l^
L I B RA RY
OF THE
U N IVLR5ITY
or ILLINOIS
FA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE
ACKMEN-LOWRY AREA
SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, 1937
BY
Paul S. Martin
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
WITH REPORTS
BY
Carl Lloyd and Alexander Spoehr
THE LIBRARY OF THE
AUG 2 2 1938
UNIVERSITY OF IILIPWiS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XXIII, NUMBER 2
JULY 28, 1938
PUBLICATION 419
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations 223
Preface 227
I. Introduction * . 229
History of the Southwest — a Summary 229
Location of Sites 236
Physiographic and Biotic Conditions 236
Problems (written before going to field) 236
II. Description of Architectural Details 239
Report on Methods of Excavation, by Alexander Spoehr 239
Report of Cartographer, by Alexander Spoehr 240
Site 1 241
Slab House (Feature III) . . . . , 241
Nature of Fill 241
Walls 241
Construction 241
Kind of Stone Used 241
' Surfaces 241
Spalls 241
Mortar 241
Plaster 241
Doorways or Openings 241
Floor ' 241
Ceiling 241
Pole-and-Brush Lean-to (Feature II) 241
Pit House(?) (Feature IV) 242
J House-kiva (Feature I) 242
^{ Walls 242
7 Pilasters 242
Roof 242
Floor 242
^ Firepit 243
J' Ventilator 243
Sipapu 243
-, Masonry 243
Artifacts 243
Cists 243
Firepit 244
r- " Burial •. . . 244
1^ Use of Rooms and General Comments 244
2 Site 2 245
^ Rooms with Stone Walls (Features I and III) 245
Walls 245
Floor 245
. Roof 245
\ General Comments 245
"^S stone Wall(?) (Feature II) 246
Collapsed House (Feature V) 246
House-kiva (Feature IV) 246
^ Nature of Fill 246
Walls 246
J^
, 219
ri
220 Contents
Masonry 247
Pit ^ .... 247
Bin 247
Artifacts 247
Rock Pile on Floor 247
Exterior Firepit 247
General Comments 247
Site 3 248
Pueblo Details 248
Fill 248
Walls 248
Recessed Posts 248
Floor 248
Roof 248
Kiva Details 248
Fill 248
Walls 249
Southern Recess 249
Post-holes 249
Roof 249
Floor 249
Firepit 249
Ventilator 249
Niches 249
Plaster 249
Artifacts 249
Exterior Cist 249
Burials 249
General Comments 250
Site 4 250
Pole-and-Brush House (Feature I) 250
Fill 250
Walls 250
Floor 251
Roof 251
Cist 251
Pole-and-Brush House (Feature III) 251
Fill 251
Walls 251
Floor 251
Firepit 251
Roof 251
House-kiva (Feature II) 251
Before Remodeling 251
Walls 251
Bench 251
Post-holes 251
Floor 251
Firepit 252
Ventilator 252
Plaster 252
Roof 252
After Remodeling 252
Fill 252
Walls 252
I
I
Contents 221
Bench 252
Pilasters 252
Post-hole 252
Roof 252
Floor 252
Firepit 252
Ventilator 252
Cists 252
Plaster 253
Masonry 253
Artifacts 253
Exterior Details 253
General Comments 253
III. Artifacts 254
Summary of Stone Objects 254
Summary of Types of Manos 255
Summary of Types of Metates 255
Summary of Bone Objects 256
IV. Pottery 268
Painted Pottery 268
Culinary Pottery 268
Description of Pottery Data 270
Site 1 270
Site 2 271
Site 3 271
Site 4 271
Trade Wares 275
Summary 276
V. The Archaeological Survey in the Ackmen-Lowry Region by
Carl Lloyd 282
Field Technique 284
Pottery Type Analysis 285
Association of Traits 287
Indirect Aspects of the Survey 287
Evidence for a Hypothesis Concerning the Development of McElmo
Black-on- White from Mancos Black-on- White 288
Summary 289
VI. Synthesis 293
Summary 293
Conclusions 295
Conjectures 295
Bibliography 301
Index 302
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES
CXIII. Site 1; looking southeast, before clearing.
CXIV. Site 1; preliminary stages of excavation in east trench; trench
2 meters wide, levels 20 cm. thick.
CXV. Site 1; slab house before excavation; looking south. Meter stick
in background.
CXVI. Site 1; slab house (Feature III) completely excavated; looking
east. Meter stick in background.
CXVII. Site 1; east wall of slab house (Feature III); slabs supporting
rubble wall of small stones. Length of wall shown, 1.4 meters.
CXVIII. Site 1; pit house (Feature IV); looking southwest. Meter stick
in background.
CXIX. Site 1; view of complete excavation of house-kiva (Feature I)
from 18-foot photographic tower. Arrow (50 cm. long) points
north; meter stick in background.
CXX. Site 1; masonry in southwest quadrant of house-kiva (Feature I);
looking south. Un worked stones; no spalls; untempered mud-
mortar; single stone thickness. Meter stick on right.
CXXI. Site 2; view of entire site from 18-foot photographic tower; look-
ing south. Three-meter rod on center wall.
CXXII. Site 2; interior of west wall of stone house (Feature II). Walls of
large stones and adobe mortar; some spalls. Meter stick on wall.
CXXIII. Site 2; looking north into house-kiva (Feature IV); showing south
half completely excavated. Banquette of stone; two stone
pilasters; firepit slab-lined. Meter stick on floor.
CXXIV. Site 2; close-up of soil profile of fill in house-kiva (Feature IV);
looking north. Fill composed of dark soil containing charcoal
and organic matter deposited by wind and water. Arrow points
upward.
CXXV. Site 2; house-kiva (Feature IV); showing slab-lined firepit, extra
pit, and ventilator opening. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north.
CXXVI. Site 2; house-kiva (Feature IV); masonry; north wall of banquette.
Meter stick at right.
CXXVII. Site 3; Trench I; looking southeast. Rodent holes visible in the
floor of the trench.
CXXVIII. Site 3; masonry; north wall of Room 3. Meter stick on wall.
CXXIX. Site 3; Kiva I, completely excavated; showing post-holes for roof
support, firepit, deflector, ventilator opening, and southern recess.
Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background.
CXXX. Site 3; flexed burial in floor of Room 2. Arrow (50 cm. long)
points northeast.
CXXXI. Site 4; post-house (Feature I); looking northeast at burned adobe
wall of post-house. Meter stick in background.
CXXXII. Site 4; post-hole No. 1 in floor of house (Feature I); showing collar
of mud and stones.
CXXXIII. Site 4; post-house (Feature III); looking east at wall slabs and
post-holes. Meter stick in foreground.
CXXXIV. Site 4; house-kiva (Feature II); showing secondary additions
(stone pilasters, banquette, and cists in banquette) and firepit,
ventilator opening, and shaft. Arrow (50 cm. long) points
north; meter stick in background.
223
224
List of Illustrations
Site 1.
Site 1.
Site 1.
Designs
Designs
Designs
CXXXV. Site 4; house-kiva (Feature II); showing southwest pilaster and
western extremity of masonry which formed the banquette be-
tween the southwest and southeast pilasters. Meter stick at
right.
CXXXVI. Site 4; house-kiva (Feature II), showing two post-holes (in ban-
quette) and a section of the first wall. Arrow (50 cm. long)
points north; meter stick in background.
CXXXVII. Stone axes. Length of Fig. 1, 12.4 cm.
CXXXVIII. Grooved objects of stone. Length of Fig. 1, 14 cm.
CXXXIX. Miscellaneous objects of stone. Length of Fig. 4, 17.5 cm.
CXL. Rubbing stones. Length of Fig. 3, 12.7 cm.
CXLI. Rubbing stones. Length of Fig. 3, 13.7 cm.
CXLII. Manos. Ten-centimeter scale at top.
CXLIII. Manos. Ten-centimeter scale at top.
CXLIV. Manos. Ten-centimeter scale at top.
CXLV. Manos. Ten-centimeter scale at top.
CXLVI. Lino black-on-gray potsherds, Site 1.
CXLVII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds,
squiggly hatch.
CXLVIII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds,
diagonal hatch.
CXLIX. Mancos black-on-white potsherds,
pendent and opposed triangles, ticked lines and solids.
CL. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 1. Designs
scrolls, ticked lines and solids, and checkerboards.
CLI. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 1. Designs
combinations of various elements, solids bordered by parallel
lines, and stripes.
CLII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site
diagonal and squiggly hatch, and stripes.
CLIII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site
diagonal hatch.
CLIV. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 2.
hatch and checkerboards.
CLV. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 2. Designs showing pend-
ent and opposed triangles, polka dots, and terraced solids.
CLVI. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 2. Designs showing panels,
stripes, chevrons, and ticked lines and solids.
CLVII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 3. Designs showing
checkerboards and squiggly hatch.
CLVIII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site
diagonal hatch.
CLIX. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 3.
hatch.
CLX. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 3.
ent triangles.
CLXI. Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 3.
ent and opposed triangles.
CLXII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site
terraced solids.
CLXIII. Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 3.
and stripes.
showing
showing
showing
showing
showing
parallel
2. Designs showing
2. Designs showing
Designs showing cross
3. Designs showing
Designs showing cross
Designs showing pend-
Designs showing pend-
3. Designs showing
Designs showing panels
List of Illustrations
225
CLXIV.
CLXV.
CLXVI.
CLXVII.
CLXVIII.
CLXIX.
CLXX.
CLXXI.
CLXXII.
CLXXIII.
CLXXIV.
CLXXV.
CLXXVI.
CLXXVII.
CLXXVIII.
CLXXIX.
Designs showing chev-
Designs showing polka
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 3.
rons and stripes.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 3.
dots and ticked lines.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 3. Designs showing scrolls.
Potsherds, Site 3. Large sherd, Reserve(?) black-on-white; other
sherds, Mancos black-on-white. Designs showing combinations
of various elements.
Potsherds, Site 4. Upper rows: Lino black-on-gray. Lower rows:
Mancos black-on-white. Designs showing checkerboards and
polka dots.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site
squiggly and cross hatch.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site
diagonal hatch.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 4.
ent and opposed triangles.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 4.
raced solids, ticked lines and solids, and scrolls.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds, Site 4. Designs showing panels
and combinations of various elements.
Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 4. Designs showing stripes
and chevrons.
4. Designs showing
4. Designs showing
Designs showing pend-
Designs showing ter-
Mancos black-on-white potsherds. Site 4.
nations of various elements.
Designs showing combi-
Culinary ware potsherds from all sites. Upper rows: plain corru-
gated. Lower rows: plain corrugated-neck and washboard
corrugated.
Culinary ware potsherds from all sites. Upper row: flat-wavy
indented-corrugated. Middle row: medium-wavy indented-
corrugated. Lower rows: deep-wavy indented-corrugated.
Culinary ware potsherds from all sites. Figs. 1-5. Square in-
dented-corrugated. Fig. 6. Basket impression. Fig. 7. Com-
bination of plain corrugated and medium-wavy indented-corru-
gated. Figs. 8, 9. Sawtooth indented-corrugated. Figs. 10,
11, 13-15. Incised and punched plainware. Fig. 12. Incised
plain corrugated.
Abajo red-on-orange(?) jar; Site 4 (Feature I).
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
55. Ackmen-Lowry area 235
56. Graph representing distribution (in percentages) of design elements
according to sites; sites arranged chronologically 269
57. Graph representing distribution (in percentages) of pottery types for
each site; sites arranged chronologically 272
58. Graph representing number of sites in which given pottery associations
were found; data from survey 286
MAPS
FACING
PAGE
5. Topographic map of area including Sites 1 to 4 excavated in 1937 . . . 236
6. Ground plan and sections of Site 1 240
7. Ground plan and sections of Site 2 244
8. Ground plan and sections of Site 3 248
9. Ground plan and sections of Site 4 252
PREFACE
This publication includes the results of archaeological research
made at four small sites in Township 38 N., Range 18 W., Monte-
zuma County, southwestern Colorado, in 1937 by the Field Museum
Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest. These small sites
were chosen in that area because no similar work had ever been
done there.
The Expedition, with myself as leader, was financed from a fund
generously provided by Mr. Stanley Field, President of the Board
of Trustees of Field Museum. I am very grateful to him. I should
like also to express my gratitude to the late Stephen C. Simms,
former Director of the Museum, who encouraged and helped me
greatly. To Mr, Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the Museum, I
also owe a great debt for his enthusiastic aid and for his sympathetic
attitude. His visit to my camp climaxed the work of the summer
and gave me the opportunity to show him how I conduct my field
operations.
Without the help of my two able assistant-associates, Mr. Carl
Lloyd, now of Harvard University, and Mr. Alexander Spoehr,
now of the University of Chicago, the Expedition would have
lacked the great success it achieved. Mr. Lloyd conceived, planned,
and carried out the archaeological survey of the Ackmen-Lowry
region. He also had charge of photography and helped me with
administrative work. Mr. Spoehr served as cartographer, and
supervised the actual excavations in a most thorough manner. The
reports of Messrs. Lloyd and Spoehr are included in this publication.
I wish also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Charles Di
Peso, Mr. Frank C. Gregg, and Mr. John Harpham, all of whom
contributed to the success of the Expedition by helping with the
digging. They generously paid their own expenses.
Miss Elizabeth McM. Hambleton, volunteer research assistant at
the Museum, classified, tabulated, and ran percentages on the
potsherds recovered from the various sites. She has done this work
painstakingly and cheerfully. Without her aid, this report would
not have been finished for another six months.
Line drawings signed C.F.G. in this report were done by Mr.
Carl F. Gronemann, Illustrator on the Museum staff. The maps
made by Mr. Spoehr were traced and arranged by Mr. Robert L.
Yule, Assistant in the Department of Anthropology. This oppor-
tunity is taken to express my appreciation of their efforts.
227
228 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
To Mr. and Mrs. Clyde D. Long I am again greatly indebted
for permitting us to make their ranch our camp headquarters.
For their interest and careful technique in digging I wish to
thank Messrs. S. T. Bangs, Hugh Pigg, Richard Shrader, Luke
Lancaster, and Charles Bangs.
Before he joined the Peabody Museum Expedition at Jeddito,
Arizona, Mr. Al Lancaster greatly expedited the archaeological
survey work by his intimate knowledge of the area and by his
tireless efforts. I am grateful to him.
Mr. Ben Williford, on whose land lie the ruins which we exca-
vated, is particularly to be thanked. Mr. Williford helped us build
a road to the ruins, gave protection to the excavations and our
tools, and was helpful and kindly in many different ways.
The general reader will find Chapter I, the Introduction, and
Chapter VI, the Synthesis, more enjoyable than the other sections.
Paul S. Martin
ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN ACKMEN-LOWRY
AREA, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO, 1937
I. INTRODUCTION
History of the Southwest: a Summary
The following brief resume of man and his culture in this area
is given in order that the general reader, unfamiliar with the history
of the Southwest, may more fully understand this report.
How long has man been in the Southwest, or, to be more general,
how long has he been in the New World? This is a question which
has interested scientists for some time. There is no way of placing
an exact date on his migration to the New World, but it is possible
to make a reasonable estimate of the length of time he has been here.
Recent work in Nevada (Harrington, 1933), in New Mexico
(Howard, 1935), and in southern Arizona (Antevs, Gladwin; Mac-
Curdy, 1937) has shown that man, in the New World, was con-
temporaneous with certain types of animals, now extinct, such as
the giant sloth, the camel (akin to the llama of modern Peru),
a type of bison, and the original American horse. ^
It is difficult to date such early animal and human re-
mains. To geologists, who are consulted in dating these finds, ten
thousand years one way or the other is not very important; but
archaeologists have to deal with human development which has
been going on for a short time, as compared to the age of the earth,
and it is necessary for them to be fairly precise in their estimates
of time.
