  southern  origin— may  have 
brought  the  name  and  the  seeds  of  the  plant  with  them.  Among  the  Petuns,  as 
among  the  other  Huron-Iroquois  tribes,  tobacco  bore  a  sacred  character.  It  was 
used  in  their  ceremonial  rites  and  in  the  opening  of  treaties  among  themselves  or 
among  other  nations.  It  was  ceremonially  utilized  in  the  curing  of  certain  diseases ; 
it  was  smoked  to  propitiate  the  Manitous  or  Oki  haunting  dangerous  places ;  to  ward 
off  evil  and  invite  good  luck.  The  plant  when  gathered  by  the  Petuns  and  intended 
for  home  consumption  was  carefully  dried,  was  then  broken  into  small  pieces  or 
pulverized  and  preserved  in  deer  skin  pouches,  often  elaborately  brocaded  and 
ornamented. 

FLIGHT  OF  THE  TIONNONTATES. 

The  defeat  of  the  Hurons  by  the  Iroquois  and  the  indiscriminate  slaughter  of 
the  men,  women  and  children  of  their  own  town  Etharita  broke  the  courage  of  the 
Petuns.  For  the  next  fifty  years  their  history  is  a  pitiful  record  of  intense  suffer- 
ings, of  defeats,  of  famine  and  flight  from  pursuing  enemies.  The  reverses 


MtCILEOLOGIiOAL  liEPOET.  17 

sustained  by  the  tribe,  the  gloomy  forest  through  which  it  opened  a  path,  the  foe 
ever  doggedly  hanging  to  its  skirts,  and  the  hardships  that  became  a  part  of  its  very 
existence,  invest  its  exodus  with  melancholy  interest.  Joined  by  a  remnant  of 
Hurons,  who  had  fled  to  them  for  refuge,  the  Petuns  abandoned  their  country  and 
by  weary  wanderings  over  land  and  water  at  last  found  shelter  (1652)  at  Mackinaw, 
the  Michilimackinac  of  the  Algonquins.  The  \Iroquois  with  the  scent  ,and 
pertinacity  of  hounds  followed  them  and  forced  them  to  take  refuge  on  Noquet 
Island  near  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  where  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  established  among 
the  Potawatomi  the  mission  of  St.  Michael.  Their  stay  here  was  limited  to  a  few 
months.  By  the  "Journal  des  P.P.  Jesuits/'7  we  are  informed  that  in  1653  they 
were  with  the  Algonquins  and  wintered  at  Teaontorai,  an  Algonquin  village  seventy 
or  eighty  miles  south  of  Sault  Sainte  Marie.  Late  in  the  same  year  they  were 
joined  by  a  fugitive  band  of  Neutrals  and  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Ottawas,  the 
Cheveux  Releves — "Standing  Hairs" — of  Ohamplain's  time  who  were  driven 
north  by  the  Iroquois.  (Note  No.  1.)  In  1659  Kadisson,  trader  and  voyageur. 
tells  us  he  met  them  in  the  marsh  lands  near  the  source  of  the  Chippewa  River, 
Wisconsin,  and  that  they  were  miserably  poor.  (Note  No.  2.) 

With  the  Ottawas  the  Petuns  now  roamed  into  the  territory  of  the  Dacotahs; 
driven  from  here  after  a  stubborn  fight  they  retreated  to  the  head  waters  of  the 
Black  Kiver,  a  tributary  of  the  Mississippi.  Hearing  that  the  Jesuit  missionary. 
Father  Menard,  was  at  Keweenaw  Bay,  they  sent  messengers,  Juty,  1661,  imploring 
his  help  in  their  misery.  The  generous  priest  answered  their  appeal  and  perished 
of  hunger  in  the  forests  when  on  his  way  to  the  Black  River.  Leaving  the  Black 
River,  the  Petuns  and  Ottawas,  threatened  with  starvation,  finally  arrived  at 
Chegoimegon  (now  Bayfield,  Wis.)  where  the  Jesuit  priest  (Claude  Allouez  came 
to  their  assistance  and  gave  to  their  village  the  name  of  "  La  Pointe  du  Saint 
Esprit."  With  the  Ottawas  the  Petuns  now  organized  an  expedition  against  their 
neighbors,  the  Sioux  of  the  east.  Perrot  in  his  "  Memoire,"  p.  88,  tells  an 
extraordinary  story  of  the  capture  and  defeat  of  the  Petuns.  It  appears  that  the 
particular  abode  of  the  Sioux  was  surrounded  by  lakelets  and  marshes,  where  wild 
rice  grew  everywhere  four  or  five  feet  above  the  water.  On  one  of  the  islands  the 
Ottawas  and  Petuns  entrenched  themselves  and  prepared  an  attack  on  the  enemy. 

The  Sioux,  to  the  number  of  three  thousand,  surrounded  the  island.  Their 
numbers  overawed  the  one  hundred  Petun  and  Ottawa  warriors,  who  determined  to 
escape  in  the  darkness  of  the  night.  The  rice  fields  favored  their  flight,  but  the 
Sioux  anticipating  their  intent  stretched  nots  with  little  bells  attached  from  islet 
to  islet.  When  the  Petuns  and  Ottawas  began  to  make  their  escape  through  the 
rice  fields,  the  nets  held  them,  the  bells  rang  and  the  tomahawks  of  the  Sioux  did 
the  rest.  They  were  all  killed  or  captured;  one  man  only,  who  was  called  "The 
Frog  "  made  his  escape. 

Discontented  with  their  life  at  Chegoimegan  and  fearing  reprisals  on  the  part 
of  the  Sioux,  the  Petuns  or  Tionnontates,  as  they  were  now  called,  returned  to  the 
Island  of  Mackinaw. 

With  the  Ottawas  who  followed  them  to  Mackinaw  they  formed  an  alliance 
with  the  Potawatomies  and  the  Algonquin  tribes  of  Sauk  and.  Foxes  and  renewed 
their  war  on  the  Sioux.  After  a  disastrous  campaign  they  returned  to  Mackinaw 

NOTE  No.  1. — "The  Hurons  and  the  Ottawas  formed  an  alliance  with  one  another 
in  order  to  ODT>ose  with  one  accord  the  fury  of  the  Iroquois,  their  sworn  enemy." 
Hennepin-Louisiana,  p.  101. 

NOTE  No.  2. — "He  calls  them  by  their  tribal  name.  Kionontateronons  fQkhionon- 
tatehron.  RP!.  1635-1640)."  "Voyages,"  Pierre  Esprit  Kadison,  1652-84,  p.  147. 


Ib  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Island,  then  moved  to  the  mainland,  where  they  built  the  fort  and  village  from 
which  Marquette  and  Joliet  set  out  for  the  discovery  of  the  Mississippi,  May  17, 
1673.  From  the  year  1690  until  their  removal  to  Kansas  the  Petuns  or 
Tionnontates  became  known  in  documentary  history  as  Wyandots.  They  broke  up 
into  fragmentary  divisions  and  these  divisions  are  hard  to  follow.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  twenty-five  members,  the  Petuns  removed  from  Mackinaw  to  Detroit  in  1702 
on  the  invitation  of  De  Le  Mothe- Cadillac.  From  Detroit  a  band  of  them  crossed 
the  river  and  settled  at  Sandwich;  another  band  went  to  Sandusky  (1751)  where 
they  increased  in  numbers  and  according  to  Charlevoix,  became  the  leading  tribe  of 
the  Ohio  region,  and  the  privileged  fire  lighters  of  the  confederated  tribes.  Father 
Emanuel  Crespel,  who  was  Chaplain  to  De  Ligneris  at  Fort  Niagara,  tells  us  that 
in  1728  he  went  as  chaplain  with  four  hundred  soldiers  on  an  expedition  against 
the  Ottogamis  or  the  Renards  (Foxes)  and  that  the  French  soldiers  were  accom- 
panied by  Huron-Petuns,  Nipissings  and  Ottawas  to  the  number  of  eight  hundred. 
(P.  Manuel  Crespel  "Voyages"  p.  39,  Frankfort,  1742.) 

Many  of  the  Petun  warriors  from  the  Detroit  band  were  present  at  the  great 
treaty  of  1761,  when  Sir  William  Johnson  made  an  alliance  with  the  tribes  which 
turned  their  tomahawks  against  the  "  American  Rebels."  The  Sandusky-Petuns, 
who  formed  the  overwhelming  majority  of  the  tribe,  refused  to  enter  into  the 
alliance.  Many  of  the  Detroit  and  Sandwich  Petuns  became  incorporated  with  the 
Iroquois  and  lost  their  tribal  identity.  Tn  1842  all  the  Petnns  in  the  United  States 
territory  were  rounded  up  and  settled  on  a  reservation  in  the  State  of  Kansas. 

In  1892  they  were  removed  in  a  body  to  the  Indian  Reservation,  Oklahoma, 
U.S.,  where  they  now  remain,  numbering,  according  to  the  last  census,  three 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  souls.  In  all  their  wanderings  and  reverses  they  retained, 
and  still  retain,  their  tribal  identity  and  their  hereditary  Chief tancy. 

Briefly  then,  the  Petuns  flying  from  the  vengeance  of  the  Iroquois  sought  pro- 
tection from  the  Algonquins  of  Michilimackinac.  Driven  from  here  by  the 
Mohawks  and  the  Senecas  they  fled  to  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin;  from  here  they  went 
to  Teaontorai;  then  to  the  lands  around  Lake  Pepin,  intruding  on  the  Sioux 
hunting  grounds.  Driven  from  here  they  found  shelter  at  Chegoimegan,  Wis.  In 
time  the  main  body  returned  to  Mackinaw  and  a  band  of  them  sailed  to  Manitoulin 
Island,  rejoining  in  a  few  months  the  Mackinaw  party.  Leaving  Mackinaw  they 
descended  to  Detroit ;  then  they  are  found  in  scattered  bands  at  Niagara,  Sandwich 
and  other  places.  The  tribe  as  a  body  now  settled  at  Sandusky,  from  which  place 
they  were  removed  by  the  United  States  Government  to  the  Kansas  reservation  and 
finally  to  the  Indian  Territory,  now  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  where  with  the  rem- 
nants of  five  other  tribes  they  are  protected  and  partially  supported  by  the  United 
States  Indian  Department. 

NOTE. — Parkman   states   in   his   "Oregon   Trail,"   page   4,   that   he   met   a   party   of 
Wyandots,  when  on  his  way  to  Fort  Laramie  in  1846,  dressed  like  white  men. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


LACROSSE 


"BAGGATIWAY"    or  "  LE    JEU    DE    LA    CROSSE " 

Lacrosse,  now  a  favorite  game  among  the  athletes  of  many  countries,  and  long 
adopted  as  the  national  game  in  our  own  fair  'Canada  originated  with  the  aborigines 
of  North  America.  They  played  the  game  when  our  Druid  ancestors  at  Stonehenge 
on  Salisbury  Plains  were  performing  their  religious  rites  (serpent  worship)  in  their 
ancient  temple,  the  ruins  of  which  still  remain.  On  these  same  plains  our  Canadian 
soldiers  are  now  bivouacked. 

Nor  is  there  lacking  the  strong  probability  it  was  played  long  ago  in  Europe. 
For  Mahaify,  in  his  "Old  Greek  Education''  (p.  18),  has  recorded:  "As  if  to 
make  the  anticipations  of  our  games  more  curiously  complete,  there  is  cited  from 
the  history  of  Manuel,  by  the  Byzantine  Cinnamus  (A.D.  1200),  a  clear  description 
of  the  Canadian  lacrosse,  a  sort  of  hockey  played  with  rackets;  Certain  youths, 
divided  equally,  leave  in  a  level  place,  which  they  have  before  prepared  and  mea- 
sured, a  ball  made  of  leather,  about  the  size  of  an  apple,  and  rush  at  it,  as  if  it 
were  a  prize  lying  in  the  middle,  from  their  fixed  starting-point  (a  goal).  Each 
of  them  has  in  his  right  hand  a  racket  (  paftdov  ) ,  of  suitable  length,  ending  in 
a  sort  of  flat  bend,  a  middle  of  which  is  occupied  by  gut  strings  dried  by  seasoning, 
and  plaited  together  in  net  fashion.  Each  side  strives  to  be  the  first  to  bring  it  to 
the  opposite  end  of  the  ground  from  that  allotted  to  them.  Whenever  the  ball  is 
driven  by  the  pafidoi  (rackets)  to  the  end  of  the  ground,  it  counts  as  a  victory." 

He  adds  in  a  footnote:  "I  do  not  know  whether  so  late  an  authority  is  valid 
proof  for  the  early  Greek  origin  of  a  game.  Most  certainly  the  polo  played  at 
Constantinople  at  the  same  time  came  from  an  equestrian  people,  and  not  from  the 
Greeks." 

Nicolas  Perrot,  the  most  noted  of  the  Canadian  coureurs  de  7oois,  spent  most  of 
his  life  among  the  western  tribes.  In  1665  little  more  than  half  a  century  after  the 
founding  of  Quebec  we  find  him  living  among  the  Indians  and  in  his  Memoire 
written  some  time  later  he  gives  one  of  the  early  descriptions  of  this  game.  Lacrosse 
was  played  by  the  various  tribes  of  the  North  American  Continent  from  the  Atha- 
bascian  regions  of  the  North  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific ;  and  played  with  all  the  enthusiasm  and  "  Esprit  de  Coeur  " 
characteristic  of  the  pre-Columbian  races.  The  game  was  played  with  variously 
shaped  sticks — some  resembling  the  modern  tennis  racket,  others  with  a  long  handle 


20  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

curved  at  the  top  somewhat  resembling  the  modern  lacrosse  stick — others  were 
made  with  a  small  round  curve  at  the  end  of  the  stick.  All  these  were  laced  with 
deer  thongs  or  other  material  of  fibre. 

In  the  south  a  long  stick  was  doubled  upon  itself,  the  lower  part  being  laced 
like  our  ordinary  rackets.  The  conformation  of  these  crosse  sticks  varied  very 
much  amongst  the  numerous  tribes.  From  the  circular  racket  at  the  end  of  the 
stick  to  those  resembling  our  modern  lacrosse  sticks  we  find  every  variety. 

The  balls  used  varied  in  material.  The  commonest  was  >a  wood  knot,, 
covered  with  buckskin;  but  other  balls  were  made  of  burned  clay,  hair,  fibre,  bone 
or  stone,  and  covered  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  most  serviceable.  The  game  is  dis- 
tinctly a  man's  game,  as  opposed  to  shinny  and  double  ball  which  were  commonly 
played  by  the  women.  Among  the  Tionnontates,  however,  lacrosse  is  recorded  by 
the  Jesuit  Missionaries  as  being  played  as  a  remedy  for  sickness.  Lacrosse  was 
played  during  spring,  summer  and  fall :  and  usually  the  players  painted  and 
adorned  themselves  in  their  most  approved  style.  The  game  generally  began  in 
the  afternoon  and  was  usually  followed  by  a  dance  at  night  accompanied  by  a  feast. 

Previously  to  a  match  the  players  would  go  through  a  course  of  bathing, 
fasting,  and  emetics.  The  contending  parties  all  carried  some  charm  to  insure 
their  victory.  Shamans  were  hired  by  individual  players  to  exert  their  super- 
natural powers  not  only  for  themselves  but  also  on  behalf  of  their  side,  and  when  a 
noted  wizard  openly  espoused  the  cause  of  one  of  the  parties,  the  players  of  the 
other  side  felt  a  certain  extent  disheartened. 

Like  all  other  games  of  the  Indians,  lacrosse  was  to  the  spectators  a  favorite 
opportunity  for  betting,  and  many  would  wager  and  lose  all  their  possessions. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  though  the  game  of  lacrosse  may  have  been  modified  in 
historic  times,  it  still  remains  an  invention  of  our  aborigines  even  to  the  betting 
upon  the  game. 

Morgan  in  his  "  League  of  the  Iroquois  "  in  describing  this  ball  play  says : 
"'  This  game  reaches  back  to  a  remote  antiquity,  was  universal  among  the  red  races 
and  was  played  with  a  degree  of  zeal  and  enthusiasm  which  would  scarcely  be 
credited. 

Baron  La  Hontan  in  "New  Voyages  to  North  America"  (1703)  states:  "They 
have  a  third  play  with  a  ball  not  unlike  our  tennis,  but  the  balls  are  very  large,  and 
the  rackets  resemble  ours,  save  that  the  handle  is  at  least  three  feet  long.  The 
savages,  who  commonly  play  at  it  in  large  companies  of  three  or  four  hundred  at 
a  time,  fix  two  sticks  at  500  or  600  paces  distant  from  each  other.  They  divide 
into  two  equal  parties,  and  toss  up  the  ball  about  halfway  between  the  two  sticks. 
Each  party  endeavours  to  toss  the  ball  to  their  side;  some  run  to  the  ball,  and  the 
rest  keep  at  a  little  distance  on  both  sides  to  assist  on  all  quarters.  In  fine,  this 
game  is  so  violent  that  they  tear  their  skins  and  break  their  legs  very  often  in 
striving  to  raise  the  ball.  All  these  games  are  made  only  for  feasts  or  other 
trifling  entertainments;  for  'tis  to  be  observed  that  as  they  hate  money,  so  they 
never  put  it  in  the  balance,  and  one  may  say  interest  is  never  the  occasion  of 
debates  among  them." 

James  Adair  in  his  "History  of  the  American  Indians"  (1775)  describes 
ball  playing  as  their  chief  and  most  favorite  game ;  and  dt  is  such  severe  exercise, 
as  to  show  it  was1  originally  calculated  for  a  hardy  and  expert  race  of  people  like 
themselves,  and  the  ancient  Spartans.  The  ball  is  made  of  a  piece  of  scraped 
deer-skin,  moistened  and  stuffed  hard  with  deer's  hair,  and  strongly  sewed  with 
deer's  sinews.  The  ball-sticks  are  two  feet  long,  and  the  lower  end  somewhat 
resembling  the  palm  of  a  hand,  and  which  are  worked  with  deer-skin  thongs. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  21 

Between  these,  they  catch  the  ball  and  throw  it  a  great  distance,  when  not  pre- 
vented by  some  of  the  opposite  party,  who  try  to  intercept  them.  The  goal  is 
.about  500  yards  in  length;  at  each  end  of  it,  they  fix  two  long  bending  poles  into 
the  ground,  3  yards  apart  below,  but  slanting  a  considerable  way  outward.  The 
party  that  happens  to  throw  the  ball  over  these  counts  1 ;  but  if  it  be  thrown  under- 
neath, it  is  cast  back,  and  played  for  as  usual. 

Alexander  Henry  in  his  "  Travels  and  Adventures  in  Canada,  1809  "  stales 
that  "  Baggatiway,  called  by  the  Canadians  le  jeu  de  la  crosse,  was  played  with 
a  bat  and  ball.  The  bat  was  about  4  feet  in  length,  curved,  and  terminating  in  a 
sort  of  racket.  Two  posts  were  planted  in  the  ground  at  a  considerable  distance  from 
each  other,  as  a  mile  or  more.  Each  party  had  its  post,  and  the  game  consisted  in 
throwing  the  ball  up  to  the  post  of  the  adversary.  The  ball,  at  the  beginning,  is 
placed  in  the  middle  of  the  course,  and  each  party  endeavors  as  well  to  throw  the 
"ball  out  of  the  direction  of  its  own  post  as  into  that  of  the  adversary's."  Henry 
-also  describes  a  ball  game  played  by  the  Chippewa  and  Saukies  on  the  King's 
birthday  (June  4).  1763.  at  Fort  MichiHmack'inac,  through  which,  by  strategy, 
that  fort  was  taken. 

T.  G.  Kohl  in  his  "  Wanderings  Round  Lake  Superior "  gives  a  very  fine 
•description  of  the  game.  He  says :  "  Of  all  the  Indian  social  sports  the  finest  and 
.grandest  is  the  ball  play.  I  might  call  it  a  noble  game  and  I  am  surprised  how 
these  savages  attained  such  perfection  in  it.  Nowhere  in  the  world,  excepting, 
perhaps,  among  the  English  and  some  of  the  Italian  races,  is  the  graceful  and 
manly  game  of  *ball  played  so  passionately  and  on  so  large  a  scale.  They  often 
play  village  against  village,  or  tribe  against  tribe.  Hundreds  of  players  assemble, 
and  the  wares  and  goods  offered  as  prizes  often  reach  a  value  of  a  thousand  dollars 
or  more.  On  our  island  we  made  a  vain  attempt  to  get  up  a  game,  for  though  the 
chiefs  were  ready  enough,  and  all  were  cutting  their  raquets  and  balls  in  the  bushes, 
the  chief  American  authorities  forbade  this  innocent  amusement.  Hence,  on  this 
occasion,  I  was  only  enabled  to  inspect  the  instruments.  They  were  made  with 
great  care  and  well  adapted  for  the  purpose,  and  it  is  to  be  desired  that  the  Indians 
would  display  the  same  attention  to  more  dmporant  matters. 

"  The  raquets  are  2l/2  feet  in  length,  carved  very  gracefully  out  of  a  white 
tough  wood  (hickory)  and  provided  with  a  handle.  The  upper  end  is  formed 
into  a  ring,  4  or  5  inches  in  diameter,  worked  very  firmly  and  regularly,  and 
covered  by  a  network  of  leather  bands.  The  balls  are  made  of  white  willow,  and 
cut  perfectly  round  with  the  hand ;  crosses,  stars  and  circles  are  carved  upon  them. 
The  care  devoted  to  the  balls  is  sufficient  to  show  how  highly  they  estimate  the 
game.  The  French  call  it  *  jeu  de  crosse/  Great  ball  players,  who  can  send  the 
ball  so  high  that  it  is  out  of  sight,  attain  the  same  renown  among  the  Indians  as 
celebrated  runners,  hunters,  or  warriors." 

Charlevous  in  his  work  "  Journal  d'un  Voyage  dans  1'Amerique  Septentrion- 
nale,  Paris,  1744,"  says,  referring  to  lacrosse:  "It  is  played  with  a  ball,  and  with 
two  staffs  recurved  and  terminated  by  a  sort  of  rachet.  Two  posts  are  set  up, 
which  serve  as  bounds,  and  which  are  distant  from  each  other  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  players.  For  instance,  if  there  are  eighty  of  these,  there  will  be  a  half 
league  'between  the  posts.  The  players  are  divided  into  two  bands,  each  having  its 
own  posts;  and  it  is  a  question  of  driving  the  ball  as  far  as  the  post  of  the 
opposing  party  without  falling  upon  the  ground  or  being  touched  with  the  hand. 
If  either  of  these  happens  the  game  is  lost,  unless  he  who  has  committed  the 
mistake  repairs  it  by  driving  the  ball  with  one  stroke  to  the  bound,  which  is  often 
impossible.  These  savages  are  so  adroit  in  catching  the  ball  with  their  crosses- 
that  these  srames  sometimes  last  several  days  in  succession." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


AR-CILEOLOGIOAL  REPORT.  23 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Brown  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada  " 
most  tersely  describes  the  game  as  follows :  "  E-bes-qua-mo'gan,  or  game  of  ball, 
seems  to  have  been  the  most  popular  and  universal  of  the  outdoor  games,  and 
played  by  all  North  American  tribes.  Their  legends  are  more  or  less  indebted  to 
it.  Tradition  gives  it  a  prominent  place  in  their  wonderful  mythology.  The 
Aurora  Borealis  is  supposed  to  be  Wa-ba-banal  playing  ball.  Among  the  Wabanaki 
it  was  played  by  women  as  well  as  men,  but,  with  few  exceptions,  never  at  the 
same  time  and  place,  as  hunters  and  warriors  played  ball  to  gain  muscular  power, 
to  stimulate  their  prowess  and  to  augment  their  fleetness  of  foot. 

