THE
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
ILonBon: C J. CLAY AND SON,
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,
AVE MARIA LANE.
erambriUge: DEIGHTON, BELL AND CO.
%tmis: F. A. BROCKHAUS.
THE
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,
AND OF THE
COLLEGES OF CAMBRIDGE AND ETON.
BY THE LATE
ROBERT WILLIS, M.A., F.R.S.
JACKSOXIAN PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,
AND SOMETIME FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAILS COLLEGE.
EDITED WITH LARGE ADDITIONS,
AND BROUGHT UP TO THE PRESENT TIME,
BY
JOHN WILLIS CLARK, M.A.
LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
VOL. I.
CAMBRIDGE:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1886.
[A// Ri gilts resell' ed.]
CAMBRIDGE :
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SON,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
LIBRARY
UJSn'ERSITY OF CALIFO
SAiNTA BARIJARA
TO
THE MEMORY OF
HENRY BRADSHAW
THIS WORK,
WHICH COULD NOT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED
WITHOUT HIS HELP,
IS INSCRIBED
WITH GRATITUDE, AFFECTION, AND REGRET.
VOL. I.
INSATIABILITER DEFLEVIMUS, AETERNUMQUE
NULLA DIES NOBLS MOEROREM E PECTORE DEMET.
CONTENTS
OF THE
FIRST VOLUME.
Preface
PAGE
. XVII
PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
Chap. I. Object of the present work. The medieval conception
of a University and a College. Foundations which
preceded Colleges, with a list of the Hostels at Cam-
bridge i
Chap. 1 1. Historical sketch of the foundations of Colleges at Oxford
and Cambridge ; and of the community for which they
were intended ........ xxix
Chap. III. Authorities used in the present work. College Accounts.
Manusci-ipt collections of Baker and Cole. Plans and
Views of Cambridsje ....... xcii
PART II.
THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF
THE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS.
I. PETERHOUSE.
Chap. 1. History of the Site .
Chap. 11. History of the Buildings derived from the Bursars' Rolls
VIII CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
Chap. III. Comparison of the existing Buildings with the Accounts.
Library, Kitchen, Hall, and Buttery. Combination Room.
Master's Chamber. North Range. Other Buildings . [5
Chap. IV. Buildings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Dr Perne's Library. Works of Dr Matthew Wren . 28
Chap. V. Works of the eighteenth century ..... 34
Chap. VI. History of the Chapel 40
Chap. VII. History of the old Chapel; or, Church of S. Mary the
Less .......... 50
Chap. Vlll. History of particular buildings : Hall, Combination Room,
Master's Lodge ........ 62
Chronological Summary . . . . . . . . . -71
Appendix. I. Deed of Henry 111. confirming the Brothers of the
Penance in their site (5 June, 1268). II. Indenture for
building the Library (12 February, 1429-30). III. Build-
ing-account of Dr Perne's Library (1593-94). IV. Form
of letter soliciting subscriptions for the Buildings (1636).
V. Accounts for fittings in the Chapel (1632-35) . 72
II. CLARE HALL.
History of the Site and of the first Buildings . . . jy
History of the existing College. Description of the
Buildings. The Butt Close controversy ... 86
The Rebuilding. Works executed from 1635 ^^ 1656:
East and South ranges ....... 93
Works executed from 1669 to 1715: Hall, Combination
Room, Master's Lodge. Subsequent changes . .102
Libraries, and present Chapel . . . . . .112
Chronological Summary . . . . . . . . . 117
Appendix. 1. Letters from Clare Hall to King's College respect-
ing the Butt Close, with the answer of King's College.
1 1. Certificate that the petition for compensation, addressed
by Clare Hall to the Lord Protector, is reasonable . .118
III. PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
Chap. I. History of the Site 121
Chap. II. Description and History of the College Buildings to the
end of the sixteenth century 128
Chap.
1.
Chap.
11.
Chap.
111.
Chap.
IV.
Chap.
V.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
IX
PA(iE
Chap. III. Buildings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . 143
Chronological Summary . . . 154
Appendi.x. I. Contract for the briclcwork of the new Chapel (16 May,
1663). * II. Contract for the woodwork of the same
(10 January, 1664) 155
IV. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
Chap. 1. History of the Site 157
Chap. II. History of Gonville Court. Works of Dr Caius 165
Chap. III. Buildings of Dr Perse and Dr Legge. Works of the
eighteenth century. Recent changes and additions . 186
Chap. IV. Special Buildings; Chapel, Hall, Combination Room,
Library, Master's Lodge . . . . . .190
Chronological Summary .......... 203
Appendix. I. Contract with John Atkinson for the Perse Buiiduig
(16 March, 1617-18). II. Decree for building the Legge
Building (15 January, 1618-19). III. Contract with John
Atkinson for the Legge Building (18 January, 1618-19) . 204
V. TRINITY HALL.
Chap. I. History of the Site ....
Chap. II. Description and History of vhe Buildings .
Chap. III. History of particular Buildings. Recent changes and
additions .......
Chronological Summary ........
Appendix. I. Account of William Warren, LL.D. II. Contract
for timber-work (17 September, 1374). III. Dr Warren's
account of the changes in the Court (1729-30). IV. Dr
Warren's "Memoranda concerning the Chambers" .
209
215
22 ^
236
'-37
VL CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
Chap. I. History of the Site 241
Chap. II. History of the Buildings in general, derived from Josselin
and other authorities 250
Chap. III. History of particular Buildings: Library, Hall, Combi-
nation Room, Master's Lodge ..... 262
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
Chap. IV. Old Chapel ; or, Church of S. Benedict ....
Chap. V. History of tlie separate Chapel
Chap. VI. Plans for providing additional accommodation. The
New Court .........
Chronological Summary
Appendix. I. Tripos verses, 9 March, 1826. II. Order for the
erection of a Bakehouse (3 September, 1456). III. Con-
tract with John Loose, mason, to build the same (4 Decem-
ber, 1459). • IV. Contract with the same to build a wall
between the College and the Vicarage of S. Botolph
(4 September, 1457). V. Contract for the woodwork
of the Chapel (25 March, 1579). VI. Contract for the
slating of the same (24 October, 1579)
PAGE
271
289
297
305
^06
VII. KING'S COLLEGE, AND ETON COLLEGE.
Chap. I. History of the Site of Eton (1440-49), and of the Site
of the Old Court of King's (1441) 313
Chap. II. History and Description of the Buildings of the Old Court
of King's. . . . . . . . 321
Chap. III. History of the enlarged Site of King's .... 334
Chap. IV. The Design of the Founder for the two Colleges 350
Chap. V. General History of the Chapel and Collegiate Buildings
of Eton, derived from the Building Accounts, Audit-
Books, and other sources, to the end of the reign of the
Founder .......... 380
Chap. VI. General History ut the Chapel and Collegiate Buildings
of Eton, continued to the present time .... 406
Chap. VII. Comparison of the existing Buildings of Eton with the
Will of King Henry the Sixth, and with the information
derived from the Accounts 422
Chap. VIII. History of the separate Buildings of Eton : Chapel, Hall,
Library, Provost's Lodge, etc. . . -441
Chap. IX. History of King's College Chapel 465
Chap. X. Comparison of King's College Chapel with the Will of
King Henry the Sixth, and with the information derived
from the Accounts ........ 485
Chap. XI. History of King's College Chapel, continued to the pre-
sent time. History of the Glass, Stalls, and Panelling 498
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. XI
PAGE
Chap. XII. History of the separate Buildings of King's College:
Chapel, Hall, Combination Room, Library, Provost's
Lodge. Church of S. John Baptist. Plans for com-
pleting the College. Works of Gibbs and Wilkins.
Grounds, Bridge, Gardens, etc 534
Chronological Summary 575
Appendix. The Heraldry of King's College Chapel. By C. J. Evans,
M.A., formerly Fellow 578
Appendix of documents. I. A. Order to Reginald Ely to press
masons to buy materials for the construction of the
King's College (16 June, 1444). B. Table of the
building-accounts of Eton College. C Contract with
Walter Nicholl for a Roodloft and Stalls in Eton College
Chapel (15 August, 1475). D. List of paintings in Eton
College Chapel. II. A. Draft contract for building
the stone roof of King's College Chapel (May, 15 12).
B. Agreement between John Wastell and Henry Senierk
regarding the division of the work (7 June, 1 5 1 2). C. Con-
tract for the Finials of twenty-one Buttresses, and for
one Tower, of the Chapel (4 January, 1 5 12-13). D. Agree-
ment between Thomas Larke and John Wastell respecting
a record to be kept of money and materials delivered to
him (24 January, 1512-13); with the memorandum of
account to 12 May, 15 14. E. Contract for building three
Towers of the Chapel (4 March, 1 512-13). F. Contract
for the vaulting of two porches in the Chapel ; of seven
chapels "in the body of the same"; and of nine chapels
"behynd the quere": together with the construction of
all the battlements of the said porches and chapels
(4 August, 1 5 13). G. Note of expenditure from 28 May,
1508, to 29 July, 15 15. H. Agreement with Galy on Hoone,
Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve, and James Nycholson,
glaziers, to glaze the East window, the West window, and
sixteen other windows in the Chapel (30 April, 1526).
I. Agreement with Fraunces Wyllyamson, and Symond
Symondes, to glaze four windows, two on each side, in the
Chapel (3 May, 1526) 594
Additions to the First Volume ........ 620
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
IN THE
FIRST VOLUME.
Peterhouse.
Peterhouse, I'educed from Hamond's plan of Cambridge, 1592
Houses adjoining Peterhouse, reduced from a view by Storer, taken about 1829
Doorway in ancient boundary-wall, from the outside
Details of the roof of the old Library ......
Buttress at the junction of the Hall and the Kitchen
Elevation of the door at the south end of the Hall — .Screen
Ground-plan of the door at the north end of the same
Tower-staircase, from the Fellows' Garden .....
Western face of the Gallery leading to the church of S. Mary the Less
Early window in the north wall of the College .....
West front of the Chapel and North Cloister, reduced from Loggan's print
taken about 1688 .........
North Cloister, as rebuilt in 1 709 ......
Internal elevation of Lane's Chantry on the north side of the church of S
Mary the Less ..........
Internal elevation of the south wall of the Chancel of the same church
Ground-plan of the Vestry, etc., of the same .....
PAGE
4
5
16
17
18
19
21
23
44
45
54
55
56
Clare Hall.
Clare Hall, reduced from Hamond's plan of Cambridge, 1592
Cole's sketch of the south side of the old Chapel
Arch to the gallery of the Hall .....
Staircase in the centre of the south range
82
83
87
98
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XIII
Elevation of one bay of the east side of the west range in its present state
7(7 face 1 03
Central portion of the same, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about 16S8 . 105
Part of the river front, shewing the original design, and the subsequent
changes; from a drawing by Professor Willis . . . . .109
Window in the north wall of the Kitchen 1 10
Details of the same window . . . . . . . . . .111
East front of the gateway in the west range . ... . . To face 112
Pembroke College.
Pembroke College, reduced from Hamond's plan of Cambridge, 1592 . . 123
Pembroke College, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about 16SS . To face 129
Master's Turret in the south-east corner of the old Court, witii part of the Hall
and of the south range, now destroyed 130
Section of Master's Turret .......... 133
Corbel of the old Chapel 135
Interior of the bell-turret of the same 136
Ancient chimney on the north side of the old Court . . . . . .137
Window in the Library, now destroyed . 140
Window in the Muniment-room, now destroyed 140
South gable of the old Master's Lodge, now destroyed 141
West end of the north side of Sir Robert Hitcham's building .... 145
Chimney on the east side of the old Hall, now destroyed 151
Gonville and Caius College.
Gonville Court, and part of Caius Court, reduced from Loggan's print, taken
about 1688 To face
Foundation-stone of Caius Court
Master's turret-staircase, after Loggan
South Gable of the west range of Caius Court, with original chimney
Lines of masonry used by Dr Caius
East front of the Gate of Virtue, from the Tree Court
West front of the same gate, from Caius Court
The Gate of Honour, as seen from Caius Court, restored . . . To face
Spandril of the arch, and the ornament on the soffit, of the same gate
Bracket, with a portion of the architrave, frieze, and cornice, of the same
Capital of one of the columns towards Caius Court, of the same
One compartment of the upper storey, of the same ......
Dodecahedron, from the portrait of Theodore Haveus in the Library
Diagram of a hexecontahedron
Tomb of Dr Caius, in the Chapel
VOL. I. c
^(>h
176
178
'79
77
iSi
r8i
'83
■85
[84
184
192
XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Trinity Hall.
PAGE
Trinity Hall, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about 1688 . . To face i\i,
Window in tlie north wall of the College . . . . • • .219
Piscina in the Chapel 221
Window in the north wall of the Library 226
Corpus Christi College.
Corpus Christi College, from Lyne's plan of Cambridge, 1574. ■ . . 246
The same, reduced from Hamond's plan of Cambridge, 1592 .... 247
The same, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about 1688 . . To face 251
North oriel of the old Hall, and part of the Master's Lodge .... 258
Section of the Hall of Gonville Hall, reduced from a drawing made by Pro-
fessor Willis 264
Plan of the first floor of the old Master's Lodge, by the same .... 26S
East gable of the old Master's Lodge, from Free School Lane .... 269
Tower of the church of S. Benedict * . . . 272
Tower-arch of the same, from the interior of the nave, looking westward . . 274
South-east angle of the Chancel of the same, with the adjacent wall of the
College, reduced from a measured drawhig made by Rev. D. J. Stewart . 279
North-east angle of the nave of the original church, by the same . . . 280
Elevation of the roof, according to the contract, 1452 ..... 283
Elevation of one of the "principal bemys" of the same roof, with one of the
"pendauntes" ............ 284
Elevation of part of one of the "singular principals" 284
Longitudinal section of the buildings between the College and S. Benedict's
Church looking west 287
West side of the same buildings, from the churchyard 288
Interior of the old Chapel, reduced from a drawing by Westall in Ackermann's
" History of Cambridge" . ......... 292
Porch on the north side of the same ........ 293
Eton College.
Kitclien of Eton College, from a drawing by Paul Sandby
Diagram to shew the "enhancing" of the site of Eton College
Interior of Provost Lupton's Chapel; from Lyte's "Eton College"
Rebus of Provost Lupton; from Lyte's "Eton College" .
Eton College, reduced from Loggan's print, taken about i6(
Elevation of one bay of the Chapel .....
External archmold of the east window of the same .
Buttress and north wall of the Ante-Chapel
Window in Lupton's Iniilding
To face 316
364
416
• 417
To face 418
4^5
427
429
431
IN VOLUME I. XV
PAGE
East front of the Cloister-court, or Fellows' buildings, from Romney Lock;
from Lyte's " Eton College " ....... To face 432
Window in the Fellows' Buildings ......... 433
Door leading from the Cloister into the Playing Fields; from Lyte's "Eton
College" 436
Interior of the Cloister-court, looking south-west, shewing part of Election
Hall, Lupton's Tower, and part of the Library . . . . I'o face 436
Exterior and interior elevation of one of the arches in the Cloister . . . 437
Double doorway on the north side of the Cloister; from Lyte's "Eton Col-
lege" 440
Double doorway on the west side of the Cloister ...... 441
Window on the south side of the Hall 444
South side of the Hall, and adjoining buildings, taken after the restoration of
1858; from Lyte's " Eton College " ...... Tojacc 444
Exterior of the east end of the Hall 445
North side of the range containing Long Chamber; from Lyte's "Eton Col-
lege" 448
Interior of the Chapel, looking west, as it appeared in 1816; reduced from a
drawing by Mackenzie in Ackermann's "Eton College"; from Lyte's
"Eton College" 449
Interior of the Chapel, looking east, taken after the changes begun in 1S47;
from Lyte's "Eton College" 7'o face 450
Interior of the Hall, looking west, shewing the changes begun in 1858; from
Lyte's " Eton College" To face 453
Plan of the first floor of the Provost's Lodge 456
Archway of entrance to Lupton's Tower, with the Cloister beyond ; from
Lyte's " Eton College" 457
Lower School, looking east; from Lyte's " Eton College " .... 460
Upper School, looking north; from Lyte's " ICton College" .... 461
King's College.
Ground-plan of the Old Court, made about 1635 ...... 322
Interior of the Old Court, looking south, reduced from Loggan's print, taken
about 1688 To face 323
Interior of the same, looking north-west, reduced from a print by Storer, taken
about 1830 . . . . . • . • . • . .324
Exterior of the south and west sides of the same, reduced from a plate on the
University Almanack for 1822 To face 324
Fireplace in the room over the Gate of Entrance 325
North-west corner of the exterior of Old Court, with the east front of Trinity
Hall To face 326
Internal elevation of the Gate of Entrance, after Pugin ..... 328
External elevation of the same, after Pugin ....... 329
Ground-plan of the same .......... 331
External window, on the north side of the same 333
C 2
XVI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
To face
East end of the south side of the Chapel, reduced from Loggan's print, taken
about 1688
Elevation of the fifth severy of the Chapel, shewing the sixth and seventh
buttresses on the north side ......