We must accept what information the most competent geologists
can give us concerning the length of time man has inhabited the
New World. All evidence seems to show that he had not arrived
in North America before the last glaciation, the Wisconsin. All
possible routes through western Canada were probably blocked
during the period of time from 65,000 to 20,000 years ago. How-
ever, there was one exception — a corridor, or break in the ice, which
occurred about 40,000 years ago. At that time it would have been
possible for man to travel from Bering Strait through Alaska, down
the Mackenzie River, and along the eastern part of the Rocky Moun-
1 It is interesting to note that horses originated in America, spread to the
Old World, where they were domesticated, became extinct in their original home
land, and were reintroduced into the New World by the Spaniards after 1492.
229
230 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
tains, or along the plateau between the Rockies and the Coast
Range, although there is no conclusive evidence that this occurred.
For the past 20,000 years, however, there has been an open
route from Alaska southward. Careful investigations conducted by
the staff of Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona (MacCurdy, 1937), show
that there were people living on the beaches of now dry lakes, which
were formed during the rainy periods that were synchronous with
glaciations. It is difficult to date the stone implements found along
the shores of these vanished lakes, but these artifacts must be more
than 10,000 years old, as the lakes were probably in existence from
30,000 to 10,000 years ago.
It might be well to explain at this point what we mean by the
term "man" as it is applied in the New World. Generally speaking,
anthropologists refer to all peoples who migrated from Asia to the
New World by way of Bering Strait before 1492 as "Indians." In
other words, the ancestors of the present-day Indians are also called
"Indians."
The American Indians do not constitute a homogeneous, "pure"
race. The New World was probablj^ peopled by many different
waves of migrants from Asia. These migrants were already "mixed-
bloods"; that is, they represented mixtures of racial strains which
fused together before the invaders left Asia. (For further discussion
see Hooton, 1930, pp. 355-363, and 1937, pp. 155-186.)
The next trace of man in the Southwest dates from about the
beginning of the Christian era. Skipping over the long period of
at least 10,000 years, which still remains a mystery, we come to
that period in Southwestern history about which a great deal is
known. I refer to the Basket-Maker-Pueblo culture period dating
from about a.d. 500 to about a.d. 1700, at the latter part of which
period the Spaniards were arriving in large numbers.
Archaeologists have divided up the Basket-Maker-Pueblo time
unit into several arbitrary periods. Listing the oldest first, they
are as follows: Basket Maker, Modified Basket Maker, and Pueblo
I, II, III, IV, and V. It is customary now to use the newer, more
inclusive term "Anasazi" for the older subdivision, Basket-Maker-
Pueblo. Anasazi is the Anglicized form of a Navaho Indian word
which is supposed to mean the "old peoples" who formerly inhabited
the houses which are now ruins.
The classification of the Anasazi, i.e. the Basket-Maker-Pueblo
groups, into periods as listed above is not entirely satisfactory. In
Introduction 231
the first place, this division leads a person to believe that it is possible
to draw a sharp line, for example, between Pueblo I period and
Pueblo II period. However, some elements of the Pueblo I culture
persisted through into the Pueblo II period. Only where we can
see that several new elements merged with older features of Pueblo I
culture and can recognize a marked change in the total cultural
complex can we label the culture Pueblo 11.
The second objection to the I, II, III classification is that it
implies a synchronous development. For example, one might
logically infer that the Pueblo I period, wherever found, would
always date from about A.D. 700 to a.d. 900. It is quite possible,
however, to find a Pueblo I village which was in existence after
A.D. 900, while at the same time another village, two hundred miles
away, was enjoying the advances represented by the Pueblo II
culture. In other words, there were peripheral communities in
which culture stood still, or lagged. One may observe the same phe-
nomenon today in our culture. In large cities most people light
their houses by means of electricity, while in isolated farmhouses
they still use kerosene lamps.
Thus, it is plain that cultural statuses overlapped. Village A
might have been carrying on in the tradition of its forefathers fifty
years after village B had adopted technological advances and had
generally modified its existence.
From this classification one might also think that cultural
development was continuous; that is, that a single village might
have been occupied continuously from the Basket Maker period to
the Pueblo V period.
Actually, this was never the case. Archaeologists have discovered
a few large pueblos whose activity spanned two periods, or, occasion-
ally, three. Sometimes the Basket Maker stage of culture continued
at a particular village until Pueblo II ideas seeped in; thus, this
village, which never adopted Pueblo I styles, would not show a
continuous development from Basket Maker to Pueblo II, and
Pueblo I would be lacking. Very often a village was inhabited for
a few years only — perhaps twenty — and partook of only a portion
of any one cultural stage.
Any system of classifying the various stages of development of
the Anasazi culture has certain disadvantages. Keeping in mind
these drawbacks, one will find that this systematic classification of
cultures is useful for reducing to a common denominator a great
mass of information, and for interpreting the significance and
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I
234 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
interrelationship of disconnected facts. It is especially convenient
for general readers because it introduces some logic into what
otherwise would be a bewildering, indigestible set of facts.
The Anasazi culture flourished in what today is known as northern
Arizona, southern Utah, eastern Nevada, southwestern Colorado,
and the western two-thirds of New Mexico. The present classi-
fication for this cultural unit^ is as follows:
Older Term New Term Approximate
dates (A.D.)
Basket Maker I This stage hypothetical;
term no more used ...
Basket Maker II Basket Maker ?-400
Basket Maker III Modified Basket Maker 400-700
P"^^^°^ \ DeveloDmental Pueblo (700-900
Pueblo II / Developmental Pueblo j 900-1100
Pueblo III Great Pueblo 1100-1275
Pueblo IV Regressive 1275-1700
Pueblo V Historic 1700-
Of these culture periods the following have been recognized in
southwestern Colorado: Modified Basket Maker, Developmental
Pueblo, and Great Pueblo, or from about a.d. 650 to 1150, these
approximate dates applying only to southwestern Colorado (Haury
and Flora, 1937).
I have presented briefly in tabular form some of the diagnostic
traits for these last-mentioned periods for the southwestern Colorado
area. Comparatively little work has been done in the Ackmen-
Lowry region (southwestern Colorado). It is, therefore, impossible
to do more than sketch its history briefly. Future information may
cause the traits in the table (pp. 232-233) to be shifted about, and
will probably necessitate the addition of new ones.
A few of the terms may best be explained here. A "slip" is
potter's clay in a liquid state applied to the surface of a vessel
before decoration. A "corrugated" pot is one which shows the
unobliterated junctions between the structural coils of clay with
which the vessel was made (Plate CLXXVI). "Indented corruga-
tions" are those which have been dented with the thumb nail,
fingers, or some tool (Plate CLXXVII). A "kiva" (in ancient
pueblos) is a more or less circular, underground chamber which
served as a men's clubhouse and as a place for celebrating ceremonies.
1 The other large and important classification in the Southwest deals with
the Hohokam culture which flourished in the desert area of southern Arizona.
Since this report deals only with villages belonging to the Anasazi unit, I will not
attempt to describe the Hohokam culture. For the only available synthesis of
this latter culture, I refer the reader to a report published by Gladwin, Haury,
Sayles, and Gladwin (1937).
I
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Fig. 55. The Ackmen-Lowry area.
235
\
236 Thb Ackmen-Lowry Area
In addition to the diagnostic traits given on pages 232-233, I am
calling attention to the various types of metates (the basic
part of the Pueblo Indian corn-grinder). During the Modified
Basket Maker period and the Pueblo I period the typical metate
consisted of a grooved stone (about 17 inches long, 14 inches wide,
and 5 inches thick) which was troughed, with only one end of the
trough open. In Pueblo II period, the metate was a trough which
was open at both ends. In Pueblo III the metate was a flat stone
(about the same dimensions as those given above) with no trough.
I hope that this brief explanation will aid the general reader
to obtain a somewhat clearer picture of Southwestern history, to
understand the importance of the excavations about to be described,
and to fit into the Anasazi classification the particular elements of
Pueblo culture to be set forth. When more work has been done in
southwestern Colorado, it will be possible to fill in many of the
existing gaps.
Location of Sites
The four sites which were excavated in 1937 are located on a
ridge, in Long. 108° 50' W., Lat. 37° 34' N., about thirty miles
northwest of the town of Cortez and five miles west of old Ackmen
Post Office, in the Southeast Quarter of Section 8, Township 38
North, Range 18 West, N.M.P.M., Montezuma County, Colorado.
The altitude is approximately 6,900 feet above sea level. Lowry
ruin is situated about six miles northwest of these sites. The land
on which these ruins lie belongs to Mr. Ben Williford.
Physiographic and Biotic Conditions
The physiographic and biotic conditions for the area worked
are the same as those given for the Lowry ruin (Martin, 1936).
Problems^
During the summer of 1937, I shall conduct archaeological
investigations near Lowry ruin in Township 38 N., Ranges 17, 18,
and 19 W. My work this summer will be confined to various small
ruins, since many important clues concerning the earlier history
of that region may best be derived from them. The reason for
this is not far to seek. Most archaeologists who have worked in
the Southwest believe that the majority of prehistoric pueblos were
but briefly inhabited, perhaps from twenty to forty years. As a
» Written in February, 1937, at the suggestion of Dr. A. V. Kidder and before
field work had commenced.
'i0i^^^lll\Q
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Map 7. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF SITE 2
Description of Architectural Details 245
may have been a house or a granary. The lean-to, or shed
(Feature II), just north of the slab house was possibly for summer
use only. The semi-subterranean feature (Feature IV) may have
been a house.
The roofs of the house-kiva (Feature I) and the slab house
(Feature III), and the wall-posts in the lean-to (Feature II) had
burned.
Site 2
(Plates CXXI-CXXVI and Map 7)
Site 2 consisted of five features: two rooms, a connecting stone
wall, a room, the walls of which had collapsed, a house-kiva, and
an outside firepit.
ROOMS WITH STONE WALLS (FEATURES I AND III)
The fill was artificial and contained some charcoal and a few
sherds. Because the house had not burned, the fill resembled the
undisturbed, red-brown soil of that area. Four large juniper trees
which were growing on the site were removed.
Walls in Feature I lay without special foundation upon un-
disturbed soil; in Feature III upon shallow fill. Stones in wall
of undressed sandstone, varying tremendously in size. Large
stones, where used, ran through from outside of wall to inside. Crude
coursing. Number of stones in present height of wall ranged from
one to four. Slabs occasionally used in lower portions of wall.
Joints broken. A few wedge-shaped spalls, 2 to 4 cm. thick and 3
to 6 cm. wide. Mud mortar untempered; varied in thickness from
1 to 7 cm. No plaster on walls.
Floor poorly defined. Fill rested upon red-brown, undisturbed
soil which was taken as floor.
Roof. — Nature and manner of support unknown; no exterior
or interior posts; no burned logs or adobe. Walls might have been
high enough to support the horizontal roof beams.
General Comments. — The following details were missing: door-
ways, posts, firepits, banded corners, abutments.
The south wall of Feature I was lacking. It is possible that
this wall slid into the house-kiva (Feature IV), for numerous stones
were found in the upper part of the kiva fill.
A few sherds were found in the fill. From Feature I, two manos
were recovered (see "Objects of Stone").
246 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
stone wall(?) (feature ii)
This feature consisted of the remains of a very crude wall running
east and west between the houses (Features I and III). The west
end was roughly tied into east wall of Feature III; the east end
lacked about 40 cm. of abutting west wall of Feature I.
Stones in wall unworked. The number of stones in wall as
found ranged from two to three large slabs. Dimensions of one
of the slabs, 53 by 25 by 10 cm. Small slabs rare.
Masoriry apparently not coursed; mortar un tempered mud;
thickness of mortar varying from 2 to 6 cm.
The purpose of this wall is unknown. A vain search was made
for another parallel wall either of stone or posts.
COLLAPSED HOUSE (FEATURE V)
Feature V, located just west of Feature III, comprised a more
or less circular pile of rocks. One wall in particular looked like a
giant stack of cards which had slid inward. Reconstruction showed
that this pile of rocks had at one time made up the walls of a room
similar in size to Feature III.
HOUSE-KIVA (FEATURE IV)
Nature of Fill. — Fill consisted of dark soil containing much
charcoal and rocks deposited by water. Lowest layer (next to floor)
made up of roof debris; fill above was blown and washed in.
Walls, above banquette, of earth.
Bench of masonry.
Four pilasters, each composed of three or four unworked sand-
stone slabs, laid one upon another. Average slab measured 30 by 23
by 8 cm. Back of slabs, next to earth wall, many small stones
resembling spalls. These were set in mud mortar. Pilasters wider
at back than in front.
Roof. — Character and height unknown.
Firepit more or less rectangular; lined with slabs (some apparently
missing) standing more or less vertically; joints had been filled with
mortar; bed of ashes 18 cm. thick.
Deflector not found.
Ventilator. — Lateral type (opening in banquette wall). Ven-
tilator shaft bell-shaped and formerly lined with masonry.
Niches. — One found in banquette at north. Dimensions: depth,
27 cm.; width, 14 cm.; height, 10 cm.
Description of Architectural Details 247
Masonry of undressed sandstone; more or less coursed; joints
not broken; height of masonry in banquettes, seven to ten coui'ses.
Slabs varied in size from 48 by 27 by 8 cm. to 14 by 14 by
4 cm. Masonry but one stone thick, merely a facing. Mortar, untem-
pered mud, varying in thickness from 1 to 7 cm. Wedge-shaped
spalls, averaging about 4 cm. wide and 3 cm. thick. Appearance
of masonry crude, but better than for rest of site.
Pit found in floor between firepit and ventilator opening; stone
slab in bottom; no ashes.
Bin on banquette, one side formed by southwest pilaster and
upright slab. Width of bin at front, 29 cm.; at back, 41 cm. Slab
measured 23 by 36 by 3 cm.
Artifacts. — On banquette, one metate, troughed, trough open
at both ends; in bottom of ventilator shaft, piece of metate, troughed,
trough closed at one end; on floor, fragment of metate, type unknown.
Rock Pile on Floor. — Lying upon floor, over firepit and place
where deflector should be, was large pile of rocks. It seems likely
that these slabs were originally on the roof, that the roof beams
collapsed when the roof burned, and that the rocks then slid along
and down the beams on to the central portion of floor.
The following details were absent in kiva: southern recess,
sipapu, and plaster (on walls).
EXTERIOR FIREPIT
About one meter east of Feature I was a small firepit composed
of two stone slabs between which was a shallow deposit of ash.
Dimensions: 65 by 45 by 9 cm. Slabs somewhat smoked.
Just to south of firepit were three post-holes. The purpose of
the posts which had formerly stood in them is unknown, although
they probably pertained to the firepit.
GENERAL COMMENTS
The house-kiva was, at this site, the only structure which had
burned.
It is impossible to decide whether or not the above-ground
rooms (Features I, III, and V) were used for habitation. Certainly
they were large enough. The presence of metates in the kiva may
indicate that it was a place both for holding ceremonies and for
living quarters.
248 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Sites
(Plates CXXVII-CXXX and Map 8)
Site 3, situated on top of a sage-covered ridge, comprised a
small pueblo (perhaps five or six rooms), two(?) kivas, and a refuse
mound. Two rooms, one cist, and one kiva were completely
excavated, and parts of two other rooms were cleared.
Three trenches, which extended fan-wise from north to south,
were excavated in the refuse deposit. The refuse was removed
by 20-cm. levels.
pueblo details
Fill composed of wind-blown dirt and rocks from walls.
Walls, without foundations. Sandstone used throughout. A
few through-stones in Room 2, but many small ones (averaging
6 by 13 cm.) employed merely as facing on a mud core. Stones
mostly undressed, although the edges of some of the slabs were
chipped or flaked. Through-stones used entirely in Room 3.