:'  The  players  formed  in  a  circle,  proportionate  to  the  number  engaged  in-  the 
game.  Each  held  a  stick  called  e-bes-qua-mo'gan-a-tok.  This  was  made  of  some 
flexible  wood,  about  3  feet  in  length,  crooked  to  three-fourths  of  a  circle  at  one  end, 
which  was  interwoven  with  stripes  of  hide  after  the  manner  of  snowrshoes.  One 
man  was  detached  to  stand  in  the  centre  and  on  his  throwing  into  the  air  a  chip, 
upon  which  he  had  spat,  each  one  would  cry,  Til  take  the  dry'  or  Til  take  the 
wet'  thus  forming  opposite  factions.  The  side  of  the  chip  which  fell  uppermost 
decided  which  party  should  commence  play.  The  ball  was  never  touched  with  the 
hand,  but  thrown  and  kept  in  motion  by  the  e-bes-qua-mo'gan-a-tok.  The  gaols 
were  two  rings  or  holes  dug  in  the  ground,  the  distance  of  the  circle  of  players 
apart.  The  game  consisted  of  getting  the  ball  into  opponent's  goal,  and  regard 
for  neither  life  nor  limb  was  allowed  to  stand  in  the  way  of  possible  success." 

Schoolcraft  states  that  "  the  game  usually  commences  by  one  of  the  old  men 
throwing  the  ball  In  the  air,  when  all  rush  forward  to  catch  it  in  their  ball-bats 
before  or  after  it  falls  to  the  ground."  He  states  also  that  the  ball  is  carved  from 
a  knot  of  wood,  or  made  of  baked  clay  covered  with  rawhide  of  the  deer.  The 
ball-bat  he  says  is  from  three  to  four  feet  long,  one  end  bent  up  in  a  circular  form 
of  about  four  inches  in  diameter  in  which  is  a  network  made  of  rawhide  or  sinews 
of  the  deer  or  buffalo.  He  says :  "  The  savages  have  several  kinds  of  games,  in 
which  they  take  delight.  They  are  naturally  so  addicted  to  these  that  they  will 
give  up  their  food  and  drink,  not  only  to  play  but  to  watch  the  game.  There  is 
among  them  a  certain  game,  called  crosse,  which  has  much  likeness  to  our  game  of 
lawn  tennis.  Their  custom  in  playing  it  is  to  oppose  tribe  to  tribe;  and  if  one  of 
these  is  more  numerous  than  the  other,  men  are  drawn  from  it  to  render  the  other 
equal  to  it  (in  strength).  You  will  see  them  all  equipped  with  the  crosse — which 
is  a  light  club,  having  at  one  end  a  broad  flat  part  that  is  netted  like  a  (tennis) 
racket;  the  ball  that  they  use  in  playing  is  of  wood,  and  shaped  very  nearly  like 
a  turkey's  egg.  Each,  party  has  its  leader,  who  makes  an  address,  announcing  to 
his  players  the  hour  that  has  been  appointed  for  beginning  the  games. 

"This  exercise  has  much  to  do  with  rendering  the  savages  agile,  and  ready  to 
ward  adroitly  any  blow  from  a  club  in  the  hands  of  an  enemy,  when  they  find  them- 
selves entangled  in  combat;  and  if  one  were  not  told  beforehand  that  they  were 
playing,  one  would  certainly  believe  that  they  were  fighting  together  in  the  open 
field." 

Long's  Voyages  and  Travels  amongst  the  North  American  Indians  during 
these  years  describes  the  game  as  it  appeared  to  him.  "  Pla.ying  at  ball,  which  is 
a  favorite  game,  is  very  fatiguing.  The  ball  is  about  the  size  of  a  cricket  ball, 
made  of  deer  skin,  and  stuffed  with  hair;  this  is  driven  forwards  and  backwards 
with  short  sticks,  about  two  feet  long,  and  broad  at  the  end  like  a  bat,  worked  like 
a  racket,  but  with  larger  interstices;  by  this  the  ball  is  impelled,  and  from  the 
elasticity  of  the  racket,  which  is  composed  of  deers'  sinews,  is  thrown  to  a  great 
distance;  the  game  is  played  by  two  parties,  and  the  contest  lies  in  intercepting 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


REPORT.  25 


each  other,  and  striking  the  ball  into  a  goal,  at  the  distance  of  about  four  hundred 
yards,  at  the  extremity  of  which  are  placed  two  high  poles,  about  the  width  of  a 
wicket  from  each  other;  the  victory  consists  in  driving  the  ball  between  the  poles. 
The  Indians  play  with  great  good  humor,  and  even  when  one  of  them  happens,  in 
the  heat  of  the  game,  to  strike  another  with  his  stick,  it  is  not  resented.  But  these 
accidents  are  cautiously  avoided,  as  the  violence  with  which  they  strike  has  been, 
known  to  break  an  arm  or  a  leg." 

Geo.  Copway  (Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh)  in  the  history  of  his  own  Nation,  the 
0  jib  ways,  gives  an  excellent  description  of  the  game.  "  One  of  the  most  popular 
games  is  that  of  ball-playing,  which  oftentimes  engages  an  entire  village.  Parties 
are  formed  of  from  ten  to  several  hundred.  Before  they  commence,  those  who  are 
to  take  a  part  in  the  play  must  provide  each  his  share  of  staking,  or  things  which 
are  set  apart;  and  one  leader  for  each  party.  Each  leader  then  appoints  one  of 
each  company  to  be  stake-holder. 

"Each  man  and  each  woman  (women  sometimes  engaged  in  the  sport)  is  armed 
with  a  stick,  one  end  of  which  bends  somewhat  like  a  small  hoop,  about  four  inches 
in  circumference,  to  which  is  attached  a  network  of  rawhide,  two  inches  deep,. 
just  large  enough  to  admit  the  ball  which  is  to  be  used  on  the  occasion.  Two 
poles  are  driven  in  the  ground  at  a  distance  of  four  hundred  paces  from  each  other, 
which  serves  as  goals  for  the  two  parties.  It  is  the  endeavor  of  each  to  take  the- 
ball  to  his  hole.  The  party  which  carries  the  ball  and  strikes  its  pole  wins  the 
game. 

"The  warriors,  very  scantily  attired,  young  and  brave,  fantastically  painted  — 
and  women,  decorated  with  feathers,  assemble  around  their  commanders,  who  are 
generally  men  swift  on  the  race.  They  are  to  take  the  ball  either  by  running  with 
it  or  throwing  it  in  the  air.  As  the  ball  falls  in  the  crowd  the  excitement  begins. 
The  clubs  swing  and  roll  from  side  to  side,  the  players  run  and  shout,  fall  upon  and 
tread  upon  each  other,  and  in  the  struggle  some  get  rather  rough  treatment. 

"When  the  ball  is  thrown  some  distance  on  each  side,  the  party  standing  near 
instantly  picks  it  up,  and  runs  at  full  speed  with  three  or  four  after  him  at  full 
speed.  The  others  send  their  shouts  of  encouragement  to  their  own  party.  'Ha! 
ha  !  yah  !'  '  A  ne-gook  I'  and  these  shouts  are  heard  even  from  the  distant  lodges,. 
for  children  and  all  are  deeply  interested  in  the  exciting  scene.  The  spoils  are  not 
all  on  which  their  interest  is  fixed,  but  it  is  directed  to  the  falling  and  rolling  of  the 
crowds  over  and  under  each  other.  The  loud  and  merry  shouts  of  the  spectators, 
who  crowd  the  doors  of  the  wigwams,  go  forth  in  one  continued  peal  and  testify  to 
their  happy  state  of  feeling. 

"The  players  are  clother  in  fur.  They  receive  blows  whose  marks  are  plainly 
visible  after  the  scuffle.  The  hands  and  feet  are  unincumbered  and  they  exercise 
them  to  the  extent  of  their  power;  and  with  such  dexterity  do  they  strike  the  ball 
that  it  is  sent  out  of  sight.  Another  strikes  it  on  its  descent,  and  for  ten  minutes 
at  a  time  the  play  is  so  adroitly  managed  that  the  ball  does  not  touch  the  ground. 

"No  one  is  heard  to  complain,  though  he  be  bruised  severely,  or  his  nose  come 
in  close  communion  with  a  club.  If  the  last  mentioned  catastrophe  befall  him,  he 
is  up  in  a  trice,  and  sends  his  laugh  forth  as  loud  as  the  rest  though  it  be  floated 
at  first  on  a  tide  of  blood. 

"It  is  very  seldom,  if  ever,  that  one  is  seen  to  be  angry  because  he  has  been  hurt. 
If  he  should  get  so,  they  would  call  him  a  '  coward,'  which  proves  a  sufficient  check 
to  many  evils  which  might  result  from  many  seemingly  intended  injuries." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPOBT. 


THE   PRE-CHRISTIAN   CROSS 

VERY  REV.  W.   R.  HARRIS,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

In  the  volume  embracing  the  papers  read  before  the  International  Congress  of 
Anthropology  (Philadelphia,  1893)  there  is  a  learned  disquisition  on  "  Various 
Supposed  relations  between  the  American  and  Asiatic  races/'  by  that  eminent 
anthropologist,  the  late  Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton.  After  reviewing  the  reckless  state- 
ments made  by  a  few  writers,  who  endeavoured  to  find  analogies  between  the 
Eskimoan  and  Ural-Altai  races  and  establish  an  Asiatic  origin  for  the  American 
Indian,  Dr.  Brinton  continues :  "  But  the  inner  stronghold  of  those  who  defended 
the  Asiatic  origin  of  Mexican  and  Central- American  Civilization  is,  I  am  well 
aware,  defended  by  no  such  feeble  outposts  as  these,  but  by  a  triple  line  of  entrench- 
ment, consisting  respectively  of  the  Mexican  calendar,  the  game  of  Patolli,  and  the 
presence  of  Asiatic  Jade  in  America.''  In  conclusion,  he  declares  that:  "Up  to  the 
present  time  there  has  not  been  shown  a  single  dialect,  not  an  art  or  an  institution, 
not  a  myth  or  a  religious  rite,  not  a  domesticated  plant  or  animal,  not  a  tool, 
weapon,  game,  or  symbol,  in  use  in  America  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  which 
had  been  imported  from  Asia,  or  from  any  other  continent  of  the  old  world." 

I  may  add  that  this  expression  of  Dr.  Brin ton's  belief  is  applauded  by  many 
eminent  American  Antiquaries,  who,  with  him,  have  now  abandoned  the  search  for 
Egyptian,  Babylonian,  or  Chinese  influences  underlying  the  ancient  civilization  of 
Central  and  South  America  as  profitless,  if  not  a  waste  of  time. 

But  is  not  Brinton's  creed  too  positive  and  dogmatic,  face  to  face  with  the 
bewildering  similarities  between  the  cultures  of  Asia  and  America?  The  great 
German,  Von  Humboldt,  tells  us  in  his  "  Voyages  aux  regions  Equinoxiales  du 
Nouveau  Continent"  that  he  found  among  the  tribes  of  the  Western  Continent 
things  and  ceremonies  similar  to  what  he  afterwards  saw  in  parts  of  Asia.  Pro- 
fessor Culin  in  his  paper  "  America  the  Cradle  of  Asia  "  writes :  "  We  find  in 
America  things  not  only  similar  to  those  of  Asia,  but  precisely  identical  with 
them."  He  instances  as  an  example  the  "Straw  Game  or  Indian  Cards"  played 
by  the  Hurons  and  among  tribes  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coast,  as  identical 
with  the  Japanese  Yeki  and  the  Chinese  Yi.  Towards  the  end  of  his  address  he 
makes  this  startling  statement:  "The  games  of  the  Eastern  Continent— and  I 
sneak  now  of  wTia.t  WP  know  of  the  remote  mst — are  not  onlv  similar  to.  but  nracti- 


ABOajBOLQGIOAL  BEPOBT.  27 

• 

cally  identical  with  those  of  America,  and  are  not  only  alike  in  externals,  but  in 
their  morphology  as  well/'* 

Tentatively  we  might  venture  to  explain  or  account  for  this  singular  identity 
by  assuming  that  it  was  simply  accidental,  but  this  assumption  can  have  no  stand- 
ing in  the  case  of  other  examples  cited  by  Alexander  Von  Humboldt  and  Professor 
Culin.  Take  for  example,  the  cross,  particularly  that  very  ancient  and  hieratic 
symbol  the  Grammata  Cross  commonly  known  as  the  Swastika,  the  mention  of 
which  is  so  strangely  omitted  or  forgotten  by  Brinton  and  Culin. 

The  symbol  which,  beyond  all  others,  goes  back  to  the  Deluge  and,  for  aught  we 
know  to  the  Garden  of  Eden,  is  the  cross.  Anthropologists  and  Archaeologists  in 
Europe  and  America  dwell  upon  its  sacredness  in  many  natural  religions  and  have 
invariably  assigned  to  it  a  very  great  antiquity.  Nearly  all  have  reverently 
admitted  its  origin  and  symbolic  meaning  as  a  great  mystery. 

In  our  study  of  the  sacred  symbol  we  will  go  back  to  the  death  of  Adam. 

THE  CROSS  OF  SETII,  Sox  OF  ADAM. 

Before  we  begin  the  study  of  the  mysterious  Swastika  and  the  singular  rites 
with  which  this  hieratic  symbol  was  intimately  associated  among  nearly  all  ancient 
nations  and  among  many  tribes  of  the  old  world  and  the  new,  let  us  deal  reverently 
with  the  Cross  of  the  Crucifixion,  its  origin  and  vicissitudes.  There  is  a  strange 
legend,  found  in  the  Sacred  Books  of  the  Copts,  originating  in  the  apocryphal  last 
Gospel  of  Nicodemus — a  ruler  in  Israel  who  visited  Jesus  when  darkness  shrouded 
Jerusalem.  The  legendary  narrative  informs  us  that  when  Adam  lay  sick  unto 
death,  his  son  Seth  appeared  at  the  entrance  to  the  Garden  of  Eden  and  begged  of 
the  Angel  with  the  flaming  sword  for  a  small  cruse  of  oil  from  the  Tree  of 
Mercy  that  he  might  anoint  the  eyes  of  his  dying  father.  By  the  side  of  the  Angel 
guarding  the  entrance  to  Paradise  stood  a  Spirit  of  radiant  beauty  who,  moved  by 
compassion  for  the  sorrowing  Seth,  went  to  the  Tree  of  Mercy  and  broke  off  a 
i^mall  branch  of  this  tree,  so  intimately  identified  with  Adam's  fall :  "  Your  father 
died  when  you  were  on  your  way  here,"  said  the  Spirit  to  Seth,  "  but  return  with 
this  branch  and  plant  it  at  your  father's  head,  and  say  to  Eve,  your  mother,  that 
when  this  branch  becomes  a  tree,  and  is  again  planted,  it  will  bear  one  very 
precious  fruit  and  that  when  that  fruit  is  taken  from  the  tree,  she  and  Adam  will 
enter  into  Paradise." 

Seth,  returned,  opened  his  father's  grave  and  at  the  head  of  Adam  planted  the 
branch.  In  time  it  grew  to  be  a  large  and  very  beautiful  tree  which  was  standing 
and  fair  to  look  upon  in  the  reign  of  the  great  King  Solomon.  When  Solomon 
was  laying  the  foundations  for  his  wonderful  Temple,  he  thought  of  the  beautiful 
tree,  and  wishing  to  preserve  its  wood  for  all  time,  ordered  it  to  be  cut  down  and 
sawed  into  beams  for  the  Holy  Building.  The  workmen  felled  the  "  Tree  of  Seth," 
but,  when  they  began  to  cut  out  the  beams,  their  saws  made  no  impression  on  it,  so, 
worn  out  by  repeated  trials,  they"  stealthily  carried  it  away  by  night  and  threw  it 
across  a  stream  where  it  was  used  as  a  bridge. 

As  the  Queen  of  Sheba  was  on  her  way  to  visit  Solomon  she  came  to  this  brook, 
but  when  she  was  about  to  step  upon  the  tree-bridge,  she  stopped,  drew  back,  and, 
moved  by  a  feeling  she  could  not  control,  fell  upon  her  knees  and  refused  to  cross 
the  bridge.  Then  when,  brought  by  another  road,  she  was  received  with  great 
honours  by  the  King  of  the  Jews,  a  divining  Spirit  entered  into  her  and  she 

*This  scholarly  address  was  published  in  Harper's  Monthly  Magazine,  March,  1903, 
•rn.  534-540. 


-28  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

prophesied  that  a  time  would  come  when  the  death  of  One  who  would  be  the  fruit 
of  the  bridge-tree  would  end  for  all  time  the  Empire  of  the  Jews. 

Solomon,  astonished  and  alarmed  by  her  prediction,  ordered  the  tree  to  be 
taken  away  and  buried  deep  in  the  earth. 

Many  years  after  the  death  of  King  Solomon,  when  the  Queen  of  iSheba  and 
the  tree  were  forgotten,  the  Jews  made,  over  the  ground  where  the  tree  was  buried, 
a  pond  for  washing  sheep,  called  afterwards  the  Probatica,  or  the  Pool  of  Bethsaida. 
At  once,  because  of  the  sacred  wood  this  pool  became  wonderful.  The  sick  and 
(hose  suffering  from  disease  bathed  in  the  water,  then  an  Angel  breathed  upon  the 
pool  and,  all  at  once  the  water  began  to  be  troubled,  and  the  first  person  who 
entered  into  it  after  the  Angel  had  passed  over,  received  renewed  health  because  of 
the  blessing  of  the  Angel  and  Seth's  tree  buried  beneath. 

Now  the  morning  before  Judas  betrayed  our  Saviour,  this  tree  of  Seth  rose  to 
the  surface  of  the  water  and  was  seen  floating  in  the  pool  by  a  man  named  Simon, 
a  Cyrenian.  This  Simon  lifted  up  the  tree  from  the  pool  and  sold  it  to  a 
carpenter  who,  the  next  day,  was  commanded  to  make  crosses  on  which  three 
malefactors  were,  that  afternoon,  to  be  crucified.  And  one  of  the  malefactors  was 
Jesus  of  Nazareth.  Now  from  the  tree  of  Seth  he  made  one  of  the  crosses,  and  this 
cross  was  the  one  that  our  Saviour,  assisted  bv  Simon  the  Cyrenian.  carried  from 
Pilate's  Court  to  Calvary  and  on.  which  He  was  crucified,  the  First  and  Only  Fruit 
it  ever  bore. 

THE  CROSS  OF  JESUS. 

We  now  reach  a  period  when  the  legendary  dissolves  into  the  historic  and  makes 
tradition.  After  the  crucifixion,  and  while  the  body  of  Christ  lay  in  the  tomb  of" 
Joseph  of  Arimathea  and  the  bodies  of  the  two  thieves  were  thrown  into  the 
Gehenna,  the  common  dumping  ground,  as  food  for  fire  or  carrion-birds,  the  three 
crosses  and  the  instruments  of  crucifixion — the  nails  and  ropes — were  buried  in 
conformity  with  a  long  established  custom  of  the  Jews. 

When  Constantine  the  Great  and  Maxentius  contended  for  the  Imperial 
Crown,  Constantine  worn  with  fatigue  entered  his  tent  one  afternoon  and  sought 
repose.  While  he  slept  he  dreamt  that  an  Angel  came  to  his  cot,  and,  placing  a 
hand  upon  his  head,  told  him  to  look  up.  Then  the  silken  covering  of  the  tent 
disappeared  and  the  Emperor  saw  a  great  and  luminous  cross  in  the  heavens  and, 
immediately  over  it,  in  large  letters  of  burnished  gold  was  the  inscription :  "By  this 
sign  thou  shalt  conquer."  Late  that  night  he  again  saw  in  a  dream  the  luminous 
cross  and  then  Christ  appeared  to  him  and  told  him  to  carry  a  figure  of  the  cross 
on  his  banner  and  standards. 

Constantine  summoned  his  captains  to  a  consultation  and  made  known  the 
vision.  The  pa,sran  Emperor  and  his  pagan  generals  agreed  that  the  dream  was  of 
happy  omen,  and  that  the  voice  of  the  Angel  and  the  apparition  of  the  mysterious 
Jew  meant  the  friendship  and  aid  of  a  strange  grod.  The  following  day,  on  the 
Imperial  Banner,  the  cross  was  blazoned  and  to  the  Imperial  Standard  was  given 
the  name  "Labarum — the  Gift  of  God."  When  Constantine  met  the  troops  of 
Maxentius  at  the  Milvan  Bridge  he  won  a  great  victory.  His  soldiers,  though 
nearly  all  pagans,  went  into  battle  carrying  the  monogram  of  Christ  on  their 
shields.  This  battle  which  was  fought  October  28,  312,  led  to  the  conversion  to 
Christianity  of  Constantine  and  his  mother,  and  to  the  downfall  of  Paganism  aa 
the  national  faith  of  Rome. 

After  defeating  Licinius  in  a  pitched  battle  on  the  plains  of  Italy,  Constantine 
returned  to  Rome  and  issued  his  famous  "  Edict  of  Tolerance."  proclaiming 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


TAU  CROSS. 

From  the  Tridentine  Missal. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


freedom  of  worship.  Hearing  that  it  was  the  custom  of  the  Jews  to  bury  the  wood 
on  which  the  condemned  were  crucified,  Constantine  asked  his  mother  Helena  to 
go  with  an  Imperial  retinue  to  Jerusalem  and  find,  if  possible,  the  cross  on  which 
Jesus  Christ  was  crucified.  Helena,  then  eighty  years  of  age,  went  to  Jerusalem 
and  began  her  search  for  the  true  cross.  While  excavating  at  "  Golgotha — the 
Place  of  Skulls" — the  diggers  came  upon  the  three  crosses,  but  the  title  board 
bearing  the  inscription  "  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews  "  was  lying  at  a 
distance  from  the  crosses  and  no  one  could  tell  to  which  one  of  the  three  it  belonged. 
Macarius,  a  Christian  Bishop,  who  was  standing  near,  caused  the  three  crosses  to 
be  carried,  one  after  the  other,  to  the  bedside  of  a  worthy  woman  who  was  at  the 


RUINS  OF  TEOTIHUACAN. 

point  of  death.  The  woman  by  the  advice  of  Macarius  placed  her  hand  on  each  of 
the  crosses,  and  when  she  touched  that  on  which  Christ  was  crucified,  she  was  im- 
mediately restored  to  health. 

After  a  time  Constantine  and  his  mother  erected  a  magnificent  Basilica  over 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Turks  in  the  13th  Century. 

This  then  is  the  tradition  handed  down  to  us  from  the  early  centuries.  It  may 
or  may  not  be  true. 

BIRTH  OF  THE  CROSS. 