Vault of the easternmost Chapel on the north side, with details
Impost-mold used in Chapel v. (fig. 42), on the same side
The same mold, as altered .......
Fan-vault used in Chapels vi. — xii. (fig. 42) .
Profile of one of the vaulting-piers used in the Ante-chapel
Tower at the south-east angle of the Chapel ....
Diagram to shew the arrangement of the subjects in the windows
One bay of the west side of the roodloft, or organ-screen . . . To face
Part of the south front of the Old Court, reduced from Loggan's view of the
west end of the Chapel ..........
Ground-plan of part of the old Provost's Lodge, reduced from the plan of
Clare Hall made about 1635
Ground-plan of the old Provost's Lodge, with the adjoining streets and buildings
North-east view of the old Provost's Lodge, from a print by Malton, taken
about 1798
Part of the east side of the great Court, shewing the "Clerks' Lodgings," the
foundations of the intended east range, and part of the Provost's Lodge ;
reduced from Loggan's view of the west end of the Chapel
King's College, reduced from Hamond's plan of Cambridge, 1592
Ground-plan of King's College, from Loggan's plan of Cambridge, 1688 .
The old Bridge, reduced from a view by P. S. Lamborn, taken about 1768
376
488
493
493
493
496
496
497
502
518
533
541
544
548
552
553
568
569
PREFACE.
HE work now published originated in a lecture
On the collegiate and other bnildings in
Cambridge, delivered by Professor Willis in
the Senate-House, on Wednesday, 5 July, 1854, on
the occasion of the visit of the Archaeological Institute
of Great Britain and Ireland to Cambridge.
It would, however, be a mistake to suppose that he
was then approaching the subject for the first time.
When collecting materials for his Architectural Nomen-
clature of the Middle Ages, published by the Cambridge
Antiquarian Society in 1844, he found that the changes
in detail and in general treatment observed in the colle-
giate structures could not be satisfactorily explained
without an inquiry into the various dates at which those
structures had been originally built, or additions made
to them. This inquiry he then determined to undertake.
The lecture, therefore, was only one stage in the develop-
ment of an oriorinal idea.
The lecture itself, on a subject which could not fail
to interest, especially when set forth with his rare power
of exposition and admirable delivery, excited the greatest
enthusiasm, and he was requested to publish it without
delay. This he undertook to do, though, as was his
XVIII PREFACE.
habit, he had used neither manuscript nor notes, and
had only the reports in local newspapers to assist him ;
for, strange to say, no London reporter took the
trouble to do more than give the briefest notice of the
lecture. Before long, however, he found that it would
be impossible to do justice to the subject within the
narrow limits of a pamphlet, and he announced his
intention of developing his lecture into a detailed his-
tory. But in this extended labour he made but slow
progress. I imagine that when he began to collect
materials for the original lecture, he had not contem-
plated publication at all, and that the labour of going
through the authorities a second time, though obviously
indispensable, soon became irksome to him. He ac-
complished this task however, for several colleges, at
least up to a certain point, as for instance, for Trinity
College, where he was evidently fascinated by the in-
teresting problem which the original arrangement of the
site presented, and where the presence of his friend
Dr Whewell no doubt stimulated him to special activity.
The extent of his research there is shewn by the
enormous mass of material which he had collected, and
by the numerous plans of the site which he had made
and rejected, but which he evidently thought worth pre-
serving for future reference. At King's College also,
where the site is of nearly equal interest, he had made
similar collections. I conceive that immediately after
the delivery of the lecture, excited by the interest which
he had aroused, and urged by the representations of
friends, he set to work with great energy, and an in-
tention to fulfil his promise of publication at an early
date. In December, 1854, in a letter to Mr C. H.
PREFACE. XIX
Cooper, the well-known Cambridge antiquary, he speaks
of " the complete form of that paper which I am now
preparing ; " and in the same month the Master and
Seniors of Trinity College agreed: "that Professor
Willis have leave to publish such extracts from the
Books and Documents of the College submitted to
his inspection, as tend, in his opinion, to illustrate the
Architectural History of the College and the Uni-
versity." Again, In 1856, he was at work on the
records of Trinity Hall; and in i860, when he gave
a second lecture on TJie ArcJiitectural History of the
Uitiversity, on the occasion of the meeting of the
Architectural Congress at Cambridge, he told his
audience that " he purposed to bring out a book on
the subject very shortly. He had hoped to have done
so before this, but he had been under the necessity of
deferring it. The work was now in the printer's hands,
and he hoped ere long to throw it on their mercy."
This second lecture shewed most conclusively the ex-
tent of his researches in the six years which had passed
away since he had first approached the subject, and it
was on that occasion that he first brought forward some
of his most celebrated illustrations, as for instance, the
comparison between the plans of Queens' College and
Haddon Hall, the diagrams shewing the successive
changes in the west front of Clare Hall, and the con-
trast between the aspect of Nevile's Court at Trinity
College at the present day, and when it was first con-
structed. In the following year, as Sir Robert Rede's
lecturer, he chose a portion of the subject for more
minute illustration — lecturing in the Senate- House on
The Architectural History of Trinity College. The
XX PREFACE.
promise of speedy publication, however, was, as we all
know, never fulfilled, and I am surprised that he should
ever have made it in such definite terms. It was re-
tarded by many causes : his natural unwillingness to
print before he felt himself thoroughly prepared ; the
steady increase in the bulk of his materials as he went
on, which, as he told me more than once, grew so fast
that he felt at a loss how to treat them ; doubts as to
the form of the work, and the means of defraying its
cost ; the pressure of his official duties in Cambridge
and in London ; the work which he undertook in con-
nection with the exhibition held at Paris in 1855 ; ''^^^
lastly, his continued devotion to the interests of the
Archaeological Institute, which carried him away to
Gloucester (i860), Peterborough (1861), Worcester (1862),
Rochester (1863), Lichfield (1864), Sherborne and Glas-
tonbury (1865), and Eton (1866), for all of which meet-
ings he prepared papers of considerable length, in-
volving a corresponding amount of research.
In 1869 — when he had resigned his Professorship
at the Royal School of Mines — his friends at Cambridge
hoped to induce him to resume the work which ap-
peared to have been definitely laid aside, and, through
the combined influence of Dr Guest, Master of Gonville
and Caius College, and Dr Atkinson, Master of Clare
College, then Vice-Chancellor, he was induced to write
the following letter :
"Dear M"" Vice-Chancellor,
I beg to inform you that having resigned my office of
Lecturer on Mechanism at the School of Mines I am at leisure to
complete a work, which I began many years since, on the Architectural
and Social History of the University of Cambridge.
PREFACE. XXI
As this is a work involving considerable expense in production,
and not likely to command a remunerative sale, I have been advised to
ask you whether you think the Press Syndicate would be willing to
assist in any way towards the publication of the work.
The greater part of it is prepared for the press, and, should your
opinion be favourable, I would immediately resume the preparation of
the work for the press.
The Rede lecture which I had the honor of delivering in i86r in
the presence of the Prince Consort may be taken as a fair specimen of
the manner in which the History of the University and all the Colleges
is treated in my work.
I remain,
Dear M"" Vice-Chancellor,
Yours most truly,
R. WILLIS."
Cambridge,
Jtme 4, 1869.
The Syndics of the University Press intimated with-
out delay their wilHngness to give every assistance in
their power, as soon as a tolerably accurate statement of
the extent of the work, and the quantity of illustrations
required for it, should be placed before them ; and, a
few days later, a memorial, signed by eleven Heads of
Colleges, and forty-two Members of the Senate, re-
spectfully requested Professor Willis "to publish the
materials which he has collected for elucidating the
history of the Collegiate Structures in Cambridge, and
to allow their names to appear as subscribers to the
proposed work."
This expression of interest gave him much satis-
faction, and he unquestionably intended to resume and
complete his work ; but, before doing so, he felt himself
under an obligation to Messrs Longman to prepare a
new edition of his Principles of Mechanism, then out
XXII PREFACE.
of print ; and, when this obstacle was removed, the
illness and death of Mrs Willis gave a shock to his
system from which he never recovered sufficiently to
resume any literary work whatever. He often spoke of
his Cambridge book, and used occasionally to take out
the manuscript and read it, but he was so much en-
feebled that he could not even superintend its com-
pletion by others. At the same time, though he told
me that he had bequeathed the manuscript and all the
materials to me, he was unwilling to part with it during
his lifetime. He died on Sunday, 28 February, 1875.
When I first examined the manuscript, which was
neatly written out, and sorted in folios marked with the
names of the different subjects treated of, it appeared
to be much more nearly finished than it ultimately
proved to be ; and I thought that my task would be
limi-ted to the verification of references, and the selec-
tion of subjects for illustration. I soon found, however,
that I had fallen into a grievous error. At no college
was the work quite finished ; if the history of the build-
ings was complete, that of the site would be unfinished,
or vice versa. At King's College for instance the
history of the chapel had hardly been begun, though
that of the site had been carefully investigated ; at
S. John's College the entire history was unfinished,
which was the more to be regretted, as it was known
that Professor Willis had carefully watched the destruc-
tion of the old chapel in 1869, and had made notes
upon it ; while even at Trinity College, though the his-
tory of the site, and of King's Hall, had been written
out at length, that of the buildings was by no means
complete. Everywhere, in fact, there were gaps to be
PREFACE. XXIII
filled up, but no materials suitable for the purpose were
at hand. Notes and sketches existed in abundance,
but the greater part of them were written in a species
of shorthand, to which he alone could have supplied
the key. Under these circumstances I came to the
conclusion that in order to produce the work in a way
which should be worthy alike of the author and of the
University, it would be necessary to go back to the
point from which he had himself started, and investi-
gate the whole subject afresh. When this had been
done, and not till then, I felt that I should be in a
position to edit what he had already prepared, and to
complete those portions which he had left unfinished.
The necessity for this comprehensive and thorough
research will, it is hoped, give a satisfactory explana-
tion of the length of time, just eleven years, which has
passed away since I began my work. I have read,
and made extracts from, the entire series of bursars'
account-books for every college in the University, be-
sides studying the documents relating to the history
of the sites, the Order-books, and all other sources of
information to which I could obtain access, both at
Cambridge and elsewhere. A similar labour has been
required for the University buildings. These records,
especially those of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen-
turies, as for instance the accounts of King's Hall, and
those of the Proctors of the University, are exceedingly
difficult to read, and require a good deal of prelimi-
nary study before any extracts of value can be made
from them. Severe as this labour has been, I cannot
regret it ; for these volumes supply a detailed record
of the life of our ancestors, from which, as will be
XXIV PREFACE.
seen in the separate essays, a complete picture of their
manners and customs at different periods can be derived.
Eton College has been included in the work, at
my suggestion, partly on account of its close con-
nection with King's College, and partly because the
lecture in which Professor Willis set forth its archi-
tectural history in 1866 — the last, it may be added,
which he ever delivered — was considered to be more
than usually brilliant and original. But the causes which
stood in the way of the completion of his larger work,
prevented him from even attempting to prepare this
essay for publication. The materials with which I had
to deal were in this case more than usually scanty.
The introduction only to the lecture had been written,
and this dealt with matters of general interest, of no
use for the architectural history of Eton College, while
the building-accounts, and the bursars' accounts, which
are remarkably voluminous and interesting, had been but
imperfectly examined. The lecture, again, had been
reported with provoking brevity ; in fact, the only record
of the conclusions at which he had arrived is contained
in three columns of The Athenceuiu. This brief sum-
mary, with the correctness of which he appears to
have been satisfied, as he had carefully preserved it,
will be found at the end of this Preface. I have taken
it as the basis of my attempt to write such an essay
as he would have wished to see ; and it will be found
that my conclusions, after a far more extended study of
the authorities than he had had leisure for, do not clash
in any way with his. This part of my work, agreeable
as it has been to me, from the affection which I naturally
feel towards the school at which I was educated, and
PREFACE.
XXV
from the great interest attaching to the subject, has
necessitated a larger expenditure of time, thought, and
labour, than any other.
The general arrangement of the whole work had
fortunately been carefully considered by Professor Willis,
and he had drawn up for his own use the following
scheme :
CONTENTS.
A.
History.
General chronological History of the Colleges
(add motives and special purposes).
College and Hall. History of name.
Socii and scholares.
Perendinants, pensioners, tutors.
Studies and Teachers.
Servants.
Statutes.
B.
Architecture
and
Separate Architectural History of each College,
general arrange-
and of the University Buildings, from the
ment of
the
beginning to the present time, including the
separate
build-
history of each site.
nigs.
Sites.
Chronological summary.
C.
Special arrange-
General plan of a College.
ment of
each
Chapels.
building.
Chambers, Studies, and other fittings ; number
of persons in each, and their classification.
Hall, Kitchen, Combination Room, Lodge,
Library, Gates, Treasury.
D.
University
Build-
University Schools. Senate House. Lecture
ings.
Rooms. Contracts.
This scheme could be followed in its general outline
without difficulty, but for separate details I have often
XXVI PREFACE.
had to content myself with the indication afforded by a
sinele hne, or an unfinished sketch. For instance, in
the essay on The Library, the following passage occurs :
"At the beginning of this century, however, in the time
of Queen Elizabeth, the Library of Trinity Hall was
built and fitted with desks which still remain, and are
furnished with a complete mechanism for chaining the
books. This is the only example that I have been able
to discover in Cambridge, and it is so curious that I
proceed to describe it at length" ; but the rest of the
page is blank. These words, however, shewed me that
my uncle had intended to deal with the medieval system
of chaining books, and I have therefore clone my best to
work out the whole subject, as part of the history of
library-fittings in general, for which he had left copious
notes. His interest in woodwork is well known, and
I hope that this essay will be found to be one of the
most valuable, and at the same time popular, of the
series. In other essays, I regret to say, completion has
not been easy, and, in some, not even possible. In that
on The Gateway, the whole subject of the wooden doors,
with which the gateways were originally closed, has been
of necessity omitted, because the materials to my hand
were so fragmentary that it was impossible to ascertain
how he had proposed to treat the subject, as I have
explained in the text (Vol. iii. p. 295) ; and the essay
on The Style of Collegiate Buildings, which he had in-
tended to turn into a history of the influence of the
Renaissance on Architecture, has been left, for the same
reason, in a wretchedly attenuated condition. In all my
additions^ — and it will be seen that they extend to nearly
two-thirds of the whole work in its present form — I
PREFACE. XXVII
have strictly confined myself within the limits which
the author had traced for his own guidance ; remem-
bering at the same time that he proposed to write
not merely "the architectural" history, but "the archi-
tectural and social" history ; by which epithets I under-
stand that the modifications introduced into colleeiate
structures by the changing habits of those who use
them are always to be borne in mind and noticed, I
can only hope that I shall not be thought to have deve-
loped this part of my subject, which, as possessing a
human interest, is naturally the most fascinating, with
too great minuteness. All added matter has been dis-
tinguished by enclosure within square brackets.
I am not merely employing a conventional figure of
speech when I say that I wish that some other person
than myself had been selected to edit and complete so im-
portant a work as this. Archaeology, like other sciences,
especially in these days, when all knowledge is so highly
specialised, demands a regular and definite training from
those who aim at professing It, and my time, until this
task was thrust upon me, had been fully occupied with
other and wholly different pursuits. Hence I am afraid
that the architectural portion of the work will have
suffered through my inexperience, while in that which
is strictly editorial I am conscious of numerous defects,
more especially in the histories of the earlier colleges,
which were finished before I had fully realised the best
method of sorting and arranging the materials presented
to me. My anxiety to leave untouched what Professor
Willis had written, whenever it was possible to do so,
led me too frequently to forget that the work had not
received his final revision, and that one of the clearest
XXVIII PREFACE.
of writers would have been specially careful to avoid
confusion. Further, I have to apologise for a certain'
want of uniformity between the earlier and later volumes,
chiefly in the spelling of proper names. This has
arisen, in the main, from the unexpected length to which
the work has extended, so that the earlier portions
had to be printed off before the later portions were
begun.
In preparing some of the more important illustrations
of existing buildings, and parts of buildings, I have had
the advantage of the artistic talent of my friend John
O'Connor, Esq. I wish to draw attention to the beauti-
ful views of Queens' College, of the Fountain and
Nevile's Gate at Trinity College, and of the Bath at
Christ's College, all of which are by him. The repro-
ductions of the celebrated series of prints by David
Loggan, the appearance of which will be considered, I
imagine, to be a novel and interesting feature of the
work, were, for the most part, executed, like the rest of
the wood-engravings, by Mr F. Anderson, to whom my
best thanks are due, not only for his professional skill,
but for his courtesy in deferring to my wishes on all
occasions.