Wedge- and irregularly shaped spalls present; also indented-cor-
rugated potsherds used as spalls. Mortar of brown mud, untempered,
ranging from 2 to 7 cm. thick. Coursing fairly good, but not pro-
nounced. Appearance of the masonry in these houses crude and
uneven, but on the whole better than that of Sites 1, 2, or 4.
Recessed Posts, six in number, in walls of Room 3. Also one in
northeast corner and one in southwest corner of room. Average
diameter of posts, 10 cm. (although post in northeast corner of room
was 24 cm. in diameter); depth ranged from 13 to 34 cm. Only
rotted fragments of these posts found.
Floor of smoothed adobe.
Cist, with slab walls, containing bui'ial (p. 259) found in floor
of Room 2; and another one, 47 cm. deep, with earth walls, in north-
west corner of Room 3.
Firepit, rectangular, one side formed by walls of room and other
sides by mud ridge, found against north wall of Room 3.
Roof, character unknown. Probably supported in Room 3, by
means of recessed posts.
The following details were lacking: plaster, doorways, niches.
KIVA details
Fill in Kiva 1 was wind- and water-deposited dirt and was but
slightly darker than natural earth. No evidence of any conflagration.
SECTION 4A'
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SECTION CC
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Map 8. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF SITE 3
Description of Architectural Details 249
Walls of earth; in northwest zone, a single course of six slabs.
In northeast zone, a patch of masonry, of unworked stones laid very
crudely. No spalls.
Southern Recess present; course of slabs (10 to 17 cm. thick)
35 cm. above floor of recess on face of south wall and at south ends
of east and west walls.
Post-holes, six in number, in kiva floor. The four closer to the
walls ranged in diameter from 20 to 32 cm., and in depth from 18 to
30 cm. The other two were 15 cm. in diameter and 8 cm. deep.
Roof. — Character unknown; probably supported by the six posts.
Floor of adobe.
Firepit, approximately rectangular, with slab walls on north and
south sides, adobe walls on east and west sides. In floor of this pit,
a circular basin.
Rim at edges of firepit formed on the north and south by the slabs
which projected 7 cm. above floor, and by adobe plaster on east
and west sides.
Deflector consisted of single slab set in floor.
Ventilator. — Lateral type (opening in wall). Masonry around
mouth of tunnel only.
Niches. — One, in west zone; walls and roof of slabs, 5 cm. thick;
floor of earth.
Plaster. — Two or three coats; extended upward from floor, 38 to
50 cm.; 5 to 10 cm. thick; dark brown color.
Artifacts. — Two Mancos black-on-white bowls recovered from
the floor.
The following features were missing: banquette and sipapu.
exterior cist
In Trench II, just outside the south wall of Room 3, a cist was
discovered. The depth was 1.8 meters. The walls were of red-
brown earth. The fill contained many sherds and pieces of charcoal.
burials
A burial pit containing several (?) disturbed burials was encoun-
tered in the south end of Trench III. How these burials came to
be disturbed is not known, as the location was covered with living
sagebrush.
It is probable that these bones belonged to two or three individ-
uals: two adults and one infant. The state of preservation was
very poor.
250 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
A second burial lay in a pit sunk in the floor of Room 2. The
walls of the pit were of earth, although slabs were set on edge around
the upper margins of the walls. Rocks were laid over the burial.
It was not possible to decide whether the burial was intrusive (made
after the room was deserted) or inclusive. If the burial was made
while the site was still occupied, it is probable that that particular
room (2) was not used for long, because the burial and rocks occupied
the major part of the floor space. The bones were in a fragile con-
dition. It is probable that the individual was an adult male. The
body had been placed on its back with the knees drawn up.
GENERAL COMMENTS
None of the roofs of any of the buildings in this Site (2) had
burned. It is possible that Rooms 1 to 4 were used as living quarters.
Room 2 was added to Room 3, as shown by abutments. Kiva I
possessed features of both early and late kivas. The early features
were posts instead of pilasters for roof support, lack of banquette (?),
earth walls; the late ones were a southern recess, a niche, and a small
ventilator opening.
Site 4
(Plates CXXXI-CXXXVI and Map 9)
Site 4, consisting of a low mound and a kiva-like depression to
the south, was covered with sagebrush. A considerable quantity
of burned adobe was found on the surface. Excavations showed
that there had been two pole-and-brush, or jacal, houses, one house-
kiva, three cists, and one exterior firepit.
POLE-AND-BRUSH HOUSE (FEATURE l)
Fill. — Large pieces of burned adobe, charcoal, charred corn, and
corncobs. The heat was so great that some of the mud had be-
come vitrified and resembled slag.
Walls. — Of mud and posts; 16 post-holes discovered, some of
which had been supported by collars of mud into which small stones
had been pressed. These collars ranged in height from 17 to 40 cm.
The diameters of the post-holes varied from 9 to 15 cm.; the depth
varied from 15 to 28 cm., although one hole was 35 cm. deep and
another 52 cm. The tops of the only two posts found were charred;
the buried portions, rotted.
The spaces between the posts were plugged with puddled (?) mud
sections, which were strengthened by small stones rather than
by small wall-poles. A portion of such a wall (about 2 meters
Description of Architectural Details 251
long, 18 to 23 cm. high, 10 to 15 cm. thick) was preserved by the
fire which had consumed posts and roof beams.
Floor. — Of earth; uneven and bumpy; baked hard in places
by fire.
Roof. — Character unknown. Probably supported by posts (the
upper ends of which may have been crotched), and covered by small
poles, twigs, and mud.
Cist. — Walls vertical and of earth; depth 50 cm.
POLE-AND-BRUSH HOUSE (FEATURE III)
Fill. — Little organic material present; color similar to that of
natural earth.
Walls. — Of slabs(?) and posts; 7 post-holes located, one of which
had collar of mud and small spalls. The diameter of the post-holes
varied from 10 to 18 cm., and the depths from 9 to 34 cm. Only
one post was recovered, the top charred. The lower portions of the
spaces between the posts were probably closed by means of sand-
stone slabs, four of which were discovered in situ. Those in the
south wall measured 31 by 35 by 3 cm., and 30 by 30 by 4 cm.
Those in the east wall measured 60 by 45 by 5 cm., and 52 by 43 by
6 cm. These were standing to a height of about 30 cm. above the
present ground level. What the upper portions of the walls (above
the slabs) consisted of is not known.
Floor. — Of earth; uneven and not very well defined.
Firepit. — Slab-lined (?); depth 8 cm. May have been outside
of wall.
Roof. — Character unknown. Probably supported by posts (the
upper ends of which may have been crotched) and covered by small
poles, twigs, and adobe.
HOUSE-KIVA (FEATURE II )
This house-kiva, or pit house(?), was twice used. The earlier
occupation will be first described.
Before Remodeling
Walls. — Of earth, with no masonry.
Bench. — Found only in southwest and northwest quadrants;
height, 25 cm. above floor.
Post-holes. — Five in number; diameter varied from 8 to 20 cm.;
depth ranged from 13 to 27 cm.
Floor. — Of natural earth; uneven.
252 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Firepit. — The firepit found might have been the same one as
was used by the later occupants, but since it is impossible to make
any statement on this point, description of this feature will be given
with the details for the second occupation.
Ventilator. — Lateral type; width of tunnel opening at end of kiva
is 55 cm.
Plaster. — One layer (found back of later banquette), 1 mm. thick,
brownish in color.
Roof. — Character unknown. Probably supported by the posts.
After Remodeling
Fill. — Upper portion (1 meter thick), very dark soil containing
much charcoal; next 25 cm., water-deposited light brown soil; last
75 cm., brown soil, containing large chunks of charcoal.
Walls. — Of earth (above banquette).
Bench. — Of gypsum and dirt, except between southeast and south-
west pilasters, where it was of masonry.
Pilasters. — Six in number; built of masonry, which did not rest
upon banquette, but upon solid gypsum which formed the lower
part of banquette; plastered below level of banquette. Masonry of
un worked stones; very crude coursing attempted. Potsherds
and small wedge-shaped stones used as spalls.
Post-hole. — One found in banquette, immediately south of north-
west pilaster; depth, 65 cm., diameter 15 cm.
Roof. — Type unknown; probably supported by means of the
six masonry pilasters.
Floor. — Of adobe.
Firepit. — Squarish with rounded corners; formerly lined with
stone slabs, two of which were found in situ. Filled with ash to
floor level.
Ventilator. — Lateral type; width of opening (at kiva end of
tunnel) reduced, by means of masonry, from 55 cm. (of first occupa-
tion) to 30 cm.
Cists. — Four, in banquette: (1) north of southeast pilaster, 33
cm. deep, three sides formed by slabs set horizontally; (2) south of
southeast pilaster, 27 cm. deep, contained stone ax and two grind-
ing stones; (3) south of southwest pilaster, 19 cm. deep; (4) south
of west pilaster, 30 cm. deep. Two cists also in floor: (1) in front of
southwest pilaster, 25 cm. deep; (2) south of northeast pilaster, 40
cm. deep. Both of these floor cists slanted under banquette.
o pos
a cist
b floor
c firepit
d bench
f ventilator
m piloster
n bencti (first occupation)
0 stone lined cist
r burned adobe wall
s slob
• posttiole
0 posttiole (first occupation)
Map 9. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF SITE J
Description of Architectural Details 253
Plaster. — Three coats, at intersection of banquette and kiva
wall; brown in color; no decoration; two coats on banquette.
Masonry. — In pilasters and in face of banquette between south-
east and southwest pilasters. For description of masonry of pilas-
ters, see Pilasters. Banquette masonry of undressed sandstone
slabs, applied as facing; single thickness of stones; very crude in
appearance; rough attempt at coursing; height about 5 to 7 courses
(35-50 cm.). Stones varied in size from 32 by 28 by 7 cm., to 10
by 7 by 3 cm. Pottery and wedge-shaped stone spalls used, stone
spalls averaging about 5 by 4 by 2 cm. Masonry covered by
two coats of plaster.
Artifacts. — One stone grooved-ax in bin; two broken bowls on
floor; and one metate (troughed, with one end of trough closed)
used as one of the stones in pilaster.
The following features were lacking in this house-kiva: niches in
face of banquette wall, southern recess, deflector, and sipapu.
EXTERIOR details
Cists. — Two in number: (1) one immediately outside of the south
wall of Feature III, post house; 38 cm. deep, walls of earth. In it
were found many sherds (see under Pottery of Site 4). (2) Circular,
lined with seven sandstone slabs which slanted outward; average
dimension of slab, 32 by 28 by 4 cm.; depth of cist, 20 cm.
Probably outside of wall of Feature I.
GENERAL COMMENTS
Feature I might have been one large room, with a row of roof-
supporting posts running east and we.st in the center, or it might
have been two rooms. The northeast corner of this room had been
used for storing a large quantity of corn, which later burned with
great intensity.
The house-kiva was once modified. Before remodeling, the floor
space was comparatively small, the roof was probably supported
by six wooden posts, and the ventilator was fairly large and wide.
After remodeling, the floor space was considerably enlarged, the
ventilator tunnel opening was reduced in size, a higher bench of
dirt (evidently scraped up from some refuse mound) was constructed,
some crude masonry in the south zone was inserted, and stone pilas-
ters were laid up. The kiva was probably continuously occupied.
III. ARTIFACTS
Summary of Stone Objects
The microscopic examination of the stone objects was made by
Mr. Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology at Field Museum.
On pages 257 to 265, the details of the stone implements are
given in tabular form. For convenience, these implements (except
metates and manos) have been grouped in two ways, as follows:
Object Total for
all sites
Chipped artifacts 2
Axes 10
Mauls 2
Rubbing stones 8
Hammer stones 21
Rectangular objects 1
Total 44
Object Number Number
of site
Knife 1 1
Projectile point 1 1
f 2 1
A ] 1 2
Axes j J 3
1 6 4
Mauls 2 2
r 4 1
Rubbing stones ] 3 3
1 4
Hammer stones J 2 2
5 3
[ 5 4
Rectangular object 1 1
Total 44
(1) Very few projectile points were recovered. This may
indicate that the Indians, who inhabited the sites which we exca-
vated, farmed more than they hunted.
(2) The axes were crude and battered. Only ten were found.
Of these, one is completely grooved; another is grooved on both
sides and on one face only; and the remaining eight are notched on
the edges but ungrooved. Attention should be called to one ax
(Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 1), which is notched not only on the sides
but also on the poll and on the edge. Mera (1938, Plate 9) illustrates
this type from northern New Mexico, and Roberts (1930, Plate 47)
shows a similar one from the Piedra region, southern Colorado.
Two of the axes from Site 1 and one from Site 4 are chipped more
254
Artifacts 255
than pecked and rubbed. It is possible that these served as hoes
rather than as axes.
(3) The rubbing stones may conceivably have been used as
one-hand manos since a few of them show the kind of wear which
would come from grinding grain.
(4) Twenty-one hammer stones were found, a number which
is almost equivalent to the total of all other types of stone imple-
ments (excluding manos and metates) which were found.
Five of the thirty manos were associated with kivas, three at
Site 1, and two at Site 2. Four of the six metates were associated
likewise with kivas, one at Site 1, and three at Site 2.
SUMMARY OF TYPES OF MANOS
Manos with single grinding surfaces:
(a) Flat grinding surfaces, both surfaces parallel 8
From Site 1 2
From Site 2 1
From Site 3 2
From Site 4 3
(b) Flat grinding surfaces, wedge-shaped 2
From Site 2 1
From Site 3 1
(c) Convex grinding surfaces, upper surfaces concave 2
From Site 2 2
(d) Convex grinding surface, wedge-shaped 3
From Site 3 3
Total 15
Manos with two grinding surfaces:
(a) Flat grinding surfaces, surfaces parallel 5
From Site 2 1
From Site 3 2
From Site 4 2
(b) Flat grinding surfaces, wedge-shaped 3
From Site 1 1
From Site 3 2
(c) Convex grinding surfaces, wedge-shaped 2
From Site 3 1
From Site 4 1
(d) Convex grinding surface, one flat (plano-convex) 5
From Site 3 3
From Site 4 2
Total 15
SUMMARY OF TYPES OF METATES
Metates, troughed, trough open at one end only 5
From Site 1 1
From Site 2 2
From Site 3 1
From Site 4 1
Metate troughed, trough open at both ends 1
From Site 2 1
Total 6
256 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Summary of Bone Objects
The bone implements were examined by Mr. Edmond N. Gueret,
Curator of Vertebrate Skeletons at Field Museum.
A total of twenty-seven bone objects was recovered. Of these,
twenty-three are awls and four are end scrapers, or fleshers. In
most cases, it is impossible to identify exactly the animals from
which these bones came. Two awls were made from moose bones,
two from deer, and two from carnivore (probably coyote). The
other bones could merely be identified as mammal leg bones.
The bone objects may be grouped as follows:
Object Number Number
of Site
[3 2
Awls (head of bone intact) I 2 3
2 4
I 2 2
Awls (head of bone partly J , o
worked down) ) ■, ,
[2 1
Awls (head of bone wholly I 3 2
removed) 14 3
I 3 4
End scrapers /I 1
\S 2
Total 27
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267
IV. POTTERY
Painted Pottery
In my report on the Lowry ruin (Martin, 1936, pp. 110-112)
a detailed description of Mancos black-on-white pottery is given.
It is only necessary, therefore, to restate this definition briefly.
The term Mancos black-on-white pottery is applied to a Chaco-
like ware found in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado.