Let  us  now,  before  we  deal  with  the  Swastika  and  the  commanding  symbolism 
of  the  cross  among  the  very  remote  nations  of  antiquity,  glance  at  the  position  the 
cross  fills  in  the  Bible,  and  possibly,  trace  the  origin  and  the  conspicuous  position 
it  occupies  in  the  iconography  (i.e.  images,  pictures,  etc.,  of  ancient  arts  and' 
religions)  of  the  early  races  in  the  old  world  and  in  the  new. 


ABCH^OLOGICAL  REPOKT.  31 

In  the  second  chapter  of  Genesis,  verse  10,  we  read :  "  And  a  river  went  out  of 
the  place  of  pleasure  to  water  Paradise,  which  from  thence  is  divided  into  four 
heads;"  which  means  that  the  river  with  its  tributaries  iiowed  towards  the  cardinal 
points,  or  east,  west,  north  and  south.  Here  we  have  the  cross.  From  the  time  of 
Adam,  who  lived  one  hundred  and  thirty  years,  the  tradition  of  the  locality  of 
paradise  and  its  four  rivers,  crossing  at  right  angles,  would  remain  in  the  memory 
of  his  scattered  descendants.  From  them  it  would  be  transmitted  to  their  success- 
ors, who,  forgetting  the  patriarchal  religion  of  Adam  and  inventing  new  forms  of 
worship,  would  yet  retain  the  traditions  of  Adamic  days  though  in  a  mutilated  and 
fragmentary  form. 

They  associated  the  rivers  with  fertility  and  abundance,  and,  as  they  now  had 
"  fashioned  gods  unto  themselves,"  they  quite  naturally  gave  to  the  god  of  fertility 
and  of  water  the  symbol  of  the  four  rivers  of  paradise.  In  the  twelfth  chapter  of 
Exodus  we  read:  "And  take  the  blood  (of  the  Jamb)  and  mark  the  upper  door 
posts  of  the  houses  and  the  lintels."  This  instruction  is  given  as  a  command  to 
Moses  by  an  Angel  with  the  voice  and  in  the  Name  of  God,  and  by  Moses  delivered 
to  the  Chosen  People  the  night  before  the  Angel  of  Death  strikes  the  first-born  "  in 
the  land  of  Egypt  both  of  man  and  beast."  St.  Jerome  in  his  dissertation  on  the 
97th  Psalm,  contends  that  the  mark  of  blood  on  the  door  posts  of  the  enslaved 
children  of  Israel  took  the  form  of  a  cross,  thusT?  the  Hebrew  Tau,  and  he  is 
probably  right,  for  as  the  lamb  symbolised  our  Saviour — the  Lamb  of  God — and  the 
blood,  His  blood,  it  was  fitting  that  the  cross  on  which  He  was  to  be  crucified  should 
appear  and  establish  the  symbolic  unity  of  the  Triune  God.* 

Once  more,  and  for  the  last  time  before  the  real  cross,  the  Cross  of  Jesus  Christ, 
is  raised  aloft  for  the  Redemption  of  the  human  race,  the  symbol  of  the  cross  con- 
fronts us  in  Holy  Writ.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  this  instance,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  redeemed  Israelites,  the  cross  is  intimately  associated  with  blood  and  mercy. 
This  is  what  we  read  in  the  ninth  Chapter  of  Ezekiel,  fourth  verse :  "  Go  through 
the  midst  of  the  City  (God  is  commanding  Hid  Destroying;  Angel)  through  the 
midst  of  Jerusalem  and  mark  Tau — T —  upon  the  foreheads  of  the  men  that  sigh 
and  mourn."  By  the  mark  of  the  cross  on  their  foreheads  the  Angel  knew  those 
who  suffered  and  passed  them  with  a  benediction. 

THE  CROSS  OF  TEOTIHUACAN. 

Twenty-seven  miles  south-east  from  the  City  of  Mexico,  on  the  way  fo  the  sea, 
are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  Toltec  city  covering  an  area  of  about  two  miles.  Very 

*0ur  .Saviour  was  crucified  on  a  Tau-T-Cross.  The  small  headpiece  bearing  the 
inscription,  "  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  King  of  the  Jews,"  was  nailed  to  the  transverse  beam 
of  the  Tau,  thus  forming  what  is  now  called  the  Latin  Cross,  thus  f .  Death  by  the 
cross  was  common  among  the  Syrians,  Egyptians,  Persians,  Greeks,  Romans  and  Jews. 
Pharaoh's  chief  baker  was  beheaded  and  his  body  fastened  to  a  cross  (Gen.  xl:  19). 
Haman  prepared  a  great  cross  on  which  to  hang  Mordecai  (Esth.  vii:  10).  The  Jews 
do  not  admit  that  they  crucified  living  men.  They  contend  that  they  first  put  them  to 
death,  and  then  fastened  them  to  the  cross  by  the  neck  or  the  hands.  But  though 
there  are  many  examples  of  men  thus  hung  on  the  cross  after  death,  there  are  indis- 
putable proofs  of  living  crucifixions  in  their  history.  The  worshippers  of  Baal-Peor 
(Numb,  xxv :  4)  and  the  King  of  Ai  (Josh,  vii:  22)  were  hung  on  the  cross  alive. 
Alexander  Jannaeus,  King  and  Hig!h  Priest  of  Jerusalem,  seventy  years  before  the 
Christian  Era,  crucified  eight  hundred  of  his  rebellious  subjects  at  a  great  entertain- 
ment organized  for  his  friends.  The  seven  sons  of  Saul  were  also  crucified,  while 
alive,  by  the  Gideonites,  and  this  was  done  by  permission  of  King  David  (2  Sam.  xx:  9). 
The  three  hundred  citizens  of  Tyre  crucified  on  the  seashore  by  order  of  Alexander 
the  Great  were  nailed  to  the  "Cross  Ansata  or  Phalloid."  The  Macedonian  general 
ordered  the  crucifixion  by  the  Phalloid  to  show  -his  contempt  for  a  people  who  were 
given  to  phallic  worship. 


AUCH/EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


near  these  ruins  is  the  quaint  village  or  mission  of  San  Juan  de  Teotihuacan  which, 
at  once,  offers  to  the  antiquary  two  of  the  most  remarkable  examples  of  Toltec 
remains  in  stone  yet  found  in  the  Kepublic  of  Mexico. 

When,  in  1519,  Cortes,  with  his  mailed  company  of  heroic  fighters,  on  his  way 
to  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  passed  this  heap  of  ruins,  more  than  one  thousand  years 
had  expired  since  the  foundations  of  the  ancient  city  were  laid. 

Around  the  walls  of  this  capital  of  a  very  old  and  half-civilized  empire  the  two 
oldest  civilizations  of  America,  the  Quiche  from  the  south  and  the  Nahoe  from  the 
north,  met  and  united.  Here  are  the  famous  and  very  curious  pyramids  of  the 
Sun  and  the  Moon.  They  rise  from  the  banks  of  the  little  river  of  Teotihuacan. 
Here  also  is  the  Street  of  the  Dead,  and  here—  cut  from  a  single  block  of  stone  —  was 
found,  not  long  ago,  the  cross  of  Teotihuacan,  now  in  the  National  Museum, 
Mexico  City.  We  will  return  to  it,  but  let  it  rest  for  the  present, 

UNIVERSALITY  OF  THE  CROSS  IN  ANCIENT  TIMES. 

In  Egypt,  in  the  days  of  the  Pharaohs,  the  cross  figured  on  the  gigantic  statute 
of  the  god  Serapis,  which,  three  centuries  before  the  Christian  Era,  was  transported 
by  order  of  Ptolemy  Soter  to  Sinape  on  the  southern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea.  Six 
centuries  after  the  death  of  Soter,  this  Egyptian  idol  with  its  cross  was  destroyed 
by  the  soldiers  of  the  Emperor  Tbeodosius,  against  the  pleadings  of  the  priests  of 
Isis  and  Sorosis  to  spare  the  cross,  the  emblem  of  their  god  and  of  generations  yet 
unborn. 

Among  the  Phoenicians,  the  Tyrians,  the  Carthagenians  and  Sidonians,  the 
cross  occupied  a  conspicuous  place  in  iconography,  that  is  in  their  ancient  religious 
art,  as  represented  by  symbols,  images  and  mural  sculpture. 

With  the  serpent  it  was  a  central  object  of  reverence  among  nearly  all  ancient 
races.  It  is  figured  on  the  Phoenician  coins  found  among  the  ruins  of  Trocadero. 
It  was  found,  wonderfully  sculptured  and  embellished,  in  the  sand-buried  Nineveh. 
Rollin,  in  his  history  of  ancient  peoples,  says  that  Alexander  the  Great,  when  he 
reduced,  and  entered  with  his  soldiers,  the  city  of  Tyre,  crucified  on  the  sea  shore 
three  hundred  of  its  noblest  citizens,  and  "  this  the  Macedonian  did,"  writes 
Plutarch,  "to  show  his  contempt  for  the  cross,  which  they  worshipped." 

The  Phoenician  "  Temple  of  Gigantica  "  was  built  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

In  India  it  was  the  symbol  of  Buddha  and  was  cut  by  the  Brahmins  into  the 
walls  of  the  Cave  of  Elephanta,  one  thousand  years  before  the  Redemption.  It  is 
seen  to-day  in  India  in  the  hands  of  the  statue  of  Siva,  Brahma  and  Vishnu. 
Among  the  Gauls,  in  Caesar's  time,  it  was  the  sign  of  their  water  god,  and  the 
Druids  used  it  in  their  religious  ceremonies. 

THE  (CROSS  IN  ANCIENT  AMERICA. 

When  the  Spanish  missionaries  learned,  soon  after  the  discovery  of  America, 
that  the  cross  was  worshipped  in  Mexico  and  Central  America  they  did  not  know 
whether  they  ought  to  account  for  its  existence  and  adoration  among  these  strange 
people  to  the  pious  zeal  of  St.  Thomas,  the  Apostle  of  the  Indies,  or  to  the  sac- 
religious  subtlety  of  Satan. 

Sahagun  in  his  "  Cronica  de  Neuva  Esoana  "  informs  us  that  the  cross  was  an 
object  of  worship  in  the  great  temple  of  Cosumel.  Yucatan.  He  writes:  "At  the 
foot  of  the  tower  of  the  temple,  there  was  an  enclosure  of  stone  work,  graceful  and 
turreted;  and  in  the  middle  was  a  cross  ten  palmos  high.  This  they  held  and 
adored  as  (the  symbol  of)  the  god  of  rain."  (Lib.  I.  C.  2.) 


u 

0) 

cr 

I 


AR'CH^OLOGIiCAL  REPORT.  33 

— ^ 

In  1878,  the  French  anthropologist  Desire  Charney  discovered  an  abandoned 
and  ruined  city  in  the  country  of  the  Lacandones,  Chiapas.  By  a  strange  coin- 
cidence Charney  met  here  the  English  explorer,  Mr.  Alfred  Maudsley  and  his 
companions.  This  newly  discovered  ruin  is  supposed  to  be  the  Phantom  City  of 
Stephens.  This  phantom  city,  according  to  Charney  in  his  "Ancient  Cities  of 
the  Xew  AYorld,"  (Chap.  22),  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Larganitos  River,  in  a 
region  hitherto  unexplored  between  Guatemala,  Quezaltenago  and  Chiapas. 

Among  the  strange  things  discovered  in  the  great  ruin,  Charney  tells  us  of  a 
bas-relief  which  he  describes  in  his  book,  and  from  which  we  quote :  "  J.t  fills  the 
central  door  of  the  temple  and  is  3ft.  6  in.  long  by  2  ft.  10  in.  wide.  Two  figures 
with  retreating  foreheads  form  the  main  subject,  having  the  usual  head-dress  of 
feathers,  cape,  collar,  medallion  and  maxtli.  The  taller  of  these  two  figures  holds 
in  each  hand  a  large  cross,  while  the  other  bears  but  one  in  his  right  hand. 
Rosettes  end  the  arms  of  the  crosses,  a  symbolic  bird  crowns  the  upper  portion, 
while  twenty-three  Katunes  are  scattered  about  the  bas-relief.  We  think  this  a 
symbolic  representation  of  Tlaloc,  the  Maya  god  of  rain,  whose  chief  attribute  was 
a  cross." 

Charney,  in  his  deeply  interesting  work,  presents  drawings  of  crosses  found  in 
the  pre-Toltec  city  of  Mitla,  Mexico,  at  Mayapan,  Yucatan,  and  indeed  of  crosses 
found  all  over  the  land  from  the  Southern  Guatemala  to  Northern  Mexico. 

Everywhere,  even  to-day,  may  be  seen  diversified  forms  of  the  cross,  more  or 
less  artistically  delineated  on  the  walls  of  the  temples,  on  ancient  buildings,  on 
galleries  and  natural  rocks,  in  caves  and  on  vases  and  pottery  dug  from  the  soil. 

In  the  pre-Columbian  city  of  Palenque,  Chiapas,  there  dominates  the  forest 
shrouded  ruins  a  remarkable  building,  known  to  American  antiquaries  as  the 
Temple  of  the  Cross.  This  structure  bears  a  striking  resemblance,  in  its  dilapida- 
tion, to  an  early  Italian  temple  and.  in  age,  probably  antedates  by  many  years  the 
Roman  Coliseum. 

The  floors  of  the  corridors  and  of  many  of  the  rooms  are  laid  in  cement  as  hard 
as  the  best  seen  in  the  remains  of  Roman  buildings.  The  walls  are  about  ten  feet 
high  and  some  carry  the  Greek  cross  +  while  others  bear  the  Hebrew  or  Egyptian 
T.  These  crosses  have  occasioned  much  learned  speculation. 

In  the  inner  sanctuary  of  this  temple  was  found  in  1783  a  wonderful  tablet  in 
stone,  now  in  the  National  Museum.  Mexico  City.  It  is  called  popularly  the 
"Palenque  Cross"  and,  archseologically,  "La  Cruz  Enrarnada  de  Palenque."  It  is 
eleven  feet  wide  by  six  feet  high.  It  deserves  to  be  examined  closely.  The  man 
standing  to  the  right  pf  the  cross  and  holding  aloft  a  newly  born  babe  is  the  god  of 
fecundity  returning  thanks  to  Yotan.  the  Jupiter  of  the  Mayas,  for  driving  from 
the  land  the  evil  spirit  of  sterilitv.  The  opposite  figure  represents  Hunaphue,  one 
of  the  gods,  who  serves  and  ministers  to  the  supreme  god  Votan.  On  his  scarf  is 
the  transverse  cross,  emblematic  of  fertility  among  the  Quiches,  the  Mayas,  and  of 
all  the  semi-civilized  or  civilized  races  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  Ions:  before 
the  coming  of  the  Spaniard.  It  was^  also,  amono-  the  Egyptians  the  symbol  of  the 
equinoxes  or  times  of  rain.  The  bird  perched  upon  the  cross  is  the  Cuevite  or 
ftoval  Quetzal,  sacred  to  the  sun.  The  hieroglyphics  on  the  left  of  the  tablet. 
among  them  the  Tau.  have  not  to  this  day  been  deciphered.  If  we  could  read  them 
they,  perhaps,  would  explain  the  full  meaning  of  the  representation  and  might 
furnish  a  clue  to  all  the  hieroglyphics  on  the  ancient  monuments  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America. 

This  tablet  of  the  cross,  with  its  mysterious  figures  and  symbolic  writing,  ha? 
led  to  more  learned  speculation  than  any  other  relic — the  "  Calendar  Stone  "  alone 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPOKT. 


excepted — found  in  the  vast  regions  of  Mexico  and  Yucatan.  The  French  military 
explorer,  Capt.  Dupaix  (1807)  and  his  commentators  believe  Palenque  belongs  to  a 
very  remote  antiquity  and  antedates  by  many  years  the  Christian  Era.  He 
accounts  for  the  appearance  of  the  cross  among  these  ancient  Americans  on  the 


STATUE  OF  HUNAPHUE.     PALENQUE. 

assumption  that  it  was  known  and  had  a  symbolic  meaning  among  pre-Christian 
nations  long  before  it  was  established  as  the  emblem  of  Christianity. 

Desire  Charney  mentions  another  tablet  of  the  cross  found  also  at  Palenque, 
one  panel  of  which  is  now  in  the  Smithonian  Institute,  Washington. 

The  English  archaeologist,  Alfred  Maudsley,  who,  in  1879,  explored  the  ruins 
of  Palenque,  agrees  with  iCharney  when  he  states :  "  That  it  was  a  cherished  symbol 
among  nearly  all  ancient  races  in  Asia  and  America  thousands  of  years  before  it 
was  accepted  as  the  symbol  of  the  Christian  Faith  at  the  time  of  Constantine." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  35 

Conceding*  his  contention  to  be  true,  we  are  then  brought  face  to  face  with  a  problem 
of  serious  import,  and  that  is:  What  did  the  cross  stand  for,  or  what  did  it 
symbolize  to  those  ancient  peoples  and  those  lost  civilizations? 

Without,  in  any  way,  compromising  my  independence  of  thought,  or  iden- 
tifying myself  with  any  party,  I  am  free  to  state  what,  in  my  opinion,  the  pre- 
Columbian  cross  in  America  symbolized  in  the  religious  lives  of  the  Mexicans  and 
Mayas.  From  the  dim  traditions  which  yet  linger  among  the  tribes  of  Central 
America,  from  the  civilized  Indians,  and  from  conversations  held  with  the  priests 
ministering  to  these  Indians,  I  am  satisfied  that  the  cross  was  the  symbol  of  the 
god  of  rain,  of  water,  and  fertility.  I  refer  now  to  what  we  call  the  Greek  cross  -\- 
and  not  to  the  Swastika  with  which  I  will  presently  deal.  The  Mexican  astron- 
omer, Pelagio  Gama,  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  "  Cross  of  Teotihuacan  "  served  for 
an  astronomical  expression  of  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinoxes  when  days  and 
nights  are  of  the  same  length;  the  times,  March  21st  and  September  22,  when  the 
sun  in  its  revolution  stops  for  a  moment,  crossing  the  Equator. 


RUNIC  STONE.     ZEELAND. 
Pre-Christian. 

It  was  to  the  cross  that  the  dwellers  on  the  Aztec  Plateau  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  Cholula  to  invoke  the  help  of  Quetzalcoatl,  god  of  the  winds,  and  offer  sacrifices 
to  him  that  he  might  send  down  rain  upon  their  parched  lands. 

At  the  foot  of  the  cross  the  people  of  Oaxaca  offered  their  supplications  to 
Votan,  "Heart  of  the  Heavenly  Kingdom/'  when  their  lands  were  parched  with 
prolonged  droughts,  and  it  was  before  the  "  Cross  of  Cozumel "  the  Mayas  and 
Quiches  stood  when  they  petitioned  their  god  Chuchulcan  to  send  them  rain  and 
save  their  crops  from  the  locusts  and  the  hot  winds.  The  temple  of  the  cross  on 
the  Island  of  Cozumel  off  the  coast  of  Yucatan  was  frequented,  at  times,  by  such 
multitudes  from  Tabasco,  Chiapas,  Honduras  and  Yucatan  that  paved  roads 
were  constructed  from  the  distant  towns  to  the  shore  where  embarkation  was  made 
for  Cozumel.  (Cogolludo,  "  Hist,  de  Yucatan/7  Book  IV.  C.  9.) 

It  is  a  singular  and  striking  analogy,  that  among  the  Egyptians  in  the  time 
of  Moses,  the  cross  was  also  the  symbol  of  rain  and  fertility.  Placed  in  the  hand 
of  Osiris,  it  was  the  emblem  of  spring,  and  in  the  hand  of  Isis  it  represented  autumn 
and  the  inundation  of  the  Nile.  In  Yucatan  the  crosses  in  the  temples  of  Xachan, 
the  god  of  dews,  and  4he  Tans— T  discovered  in  the  ruins  of  Chi-Chin-Itza  symbol- 
ized the  overflow  of  the  waters  of  the  ITzumacinta  and  Tabasco  Rivers  on  the 


ARCH^OLOGICAL  REPORT. 


bordering  lands.  As  the  inundation  of  the  Egyptian  Nile  is  periodic  and  caused 
by  the  great  rains  falling  on  the  mountains  of  Ethiopia,  so  the  overflow  of  the  two 
rivers  of  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  results  from  the  rains  which  fall  on  the  distant 
mountains  of  Cachumatanes. 

THE  SWASTIKA  CEOSS. 

I  was  in  Tucson,  Southern  Arizona,  fourteen  years  ago,  when  a  jeweler  showed 
me  a  strangely  designed  scarf-pin  he  had  made  to  the  order  of  a  lady,  a  guest  at 
.the  Santa  Rita  Hotel.  It  was  fashioned  in  gold  and  the  design  was  peculiar  and 


THE  SWASTIKA  CROSS. 
On  Navaho  Altar   Floor. 

unique.  The  jeweler  asked  me  if  I  had  anywhere  seen  anything  like  it  and,  if  so, 
by  what  name  was  it  known?  I  answered  that  I  had  seen  the  design  painted  on 
Xavajoe  blankets  and  on  Zuni  and  Papago  ceremonial  articles  on  exhibition  in  the 
anthropological  department  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago.  I  could 
not  tell  him  the  name  of  the  symbol  or  what  it  stood  for.  So  far  as  I  know,  this 
strangely  fashioned  gold  pin  was  the  first  of  its  kind  made  in  the  United  States  and 
with  it  began  the  remarkable  vogue  which  made  the  uncanny  design  a  popular 
ornament  as  a  belt  buckle,  brooch,  scarf  and  hat  pin. 

The  jewelers  and  curio  dealers  will  tell  you  now  that  this  weird  design  with 
each  of  its  four  arms  bent  to  a  right  angle  is  called  the  "  Swastika  "  and  that  it  is 
an  Indian  amulet  conferring  good  luck  and  prosperity  on  the  wearer.  The  Tucson 


AliOELEOLOGIOAL  REPOHT.  37 

jeweler,  had  he  known  of  the  wonderful  properties  of  the  thing  he  had  just  finished, 
might  have  sold  a  gross  of  the  enchanted  pins,  in  a  few  weeks,  to  the  citizens  of 
Arizona  and  to  tourists  from  the  east. 

This  mysterious  symbol,  wherever  found,  in  Europe,  Asia,  Northern  Africa, 
or  America,  marks  the  migration  of  a  great  and  numerous  race  of  a  common  origin 
or  of  common  religious  affiliations.  It  was  the  symbol  of  the  water  god  of  the 
Gauls  and  is  known  to  French  and  German  anthropologists  as  the  Gramponne. 
Among  the  Scandinavians  it  was  the  u  Hammer  of  Thor  "  their  war  god.  It  was 
cut  into  the  temple  stones  dug  by  Schlieman  from  the  ruins  of  Troy,  and  burned 
into  the  terra-cotta  urns  found  by  Desire  Charney  in  the  pre-Toltec  city  of 
Teotihucan,  Mexico.  It  was  an  iconism  of  the  ancient  Phoenicians  and  was  carved 
on  the  walls  of  the  inner  sanctuary  of  the  Temple  of  Gigantea.  It  was  chiseled 
thousands  of  years  before  the  Redemption,  by  the  Brahmins  on  the  sacrificial  stones 
in  the  Cave  of  Elephanta,  India. 