The plans of the colleges have, as a general rule,
been based on those prepared in connection with the
Award Act of 1856, tested by actual measurements, and
brought up to date. In this matter, however, where
exact uniformity was not necessary, the plan of each
college has been treated with reference to the particular
case. In some, as at Trinity Hall and Emmanuel College,
older plans have been reproduced ; in others, as at Peter-
house and Eton College, entirely original surveys have
TREFACE. XXIX
been prepared. The plan of the buildings of Trinity
College is based upon one measured and drawn by
Professor Willis before the Award Act plans were made ;
and those of the ground floor and first floor of the
Schools Quadrangle were measured and drawn by my-
self. For some of the older colleges, where it seemed
desirable to exhibit the original and the existing arrange-
ments together, the former have been drawn on paper,
and the latter on tracing-linen placed above it. This
device was suggested by a work, called Paris a travers
les Ages, published in parts by Messrs Hachette between
1875 and 1882.
A research such as I have had to undertake de-
pended for its success upon the cooperation of all who
have the charge of University and College records.
From all these, both here, at Oxford, and at the British
Museum and Public Record Office, London, 1 have ex-
perienced unvaried kindness, and I beg them to accept
this collective expression of my gratitude. In addition
to these, however, there are some to whom I am under
such particular obligations, that I wish to mention them
by name.
My warmest thanks are due, in the first place, to
the Reverend D. J. Stewart, M.A., of Trinity College,
one of her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. Mr Stewart,
himself an accomplished archaeologist and skilful artist,
was an intimate friend of Professor Willis, frequently
assisting him in the examination and measurement of
buildings, and in discussing with him the arrangement
of his work on Cambridge. His help has therefore
been of peculiar value to me, as it has enabled me to
ascertain, in numerous doubtful cases, what method my
VOL. I. d
XXX PREFACE.
uncle intended to have followed, had he been able to
prepare his own work for press. Mr Stewart not only
placed all his notes at my disposal in the kindest man-
ner, and allowed me to consult him at all times since my
work began, but has been at the trouble of reading
the greater part of the proof-sheets, thereby saving
me from many errors into which I should otherwise
have fallen. The value of this help has been most
conspicuous in the history of Jesus College Chapel,
and in that of S. Benedict's Church.
I have also to acknowledge the help which I received
from two friends, now, I regret to say, no more, the
Reverend J. Lamb, M.A., Fellow of Gonville and Caius
College ; and the Reverend C. J. Evans, M.A., Fellow
of King's College. The former added valuable notes
to the history of his own college ; the latter contributed
the important essay on the Heraldry of King's College
Chapel. Besides these, the Reverend G. F. Browne,
B.D., formerly Fellow of S. Catharine's College, most
kindly placed at my disposal the collections he had
formed for the history of his college, and made valuable
criticisms on my work ; Professor C. C. Babington,
M.A., of S. John's College, gave me much help in
preparing the history of his own college, and, further,
allowed me to use the illustrations which had been
prepared for his own work on the old chapel, besides
illustrations for other parts of the book ; the accurate
ground-plan of King's College Chapel, the plan of the
Conference Chamber at Jesus College, and the section
of the Gallery at Queens' College, were made for me
by my friend W. H. St John Hope, M.A., of Peter-
house, now Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries ;
PREFACE. XXXI
the heraldry of Trinity College Library, and of Mag-
dalene College Chapel, were contributed by L. H. Cust,
M.A., of Trinity College ; and much help in preparing
the index was given by F. R. Pryor, B.A., of Trinity
College.
I am also much indebted to the Warden and Fellows
of All Souls College, Oxford, for allowing me to copy
Sir C. Wren's designs for Trinity College library ; to
Mr H. Maxwell Lyte, and to Messrs Macmillan, for
the use of a large number of the beautiful illustrations
which had already appeared in Mr Lyte's Histoiy of
Eton College; to Messrs Metcalfe, booksellers, of Cam-
bridge, for a siniilar permission with regard to several
line engravings, previously used in the late Mr C. H.
Cooper's edition of Le Keux's Memorials of CanibiHdge ;
and to the proprietors of The Porlfolio for the gift of
a woodcut of the facade of the Pepysian Library at
Magdalene College, and of two woodcuts of buildings
of S. John's College.
I have reserved to the last the name of the dear
friend to whom I am under deeper obligations than I
can put into words. No language that I can think of
can adequately express what I owe to our late Librarian,
Henry Bradshaw, M.A., Senior Fellow of King's College.
From the outset of my work he took it, so to speak,
into his hands, and treated it as if it had been his own.
Notwithstanding the incessant demands upon his time,
he always found leisure to help me, to teach me to read
difficult medieval handwriting, or to dictate to me some
document which I had occasion to copy. On one occa-
sion, I remember, he took the trouble to travel from
Cambridge to Eton in order to settle the siijnification
d 2
XXXTI PREFACE.
of a single contraction in one of the building-rolls, on
which a good deal depended, and about which I could
not feel quite sure. Not content with giving me advice
on all questions of arrangement of materials — about which
his singularly lucid and orderly mind rendered him an
invaluable counsellor — he insisted on reading all the
proof-sheets — not merely for the purpose of detecting
clerical errors, but that he might copiously annotate
them, and shew me how difficult points in history and
archaeology might be set in the best light. Had it not
been for his encouragement, my labours would never
have been brought to a conclusion. My greatest pleasure
would have been to shew him the completed work ; my
greatest grief is that he can never see it.
In conclusion, I wish to express my gratitude to
the Syndics of the University Press, for the splendid
liberality with which they have published the work,
and for the patience with which they have submitted
to the long, and wholly unexpected, delay, by which
its production has been retarded. Nor can I allow it
to pass out of my hands without thanking the staff of
the Press, not only for the anxiety they have shewn to
produce it in the best possible manner, but for many
acts of personal kindness to myself,
JOHN WILLIS CLARK.
ScROOPE House, Cambridge,
2 1 April, 1886.
APPENDIX.
Report of the Lecture delivered by Professor Willis before
the Archaeological Institute at Eton, August, 1866; from
The AtJiencBiuii for 4 August, 1866.
PROF. WILLIS ON THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF
THE COLLEGE AT ETON.
"The Professor prefaced his account with some introductory remarks
on the general history of colleges and their growth. The universities were
at first corporations of educated men, the teachers or doctors in which
instructed by lectures in the public schools, the students being obliged
to find lodgings for themselves. Soon, however, generous persons gave
funds to assist poor students. After a time a more definite shape was
assumed by these institutions; and lodgings were also provided, that
the morals and manners of these students might be brought under
superintendence and control. The next step was to purchase houses,
endow them and provide them with statutes. Thus arose the com-
munities termed colleges, residing in buildings called the Doinus or
Aula, which at first contained little else than chambers to lodge in,
with a dining-hall, kitchen, &c., like the ordinary dwelling-house of the
period. The first of these colleges was that at Oxford, by Walter de
Merton, in 1264; one was founded at Cambridge soon after; and
others followed at intervals up to 1379, when in the so-called New
College at Oxford William of Wykeham erected the first architectural
building, complete in all its details, and so well organized in its statutes,
as well as in its structures, as to serve as a basis for all subsequent
erections. His plans also included the then new feature of a prepa-
ratory school, at Winchester, for young boys, from whom the members
of his Oxford College were to be selected. — The Professor next pro-
ceeded to the consideration of King's College, Cambridge, and its
appendage Eton. He gave a touching account of the effect of the
misfortunes of Henry the Sixth in retarding and finally suspending
these works, foUowed by a just parallel between the continual de-
vising of plans for the education and elevation of his people by
that monarch and the constant efforts in the same directions by the
late Prince Consort. — Prof Willis then detailed the original plans for
Eton College as set forth in that monarch's 'will' — this will being,
however, not a 'last will and testament,' but in reality a building
specification for his colleges, in which so clearly has he laid down his
plans that the lecturer was able to transfer them to paper, and to exhibit
diagrams of the ground-plans to his audience as a basis for comparison
with a plan prepared by himself of the actual buildings subsecjuently
erected, and shewing the condition of Eton in 1866. Henry, however,
did not mature his plans at once, but modified them very considerably
XXXIV APPENDIX.
at a shortly subsequent period. He first founded a collegiate grammar-
school at Eton and a small college at Cambridge, dedicated to St Nicholas,
that saint's day having been his birthday. A site was purchased at
Eton, north of the cemetery of the old parish church (now no more), and
the King came down and laid the first stone, over which was to be the
high altar of the new collegiate church. The King soon enlarged
his plans, increasing the number of his beneficiaries and connecting, by
statutes copied from Wykeham's, Eton School with King's College at
Cambridge.
The contemporary building accounts and documents, containing
the King's projects and instructions, long mislaid, and believed to have
been stolen, were by a fortunate accident discovered in a forgotten
recess of the Library at Eton, about two months since, and liberally
submitted to the Professor's inspection. They contain abundant proofs
of the personal interest which the King took in the details of the
college buildings, and of changes and improvements introduced by him
as time went on. They sliew that the works at Eton were of two kinds,
carried on simultaneously. First, the enlarging, refitting, and altering
of buildings that already stood on the site purchased by the King,
including the parish church, of which he obtained the advowson, and
its conversion into a collegiate church. These buildings were so treated
as to make them serve as temporary dwellings for the accommodation
of the provost, fellows, and students of his new College, which enabled
the school to be brought into active existence from the beginning,
without waiting for the erection of the magnificent architectural pile
described in his will and other documents, and which was commenced
simultaneously with these temporary operations ; but which, even if
carried on in prosperous times, would necessarily have occupied many
years in completion. The chancel of the old parish church was rebuilt
on a larger scale, and fitted with stalls and other appurtenances for the
daily choral service. A hall in one of the old houses was enlarged;
a school-room and other buildings constructed of wood. The alms-
house for poor men, described in the will, was also built.
The permanent College was also begun ; the first buildings attacked
being the great chapel, which now exists, and the hall and kitchens.
This chapel was placed in the old parish church-yard, to the north of the
old parish church, and was planned as the chancel of a large collegiate
church, to be provided with a nave or body for the parishioners, as
described in the well-known will of Henry the Sixth, dated 1448. But,
after the signature of this will, the King enlarged and altered his plans.
He sent persons to Sarum and Winton, and other parts, to measure the
choirs and naves of churches there, and had improved designs made for
the college buildings.
The Professor found among the documents two specifications relating
to the chapel, the one exactly corresponding to that of the will, but in
which every dimension is struck through with a pen, and an increased
dimension written above it. The other specification describes the chapel
or church, as it is called, in different phraseology from that of the will,
and more completely. The dimensions in this latter paper are still
greater than those of the corrected document, and, what is more
APPENDIX. XXXV
curious still, they correspond exactly with the chapel as it exists. The
paper concludes with minute directions that the foundations of the
chapel, which had already been laid (of course in accordance with the
will, for the works had been in progress for seven years before that will
was signed), should not be disturbed, but the new foundations (i.e. for
the enlarged dimensions) be laid round the outside of them, and be
constructed with the greatest care, and with 'mighty mortar.' The first
stone under the high altar to remain undisturbed. This stone was pro-
tected by a small chapel built over it in the first years of the works.
The deposition of the King, in 1 461, put an abrupt stop to the build-
ings, which had languished during his increasing misfortunes. That
they were resumed, after a long interval of time, by his confidential
friend and executor Bishop Waynflete, is stated by Leland, and also
shewn by an indenture, in 1475, between him and a carver, who engaged
to make a roodloft and stalls for the new chapel, and to take down the
roodloft and stalls in the choir of the old parish church. This proves
that the great chapel was only then brought into a condition to receive
its fittings. It must have been just roofed in. The Professor pointed
out to his audience evidences of the haste in which the upper part of
the chapel had been completed. The arch heads of the windows are
abruptly depressed, in a way which shews that the walls of the chapel
were intended to have been carried much higher by the masons who
built the jambs and springing of the window-arches. It is probable
that the work had been carried up exactly to this level when the
defeat of the King stopped the operations. When resumed by Waynflete,
with insufficient funds, expedients were adopted to enable the buildings
to be rapidly finished and roofed-in for use. The hall exhibits similar
evidences to shew that its walls and windows were designed to have
been carried up to a much greater elevation than they now present;
and that after a sudden interruption it had been hastily put into a
condition to receive the roof, which is of a very plain construction. The
magnificent body of the collegiate church designed by the founder
was never even commenced. The choir, or present chapel, is now
terminated westward by a low transverse ante-chapel of slight con-
struction, probably the work of Waynflete.
The old parish church appears to have been pulled down after the
present chapel was prepared for service, as above stated. The parishioners
retained the right of employing this chapel as their parish church.
But the increase in the numbers of the students and of the population,
and other causes, creating great inconvenience, both to the college and
the parish, a new church or chapel-of-ease was erected in the town of
Eton for the use of the parishioners, in the last century.
The arrangement of the college buildings differs entirely from that
described in the will of the founder in 1448. The Professor concluded
from this, and from the mention of a plan or 'Portratura' exhibited to
the King, in the following year, 'for the finishing of the buildings of
the college,' that he, when adopting an enlarged design for the chapel,
had also determined upon a new disposition for the other buildings.
The college in the will is imitated from Wykeham's colleges, con-
sisting of a quadrangle containing hall, library and chambers, and of
XXXVI APPENDIX.
a cloister. But in the existing college the quadrangle of chambers con-
tains not only the hall and library, but is also cloistered. The site
of the cloister first proposed, but never commenced, is that now occupied
by the school-yard. The cloister quadrangle is arranged upon a plan
unusual in colleges. It was built in two stories, having chambers on
the north and east sides, and the hall on the south, the dimensions of
which agree exactly with the founder's will. The upper chambers are
not reached in the usual manner, by assigning one staircase to each
contiguous pair; but a gallery is carried round the upper floor, exactly
over the cloister of the ground floor, to give access to the doors of the
chambers. At each internal angle of the quadrangle, or quadrant^ as
the will terms it, is a square turret containing a spiral stone stair, or vice^
with a door below and above, by which the upper gallery is conveniently
reached.
The chamber buildings were carried round the east and north sides
in one style, and probably in the founder's time; but the west side,
which contains the great gateway called Lupton's Tower, was built, after
a considerable pause in the works, in a totally different manner, during
the provostship of [Roger] Lupton [1504 — 35], and probably in the
reign of Henry the Eighth.
The cloister-arcade and chamber-doors on the ground floor on this
side appear, however, to belong to the earlier building, and to have
been suddenly stopped in an unfinished state. This western side of the
quadrant is wholly devoted to the provost, and contains a large dining-
hall, termed 'Election Hall,' with a withdrawing-room behind it, over
Lupton's entrance-arch, and large bedchambers beyond, joining the
hall. In the will of the founder a much smaller provost's lodging is
placed in this position in two stories. The present extension is accounted
for by the bountiful hospitality which, at and after the period of Henry
the Eighth, was exercised by the masters of colleges in favour of the
nobility and gentry. This compelled the building of chambers and
reception-rooms. After the Reformation the marriage of masters of
colleges created a new demand for space, and made it necessary to
supply these officers with a family residence.
The subsequent works carried out in this college were enumerated
as follows : The lower school, or north side of the entrance quadrangle or
' school-yard,' was built before 1581 [1481?], and has the long dormitory
above it. The library in the cloister quadrangle was built by Sir Chris-
topher Wren'. The new upper school, which is the western boundary
of the school-yard, was rebuilt in 1689. In 1758 an attic was raised
upon the east and north sides of the cloister court, and the entire
group of chambers altered so as to convert them into a row of private
houses of three stories each for the fellows of the college. Lastly,
the interior of the chapel, which had been refitted and 'beautified' in
the Italian style in 1699, t>y Mr Banks, was well restored to its ancient
aspect, with rich stalls and canopies, in 1850, from the designs of
Mr Deason."
' [This is a mistake. Sir C. Wren died in 17:3, and the Hbrary was not l:>egim
until 1725 (Vol. I. p. 455)-]
PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION,
Chap. I. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK. THE MEDIEVAL
CONCEPTION OF A UNIVERSITY AND A COLLEGE.
FOUNDATIONS WHICH PRECEDED COLLEGES, WITH
A LIST OF THE HOSTELS AT CAMBRIDGE.
Cha^. II. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF COL-
LEGES AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE; AND OF THE
COMMUNITY FOR WHICH THEY WERE INTENDED.
Chap. III. AUTHORITIES USED IN THE PRESENT WORK. C0LLE;GE
ACCOUNTS. MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF BAKER
AND COLE. PLANS AND VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE.
INTRODUCTION'.
CHAPTER I.
Object of the present work. The medieval conception
OF A University and a College. Foundations
WHICH preceded COLLEGES, WITH A LIST OF THE
Hostels at Cambridge.
HE purpose which I have proposed to myself in the
present work is to trace the history of the Colleges
and of the University buildings of Cambridge,
principally with reference to their topography and
architecture, the acquirement and increase of their respective
sites, the arrangements of their buildings, and the additions
which they have received from time to time. This is a very
different investigation from that which has usually been proposed
as the leading object in the numerous histories of the Uni-
versities or their colleges which have already appeared.