It manifests the same general treatment, appearance, and elements
of design as early Chaco pottery. These design elements are:
squiggly, diagonal hatch; diagonal hatch; checker-boards, with
solid or hatched squares; pendent or opposed triangles, solid or
hatched; terraces, or stepped elements; panels of oblique or vertical
lines, bordered by ticked lines, opposed triangles, or other solid
elements; quartered patterns; cross or diamond hatch polka dots;
solid elements bordered by parallel lines; plain stripes; ticked
and double ticked lines; scrolls; allover patterns consisting of sets
of oblique parallel lines set nearly at right angles to other sets;
chevrons; and combinations of two or more of these elements
(Plates CXLVI-CLXXV).
The paint, so far as can be told by macroscopic examination,
is mineral.
The following graph (Fig. 56) shows all the design elements and
the relative frequency of each by sites. These percentages are
based only on the total number of painted black-on-white sherds for
each site.
Culinary Pottery
The culinary pottery was sorted and classified solely on the
basis of surface appearance. The classification differentiated
several t}T)es of plain corrugated pottery and nine types of indented-
corrugated ware. This minute subdivision was purposely under-
taken to see whether significant cultural or chronological data
could be extracted from such manipulations. However, no data
were obtained, and this subdividing served only to bring out the
great diversity in types.
To avoid possible confusion, I shall explain briefly the terms used
herein. Plain corrugated pottery, or "clapboard corrugated," as
it is called by Kidder (1936, p. 304), is corrugated pottery without
indentations. The strips which make up the corrugations overlap
as do the boards of a clapboard house.
268
DESIGN ELEMENTS
S
1
T
E
PER CENT
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1
5
SQUIGGLY HATCH
1
4
2
3
^^^_
■
DIAGONAL HATCH
1
4
2
3
1
1
CROSS HATCH
1
4
2
3
B
fm/n
1
^
CHECKERBOARDS
CSOLID OR HATCHED)
1
4
2
3
■
^^H
■
■i
TRIANGLES
(SOLID OR HATCHED)
1
4
2
3
^^^ilmi
1
TERRACED SOLIDS
1
4
2
3
1
i
PANELLED DESIGNS
1
4
2
3
im
^^^^^^m
^^^H
■■■^H
POLKA DOTS
1
4
2
3
1
1
1
SOLIDS BORDERED
BY PARALLEL LINES
1
4
2
3
^^^1
1
STRIPES AND CHEVRONS
1
4
2
3
^^^1
I^^^BH
^^^^
^^^^^^^^
^^5
^^^^^^
^^5
^^
^^^^
^^^^^
^^
TICKED LINES
OR SOLIDS
1
4
2
3
^
1
^^n
1
SCROLLS
(SOLID OR HATCHED)
1
4
2
3
1
■B
COMBINATIONS OF
THE ABOVE DESIGNS
1
4
2
3
I
Fig. 56. Graph representing distribution (in percentages) of design elements
according to sites; sites arranged chronologically.
269
270 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Banded pottery is a type of ware showing flat, wide bands
which do not overlap. This term imphes that such pottery was
ring-built; that is, that it was built up by laying on top of one
another a series of rings of clay long enough to go around the cir-
cumference of the vessel just once. This method is opposed to that
of spiral coiling, in which a pot is constructed from a long strand of
clay which starts at the bottom of the vessel and coils spirally
toward the top.
It is generally conceded that one cannot tell positively from a
sherd whether a pot was constructed by means of rings or spiral
coils. In this paper, the term "plain corrugated" is applied to any
pottery showing overlapping strips or corrugations. It is also
understood that plain corrugations may be confined to the neck
region of a pot, or that they may extend over most or all of
the surface.
The term "smooth culinary" is applied to pottery, the upper por-
tion of which was probably corrugated or banded and the lower
part smooth. Such pottery may come from Basket Maker III,
Pueblo I, or Pueblo II horizons and therefore is not very useful
as a time criterion.
The nine indented-corrugated types are: flat- wavy; medium-
wavy; deep- wavy; square; incised; exterior corrugated, interior
painted; sawtooth; painted; and washboard. These purely descrip-
tive names need no explanation, since the types are illustrated in
Plates CLXXVI-CLXXVIII.
The most common type at all sites was flat-wavy indented-
corrugated; the next common type was medium-wavy indented-
corrugated. Plain corrugated-neck pottery was found in significant
quantity only at Site 1.
As stated before, the only significant result of this classification
was to bring out the diversity of indented-corrugated types.
Description of Pottery Data^
The pottery from each site was classified, counted, the results
tabulated, and averages made for each level (20 cm. thick).
SITE 1
There was no significant or consistent variation in pottery
types in any parts of Features II to IV. The comparison of pottery
tjrpes, level by level, for the house-kiva (Feature I) likewise did not
* Prepared in collaboration with Miss Elizabeth Hambleton and Mr. Alexander
Spoehr.
Pottery 271
show any important differences. The frequencies of wares were
either erratic or fairly constant, and, when plotted, either by actual
number of sherds or by percentages, did not approach a normal
frequency curve. Furthermore, level by level, there was a constant
and important association of Lino gray pottery and the various
indented-corrugated wares.
From this evidence it is safe to conclude that the pottery, found
in the various levels in the house-kiva, at one time lay scattered on
the surface of the ground, and, as shown by soil profiles, was washed
in by rains after the site was deserted. It seems fairly certain that
the site was occupied but once and for only a short time.
SITE 2
Careful analysis of the pottery types from all parts of the site
demonstrated that there was no significant variation in pottery
types. The relationship between the various tjrpes, level by level,
remained uniform throughout. As shown by the soil profiles, the
sherds in the kiva fill were washed in.
It is probable that this site represents the remains of a village
occupied only for one brief period, and that the rooms above ground
and the kiva were contemporaneous.
SITE 3
The relationship of associated pottery types, level by level, from
the rooms, the kiva, and the trenches showed no significant or con-
sistent variations. As shown by soil profiles, the sherds in the kiva
fill were washed in.
The chronological sequence, or coevality, of any of the rooms
and the kiva cannot be established. My guess is that they were all
used contemporaneously and for only a short period of time.
SITE 4
Tabulation and comparison of the various pottery types from
the two pole-and-brush houses (Feature I and Feature III) and
from the house-kiva produced no variations or important differences
in associations.
In all levels of the house-kiva and in the pole-and-brush rooms,
there was a constant association of Lino gray and indented-corru-
gated wares. This association is not usual, but the fact that it exists
at this site (and to a lesser extent at Site 1) cannot be questioned.
As stated in Chapter II (Site 4) the pole-and-brush house
(Feature I) was destroyed in early times by fire. Directly underneath
POTTERY
S
1
PER CENT
TYPES
T
E
5 10 15 20 25 30
1 1 1 1 1
LINO GRAY
1
4
?
^
^M
^^—
1
3
1
1
X
LINO BG
4
2
3
X
X
X
1
■
PLAIN CORR.
4
X
NECK
2
3
X
X
1
PLAIN CORR.
4
2
3
s
u
PLAIN CORR.
1
4
X
(INCISED5
2
3
X
PLAIN CORR.
1
4
X
(PANELLEDD
2
3
X
X
SMOOTH
1
4
^^_
^^^
1
I
CULINARY
2
3
s
■
IND. CORR.
(FLAT WAVYD
1
4
2
3
■
1
m
^B
^^_
^a^
^5
5?
^^^
^^^
1
IND. CORR.
4
■
CMEOIUMWAVY)
2
3
IH
^1
1
■
IND. CORR.
4
■
CDEEP WAVY)
2
3
■
1
■
IND. CORR.
4
■
(SQUARE)
2
3
Si
1
IND. CORR.
1
4
X
(INCISED)
2
3
X
IND. CORR.
1
EXTERIOR
4
X
(PAINTED
2
X
INTERIOR)
3
X
POTTERY
S
1
PER CENT
TYPES
T
E
5 10 15 20 25 30
r 1 1 1 1
1
X
IND. CORR.
4
X
(SAWTOOTH)
2
3
X
X
IND. CORR.
1
4
X
(PAINTED)
2
3
X
1
X
WASHBOARD
4
CORRUGATED
2
3
X
X
BASKET
1
4
MARKED
2
3
X
PLAIN WARE
1
X
X
X
INCISED OR
PUNCHED
2
3
1
MANCOS BW
4
2
3
s
s
H
■
RESERVE BW
1
4
2
3
X
X
X
1
X
BLACK MESA
4
BW
2
3
X
X
McELMO BW
1
4
2
3
X
INDETER-
1
4
2
3
-.1
MINATE
BW (NOS)
■i
■■
■1
■ilH
^H
1
X
ABAJO RO
4
2
3
X
X
X
1
1
DEADMANS
4
X
BR
2
3
X
X
INDETER-
1
1
MINATE
4
X
REDWARE
2
X
CNDS)
3
X
Fig. 57. Graph representing (distribution (in percentages) of pottery types for
each site; sites arranged chronologically.
272
Pottery
273
Number and Approximate Percentages of Sherds
FROM All Features for Sites 1 to 4
Lino gray
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary
Indented-corrugated (flat-wavy) . .
Indented-corrugated (medium-
wavy)
Indented-corrugated (deep-wavy) .
Indented-corrugated (square)
Indented-corrugated (incised)
Indented-corrugated exterior
(painted interior)
Indented-corrugated (sawtooth) . . .
Indented-corrugated (painted) . . . .
Indented-corrugated (washboard) .
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or punched. . . .
Mancos BW
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS)
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR
Indeterminate redware (NDS) . . . .
Site 1
No. %
234 9
14
59 2
142 6
0
0
672
176
27
36
Total 2612
Total indented-corrugated 474
26
7
139 5
57 2
91 4
0
0
2
0
9
0
0
233
0
3
0
710
27
1
2
Site 2
Site 3
No.
21
1
3
91
0
1
118
3
9
0
1
0
2
321
4
1
0
588
1
12
15
1724
545
%
No.
% No.
1 91
2
1
6 427
9
8
7 287
24
25
6
2
2
3
19 1042
13
7
9
1668
6
25
41
5956
2315
34
3
6
1
0
0
2
18 472
2
0
0
1093
44
6
35
4729
1402
28
%
2 1127 24
10
2
8 211 5
6
5
5 312 7
352 21 1187 20 705 15
74 5 517 9 379 8
43 3 171 3 165 4
63 4 379 7 139 3
0 .. 4 .. 4 ..
10
24
the debris of large, baked chunks of adobe (from the roof) and burned
roof-timbers, were found complete necks, handles, and large portions
of the sides of Lino gray jars (enough to restore several pots).
Associated with these were sherds of indented-corrugated pottery
(enough to restore several jars), of Mancos black-and-white ware,
and of Abajo red-on-orange ware. I cannot emphasize too much
that these were not miscellaneous sherds, but were parts of vessels
which were whole at the time the house burned. Most of these
sherds are highly discolored by the fire which consumed this house.
It is likely that these whole vessels were shattered either by the
heat of the fire or by the falling roof -beams.
In the fill of the house-kiva, the two wares. Lino gray and in-
dented-corrugated, had generally similar distributions. Presumably,
therefore, as in the kivas at Sites 1, 2, and 3, all the sherds in the
fill of the kiva were deposited at the same time. Judging from the
soil profiles, the most probable agent of deposition was water.
274
The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 1
Wares
Lino gray
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated
Plain corrugated (incised) . .
Plain corrugated (paneled) . .
Smooth culinary
Indented-corrugated
(flat-wavy)
Indented-corrugated
(medium-wavy)
Indented-corrugated
(deep-wavy)
Indented-corrugated
(square)
Indented-corrugated
(incised)
Indented-corrugated
exterior (painted interior)
Indented-corrugated (saw-
tooth)
Indented-corrugated
(painted)
Washboard-corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or
punched
Mancos BW
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) .
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR
Indeterminate redware
(NDS)
Total
Total indented-corru-
gated
Level 1
No. %
23 16
1 ..
3 2
11 8
Level 2 Level 3
No. %
25 16
1 . .
3 2
2 1
No. %
12 7
1 . .
4 2
8 4
5 23
15 25 14 14
No. %
24 16
6
11
44 30 28 18 52 29 40 26
18 12 17 11 12 7 14 9
54 85 84 32
1 . . 5 3 5 3 ....
3 2 1
Level 5
No. %
16 10
3 2
6 4
2 1
44 28
4 3
3 2
2 1
9 19 12
29 20 33 21 46 26 28 19 46 29
.... 1
4 2 4 3 3 2
3 2 3 2
148 157 182 152 158
29 19 39 25 29 16 21 14 16 10
Therefore we conclude that the sherds in the various levels of the
kiva-fill were washed in, as in the kivas at Sites 1, 2, and 3.
If this assumption be correct, it is reasonable to conclude that
these wares had been mixed before being washed in. Since the
cultural deposits around the rooms above ground were very shallow
(10-15 cm. deep), it is likewise fair to conclude that these wares
were probably mixed because they were of contemporaneous manu-
facture and use.
To strengthen further the argument for the association of Lino
gray and indented-corrugated wares, it should be pointed out that
Pottery
275
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 1 — Continued
Wares
Lino gray 19
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck 6
Plain corrugated 6
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary 39
Indented-corrugated
(flat-wavy) 4
Indented-corrugated
(medium-wavy) 5
Indented-corrugated
(deep-wavy) 1
Indented-corrugated
(square) 6
Indented-corrugated
(incised)
Indented-corrugated
exterior (painted interior)
Indented-corrugated (saw-
tooth)
Indented-corrugated
(painted)
Washboard-corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or
punched
Mancos BW 6
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 39
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR 1
Indeterminate redware
(NDS) 4
Level 6
No. %
14
No.
13
1
5
15
%
Level 8
No. %
18
1
3
10
15
1
3
9
29 26 16 26 22
1 1
Level 9
No. %
20 14
14
34
4
3
6
29 65 41 45 38 40 27
1 1
23
3
2
Total
Sheri>s
170
8
39
71
397
77
48
21
38
1
6
li9
3
307
5
20
28
Total 136 161 117 147 1358
Total indented-corru-
gated 16 12 19 11 5 5 17 12 191
the same association of these two wares was found in the refuse at
Lowry ruin and also as a result of the archaeological reconnaissance
of 1937 (Chapter VII).
There is no doubt, therefore, that in southwestern Colorado,
Lino gray ware and indented-corrugated wares were used simul-
taneously.
TRADE WARES
The following wares were probably obtained through trade:
Alma Plain ware (Mogollon series; found only at Site 4); Reserve(?)
276 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 2
Wares Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 4 3 .... 3 3 2 2
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated 11 8 9 10 5 5 4 4
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary 16 11 4 4 10 10 6 6
Indented-corrugated (fiat-wavy) 34 23 20 20 23 23 35 33
Indented-corrugated (medium-wavy) 2 1 2 2 4 4 4 4
Indented-corrugated (deep-wavy) 1 .. 2 2 2 2
Indented-corrugated (square) 5 4 1 1 2 2 1 1
Indented-corrugated (mcised)
Indented-corrugated exterior (painted
interior) 2 2 1 1
Indented-corrugated (sawtooth) 1.. 2 2 1 1 1 1
Indented-corrugated (painted)
Washboard corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or punched 1 1
Mancos BW 27 18 21 22 16 16 18 17
Reserve BW 1 1
Black Mesa BW 1 1 .. ..
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 45 30 32 33 33 34 26 25
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR 1 2 2
Indeterminate redware (NDS) 3 2 2 2 .. .. 1 1
Total 150 97 99 104
Totalindented-corrugated 43 28 29 29 31 31 43 41
black-on- white; Black Mesa black-on- white; and black-on-red pot-
tery from the Kayenta region (probably Deadmans black-on-red).
Summary
A statistical study of the pottery types, level by level, at each site,
indicated no consistent variations or periodic fluctuations. Therefore,
the bar graph (Fig. 57, p. 272) has been included, showing all
pottery types in percentages for each site as a whole; that is, all
sherds of one type from every level within a site, including the
levels in a kiva, have been lumped together. (Abbreviations used
on the graph and in the tables are explained on pp. 280-281.) The
sites are arranged in chronological order. Site 1 being the earliest.