It  is  the  "  Hylfol "  cross  of  Buddha  and  is  seen  to-day  on  the  breast  of 
Buddha,  in  'China;  and  many  of  the  ancient  temples  of  India,  Burmah,  Cambodia, 
Java,  and  Cored  show  a  high  development  of  the  Swastika  in  ornamental 
embellishment.  Bishop  Hanlon,  Vicar-Apostolic  of  the  Upper  Nile,  says:  (I.  C. 
Missions,  Oct.,  1894)  that  it  is  a  symbol  of  worship  among  the  Ladacks,  a 
Buddhist  community,  living  in  Gebel-Silsili  and  in  the  land  of  Edfou,  Egypt. 

When  we  search  for  it  in  Europe  and  America  we  are  surprised  to  learn  that 
'Cedric  the  Gaul  carries  it  on  the  sail  of  his  ship  when  lie  enters  the  port  of  Bally, 
Isle  of  Man,  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  before  the  Christian  Era.  It  was 
venerated  by  the  pagan  Icelanders,  as  a  magic  sign  of  the  god  of  the  winds  and  by 
the  Celtic  Druids  in  their  forest  rites  in  the  oak  groves  of  Ireland  and  Scotland. 

In  a  foot  note  to  the  Sagas,  first  edition  of  Longfellow's  Poems,  we  are  told 
that  the  Hammer  of  Thor,  the  Scandinavian  god,  who  gave  his  name  to  Thursday, 
was  shaped  like  a  Swastika.  It  was  with  this  mighty  hammer  Thor  crushed  the 
head  of  the  Midgard  serpent  and  destroyed  the  giants.  Longfellow,  after  record- 
ing the  conversion  to  Christianity  of  King  Olaf  tells  us  in  charming  verse  how  the 
King  kept  Christmas  or  Yule-tide  at  Drontheim: 

O'er  his  drinking  horn,  the  sign 
He  made  of  the  Cross  Divine, 
As  he  drank  and  muttered  his  prayers; 
But  the  Berserks  evermore 
Made  the  sign  of  the  Hammer  Thor 
Over  theirs 

Long  after  the  conversion  to  Christianity  of  the  Norsemen  the  Swastika 
hammer  of  Thor  was  retained  in  festal  ceremonies  and  was  often  introduced  into 
ecclesiastical  decorations. 

The  eminent  Egyptologist.  Prof.  Edouard  Naville,  when  excavating  (1912)  in 
Abydos,  the  modern  Arabat,  Upper  Egypt,  tells  us  he  found  the  Swastika  on  the 
tomb  of  Osiris  and  among  the  inscriptions  and  designs  on  tablets  buried  for  five 
thousand  years  in  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt.* 

Professor  Petrie  says  it  is  on  the  pictorial  representation  of  the  "Judgment 
of  Death,"  done  sometime  after  Menes,  the  first  of  the  Pharaohs,  became  the  god 
Osiris. 

Among  the  wonderful  articles — oaintings,  statuary  and  unfamiliar  objects — on 
exhibition  in  the  Boston  Museum  there  is  a  large  painting  on  silk.  This  is  the 

*Eneyclop.  Met.  Article,  Egypt. 


38 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BEPOE.T. 


"  Fugie  "  which  six  hundred  years  ago  hung  in  a  Temple  of  Buddha,  Japan.  It 
pictures  Buddha  seated  on  a  throne  of  ivory  and  gold,  surrounded  by  winged 
spirits  and,  higher  up  in  the  painting,  two  minor  divinities.  Between  these  two 
divinities  in  the  centre  of  a  golden  ring  is  a  brilliant  Swastika  resting  on  a  cushion 
of  silk.  It  is  sacred  to  Buddha  and  is  one  of  the  marks  by  which  his  worshippers 
will  know  him,  when  he  returns  to  earth. 

In  the  woven  fabrics  found  in  Swiss  Lake  dwellings  of  Neolithic  man,  in 
Scandinavia  and  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Europe,  we  find  this  strange  emblem.  It  is 
cut  into  the  old  Devonshire  stones,  a  good  specimen  of  which  is  in  the  Museum  of 
Torquay,  England.  It  was  a  sacred  sign  among  the  British  Druids  and,  strangest 
of  all,  among  the  Nilotic  negroes,  it  is  to-day  found  shaven  upon  the  heads  of 
locally  famous  warriors.* 


THE  CROSS  OF  CEDRIC  THE  GAUL. 

Turning  now  to  ancient  America  and  looking  over  the  known  pre-Columbian 
world  we  see  the  Swastika  on  monuments,  sacrificial  altars  and  on  small  and  com- 
paratively insignificant  articles  of  pottery  and  moulded  ware. 

M.  Desire  Charney  as  late  as  1869,  in  his  expedition  to  Mexico  and  Yucatan, 
dug  up  the,  no\v  well  known,  "Cross  of  Teotihuacan,"  which  had  been  fashioned 
and  set  up  in  the  once  populous  city  by  the  Toltecs  in  honour  of  Tlaloc,  their  god 
of  rain  and  fertility.f  Dr.  Hamy,  who  read  a  paper  before  the  Academic  des 
Sciences,  Nov.  1882,  supports  M.  Charney  in  his  contention  that  the  cross  every- 
where in  America  symbolized  water  and  fertility.  Of  the  time  when  this  cross  was 
raised  in  Teotihuacan  we  may  only  conjecture. 

The  Mexico-Spanish  historian'  Torquemada  writes  (Tome  2,  Lib.  Cap.  23  of 
his  History)^  that  Tlaloc  was  the  oldest  of  the  Toltec  gods.  Certainly  Tula  and 
Teotihuacan  seem  to  have  been  nearly  coeval.  Tula,  according  to  the  native 
historian  Ixtlilxochite,  was  founded  A.D.  556;  Clavigero  has  it  A.D.  667,  while 
Vetia  makes  it  as  late  as  A.D.  713.  Even  if  we  accept  Vetia's  date  the  cross  is 
very  old.  At  the  base  of  this  cross  when  found  was  a  Swastika  boldly  sculptured 
and  dedicated  to  Tezcatlipoca,  the  god  of  the  winds. 

*"  Uganda,"  Sir  H.  Johnston,  Pig.  143. 

t"  Cites  et  Ruines  Americaines,"  p.  48  et  seq. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


39 


STATUE  OF  BUDDHA,  COLOSSAL  FIGURE  FROM  CHINA. 


40  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


In  the  last  edition  of  the  Encyc.  Americana,  we  read  that  the  Swastika  has 
been  exhumed  from  burial  mounds  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

Baron  von  Humboldt  in  his  "  Voyages  aux  Regions  Equinoxiales  du  Xouveau 
Continent"  (Hauff,  1859,  p.  93)  tells  us  it  was  a  conspicuous  ornament  on  the 
tombs  of  the  Incas  of  Peru. 

Professor  Herbert  J.  Spiriden  in  his  "  Study  of  Maya  Art"  (Cambridge  Press, 
1913)  assures  us  that  everywhere  in  Yucatan  and  Central  America  the  Swastika 
is  found  on  the  ancient  buildings.  It  fills  a  conspicuous  place  in  America  to-day 
in  the  religious  rites  of  the  Navajoes,  the  Zuni  and  Papago  Indians  in  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  The  sacred  totem  of  the  Crow  Indians,  both  Mountain  and  River 
men,  is  the  Swastika  placed  above  two  circles  with  another  Swastika  on  a  disk  in 
the  centre  of  a  circle.  ("Signs  and  Symbols  of  Primordial  Man,"  Churchward, 
1910.) 


TERRA  COTTA  URN. 
Pre-Christian  Sweden. 

The  elaboration  of  this  cross  in  ancient  religious  and  ceremonial  rites  leading 
to  identities  in  strange  and  mysterious  features,  has  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
singular  phenomena  of  native  culture  in  the  New  World  and  indeed  in  the  Old. 
Nor  has  anyone  been  able  to  account  for  the  perpetuity  and  universality  of  this 
obscure  figure. 

Professor  Black  and  John  Fiske,  late  of  Harvard,  say  it  is  of  Phallic  origin, 
but  it  bears  no  resemblance  to  the  "  Crux  Ansata,"  the  true  Phallic  icon,  resting  in 
the  hand  of  Serapis  at  Sinape  and  destroyed  by  the  soldiers  of  Theodosius.  John 
Fiske  and  Prof.  Black,  when  giving  a  Phallic  origin  to  the  Swastika,  forget  that 
nowhere  in  America  has  anything  been  found,  or  any  tradition  been  handed  down, 
indicating  the  existence,  in  the  remote  past  of  the  people,  of  Phallic  worship. 

i 
SYMBOLISM  OF  THE  SWASTIKA. 

Among  the  ancient  races  of  the  Old  Continents  and  among  the  pre-historic 
Southern  Indians  of  North  America,  and  among  the  early  Peruvians,  the  Swastika 
was  the  emblem  of  the  sun  and  of  the  winds  which  blew  from  the  four  cardinal 
points. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


41 


Mether  Cup. 

NOTE. — Mether  Cups  were  in  common  use  among  the  early  Celts  in  Ireland  and 
Scotland.  The  ordinary  drinking-vessel  was  a  mether  (so  called  from  mead  or  meth, 
a  fermented  liquor  of  honey  and  water),  made  of  wood  and,  at  meals  or  drinking-bouts, 
passed  from  hand  to  hand,  each  giving  it  to  his  neighbour  after  taking  a  drink.  Many 
of  these  ancient  methers  are  preserved  in  public  museums  and  in  private  collections. 
The  sicastika  and  the  Latin  cross  are  carved  side  by  side  on  a  few  of  the  cups.  They 
are  found  in  deep  bogs  and  in  remote  mountain  wilds  of  Scotland  and  Ireland  and  are 
now  becoming  very  rare.  Their  antiquity  is  very  great,  and  when  found  are  gener- 
ally blackened  with  age,  resembling  bog  oak.  The  photo  reproduction  is  from  a  cup 
now  in  possession  of  Dr.  Charles  O'Reilly,  "  Ballinlough  Lodge,"  St.  Glair  Avenue, 
Toronto.  It  is  an  exact  duplicate  of  the  cup  now  preserved  in  Ballinlough  Castle,  County 
Meath,  the  homestead  of  the  O'Reillys  of  Brefney.  The  original  cup  has  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  O'Reillys  since  the  time  (1596)  when  the  Irish  chief,  Mailmora  the 
"  Handsome,"  better  known  in  Irish  history  as  Myles  O'Reilly — "  The  Slasher,"  fell  at 
the  Battle  of  the  Yellow  Ford  defending  the  Bridge  of  Finea  against  the  invaders  of  his 
country.  As  the  cup  carries  the  pagan  Swastika  and  the  Christian  Cross  it  probably 
belongs  to  the  fourth  century,  when  the  Irish  Celts  were  passing  from  Druidism  to 
Christianity. 


42  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  BEPOJiT. 

The  god  of  the  winds  was  the  first  offspring  of  the  sun  who  was,  at  his  rising 
in  the  east,  saluted  with  the  "  Blazing  Torch."  When  the  Shaman  after  saluting 
the  sun,  turned  to  the  four  points  from  which  came  the  winds  he  formed  a  cross  and 
the  blaze  blown  by  the  winds  fell  away  from  the  torch  and  formed  the  right  angles 
which,  in  time,  suggested  the  Swastika.  Let  me  illustrate  my  meaning.  In  the 
Tenth  Letter  of  Father  De  Smets,  "Life  and  Travels  among  the  North  American 
Indians,"  edited  by  Major  Chittenden  (Funk,  Wagnalls,  X.Y.),  there  is  an  inter- 
esting account  of  the  customs,  religious  rites  and  habits  of  the  Assiniboins. 

The  great  missionary  was  a  privileged  guest  when  the  salutation  to  the  Sun 
and  the  Four  Winds  and  Water  occurred  among  the  Assiniboins.  He  writes: 
"  Sometimes  three  or  four  hundred  lodges  of  families  assemble  in  one  locality. 
One  sole  individual  is  named  the  High  Priest  and  directs  all  the  ceremonies  of 
the  Festival  .  .  .  After  these  preliminaries  the  ceremony  begins  with  an 
address  and  a  prayer  to  the  Great  Spirit.  He  implores  Him  to  accept  their  gifts, 
to  take  pity  on  them,  to  save  them  from  accidents  and  misfortunes  of  all  kinds. 
Then  the  Priest  holds  aloft  the  smoking  Calumet  to  the  Great  Spirit,  then  to  the 
Sun,  to  each  of  the  Four  Cardinal  Points  and  at  each  time  to  the  Earth/"'1 

Writing  of  the  Cheyennes,  Colonel  Henry  Tnman.  one  time  scout  and  trailer 
with  General  Crooke,  informed  us  that  this  formidable  tribe  had  no  religion :  "if, 
indeed,  we  except  the  respect  paid  to  the  pipe.  In  offering  the  pipe  to  the  sun,  the 
earth  and  the  winds,  the  motion  made  in  so  doing  by  them  describes  the  form  of  a 
cross;  in  blowing  the  first  four  whiffs,  the  smoke  is  invariably  sent  in  the  same  four 
directions."! 

Here  then  we  have  the  rectangular  cross,  coming  down  through  the  ages  from 
the  time  when,  in  the  Garden  of  Eden,  the  rivers  crossed  and  made  Eden  a 
Paradise  of  fertility,  and  the  Swastika  of  Yedaic  India  retaining  the  basic  cross 
but  altered  by  the  dip  of  the  torch  in  the  hand  of  the  priest,  or  by  the  blowing  of 
the  flame  by  the  four  winds  which  the  Swastika  symbolised. 

THE  CROSS  TX  THE  DESERT. 

When  travelling  in  lower  California  a  few  years  ago,  I  began  on  a  beautiful 
morning  the  ascent  of  the  mount  overlooking  the  little  Indian  Village  of  San 
Hilario.  As  I  advanced  I  looked  up  and  saw  something  raise  itself  above  me  like 
a  thing  alive.  It  was  a  giant  Suahara,  a  candelabrum  cactus,  and  near  it  a  yucca 
tree,  whose  cream-like  blossoms,  trembling  in  the  glorious  sunlight,  seemed 
strangely  out  of  place  in  such  forbidding  surroundings.  Higher  up  and  to  my 
left  as  I  ascended  I  came  to  a  rough  and  weather-worn  cross  standing  in  isolation 
by  the  lonely  path.  It  marked  the  suot  where  five  years  before,  an  Indian  wood- 
gatherer  was  slain  and  his  body  mutilated.  On  my  return  to  the  squalid  village 
I  learned  that  it  was  a  custom  among  the  Cochimis — Digger  Indians — to  raise  a 
cross  over  a  lonely  grave  or  mark  the  place  where  a  murder  had  been  committed. 
The  Padres — the  missionary  fathers — are  gone  and  the  chapels  they  built  in  the 

*The  Cross  and  the  Swastika  in  America,  particularly  in  Yucatan  and  Mexico,  are 
frequently  mentioned  by  the  early  writers,  such  as:  Garcia,  "  De  Los  Indies,"  Book  3, 
Chap.  VI,  p.  10$;  Sahagun,  "Hist,  de  la  Neuva  Espana,"  Book  1,  Chap.  II;  Ixtlilexochtl, 
"Hist  des  iChichimeques,"  p.  5;  Cogolludo,  "Hist,  de  Yucatan,"  Book  4,  Chap.  IX; 
Sotomayor.  "  Hist,  de  el  Itza  y  de  el  Lacandon,"  'Book  3,  Chap.  8.  In  truth,  if  all  refer- 
ences to  the  Cross  were  collected  from  the  books  and  pamphlets  left  by  the  Mexic- 
Spanish  writers  of  the  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries,  and  bound  together,  they 
would  makfc  a  large  volume. 

tThe  old  Sante  Fe  Trail,  p.  244. 


AliCH^OLOGlCAL  RE-POET.  43 

wilderness  are  now  melancholy  ruins,  but  the  wandering  savage  in  the  desert  or  on 
the  mountain  yet  retains  the  tradition  of  the  sanctity  of  the  cross.  The  fire  the 
Franciscan  Fathers  kindled.,  yet  lives,  and  in  every  scattered  encampment  of  the 
Digger  Indians,  and  in  every  half-breed  Xacal,  a  wooden  or  grass-woven  cross 
reminds  the  Peninsular  Indians  of  the  Story  of  the  Cross  told  to  their  dead  sires 
by  the  Spanish  missionaries,  and  "So  it  is/7  writes  Henry  C.  Van  Dyke,  "the 
untutored  dwellers  of  the  desert  have  cherished  what  the  inhabitants  of  the  cities 
and  the  fertile  plains  have  thrown  away."  Borrowing  the  language  of  the  poet  we 
may  also  say: 

"  This  is  all 

The  gain  we  reap  from  all  the  wisdom  sown 

Through  ages;  nothing  doubted  those  first  sons 

Of  Time,  while  we,  the  schooled  of  centuries, 

Nothing  believe." 

And  now  may  I  end  this  dissertation  on  the  cross  with  Longfellow's  beautiful 
reference  to  the  "  Cross  of  Snow,''  in  the  Colorado  range,  a  photographic  re- 
production of  which  appeared  in  the  London  Graphic  not  long  ago. 

In  the  long,  sleepless  watches  of  the  night, 

A  gentle  face — the  face  of  one  long  dead — 

Looks  at  me  from  the  wall,  where  'round  its  head 

The  night-lamp  casts  a  halo  of  pale  light, 

Here  in  this  room  she  died;   and  soul  more  white 

Nevier  through  fire  of  martyrdom  was  led 

To  its  repose;   nor  can  in  books  be  read 

The  legend  of  a  life  more  benedight. 

There  is  a  Mountain  in  the  distant  West 

That  sun-defying  in  its  deep  ravines 

Displays  a  Cross  of  snow  upon  its  side. 

Such  is  the  Cross  I  wear  upon  my  breast 

These  eighteen  years,  through  all  the  changing  scenes 

And  seasons,  changeless  since  the  day  she  died. 


44 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ONTARIO    EFFIGY   PIPES    IN    STONE. 

By  COL.  GEO.  E.  LAIDLAW. 
THIRD    PAPER. 

After  finishing  my  second  paper  which  appeared  in  the  Report  for  1913,  I 
became  aware  of  several  more  specimens.,  which  are  placed  in  the  first  section  of  this 
paper. 

In  pursuing  my  investigations  on  above  subject,  I  have  come  across  enough 
specimens  of  a  separate  distinct  type  to  form  a  special  class,  and  the  further  I 
dipped  into  this  line  the  more  specimens  I  got  track  of.  This  special  type 
obtains  in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin  and  may  be  of  a  later  date  than  the  effigy  pipes 
discussed  in  previous  papers,  or  a  type  reaching  down  to  historic  period.  I  will 
not  go  so  far  as  to  designate  them  to  any  particular  people  or  tribe,  but  I  should 
judge  from  certain  indications  that  the  Huron-Iroquois  would  have  the  most  claim 
on  them. 

A  very  large  percentage  of  these  pipes  come  from  the  Province  of  Ontario,  the 
counties  represented  being  Huron  and  iSimcoe,  in  the  Huron  territory,  Ontario 
intermediate  between  the  Hnrons  and  Algonquins,  Hastings  in  Algonquin 
territory,  Wentworth  and  Brant  in  Neutral  territory,  and  Grey  in  the  Petun  or 
Tobacco  Nation  territory. 

Strange  to  say  the  material  is  nearly  always  a  white  or  light-gray  stone, 
steatite  and  limestone  being  the  two  varieties  mostly  used.  The  steatite  pipes  are 
the  best  preserved,  while  the  limestone  ones  are  very  soft  and  would  not  stand 
much  use,  weathering  or  calcination,  so  therefore  the  latter  must  be  of  short  dura- 
tion and  no  great  age  can  be  claimed  for  them.  The  specimens  of  the  latter 
material  examined  by  the  author  are  generally  more  or  less  weathered,  much  more 
so  than  other  stone  pipes,  and  I  would  not  expect  them  to  last  nearly  as  long  as 
those  of  other  pipe  materials  such  as  steatite,  slate,  sandstone,  or  catlinite. 

This  class  or  type  can  be  divided  into  two  sections,  as  follows: 

1st,  Long  slender  stemmed  pipes,  with  effigies,  either  human  or  lizard,  clasp- 
ing the  front  of  the  bowl,  with  head  projecting  above  rim,  and  when  the  effigy  is 
a  lizard  the  tail  extends  along  underside  of  stem.  Sometimes  only  the  human 
head  is  represented  (in  one  case  an  animal)  perched  on  edge  of  bowl. 

2nd,  Stemless  bowls  of  an  ovoid  or  vase  type,  with  the  effigies  .clasping,  or 
crawling  up  the  bowl  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  hole.  In  this  second 
division,  so  ftir  as  observed,  the  effiaries  are  those  of  lizards,  with  one  exception. 
Pipe  Mus.  No.  17,139. 

This  third  paper  is  divided  into  three  sections:  1st,  The  type  of  effigy  pipe 
treated  of  in  papers  one  and  two. 

2nd,  .Stemless  bowls  with  effigy  in  relief. 


ARCHJEOLOG-I'OAL  HE-POUT. 


3rd,,  Long,  slender  stemmed  bowls,  with  effigy  in  relief  (a  peculiar  type  of  its 
own). 

The  museum  referred  to  is  the  Provincial  Museum  of  Ontario,  situate  in 
Toronto  and  the  reports  are  the  Ontario  Archaeological  Beports  issued  by  the 
Board  of  Education,  except  when  otherwise  stated.  Also  the  measurements  are  in 
inches  and  the  weights  are  avoirdupois.,  except  when  otherwise  stated. 


Animal  Pipe — Manvers  Twp. 

Animal  pipe,  Manvers  Township,  Durham  County,  Ontario,  Figure  484,  p. 
78,  Stone  Age  in  North  America,  Vol.  2,  by  W.  K.  Moorehead.  This  pipe  is 
owned  by  Mr.  J.  G.  D'Olier,  of  Rochester,  N.Y.  His  description  is  as  follows : 

"  Very  fine  banded  slate,  almost  black,  bands  running  longitudinally,  back 
highly  polished,  part  of  belly  and  inside  of  tail  show  that  it  was  made  by 
pecking.  Three  incisions  on  each  foot  to  indicate  toes,  no  eyes  and  only  a  very 
slight  depression  on  top  of  head  to  give  a  semblance  of  ears,  weight  4  oz.,  length 
3%  inches.'5 

In  this  specimen  the  tail  is  not  produced  to  meet  the  chin  or  curved  up  in 
front  of  the  body  as  is  usual.  The  legs  are  conventionalized  and  are  carved  on 
the  sides  of  the  body.  The  hind  legs  being  turned  up  the  reverse  way,  or 
inversed. 