As the arrangement of collegiate buildings was made with
reference to the collegiate system, it is as impossible to under-
stand their architectural history without some examination of this
system, as it would be to attempt the architectural history of
^ [It appears from the notes left by Professor Willis that he originally intended to
have developed this part of his Introduction into a complete historical sketch of the
origin and progress of the University and Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with a
full discussion of the special motives of the different founders. Much of this, however,
was left incomplete. Since he began to write these matters have been so admirably
narrated by James Bass MuUinger, M. A., in his two works : The University of
Cambridge from the earliest times to the Royal Injunctions of 1535, ^^O' Cambridge,
1873; and The University of Cambridge from the Royal Injunctions of 1535 to
the Accession of Charles the First, 8vo, Cambridge, 1884; that it has been decided
to limit the present Introduction to what is strictly necessary for the comprehension
of the following histories and essays, and to refer our readers to Mr Mullinger for all
other details.]
iv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
a Benedictine or a Cistercian monastery without reference to the
rules of life, for the carrying out of which the entire system of its
edifices was invented. The collegiate life, like the monastic life,
is a common and a regular life ; and it is a most interesting in-
vestigation to trace the gradual development of the collegiate
system, and the accompanying contrivance of the group of
buildings which is called a College.
The collegiate buildings of the Universities are very remark-
able, not only for their connection with the history, the manners,
and the customs, of past ages, but as serving to illustrate the
various aspects of architectural taste and practice which succes-
sively prevailed through a series of six centuries. They offer,
moreover, several very valuable specimens of the architecture of
each period, amongst many instances of bad taste, which has
been especially evinced in attempts to alter ancient structures so
as to make them resemble, as closely as possible, the fashion
which happened to prevail when repairs became necessary. Few
subjects, in fact, offer greater attraction to the architectural
historian.
To study these buildings with effect it appeared to me
desirable to draw up, as concisely as the subject would permit,
an Architectural History of each college and of the Univer-
sity Buildings, in which, in accordance with the plan which
I have pursued in other cases, all matters extraneous to the
buildings themselves should be kept out of sight, or alluded to
as briefly as possible. [These histories will be succeeded by
a series of essays, on the development of the collegiate plan, and
on the different buildings, and parts of buildings, required for the
daily life of the community. It seemed better to place these
essays after the particular histories, rather than before them,
because, until the latter have been studied, a reader would
hardly be in a position to understand the generalisations which
are there attempted. In the first place, however, it will be
necessary to say a few words on the medieval conception of
a University, on the way in which students were lodged before
colleges were invented, and, lastly, to give a brief chronological
sketch of the foundation of those institutions in both Universities.
This part of the subject, again, must be prefaced by a brief
description of the topography of the Town of Cambridge, to
I.] ANCIENT CAMBRIDGE. V
illustrate which the accompanying map (fig. i) has been pre-
pared. Without such a description the relative position of the
colleges, and the references to streets, lanes, etc., which occur
in the descriptions of their sites, would be almost unintelligible.
Ancient Cambridge was situated wholly on the left bank of
the river now called the Cam, at the end of an elevated ridge
sloping rapidly down to the marshy ground which lay on both
sides of the stream at that part of its course. On this spot,
which is crowned by an artificial eminence, probably British,
called the Castle Hill, Roman remains have been found in
sufficient abundance to justify the identification of the locality
with their station Camboritum. Its supposed boundaries are
indicated by dotted lines on both plans, the second of which
(fig. 2) shews the district round the Castle Hill on a larger scale
than the general map. These boundaries, laid down in accord-
ance with remains discovered at various times, shew that the
station measured diagonally about 1650 feet from north to south,
by 1600 feet from east to west. It stood at the junction of two
Roman ways, the remains of which may still be traced, viz. the
Akanau Street, from Brancaster on the coast of Norfolk to
Cirencester; and the Via Devana, from Chester to Colchester\
The Normans built a castle on the same ground which the
Romans had selected, to make way for which twenty-seven
houses were destroyed, out of the four hundred of which the
town then consisted^ Many of the earthworks surrounding
the Castle Hill ought probably to be referred to this period, and
a trace of the Norman occupation surviv^es in the name Burg,
or Borough, which is still sometimes applied to this part of
Cambridge, though it is more usually called Castle End I The
Norman stronghold was enlarged and repaired on various
occasions, but there is no evidence that it was ever a ' place
^ [Ancient Cambridgeshire, by C. C. Babington. Camb. Antiq. Soc. Octavo
Publications, No. xx.]
^ [Freeman, Norman Conquest, Ed. 1876, iv, 221. In the account of the
Biirgiim de Grentebrige in Domesday, we find: "sed pro castro sunt destructce
. XXVII . domus."]
^ [This name is an ancient one, for it occurs in the Senior Bursar's Accounts at
Trinity College in 1550 — .sr : "Item to John Panson of the Castell ende for caryeng
one loade of clay."]
VI
INTRODUCTION.
[chap.
of any great strength or importance. As early as 1441 some of
the buildings had become ruinous, and in the subsequent
histories we shall find numerous instances of materials beine
/ /
Fig. 2. Plan of the district surrounding the Castle Hill, to shew the probable extent of the
Roman Station, with the Roman ways which met there. From Professor Babington's
Ancient Cambridgeshire, p. 5.
brought from it for the construction or repair of the colleges.
The gate-house survived until 1842, when it was pulled down
to make way for the County Courts and Gaol.
I.] ANCIENT CAMBRIDGE.
VI 1
The names applied at different periods to the town and
river demand our attention in the next place.
A glance at the plan shews that the castle stood nearly
opposite to the northernmost limit of a considerable bend of
the river, and that it must always have commanded the point
at the bottom of the hill at which that river is crossed by a
bridge. As there is evidence to prove that the road which
passes over this bridge is the southward extension of the second
Roman way above-mentioned (the Via Devand), it is almost
certain that the river has always been crossed at the same place.
In ancient times fords were commonly used instead of bridges ;
and, in 1754, when Mr Essex was employed to rebuild the
bridge, he found traces of such a ford, " which very plainly
shewed itself as a firm pavement of pebbles ^" It may therefore
be suggested that Camboritum signifies, "the ford at the bendV'
and that its name was derived from its position, which effectually
commanded the passage of the river.
In the Anglo-Saxon chronicle the town is called Grantebrycge,
or Grantanbrycgc, which in Domesday becomes Grentebrige. In
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the name is uniformly
written Cantehriggc, or its Latin equivalent Caiitebrigia, whence
an easy transition gives the modern Cambridge.
No distinctive name is given to the river in any of the earliest
documents which our researches into the history of collegiate
sites have brought under our notice. When mentioned as a
boundary it is described in the most general terms, and more
frequently by its banks than by its stream. Thus in 1294 we
meet with "the king's bank {ripa doniini regisY" ; in 1325 — 26
"the common bank {comviwiis ripay" \ in 1372 "the common
bank called Cante^"; and in 1423 "the king's high bank {alta
ripa doDiini regisfT In 1336 the property which was bought of
^ [Babington's Cambridgeshire, ut supra, p. 8.]
^ [The late Dr Guest says (Origines Celticee, 8vo, London, 1883, I. 370): "The
Welsh rhyd, a ford, appears as rituin in classical geography. * * * Camb-o-rituni
(Cambridge) was so called from the ford over the Cam by which the Roman Road
passed the river. * * * The letter-change of mb for m before a vowel is very
common in ancient Celtic."]
•^ [History of Trinity College, Vol. 11. p. 395.] ■* [Ibid. p. 396.]
5 [History of Trinity Hall, Vol. i. p. 211.]
'' [History of Trinity College, Vol. 11. p. 405.]
viii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
Robert de Croyland for the king's scholars is said to abut
westward on "the running stream {aqita currensy," without any
further description to define what stream is meant. So late as
1 612, in the deed of exchange between the Town of Cambridge
and Trinity College, the boundary of the ground to be ex-
changed is described as "the river or high stream I"
In 1447, when the ground west of the river was conveyed to
King's College, the river is called le Ee'', a name which is repeated
several times in the college account-books; and in the description
of a lane granted by King Henry VI. to the Town of Cambridge
in 1455, the stream to which it led is called le Ree'^. This name
reappears in Dr Caius' History, where he says that Cambridge
is divided into two parts " separated by the Canta, now called
the RJiecT The book was written in 1573, but, in such matters
as local names, it probably represents the recollections of its
author when he was a resident student (1529 — 45)^
In the chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon (i 130) the church of
S. Giles near the castle is described as standing on or near the
river Grenta {super Grentain Jluvhiui). This name is clearly taken
from Grentebrige, the name given to the town in Domesday.
The name Graute, from the Anglo-Saxon Grantanbrycge, re-
appears on Saxton's map of Cambridgeshire (1576)'', where the
western branch of the river is designated the Granta. This branch,
which rises near Ashwell in Hertfordshire, is called on modern
maps the Rhee, the name Granta being restricted on them to
the eastern branch, which rises near Shelford in Cambridgeshire.
Saxton, however, recognises the Granta only. Camden (1586)
recognises the Cam as well: "By what name writers termed this
River, it is a question : some call it Granta, others Camus '."
^ [History of Trinity College, Vol. ii. p. 420.] " [Ibid. p. 409.]
3 [History of King's College, Vol. I. p. 349.]
4 [History of Trinity Hall, Vol. I. p. 212. My friend Professor Skeat informs me
that Ee is not of French origin, as I had suggested, but "the pure 12th, 13th, and
14th century spelling of the Anglo-Saxon ia, a river. This word, «?, is not borrowed
from, but cognate with, the Latin aqiia.'"^
^ [Hist. Cantab. Acad. 115. Compare also pp. 52, 53.]
^ [Maps of England and Wales, by Christopher Saxton, fol. Lond. 1579.
The map of Cambridgeshire is dated three years earlier than the entire collection, as
stated in the text.]
" [Camden's Bi-itannia, by Holland, ed. 1637, p. 486. The Latin words are the
same in all the editions : "alii Gi-antam, Camiim alii nuncupant."]
IX
I.J ANCIENT CAMBRIDGE.
In the Faery Oueene (1590) Spenser recognises the Granta
only, under the form Guatit:
" Next these the plenteous Ouse came far from land,
By many a city and by many a towne,
And many rivers taking under-hand
Into his waters, as he passeth downe,
(The Cle, the Were, the Guant, the Sture, the Rowne),
Thence doth by Huntingdon and Cambridge flit,
My mother, Cambridge, whom, as with a crowne,
He doth adorn, and is adorned of it
With many a gentle muse and many a learned wit'."
On Speed's map of Cambridgeshire (1610) the name Cam
alone occurs, written twice, once above, and once below, Cam-
bridge ; in Drayton's Polyolbion {161 3) the Cam and the Grant
are both mentioned in the poem, though the word Grant alone
appears upon the map ; and on Loggan s map of the Town
(1688) the words The River Cam are written out in full, without
any other designation; but so late as 1702 an Act of Parlia-
ment speaks of the River Cham alias Grant.
Any explanation of this variety of names is beset with
difficulties. It is clear that Grantebrycge must mean the bridge
over the Grante, a very ancient name for the river, the sense of
which is now irrecoverably lost ; and we may therefore conclude
that those who used this term for the town used the cor-
responding term for the river. Subsequent to this period,
the name either fell into disuse, or those who drew up the
documents which have come down to us did not think it
necessary to define, in any particular way, localities with
which the parties to a given transaction were perfectly familiar.
The occasional employment of the terms Ee or Rhee may be
due to the taste of an individual scribe. But towards the end
of the sixteenth century, when maps came to be drawn, it was
necessary to look for more precise nomenclature. By that time
the town was called Cam-bridge, but the older name Grante-
bridge was doubtless still well • known. Geographers could
therefore choose between Grant and Cam as names for the
river ; and, as Camden says, some chose one, and some the
other.
^ [Faery Queene, Book iv. Canto xi. 34.]
VOL. I. c
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The date of the extension of the town from the high ground
near the castle to the low ground on the opposite bank of the
river must remain uncertain, though the destruction of the
houses near the castle by the Normans would obviously compel
their inhabitants to remove elsewhere. Hardly any relics of
the Norman period now survive, wood having been, in all
probability, the material employed for the construction of most
of the dwelling-houses \ The church of S. Giles (fig. 2), close
to the castle, was built by Picot, the Norman Sheriff of the
county, in 1092, and contained several relics of that period ;
and the church of the Holy Sepulchre, on the opposite bank of
the river, is also a Norman work. But the church of S. Benedict,
which is situated near the south border of the medieval town,
is much earlier, and shews no trace of Norman influence.
Hence it has been conjectured, with much probability, that
this edifice was once the parish church of a distinct village,
separated from Camboritum or Grant-bridge by the river, and
by the marshy ground on its banks^. Gradually, as the number
of the inhabitants increased, the two became united.
^It has been already stated that the Via Devana crossed the
river at the foot of the Castle Hill. Its subsequent course
southwards is marked by the street now called in different parts
of its course. Bridge Street, Sidney Street, S. Andrew's Street,
and Regent Street. With the exception of two churches, and
a few houses on the east side of that street, ancient Cambridge
lay wholly westward of it, between it and the river. This position
was probably selected because it gave the inhabitants the
readiest access to the stream which not only supplied them with
water, but with most of the necessaries of life, as attested by the
numerous " hythes " along the bank, as Corn-hythe, Flax-hythe,
Salt-hythe, etc. The branch of the river — once navigable for
barges — which flowed on the east side of the island called
Garret Hostel Green, has been filled up; but. with this exception,
the course of the river has not been altered within the historic
' [A house liuilt of stone was evidently a rarity, from the pains taken to draw at-
tention to it. We meet with "le stone house" of the Prior of Anglesey, of Sir John
de Cambridge, and others. Moreover "Stenhouse" and "Stonehouse'' occur com-
monly as surnames.]
- [English Towns and Districts: by E. A. Freeman. 8vo, Lond. 1883, p. ^244.]
I.] ANCIENT CAMBRIDGE. xi
period, and the three pubHc bridges by which it is now crossed
have always been in the same positions. That at the north
end of the town, under the Castle Hill, was called the Great
Bridge, to distinguish it from the Small Bridge, or Bridges, at
the south-west corner. These two bridges were practicable for
carriages, but the third, or Garret Hostel Bridge, placed about
midway between the former two, was for horse and foot pas-
sengers only.
Opposite to the church of S. Sepulchre a second street
branched off from Bridge Street in a southwesterly direction.
This street, now called S. John's Street, Trinity Street, King's
Parade, and Trumpington Street, was the ancient High Street.
Both these streets preserve their ancient directions, and
Bridge Street its ancient width also; but the portion of High
Street which extends southward from Great S. Mary's Church
has been changed from a narrow to a spacious thoroughfare by
the destruction of houses incidental to the erection of the Senate
House, the fagade to the University Library, and the new
buildings of King's College, S. Catharine's Hall, and Corpus
Christi College.
Two corn-mills, of very great antiquity, called respectively
the King's Mill and the Bishop's MilT, stood at the south-west
extremity of the town, where the river broadens into a pool. A
third street, called Milne Street, led from these mills in a
northerly direction, nearly parallel with High Street, to King's
Hall Lane, Between this lane and S. Michael's Lane, now Trinity
Lane, the street became much narrower, and was called Foul
Lane. Milne Street mu.st have been an important thoroughfare
both for the Town and the University, for it communicated with
all the lanes leading to the different hythes or landing-places
along the river-bank ; and the entrance-gateways of six colleges
opened into it, namely, those of King's Hall, Michael House,
Trinity Hall, King's College (in its first position), S. Catharine's
Hall, and Queens' College, not to mention that of Gonville Hall,
which was opposite to the portion of it called Foul Lane. The
1 [For the history of these mills see Le Keux, ed. Cooper, iii. 336. The King's
Mill still belongs to the Town of Cambridge, but the Bishop's Mill is the property of
Messrs Foster. The mills have been frequently rebuilt, and now form a single edifice
externally.]
62
xii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP
parish-church of S. John Baptist, commonly called S. John
Zachary, also stood in it. When King Henry VI. was engaged
in jjurchasing the extended site for King's College, he obtained
possession (in 1445) of so much of this street as fell within the
limits of his college, and closed several of the subordinate lanes
which communicated with it\ After this change Milne Street
ceased to be a thoroughfare, and the two fragments of it which
still exist came to be called Queens' Lane and Trinity Hall
Lane respectively.
The limits of medieval Cambridge on the south and east
are well defined by the King's Ditch {fossatian regis), con-
structed by order of King Henry the Third in 1267, the exact
direction of which has been preserved on several ancient maps^]
In the middle ages the term fossatiuii signified not merely a
ditch, but the ground fenced by it^ and this particular ditch
was accompanied by a sort of boulevard, or perambulation-road
[circuitus)^ which was held to form part of it, and of which
no person might make use or take possession, under heavy
penalties. This appears from the Inquisition of King Edward I.
taken in 1278*; and farther, from the instructions to a royal
commission issued by King Edward III, July 14, 1348, by which
the commissioners were empowered to inquire how many pieces
of ground the king possessed within the ditch {fossatinii) called
"le Kyngesdich" in the town of Cambridge, held for peram-
bulation round about the said town; their length and breadth
measured in perches and feet; whether any of them be built
upon, and if so, by whom, or for whose convenience; how
many feet the breadth of the said fossatinii ought to contain
by law, and who was bound to clean it ; whether the king
might grant the said places without prejudice to himself and
others; from whom the pieces were held, by what tenure, and
what was their annual value'.