In addition, tables are given, one showing the number and approxi-
mate percentages of all sherds from all features (except kivas) for
each site; and another, showing the number and approximate per-
centages of all sherds by levels from the kivas.
Pottery
277
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 2 — Continued
Wares
Lino gray .
Lino BG .
Level 5 Level 6
No. % No. %
Level 7 Level 8 Total
No. % No. % Sherds
1 2 1 1 11
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated 4
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary 3
Indented-corrugated (flat-wavy) 7
Indented-corrugated (medium-wavy) ... 4
Indented-corrugated (deep-wavy)
Indented-corrugated (square) 1
Indented-corrugated (incised)
Indented-corrugated exterior (painted
interior)
Indented-corrugated (sawtooth)
Indented-corrugated (painted)
Washboard corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or punched
Mancos BW 3
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 9
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR 1
Indeterminate redware (NDS)
12
1 1
10 11 17 16 30 20 25
1 1
38
10
4
6
1
2
44
22
16
25
14
27
26
32
175
12
10
16
3
4
29
1
2
1
2
2
2
9
3
2
3
2
4
3
4
17
1
1
132
1
1
28 15 23 13 25 24 30 197
Total 32 64 52 81 679
Total indented-corrugated 12 37 30 48 18 35 34 42 240
The bar graph demonstrates that:
(1) Lino gray is most abundant at Sites 1 and 4, whereas Mancos
black-on-white (a later ware) is most abundant at Sites 2 and 3.
(2) Lino black-on-gray (although it is not evident from the
graph) was most frequent at Site 1.
(3) Plain corrugated-neck and smooth culinary (lower portion
of corrugated-neck vessels) pottery are most abundant at Site 1.
(4) Indented-corrugated (flat- wavy) and Mancos black-on- white
occur with greatest frequency at Sites 2 and 3 and, conversely, with
least frequency at Sites 1 and 4.
(5) Mancos black-on-white and Indeterminate black-on-white
(little or no design showing) have similar frequencies at Sites 2 and 3.
If the Indeterminate class represents portions of Mancos black-on-
white vessels, which is a reasonable supposition, this similarity in
frequencies would be natural.
278
The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 3
Wares
Lino gray
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary
Indented-corrugated (flat-wavy)
Indented-corrugated (medium-wavy) . . .
Indented-corrugated (deep-wavy)
Indented-corrugated (square)
Indented-corrugated (incised) .........
Indented-corrugated exterior (painted
interior)
Indented-corrugated (sawtooth)
Indented-corrugated (painted)
Washboard corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or punched
Mancos BW
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 11
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR
Indeterminate redware (NDS)
Level l
No. %
29
7
Level 2 Level 3
No. % No. %
1111
6
27
11
4
2
1
6 19 21
5
24
10
4
2
1
6
24
12
9 10
35 34 30 26 28 43 35
113 2
6
26
13
Level 4
No. %
1 1
1 1
34 28
14 12
5 4
2 2
10 11 16 13
Total 31 112 93 122
Total indented-corrugated 12 39 45 41 45 49 55 46
(6) Flat-wavy indented-corrugated, Mancos black-on-white, and
Indeterminate black-on-white have similar distributions at Sites
2 and 3.
(7) McElmo black-on-white was present only at Site 3, although
in small quantities.
(8) Experimentation in various exterior treatments of the culi-
nary pottery (incised, paneled, painted, basket-marked, punched)
is most frequent at Sites 2, 3, and 4.
Therefore, on a typological basis only, these sites can be ranked
chronologically as follows:
Site 1: earliest (Lino gray. Lino BG, plain corrugated-neck,
smooth culinary).
Site 4 : (Lino gray, indented-corrugated, more Mancos than at
Site 1).
Site 2: (indented-corrugated, Mancos BW).
Pottery
279
NXJMBER AND KiNDS OF SHERDS AND APPROXIMATE PERCENTAGES
KiVA, Site 3 — Continued
Wares
Lino gray
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-neck
Plain corrugated 6
Plain corrugated (incised)
Plain corrugated (paneled)
Smooth culinary 9
Indented-corrugated (flat-wavy) 28
Indented-corrugated (medium-wavy) 17
Indented-corrugated (deep-wavy) 4
Indented-corrugated (square) 22
Indented-corrugated (incised)
Indented-corrugated exterior (painted
interior)
Indented-corrugated (sawtooth)
Indented-corrugated (painted)
Washboard corrugated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised or punched
Mancos BW 12
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 33
Abajo RO 1
Deadmans BR 1
Indeterminate redware (NDS)
Level 5
No. %
7
21
13
3
16
24
1
1
Level 6 Level 7
No.
4
7
49
30
4
99
60
1
3
24
15
2
11
20 10 42 14 12
No.
9
12
1
22
111
22
5
6
1
30 76 24
7
36
7
2
2
Total
Sherds
16
35
"l
51
282
108
22
64
2
283
2
3
Total 133 205 310 1006
Total indented-corrugated 71 53 105 52 147 48 480
Site 3: latest (indented-corrugated, Mancos BW, McElmo BW).
If this relative chronology is correct, the following observations
concerning the sequence of pottery designs at these four sites may
be made (Fig. 56, p. 269, graph of pottery designs):
(1) Those which were most important early and which later died
out or declined : squiggly hatch, solids bordered by parallel lines.
(2) Those most important in early periods: diagonal hatch,
cross hatch, checkerboard.
(3) Those showing continual rise from early to late and which
can be classified as late: terraced solids, panels, polka dots,
stripes.
(4) No definite conclusions could be made about the other types;
however, they were mostly early, each showing a decline in Sites 2
and 4, and a rise in Site 3 : scrolls, triangles, ticked lines, or solids.
280
The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 4
Wares
Lino gray
Lino BG
Plain corrugated-
neck
Plain corrugated ....
Plain corrugated
(incised)
Plain corrugated
(paneled)
Smooth culinary
Indented-corrugated
(flat-wavy)
Indented-corrugated
(medium-wavy) . .
Indented-corrugated
(deep-wavy)
Indented-corrugated
(square)
Indented-corrugated
(incised)
Indented-corrugated
exterior (painted
interior)
Indented-corrugated
(sawtooth)
Indented-corrugated
(painted)
Washboard corru-
gated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised
or punched
Mancos BW
Reserve BW
Black Mesa BW....
McElmo BW
Indeterminate BW
(NDS)
Abajo RO
Deadmans BR
Indeterminate red-
ware (NDS)
Total
Total indented-
corrugated . . .
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
4 20 29 18 34 20 57 15 69 20 61 18
.. .. 1 1
2
10
3
2
5
3
16
4
11
1
3
5
2
2
1
12
'8
4
3
12
3
14
4
30
9
2
10
14
9
27
17
62
17
50
14
44
13
3
15
10
6
18
11
26
7
28
8
28
8
4
2
6
4
14
4
25
7
11
3
4
2
4
3
16
4
12
3
5
2
1
5
1
1
8 40
15
1
23
14 47 13
1
55
16 54 16
69 42
41
25
116
31
83
23
83
25
1 . .
5
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
20 166 164 376 358 332
6 30 33 19 56 35 118 32 116 32 90 27
No banded-neck pottery was found in any of the sites.
The abbreviations, which have been used in the graphs and in
the tables, may be explained as follows:
BG-black-on-gray.
BW-black-on-white.
Pottery
281
Number and Kinds of Sherds and Approximate Percentages
KiVA, Site 4 — Continued
Wares
Lino gray 107
Lino BG 1
Plain corrugated-
neck
Plain corrugated 7
Plain corrugated
(incised) 1
Plain corrugated
(paneled)
Smooth culinary 3
Indented-corrugated
(flat-wavy) 26
Indented-corrugated
(medium-wavy) 31
Indented-corrugated
(deep-wavy) 13
Indented-corrugated
(square) 6
Indented-corrugated
(incised)
Indented-corrugated
exterior (painted
interior)
Indented-corrugated
(sawtooth) 2
Indented-corrugated
(painted) 1
Washboard corru-
gated
Basket marked
Plain ware, incised
or punched
Mancos BW 43
Reserve BW 1
Black Mesa BW
McElmoBW
Indeterminate BW
(NDS) 71
Abajo RO 3
Deadmans BR
Indeterminate red-
ware (NDS)
Level 7
No. %
34
10
4
14
LEVEa. 8
No. %
104 21
1 ..
11
31 7
50 10
49 10
14 3
11 2
62 13
1
23 148
1 5
6
494
30
1
Level 9
No. %
32 26
7
11
2
41 33
Level 10
No. %
39 19
Level 11 Total
No. % Sherds
12
22
21
10
6
6
11
10
5
3
43 8
104 20
1 ..
18 '3
210 39
37
7
30
1
16 13 20 10 21
60 30
6 3
1 . .
61
2
1
12
Total 316
Total indented-
corrugated 79 25 125
1 .... 2 1 ....
122 203 536
25 20 17 59 29 285 53
579
4
174
5
i43
514
262
106
94
4
1
5
1
2
356
2
781
28
4
22
3087
987
Indeterminate BW (NDS)-white-slipped pottery, probably part
of a black-on-white vessel, but showing no design or too
little to permit classification.
B R-black-on-red .
RO-red-on-orange.
X-less than 1 per cent.
V. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE
ACKMEN-LOWRY REGION
BY
Carl Lloyd
In accordance with the plans of the Field Museum of Natural
History Expedition, I was instructed to conduct an archaeological
survey in the Ackmen-Lowry region, where the Museum has
sponsored excavations for five seasons. This large area is little
understood archaeologically. Probably there are many important
cultural affiliations to be found within it. Already, work of the past
seasons has given indications of migrations and intermixture in
this region.
Unfortunately, no thorough survey of this area has been made.
Such a survey is essential to a knowledge and understanding of the
various cultures which have existed there in the prehistoric past.
It would also be of value as a supplement to the work that has
been done farther to the south.
The following question was formulated: Given a discontinuous
intensive archaeological survey of a region, what contributions can
be made to the archaeology of that region by means of an analysis
of the data thus obtained? A discontinuous intensive survey is
an intensive survey of smaller areas, equal in size, but not necessarily
contiguous, within a larger given area. A reconnaissance survey
is a random (?) sampling of sites in an area, as opposed to an inten-
sive survey, which stresses a thorough examination of an area
(J. C. Harrington).
It has been said that reconnaissance is a cheap substitute for
excavation (Kidder-Shepard, 1936, p. xxvi). This is quite true,
but the question is: Is it not only a cheap substitute, but also a
means of preventing useless reduplication of effort? It seems to
me that an intelligent survey method, by extracting as much in-
formation as possible from an area, would aid us immeasurably in
understanding that area within a reasonable length of time. It
would also prevent us from excavating sites which were adequately
covered by the survey.
These are practical considerations. A survey also provides us
with data which are not obtainable from a single excavation, the
distribution of sites within a unit area, and the number of sites
per unit area.
282
Archaeological Survey 283
I sank no test pits on this survey because time and money were
limited; but I see no reason why this procedure should not be added,
as it has been in other areas, to supplement excavation further. We
are interested in learning as much as we can with a minimum of effort.
The material will be more easily understood if first I present
the theoretical aspects, this theory being an offspring of the actual
survey data, which will be discussed later. It is understood that
this was an attempt to solve a local problem and that my speculation
does not necessarily have universal applicability.
We were dealing with conglomerations of traits of material culture
(such as pottery types, bone and stone implements, and architecture)
which were observed by surface inspection and collection at many
sites. It should be noted that a conglomeration of culture traits has
only spatial adjacency as a bond of union. This presumably is no
accidental relation, but I am unable to hazard a guess as to the signifi-
cance of it (whether it is causal, functional, or logical). The assump-
tion was made that the assemblage discovered upon the surface
of a site was representative of the site, if it were a homogeneous
occupation, or of the last occupation if there were more than one.
To make this assumption valid it was necessary to form an
arbitrary rule concerning the handling of the data. It is a fact
that there is a natural mixing of artifacts within a site. It is possible
to find upon the surface of a site, or at any level, all of the pottery
types that occur at that particular site, although it may have had
several separate and distinct occupations.
Yet it is also a fact that only a small proportion of the artifacts
will be mixed naturally. Therefore this aberration could be removed
through quantitative considerations. Those types of artifacts falling
below ten per cent of the total number of artifacts were considered
as naturally mixed, those above, as representative of the surface
level, or latest occupation. ^
The representative artifacts were not quantitatively differen-
tiated from each other. To make such a differentiation, an analysis
of sherds per unit volume of refuse (horizontal and vertical control)
would be required.^ This procedure is impossible when surface
material is used, since the surface of a site is but two dimensional.
1 This same limiting percentage was used at Snaketown. See Gladwin, Haury,
Sayles, and Gladwin. 1937, pp. 19-35.
^ Hawley (1934, pp. 47-57) has done this at Chetro Ketl and has published an
excellent section on the statistical significance of potsherd data.
284 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
The sites studied were drawn from areas of unit size, in which
all sites had been observed. In this way a quantitative datum
(number of sites per unit area) was obtained.
It was also possible to determine different types of assemblage
as these were found at one or more sites. Such a type of assemblage,
consisting of a particular combination of pottery types, was termed
a phase. The phase refers merely to a particular combination of
types. The combination may be found at one or at several sites,
but the concept of phase has reference only to their typological
similarity and not to their temporal relations. Its use enabled me
to classify the sites within a given area and to determine the number
of phases which were represented.
However, for chronological reference, it was necessary to correlate
the survey evidence with that from excavation. The survey, without
test pitting, yielded no chronological evidence.
Field Technique
A discontinuous intensive survey of quarter sections (a quarter
of a mile square). Observers, 100 feet apart on a half-mile front,
work directly across the quarter. No portion of any quarter escapes
investigation.
On discovering a site, the observer enters geographical data
(terrain, vegetation, etc.) and archaeological data (dimensions of
site, condition of standing walls, and description of masonry, etc.)
on a tag. This tag is attached to a sherd bag and a sherd collection
from this site is made. The collecting is conducted indiscriminately.
All surface sherds are collected regardless of quantity. A photo-
graph is taken of the site. The observer assigns a number to the
site, estimates his position in the quarter (triangulation of the sites
in the region was impossible, owing to the nature of the country)
and enters it on the field map. The numbering system was designed
to facilitate locating the site geographically; thus, a number reading
15-8
38-18
indicates the fifteenth site in Section 8 of Township 38 North, Range
18 West of the N.M.P.M.
At camp, the data on the tag are entered on a detail sheet, the
sherds are washed and counted, and an analysis of the data is made.
The sherds are then shipped to the Museum either for reference or
for further study.
Archaeological Survey 285
Pottery Type Analysis
Within sixteen and a half square miles in the Ackmen-Lowry
region and a quarter of a square mile at Hovenweep National
Monument, located in southeastern Utah, 180 sites were discovered,
but only 80 offered enough sherd material to be included in this
analysis. An arbitrary minimum of 50 sherds per site was required.
Seven representative pottery classifications were determined:
(1) Smooth culinary ware: considered to be bottom sections of jars
that were probably corrugated- or banded-neck. (2) Indeterminate
black-on-white ware with no design showing (slipped pottery with
either no design element showing, or having too little remaining to
warrant a definite classification), which was probably either Mancos
black-on-white or McElmo black-on-white. The other classifications
were of single pottery types and need no special discussion: (3) Lino
gray; (4) indented-corrugated; (5) Lino black-on-gray; (6) Mancos
black-on-white; (7) McElmo black-on-white.