Mr.  D'Olier  does  not  know  the  exact  locality  where  these  two  (this  animal 
pipe  and  the  Manvers  bird  pipe)  were  found.  He  cannot  give  lot  or  concession, 
but  thinks  it  was  not  far  from  Millbrook  P.O.,  Caven  Township,  Durham  County, 
and  supplies  the  following  history  of  them :  "  A  Mr.  Vance  who  taught  school 
at  Bobcaygeon,  Victoria  County,  gave  them  to  a  Mrs.  Bichard  Hughes,  aunt  to  Mr. 
D'Olier,  in  the  early  '60's.  telling  her  that  he  dug  them  up — together  with  a 
'  bird  stone' — in  1844,  out  of  a  mound  in  Manvers  Township.  There  were  a  great 
quantity  of  bones  in  the  mound  which  the  Indians  said  were  remains  of  an  enemy 
killed  in  battle.  These  three  relics  remained  in  Mrs.  Hughes'  possession  till  a  few 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


years  ago  when  she  gave  them  to  Mr.  D;01ier.  Prof.  W.  H.  Holmes,  Head 
Curator  of  Ethnology,  of  U.S.  National  Museum,  Washington,  remarks:  "The 
.specimens  appear  to  be  of  a  very  high  grade  of  excellence  in  manufacture: 

Note  by  G.  E.  L.  This  mound  may  have  been  an  ossuary,  several  of  which 
were  formerly  opened  years  ago  in  that  district.  What  few  mounds  occur  there 
do  not  contain  "  great  quantities  of  bones."  The  word  "  mound  "  is  often  used  by 
ordinary  people  to  designate  any  Indian  work,  such  as  mounds,  ash  beds,  graves, 
ossuaries,  caches,  and  even  pits  or  trenches. 


Bird  Pipe — Manvers  Twp. 

Bird  Pipe.  Marivers  Township,  Durham  County,  Ontario,  Fig.  483,  p.  78. 
Stone  Age  in  North  America,  vol.  2,  by  W.  K.  Moorehead,  is  also  owned  by  Mr. 
D'Olier  and  described  by  him  in  a  letter  of  2nd  August,  1914,  as  follows : 

"Very  dark-grey  banded  slate,  bands  running  longitudinally.  The  incised 
line  which  forms  the  wing  on  side  shown  in  figure  follows  closely  a 
contour  of  a  red  band  which  looks  like  a  seam  infilitrated  with  iron.  The 
incised  line  and  the  seam  is  slightly  tinted  with  red.  The  reverse  side  is  plain. 
The  eyes  are  deep,  and  ears  well  defined.  There  is  a  V  shaped  incision  under  the 
chin.  The  hole  in  frontal  projection  is  drilled  about  Y$  through  from  the 
'wing'  side.  The  upper  side  of  the  hole  is  flush  with  the  top  of  the  projection, 
while  there  is  %  inch  space  left  at  the  bottom.  It  is  just  the  reverse  on  the  other 
side,  so  that  hole  which  is  14  mcn  ^n  diameter  does  not  meet  flush.  Total  length 
of  pipe  3  inches,  weight  2  oz.  Mouth  cut  well  back  under  eye."  Bird  probably 
represents  a  Horned  Owl  though  the  beak  is  rather  elongated.  The  ears  and  eyes 
denote  a  Horned  Owl. 

Note  by  G.  E.  L.  The  material  is  evidently  a  variety  of  Huronian  slate,  as 
1  have  seen  other  Huronian  slate  relics  showing  a  patch  of  red. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Michigan  Panther  Pipe— side  view. 


Michigan  Panther  Pipe — back  view. 


48 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPORT. 


Michigan  Panther  Pipe.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Chas  V.  Fuller  for  photos 
and  information  of  this  pipe,  which  is  of  banded  slate  and  was  found  in  Barry 
County,  Michigan.  Is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  A.  B.  Winans,  Battle  Creek, 
Michigan.  The  photos  are  about  %  size.  Letters  of  28th  June  and  26th  July, 
1914.  Note  the  numbers  of  slots  in  this  pipe.  He  further  says  that:  "The  effigy 
pipes  of  Michigan  are  very  similar  to  those  found  in  Ontario,  but  are  not  numerous 

.     .     the  bird  pipes  predominate." 

A  bird  pipe  similar  to  the  New  York  bird  pipe,  fig.  103,  Bulletin  on  Polished 
Stone  and  page  28  Ontario  Effigy  Pipes,  1913,  was  found  in  Ionia  County,  Mich., 
the  beak  being  much  longer  in  the  Michigan  specimen. 


Michigan  Owl  Pipe. 


Owl  Pipe,  Michigan.  In  possession  (of  Mrs.  Nellie  Gowthrop,  Camden, 
Michigan.  Figure  is  produced  from  a  tracing  of  the  illustration  figure  475,  page 
67,  Stone  Age  in  North  America.  Size  1-1,  material  grey  slate — striped  long- 
itudinally. No  further  data  could  be  obtained  about  this  pipe.  There  is  one 
longitudinal  cut  down  the  body  with  some  diagonal  cuts  meeting  it,  evidently 
denoting  the  wing.  Note  the  raised  portion  surrounding  the  stem  hole.  Eye 
faintly  marked.  Cross  section  above  stem  hole  is  probably  squarish  or  oblong. 

Panther  Pipe,  Monongahela,  Pa.  Mr.  Gerrard  Fowke,  in  letter  of  June  loth, 
1914.  describes  a  panther  pipe  as  follows: 

"  Some  years  ago  a  fine  panther  pipe^was  found  in  a  small  stone  mound  not 
far  from  Monongahela,  Pa.  It  was  green  slate,  beautifully  worked  and  highly 
polished:  the  finest  I  ever  saw.  The  tail  gradually  tapering  reached  to  the  head 
and  all  four  paws  grasped  it.  In  the  eye  sockets  were  set  perforated  shell  discs, 
giving  a  remarkably  life-like,  wide  awake  expression.  I  think  it  was  finally 
secured  by  some  Pittsburg  collector/"  This  may  be  the  panther  pipe  figure  25, 
page  43,  1902  Report,  mentioned  in  my  first  paper. 


AKUH^OLOCrl'CAL  11EP01IT.  ii> 


STEMLESS  L1ZAED  PIPES. 

Pipe  Museum  No.  99.  Figure  83,  page  3,  Ueport,  1890,  also  figure  129  a,  page 
54,  Primitive  Man  in  Ontario,  by  the  late  Prof.  David  Boyle,  is  one  of  these  stem- 
less  bowls  on  which  there  is  a  lizard  form  in  has  relief.  This  pipe  is  of  grey 
steatite  and  was  found  on  Lot  8,  Concession  6,  Nelson  Township,  County  of 
Halton,  Ont.,  by  Mr.  George  D.  Corrigan,  who  presented  it  to  the  Museum. 

A  most  interesting  feature  of  this  pipe  is,  that  it  once  evidently  had  a  stem 
which  became  broken  off,  and  then  to  keep  the  bowl  in  use,  a  secondary  stem  hole 
was  bored  into  the  bowl  above  the  break.  The  break  leaving  a  "nub"  or  protuber- 
ance, which  has  evidently  been  worked  at  to  reduce  its  size  by  means  of  rubbing 
down  and  having  a  circular  cut  around  it.  The  bowl  was  bored  into  the  original 
stem  hole,  which  being  broken  through  leaves  a  perforation  through  the  present 
base,  which  would  be  "  plugged  "  in  use.  The  tail  of  the  lizard  is  broken  off  too. 


Mus.   No.  99. 

The  body  of  the  lizard  is  long  and  slender  with  the  legs  embracing  the  bowl, 
a  portion  of  the  body  is  completely  separated  from  the  bowl  for  about  %  inches  at 
the  belly  and  is  raised  away  from  the  bowl  l/8  inch.  There  is  «a  long  incision 
down  the  back  for  nearly  its  full  length.  The  head  is  a  mere  "nub''  separated 
from  the  shoulders  by  a  nick  and  from  the  bowl  by  another  nick.  No  features  are 
shown.  The  head  may  have  been  damaged  and  then  ground  down  again. 

Though  the  rather  long  legs  are  well  shown,  no  feet  or  claws  appear. 

The  bowl,  which  is  slightly  rectangular  at  the  top,  shows  gouge  marks  in  side. 
Has  been  smoked  recently. 

Present  perpendicular  height,  1%  inches.  Depth,  back  to  front,  l1/^  inches. 
Width,  side  to  side,  1  inch.  Diameter  of  bowl  orifice,  %  inch,  and  of  secondary 
stem  hole,  5/16  inch. 

Surface  polished,  and  shows  some  tool  marks.  All  workmanship  on  this  pipe 
appears  to  be  aboriginal. 

The  long  forelegs  and  broad  shoulders  give  the  upper  part  of  the  back  a 
slightly  human  appearance.  The  encircling  of  a  break  by  an  incision  all  round 

4  A.R. 


50  AKCH^OLOGICAL  KEPOUT. 

is  also  noted  in  the  Headless  Bird  pipe  from  Somerville  Township,  page  45, 
Import  1913,  and  No.  9806  of  this  paper. 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  17,139,  Figure  10,  page  49,  Report  1898,  also  page  28, 
Notes  on  the  sites  of  Huron  villages,  Township  of  Tay,  Simcoe  County,  by  A.  F. 
Hunter,  belongs  to  the  T.  F.  Milne  collection  in  the  Museum  and  comes  from  the 
Bell  Farm,  Lot  76,  Concession  1,  Tiny  Township,  Simcoe  County,  Ontario.  This 
pipe  is  of  darker  soapstone  and  is  a  more  finely  finished  and  a  better  specimen  than 
the  proceeding  one. 

The  animal  represented  is  probably  a  bear  as  it  has  no  tail.  The  legs  are 
shorter  than  those  of  the  last  specimen  and  merge  more  directly  into  the  bowl. 
Feet  or  claws  not  shown.  Head  is  very  small  projecting  but  a  y±  inch  above  out- 
side edge  of  bowl.  A  face  being  depicted  thereon  looks  slightly  human,  though  it  is 
hard  to  tell  what  animal  it  represents  as  it  is  flat  with  only  eyes  and  nose  roughly 
designated;  the  face  being  slightly  broader  than  long  being  %  by  5/16  inches. 

The  body  is  .separated  from  the  bowl  by  an  oval  space  of  %  by  l/%  inches. 
The  buttocks  being  separated  from  the  bowl  by  a  deep  nick.  There  is  one  long 
slight  incision  from  top  of  head  to  nearly  end  of  back,  also  one  on  each  side  from 
the  shoulder  down.  Anutt  denoted  by  slight  nick. 


Mus.  No.  17,139. 

Perpendicular  height,  2%  inches.  Depth,  back  to  front,  1%  inches.  Width, 
side  to  side,  15/16  inch.  Body  not  so  slender  as  previous  specimen.  Bowl  more 
rectangular.  Inside  diameter,  %  inch;  shows  gouge  marks.  Stemhole,  i/2  inch 
in  diameter.  Bowl,  1*4  inch  deep.  Surface  of  pipe  very  finely  polished  and  shows 
few  tool  marks  or  scratches.  There  is  a  slight  projection  on  the  bottom  im- 
mediately below  the  stemhole  that  is  perforated  from  back  to  .front  for  suspension 
purposes  or  else  to  more  firmly  fasten  the  stem  to  pipe.  This  pipe  is  essentially 
aboriginal  in  conception  and  execution,,  and  is  a  very  fine  specimen  of  aboriginal 
work. 


AKCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  51 

Pipe  Museum  No.  25579,  Fig.  7,  p.  53,  Report  1903  is  more  pretentious, 
and  of  a  bolder  design  than  either  of  the  two  preceding  specimens.  This  pipe 
is  of  a  mottled  dark  grey  soaps-tone  and  comes  from  the  graveyard  on  the  Walker 
Farm,  lot  10,  con.  3,  Onondaga  Township,  Brant  County,  associated  with  the 
white  stone  pipes  and  European  relics.  Quoting  Mr.  Boyle,  p.  53,  above  report. 
"Perhaps  the  creature  intended  to  be  represented  on  Figure  7  is  a  lizard,  but  in 
support  of  this  supposition  there  are  only  the  elongated  body  and  tail,  and  the 
whole  may  be  merely  a  conventionalized  form.  The  material  is  steatite  of  very 
poor  quality,  and  so  far  as  the  workmanship  is  concerned  there  is  nothing  to 
indicate  the  use  of  any  but  primitive  tools.  The  bowl  is  a  flattened  oval,  the 
cavity  of  which  is  as  smoothly  finished  as  the  outer  surface." 

Dimensions,  perpendicular  height,  2%  inches;  bowl  orifice  1  inch  by  11/16 
of  an  inch,  depth  1  inch,  stem  hole  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 


Mus.  No.  25,579. 

The  lizard  is  very  long  in  proportion  to  bowl,  the  head  projects  at  present  % 
of  an  inch  above  bowl,  and  has  a  portion  broken  off  leaving  only  right  ear 
and  eye;  the  body  tapers  gradually  from  the  shoulder  to  the  tip  of  tail  which 
passes  around  the  base  of  the  pipe  ending  at  the  stem'hole.  The  body  is  separated 
from  the  bowl  by  an  oval  space  between  the  fore  and  hind  legs,  %  °f  an  incn 
by  y%  in  size,  and  by  an  irregular  shaped  hole  between  the  hind  legs  and  the  tail. 
The  legs  are  "en  bloc"  in  pairs,  and  of  uneven  length  merging  into  the  pipe  bowl, 
claws  or  feet  being  designated  by  several  slight  irregular  cuts  in  each  case. 

This  pipe  though  having  several  flaws,  has  the  surface  well  polished,  and 
shows  but  few  tool  marks,  and  is  another  good  specimen  of  aboriginal  work- 
manship. The  animals  of  these  stemless  lizard  pipes  are  on  the  side  of  the  bowl 
opposite  to  the  stem  hole,  or  on  the  side  that  is  farthest  away  from  the  smoker. 
Though  they  project  over  the  brim  sometimes,  as  if  looking  at  the  smoker. 

These  stemless  effigy  pipes  of  this  class  appear  to  me  to  be  absolutely  aboriginal 
in  design  and  workmanship.  It  is  much  easier  to  bore  a  large  stem  hole  in  the  bowl 
for  a  reed  or  wooden  stem  than  to  bore  a  small  stem  hole  in  a  long  stone  stem. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEP011T. 


Jefferson  Co.,  N.Y. 

This  stemless  lizard  pipe  is  in  the  New  York  State  Museum  and  is  from 
Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  date  1895,  collected  by  Mr.  Twining.  We  are  indebted 
to  Mr.  A.  C.  Parker,  State  Archaeologist,  N".  Y.,  for  drawing  and  data. 

The  pipe  is  more  vase  shaped  than  the  ones  just  described,  but  it  may  be 
remarked  that  vase  shaped  pipes  are  common  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  especially 
in  this  district,  east  of  Lake  Simcoe.  Approximate  height  of  pipe  3%  inches. 
The  legs  ^  and  feet  are  given  in  better  detail  than  the  preceding  specimens,  and 
each  leg  is  separate  from  the  others.  The  spaces  between  the  pipe  and  lizard  are 
also  much  larger.  Material  and  other  data  not  furnished. 


Huron  Co.,  Ont. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  liEPOKT. 


This  fine  specimen  of  a  lizard  on  an  elongated  ovoid  bowl  comes  from  Huron 
County,  Ontario.  Material  red  sandstone.  (Perhaps  Nottawasaga  sandstone  as 
I  have  seen  pipes  and  fragments  of  pipes  of  that  material).  Is  figured  and 
described  by  F.  C.  Alkire  in  Popular  Science  of  June,  1901. 

The  effigy  in  this  case  clings  close  to  the  'bowl  leaving  no  apertures.  Dimen- 
sions not  given. 


Mus.   No.   94. 


STEMMED   EFFIGY   PIPES. 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  94.  Came  to  the  Museum  through  the  York  Pioneers  col- 
lection and  was  presented  to  the  York  Pioneers  in  1885  by  Mr.  John  Perry. 
Was  found  near  Lake  Medad  near  Hamilton,  Ontario,  and  is  of  soft  whitish 
limestone,  very  much  weathered  and  pitted.  Dimensions,  height,  3%  inches. 
Stem  broken  at  mouth  piece,  2y2  inches  remain.  Bowl,  flaring  slightly,  has  a 
depth  of  2l/2  inches,  and  a  diameter  of  %  inch. 

Human  head  surmounting  rim  of  bowl  facing  smoker.  Features  almost 
obliterated  by  weathering.  Head  seems  to  have  been  surmounted  by  a  "beret" 
shaped  cap.  Stem  is  i/o  inch  in  diameter  and  stem  hole  1/4  inch  in  diameter. 

This  pipe  has  not  been  figured  before.  The  head  projects  l1/^  inches  above 
bowl.  See  Fig.  38,  p.  54,  Eeport  1902,  first  paper  on  "Ontario  Effigy  Pipes  in 
Stone  "  for  human  figure  with  "  beret "  shaped  cap. 

Dr.  R.  B.  Orr  in  letter  of  5th  Aug.  1914,  states  locality  of  pipe  and  how 
it  came  to  the  Museum. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Mus.  No.  95. 


ABCILEOLOGI'OAL  REPOKT.  55 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  95,  Fig.  18,  p.  31,  Keport  1889,  also  Fig.  81,  p.  35, 
.Report  1890,  is  a  white  stone  pipe  from  the  Lotteridge  Farm,  near  Hamilton, 
Ontario.  The  pipe  is  6^2  inches  long  and  3%  perpendicular  height,  with  an 
animal's  head  on  side  of  bowl  facing  smoker.  The  surface  is  very  much  weathered. 
The  animal's  head  probably  represents  a  bear,  but  is  much  weathered.  The 
mouth  is  very  distinct,  ears  and  eyebrows  being,  denoted.  The  mouthpiece,  (or 
proximal  end  of  stem)  is  swelled  out  slightly  larger  than  the  adjoining  stem. 
Bowl  slightly  flaring,  is  2%  inches  in  depth  and  %  inch  in  diameter;  inside 
measurement.  Diameter  of  stem-hole  %  inch.  Bowl  shows  gouge  marks,  any 
outside  surface  marks  of  manufacture  have  been  removed  by  weathering.  Stem 
tapers  down  from  %  inch  at  bowl  to  7/16  inch  immediately  in  front  of  mouth- 
piece. This  pipe  is  also  from  the  York  Pioneers  collection  in  Provincial  Museum. 

See  also  Primitive  Man  in  Ontario,  Fig.  122,  p.  53. 


Mus.  No.  9,806 — side  view.  Mus.  No.  9,806 — face  view. 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  9806,  Fig.  5,  p.  16,  Eeport  1892  is  a  smaller  one  of  same 
character.  The  stem  being  broken  off,  and  break  slightly  rubbed  over.  jjEIas  an 
encircling  cut  above  break.  (This  feature  is  also  noted  in  the  Somerville  bird 
pipe,  2nd  paper,  and  in  stemless  pipe  No.  99  this  paper.)  A  portion  of  bowl  is 
broken  off.  A  triangular  human  face  on  edge  of  bowl  faces  smoker,  the  head 
being  surmounted  by  a  cap,  or  else  a  head  dress  is  denoted.  Mouth,  nose,  and 
chin  prominently  denoted,  the  eyes  not  so  well.  There  is  a  slight  cut  between 
the  upper  lip  and  nose  running  across  the  face  from  side  to  side,  several  long, 
slight  marks  on  each  side  of  face  meet  under  the  chin  and  run  down  the  bowl 
turning  off  to  left  side.  These  may  have  been  made  by  another  person  than  the 
maker  of  the  pipe  at  a  later  date.  The  surface  is  polished  almost  as  good 
ac  some  soapstone  pipes.  Material  is  a  compact  grey  limestone.  The  pipe  was 
presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  W.  0.  Wright,  of  Collingwood,  Ont.  (in  Tobacco 
Nation  territory). 

The  inside  diameter  of  bowl  is  %  inch.  The  inside  of  bowl  shows  marks 
of  both  drill  and  gouge.  Diameter  of  stem  hole  %  inch,  and  may  have  been 
slightly  enlarged  after  the  stem  was  broken  off  to  accommodate  a  reed  or  wooden 
stem  Altogether  the  pipe  must  have  been  a  neat  piece  of  aboriginal  workman- 
ship originally. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Mus.  No.  10,554. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  57 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  10,554,  Figure  15,  page  29  Report  1891,  also  Figure  121, 
page  52,  Primitive  Man  in  Ontario,  is  another  one  of  these  slender  white  stone 
pipes  with  lizard  effigy,  taken  from  a  grave  at  Lake  Baptiste,  Herschell  Township, 
Hastings  County,  associated  with  European  relics.  This  grave  was  supposed 
to  be  in  an  Ojibwa  burying  ground,  see  page  14,  Report  1891.  The  pipe  was 
found  by  a  Mr.  Archibald  Riddel,  who  presented  it  to  the  Museum. 

Dimensions,  perpendicular  height  3%  inches,  of  which  the  head  projects 
one  inch  above  the  bowl.  Length  of  stem  measured  to  outside  of  bowl  71/£>  inches. 
The  stem  has  a  slight  swelling  for  mouth-piece,  and  is  rather  flat  on  the  sides  where 
it  joins  the  bowl,  and  has  about  the  same  width  all  through  of  */•>  inch,  whilst 
it  is  about  %  deep  (from  top  to  bottom)  at  the  bowl,  it  tapers  down  to  a 
diameter  of  7/16  just  before  the  mouth-piece.  The  surface  of  specimen  is  much 
weathered,  more  so  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

The  length  of  the  lizard  is  fil/i  inches  from  the  tip  of  the  tail  to  nose  tip. 
The  legs  are  more  or  less  conventional  and  do  not  terminate  in  feet,  no  feet  or  claws 
being  shown.  The  tail,  being  very  slender,  extends  under  the  pipe  for  2 1/2  inches. 
The  body  is  long  and  slender  having  a  slight  ridge  clown  the  back.  The  muzzle 
is  blunt,  the  mouth  well  defined.  The  eyes  are  deep  small  holes.'  There  are 
slight  traces  of  ears,  having  apparently  been  "weathered"  off. 

Diameter  of  stem  hole  3/16  of  an  inch.  Inside  diameter  of  bowl  %  of  an 
inch,  depth  of  bowl  %  of  an  inch,  being  further  drilled,  with  a  small  hole  to 
meet  the  stem-hole.  The  position  of  the  lizard  is  on  the  outside  of  the  bowl 
with  the  head  projecting  above  the  rim  with  body  and  tail  extending  down  the 
bowl  and  underneath  stem,  with  the  legs  clasping  the  bowl.  There  is  no  orifice 
between  the  lizard's  body  and  the  bowl.  Weight  3%  oz.  avoirdupois. 

Pipe,  Museum  No.  25,553,  see  page  15  Report  1903.  Comes  from  a  grave- 
yard on  the  Walker  Farm,  Lot  10,  con.  3,  Onondaga  Township,  Brant  County. 
Out.,  associated  with  European  relics,  and  supposed  to  belong  to  a  period,  perhaps 
as  recently  as  1700-1750,  by  the  late  Prof.  David  Boyle,  see  page  94,  Report  1903. 
This  pipe,  which  has  a  human  head,  has  not  been  figured  before,  and  is  of  the 
same  type  and  material,  being  of  soft  limestone  with  the  surface  not  much 
weathered  and  where  not  weathered  the  surface  has  a  nice  smooth  polish.  •  This 
pipe  is  in  very  good  condition. 

Dimensions,  perpendicular  height  3 1/2  inches,  'length  of  stem  measured  from 
outside  of  bowl,  4%  inches,  diameter  of  stem  ^4  inch  at  bowl,  tapers  down  to 
%  inch  at  extreme  end,  or  mouth-piece.  The  mouth-piece  but  slightly  expanded. 
Small  bowl  hole  ^g  inch  in  diameter  gradually  tapering  down  to  the  stem  hole 
which  has  a  diameter  of  3/16  inch.  The  head  which  projects  a  little  more  than 
an  inch  above  the  inside  rim  of  the  bowl  faces  smoker  and  has  eyes  nose  and 
mouth  well  defined.  The  top  of  the  head  is  flattened  and  plain.  Weight  4^ 
ounces. 