We shall meet with the same term, King's Ditch, in the
description of the boundaries of the western parts of the site of
1 [History of King's College, Vol. i. p. 343.]
■■^ [The channel still exists, but it is carried underground.]
^ [Cowell's Interpreter, Ed. 1727.]
* Rot. Hundred, ii. 392.
® [MSS. Baker, xxxi. 271. The original is among the muniments of King's Hall,
preserved in the Treasury of Trinity College.]
I.] ANCIENT CAMBRIDGE. xiii
King's Hall, Michael House, and Trinity Hall ; and in the first
of these three colleges the name is applied to a piece of ground
acquired in 1341'. It appears not improbable that the above-
mentioned circuit was originally intended to have been carried
along the river as well as along the ditch, and that this piece of
ground was part of it.
[At the points where the two principal streets, Bridge Street
and High Street, crossed this boundary-ditch, gates were con-
structed, called respectively Barnwell Gate, and Trumpington
Gate. When Dr Caius was writing his history (1573), the former
was still marked by a single wooden post^ A wall within the
ditch was originally intended, but the king was compelled to
change his plans, and the fortifications were left half-finished l
The religious orders established themselves in Cambridge at
a very early date. The Augustinian Priory of Barnwell was
founded in in 2; the Benedictine nunnery of S. Rhadegund in
1133; S. John's Hospital, an Augustinian House, in 1135; the
Franciscan House in, or soon after, 1224; the Carmelites came
in 1249; the Friars of the order of Bethlehem in 1257; the
Friars of the Penitence, or of the Sack, in 1258; the Dominicans
in, or shortly before, 1275; the White Canons in 1290; and the
Austin Friars in the same year. The sites of these houses, most
of which were subsequently occupied by colleges, have been in-
dicated either on the general plan of Cambridge (fig. i), or on
that of the college which succeeded them, and therefore need
not detain us longer.
The ground on the west, or left, bank of the river, from near
the Great Bridge to the road which crossed the Small Bridges,
now almost entirely absorbed by different colleges, was called
the West Field, and, in different parts, Carme-field, and Long
Green. Part of this ground was common of the Town of Cam-
bridge, part belonged to different proprietors. The road which
traversed the West Field is always described in medieval docu-
ments as the road to Barton, the designations of the different
roads being evidently given to them as they started from the
Castle Hill.]
^ [History of Trinity College, Vol. ii. p. 422.]
2 [Hist. Cantab. Acad. 116.]
" [Cooper's Annals, i. 49, 50.]
XIV
INTRODUCTION. [CIIAr.
The University of the middle ages was a corporation of
learned men, associated for the purposes of teaching, and pos-
sessing the privilege that no one should be allowed to teach
within their dominions unless he had received their sanction,
which could only be granted after trial of his ability. The test
applied consisted of examinations and public disputations ; the
sanction assumed the form of a public ceremony, and the name of
a degree; and the teachers or doctors so elected or created carried
out their office of instruction by lecturing in the public schools
to the students who, desirous of hearing them, took up their
residence in the place wherein the University was located. The
degree was, in fact, merely a licence to teach. The teacher so
licensed became a member of the ruling body. The University,
as a body, does not concern itself with the food and lodging
of the students, beyond the exercise of a superintending power
over the rents and regulations of the houses in which they
are lodged, in order to protect them from exaction ; and it also
assumes the care of their public morals.
The only buildings required by such a corporation in the
first instance were : a place to hold meetings and ceremonies, a
library, and schools for teaching, or, as we should call them,
lecture-rooms. [The necessity for enlarging these buildings has
naturally kept pace with the increase in numbers and with the
intellectual growth of the University ; and it will be part of our
task to narrate the steps by which the present museums and
lecture-rooms for the several different branches of study have
been established.]
A college, on the other hand, in its primitive form, is a
foundation erected and endowed by private munificence, solely
for the lodging and maintenance of deserving students, whose
lack of means rendered them unable to pursue the University
course without some extraneous assistance.
Each college contained within its walls the necessary buildings
for the lodging and food of its members and of their servants,
and each was governed by its own code of statutes. The students
attended the public lectures and public disputations appointed
by the University, and, in addition, in the earlier colleges the
older students were enjoined to assist the younger in their
private studies ; but, afterwards, lecturers for this purpose were
I.] THE WORD COLLEGE. XV
appointed from the members of the college. Besides this assist-
ance, disputations were carried on in the college to prepare its
students for their public exercises.
In process of time the superior advantages of this systematic
preparation for the University teaching and exercises, as well as
the greater convenience and comfort afforded by the buildings
and domestic arrangements resulting from the accumulated
generosity of successive benefactors — many of whom owed their
success in life to their early admission as poor students into
one of these colleges — led more wealthy students to desire a
participation therein ; and they gladly paid rent, and charges
for food and instruction. But this privilege was scantily granted,
and can hardly be said to have become general until after the
Reformation. Old members of a college also, who had lost the
privilege of free residence and maintenance by having acquired
ecclesiastical promotion or property, were permitted to return
to its walls, upon payment of their expenses'.
The buildings of these communities, each complete in itself,
resembled in many respects those of the monasteries, or
chapters of secular canons, as being constructed for a com-
munity of persons living under a rule, or body of statutes. At
first growing up gradually, piece by piece, as funds were pro-
vided, and as the collegiate system, in its development by
successive foundations, shewed the kind of building required,
the earlier colleges were often humble in appearance and
retiring in position. But, as colleges increased in number and
importance, pride of architectural grandeur and beauty became
an element of collegiate character, and each new founder strove
to make his college superior to the last in the magnitude and
completeness of its structures.
The word college [collcgiuni) is a term which properly be-
longs to a number of persons incorporated as colleagues for
certain common purposes, and has no relation to the buildings
in which they dwell. It is solely in this sense that it is em-
ployed in the charters of the early colleges in both universities.
The words applied to the buildings in the same documents are
^ [In the reign of Queen Elizabeth an order was made at King's College limiting
the number of such pensioners {pensionarii) to fifteen. A short historical sketch of
the collegiate community will be found in the next chajiter.]
xvi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
house [doiniis) and hall [aula). [To understand the real signi-
ficance of the composite designations given to these foundations,
it must be remembered that in the thirteenth century dwelling-
houses were commonly known by one of three names : house
{donins), hall {aula), and hostel or inn {Jiospitinni). When one
of these was appropriated by endowment as a fixed residence
for a body of scholars {colleginui), it was styled House of scholars
(donius scholarinni), or Hall of scholars [aula scholarmm), a
compound phrase indicating such appropriation. Thus Merton
College, Oxford [Donins scolarinm de Merton), is not the " House
of the scholars of Merton," but the " House-of-scholars of Mer-
ton," or, in brief, "Merton House"; the Donins scJiolariiun sancti
MicJiadis is not the " House of the scholars of S. Michael," but
the "House-of-scholars of S. Michael," or " Michael House"; the
Aula scholarinni Regis is not the " Hall of the scholars of
the King," but the " Hall-of-scholars of the King," or " King's
Hall." In some cases the two names are combined. Peterhouse
is called the " House of S. Peter, or Hall-of-scholars of the
Bishop of Ely {donins sancti Petri, sive Anla scholarinni Episcopi
EliensisY'; and the society of Balliol College, "the Master and
scholars of the Hall or House of Balliol in Oxford {anla sivc
donins dc Balliolo).'']
We first meet with the word college in the licence granted
by King Edward H. to Adam de Brom in 1324, empower-
ing him to " found a college of scholars to be governed by a
Rector, to be called the Rector of the House of scholars of
the Blessed Mary in Oxford," afterwards called Oriel College.
Here the persons and their dwelling are clearly distinguished as
a college and a house respectively. In this or a similar form
the nomenclature continues for nearly sixty years.
For example, in 1341, Robert de Eglesfield is licensed to
" construct a collegiate Hall {anlani collegialeni) of scholars,
etc., by the name of the Queen's Hall of Oxford \" In 1347
a similar licence is granted to Marie de Valence, Countess of
Pembroke, for "a scholars' house {donins scolarinm)" at Cam-
bridge, the members of which are spoken of in subsequent
documents as "the college of the hall of Valense Marie"; and a
^ Commiss. Docls. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of Queens' College, p. 4.
I.] COLLEGE AND HALL
copy of the charter, in French, dated 1357 — 58, is endorsed la
cJiarti^e du garde in ct cscolicrs de la sale de Valence Marie. In
1348 Edmund Gonville is empowered to estabhsh "a college of
twenty scholars, and to give a name to the said college," which
name, as we learn from a subsequent document, was, "the
house or hall of the Annunciation of Blessed Mary the Virgin,
in English Goneville Hall." In the preamble to the statutes
which Bishop Bateman gave to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in
1350, the three words occur together, in a way which defines
their meaning more clearly than any other foundation-deed
which we have met with. The Bishop declares that :
" We, William of Norwich, by Divine permission Bishop of Norwich,
make, ordain, appoint, and establish, in the University of Cambridge,
where we, though unworthy of it, received our degree of Doctor, a per-
petual college [collegium) of scholars in Canon and Civil Law. And
our pleasure is that the aforesaid college of scholars be called the
college of scholars of the Holy Trinity of Norwich, and that the house
{(loinus) which the aforesaid college shall inhabit, be named the Hall
{aula) of the Holy Trinity of Norwich'."
In 1359 the Lady Clare decrees that University Hall is for
the future to be called the House {domns) of Clare ; and that
her fellows are to swear on admission that they "will promote
the honour of the college of the aforesaid House"."
In this manner the word college became introduced, but the
buildings were still termed Halls ; — the word House {donius)
being used only in the very early instances above quoted— as in
the following foundations : Clare Hall, King's Hall, Pembroke
Hall, Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall.
The licence granted by King Richard II. to William of
Wykeham, 30 June, 1379, permits him "to found and give a
name to a certain college, house, or hall {colleginvi, domnm, sive
anlavifl' and accordingly, in the preamble to his statutes, he
declares that he has founded two perpetual colleges of poor
scholars, the one commonly called Saint Mary College of Win-
cJiester in Oxenford, the other Saint Alary College of Winchester,
these titles being written in English, as above, though the
document in which they appear is in Latin. Here, for the first
^ Commiss. Docts. ii. 415.
^ Commiss. Docts, ii. fji, 131.
* Commiss Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of New College, pp. v. i.
XVlll
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
time, the word college is applied to the whole establishment, but
still in a manner not violating its proper sense. In this form
all the succeeding foundations are named ; and it is curious to
remark that in the Oxford charters and statutes the founders
are careful to supply an English title in imitation of Wykeham,
who, however, could not prevent the substitution of " New
College" for his own lengthy denomination. The succeeding
founders in both universities have been more fortunate, for
although the public has abbreviated the legal style they have
rarely transformed the name so entirely. Even the strange
term " Brasenose College" is to be found in the preamble to
the statutes, which styles it the Kings Hank and Colledge of
Brasennosc in Oxford.
At Cambridge the term college was similarly applied to
King's College, and to every succeeding case except the
modest foundation of a Master and three fellows termed the
" Hall of S. Katerine." The persons for whom the first founda-
tions of King Henry VI. was intended, are styled in the letters
patent, dated 12 February, 1441, "the rector and scholars of
th$ King's College of S. Nicholas of Cambridge"; but in the
statutes he follows the example of Wykeham and describes his
two foundations respectively, in English, as : T/ie Kings Colledge
of our Lady and S. Nicholas in Cambridge, and TJie Kings
Colledge of our Lady of Eaton beside Windesore, designations
which have been shortened by common use into King's College
and Eton College. Queens' College was first named the College
of S. Bernard. When Queen Margaret refounded it she called
it the "Queen's College of S. Margaret and S. Bernard"; but
when Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward IV., accepted
the patronage, she in her statutes struck out the name of
her predecessor's patron-saint, and reduced the title to " College
of the Queen [collegium reginale)!' Jesus College, statutably
named " The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John the
Evangelist, and the glorious Virgin S. Rhadegund," is the last
instance of a complete transformation of the title chosen by the
founder.
[It would be beside our present purpose to enter into the
difficult question of the origin of the University, which must
have preceded the foundation of the earliest college by a con-
I.] HOSTELS. xix
siderable interval. The wholesale destruction of records in one
or other of the violent attacks which the Town made upon the
University in the Middle Ages has rendered accurate knowledge
of this period impossible; and we have to content ourselves with
the scanty information to be derived from the earliest statutes
which have been preserved, and from the accounts given by
Caius, Fuller, and others, in their histories of the University. It
must, however, be remembered that Caius was separated by
nearly three centuries from the period to which we refer, and
Fuller by a still longer interval.
It may be assumed that at first the University took no
cognisance whatever of the way in which students obtained
lodgings. The inconvenience and discomfort of this system
soon led to the establishment of what were afterwards termed
Hostels, apparently by voluntary action on the part of the
students themselves. "The University had no objection," says
Dr Caius, "to students renting any empty houses from the
townspeople which they could obtain possession of They called
them Hostels or literary Inns [Jiospitia seu literariivi diversoria) ;
at Oxford they are called Halls'." It would appear that at first
the University accepted this arrangement without interference;
but, as it presently gave rise to grave dissensions between the
townspeople and the students, mainly on the question of rent,
letters patent were issued by King Henry III., probably at
the instance of the University, dated 7 February, 1265 — 66,
appointing a board consisting of two Masters- — or, as we should
now say, two Members of the Senate — who were subsequently
called Taxors, and two burgesses, whose duty it should be to
tax, or regulate, for periods of five years, the rent to be paid for
any house of which a scholar might happen to be in occupation^
The publication of these letters was succeeded by statutory en-
actments on the part of the University, which enter into details,
1 [Hist. Cantab. Acad. pp. 46 — 51. In a subsequent passage (p. 53) he separates
the literarttm diversoria from the hospitia. The distinction, however, seems to be
merely one of size, and does not imply any difference of organisation. Fuller says dis-
tinctly (History, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 63): "Know also that Inns (whereof
only two, Oving's and St Paul's) differed only gradually from Hostles, as being less."
The list of Hostels given below shews that Fuller is wrong in thus limiting the
number of Inns.]
- [Dyer, Privileges of the Uni\'crsity, i. 63.]
XX
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
regulate the period at which the hire might be effected, and
make security for both rent and tenure obHgatory on the tenant
and the landlord \
The expressions used in the earlier of these statutes confirm
what was suggested above respecting the voluntary character of
this arrangement. Each house in which students resided was
managed by a Principal, says Dr Caius, but it is clear from this
statute that this officer was not appointed, at any rate at first, by
any superior authority. Any scholar might come forward and
give the security required for the rent, and be admitted to the
Principalship by the landlord ; or, if he refused, the scholar
might repair to the chancellor and be admitted by him I
In after years, when the collegiate system had become esta-
blished, certain of these Hostels attached themselves to some
college, for the sake of the protection which such a position
afforded, according to Dr Caius ; but it may rather be suggested
that the action proceeded from the colleges themselves, who
were glad of additional space for the rapidly increasing numbers
of their students ; and it will appear in some of the subsequent
histories that Hostels were bought out of the corporate funds of
a college, or given to it by benefactors. When this union had
been effected, we find the government of a given Hostel regulated
1 [The statutes referred to are (i) Statute Lxvii. of the ancient statutes of the
University (Commiss. Docts. i. 350), translated in Early Cambridge University and
College Statutes, by James Heywood, 8vo, Lond. 1855, p. 51 ; (2) an earlier statute
on the same subject printed by Henry Bradshaw, M.A. in the Camb. Antiq. Soc.
Communications, Vol. ii. p. 279. On the whole subject of Hostels, and the early
history of the University in general, see The University of Cambridge from the
earliest times to the Royal Injunctions of 1535, by James Bass Mullinger, M.A.
8vo. Camb. 1873.]
- [The passage here referred to is translated by Mr Mullinger as follows (p. 219):
"Moreover the scholar who is to give the caution must come in person to the
landlord of the hostel, on the aforesaid day [11 June] or within the aforesaid period
[ii June to 8 September], but the sooner the better ; and in the presence of a bedell
or a notary, or of two witnesses, produce his caution, giving effect thereto, if he be
willing ; by effect is intended either a cautio fidcjussoria, or a cautio pignoraticia, that
is, two sureties, or a book, or something of the kind; and, if he be not admitted, the
same scholar is forthwith to repair to the Chancellor and produce his caution, in the
presence of the aforesaid witnesses, and say in what way the landlord of the hostel has
refused him in the matter of the acceptance of the caution ; and this having been
proved the Chancellor shall immediately admit him on that caution, and to that
principalship, notwithstanding the refusal of the proprietor."]