Four numerically predominant phases were recognized out of
eighteen variations (see Fig. 58). Number
of sites
Lino gray 10
Lino gray, Mancos black-on-white, indented-corrugated,
Indeterminate 5
Mancos black-on-white, indented-corrugated, Indeterminate 22
McElmo black-on-white, indented-corrugated, Indeterminate 8
There were five other phases, represented by ten sites, all similar
to the second in that they contained Lino gray and black-on-white
pottery.
This analysis demonstrated eighteen phases in eighty sites.
Three of these phases were numerically predominant and a fourth
presumably so. These four phases accounted for forty-five sites,
or more than half of the total number.
If it were possible to break down the smooth culinary ware and
Indeterminate black-on-white ware classifications into definite pot-
tery types, it is probable that these major phases would be increased
in numerical significance. It is possible, however, to assume that
there were four numerically predominant phases in the surveyed
area, which probably represent four stages within a homogeneous
culture. I say homogeneous culture because there is an interlocking
of pottery t}T)es within the various phases, and no pottery type occurs
without at least an indirect association with every other pottery type.
The other phases, not included within these four types, were possibly
transitional or aberrant.
"^^---^JUJMeEH OF SITES
PHASES ^~-~-^^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
LINO BG
SMOOTH CULINARY
IND CORRUGATED
INDETERMINATE
-
LINO BG
IND. CORRUGATED
INDETERMINATE
-
LINO GRAY
■
LINO GRAY
SMOOTH CULINARY
■
LINO GRAY
SMOOTH CULINARY
INDETERMINATE
LINO GRAY
SMOOTH CULINARY
IND. CORRUGATED
INDETERMINATE
LINO GRAY
SMOOTH CULINARY
INO. CORRUGATED
MANGOS BW
INDETERMINATE
H
LINO GRAY
IND. CORRUGATED
MANCOS BW
INDETERMINATE
LINO GRAY
IND. CORRUGATED
MANCOS BW
LINO GRAY
INDETERMINATE
SMOOTH CULINARY
IND. CORRUGATED
MANCOS BW
INDETERMINATE
SMOOTH CULINARY
IND. CORRUGATED
INDETERMINATE
SMOOTH CULINARY
IND. CORRUGATED
IND. CORRUGATED
INDETERMINATE
IND. CORRUGATED
MANCOS BW
INDETERMINATE
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
IND. CORRUGATED
MANCOS BW
McELMO BW
INDETERMINATE
IND. CORRUGATED
McELMO BW
INDETERMINATE
Fig. 58. Graph representing number of sites in which given pottery associa-
tions were found; data from survey.
286
Archaeological Survey 287
Association of Traits
The only trait that occurred abundantly enough to be associated
with pottery types was house types. The four predominant phases,
recognized in the pottery analysis, had the following house t>T)e
association :
House types
Pottery phases I II III IV
Lino gray 6 4
Lino gray, indented-corrugated, Indeter-
minate black-on-white ware, Mancos
black-on-white 4 1
Indented-corrugated, Mancos black-on-
white 7 15
Indented-corrugated, McElmo black-on-
white . . . . 8
House type I. — Slab-villages with depressions that were presumably pit-
houses.
House type II. — "Small" sites; probably houses with slab-and-rubble or
pole-and-brush walls and kiva-like depressions; or
crude horizontal masonry houses and kiva-depressions.
House type III. — Unit-type houses (since a unit-type is defined as a develop-
mental pueblo containing a passageway between the
kiva, and a tower or a house, it was impossible to be
certain of a unit-type without excavation. However,
surface indications led us to this choice).
House type IV. — Buildings characterized by the Mesa Verde masonry tech-
nique, namely dimpled, block-like stones, irregular
spalls.
It is significant that no slab-villages were found outside of the
Lino gray phase, that no buildings illustrating the Mesa Verde
technique of masonry were found outside of the indented-corrugated-
McElmo black-on-white phase. The small houses must be excavated
before a closer correlation may be reached. The unit-type houses
seem to be characteristic of the indented-corrugated-Mancos black-
on-white phase.
The evidence illustrates a correlation between pottery phases
and house types and strengthens the assumption made upon the
basis of the pottery type analysis, that there were four stages of a
homogeneous culture in this surveyed area.
Indirect Aspects of the Survey
To place these four stages in chronological order, I used the
stratigraphic evidence from Lowry ruin (Martin, 1936, Figs. 43-45).
The following sequence was apparent:
(1) Lino gray phase (earliest).
(2) Lino gray, Mancos black-on-white, Indeterminate black-on-
white, indented-corrugated phase.
288 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
(3) Mancos black-on-white, indented-corrugated phase.
(4) McElmo black-on-white, indented-corrugated phase (latest).
With this combined evidence of survey and excavation, I could
postulate the following historical sequence for the surveyed area.
Presumably the same group of people occupied this area for a
considerable length of time. Originally they used slab-village-
pit-house complexes and manufactured only Lino gray ware.
When they abandoned these slab-house-pit-house complexes for
small masonry houses-kiva complexes, they began to manufacture
indented-corrugated ware and Mancos black-on-white ware. They
continued to make Lino gray ware. There was not a great deal of
unity, however, and the predominating phase was represented by
but five sites. There were a number of other quite similar phases,
presumably of the same time, which make this stage as predominate
as the others, but not as cohesive.
The third stage, in which these people lived in unit-type houses
and made Mancos black-on-white pottery and indented-corrugated
ware, represented a unified group.
The fourth stage was quite similar to the preceding one, and was
characterized by large pueblos and indented-corrugated and McElmo
black-on-white pottery.
Evidence for a Hypothesis Concerning the Development of
McElmo Black-on- White from Mancos Black-on- White
The survey data, when given time significance, afford evidence
for speculation concerning a specific problem : the origin of McElmo
black-on-white ware.
It is first necessary to consider the associations of Lino gray ware
with Mancos black-on-white within the phases. Lino gray is not
at all similar to Mancos black-on-white, typologically. Lino gray
occurred by itself in ten sites, and in association with Mancos black-
on-white in eleven sites. Lino gray and Mancos black-on-white
occurred in more separate phases than did any other two pottery
types. I know that Lino gray preceded Mancos black-on-white
chronologically, and it is presumable that sites containing both were
transitional from the Lino gray stage to the Mancos stage. Since
we have no evidence to indicate outside influence in the production
of Mancos, probably Lino gray and Mancos originated from the
same cultural trend. Yet they were structurally too different to
permit the consideration of a technological development from Lino
Archaeological Survey 289
gray to Mancos. Perhaps there were several Hnking pottery types
now missing in the surveyed area. In any event, I can assume that
the Lino gray — Mancos association in eleven sites is an example
of the type of change when a new pottery technique is introduced.
On the other hand, only one site contained McElmo black-on-
white and Mancos black-on-white in association. It is possible to
assume from this evidence that Mancos could not have been gener-
ally associated with McElmo simply because Mancos had become
McElmo. The evidence does not show that McElmo and Mancos
were not being manufactured at the same time, but it does show that
the majority of those villages which manufactured Mancos did not
produce McElmo, and vice versa. Though the survey data do
not prove that McElmo grew out of Mancos, they suggest this
development.
Summary
A discontinuous intensive survey of 163^ square miles was
conducted in the Ackmen-Lowry region and is assumed to be
representative of at least a 33 square mile area, since two diagonal
quarter-sections were surveyed within each section.
The survey dealt primarily with phases, the phase being defined
as a particular combination of pottery types present at one or more
sites. Temporal considerations do not affect this definition.
Within the surveyed area 180 sites were observed, 80 offering
enough sherd material to make a pottery type analysis feasible.
A pottery type analysis demonstrated that six pottery types
were common within this area, that there were eighteen phases, and
that four of these probably represented stages in the historical
development of culture in this area.
The pottery phases were associated with house types.
Chronological sequence was given to these associations by an
analysis of the stratigraphy at Lowry ruin.
Evidence was brought forth to show that McElmo black-on-white
may have developed from Mancos black-on-white.
290 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Approximate Percentages of Sherds from Survey
{Sites 1 to It here listed are not to be confused with those which were
excavated, since they are not the same)
Wares Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 48 98 60 96 49 96 115 100 114 96 45 98
Lino BG 1 2
Indented-corrugated 1 2 1 1
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 1 2
Abajo RO 1 2 1 2 1 2
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . _^_^ ^_: .i^_:._l:.i^_?_5 j_-^i^
Totals 49 100 62 100 51100 115 100 118 100 46 100
Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Site 11 Site 12
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 55 100 48 80 46 100 50 100 24 22 39 50
Lino BG 5 8 1 1 .. . .
Smooth culinary 5 8 80 73 30 38
Indented-corrugated 2 4
Mancos BW 1 1
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 4 5
Abajo RO .L_ ■_!. .1^-1^ 4 4 5 6
Totals 55 100 60 100 46 100 50 100 109 100 79 100
Site 13 Site 14 Site 15 Site 16 Site 17 Site 18
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 50 66 14 16 21 41 18 16 39 34 18 35
Lino BG 2 3 1 1
Smooth culinary 17 23 42 47 15 29 27 23 19 17 7 14
Indented-corrugated 7 8 4 8 31 27 32 28 6 12
Mancos BW 11369854 14 27
Orangeware (Abajo ?).... 6 8 2 2
Indeterminate BW (NDS) 22 25 8 16 29 25 19 17 6 12
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . ___^^^_^__:._^ ^_i _^_
Totals 75 100 89 100 51 100 115 100 114 100 51 100
Site 19 Site 20 Site 21 Site 22 Site 23 Site 24
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 11 17 9 16 9 15 26 16 7 14 28 44
Lino BG 3 5 8 5
Smooth culinary 8 12 5 9 3 5
Indented-corrugated 12 19 12 22 34 57 60 37 21 42 19 30
Mancos BW 16 25 11 20 11 18 26 16 12 24 13 20
McElmo BW 2 3
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 12 19 16 29 6 10 40 24 10 20 1 1
Orangeware (Abajo ?) 3 2
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . ___j._^__^____:^_j __j.
Totals 64 100 55 100 60 100 163 100 50 100 64 100
Site 25 Site 26 Site 27 Site 28 Site 29 Site 30
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 14 21 34 27 13 26 6 6
Lino BG 3 2 1 2
Smooth culinary 1 2 13 19 9 19 14 13
Punched culinary 2 2
Grooved culinary 1 1
Indented-corrugated 15 22 27 21 12 23 33 49 14 30 37 35
Mancos BW 26 38 42 33 25 49 8 12 6 13 9 9
Black Mesa BW 1 1
McElmo BW 2 4 .. ..
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 7 11 13 10 .... 12 18 16 34 35 33
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . 4 6 1 2 . . . . 1 1
Tusayan BR ___^_I_^.^^i ^_^ —i.
Totals 67 100 127 100 51 100 67 100 47 100 105 100
Archaeological Survey 291
Number and Approximate Percentages of Sherds from Survey — Continued
Site 31 Site 32 Site 33 Site 34 Site 35 Site 36
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 6 7 9 6
Lino BG 8 10 6 13
Smooth culinary 20 37 18 21 12 15 136 85 . . . . 2 4
Indented-corrugated 19 35 24 28 12 15 . . .. 48 96 9 20
Mancos BW 2 4 9 10 7 9.... 2 4 3 6
McElmo BW 5 6
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 13 24 34 40 30 37 25 55
Abajo RO 1 1 1 1 14 9
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . 1 2
Totals 54 100 86 100 81 100 159 100 50 100 46 100
Site 37 Site 38 Site 39 Site 40 Site 41 Site 42
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 1 2 7 4 6 6
Lino BG 2 2
Smooth culinary 8 7 2 3 1 2 6 7 7 3.. ..
Indented-corrugated 46 41 36 53 26 41 46 54 104 51 54 48
Mancos BW 7 6 7 10 6 9 7 9 22 10 11 9
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 51 46 19 28 29 46 25 30 62 30 35 31
Indeterminate BR (NDS) ■ __^ __ _i_6 4 2 5 4
Totals 112 100 68 100 63 100 84 100 206 100 113 100
Site 43 Site 44 Site 45 Site 46 Site 47 Site 48
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 4 1 1
LinoBG 2 3 .. .. 1 1 .. ..
Smooth culinary 2 4 2 3 5 6 2 2 2 3 4 5
Indented-corrugated 17 32 27 46 17 21 27 31 28 40 33 43
Mancos BW 4 8 10 18 12 15 20 23 15 .22 12 15
McElmo BW 4 8
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 24 46 19 32 41 51 37 43 21 30 25 32
Abaio RO 3 4
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . 1 2
Totals 52 100 59 100 80 100 87 100 70 100 78 100
Site 49 Site 50 Site 51 Site 52 Site 53 Site 54
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 1 1 5 8 . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lino BG 1 1 1 1
Smooth culinary 3 2
Incised culinary 1 2
Indented-corrugated 30 41 28 45 33 56 23 32 41 34 43 31
Mancos BW 12 16 16 26 14 24 23 32 24 20 36 25
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 31 42 12 19 12 20 23 32 51 42 55 40
Abajo RO ^_:_L. -_:_ -_^^_1_1_2. -_:
Totals 74 100 62 100 59 100 72 100 120 100 139 100
Site 55 Site 56 Site 57 Site 58 Site 59 Site 60
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 7 8 3 4 4 7 .. ..
LinoBG 2 1.. .. 2 2
Smooth culinary 8 9 5 3.. .. 4 5 3 5 10 12
Indented-corrugated 27 29 67 40 19 30 40 49 12 20 33 38
Mancos BW 12 13 39 23 19 30 17 21 1/ 27 20 22
McElmo BW 4 6.. .. 6 9 2 2
Mesa Verde BW 4 6
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 37 40 49 29 18 28 15 18 20 32 22 25
Abajo RO 1 1
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . 6 4 .. .. 1 1 .. . . 1 1
Totals 92 100 168 100 64 100 82 100 62 100 88 100
292 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Number and Approximate Percentages of Sherds from Survey — Continued
Site 61 Site 62 Site 63 Site 64 Site 65 Site 66
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 2 4 3 4 10 9 .. .. 4 4 13 9
Lino BG 5 5
Smooth culinary 3 6 7 10 5 5 1 1
Indented-corrugated 13 25 15 23 25 23 25 29 28 30 75 48
Mancos BW 13 26 13 20 38 35 25 29 28 31 32 20
McElmo BW 4 8 4 6 5 5 6 7
Indeterminate BW (NDS) . 13 25 23 35 18 17 30 34 32 35 30 19
Abajo RO 1 2 6 4
Indeterminate BR (NDS) . 3 6 . . . . 1 1
Totals 51100 66 100 107 100 87 100 92 100 156 100
Site 67 Site 68 Site 69 Site 70 Site 71 Site 72
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Indented-corrugated 13 29 59 41 12 22 21 38 28 30 49 51
Mancos BW 13 29 3 2 4 7
McElmo BW 5 11 39 27 21 39 12 22 16 17 12 12
Mesa Verde BW 5 3
Indeterminate BW (NDS). 14 31 38 26 17 32 22 40 50 53 36 37
Indeterminate BR (NDS) 1 1
Totals 45 100 145 100 54 100 55 100 94 100 97 100
Site 73 Site 74 Site 75 Site 76 Site 77 Site 78
Wares No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Lino gray 41 67 11 21 3 5
Smooth culinary 1 2 8 16
Incised culinary 1 1
Indented-corrugated 41 24 23 19 28 47 1 2 19 37 13 24
Mancos BW 5 3 5 8 6 12 17 31
McElmo BW 25 15 18 15 8 14
Mesa Verde BW 3 2 6 5
Indeterminate BW (NDS). 95 55 74 61 22 37 9 15 7 14 22 40
Abajo RO 2 3
Indeterminate BR (NDS) 2 3
Neck-banded 1 2
Totals 170 100 121 100 59 100 61 100 51 100 55 100
Note: Site 79 yielded 104 sherds of Lino gray (1007c); and Site 80 yielded
86 Lino gray sherds (100%).
VI. SYNTHESIS
Summary
Four small ruins in the Ackmen-Lowry region were excavated.