58 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  EEPOET 


Mus.  No.  25,553. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Mus.  No.  25,554. 


ARiCILEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Pipe,  Museum  No.  25,554,  Figure  8,  page  53,  Report  1903,  is  another  human 
headed  white  stone  pipe  from  the  graveyard  on  the  Walker  Farm,  Onondaga 
Township  (see  previous  pipe).  This  one  has  the  longest  stem  of  any  stone  pipe 
the  writer  has  examined  as  yet.  Present  length  7%  inches,  measured  to  outside 
of  bowl  along  the  line  of  stem  hole.  The  reason  why  the  writer  measures  this 
way  is  because  some  pipes  have  such  a  curve  at  the  juncture  of  the  stem  and 
bowl  that  it  is  hard  to  tell  where  one  ends  or  the  other  begins.  This  pipe  is  of 
the  same  material  as  the  others  though  having  a  more  yellowish  tinge,  resulting 
probably  from  having  a  more  polished  surface  which  has  suffered  very  little 
from  weathering. 

Perpendicular  height  4  inches,  of  which  the  head  projects  about  1*4  inches 
above  the  inner  rim  and  faces  smoker.  The  head  is  surmounted  by  a  cap  of 
the  "beret"  shape,  or  else  the  deep  cut  above  the  forehead,  extending  around  to 
the  back  of  the  head  pretty  well  on  both  sides,  denotes  a  style  of  flat  hair  dressing, 
or  a  head  dress.  The  face  is  damaged  some,  and  the  features  are  not  very 
prominent  or  well  designated.  The  mouth  being  a  mere  slit.  The  nose  is  gone, 
the  eyes  being  the  best  represented,  the  ears  are  very  slightly  represented,  being 
probably  worn  off. 

The  bowl  is  so  carved  as  to  show  a  portion  of  the  back,  with  the  convention- 
alized arms  resting  on  the  breast  and  being  bent  up  under  the  chin  as  if  sup- 
porting the  head,  the  hands  or  fingers  are  not  shown. 

The  bowl  is  rectangular  in  upper  cross  section.  Inside  measurement  of 
orifice  being  11/16  by  13/16  inches.  Depth  iy4  inches  to  small  hole  drilled  to  meet 
the  stem  hole  which  is  3/16  inch  in  diameter.  The  stem  is  ^4  inch  in  diameter 
at  the  bowl,  tapering  to  ^  inch  at  the  mouth-piece.  The  end  is  damaged. 
The  base  of  the  pipe  shows  that  the  body  was  terminated  there  with  slight 
indications  of  conventionalized  legs.  Under  a  glass  the  stem  shows  longitudinal 
striations  of  a  polisher,  whilst  the  exterior  of  the  bowl  shows  other  tool  marks. 
Weight  6  ounces. 

Somewhat  similar  pipes  in  clay  have  been  observed.  See  Reports. 


Mus.  No.  25,578. 


Pipe,  Museum  No.  25,578,  Figure  9,  page  54,  Report  1903,  is  still  another 
white  stone  stemmed  pipe  from  a  grave  on  the  Walker  Farm,  with  a  human  face 
in  front  of  bowl  facing  away  from  the  smoker.  The  top  of  the  bowl  above  the 


ARC'H/EOLOGI'CAL  REPORT.  61 

face  is  fashioned  into  a  narrow  brimmed  flat-topped  hat,  giving  the  pipe  a  very 
modern  look.  The  face  is  very  well  carved  and  the  features  are  well  marked  and 
more  rounded  than  usual ;  the  nose  is  large,  the  mouth  is  small  with  raised  lips, 
the  eyes  are  deep,  narrow  slits,  the  ears  are  represented  by  slight  oblong  pro- 
jections. The  hair  is  denoted — or  rather  a  method  of  hair  dressing — beneath 
the  hat  on  the  side  of  the  bowl  towards  the  smoker.  Each  eye  is  encircled 
hy  a  ring  of  small  dots.  The  forehead  is  broad  and  the  chin  is  deep  and  well 
shown.  The  stem  is  o1/^  inches  long,  and  has  a  diameter  of  9/16  inch  at  the 
bowl  tapering  to  %  inch  in  front  of  the  swelling  of  the  mouth-piece.  The 
stem  hole  is  3/16  inch  in  diameter.  Inside  diameter  of  the  bowl  orifice  ^  inch. 
Depth  of  bowl  1  inch  to  where  it  is  bored  with  a  small  hole  to  meet  the  stem 
hole;  this  method  is  also  shown  in  other  pipes.  The  bowl  shows  striae  of  a  drill, 
weight  2y$  ounces. 

Perpendicular  height  li/s  inches.  The  surface  is  nicely  polished  and  very 
little  weathered.  The  late  Professor  Boyle  remarks,  page  54,  Report  1903,  con- 
cerning this  pipe,  "one  seems  to  see  more  of  the  European  in  Figure  9  than  in  the 
preceding  example.  To  some  extent  this  may  be  owing  to  the  head  dress,  but  a 
close  examination  of  the  workmanship  points  to  a  style  of  art  that  is  not  Indian. 
This  is  more  clearly  observable  where  a  full  face  view  is  taken.  Looked  at  in 
this  way,  too,  it  can  be  seen  that  although  the  workmanship  may  have  been 
performed  subject  to  the  white  man's  influence,  the  representation  is  undoubtedly 
that  of  some  Indian,  for  surrounding  each  eye  is  a  circular  arrangement  of  small 
dots  extending  from  nose  to  ear,  and  from  middle  of  forehead  to  the  middle  of 
the  cheek,  in  outline,  which  in  all  probability  corresponds  to  the  fashion  of  face 
paintings  adopted  by  the  owner  of  the  pipe.'' 

Referring  to  these  last  three  pipes.  Mr.  Boyle  also  remarks,  page  52,  Eeport 
1903,  "Xumerous  articles  of  white  man's  make  were  found  associated  with  the 
stone  specimens  in  these  Onondaga  graves,  but  unfortunately  we  now  have  no 
means  of  knowing  whether  the  graves  were  all  of  one  period,  or  of  different 
periods,  or  whether  each  grave  or  only  some  of  the  graves  contained  objects  of 
European  origin.  Other  pipes  from  the  same  burial  places  bear  marks  that  are 
usually  regarded  as  evidences  of  European  contact;  these  (pipes)  are  of  a  soft  white 
stone  scarcely  any  harder  than  the  indurated  clay  found  near  this  city  (Toronto) 
and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  terra  cotta  work.  The  origin  of  this  material  has 
long  been  a  source,  of  wonder  to  some  of  us,  and  I  have  for  some  time  been 
inclined  to  regard  it  as  stalagmitic/' 

Mr.  AY.  J.  Wintemberg,  of  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum  staff,  Ottawa,  Out., 
furnishes  a  sketch  and  data  of  this  unique  lizard  pipe,  in  which  the  upper  part  of 
the  lizard  is  bent  over  the  stem  resting  on  its  front  legs,  whjch  are  separate  from 
each  other.  His  description  is  as  follows  :  , 

"Animal  effigy  stone  pipe  from  Lake  Medad,  AYentworth  County,  Ont.,  made  of 
veined  yellowish  soapstone  polished.  Catalogue  No.  VIII-F-80.559,  Victoria 
Memorial  Museum,  Ottawa,  Ont.  It  is  4%  inches  long,  2%  inches  high,  and 
its  extreme  width  at  bowl  is  1  1/16  inches.  The  eyes  and  nostrils  are  indicated 
by  holes.  The  ears  are  slight  projections;  the  lower  lip  is  notched.  There  is  a 
shallow  longitudinal  groove  about  %  inch  long  and  3/16  wide  along  the  chin. 
The  toes  of  the  forefeet  are  indicated  by  short  upright  notches,  the  toes  of  the 
1-ind  feet  are  also  faintly  shown.  On  the  side  opposite  the  one  shown,  by  oblique 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


lines  coming  together  at  the  top,  thus  M.  The  back  is  triangular  in  cross  section. 
Bowl  hole  a  little  more  than  £4  inch  in  diameter  and  about  1%  inches  deep. 
Triangular  spaces  filled  with  cross  hatching  on  back  above  bowl  hole,  behind  bowl 


Cat.  No.  VIII.— F  8,559,  Vic.  Mein.  Mus. 

hole,  and  on  tail.     Slight  breaks  on  stem,  head,  and  bowl.     Stem  notched  for 
teeth." 

This   is  the   first  long  stemmed  pipe   of  this   type   made   of   steatite,   from 
Canada  noticed  by  author. 


Cat.  No.  VIII.— P  8,551,  Vic.  Mem.  Mus. 

Mr.  Wintemberg  also  furnishes  sketch  and  data  of  another  Wentworth  County 
lizard  long  stemmed  pipe  in  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum :  "Made  of  soft  lime- 
stone, much  weathered,  from  Barton  Township,  Wentworth  County,  Catalogue 
Xo.  VIII-F-8,551.  It  is  3  inches  long,  £1/2  high  and  %  in  diameter  across  bowl. 
No  trace  of  legs,  stem  broken,  bowl  hole  conical  %  inches  in  diameter,  and 
114  deep." 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


G3 


Cat.  No.  VIII.— F  8,552,  Vic.  Mem.  Mus. 


Mr.  Wintemburg  also  furnishes  sketch  and  data  of  another  long-stemmed, 
white-stone,  lizard  pipe  from  the  shore  of  Lake  Baptiste,  Herschell  Township, 
Hastings  County,  Ontario,  now  in  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum,  Ottawa. 

"  Much  of  the  polished  surface  is  scaled  off.  The  legs  are  still  plain  on  the 
side  shown  in  the  outline  sketch.  The  projection  intended  for  ears  still  recogniz- 
able, but  the  head  otherwise  badly  weathered.  Length,  5%  inches.  Height,  3% 
inches.  Diameter  of  bowl,  about  1%  inches.  Diameter  of  bowl  aperture,  % 
inch.  Depth,  about  %  inch.  Tail  along  bottom  faint.  Catalogue  Xo.  VIIi-F- 
8552,  Victoria  Memorial  Museum  (Hirschfelder  collection). 


ABCILEOLOGrOAL  REPORT. 


THE   BEAVERTON    STEMMED   LIZARD   PIPE. 

This  fine  specimen  was  owned  by  Mr.  George  Proctor  of  Beaverton  in  1902. 
\Vas  found  by  him  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Simcoe  near  Beaverton,  Ontario,  now 
known  as  Ethel  Park.  Length  of  stem  from  bowl  to  mouth-piece,  2  inches. 
Height  of  bowl,  1%  inches.  Height  of  projected  head  above  bowl,  %  inch. 
Thickness  through  top  of  bowl  from  side  to  side,  1  inch,  from  back  to  front,  3/16 
inches. 

The  broad,  triangular,  frog  shaped  head  has  projected  eyes  at  the  corners. 
The  mouth  is  defined  by  a  scratch.  The  forelegs  are  clasping  the  top  of  the  bowl. 
The  hind  legs  are  extended  along  sides  of  stem  and  the  tail  extends  underneath 
stem  to  nearly  the  mouth-piece.  Length  of  lizard,  about  3%  inches.  Cavity  of 


Beaverton  Lizard  Pipe. 

bowl  conical.  There  are  some  slight  sc rate-lies  on  the  surface.  Material  a  lime- 
stone or  lithographing  stone  (the  latter  material  occurs  as  drift  in  this  neighbor- 
hood). The  extremities  of  forelegs  expand  into  feet,  but  the  hindlegs  are  cut  off 
square  at  the  ankles  and  no  hind  feet  are  represented.  The  tail  extends  straight 
as  is  the  usual  way,  and  is  neatly  worked.  The  surface  of  the  pipe  is  smooth  but 
not  polished.  I  doubt  if  material  would  take  a  good  polish.  (From  notes  taken 
in  1902  by  the  author.)  Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter,  of  Barrie,  in  a  letter  of  26th  March, 
1902,  remarks  about  this  pipe:  "In  the  picture  (photo)  of  the  lizard  pipe  the 
natural  creases  of  the  stone  show  prettv  well.  1  am  of  the  opinion  this  pipe  is 
intended  for  an  alligator.  The  granular  markings  on  the  stone  are  just  like 
alligator  scales,  and  the  material  was  probably  selected  on  this  account.  No  other 
kind  of  lizard  has  a  hide  marked  in  this  way.  It  is,  in  my  opinion,  another  case 
of  fitness  in  the  choice  of  stone  for  the  work  intended."  This  pipe  has  not  been 
brought  to  public  notice  before,  and  is  the  only  one,  so  far,  that  has  come  to  the 
author's  notice,  that  shows  projected  eyes. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  65 


THE  NOVA  SCOTIA  STEMMED  LIZARD  PIPE. 

This  pipe  is  described  by  Mr.  Harry  Piers  in  his  "  Relics  of  the  Stone  Age  in 
Nova  Scotia/"  Vol.  IX.  Transactions  of  Nova  Scotia  Institute  of  Science,  1896, 
Figure  96,  plate  3.  and  pages  52-55,  from  which  the  following  extracts  are  taken: 
"The  pipe  is  owned  by  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Almon,  M.D.,  of  Halifax.  The  circum- 
stances of  its  discovery  are  as  follows:  In  1870  an  upturned  copper  kettle  was  un- 
earthed by  Mr.  John  J.  Withrow  in  a  piece  of  woodland  to  the  westward  of  Upper 
Rawdon  and  within  ten  rods  of  the  line  of  an  old  French  trail  from  Shubenacadie 
to  Newport,  Hants  County.  The  kettle  was  about  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet 
under  the  surface.  Beneath  it  were  found  this  stone  pipe,  two  iron  tomahawks, 
five  or  six  iron  implements  much  rusted,  about  seven  dozen  oval  blue  beads,  large 
size,  a  beaver  tooth :  no  human  bones.  These  relics  were  obtained  by  J.  W.  Onsley, 
of  Windsor,  from  whom  Dr.  Almon  obtained  the  pipe.  The  lizard  is  placed  with 
its  ventral  surface  on  that  side  ot  the  bowl  farthest  away  from  smoker.  The  fore 
and  hind,  legs  clasp  the  bowl  while  the.  long  tail  lies  upon  lower  side  of  stem.  The 
broad  head  extends  up  beyond  rim  of  bowl.  Two  dots  at  the  extremity  of  the 
somewhat  pointed  snout  represent  the  nostrils.  The  mouth  is  closed  and  reaches 
around  to  side  of  head  beneath  the  eyes.  The  latter  are  represented  by  large  well 
defined  circular  cavities.  Across  the  back  of  the  neck  appear  a  row  of  five  elliptical 
cavities,  their  greatest  length  being  in  the  direction  of  length  of  body.  The  long 
forelegs  are  bent  upwards  at  right  angles  and  the  toes  rest  on  the  side  of  the  bowl's 
rim.  Incised  lines  divide  the  forefeet  into  rather  long  toes,  seven  of  which  are  on 
the  right  foot,  The  hind  legs  are  shorter,  slightly  broader  and  are  gradually  lost 
in  the  contour  of  the  bowl,  without  any  indications  of  toes.  A  longitudinal  line 
extends  from  the  thigh  to  the  vicinity  of  the  hind  foot.  A  round  hole  about  y± 
inch  in  diameter  is  drilled  from  side  to  side  of  bowl  at  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
lizard  and  just  anterior  to  the  hind  legs.  This  hole  was  probably  used  for  sus- 
pension purposes.  The  rim  of  the  bowl  is  decorated  on  top  by  groups  of  from 
four  to  seven  incised  radiating  lines.  The  howl  is  nearly  circular  and  is  1  inch  in 
diameter,  tapering  downwards  for  about  l1/^  inches,  where  it  is  suddenly  con- 
stricted to  about  the  size  of  a  lead  pencil,  extending  further  nearly  an  inch  until 
it  meets  the  stemhole.  The  total  depth  of  bowl  equals  nearly  2%  inches.  One 
side  of  cavity  is  continuous  with  the  neck.  Length  of  stem  to  side  of  bowl  nearest 
smoker  nearly  5  inches.  Diameter  of  mouthpiece  ,  A  of  an  inch,  and  at  the  further 
portion  near  the  bowl  a  trifle  more  than  an  inch.  Diameter  of  perforations  at 
mouth  end  is  .28  inches.  The  bowl  rises  1.80  inches  above  stem.  Thickness  of 
bowl  at  thinnest  part  .17  inch.  Taken  generally  the  whole  pipe  may  be  said  to  be 
about  7  inches  long,  but  from  mouth  piece  to  tip  of  snout  it  is  7.60  inches. 

The  entire  specimen  is  in  a  very  excellent  state  of  preservation  and  without  a 
flaw.  Material  fine  gray  stone  different  from  any  found  in  Province  (N.S.). 
It  bears  a  fine  polish.  A  short  tube  of  wood  may  have  served  as  a  mouthpiece,  as 
no  teethmarks  are  observable  upon  the  stem. 

It  is  a  unique  specimen  in  this  part  of  the  Dominion  and  is  considered  not  to 
be  the  work  of  Micmacs,  but  probably  came  into  Nova  Scotia  as  a  trophy  of  war 
or  else  of  trade." 

The  fact  of  this  pipe  having  these  slots  on  its  neck  connects  it  with  the  effigy 
pipe  makers  of  the  Iroquois-Huron  districts,  in  which  the  use  of  slots  in  effigy 
pipes  of  stone  is  a  pronounced  feature. 

The  figure  of  this  pipe  is  given  actual  size.  The  total  length  of  lizard  being 
about  7  inches. 

5  A.-R. 


66 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


The  pipe  is  deposited  in  the  Provincial  Museum  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  Halifax, 
as  Accession  No.  389. 

Mr.  Harry  Piers,  curator  of  above  Museum,  in  letters  of  12th  March,  191-1, 
and  4  Sept.,  1914,  gives  the  weight  11  oz.  and  the  material  as  a  light  gray  stone, 
very  fine  grained,  either  pipestone  (?)  or  a  rock  closely  resembling  it.  Pipe 
highly  polished. 


DH.  C.  liAU'S  LIZARD  PIPE. 

The  description  and  figure  of  Dr.  Rau's  pipe  is  from  Smithsonian  Contri- 
bution to  Knowledge,  Vol.  XXII,  No.  287,  Washington,  1876,  cut  192,  in  his 
"Archaeological  collections  of  the  United  States  Nat.  Mus." 

Note  on  above  by  Dr.  Rau:  "Some  of  these  .  .  .  exhibit  elegant  out- 
lines, almost  reminding  one  of  a  cornucopia.  The  length  of  the  neck  in  some  of 
the  specimens  and  their  narrow  bore  seem  to  indicate  that  they  were  smoked  with- 
out separate  stems,  like  the  common  clay  pipes  now  in  use,  in  which  the  bowl  and 
stem  are  united  (continuous).  A  very  beautiful,  highly  polished,  steatite  pipe  of 


Pennsylvania  Lizard  Pipe — by  Dr.  C.  Rau. 

the  collection  carved  in  imitation  of  a  lizard  (Figure  192,  Pennsylvania).  The 
straight  neck  or  stem  apparently  forms  the  animal's  tail,  and  its  toes  are  indicated 
by  incised  lines." 

Mr.  A.  F.  Hunter,  in  letter  of  March  26th,  1914,  says :  "  The  art  of  engraving 
at  the  time  (1876)  this  cut  was  made  was  not  advanced  enough  to  bring  out  the 
incised  lines  indicating  the  lizard  toes." 

Length  of  this  pipe  is  about  41/o  inches.  The  wood  engraving  of  the  pipe  by 
Eau  is  very  poor  and  leaves  one  in  -doubt  as  to  whether  the  legs  and  tail  of  the 
lizard  have  been  much  worn  down  or  only  slightly  delineated. 

This  is  the  'second  steatite,  long  stemmed  pipe  noted  so  far.  of  this  type. 

We  are  indebted  also  to  Mr.  H.  Piers,  letter  25th  March,  1914,  and  Mr.  W.  J. 
Wintemburg,  letter  23rd  March,  1914,  for  information  re  this  pipe. 


6    A.R. 


68 


AK'CH^OLOGHOAL  EEPOET. 


Iroquois  Pipe — Pennsylvania. 


IROQUOIS  PIPE. 

Dr.  T.  B.  Stewart,  of  Lock  Haven,  Perm.,  has  one  of  these  long-stemmed 
pipes  from  the  Susquehanna  Valley,  supposed  to  be  of  Iroquois  origin,  material 
clay  state  of  a  light  drab  color,  identified  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  The 
pipe  is  very  highly  polished  and  is  6  inches  long  and  2%  high.  The  stem  is  round 
and  the  bowl  has  greatest  diameter  from  side  to  side.  The  head  surmounting  bowl 
probably  represents  a  horned  owl.  The  Archaeological  Bulletin,  June,  1911,  Vol. 
*?,  No.  3,  page  78,  says:  "The  character  of  the  head  is  somewhat  doubtful  in 
profile,  as  much  like  a  fish  as  anything  but  a  front  view  shows  two  short  ears,  and 
it  very  likely  represents  some  animal's  head,  or  perhaps  a  bird  head." 

The  square  portion  of  the  top  of  the  bowl  with  groove  is  a  Huron—Iroquois  de- 
sign and  occurs  in  clay  pipes  even  in  this  section  (Victoria  County,  Ont.) 

The  pipe  was  found  in  a  grave,  Oct..  1909,  near  a  large  village  site  at  Big 
Fsland,  two  miles  east  of  Lock  Haven. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


69 


Human  Figure  Pipe — side.     Grand  Island,  Niagara  River,  N.Y. 


Face  View. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Back  View. 


HUMAN  FIGURE,  LONG-STEMMED  PIPE.     (BUFFALO,  N.Y.) 

This  pipe  was  taken  from  Grave  27,  Van  Son  Earm,  north  end  of  Grand 
Island,  N.Y.  (Niagara  River),  by  Mr.  Frederick  Houghton.  With  it  were  gla*s 
beads  and  a  bone  comb,  see  page  383,  Vol.  9,  No.  3  Bulletin,  Buffalo  Society  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Mr.  Houghton's  article  entitled  "  Indian  Occupancy  of  the 
Niagara  Frontier."  In  a  letter  of  June  17,  1914,  Mr.  Houghton  says  this  is  un- 
doubtedly Neuter. 

The  photographs  of  this  pipe  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Win.  L.  Bryant,  custodian 
of  Museum,  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci'.,  who  says,  in  a  letter  of  June  23,  1914,  that  "  on 
the  back  (of  effigy)  there  are  incised  lines  evidently  indicating  a  tatooed  orna- 
ment." 

This  pipe  is  figured  on  Plate  31,  Figure  13.7,  Vol.  9,  No.  3  Buff.  Soc.  Nat. 
Sci.  Bulletin,  and  on  page  316  it  is  described  as  beins1  a  beautiful  carved  marble 
pipe,  was  excavated  with  a  number  of  skeletons  and  relics,  both  European,  and 
native,  from  a  knoll  on  the  Van  Son  Farm,  in  July,  1909. 

The  effigy  holds  the  bowl  between  its  arms  and  legs.  The  latter  being  acutely 
ibent  at  the  knee,  with  the  head  thrown  slightly  back. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


71 


Wooden  Lizard  Pipe— Victor,  N.Y. 