I.] HOSTELS. xxi
in part by the college to which it belonged ; but a remnant of
the older arrangements still survived. Each Hostel was managed
by two principals ; an External Principal appointed by the
college ; and an Internal Principal appointed by the residents
in the Hostel, with the consent of the External Principal. We
know that this was the system at Physwick Hostel belonging to
Gonville and Caius College, of which Dr Caius was himself one
of the Principals^ ; at S. Thomas' Hostel, belonging to Pembroke
College, where the Exterior Principal was called the " Over
Principal," the "Superior Principal," or the " Chief Principal'"' ;
at S. Bernard's Hostel, belonging to Queens' College^ ; and it
probably obtained at the others also. This change in the position
of the Hostels having become established, it was recognised by
the University, and a statute was passed, empowering the
Chancellor to visit all Hostels, to correct and reform any abuses
which he found there, and, if necessary, to depose the Principal.
The fellows of the Hostel were to elect a successor within eight
days, but, if they neglected to do so, the right of election was to
lapse to the college to which the Hostel belonged, if it belonged
to a college, or, if not, to the Chancellor or his deputy^ This
last clause shews that the statute was promulgated after the
independent existence of the Hostels had ceased^
No particulars have been preserved of the structural arrange-
ments of any of these establishments ; but the approximate
dimensions of the ground-plan of several have been ascertained,
and laid down on the plans of the colleges to which they ulti-
1 [A full account of the position of this Hostel, with Dr Caius' description of it,
will be found in the History of Trinity College, Vol. Ii. pp. 415 — 417.]
2 [This statement, which occurs among some notes on Hostels by Professor Willis,
is derived from the notes on Pembroke College made by Gilbert Ainslie, D.D.,
Master 1828 — 70.]
3 [Masters (History of Corpus Christi College, p. 45) notes that in 1519 "Dr
Watson Vice-Chancellor determined that the Exterior Principal (viz. the President of
the College) had the same authority over the Fellows and Students in it as the
Interior."]
* [Statutes of the University, § 18. Commiss. Docts. i. 316.]
5 [In MSS. Baker xxxv. 384 we find a curious memorandum, dated 16 September,
1446, respecting a quarrel which had arisen between the Master and Fellows of Pem-
broke Hall, and the " Socios studentes sive scolares Hospicii sancti Thome," about the
right of election of a new Principal, the Principal having been removed for mis-
conduct.]
XXll
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
mately belonged. These shew that all were of small size. As
a general rule they appear to have consisted of one or more
dwelling-houses, which in most cases were probably used without
alteration. S. Austin's (belonging to King's College) is de-
scribed as "certain newly-built tenements lying together," and
as it had a mean length of 220 feet with a corresponding
breadth of 80 feet, it was probably merely a row of houses \
S. Nicholas' Hostel again, belonging to the same college, was a
long narrow strip of ground, on which several detached houses
stood ^ S. Bernard's Hostel (belonging first to Queens' College,
and afterwards to Corpus Christi College) was rather more
extensive, and appears to have been specially adapted to
collegiate purposes, for it had a hall, chapel, library, and gallery^
It must therefore have resembled a small college, as Physwick
Hostel did, which, though the ground on which it stood, even
after the addition of S. Margaret's Hostel which adjoined it,
measured only 160 feet in length by 95 feet in breadth, was
rebuilt in 148 1, apparently in quadrangular form, and, as P"uller
says, " beautified with fair buildings." But, in the Middle Ages,
a confined space was not objected to, and the Hostels evidently
maintained their popularity long after the foundation of colleges.
On this subject the general remarks of Dr Caius, given at the
end of his list of Hostels, are well worth translation :
" The greater part of these were in existence within my own recol-
lection, and in this year, 1573, I am in my sixty- third year. They
were held in good repute by those who devoted themselves to litera-
ture, and were crowded with students. Their inmates dined and
supped together, as men do who have to lead a common life, and to
share a common lot. Neither Inns nor Hostels were endowed with
any landed property. Each student lived at his own charges, not on
the charity of the community. Now, however, they are all deserted,
and given back into the hands of the townspeople, with the exception
of S. Thomas, which belongs to Pembroke Hall ; S. Bernard and
S. Mary, which belong to Corpus Christi College ; S. Augustine, which
belongs to King's College ; and those of Gerard, Oving, S. Gregory,
^ [History of King's College, Vol. I. p. 344.]
- [Ibid, p. 342, and note.']
^ [History of Corpus Christi College, Vol. i. pp. 245 — 248. At the end of the
Audit-Book of S. John's College for 1521-22 is a list of payments made "For Maister
Doket," i.e. Andrew Doket, first President of Queens' College, among which we
find ; " Item for Cheyning of his ij Bookes in Barnard hostell library v*."J
I.] HOSTELS. xxiii
Physwick, S. Margaret, and S. Catherine, which belong to Trinity
College'."
This precise statement may be compared with the more
ornate language of Fuller :
'" We read how in the Hostles of S' Mary's, Bernard, Thomas,
Augustine, there were twelve, twenty, and sometimes thirty Regents,
besides non-Regents above them, and young Students beneath them.
As for the Hostles designed for Lawyers, almost every one of them had
fourscore or an hundred Students. * * *
In these Hostles Scholars were more conveniently accommodated
than in townsmen's houses (wherein anciently they lived), both because
here they were united under one head ; and because they were either
rent-free, or paid it by agreement to a chief of their own Society. But,
as stars lose their light when the sun ariseth, so all these Hostles de-
cayed by degrees, when endowed Colleges began to appear in Cam-
bridge ; and I behold Trinity Hostle (wherein Students continued till
the year 1540) as the longest liver, surviving all the rest.
]3ut, whilst they were in use, many worthy Scholars were bred
therein, and pity it is, the catalogue of their names is lostl"
Before leaving this part of our subject, we will give an alpha-
betical list of those Hostels about which tolerably certain infor-
mation can be obtained. We have used four lists of Hostels :
(i) that of Archbishop Parker^ (2) that of Dr Gains"; (3) that
of Richard Parker^ (4) that of Fuller"'. Archbishop Parker,
whose list was published in 1572, enumerates seventeen Hostels,
1 [Hist. Cantab. Acad. pp. 52, 53.]
^ [Fuller, ed. Prickett and Wright, p. 64.]
3 [Printed in his Catalogus Cancellariorum etc., privately printed in 1572, and
commonly found bound with the treatise De Antiquitate Britannicse Ecclesias,
printed in the same year. Both books were reprinted together, Hanoviee 1605, and
London, 1729. This hst of Hostels, in Latin, is evidently based on one in English,
probably made for his use, as it is preserved among his MSS. in Corpus Christi
College Library, cvi. 133. It is printed in the notes to Fuller, Jtt supra, p. 62.]
* [Hist. Cantab. Acad. pp. 47 — 51.]
® [Printed in his sketch of the history of the University of Cambridge, called
S/ceXeros Cantabrigiensis, written in 1622, and first published by Hearne in his
additions to Leland's Collectanea (ed. 1770, Vol. v. pp. 185 — 257). This work,
translated into English, forms part of a small 8vo volume without date called : " The
History and Antiquities of the University of Cambridge. London : Printed for T.
Warner at the Black Boy in Paternoster Rozu.^'' Some copies have a title-page dated
1 72 1, with different names of publishers. This translation has been used in the follow-
ing list, but it has been compared with the original, and tacitly corrected where
necessary.]
6 [Fuller, ed. Prickett and Wright, pp. 56 — 60.]
Xxiv INTRODUCTION. [cHAP.
which he divides into Hostels of Students in Arts {Hospitia
Artistariim) among which he includes King's Hall and Michael
House ; and Hostels of Students in Law {^Hospitia Juristaruni).
Dr Caius, writing in 1573, enumerates twenty Hostels, all of
which, with three exceptions, had been in existence within his
own recollection [stativa nostra Diemoria). Richard Parker
enumerates twenty-five hostels, and, as he includes among them
" 5. JoJiiis College, now building on the North and West sides,"
the list must have been drawn up between 1598 and 1602, while
the second court of S. John's College was being built. As
Parker resided in the University as Fellow of Gonville and
Caius College from the date of his Bachelor of Arts degree in
1593 until i6ii\he must have had exceptional opportunities for
making himself acquainted with local topography, and his iden-
tifications of sites are therefore extremely valuable. Fuller's
list, included in his history of the University, first published in
1655, is compiled from the three others. He enumerates thirty-
four Hostels. These lists have all the same defect: the particu-
lars given in them are based on no better authority than personal
recollection or local tradition, for their authors had no means of
access to leases and conveyances, from which alone certain infor-
mation about pieces of ground can be obtained. Dr Caius may
be excepted from this statement so far as his own college is
concerned; and, in consequence, his account of Physwick Hostel
is quite different from that which he gives about any other.
The following list enumerates twenty-seven Hostels out of
the thirty-four recorded by Fuller. The seven omitted are
(i) God's House in its original position ; (2) "God's House, now
parcel of Christ's College"; (3) "Jesus Hostle. or de Poenitentia
Jesu"; (4) "S. John's Hospital"; (5) " S. John's Hostle of
Regulars now translated into S. John's College"; (6) Knapton's
Place; (7) "Pythagoras House." God's House is omitted
because it was never a Hostel in the strict acceptation of the
term, as will be shewn in the next chapter ; the House of the
Friars of the Penitence was a House of regulars, which, after it
was dissolved, became part of Peterhouse ; S. John's Hospital
and S. John's Hostle are enumerated by Fuller in error;
Knapton's Place is identical with Bolton's Place, included in the
^ [Cooper's Annals, iii. 165.]
I.] HOSTELS.
XXV
list ; and the house called Pythagoras School was not a Hostel.
It will be understood that each Hostel is included in all four
lists unless the contrary is stated.
S. Augustine's or S. Austin's Hostel. A Hospitium Artistarum on the
south side of King's College, to which it belonged (Vol. i. p. 344).
Richard Parker and Fuller call it the pensionary of King's College,
for which purpose it was fitted up in 1574 (Ibid. p. 554). There was
another S. Austin's Hostel in Milne Street, near Clare Hall (Ibid. p. 341).
S. Bernard's Hostel. A Hospitiimi Artistamin in High Street, belonging
first to Queens' College, then to Corpus Christi College (Vol. i. pp. 245
— 248). Fuller describes it as " situate where now the Master's garden
of Bennet College," a statement borrowed from Richard Parker.
Bolton's Place or Knapton's Place. A house in High Street, purchased
for Pembroke College about 1430 (Vol. I. p. 123). Fuller is our only
authority for regarding this house as a Hostel.
Borden's or Burden's Hostel. A Hospitium Juristarum, which probably
derived its name from its founder, or a former possessor. King Henry
VI. bought it from the Prior and Convent of Ely in 1446, and gave it to
Clare Hall in 1448. It was situated on the east side of Trinity Street,
a little to the north of S. Michael's Lane. Fuller describes it as "near
the back gate of the Rose Tavern, opening against Caius College."
The Rose Tavern had been previously called Wolf's Tavern, and Richard
Parker describes the Hostel as "those Houses before which there are
great gates, near the north side of the back entrance to Wolfs Tavern,
not far from the Lane that runs between Trinity and Gonville and Cains
Colleges. This Hostel did belong to Clare Hall ; but in former times to
the Hospital of St John the Evangelist.'''' It had become a private
house before 1572, for Archbishop Parker's list of Hostels, printed in
that year, states that it had been lately purchased by Ralph Bikkerdik,
a townsman.
S. Botolph's Hostel. A Hospitium Artistarum belonging to Pembroke
College. It was situated in High Street, on the south side of S.
Botolph's Churchyard, occupying in breadth the whole space between
S. Botolph's Lane and Pembroke Street ; one end abutted upon High
Street, but its length has not been recorded (Vol. \. p. 139 note). It
had ceased to be a Hostel for students before 1496, when it was
leased by Pembroke College as a dwelling-house \ and earlier leases
for the same purpose may possibly exist. Fuller speaks of it as the
place " where Wenham a cook dwelt in my time, and where some col-
legiate character is still retained in the building."
S. Catherine's Hostel. In Trinity Lane, on the east side of Physwick
Hostel (Vol. II. p. 417). Recorded by Caius, Richard Parker, and Fuller.
The latter calls it " S'. Katherine's Hospital."
1 [MSS. Baker, xx.w. 381.]
VOL. I. /
XXVI INTRODUCTION. CHAP.
S. Cle.ment's Hostel. A Hospitiiim Jiiristarum in Bridge Street, on the
south side of S. Clement's Church.
Cousin's Place. A house in High Street, purchased by Pembroke College
in 1389 (Vol. L p. 123). Recorded by Fuller only as a Hostel.
Crouched Hostel, or, Hostel of the Holy Cross. A house sold to
the University in 1432 to increase the area of the Schools Quadrangle
(Vol. T. p. 319, Vol. HL p. 8). Recorded by Richard Parker and Fuller,
There was a Crouched Hall on the site of Trinity College (Vol. IL
p. 396); and Carter (p. 15) mentions " S' Crosse's Hostle, where is now
the building of the old Tenis- Court, and j5£';/6'/-G?/A;^^ Orchard^ When
the older Hostel was pulled down by the University, the inmates may
have migrated to this more modern building.
S. Edmund's Hostel. Mentioned by Caius as a building which had ceased
to be a Hostel before his time {extra iiostrain meinoriani). Fuller is
unable to assign a situation to it {nomen patct, locus latet), but his
editors suggest its identification with the House of White Canons of
S. Edmund of Sempringham, opposite to Peterhouse.
S. Edward's Hostel. Mentioned by Caius in the same sentence with
S. Edmund's. Fuller says that it was "against Little S. Mary's, where
lately a victualling house, called the Chopping Knife," a statement
borrowed from Richard Parker.
Ely Convent. Recorded by Fuller only, as "near Borden's Hostel, for
Ely Monks to study in." Carter (p. 15) says that it "was situated
between the Rose back-gate, and the west end of Green Street.'" A
Hostel which had been bought for this purpose between 1321 and 1341
occupied part of the site of Trinity Hall (Vol. i. p. 210).
Garrett Hostel; or, S. Gerard's Hostel. A Hospitiiim Artistarum
occupying part of the site of Trinity College, where the present Bishop's
Hostel stands (Vol. il. pp. 403, 551).
S. Gregory's Hostel. A Hospitium Artistarum, on the north side of
Michael House (Vol. ir. p. 397), of which, according to Archbishop
Parker, it was a kind of colony [tang nam colonid). Fuller says that it
was situated "where now Trinity College dove-cote." It is sometimes
called Newmarket Hostel.
Harleston's Inn. K Hospitiiim Juristaru7n recorded by Caius as an Inn
idiversorium), and by Fuller as a Hostel. Caius says that it "was
situated on the river bank, not far from the east end of the great bridge,
at the lower extremity of Harleston Lane." Richard Parker says :
" Harleston. Is the narrow Place {angiportits) by St Clemen fs Church,
still call'd Harleston-Lane, where the Houses stand on the East side ot
St Clement's near the King's Ditch. To the Principal, Fellows, and
Scholars of this Harleston Hostle, or Inn, which was call'd Harleston
Place, William Gi'ay, the 26th Bishop of Ely, granted Licence to
I.] HOSTELS. xxvii
perform Divine Service in their Oratory, Anno 1466. Near the great
Bridge to the Eastward was the httle Harleston Lane. At the End of it,
close to the King's Ditch, stood this Hostel, to the Eastward of St
Clement's Church." The position here indicated will be readily under-
stood by reference to the map of Cambridge. Harleston Lane is now
called Thompson's Lane. Archbishop Parker calls it a most ancient
Hostel {Iiospitium vettcstissiviuvi) but gives no particulars.
S. Hugh's Hostel. Recorded by Fuller only, who says of it: "This my
worthy friend, Mr Moore, late Fellow of Caius College, first decried out
of an ancient manuscript (once belonging to Ely) attesting that Mr
of St Hugh's Hostle, was admitted to plead in the Bishop's Courts.
Thus hath he recovered the denomination, let others discover the
situation thereof."
S. Margaret's Hostel. Recorded by Caius, Richard Parker, and Fuller.
It adjoined Physwick Hostel on the north, to which it was added after
it became the property of Gonville Hall in 1467. The dimensions are
minutely stated in the conveyance Vol. H. p. 415).
S. Mary's Hostel. A Hospitium Artistamvi^ on the south side of Gonville
and Caius College, opposite to Great S. Mary's Church (Vol. in. p. 40).
S. Nicholas' Hostel. A Hospitiwn Juristarum, on the east side of
Preachers Street or S. Andrew's Street, at the corner of that street and
the road leading to Barnwell, now Emmanuel Street (Vol. 1 1, p. 692).
Fuller, translating Caius, says of it : "The Scholars hereof, as eminent
for hard studying, so infamous for their brawlings by night." Among the
injunctions of the Visitors of King Edward the Sixth in 1549 is one
regulating the share which the members of this Hostel were to take
in the public proceedings of the legal faculty^ There was another
Hostel of the same name in Milne Street, which was absorbed in King's
College (Vol. I. p. 342), and it has been suggested, with much probability,
that, when it was destroyed, the students migrated to the house in
PVeachers Street (Le Keux, ed. Cooper, iii. 215).