At Site 1 the walls of the surface rooms formerly consisted of slabs
topped by masonry; at Site 4 they were made of poles and mud
(wattle-and-daub), while at Sites 2 and 3 they were of coursed
masonry. Associated with each of the four houses was an under-
ground chamber which may have fulfilled the functions of both
dwelling and kiva (ceremonial room). Only one refuse heap (at
Site 3) was discovered.
Stone and bone artifacts were scarce. Eighty stone artifacts
(axes, projectiles, hammer stones, rubbing stones, mauls, metates,
and manos) and twenty-seven bone tools were recovered during the
entire season.
The pottery consisted mainly of Lino gray, Mancos black-on-
white, and various kinds of indented-corrugated wares. A statistical
study of the pottery types, level by level, at each site, indicated no
significant variations within any site. It was therefore assumed
that each site had been inhabited but once and for only a short time.
Lino gray and indented-corrugated pottery were found in unques-
tionable association at two sites. This association also occurred at
Lowry ruin and was further noted in the 1937 reconnaissance.
While the digging proceeded, an intensive archaeological survey
of the Ackmen-Lowry area was being conducted. An area of
163/^ square miles was carefully covered on foot. A total of 180
sites were thus discovered and recorded. The data obtained were
treated quantitatively, and, as a result, four pottery phases were
established and a correlation between these phases and house types
was obtained. From this, a theory concerning the stability of cultures
was evolved.
Conclusions
It seems evident from the data obtained that Sites 1, 2, and 4
were inhabited by one or two families for a very short period —
perhaps five to fifteen years. This conclusion was based on the
following facts: villages (if they may be dignified by this term)
consisting of one or two rooms and a house-kiva, absence of refuse
mounds and burials (except the infant burial in the kiva at Site 1),
scarcity of pottery and of bone and stone artifacts, shallowness of
fill in the houses. Site 3 was somewhat larger and included four or
293
294 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
five surface rooms with fairly good masonry walls, two kivas, and
a refuse mound. Site 3 may have been occupied for twenty or twenty-
five years.
Since the logs sent to Dr. Emil Haury for study yielded no in-
formation, it is impossible to assign an exact date to any of the four
sites. However, using the stratigraphic data from Lowry ruin, and
on the basis of a tjrpological study of pottery and architecture,
coordinated with the table given in Part I of the Introduction, I
have ranked the four sites according to time sequence as follows:
Site 1: early Pueblo I period (about a.d. 800).
Site 4: late Pueblo I period (about a.d. 850).
Site 2: early Pueblo II period (about A.D. 900).
Site 3: late Pueblo II period (about a.d. 1000).
As stated before, it is impossible to say whether the surface
rooms at Sites 1 and 4 were used as houses or storage places, and
whether the subterranean chambers served as kivas, or dwellings,
or both. My guess is that the surface rooms at Sites 1 and 4 were
merely granaries, and that the people carried on their secular and
ceremonial activities in the underground rooms.
The surface rooms at Sites 2 and 3 probably served as dwellings.
Conclusions concerning pottery, derived from the archaeological
survey, checked perfectly with those derived from the work at
Lowry ruin and from the actual excavations of 1937.
Certain problems were discussed in the Introduction. It was
there stated that small sites — although but briefly inhabited — were
important because there would be fewer cultural factors to obscure
the problems to be studied. A query was raised as to the influence
of the Mogollon and Hohokam cultures on the Anasazi culture. A
question concerning the antiquity of Chacoan influence in the Lowry
area was raised. To what extent were these problems solved?
There is no doubt in my mind that the study of many small,
briefly inhabited, early sites will contribute more to the interpreta-
tion and significance of the history of the Southwest than a study
of large, late sites. Investigation of one small ruined village may be
likened to the microscopic examination of pottery or of a rock. Such
minute examination yields information otherwise unsuspected and
obtainable in no other way. The four small villages excavated in
1937 represented small stations of progress in Puebloan history and,
as such, produced valuable information. This information could
be more generally applied if more sites had been excavated, but
Synthesis 295
the facts obtained and herein recorded can be fused with future
data and thus become even more useful. Even so, these data con-
cerning changes in the fashions of pottery designs, kiva-construction,
wall-building, and associations of various types of pottery are
extremely interesting and valuable.
No very definite information was obtained concerning the
question of the contribution of the Mogollon and Hohokam cultural
complexes to the Anasazi. But a few pieces of Mogollon pottery
were found at Site 1, showing that at least trade relations existed
between these villages and those in the Mogollon area (western New
Mexico). How important this connection was cannot be estimated.
Mancos black-on-white (Chacoan pottery) was present at Site 1.
It was more frequent at Site 4 and was even more abundant at Site 2.
It had begun to decline somewhat at Site 3, and, simultaneously,
McElmo black-on-white (a later pottery which grew out of Mancos)
appeared. Thus, it would appear that a Chacoan trait had pene-
trated to the Ackmen-Lowry area in the Pueblo I period, perhaps
about A.D. 800. I did not observe any Chacoan influence in kivas,
houses, or stone and bone artifacts. It is impossible to say at this
time whether this Chacoan influence, as reflected in the pottery,
was due to trade contacts or to migrations of Chacoan people.
More research needs to be done in the Ackmen-Lowry area,
not only in the Pueblo I and early Pueblo II periods, but also in
the Basket Maker period. Several Basket Maker sites, discovered
as a result of the archaeological survey, need to be investigated.
Conjectures^
What conjectures and interpretations may be safely made from
our archaeological work of 1937? I have shown that the relative
proportions of pottery types varied from site to site, that some
design elements were more popular in one site than another, and
that certain architectural variations in houses and kivas occurred.
What is the significance of all of these minutiae? Is it possible to
make from them any conjectural reconstruction of cultural vari-
ations? I believe it is.
On page 278, the four sites were ranked in relative chronological
order. Such a chronology was possible because an intensive study
of the typological variations in all the artifacts (pottery, stone, and
bone) and houses had been made. These typological variations
1 Prepared in collaboration with Elizabeth McM. Hambleton, Carl Lloyd, and
Alexander Spoehr.
296 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
through time suggest that there may have been recurring periods
of stabihty and change, and these, in turn, imply social change, or
breakdown, and re-organization. In order to test the validity of such
conjectures, it is necessary to put forth three fundamental queries
and answers concerning culture, artifacts, and change. These are:
(1) What is the relation between culture and artifact? To
answer this question, a concept of culture must first be given.
(2) From typological variation in artifacts through time, can one
infer a correlated variation in culture?
(3) Does this variation refer to the whole of the content of culture,
or only to that part directly connected with the artifacts?
We may consider the questions in the order stated:
Culture may be defined as any system of conventional or tradi-
tional ideas as expressed in ways of doing and making things. An
individual is not necessarily conscious of his culture; nevertheless
all of his acts and the objects of his culture have meaning to him.
An individual's behavior, to the extent that it is prompted and
limited by his culture, may be directed toward material objects,
which thus become artifacts (pottery, baskets, projectile points);
but culture is not the physical object or artifact, nor the resemblance
between physical objects, but is the pattern of meanings or the
significance with respect to the physical objects. Artifacts, then,
are the results of behavior and attitudes directed toward material
objects.
For example, to us a fountain pen has a very definite meaning —
it is an instrument for writing. To a "primitive man" who does
not know how to write, the fountain pen could not possibly have
the same meaning as it does for us.
Culture, therefore, refers to patterns of social behavior based
upon an inter-related body of meanings held in common by a group.
These patterns of behavior are, further (1) transmitted by tradition,
and (2) are variable from group to group. Thus "a culture" is an
"integrated body of behaviour patterns . . . that provide for and
describe all the activities, individual and collective, enabling a group
to meet all the demands of life, and which are specially characteristic
of that group as opposed to all others. "^
Culture, as thus defined, does not include the phj^sical objects
turned up by the archaeologist's spade. Nor does it include the
generalized resemblances existing among a set of such physical
> Robert Redfield, unpublished manuscript on "Science and Culture."
Synthesis 297
objects. Culture is neither of these, as stated before, but includes
rather the patterns of social behavior with respect to them; such
patterns are expressive of the meanings which artifacts have for
their makers and users. Now, the peoples in which the archaeologist
is interested are dead and gone. Any meaning which he attributes
to the artifacts he has uncovered can be done only by analogy
from the cultures of living groups; those wdth which he is concerned
have vanished forever.
With this definition of culture and of its relation to artifacts,
we may pass to the second question stated above. From typological
variation in artifacts can one infer a corresponding variation in
culture? From observation of anthropological phenomena, I think
one can. This conviction is obviously based on the proposition that,
in a primitive society (a small, isolated, non-literate group with
fairly conventionalized ideas and an organization of meanings which
makes acts and artifacts consistent with the conventional under-
standings of the group), for every variation in style of artifacts
there is, within limits, a corresponding variation in the meanings
which they have to their makers. If the proposition is true, it further
follows that, subject to the same limits, the degree of variation in
artifacts through time is indicative of a corresponding degree of
variation in that part of the culture to which they pertain. However,
no inference is made here as to the content of the culture; merely
that it is, or was changing. Furthermore, and this is in answer to
the last question, it cannot be inferred that the whole of the culture
was changing, but only that part directly connected with the material
remains comprised by the artifacts.
Now, applying these ideas concerning culture, artifacts, and
change, we may make a few guesses about the data obtained from
the 1937 archaeological work.
The archaeological survey data suggested that trends within the
cultures investigated tended to be cyclical, and that certain com-
binations of characters within them moved from a stable status
through a time of transition back to a stable status. A stable phase,
or combination of characters, may be defined as one which is repre-
sented by many sites, all sharing identical association of particular
artifacts (such as types of pottery and architecture). A less stable
phase is one which is represented by fewer sites and by different
associations.
For the survey data, the following pottery phases were established :
A. Lino gray.
298 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
B. Lino gray, Mancos black-on-white, indented-corrugated,
Indeterminate.
C. Mancos black-on-white, indented-corrugated.
D. McElmo black-on-white, indented-corrugated.
Applying this cyclical theory to these phases, we may consider
A and C stable, as they were represented by a large number of sites;
B and D unstable or transitional, because represented by few sites.
The house types recognized from the survey data and correlated
with the pottery phases help to substantiate this theory of stability.
Phase A was represented only by slab-villages. The fact that these
villages were always alike, and that the association was constant,
serves to strengthen the idea that this was a stable phase. The
house types corresponding to those of Phase B were two: houses
with slab-and-rubble or pole-and-brush walls, associated with
kiva-like depressions, or crude horizontal masonry houses with kiva-
depressions. The correlation of these two dissimilar types of build-
ings with the corresponding pottery phase may be considered as
evidence for a transitory period. Phase C was represented by a
few of the small houses with masonry walls which belonged to the
preceding period, but mostly by unit-type houses. The buildings
associated with Phase D were of only one type, characterized by
the Mesa Verde masonry technique. This again was definitely a
stable phase.
Correlating the data from the 1937 excavations with the above
table, we find that: Site 1 falls between A and B, and may there-
fore be considered as semi-transitional. Sites 4 and 2 both come
under group B, which is transitional, though Site 4 comes in the
middle of the phase and Site 2 at the end of it; Site 3 represents
group C and may be called stable. Phase D was not represented
in the excavations of 1937.
Thus, since the artifacts and houses of Sites 1, 2, and 4 do not fit
exactly into the "norm" for either the Basket Maker III, the
Pueblo I, or Pueblo 11 period, and since they were apparently under-
going changes, may we infer that the culture and the degree of
"folkness" was also changing? Perhaps, then, these variations in
artifacts may be interpreted as indicating that the inhabitants of
Sites 1 and 4 had abandoned the comfortable, stable status of a
folk-culture (ideally, a homogeneous society which has recourse to
a fixed traditional pattern when problems arise, and which shows
a tendency toward rigidity, or doing things in a prescribed way),
and were going through a period of transition. It seems evident
Synthesis 299
from our information that various "conservative" and "liberal"
forces were reacting on the people who occupied these sites. In
a stable culture, there is only one way to build a socially acceptable
house, there are but two or three kinds of pottery which are "good."
But when new ideas seep in from the outer world, the younger
people are apt to accept them and to introduce the new modes to
their culture. Thus, we might account for the subterranean chambers
which are neither kivas nor pit houses, for the substitution of crude
stone pilasters for wooden roof supports (at Site 4), for several kinds
of pottery in unusual association, and for experimentation in various
kinds of punched, incised, and indented corrugations on cooking
pottery. Sites 1 and 4 represent, perhaps, the handiwork of a group
of people who had lost some of their folk-traits (due, maybe, to trade
or contacts with "foreigners"), and who had put aside some of their
antagonism for new things. It was probably an uncomfortable
time for the traditionalists who preferred a rigid, inflexible mode
of existence.
Site 2 may represent the end of the transition period just
described. The kiva is more like the later standard kivas, the surface
rooms are larger, and coursed masonry, although crude, is exten-
sively used. The ground plan of the rooms and the kiva resembles
the later, conventionalized, unit-type villages. In other words the
"new dealers" are on their way out. The pendulum is swinging away
from changes in material culture and, perhaps, away from any
changes in the social, economic, and religious patterns.
Site 3, the latest site excavated during the 1937 season, probably
represents another period of near tranquillity and stabilization. This
village is almost an exact duplicate of all villages of this period —
Pueblo II. The various details in the kiva are not yet perfectly
crystallized, but the village as a whole seems to show fewer variations
from the "normal" unit-type villages. The occupants seem more
truly to belong to a folk-society. Reformers and reconstructionists
must have had little chance in this village.
Thus, by conjecture, a portion of a cultural cycle has been traced:
from semi-transition (Site 1) through transition periods (Sites 4 and
2), back to stability (Site 3). If excavations had been carried on in
Basket Maker villages (which would probably represent a stable
phase), we might have been able to show (by conjecture) a com-
plete cycle — from absolute stability through transition, back to
another period of stability.
300 The Ackmen-Lowry Area
The four sites at Ackmen have been shown to fit into the line-up
of pottery phases as estabUshed by the survey data. The phases
at Lowry also correspond to those established by these data. Thus,
there are both a horizontal and a vertical linking of phases. The
Lowry phases showed a physical stratigraphy, one lying on top of
another. The four sites at Ackmen were scattered horizontally
over an area, but each represented a phase which fitted into the
scheme. If, hypothetically, these four sites had lain one on top of
another, in chronological order, a physical stratigraphy, such as
that at Lowry, would have occurred. In this way, sites showing
long occupation in one spot, or short occupations in different areas,
can both reflect this theory of stable and transitional cycles. This
is possible only in so far as phases can be established from survey
data, and in so far as the phases, as recognized in the sites, can be
related to them. In order to place the survey phases in chronological
order, and, if possible, to date them, excavation is necessary, whether
of various sites with a single short occupancy, or of one site which
has been inhabited over a long period of time and which represents
many phases.
The application of this theory has proved successful in the
Ackmen-Lowry region, which, however, is a local region of the
whole Southwest. Through future surveys and related excavations
it can be applied possibly to the Southwest as a whole. In fact, it
might be applied to any area where stratigraphy of cultural develop-
ment is present.
Further, from the intimate relationship between culture and
artifact, I have tried to show that changes in artifacts through time
suggested a correlated variation in that part of the culture to which
the artifacts pertain. I have conjectured that Site 3 was occupied
by more "folk-minded" people than the others because the artifacts
and houses were identical with many others of the same period. I
have also tried to point out that Sites 2 and 4 were less orthodox,
less "normal" because the groups occupying them were less "folk-
minded," and because the changes, as reflected in the heterogeneous
house types and mixture of pottery types, might have been the result
of a breakdown of the conventionalized ideas of the group. I have
been very careful, however, not to give any "meaning" to the
culture, because I do not know what the culture was. It vanished
with the people who lived it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gladwin, Harold S., Haury, E., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, Nora.