Probable  appearance  of  pipe  when  new. 

WOODEN  LIZARD  PIPE. 

This  pipe  was  taken  by  Mr.  Fred  Houghton  from  Grave  No.  13,  of  the  Seneca 
town  of  Ganagora  (1681),  in  Victor,  Ontario  County,  N.Y.,  associated  with  metal 
tools— see  page  437,  "The  Seneca  Nation  from  1655-1687,"  by  Fred  Houghton, 
Vol.  10,  No.  2  Bulletin,  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.  Also  letters  from  Mr.  Houghton, 
Jan.  14  and  June  19,  1914. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Rowland,  Supt.  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  in  letter  of  16th  June,  1914, 
says :  "  The  bowl  is  of  wood  lined  with  brass,  and  small  pieces  of  brass  are  inserted 
for  decoration,  as  shown  in  the  drawing." 

Mr.  Howland  had  a  drawing  made  showing  what  the  probable  appearance  of 
the  pipe  was  when  it  was  new,  which  was  photographed,  also  the  actual  remnants 
of  the  pipe  itself  were  photographed,  both  photographs  being  reproduced  here. 

Mr.  Howland  elsewhere  remarks  that  Ganagora  was  a  Seneca  village  destroyed 
by  the  Marquis  de  Denonville  in  1687,  and  that  it  was  probably  the  Jesuit  Mission 
of  St.  Jacques,  and  that  the  Senecas  had  been  in  contact  with  trader  influence 
since  1657,  also  that  he  had  never  before  seen  a  lizard  figure  in  connection  with 
Troquois  influence.  This  pipe  shows  that  the  lizard  idea  survived,  to  a  later  date, 
and  is  introduced  here  for  that  purpose.  In  Mr.  Houghton's  letter  of  June  14th, 
1914,  he  describes  this  wooden  pipe  as  being  preserved  by  the  brass  lining  of  the 
bowl.  The  lizard  was  well  shown  as  crawling  up  over  the  pipe  bowl,  its  tail  lying 
the  stem.  This  pipe  is  in  the  museum  of  the  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Mus.  No.  9,801. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  73 


Specimen  Museum,  No.  9,801,  Figure  2,  page  49,  Report  1903,  is  undoubt- 
edly one  of  these  long-stemmed  pipes  in  process  of  manufacture,  of  which  Mr.  Boyle 
says,  pp.  48-49,  Report  190-3:  "There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  unfinished  piece 
of  work,  Figure  2,  was  intended  to  be  a  pipe,  and  there  is  just  as  much  certainty 
that  the  workman's  purpose  was  to  model  some  kind  of  animal's  head  on  edge  of 
bowl  overlooking  stein.  It  requires  only  a  slight  examination  to  conclude  that 
before  any  work  was  done  on  this  piece  of  limestone  it  was  in  pebble  form,  perhaps 
sufficiently  irregular  in  outline  to  suggest  the  bowl  and  stem  of  a  pipe,  but,  in  any 
case,  just  a  water-worn  stone.  Notwithstanding  the  extremely  rough  nature  of  the 
chipping  an  enormous  amount  of  work  has  been  performed,  too,  in  a  purely  primi- 
tive way;  on  this  specimen  there  is  not  a  mark  to  indicate  the  use  of  any  tools 
other  than  those  of  stone.  Some  of  the  flakes  were  very  large,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  scars  on  the  diagram,  and  it  may  have  been  an  attempt  to  strike  off  one  of 
these  that  caused  the  fracture  at  the  neck  of  the  stem. 

The  pieces  were  found  a  hundred  or  more  feet  apart,  and  one  piece  a  long 
time  after  the  other.  The  foi-mer  circumstance  is  suggestive  of  some  "temper" 
on  the  part  of  the  man  whose  unlucky  blow  spoiled  his  work. 

For  this  instructive  specimen  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  G.  Wright,  who 
found  it  in  the  Township  of  Nottawasaga. 

The  saw-cut  near  the  top  of  the  intended  bowl,  and  which  extends  nearly  as 
far  round  as  the  other  side,  was  clearly  made  with  some  cherty  or  other  silicious 
tool,  perhaps  only  ^  flake,  either  held  directly  in  the  hand,  or  in  some  way  attached 
to  a  handle.  If,  then,  we  regard  the  quality  of  the  stone,  the  character  of  the 
workmanship,  the  intention  to  make  a  carved  pipe,  and  the  design  of  forming 
some  kind  of  figure  on  the  bowl,  we  have  all  the  conditions  of  a  primitive  nature 
that  we  may.  and  do  usually,  suppose  accompanied  a  purely  paleolithic  method 
of  working,  and  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  an  Indian  workman  proceeding  in  his 
simple  way  to  form  a  pipe  in  imitation  of  some  European  model,  as  has  recently 
been  asserted  he  did." 

This  large  and  massive  specimen  may  be  said  to  be  in  the  primary  stage  of 
chipping,  as  it  shows  a  good,  deal  of  the  natural  surface  on  both  sides,  and  was 
evidently  in  its  original  form  one  of  those  large  flat,  oval  limestone  pebbles  that 
occur  in  places  throughout  the  country. 

Dimensions — 8%  inches  long,  measured  from  tip  of  stem  to  outside  of  bowl ; 
perpendicular  height,  5%  inches,  of  which  iy2  inches  were  evidently  intended  for 
the  head.  The  specimen  has  almost  a  uniform  thickness  of  1%  inches.  The  depth 
of  bowl  back  to  front  2%  inches.  The  thickness  of  stem  from  top  to  bottom  about 
1%  inches.  One  can  judge  the  amount  of  work  necessary  to  trim  this  pebble  down 
to  make  a  Ions1,  slender-stemmed  nine  and  bore  the  stem  hole.  Looking  at  the 
specimen  one  would  think  that  it  takes  more  work  and  care  to  complete  the  stem 
than  the  bowl.  It  is  somewhat  of  a  mystery  to  me  yet  how  the  stem  holes  can  be 
bored  in  these  pipes,  though  I  have  heard  of  half  a  dozen  primitive  ways.  Material 
light  gray  limestone,  seemingly  non-stratified.  There  are  no  evidences  of  pecking 
or  polishing,  the  specimen"1  showing  only  primary  chipping  and  sawing.  The  natural 
surface  on  both  sides  of  pipe  being  smooth,  as  if  water-worn.  Weight  1  Ib.  2  oz. 
Avoir.,  which  no  doubt  would  be  much  reduced  when  pipe  was  completed,  probably 
50  per  cent. 


ARCILEOLOGICAL  EEPORT. 


NOTES 

Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Beauchamp,  on  p.  170,  American  Antiquarian,  Vol.  XII,  No.  3, 
1890,  in  an  article  called  "  Comparison  of  Relics  of  Ontario  and  New  York,"  speaks 
of  two  curious  slender  "  white  stone  "  pipes,  very  slender  for  stone — a  head  projecting 
from  rear  of  bowl— and  are  much  like  some  of  the  larger  clay  pipes  in  form,  differing 
only  in  material;  one  is  5%  inches  and  the  other  7*4  inches  from  tip  to  tip.  The 
former  was  found  in  Hamilton,  Ont.,  and  the  other  at  Lake  Medad.  These  may  be  the 
two  first  long-stemmed  pipes  figured  in  this  paper. 

F.  W.  Waugh,  p.  76,  Report  1902,  in  "  Neutral  Village  Sites  in  Brant  County," 
mentions  several  pipes  of  light-colored  stone  having  long,  slender  stems  and  bowls,  and 
figures  carved  on  the  front — one,  a  small  stone  pipe,  had  a  lizard-like  animal  clasping 
the  bowl,  described  as  coming  from  an  ossuary  on  site  5,  Walker's  Farm,  lot  10,  con.  2, 
Onondaga  Township,  and  puts  the  age  of  this  site  250  years  or  more,  as  the  Neutrals 
were  wiped  out  by  1652  or  1653.  White  man's  relics  (of  metal)  were  found  in  ossuary. 
These  are  the  pipes  figured  and  described  in  this  paper  as  coming  fro'm  the  Walker 
Farm. 

In  reply  to  a  query  re  effigy  pipes  as  regards  modern  Western  Indians,  Mr.  H. 
C.  Fish,  Curator  of  State  Historical  Society,  Bismarck,  North  Dakota,  in  letter  of 
14th  May,  1914,  says:  "With  our  Indians  out  here  these  different  effigy  pipes  are  not 
the  representation  of  different  animals,  or  to  represent  man,  but  they  are  the  animal 
soul  or  man  soul.  They  are  the  suggestion  of  the  great  animal  or  man  soul,  or  the 
conception  of  the  inner  life  rather  than  the  effigy  of  any  particular  animal  or  man. 
To  our  Missouri  Indians  it  is  rather  psychic  than  material." 

Letter  of  April  17th,  1914:  "  We  do  not  have  in  the  museum  any  pipes  with  the 
lizard  effigy.  The  lizard  is  very  uncommon  out  here.  .  .  .  and  I  suppose  they  (the 
Indians)  would  use  in  their  carvings  and  symbols  those  things  which  were  common 
with  the  country." 

Letter  of  April  22nd,  1914:  "This  morning  Red  Bear  and  Young  Hawk,  with  their 
interpreter,  were  in  the  office,  and  I  asked  them  about  the  old  pipes  which  were  carved 
in  the  olden  days.  They  said  that  they  carved  the  deer  head,  the  elk  head,  the  horse 
head,  the  buffalo  head,  the  wolf,  the  bear  holding  the  pipe  bowl  in  its  arms,  and  they 
used  the  snake  for  the  stem  of  the  pipe.  They  had  never  seen  any  pipes  with  the 
lizard  on,  and  did  not  know  what  the  lizard  was;  that  the  men  carved  the  pipes  to 
suit  the  individual  tastes,  to  show  the  totem  of  the  tribe  and  to  give  homage  to  the 
Great  Spirit  for  food  and  game.  These  Indians  were  of  the  Arikara  tribe  at  Berthold, 
northwest  of  here." 

In  answer  to  a  query  re  effigy  pipes,  Mr.  A.  McG.  Beede,  a  missionary  who  has 
been  with  the  Sioux  many  years  (32),  in  letter  of  April  16th,  1914,  states:  "As  to 
effigy  pipes,  if  you  find  one  (fish  or  lizard)  in  Missouri  or  the  Dakotas  (or  still  further 
southeast),  be  sure  it  was  imported.  On  pipes  and  canes  (?)  the  snake  is  common 
(or  part  of  a  snake).  Formerly  rattle-snakes  were  far  east  of  the  Missouri,  but  lizards 
were  seldom  seen;  elks  and  buffalo  were  used  by  the  Western  Sioux,  and  bears  (instead 
of  buffalo)  by  the  Middle  Sioux.  Fish  were  sometimes,  but  not  often,  on  articles  of 
Missouri  River  Indians  (Middle  Sioux,  Mandans,  Hidatsa,  and  Arikara).  I  never  saw 
any  tendency  to  fish  or  lizard  ornamentation  among  the  Assiniboines.  These  ornaments 
seem  to  coincide  with  the  creatures  in  the  country  of  a  people.  The  names  of  persons 
show  the  same  tendency;  for  instance,  the  Middle  Sioux  and  other  Missouri  River 
Indians  have  '  Bear '  as  a  name,  which  is  replaced  by  '  Bull '  ('Buffalo)  in  Western 
Sioux." 

Clarence  B.  Moore,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  letter  of  May  llth,  1914,  does  not  know 
of  any  lizard  pipes  from  Pennsylvania,  or  from  the  South. 

W.  C.  Mills,  Curator  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  'Society,  Columbus, 
Ohio,  in  a  letter  of  June  10,  1914,  remarks  that  they  can  duplicate  almost  any  of  the 
pipes  mentioned  in  2nd  paper,  Report  1913,  but  for  the  most  part  they  are  much  larger, 
and  somewhat  different  in  character,  and  that  a  pipe  was  lately  found  at  Newark, 
Licking  County,  Ohio,  which  is  similar  to  the  bear  pipe  on  p.  41,  Report  1913,  but  is 
remarkable  in  this,  that  it  is  a  human  effigy  pipe;  over  the  head  of  the  effigy  is  placed 
the  head  of  a  wolf  or  a  bear,  showing  that  it  was  a  head-dress.  (Note  by  Author:  This 
fact  also  occurs  on  a  small,  oblong,  soapstone  pipe  from  Bexley  Township,  Victoria 
County,  Ont.,  having  a  human  face  surmounted  by  an  animal's  head;  see  Report  1906, 
page  26,  Fig.  12.)  They  have  a  few  lizard  pipes  in  Ohio,  and  also  the  lizard  effigy  is 
found  on  some  pottery;  see  Report  on  Gartner  Mound  and  Village  Site,  by  Mills. 


ARCH^OLOGI'CAL  REPORT.  75 


J.  H.  Paarmann,  Curator  Davenport  Academy  of  Science,  Davenport,  Iowa,  in  letter 
of  15th  June,  1914,  states  that  they  have  none  of  the  types  of  effigy  pipes  under  dis- 
cussion (2nd  and  3rd  papers)  in  their  museum. 

Referring  to  Bird  Pipe,  Fig.  103,  Bull.  Polished  Stone,  N.  Y.  State  Museum,  which 
is  reproduced  on  page  64,  Report  1913,  and  also  in  "Comparisons  of  Relics  of  Ontario 
and  New  York,"  in  which  Mr.  Beauchamp  says  on  page  169,  No.  3,  Vol.  XII,  American 
Antiquarian,  1890:  "I  made  a  drawing  of  a  fine  bird  pipe  from  the  Oneida  River,  New 
York,  the  material  being  stone,  the  crested  bird  resembling  a  woodpecker.  ...  I 
was  gratified  to  find  its  counterpart  in  Toronto,  although  in  a  battered  condition. 
There  could  be  no  doubt  of  their  being  made  by  the  same  hand,  but  like  many  other 
stone  pipes  this  was  done  after  the  introduction  of  iron  tools."  Mr.  A.  C.  Parker, 
N.  Y.  State  Archaeologist,  remarks  in  a  letter  of  20th  June,  1914:  "I  note  that  you 
cite  Dr.  Beauchamp's  view  that  the  best  pipe  of  this  sort  that  he  has  seen  seems  to 
be  of  modern  manufacture.  At  present  we  have  this  pipe  in  our  museum,  and  I  have 
studied  it  with  some  care.  There  is  nothing  about  it  which  would  indicate  the  use  of 
steel  implements  as  far  as  my  opinion  has  weight.  The  pipe  is  nicely  worked,  but  all 
the  incisions  might  easily  have  been  done  with  a  sharp  flint,  as  experiment  will  show. 
The  drilling  for  the  stem  hole  and  bowl  are  both  conical,  just  as  the  apparently  older 
forms  are,  but  this  drilling  seems  to  have  been  smoothed  with  some  fine  abrasive  and 
later  polished.  I  am  thus  inclined  to  take  issue  with  Dr.  Beauchamp  in  his  belief  that 
the  pipe  is  of  modern  manufacture  and  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  doctor  would 
be  willing  to  admit  that  his  statement  was  debateable." 

Also  referring  to  the  Silverheels  Owl  Pipe,  p.  62,  Report  1913,  which  is  from  a  site 
stated  to  be  Eriean,  Mr.  Parker  in  same  letter  further  explains:  "Referring  to  my 
statement  about  the  Silverheels  owl  pipe  from  Brant  Township,  Erie  County,  N.Y., 
Mr.  Harrington  and  myself,  after  a  considerable  debate,  involving  field  research,  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  site  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  artifacts  were  not  Erie 
but  probably  the  remains  of  a  Seneca  settlement,  made  after  the  destruction  of  the 
Eries.  At  the  time  our  original  excavation  was  conducted  neither  one  of  us  had  the 
extensive  field  experience  to  draw  upon  in  forming  our  conclusions  that  we  now  have; 
thus  the  owl  pipe  we  have  concluded  was  interred  by  Seneca  hands.  .  .  .  My  inves- 
tigations lead  me  to  believe  that  pipes  of  this  character  are  Iroquoian,  or,  as  might  be 
better  termed  Huron-Iroquois.  I  have  rever  found  one  of  these  pipes,  or  even  a  frag- 
ment of  one,  on  a  purely  Algonkin  site.  The  Algonkin  pipes  are  entirely  different  and 
few  if  any  ever  rise  to  effigy  forms,  except  the  more  modern  forms,  which  are  known 
by  such  names  as  '  Micmacs,'  etc." 

After  quoting  Mr.  Parker  as  per  above,  it  is  only  fair  to  quote  also  from  Mr.  Beau- 
champ,  referring  to  the  sketches  reproduced  in  the  2nd  paper  on  effigy  stone  pipes  in 
1913  Report  in  particular,  and  to  this  class  of  effigy  pipes  in  general.  Letter  of 
25th  June,  1914,  says:  "If  I  had  supposed  my  drawings  were  to  be  reproduced  I  would 
have  been  more  exact  in  details.  They  are  correct  in  form  and  markings,  but  borings 
are  not  made  exactly  circular,  nor  did  I  shade  them  so  as  to  show  the  exact  minor 
curves.  I  am  inclined  to  modify  my  opinions  of  age  for  several  reasons;  the  sharpness 
of  boring  can  be  accounted  for  and  is  perhaps  no  sharper  at  the  surface  than  in  many 
ceremonial  objects.  The  material  is  a  strong  point,  for  while  not  invariably  of  orna- 
mental slate,  some  are  made  of  choice  specimens  of  that,  naturally  inclining  me  to 
place  them  with  the  banner  stones,  amulets,  gorgets  and  tubes  of  quite  early  date.  Per- 
haps a  yet  stronger  point  here  is  that  they  never  have  been  found  here,  according  to 
my  experience,  on  any  distinctly  Iroquois  side.  IMr.  (Parker  (page  67,  Report  1913) 
speaks  of  their  occurring  side  by  side  with  Iroquois  clay  pipes,  which  strikes  me  as 
merely  a  general  statement.  On  camp  sites  I  find  several  periods  represented,  but  not 
in  villages  and  forts.  There  is  one  striking  difference  between  these  and  the  early 
clay  pipe — in  the  latter  the  face  is  usually  toward  the  smoker;  in  the  latter  it  is  always 
the  reverse.  This,  of  course,  would  imply  a  distinct  period,  early  or  late.  In  regard 
to  the  lizard  type,  in  its  broad  sense"  I  have  seen  about  a  dozen  here  (N.  Y.  State),  all 
but  two  of  clay." 

Mr.  Christopher  Wren,  of  Plymouth,  Pennsylvania,  Curator  of  Archaeology,  Wyom- 
ing Historical  and  Geological  Society,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  in  reply  to  query  re  effigy 
pipes,  states  in  a  letter  of  June  19th,  1914:  "We  find  nothing  here,  so  far  as  I  know, 
in  the  line  of  pipes  which  at  all  resembles  the  designs  of  those  you  illustrate  (Report 
1913).  .  .  .  Some  fine  soapstone  pipes  are  found  here  with  animal  figures  or  the 
human  head  and  face  on  them,  .  .  .  the  lizard  is  a  favorite  figure  on  such  pipes." 

Again  in  letter  of  July  1st,  1914,  in  response  to  further  inquries:  "I  know  of  no 
pipes  in  this  region  (Wyoming  Valley,  Pa.),  showing  the  entire  human  figure.  Pipes 
with  the  human  face  (portrait  pipes)  are  occasionally  found  here,  but  may  be  called 
very  rare.  I  have  seen  a  few  of  them  made  of  soapstone,  and  more  commonly  of  clay. 


70  AKiCH^OLOGI'CAL  REPORT: 

In  discussing  the  use  of  the  human  figure  as  an  embellishment  by  the  Indians,  Arthur 
C.  Parker  expressed  the  opinion  that  they  refrained  from  doing  so,  perhaps,  because  of 
their  peculiar  ideas  that  a  representation  of  any  living  animal  took  on  some  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  things  copied,  and  might  be  hurtful  to  the  original." 

Mr.  Alanson  Skinner,  Assistant  Curator  American  Museum  Natural  History,  New 
York,  N.Y.,  in  reply  to  queries  regarding  effigy  pipes  and  lizard  pipes,  in  letters  of 
September  9th  and  October  6th,  1914,  says  that  they  have  not  a  single  pipe  of  the  effigy 
type  described  in  Report  1913,  from  either  the  United  States  or  Canada,  in  their  col- 
lection, and  that  they  do  not  find  this  type  at  all  in  the  territory  of  the  New  York 
Coastal  Algonkin,  and  that  none  of  their  clay  and  stone  animal  pipes  from  Central  New 
York  fill  into  the  described  types;  also  that  they  have  no  lizard  pipes  from  either  side 
of  the  border. 

Mr.  Jas.  A.  Branegan,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  letter  24th  November,  1914,  says  that  they 
have  nothing  like  these  pipes  in  Pennsylvania,  which  I  take  to  mean  not  in  the  part 
that  he  has  archaeological  knowledge  of. 

Mr.  A.  McG.  Beede,  Hekton,  N.D.,  in  a  letter  of  Jan.  12th,  1915,  states  as 
follows :  "  The  statements  made  to  you  by  me  at  first  regarding  effigy  pipes  were 
too  cautious  and  restricted.  The  Hunk-pa-ti  Sioux,  living  along  the  Missouri,  had 
plenty  of  lizard,  alligator  pipes  in  the  old  times.  The  Teton  Sioux  had  these  to 
some  extent,  but  I  am  not  yet  certain  whether  they  made  them  themselves  or 

purchased  them  from  the  Hunk-pa-ti.     Yesterday  an  old  Indian  woman 

said  she  had  seen,  in  old  times,  deer  femur  bone  pipes  with  lizards  carved  on 
them.  I  never  saw  such  pipes.  I  have  found  an  ashwood  calumet  old  pipe  with 

a  lizard  carved  on  it,  and  painted At  a  later  date  came  the  bear  and 

buffalo  effigy  pipes.  And  then  pipes  with  horses  and  mules  on  them — the  mule  and 
his  rider  being  one  person  in  the  carving." 


ARCHJEOLtfGIOAL  REPORT.  77 

CERTAIN  OJIBWA  MYTHS. 

By  COL    GEO.  E,  LAIDLAW 

The  first  of  these  following  tales  was  told  to  me  some  eight  or  ten  years 
ago  by  Ben  Simcoe,  an  elderly  Indian  from  the  Rama  Reserve,  Ontario  County, 
near  Lake  Couchiching,  and  is  jprobably  a,  modern  version  of  an  older  tale,  as  it 
introduces  the  negro  and  white  man.  The  word  "  He "  in  the  story  stands  for 
"God1"  or  the  "Creator."  I  could  riot  get  definitely  from  Simooe  whom  it  did 
stand  for.  He  seemingly  did  not  know  much  about  earlier  Indian  beliefs  and 
conditions. 

The  remaining  three  stories  were  told  to  me  this  summer  by  Jonas  George, 
Chippewa,  of  Rama  Reserve,  aged  about  sixty-four,  professed  Christian.  His 
Indian  name  is  Wash-a-ghe-zik,  which  means  "  A  clear  day." 

G.  E.  LAIDLAW. 

The  sketch  of  the  two  little  shiny  men  setting  lightning  at  the  tree,  also  the 
"  Monster,"  were  drawn  by  Wash-a-ghe-zik.  G.  E.  L. 