OviNG'S Inn. A Hospitiwn Jiiristarurn next Garret Hostel (Vol. 11. pp.
551,668).
S. Paul's Inn. A Hospitiiim yuristanim. Caius describes it as "not far
from S. Michael's Church towards the north, facing the market-place."
Fuller says: "St Paul's Inn, now the Rose Tavern." This tavern is
known to have stood at the end of the passage now called " Rose
Crescent."
Physwick Hostel. A Hospitium Aj-tistarian in Trinity Lane, nearly
opposite to the entrance of Gonville Hall. Caius has left a particular
account of it, which is translated in the History of Trinity College
(V^ol. II. p. 417).
' [Lamb's Documents, p. 140.]
/2
xxviii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
Rudd's Hostel. Recorded by Caius, Richard Parker, and Fuller. Caius
places it in Preachers Street "a little beyond the church of the Friars
Preachers, but on the opposite side of the street" ; and the latter, copying
Richard Parker, describes it as "Rud's Hostle, over against Emmanuel
College, where now the Castle Inn." As this Inn is still standing, the
position of the Hostel can be exactly determined. It was given to
S. John's Hospital by Hugh de Balsham, in 1284, to compensate the
brethren for the loss of S. Peter's Church and the Hostels adjoming it^
S. Thomas' Hostel. A Hospitium Artistarum situated on the east side
of High Street. In 145 1 it was acquired by Pembroke College (Vol. I,
p. 124), to which it became attached, as mentioned above, as a student-
hostel. It is shewn on Lyne's map, 1574 (Vol. L p. 246). Its site is
now occupied by the chapel of Pembroke College. There was another
Hostel of the same name in Piron Lane, now part of the site of King's
College (Ibid. p. 337).
Trinity Hostel. A Hospitium Jitristaruni, placed by Caius "opposite
Trinity Church, from which it took its name"; and by Archbishop
Parker, "opposite the churchyard of Trinity Church, towards the east."
Richard Parker describes it as, "the Houses opposite to the East-End
of the Church of the Holy Trinity, where there were scholars in the
year 1540." P^uller, evidently in error, places it on the south side of the
church.
Tyled Hostel. A Hostel in Trinity Street, so called from the material
with which it was roofed (Vol. ll. p. 426). Recorded by Caius, Richard
Parker, and Fuller.
University Hostel. On the east side of High Street ; recorded by
Richard Parker and Fuller. In 135 1 it was sold by the University to the
foundress of Pembroke College, by whom it was pulled down, and the
site included in the court (Vok I. p. 122). When Richard Parker wrote
it was still called " the Hostle.'"']
In the next chapter we will proceed to a chronological
enumeration of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.]
^ [Commiss. Docts. ii. p. 3. It is there called "hospicium contra fiatres predica-
ores." Baker's History of S. John's College, ed. Mayor, p. 25.]
il] foundation of colleges. xxix
CHAPTER II.
Hlstorical sketch of the foundations of Colleges at
Oxford and Cambridge ; and of the Community for
WHICH they were INTENDED.
Monasteries and Chapters had been accustomed from an
early period to send docile students of their body to reside in
some University, maintaining them there for a stated number of
years, and then supplying their place with others. Pope Honorius
III. (1216 — 27) enjoined this practice, and to encourage it per-
mitted students of theology residing in a University to retain
the rents of their prebends and benefices for five }'ears\ But
Alan Basset's bequest of 200 marks to the University of Oxford
in 1233, for the maintenance of two chaplains, is the earliest
recorded instance of such practical assistance to learning. His
executors conveyed the money to the Priory of Burcester^ or
Bessetor, in the county of Oxford, " to the end that they accord-
ing to their discretions should manage it for the use of the
University," and, certain lands having been bought with it, the
brethren " obliged themselves to pay from thence eight marks at
two terms in the year to two Chaplains or Scholars of the
University of Oxford, or elsewhere, Jibi stndinin fucrit iniivcr-
sitaiis in Ajiglia, to the end that they should pray for the souls
of the said Alan and his wife and all the faithful deceased, on
certain days that were to be appointed ^" This liberality was
paralleled by William de Kilkenny, Bishop of Ely, who, dying in
1256, left a similar sum in trust to Barnwell Priory for the
support of two priests studying theology in the University of
Cambridge, who were to pray for his soul and to receive annually
1 [The Bull of Pope Honorius granting this permission is quoted in the Decretals
of Pope Gregory IX., printed in Corpus luris Canonici, fol. Antwerp, 1648, p. 248.]
"^ Burcester, a priory of Austin Canons, had been founded in 1 182 by Gilbert Basset,
Baron of Hedingdon. He died 1203. Dugdale, Mon. Angl. vi. 432.
^ [The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford : By Anthony a
Wood; ed. Gutch, 1792, i. 232. Kennett (Parochial Antiquities, 4to, Oxford, 1695,
p. 212) places Basset's death in 1233, ten years earlier than Wood ; and concludes
(ibid. p. 213) that from this period the SchoUc Burcestrienscs began.]
XXX INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
ten marks from the priory \ Before this last date, in 1249,
WiUiam of Durham had bequeathed 3 10 marks to the University
of Oxford
" to the end that with the revenues issuing thence ten or eleven or
twelve Masters, or more, should be sustained and relieved in the
Schools of Oxford. The executors delivered the said sum thereupon
to the Chancellor and Masters of the University, that they might
dispose of it according to his will ; the which, after they had received,
they lent it out to Scholars upon pledges given in, and use paid at
the return thereof, to the end that with the interest the said number of
Masters might be sustained'."
[The University put out part of this money upon loan, and
invested part of it in houses, of which purchases were made in
1253, 1255, 1263. In one of these four Masters were subse-
quently established, and out of this establishment a college
subsequently grew ; but the manner in which that employment
of the bequest was brought about clearly shews that no idea of
its possible future development in such a direction presented
itself to the minds of those who recommended it in the first
instance.
In the course of the year 1280 a document, endorsed (in
a later hand) " Statutes of the great Hall of the University, or
Statutes for William of Durham's scholars^," was ordered to be
sealed with the University Seal. This document takes the form
of a report made by delegates appointed to inquire into the
bequest of William of Durham, and to make rules for its future
management. After detailing the use which has been made of
part of the bequest, into which we need not now enter, they
recommend the selection of four Masters, three of whom shall
receive fifty shillings in each year, and the fourth, who is to act
as bursar, and manage the property, fifty-five shillings. These
four Masters are to live together, and study theology, in
obedience to rules to be made by other delegates appointed by
^ Hare, Vol. i. Baker, History of S. John's College, ed. Mayor, p. 21.
Bentham's Ely, p. 149.
- [Wood ; History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University
of Oxford : ed. Gutch, 1786, p. 40. Anstey : Munimenta Academica, Rolls Series,
p. x.xix.]
^ [These statutes are printed by Anstey, iit supra, pp. 780 — 783.]
II.] MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD. xxxi
the Chancellor.] The name University Hall, given to this house
as soon as it was purchased, and even before the Masters
removed into it, has adhered to the Society, though in the now
altered form University College, from the beginning to the
present time, notwithstanding various attempts to call the
college by the founder's name. The purchase of the present
site, it must be remembered, was not begun until about fifty
years afterwards, and the scholars were not transferred to their
new abode until about 1343.
The collegiate system, as described in the previous chapter,
that is, an incorporated body of men living together, as dis-
tinguished from students living apart in lodgings, the rent of
which happens to be paid for them by some benefactor, was
really inaugurated by Walter de Merton\ a man of property
and influence, Lord High Chancellor of England, and after-
wards Bishop of Rochester. It must not, however, be supposed
that the w^hole system assumed, at its first invention, the shape
with which we are familiar. Merton devoted more than twelve
years to the elaboration of plans for his college, during which
period they were constantly changing, and he died in 1277,
three years after their completion, when he could not have
been less than seventy years of age. His plans therefore
represent the matured views to which he had been led by the
experience of a long and busy life.
The first charter, and the first body of statutes, for the
"House of scholars of Merton" are dated 1264; but the
provisions set forth in these documents are developed from a
previous scheme of uncertain date, by which he assigned his
manor of Maiden in Surrey, with other manors, for the support
of his eight nephews, who are described as pursuing a course of
University study (/;/ scholis degentcs), under a rule {prdiiiatio)
prescribed by himself
The foundation of 1264 is for a Warden, twenty scholars, two
(or three) ministers of the altar, and certain serving-men, who are
designated simply brethren {fmtirs), but whose number is not
^ [The following account is borrowed in the main from a Sketch of the Life of
Walter de Merton, by Edmund [Hobhouse], Bishop of Nelson, New Zealand.
Oxford, 1859. See also Skelton's Pietas Oxoniensis, or, Records of Oxford
Founders, 4to, Oxford, ib;28.J
xxxu
INTRODUCTION, [CHAP.
specified. It is expressly stated that the scholars might pursue
their studies at Oxford, or at any other University\
These two forms of Merton's first foundation closely resembled
those which we have just mentioned. The distance of the house
from Oxford, upwards of 50 miles, effectually precluded the
scholars from residing in it when pursuing their studies at that
University ; while the provision that they might, if they pleased,
study at another, shews that it must have been intended rather
as a source of revenue than a place of abode. In fact, " the
statutes of 1264 exhibit to us an institution divided in locality,
the head with the oeconomical and ecclesiastical part of the body
living in one place, in the country ; the academical in another,
where its academical functions could be effectively pursued'''."
In the following year, 1265, Mcrton began to acquire property
in Oxford, and by the end of 1267 had become the possessor of
the whole site of the college as at present constituted, with the
appropriation of the parish churches of S. John Baptist and
S. Peter's in the East. In 1270 he "issued his statutes afresh,
for the purpose of ratifying in time of peace the disposition of
his^estates which he had made in time of civil war {tempore per-
tm'bationis Anglic), and for the sake of adding nevvly acquired
property, and increasing the number of his scholars ; but he
does not mention any change of locality'V
This change was not made until the final code of statutes
was published in 1274, in the preface to which he confirms the
foundation of " the House, which I directed to be called the
House of scholars of Merton," and assigns to it a local
habitation in Oxford, where the name is to be perpetuated, and
where the scholars are to remain for ever'*.
' [The words thus translated are " viginti scholarium in scholis degentiuni Ox-
oniK, vel alibi ubi studium vigere contigerit." Commiss. Uocts. (Oxford), Vol. i.
Statutes of Merton College, p. 5. J
2 [Sketch, etc. p. 17.] •* [Ibid. 18.]
■* [The following note on the date of the Merton College Statutes was supplied by
the late Henry Bradshaw, M.A.: "It should be mentioned that a copy of these
statutes of 1274 exists at Merton College (.Sketch, etc. p. 32), and in an early
Register of the Bishops of Lincoln in the Library of the University of Cambridge,
in both cases dated from London, 1267. That at the College has attached to it
Merton's seal as Bishop of Rochester, which he was not until the autumn of 1274.
The most likely explanation seems to be that an x has dropped out from the date,
and that for 1267 we ought to read 1277. Under this view the document becomes
II.] MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD. xxxiii
In this rapid enumeration of the collegiate foundations we
have no room to examine in detail the educational intentions of
the different founders ; but, as Merton's statutes — the Rule of
Merton {irgiila i>icrtonensis) as it came to be called — served as
the model for so many subsequent statutes, it will be well to
give the summary of Merton's intentions which we find in Bishop
Hobhouse's sketch of his life :
" Our founder's purpose I conceive to have been to secure for his
own order in the Church, for the secular priesthood, the academical
benefits which the religious orders were so largely enjoying, and to this
end I think all his provisions are found to be consistently framed.
He borrowed from the monastic institutions the idea of an aggre-
gate body living by common rule, under a common head, provided
with all things needful for a corporate and perpetual life, fed by its
secured endowments, fenced from all external interference, except that
of its lawful patron ; but, after borrowing thus much, he differenced his
institudon by giving his beneficiaries quite a distinct employment, and
keeping them free from all those perpetual obligations which consti-
tuted the essence of the religious life.
His beneficiaries are from the first designated as Scolares in scholis
degenUs ; their employment was study, not what was technically called the
religious life. * * * He forbad his scholars ever to take vows, they were
to keep themselves free of every other institution, to enter no one else's
obseqitium. He looked forward to their going forth to labour m seculo,
and acquiring preferment and property. * * * Study being the function
of the inmates of his house, their time was not to be taken up by ritual
or ceremonial duties, for which special chaplains were appointed ;
neither was it to be bestowed on any handicrafts, as in some monastic
orders. Voluntary poverty was not enjoined, though poor circum-
stances were a qualification for a fellowship. No austerity was re-
quired, though contentment with simple fare was enforced as a duty,
and the system of enlarging the number of inmates according to the
means of the house was framed to keep the allowance to each at the
very moderate rate which the founder fixed.
The proofs of the founder's design to benefit the Church through
a better-educated secular priesthood, are to be found, not in the letter
of his statutes, but in the tenor of their provisions, especially as to
studies, in the direct averments of some of die subsidiary documents,
in the fact of his providing Church patronage as part of his system,
and in the readiness of prelates and chapters to grant him impropria-
tions of the rectorial endowments of the Church' ."
While Merton was slowly maturing his educational intentions,
John de Balliol, the father of the King of Scotland, had main-
merely a later exemplification of the Statutes which received his approval in the interval
between his election and his consecration as Bishop."]
^ [Sketch, etc. pp. 21, 22.]
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
tained by exhibitions certain poor scholars at Oxford, and
intended also to have procured a habitation for them, but,
dying almost suddenly in 1269, gave on his deathbed a charge
to his wife and executors to carry out his desires. She hired a
house for the scholars, whom she designates simply "our scholars
iscolarcs uostri)," and, in 1282, gave them a short body of
statutes. Soon afterwards, having purchased the site of the
present Balliol College, she removed them into the buildings
which then occupied a part of it, and which she had enlarged for
their reception. Their number appears to have been sixteen
until 1340, when Sir Philip Somerville added six. In the
preamble to his statutes the " Hall or House of Scholars of
Balliol {aula sive domiis dc Balliolo in Oxonia)" is first mentioned.
About the same time that this foundation was in progress,
Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, was endeavouring to give to
the University of Cambridge the benefit of the system so happily
established by Merton twenty years previously. His mode of
proceeding was not fortunate. Iri his own words, he attempted
" to introduce into the dwelling-place of the secular brethren of
his Jiospital of S. John studious scholars living according to
the rule of the scholars of Oxford called of Merton'," an un-
palatable change of system which led to unappeasable dis-
sensions between the brethren and the scholars, and compelled
the Bishop, in 1284, after three years trial, to separate his
scholars from the Hospital, and to establish them independently
in two hostels {hospitid) next to the Church of S. Peter (now
S. Mary the Less), outside Trumpington gate'^, whence the name
Peterhouse {cioiims scholariuni sancti Petri), which the college
bore from the beginning^. This house or college so founded,
the Bishop endowed and partly set in order as far as his means
allowed, but not so fully as he had proposed, had not the
^ [These words are quoted in the letters patent of King Edward the First, dated
24 December, 1280, authorising the settlement of the Scholars in the Hospital.
Commiss. Docts. ii. p. i.]
^ [Letters patent of Bishop Hugh de Balsham, dated 31 March, 1284, recited
in a similar document issued by the King, 28 May, 1285, authorising the removal of
the scholai"s to their new home. Commiss. Docts. ii. p. i.]
* The founder called it " Domus Sancti Petri, seu Aula Scholarium Episcopi
Eliensis": Ancient Statutes of Peterhouse, dated 1344. Commiss. Docts. ii. 7.
Bentham's Ely, p. 150.
II.] GLOUCESTER HOUSE, OXFORD. XXXV
common lot of mortality cut short his plans. On his deathbed
he bequeathed to his scholars certain books, and 300 marks for
erecting new buildings ; but this sum was only sufficient to
purchase an enlarged site, and it was long before they acquired
sufficient additional endowments to complete the establishment
of the college, which at the death of the founder was barely
able to provide a slender maintenance for fourteen scholars and
a Master. The commissioners of King Henry VIII. found that
the community consisted of a Master, fifteen fellows, two bible-
clerks, eleven poor scholars, and six servants, making a total of
thirty-five persons.
More than forty years elapsed at Cambridge before the
example of Hugh de Balshara was followed by the next succeed-
ing foundation of Michaelhouse, and in the meantime we may
turn to Oxford, where, in 1283, John Gififard "instituted a
nursery and mansion place" for thirteen student-monks of the
Benedictine Abbey of S. Peter at Gloucester. Eight years after,
in 1 29 1, he was induced to enlarge his grant of land to admit of
the erection of a general monastic college for the student-monks
of all the Benedictine abbeys in England.