1937. Excavations at Snaketown. Medallion Papers, Nos. 25 and 26, Globe,
Arizona.
Hawley, F. M.
1934. The significance of the dated prehistory of Chetro Ketl, Chaco Canyon,
New Mexico. University of New Mexico, vol. 1, No. 1.
Harrington, J. C.
1935. The place of survey in archaeology, with a survey program suggested
for Illinois. MS. University of Chicago, p. 90.
Harrington, M. R.
1933. Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 8, Los Angeles,
California.
Haury, E. W. and Flora, I. F.
1937. Basket Maker III dates from the vicinity of Durango, Colorado, Tree
Ring Bulletin, vol. 4, No. 1. Tucson, Arizona.
HooTON, E. A.
1930. Indians of Pecos Pueblo. New Haven, Connecticut.
1937. Apes, Men, and Morons. New York.
Howard, E. B.
1935. Evidence of early man in North America. Museum Journal, vol. 24,
Nos. 2 and 3. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Kidder, A. V. and Shepard, A. O.
1936. Pottery of Pecos, vol. 2. New Haven, Connecticut.
MacCurdy, George Grant (Editor)
1937. Early Man: a symposium. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Martin, Paul S., Roys, L., and von Bonin, G.
1936. Lowry Ruin in Southwestern Colorado. Anthropological Series, Field
Museum of Natural History, vol. 23, No. 1.
Mera, H. p.
1938. Some aspects of the Largo cultural phase, Northern New Mexico.
American Antiquity, vol. 3, No. 3.
Roberts, Frank H. H.
1930. Early Pueblo ruins in the Piedra district, Southwestern Colorado.
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 96.
301
INDEX
Ackmen-Lowry region, application of
cyclical theory of change, 298-300
archaeological survey, 282-292
influences, 238
location, 236, 238
physiographic and biotic conditions,
236
reasons for selection, 238
Alaska, 229-230
Anasazi culture, affected by Hohokam
and Mogollon cultures, 238, 294-
295
classification, 230, 234
extent, 234, 238
meaning of term, 230
Antechambers, 242
Antevs, E., 229
Arizona, Anasazi culture, 234, 238
Hohokam culture, 234, 238
recent work, 229
Asia, migration, 230
Awls, bone, 256
Axes, stone, 252, 253, 254-255
Banquettes, 242, 246, 251, 252, 253
Basket Maker; see Anasazi, classifi-
cation
Benches; see Banquettes
Bering Strait, 229-239
Biotic conditions; see Ackmen-Lowry
region
Bison, 229
Bone implements, 256, 266-267; see
Awls, bone, Fleshers, bone
Burials, 244, 249-250, 293
Camels, 229
Canada, 229
Cartography, 240
Ceilings; see Roofs
Chaco Canyon, 238
Chacoan influence, 238, 294-295
Chetro Ketl, 283
Cists; see Storage pits
Coast Range, 229
Colorado, southwestern, Anasazi cul-
ture in, 234, 238
approximate dates of culture periods,
234
culture periods recognized, 234
diagnostic culture traits, 232-233
Corn, 250, 253
Corrugations, 234
Coursed Masonry; see Masonry
Culture, definition, 296-297
lag, 231
periods classified, 230-231, 234
periods recognized in southwestern
Colorado, 234
traits in southwestern Colorado
232-233
Cyclical theory of change, 297-300
Dakota Cretaceous sandstone, 241
Deflectors, 249
Dry lakes, 230
End-scrapers, bone; see Fleshers, bone
Firepits, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249,
250, 251, 252
Fleshers, bone, 243, 256
Floors, 241-242, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252
Folk-culture, 298
Gila Pueblo, 230
Glaciations, 230
Wisconsin, 229
Gladwin, H. S., 229, 234, 238, 283
Gladwin, N., 234, 283
Grinding stones; see Manos
Gypsum, 242
Hammer stones, 255
Harrington, J. C, 282
Harrington, M. R., 229
Haury, E., 234, 283, 294 '
Hawley, F. M., 283
Hematite, 244
Hoes, 255
Hohokam culture, 234, 238
contribution to Anasazi culture,
238, 294-295
Hooton, E. A., 230
Horn, 243
Horses, 229
House-kivas; see Kivas
Houses, correlation of pottery phases
with types of, 287-288, 298
jacal; see pole-and-brush houses
pit, 242, 287, 288
pole-and-brush, 241-242, 250-251,
287
presence of pottery, 271, 273
slab, 241, 244, 287, 288
summary of types, 293
unit-type, 287, 288
wattle-and-daub; see pole-and-brush
houses
Howard, E. B., 229
Indented corrugations, 234
Kayenta region, black-on-red pottery,
276
Kidder, A. V., 236, 268, 282
Kivas, 242-243, 246-247, 248-249, 250,
251-253, 293-294
302
Index
303
Kivas, definition, 234
excavation, 239
presence of pottery, 270-271, 273-274
use, 244, 247, 293
Llamas, 229
Location of sites, 236
Lowry, region; see Ackmen-Lowry
region
ruin: association of Lino gray and
indented-corrugated pottery, 274-
275, 293; importance of work, 237;
location, 236; physiographic and
biotic conditions, 236; stratigraphic
data, 287-288, 294
MacCurdy, G. G., 229-230
Mackenzie River, 229
Manos, 244, 245, 252, 255
Martin, P. S., 236-237, 268, 287
Masonry, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
252 253
Mesa Verde technique, 287, 298
Mauls, 264
Metates, 243-244, 247, 253, 255
types, 236
Methods of excavation, 239-240
Mexico, agriculture and pottery, 238
Migration, from Asia, 229-230
Mogollon, culture, contribution to
Anasazi culture, 238, 294, 295
pottery, 295
Mortar, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248
Nevada, Anasazi culture, 234
recent work, 229
New Mexico, Anasazi culture, 234, 238
recent work, 229
Niches, 246, 249, 250
Pendants, pottery, 243
Peripheral communities, 231
Peru, 229
Phases, definition, 284
pottery: application of cyclical theory
to, 298; associated with house
types, 287; chronological order,
287-288; recognized from survey,
285, 297
stable, 297
transitional, 297
Physiographic conditions; see Ackmen-
Lowry region
Pilasters, 242, 246, 250, 252, 253
Plaster, 249, 252, 253
Post-holes, 242, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252
Posts, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253
Pot-holes, 242
Pottery, 268-281
paint used on, 268
phases: associated with house types,
287; chronological order, 287-288;
determined in survey, 285; theory
of cyclical change derived from,
297-298
sites ranked according to chronology
of types, 278-279
summary, 276
trade, 275-276
types, culinary: various types, 268,
270, 278, banded, 270, clapboard,
see plain corrugated, indented-
corrugated associated with Lino
gray, 271, 273, 274-275, indented-
corrugated, various types, 270,
277-279, plain corrugated, 268,
270, plain corrugated-neck, 270,
277, smooth culinary, 270, 277,
285; painted: Abajo red-on-orange,
273, Alma plain, 275; Black Mesa
black-on-white, 276, Chacoan, 268,
295, Deadmans black-on-red, 276,
indeterminate black-on-white, 277-
278, 281, 285-287, Lino black-on-
gray, 277, 278, 285, Lino gray, 277-
278, 285-289, Lino gray associated
with indented-corrugated, 271, 273,
274-275, McElmo black-on-white,
278-279, 285, 287, 295, McElmo
black - on - white developed from
Mancos black-on-white, 288-289,
Mancos black-on-white, 268, 273,
277-279, 285, 287, 295, Mogollon,
295, Reserve black-on-white, 275-
276
types of design elements, 268
Projectile points, 254
Pueblo I, II, III, IV, V; see Anasazi,
classification
Pueblos, 247, 288
developmental, 287
Reconnaissance; see Survey
Redfield, R., 296
Refuse mounds, 247, 293, 294
Rocky Mountains, 229-230
Roof beams, 242, 245, 273
Roofs, 241-242, 245, 249, 250, 251, 252
Rubbing stones; see Manos
San Juan area, 238
Sayles, E. B. 234, 283
Shepard, A., 282
Sipapus, 243
Sites, application of cyclical theory,
298-299
architectural details, 241-253
chronology based on pottery typol-
ogy, 278-279
excavation, 239-240
location, 236
number discovered in archaeological
survey, 285
pottery data, 270-277
304
The Ackmen-Lowry Area
Sites, pottery typology and strati-
graphic data, 294
reasons why chosen, 236-237
summary, 293-294
Slip, 234
Sloth, giant, 229
Snaketown, 283
Southern recesses, 249, 250
Spalls, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253
Spaniards, introduction of horse, 229
time of arrival, 230
Stone, implements, 254-255, 257-265
from dry lakes, 230
walls, 246
Storage pits, 243-244, 248, 249, 250,
251, 252, 253
Stringers; see Roof beams
Survey, cyclical theory evolved from
data, 297-298
discontinuous intensive, 282
field technique, 284
in Ackmen-Lowry region, 282-292,
293
in southwestern Colorado, 237
place in archaeology, 282, 283
pottery type analysis, 285
reconnaissance, 282
summary, 289
Trade wares; see Pottery
Utah, Anasazi culture, 234, 238
Mancos black-on-white pottery, 268
Ventilators, 243, 246, 249, 250, 252, 253
Walls, mud, 242, 246, 248, 250, 251,
252; see Masonry
H -2
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXIX
SITE 1
View of complete excavation of house-kiva (Feature I) from 18-foot photographic tower.
Arrow (50 cm. long) points north. Meter stick in background
t5-g
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H
3
1
KH
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Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXIV
SITE 2
Close-up of soil profile of fill in house-kiva (Feature IV); looking north. Fill composed of dark soil
containing charcoal and organic matter deposited by wind and water. Arrow points upward
H -a
m 2
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII. Plate CXXVI
-^:3h'^---^%s:C-
-^1
FEATURE IV
NORTH WALL, BANQUETTE
38 18
SITE 2
House-kiva (Feature IV); masonry; north wall of banquette. Meter stick at right
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXVIl
SITE 3
Trench I; looking southeast. Rodent holes visible in floor of trench
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXIX
^1if^'»^..,ir r
i^H^v^a^^B^nxM
SITE 3
Kiva I, completely excavated; showing post-holes for roof support, firepit, deflector, ventilator opening,
and southern recess. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north. Meter stick in background
Field Museum uf Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXX
SITE S
Flexed burial in iloor of Room 2. Arrow (50 cm. long) points northeast
Field Museum of Natural History
Antliropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXII
SITE 4
Post-hole No. 1 in floor of house (Feature I); showing collar of mud and stones
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXIV
SITE 4
Ilouse-kiva (Feature II); showing secondary additions (stone pilasters, banquette, and cists in banquette)
and firepit, ventilator opening and shaft. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north.
Meter stick in background
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology. Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXV
SITE 4
Uouse-kiva (Feature II); showing southwest pilaster and western extremity of masonry which formed
the banquette between the southwest and southeast pilasters. Meter stick at right
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII. Plate CXXXVI
"-^'■K
S
.2,t««v^
SITE 4
Ilouse-kiva (Feature II); showing two post-holes (in banquette) and a section of the first wall.
Arrow (50 cm. long) points north. Meter stick in background
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXVII
4 5
STONE AXES
Length of Fig. 1, 12.4 cm.
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXVIII
GROOVED OBJECTS OF STONE
Length of Fig. 1, 11 cm.
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXXXIX
I -*i
I
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS OF STONE
Length of Fig. 4, 17.5 cm.
Field Museum of Natural Ilistury
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXL
^^^
RUBBING STONES
Length of Fig. 3, 12.7 cm.
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLI
1
RUBBING STONES
Length of Fig. 3, 13.7 cm.
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLII
Biu '^iWBT .-.-I
MANOS
Ten cm. scale at top
Field Museum of Natural llistory Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLIII
C)
MANOS
Ten cm. scale at top
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology. Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLIV
e ~r
•■ .1
MANOS
Ten cm. scale at top
I
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLV
MANOS
Ten cm. scale at top
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLVI
^/
LINO BLACK-ON-GUAY POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLVII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Designs showing squiggly hatch
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII. Plate CXLVIII
tljis^ — -— ""^
^^
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MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Designs showing diagonal hatch
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CXLIX
/^
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MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Designs showing pendent and opposed triangles, ticked lines and solids
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CL
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X
w
^
w
MANCOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Designs showing scrolls, ticked lines and solids, and checkerboards
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology. Vol. XXIII, Plate CLI
<J^::^
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 1
Designs showing combinations of various elements, solids bordered by parallel lines, and stripes
Field Museum uf Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLII
^ ^
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 2
Designs showing diagonal and squiggly hatch, and stripes
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLIII
^^'ll-Vi^^
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 2
Designs showing diagonal hatch
Field Mioseum of Natural ilislory
Anthropology, Vol. XXIU, Plato CLIV
•^WS* 'I
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 2
Designs showing cross hatch and checkerboards
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology. Vol. XXIII, Plate CLV
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS. SITE 2
Designs showing pendent and opposed triangles, polka dots, and terraced solids
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLVI
^/
t^^M
■---s
Ttr^ir
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 2
Designs showing panels, stripes, chevrons, and ticked lines and solids
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLVII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing checkerboards and squiggly hatch
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLVIII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing diagonal hatch
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLIX
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing cross hatch
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLX
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing pendent triangles
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXI
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing pendent and opposed triangles
Field Museum
of Natural History Anthropologj', Vol. XXIII. Plate CLXII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS. SITE 3
Designs showing terraced solids
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXIII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing panels and stripes
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXIV
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WIIITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing chevrons and stripes
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXV
it>
^
litfi
^
''•■#'
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing polka dots and ticked lines
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXVI
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Designs showing scrolls
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXVII
POTSHERDS, SITE 3
Large sherd, Reserve (?) black-on-white; other sherds, Mancos black-on-white
Designs showing combinations of various elements
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXVIII
POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Upper rows: Lino black-on-gray. Lower rows: Mancos black-on-white.
Designs showing checkerboards and polka dots
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXIX
WiiMi£
nmmrm
^^^mmmm.
¥
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing squiggly and cross hatch
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXX
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WIIITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing diagonal hatch
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXI
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing pendent and opposed triangles
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing terraced solids, ticked lines and solids, and scrolls
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXIII
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing panels and combinations of various elements
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXIV
^
V
'm
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing stripes and chevrons
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII. Plate CLXXV
%>^V
i^
MANGOS BLACK-ON-WHITE POTSHERDS, SITE 4
Designs showing combinations of various elements
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXVI
CULINARY WARE POTSHERDS FROM ALL SITES
Upper rows: plain corrugated. Lower rows: plain corrugated-neck
and washboard corrugated
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXVII
V >^..^^ .^^ ;■% ^ ▼
CULINARY WARE POTSHERDS FROM ALL SITES
Upper row: flat-wavy indented-corrugated. Middle row: medium-wavy indented-corrugated.
Lower rows: deep-wavy indented-corrugated
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXVIII
CULINARY WARE POTSHERDS FROM ALL SITES
Figs. 1-5. Square indented-corrugated. Fig. 6. Basket impression. Fig. 7. Combination of
plain corrugated and medium-wavy indented-corrugated. Figs. 8-9. Sawtooth
indented-corrugated. Figs. 10, 11, 13-15. Incised and punched plain-
ware. Fig. 12. Incised plain corrugated.
Field Museum of Natural History
Anthropology, Vol. XXIII, Plate CLXXIX
ABAJO RED-ON-ORANGE JAR(?). SITE 4 (FEATURE I)
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