THE  CREATION  OF  MAN. 

Told  by  Ben  Simcoe,  Chippewa  (Ojibwa),  of  Rama  Reserve,  Ontario  County. 

He  (the  Creator)  took  some  clay  and  made  a  man.  He  baked  it;  it  was 
not  done  enough.  *  He  threw  it  away ;  it  was  no  good.  This  was  the  white  man. 

He  took  some  more  clay  and  made  another  man  and  baked  it.  Thi,s  one  was 
baked  too  much,  and  was  burnt.  It  was  no  good.  He  threw  this  away.  This  was 
the  negro. 

He  took  another  bit  of  clay  and  made  a  third  man.  He  baked  this  and  it 
came  out  all  right.  It  was  just  right.  This  was  the  Indian,  better  than  the  white 
man  or  the  negro. 

THUNDERBOLT. 

This  story  was  told  to  Wash-a-ghe-zik  by  his  father,  and  was  told  to  his  father 
by  his  grandfather. 

A  young  Indian,  many  years  ago,  went  out  ito  hunt  early  one  morning,  and 
coming  on  noon  he  got  hungry  and  started  back  to  camp.  In  passing  a  pine  stub 
that  had  been  struck  by  lightning  he  saw  "  something  "  sticking  in  the  tree  where 
the  lightning  hit.  He  pulled  this  "something"  out  and  looked  at  it.  It  was 
about  two  fingers  broad,  and  about  one  hand  long.  He  put  it  back  again  in  the 
tree  exactly  like  he  found  it,  and  went  on.  When  he  came  to  camp  he  told  his 
father  about  it,  and  his  father  and  several  other  men,  together  with  the  young  man, 
went  back  to  examine  it.  Neither  his  father  or  the  men  with  him  could  pull  this 
"  something  "  out,  but  the  young  man  could ;  so  he  pulled  it  out,  wrapped  it  up  and 
took  it  to  camp.  This  "  something  "  would  tell  the  young  man  some  hours  before 
a  storm  came  up  that  the  storm  was  coming,  so  that  the  Indians  could  make  camp. 
The  young  man  used  to  dream  that  he  could  split  trees  by  pointing  this  "  some- 
thing "  at  them,  but  never  tried  it.  He  kept  this  for  many  years.  He  was  about 
eighteen  years  old  when  he  found  it,  and  lived  to  be  forty-seven.  He  died  un- 
married and  his  name  was  forgotten. 

The  "something"  was  shiny  and  quivering,  and  nobody  knew  what  it  was 
made  out  of.  It  was  lost  shortly  before  the  man  died.  Wash-a-ghe-zik  had  no  name 
for  this  "  something,"  and  said  the  Indians  could  not  make  up  a  name  for  it. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT 


^•T"^"*1*        '      \f 

A  '       /  w<.    j 

**£L^&ASI  *sCt^>i^+ 
</  ** 


V*  **  fi    *    ^» 


MONSTER. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  79 


NlM-MAH-KlE. 

Once,  a  long  time  ago,  before  the  white  man  came  to  Canada,  an  Indian  struck 
out  through  the"  bush  to  hunt.  It  came  on  a  storm  and  he  took  a  line  for  camp, 
which  was  by  a  little  lake  away  up  north.  It  came  on  worse,  and  the  Indian 
crawled  under  a  projecting  pine  tree.  He  saw  the  lightning  strike  several  trees, 
and  looking  very  closely  at  one  tree  that  was  struck  he  saw  a  little  man  (about 
two  feet  high)  standing  by  one  side  of  the  tree,  and  looking  again  at  the  tree  he 
saw  another  little  man  standing  at  the  other  side  of  the  struck  tree.  Both  these 
men  were  fine  little  fellows,  all  black  and  shining,  and  are  called  Nim-Mah-Kie 
(Thunder).  They  climbed  up  in  the  air  like  they  were  climbing  ladders,  and  dis- 
appeared. After  they  went  up  more  lightning  came  down.  These  little  men  set 
the  lightning  at  the  trees  and  make  the  thunder.  Thunder  and  lightning  keep 
the  monsters  down  on  the  land  and  in  the  lakes. 

MONSTERS. 

These  monsters,  which  are  about  twelve  feet  long  and  about  one  and  one-half 
to  two  feet  thick,  and  which  have  long  jaws  full  of  teeth,  and  look  like  half  fish 
and  half  snake,  live  in  hills  near  lakes.  They  have  underground  passages  from  the 
hills  to  the  water,  and  can  sometimes  be  seen  early  in  the  morning.  In  small  lakes 
and  bays  of  larger  lakes  they  move  around  with  great  swiftness,  forcing  the  weeds 
and  floating  sticks,  etc.,  up  high  on  :the  shore,  similar  'to  swirling  your  hand  around 
in  a  wash  basin.  Sometimes  they  do  this  with  so  much  force  that  they  leave  the 
small  lakes  partially  dry.  One  of  these  monsters  lives  in  the  hill  just  north  of 
where  the  old  Indian  portage  from  Lake  Simcoe  enters  West  Bay,  Balsam  Lake 
(now  Portage  Road).  Another  lives  in  the  hill  at  Atherley,  Rama  Reserve,  Lake 
Couchiching,  and  another  lives  up  north  in  a  lake  the  name  of  .which  is  now  for- 
gotten. Thunder  and  lightning  kill  these  monsters. 


80  AEiCII.EOLOGI'CAL  BEFORE. 


NEW  ACCESSIONS  TO  MUSEUM 

When  the  first  explorers  and  pioneers  from  the  old  world  pushed  their  way  up 
the  Ottawa,  Mattawa,  and  down  the  French  liiver  into  the  mysterious  forests  of 
the  Tionnontates  country,  the}r  found  there  a  red-skinned  race,  who  were  possessed 
of  remarkable  moral  and  physical  attributes.  They  were  extensive  cultivators  of 
tobacco.,  as  well  as  large  traders  in  the  same  with  numerous  northern  and  western 
tribes.  Many  evidences  of  their  smoking  habits  are  traced  in  the  pipes  found 
in  their  kitchen-middens,  and  surface  finds  are  also  numerous,  most  of  which,  how- 
ever, are  imperfect.  On  page  82  and  83  are  illustrated  at  a  number  of  Tionnontate' 
clay  pipes  found  in  the  township  of  ISTottawasaga.  All  these  pipes  resemble  very 
closely  those  of  the  Iroquois,  Attiwandarons,  and  Hurons,  as  found  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  as  well  as  through  the  Province  of  Ontario.  The  square  Iroquois  pipe, 
as  well  as  the  bell-shaped  Attiwandaron,  are  both  found  throughout  the 
Tionnontates  country.  Stone  pipes  are  not  so  numerous,  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  territory  had  not  been  occupied  for  so  long  a  period,  but  all  stone  artifacts 
are  less  numerous  in  this  district. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


81 


Fig.  No.  33,989.    Full  size. 

Figure  No.  33^989  was  presented  to  the  Museum  by  T.  R.  Mayberry,  Esq., 
MP.P.,  and  was  found  on  Lot  16,  Concession  3,  W.  Oxford.  It  is  a  very  dark 
stone  pipe  with  a  flattened  stem,  somewhat  after  the  monitour  types. 


Fig.  No.  33,902. 

This  pipe,  Xo.  33,902,  in  the  Kennedy  collection  was  found  on  the  7th  Con- 
cession of  York  Township,  north  of  Weston,  and  is  a  typical  form  found  all  through 
the  Huron-Iroquois  district,  and  made  an  excellent  model  for  the  Europeans  to 
copy  from. 


82 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Nottawasaga  Pipes. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


7    A.K. 


Nottawasaga  Pipes. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  34,037.     Full  size. 


Fig.  No.  34,047.    Full  size. 

Figure  No.  34037,  a  banner  or  wing-formed  stone  from  Middlesex  'Co.  and 
bears  the  appearance  of  age  and  may  have  antedated  the  Attiwandaron  occupation 
of  Western  Ontario. 

No.  34047  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  an  ice-chisel  (trauche).  It  is  heavy 
and  brought  to  a  sharp  point  at  both  ends,  probably  made  use  of  in  the  north 
country  by  the  Indians  during  their  hunts  for  beaver.  The  handle  was  fastened 
to  the  centre  in  the  usual  fashion,  thus  making  an  excellent  ice-breaker  for  piercing 
holes  in  the  lodge  into  which  the  animal  goes  for  refuge,  and  through  these  holes 
laying  their  nets  for  the  purpose  of  catching  them. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


85 


Fig.  No.  34,041. 

These  figures,  No.  34038-39-40-41,  which  have  been  usually  designated  "bird  amulets," 
were  presented  to  the  Provincial  Museum  by  John  Gray  burn,  Esq.,  and  were  all  found 
in  the  County  of  Middlesex.  Figure  34040  is  poorly  made  and  looks  as  if  it  had  been 
only  partially  finished,  or  else  that  fire  and  weather  had  defaced  it.  The  others  have 
the  protuberances  known  as  eyes  and  the  usual  boring  at  the  extremities  of  the  base. 
Few  of  these  artifacts  are  found  in  the  country  of  the  Tionnontates,  the  large  majority 
coming  from  south-western  Ontario. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


Fig.  No.  34,032. 


Fig.   No.    34,031. 


Fig.   No.   34,030. 


Figures  34,030-31-35,  commonly  known  as  r-erernomal  stones,  are  the  gift  of 
Mrs.  John  Grayburn,  and  also  from  the  County  of  Middlesex.  They  are  the  handi- 
work of  the  Attiwandarons.  No.  34,032  bears  the  appearance  of  having  been  used 
for  a  tallying  stone,  either  for  gambling  or  other  purposes.  They  are  all  made  of 
stripped  slate,  with  the  hole  bored  in  the  usual  aboriginal  fashion.  No.  34,031  is 
somewhat  worn  and  has  the  appearance  of  age1.  No.  34,030  is  a  very  common  form 
found  all  through  Ontario,  and  particularly  in  the  western  apas  of  the  Province. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  KEPOKT. 


87 


Elk  Horn  Skin 

Scraper. 
Fig.  No.  33,983. 


Fig.  No.  33,990. 


88  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 

This  unique  bone  artifact  (No.  34,048)  was  found  in  an  ashbed  near  Weston. 
and  was  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Kennedy,  with  his  very  large  col- 
lection. It  is  the  only  bone  artifact  of  this  kind  in  the  Provincial  Museum,  and  is 
11%  inches  in  length  with  a  round  sharp  point  at  one  end  and  the  other  flattened. 
The  workmanship  is  not  only  perfect,  but  most  regular.  The  use  to  which  bone 
pieces  of  this  kind  were  most  probably  put  is  in  the  game  of  straws.  Charlevoix 
states  that  in  this  game,  which  generally  consisted  of  201  pieces,  they  divided  them 
with  a  kind  of  awl,  or  sharp  bone  such  as  this. 

This  stone  artifact  (No.  33,990)  was  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  /C.  W. 
N"ash.  It  is  unique  in  its  outline  and  was  probably  used  as  an  ornament  to  decorate 
the  ear  or  nose  of  some  ancient  Attiwandaron  brave.  It  is  the  only  article  of  the 
kind  we  have  in  the  Museum,  and  it  was  found  in  one  of  the  ancient  village  sites 
near  Queenston. 

Figure  33,983,  an  elk  horn  skin  scraper,  which  is  one  of  four  in  the  Ontario 
Provincial  Museum.  It  was  presented  with  a  number  of  other  artifacts  by  Mr. 
E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  of  Man  dan,  N.D.,  with  the  attached  flint,  well  laoed  on  by 
thongs  of  deer  hide,  it  must  have  been  a  very  useful  instrument.  It  is  12  inches 
long — 51/0  across  the  top  and  2%  inches  in  diameter.  This  scraper  was  found 
at  Areckara  Fort,  about  sixteen  miles  from  Mandan.  After  the  skin  has  been 
cleaned  it  is  worked  down  with  this  adze-shaped  scraper,  formerly  tipped  with 
stone,  but  now  with  metal.  This  process  reduces  the  hide  to  a  uniform  thickness. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT.  89 


ACCESSIONS  TO  MUSEUM 

33738-9 — Lamps  used  in  the  Lighthouse  at  Toronto,  from  1818-1850.     Gift  of  John  Ross 

Robertson,  Esq. 
33740 — Stone   adze.     Found   by  Frank   Carrell    on    the    beach    at    Wellington,    Prince 

Edward  County,  gift  of  Wm.  Carrell,  Esq. 
33741-69 — Fragments  of  clay  pottery.     Gift  of  Rev.  J.  P.  Hall,  Brown's  Town,  Jamaica, 

May   9th,   1914. 

33770-3-^Stone  axes.     Gift  of  Rev.  J.  P.  Hall,  Jamaica. 
33774-90— Shells.     Gift  of  Rev.  J.  P.  Hall,  Jamaica. 
33791-97— Small  bones.     Gift  of  Rev.  J.  P.  Hall,  Jamaica. 
33798— Skull;   found  near  Gait.     Gift  of  A.  B.  Vardon,  Esq.,  Gait,  Ont. 
33799-800 — Bones    (humerus).     Gift  of  A.  B.  Vardon,  Esq.,  Gait,  Ont. 
33801 — Army  water-botitle,  found  at  Ridgeway.     Mrs.  M.  A.  Kerr,  Gait,  Ont. 
33802— Stone  adze,  W.  Nissouri  Tp.     Gift  of  L.   D.   Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's,   Ont. 
33803— Stone  adze,  McKay's  Creek,  Nissouri  Tp.     Gift  of  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's, 

Ont. 
33804 — Wooden  ladel,  Mohawk  Reserve,  Grand  River.     Gift  of  L.  D.   Brown,  Esq.,   St. 

Mary's,  Ont. 

33805 — Tusk,  Chicago  Stock  Yards.     Gift  of  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's,  Ont. 
38806— Piece  of  Shell.     Gift  of  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's  Ont. 
33807— Hatchet,  North  branch,  Thames  River,  S.  Perth.     Gift  of  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St. 

Mary's,  Ont. 

3380&— Gun  flint  Desplains  River,  111.     Gift  of  L.  D.  Brown,  Esq.,  St.  Mary's,  Ont. 
33809-13 — Arrow-heads,  McKay's  Creek,  E.  Nissouri   Township.     Gift  of  L.   D.  Brown, 

Esq.,  St.  Mary's,  Ont. 

33814— Hammer  stone,  W'oodbridge,  Ont.     Gift  of  J.  F.  Orr,  Esq.,  M.D. 
33815-74 — Bone  awls.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont,  October,  1914. 
33875 — Ten  bone  beads.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 
33876 — Seventy-eight  teeith.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 
33877 — Three   hundred   and    sixty-five  bone    fragments.      Gift   of   A.    M.    Kennedy,   Esq., 

Weston,  Ont,  October,  1914. 
3387'8 — Eleven  fragments   of  Clay  pipe  stems.     Gift   of  A.  M.   Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston, 

Ont,  October,  1914. 
33879 — Two  fragments  of  clay  pipe  bowls.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont, 

October,  1914. 
33880 — Nine   hundred  and   twenty   fragments   of  chert.     Gift  of  A.  M.   Kennedy,   Esq., 

Weston,  Ont,  October,  1914. 

33881— Twenty-five  bone  beads.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  Oct.,  1914. 
33882-87 — Fragments    of   bone   needles.      Gift   of   A.    M.    Kennedy,   Esq.,   Weston,    Ont, 

October,  1914. 

33888-900— Bone  awls.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 
33901 — One  hundred  and  seventy  seven  fragments  of  pottery.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy, 

Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 
33902 — Sixty  seven  fragments  of  clay  pipe  bowls.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston, 

Ont.,  October,  1914. 

•  33903 — Onie  hundred'  and  forty-four  fragments  of  clay  pipe  stems.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Ken- 
nedy, Esq.,  Weston,  Ont,  October,  1914. 

33904— Seventy-eight  arrow-heads.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  Oct.,  1914 
33905 — Thirty-one  stone  chisels,  adzes,  etc.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont, 

October  1914. 
33906 — Eighteen  stone  chisels,  adzes,  etc.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont., 

October,  1914. 
33907^Thirty-one  clam  shells.    Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy.,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


33908  —  iron  wedge.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont.,  October,  1914. 

33909  —  One-hundred  and  one  bone  beads.     Gift  of  A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont., 

October,  1914. 

33910-63—  Fragments   of  pottery.     Gift  of  E.  iR.   Steinbrueck,   Mand'an,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 
33964  —  charred  cob  of  corn    (200  years  old).    Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D., 

U.S.A. 

33965-979  —  Flint  specimens.     Gift  of  E.  R.   Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 
33980  —  Tooth.     Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 
33981—  Bone  awl.     Gift  of  E.   R.   Steinbrueck,   Mandan,   N.D.,   U.S.A. 

33982  —  Bone  fragment.     Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 

33983  —  Hide  scraper.     Gift  of  E.  R.   Steinbrueck,  iMandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 

33984-5  —  Shoulder  blades  of  buffalo;   used  as  hide  scrapers.    Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck, 

Mandan,    N.D.,   U.S.A. 

33986  —  Squash  knife.     Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck,  Mandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 
33987-88  —  Shoulder  blades  of  buffalo;  used  as  hide  scrapers.     Gift  of  E.  R.  Steinbrueck, 

Mandan,  N.D.,  U.S.A. 

33989—  Stone  pipe,  Lot  16,  Con.  3,  W.  Oxford.     Gift  of  T.  R,  Mayberry,  Esq.,  M.P.P. 
33990  —  Stone  ornament,  Lincoln  County,  Ont.     Gift  of  C.  W.  Nash,  Esq. 
339*91-2—  Topa  cloth,  Honolula.     Mrs.  W.  A.  Orr,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  U.S.A. 
33993-4  —  Grooved  axes,  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.,  U.S.A.     By  Exchange  with  Jas.  A.  Brane- 

gan, Esq.,  Millbourne,  Pa.,  U.,S.A. 
33995—  Spear-head,   Berks   Co.,   Pa.,   U.S.A.     By   exchange   with   Jas.   A.   Branegan,   Esq., 

Millbourne,   Pa.,   U.S.A. 
33996  —  Part  of  banner  stone,  Berks  Co.,  Pa.     By  exchange  with  Jas.  A.  Branegan,  Esq., 

Millbourne,  Pa.,   U.S.A. 
33997—  Fragment  of  pottery,  W.  bank  of  Delaware  River,  Pa.,  U.S.A.     By  exchange  with 

Jas.  A.  Branegan,  Esq.,  Millbourne,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 
33998-34003  —  Fragment   of    pottery,    W.    bank    of   Delaware    River,    Pa.,    U.S.A.      By    ex- 

change with  Jas.   A.  Branegan,  Millbourne,  Pa.,  U.,S.A. 
34004-29—  Arrow-heads,    from   Berks,    Lehigh    and    Northampton    Counties,    Pa.      By   ex- 

change with  Jas.  A.  Branegan,  Esq.,  Millbourne,  Pa.,  U.S.A. 
34030-36—  Gorgets.     Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn. 
340:37  —  Banner  Stone.     Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.   Minnie  GraburTi. 
34038-41—  Bird  Amulets.     'Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn. 
34042—  Fragment  of  Bird  Amulet.    Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn. 
34043-45  —  Large  stone  gouges.    Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn. 

34046—  Stone  adze  or  axe.    Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.  Minnie  Graburn. 

34047—  Stone  implement.     Middlesex  County.     Gift  of  Mrs.   Minnie  Graburn. 

34048  —  Bone  implement.    Gift  of  A.   M.  Kennedy,  Esq.,  Weston,  Ont. 

34049  —  Stone  axe,  found  on  Lot  4,  Con.  1,  McKillop  Township.     Presented  by  Be^'iard 

O'Connell,   of  Dublin,  Ont. 

34050  —  Large  round  stone,  probably  used  for  gambling  purposes;   found  at  Woodbridge, 

and  presented  by  Miss  Merlda  Orr. 

34051-2  —  Gambling   stones;    found   near   Woodbridge.     Miss  Merlda   Orr. 
34053  —  Part  of  stone  ioe  chisel;   found  near  Woodbridge.     Miss  Merlda  Orr. 
340*54  —  Souriguois  basket;   from  Nova  Scotia.     Presented  by  Miss  Mary  Cullum. 

34055  —  Stone  axe,  Vaughan  Tp.,  Con.   7,  Lot  15.     Dr.  R.   B.  Orr. 

34056  —  Stone  gouige,  Lot  12,  Con.   6,    Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.   R.  B.   Orr. 
34057-8  —  Slate  gorgets.     Vaughan  Township.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

34059—  Small  stone  axe.     Con.  6,  Vaughan  Tp.,  Malloy's  Farm.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

060—  Heavy  pottery.     Vaughan  Tp.,  Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 
34061—  Bone  awl.     Con.  7,  Vaughan  Tp.     Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

2-171—  Flints.     Vaughan  Tp.  Dr.  R.  B.  Orr. 

4172  —  Corn  cobs,  found  near  Weston,  Ont.     A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq. 
3417'3—  Bone  awls  and  beads,  found  near  Weston,  Ont.     A.  M.  Kennedy,  Esq. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  HEPOKT.  91 

34174-7 — Four  specimens  of  net  sinkers  found  on  Rowe's  Island,  in  the  Columbia  River, 

214  miles  below  Pasea  and  %  of  a  mile  above  the  mouth  of  the  Snake  River; 

Franklin  County.     Washington.     Presented  by  Earle  O.  Roberts,  Esq.,  March 

14th,  1914. 

341T8 — Model  Eskimo  kayak.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34179— Model  Eskimo  kayak.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34180 — Model  Eskimo  sealing  boat.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34181 — Eskimo  dog  whip.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34,182 — One  bone  reloading  tool    ( Eskimo ).     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34183 — Fish  spear    (Eskimo).     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34184 — Eskimo  arrow  quiver.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
,34185 — Eskimo  bone  pointed  arrow.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.   Graburn,  Esq. 
34186 — Eskimo  bone  pointed  arrow.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34187 — Eskimo  metal  and  bone  pointed  arrow.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34188-9 — Model  Eskimo  harpoons  with  toggle  head.     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn, 

Esq. 

34190 — One  arrow  steel  point    (modern).     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34191 — One  arrow  flint  point  (modern).     By  exchange  with  W.  J.  Graburn,  Esq. 
34192-206 — Stone  adzes.     Nottawasaga  Tp.     Presented  by  C.  A.  H.  Clark,  Esq. 
34207-222— Stone  adzes.     Floss  Tp.       Presented  by  C.  A.  H.  Clark,  Esq. 
34223-248— Stone  adzes.     Nottawasaga  Tp.     Presented  by  C.  A.  H.  Clark,  Esq. 
34249-263— Stone  axes.     Floss  Tp.     Presented  by  C.   A.   H.   Clark,   Esq. 
34264-279— Stone  axes.     Vespra  Tp.     Presented  by  C.  A.  H.  Clark,  Esq. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


93 


s 


94 


ABCH^EOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


95 


96 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


3 


J)8 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


99 


TURTLE  EGGS. 


/  • 


BINDING  SECT.  SEP  »    196* 


AM  Toronto.     Royal  Ontario 

Museum.     Art  and  Archaeology 
T642  Division 

1907/08-  Archaeological  report 

1913/14 


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