" Upon which gift they celebrating the same year a general chapter
at Abingdon, appointed awarders and overseers concerning the building,
and, after an equal tax raised from them, built several lodgings here,
with the help of private persons assisting the same work, and divided
(though all for the most part adjoining to each other) by particular
roofs, partitions, and various forms of structure, and known from each
other, like so many colonies and tribes, * * *, by arms and rebuses
that are depicted and cut in stone over each door. * * *
What abbies then sent their monks to be trained up here, were,
St Peter's in Glocester, Glastenbury, and St Alban's, whose arms are
over the outward gate ; Tavestock, Burton, and Chertesey abbies ;
Coventry, Evesham, and Einsham, St Edmondsbury and Winchcombe
abbies ; Abbotesbury, Michelney, Malmesbury, Rochester, and Norwich
abbies. * * *
Many other abbies and priories in England of this Order, con-
taining almost three parts of them, resorted hither, and the remainder
went to Cambridge, where they had a particular habitation for them-
selves, re-editied in the 11 of Hen. VIII. [1519 — 20] by Edward
Staftbrd, Duke of Buckingham, and called for some time Buckingham
College * * * ; both which, as well this here at Oxon, as that at
Cambridge, entertained two or three novices, sometimes more, of the
said abbies ; according to the number and greatness of them, who
maintained them till they were graduated, and then to return to their
XXXVl
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
monasteries, to read and teach their brethren, and others sent in their
places'."
The community was governed by a prior, elected in the
first instance by the founder, and subsequently by the students.
The buildings, of which a portion still survive as Worcester
College, appear to have been arranged, at least after a time, in
quadrangular form, and mention is made of a hall, chapel, and
library. The latter, on the south side of the chapel, was built,
and stocked with books, at the sole charge of John Wetham-
stede, Abbot of S. Albans 1420 — 40. It "contained on each
side five or more divisions, as it may be partly seen to this day
by the windows thereof^" The Benedictine Abbeys, as enume-
rated above, continued to send their students to this house until
the dissolution of monasteries. The Abbey of Durham did not
join the association, for at about the same time they acquired
ground in Oxford, and began the erection of a place of study
{stndiiun) for themselves, which eventually rose to great im-
portance under the name of Durham College, as will be related
below, when we come to the general establishment of monastic
colleges in the reign of King Edward III.
In the seventh year of King Edward II., Walter de Staple-
don, Bishop of Exeter, obtained a licence in mortmain (10
May, 1 3 14), to assign a messuage in Oxford called, from a
former possessor, Hertford Hall, or briefly, Hert Hall, to twelve
scholars from his own diocese. In the statutes given by the
Bishop in 13 16, the scholars are called Scholars of the Hall of
Stapeldon Halle ; and it is expressly provided that in case of
their removal to another site, this name is always to be given to
their House. The removal took place in less than two years
after the first foundation, when they were transferred to S.
Stephen's Hall on the present site; but, notwithstanding the
founder's injunctions, the House soon came to be called Exeter
Hall, and, subsequently, Exeter College, a name which was
legally conferred upon it by the charter of incorporation of
Queen Elizabeth, 22 March, 1566. The statutes of 13 16 re-
cognise thirteen scholars instead of twelve. One of these is to
study Theology or Canon Law, the remainder Philosophy. The
1 [Dugdale, Mon. Angl. iv. 403—406.]
- [Wood, ap. Dugdale, ut sttpra, p. 405.]
II.] queen's college, oxford. xxxvi
Principal, here called Rector, is to be elected annually by the
scholars \
King Edward II. himself supported scholars at Cambridge,
the earliest notice of which occurs in a writ, in French, addressed
to the sheriff of Cambridge in the tenth year of his reign, 7 July,
13 17, commanding him to pay certain sums for commons, house-
rent, etc. to "our dear clerks, John de Baggeshote and twelve
other children of our chapel at the University of Cambridgel"
This benefaction was subsequently developed into King's Hall,
as will be related below.
In the seventeenth year of this king's reign, 20 April, 1324,
his almoner, Adam de Brom, obtained licence to found "a college
of scholars studying diverse sciences, to be managed and ruled
over by a Rector chosen by the said scholars, under the name of
the Rector of the House of scholars of S. Mary of Oxford."
These scholars, of which the number is not mentioned, were to
be "studying and conversant in divinity and logic." In the
following year, 1325, the founder surrendered his house to the
king, with the request that it might be by him " so ordered as
he should think fit." Letters patent were accordingly issued,
23 May, 1326, confirming the foundation, and giving statutes.
The society was to consist of a Provost and ten scholars, who
were to study Divinity. Three of their number might study
Canon Law, with permission of the rest, or even Civil Law for a
limited period, with the view of becoming thereby better qua-
lified for the study of Canon Law. The founder became the
first Provost I The scholars were first settled in a tenement
purchased by the founder, called "Tackley's Inn," but afterwards,
1 [This account of the foundation of Exeter College is derived to a certain extent
from Wood, History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls, etc. pp. 104, 640;
but more particularly from the Statutes, printed in 1855, for the use of Her Majesty's
Commissioners, and from the Register of Exeter College, by the Rev. C. W.
Boase, Oxford, 1879. ^o'" these two volumes I am indebted to the kindness of
Mr Boase.]
- [This document, unfortunately imperfect, is printed in Commiss. Docts. i. p. 66.]
3 [Wood, lit supra, p. 122. Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i., Statutes of Oriel
College, pp. 5, 6. Dr Ingram suggests (Memorials, Oriel College, p. 5) that "the
title of Provost {PrcFpositus) was perhaps given to Adam de Brom because he was
already Rector of S. Mary's Church. The titles appear to have been' convertible,
for Dr Hawkesworth, the third Provost, whose memorial on a brass plate is still
legible in S. Mary's chancel, is there styled" Prtepositus hujus ecclesie."]
XXXviii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
in 1329, removed to a large messuage, bestowed on them by King
Edward III. in the first year of his reign, called "La Oriole,"
whence the house obtained the name. Oriel College.
The second college in Cambridge was founded by Hervey de
Stanton, Rector of East Dereham and North Creake in Norfolk,
Canon of York and Wells, and Chancellor of the Exchequer to
King Edward II. ; a man therefore of property and influence,
who may be compared with Walter de Merton both in these
respects, and in the prudent care with which he prepared and
perfected his foundation. [Like Merton, he began by purchas-
ing the advowson of the parish church of S. Michael, with the
ground to which it was attached ; and, in the next place, a
house ^ which was probably large enough, without much alteration,
to contain the seven scholars of the first foundation, with their
master. These purchases were made in September, 1323, and
March, 1323 — 24. The statutes are dated 27 September in the
latter year, on which day the college was solemnly opened.
Accounts of these ceremonies have so rarely been preserved,
that it will be interesting to translate the narrative drawn up,
apparently from a contemporary record, by the compiler of the
cartulary of Michael House called the Otryngham Book^ After
relating the purchase of the site, as above mentioned, and the
acquisition of licences of foundation from the king and the
Bishop of Ely, the chronicler proceeds :
" In the next place, having first obtained the licence of our lord
the King, and subsequently the assent of the Bishop and Chapter of
Ely,... in the year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and twenty-
four, and in the eighteenth year of the reign of King Edward, son to
King Edward, that is to say Edward the Second, on the fifth day
before the calends of October, he founded, in the aforesaid messuage,
and regulated for all future time, a house of scholars of S. Michael,
in honour of the most exalted and undivided Trinity, Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit ; of Mary, Mother of God ; S. Michael the Archangel ;
and All Saints. This house or college he willed should be called the
House of scholars of S. Michael at Cambridge.
On the day and year aforesaid, the said Hervey Stanton, our lord
and founder, being personally present in the said house, made choice
of two honourable men, of wide learning, who had been ordained
1 [A full account of the site and buildings of Michael House will be found in
the History of Trinity College, Vol. ii. pp. 394 — 402. See also Vol. ni. p. 489.]
- [This book is described in the Appendix to the History of Trinity College,
Vol. II. p. 669.]
II.] MICHAEL HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE. xxxix
priests, namely Mr Robert de Mildennale, bachelor in Theology, and
Mr Thomas de Kenyngham Master of Arts, whom he made swear on
the word of God that they would select five other men of good moral
character, learned, and moreover indigent; who were regents in Arts',
or were at least bachelors in the same faculty.
These two persons therefore selected four priests : Mr Walter de
Buxton, Mr Henry de Langham, Domirms Thomas de Trumpishaghe,
Dominus Edmund de Mildenale ; and, besides them, Mr Roger de
Honyng then actually a regent.
In the persons of these seven men, therefore, specially called
together, and set in the presence of the aforesaid founder, and expressly
consenting thereunto, the said lord and founder founded the aforesaid
house, as has been said, and estabhshed it with all possible security.
On the same day the elders of the whole University having been
summoned and assembled in the hall of the aforesaid college or house,
together with the elders of the whole town of Cambridge, whose names
are written at the end of the narrative of the foundation of the said
house, public notification was made of the aforesaid election and
foundation, by the founder himself in person ; and he there exhibited
the act of our lord the King, of the Bishop of Ely, and of the chapter
of the same place, in virtue of which he was enabled to bring about
the congregation or college, which has been described above.
Moreover on the same day, in the presence of all the aforesaid
persons, the same lord and founder advanced the said Mr Walter de
Buxton to the office of master of the house, (the votes of the fellows
having been taken before the election was declared); and without delay
caused certain statutes to be publicly read in the presence of the afore-
said reverend persons."]
This "House of scholars, chaplains, and others," as it is
termed in the statutes, was founded for persons of more advanced
age than those which had preceded it ; for every .scholar on
admission was to be priest and Master of Arts — and no one
could be ordained priest until he had attained his 25th year — or
at least a Bachelor of Arts, and, if so, bound to proceed to the
degree of Master, and to apply himself subsequently to the study
of Theology^. In after years the number of the inmates of the
house was slightly increased, and when the Commissioners of
King Henry VHI. visited it in 1545 — 46, they found a Master,
eight fellows, three chaplains, four bible-clerks, and four ser-
vants, making a total of twenty persons^
^ [That is, M. A. under five years standing.]
^ [The statutes, in which these provisions occur, are printed in Mr Mullinger's first
work, pp. 640 — 645. They are analysed by him with great ability, pp. 234 — ^236.]
^ [This is the number given in the detailed account of the College (Commiss.
Docts. i. 120) ; in the summary (ibid. 292), it is raised to 21. J
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP,
In less than two years after this carefully prepared and well
considered foundation had been thus publicly established, the
University of Cambridge, in its corporate capacity, obtained a
royal licence, 20 February, 1326, to settle a body of scholars
{colleginni scolarium) in two houses in Milne Street \ — as the street
which then ran, parallel to High Street, from what is now Queens'
College to the back-gate of Trinity College, was then called, —
and by a subsequent document, dated 15 July, 1326, Richard
de Badew, then Chancellor of the University, and the whole Senate
icetns uiagistroruin ibidem rcgeiitiinn), declared that the house
had been so founded, and the two messuages aforesaid assigned
to it^ The house thus constituted was called University Hall,
like the foundation established out of the bequest of William of
Durham in the sister University; but it was not successful, and,
after languishing for about twelve years, the same Richard de
Badew, by a deed dated 6 April, 1338, in which he styles himself
"Founder, Patron, and Advocate of the House called the Hall of
the University of Cambridge," granted all his rights and titles
therein to the Lady Elizabeth de Burgo (daughter of Gilbert de
Clare), who refounded it, and supplied the endowments which it
had previously lacked. In her statutes she fixes the number of
scholars at twenty, including the Master, provided the revenues
prove sufficient; but the Commissioners of King Henry VIII.
found that the community then consisted of a Master, twelve
fellows, four bible-clerks, one scholar, and five servants,
making a total of twenty-three persons^ Lady Clare changed
the name from University Hall to Clare House {Donnis de
Clare); but as early as 1346 we find it styled Clare Hall*, a name
which it bore until it was changed to Clare College, 15 January,
1856, by a resolution of the Master and fellows. In this foun-
dation, as at Michael House, it was provided by the statutes that
six of the full number of fellows and scholars should be in
^ [The licence (printed in Commiss. Docts. ii. p. 117) gives permission "Cancellario
et Universitati Cantebrigg' quod ipsi quoddam collegium Scolarium in universitate
predicta de novo statuei^e et ordinare, et ilia duo mesuagia que iidem Cancellarius
et universitas habent in vico qui vocatur Milnestretc.eisdem scolaribus ad inliabi-
tandum dare et assignare possint."]
'- [MSS. Baker, ii. 169. MSS. Harl. Mus. Brit. 7029.]
3 [Commiss. Docts. ii. p. 129; i. p. 264. In the summary (p. 292) the number
rises to 28.] {* Ibid. ii. pp. 118, 121.]
II.] king's hall, CAMBRIDGE. xli
priests' orders ; and that every newly elected fellow should
be either a Bachelor of Arts, or of standing to take that degree.
In the year before the re-foundation of Clare Hall, King
Edward III., who had continued his royal father's benevo-
lence by supporting scholars at Cambridge, and had increased
their number, issued his charter, dated 7 October, 1337, for the
perpetuation of this bounty by the foundation of a college of
thirty-two scholars, to dwell together under the government of a
Warden (custos), in the house which he had purchased of Robert
de 'Croyland, and which was to be called the King's Hall of
Scholars, or King's HalP. This was the largest foundation
which had been hitherto attempted in Cambridge, and the
provisions of the statutes exhibit a closer resemblance to modern
collegiate education than those of the preceding foundations,
especially as regards the age of the scholars. These statutes
were given by King Richard II., in 1380, forty-three years
after the foundation, but we may presume that he ratified,
in most particulars, the custom which had grown up in the
interval. Each scholar, on admission, was to be at least fourteen
years old, and of sufficient proficiency in grammar to study
Logic or any other faculty which the Warden might, after
examination, select for him ; but, after having once chosen a
faculty, he might not change it for another without the Warden's
leave. No limitation of study is anywhere prescribed ; but, as
might be expected from the age of the scholars, diligence is
much insisted upon, and minute directions are given enjoining
sobriety in dress and demeanour.
This "King's Hall of Scholars" at Cambridge was imme-
diately followed by the foundation of the "Queen's Hall of
Scholars" at Oxford, by Robert de Eglesfield, chaplain to
Philippa, Queen of Edward III. The name which he gave
to his college was selected for the mere purpose of placing
it under the patronage of the queen, and thus establishing a
claim upon the royal bounty. The purchase of certain tenements
having been effected in the course of the year 1340, a royal
charter was obtained in January, 1340 — 41, and the establish-
ment of the society, then consisting of a Provost and twelve
1 [The site and buildings of King's Hall are fully described in the History of
Trinity College, Vol. il. pp. 420 — 463.]
VOL. I. P-
xlii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
scholars, in one of the said tenements, probably a house called
Temple Hall, was efifected without delay. The statutes are said
to have been given in 1340, but they can hardly have been
promulgated before the formal foundation of the House. The
founder's object was to establish a Hall for the study of Theology.
Hence all his scholars, who were to be Masters of Arts, were
ultimately to be admitted to priests' orders. His statutes are
elaborate, voluminous, and full of mystical allusions developing
with poetic fancy the details of a large and complex establish-
ment, which he professes himself wholly without means to
carry out.
"According to the imaginative fashion of the times, he wishes his
foundation to resemble, as nearly as possible, in outward appearance,
the institution of the first preachers of Christianity. Hence the original
number of the Provost and Fellows was to be thirteen, in memory of
Christ and the twelve Apostles ; and the ultimate number of poor boys
[was not to exceed seventy], in memory of the Seventy Disciples. Hence
the Doctors among the Fellows were to wear crimson robes at dinner and
supper 'for the sake of conformity to the Lord's Blood'; hence thirteen
beggars, deaf, dumb, maimed, and blind, were to be introduced daily
into the hall, and have, at the common expense, bread, beer, potage,
and fish, in order to remind the Fellows of the passion, love, poverty,
and humility, of Christ. Hence on Maunday Thursday thirteen beggars
were to eat in the presence of the Fellows, and were to receive from the
Provost and Fellows vestments, and from the hands of the Fellows the
grace-cup in imitation of Him who on that day gave his blood in
the cup to his disciples. Hence, probably, the injunction that the
Provost and Fellows were to sit at table all on one side, as in pic-
tures of the Last Supper, and (apparently from some mystical reason),
they are to be convened to dinner and supper by the sound of a
trumpet'."
No other college was founded in Oxford during the reign
of King Edward HL, but four arose in rapid succession at
Cambridge : Pembroke Hall, Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall, and
Corpus Christi House. In fact, although five years intervene
between the charter-dates of the first and last of these, all four
were planned and carried forwards simultaneously.
Pembroke Hall, at first named the "Hall of Valence Marie,"
was founded by a rich and noble lady, Mary de Saint Paul,
daughter of Guy, Count of Chatillon and Saint Paul, and
' [Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners (Oxford), 1852, p. ■202.]
II.] PEMBROKE COLLEGE, GONVILLE HALL, CAMBRIDGE. xlHi
related through her mother^ to King Edward III. She had
married Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, in 1321, but,
becoming a widow in less than three years afterwards^ she
retired from the world, and gave her estates to pious works, of
which this college, and the nunnery of Denny Abbey near
Cambridge, are examples. The royal licence of foundation for
the former, granted 24 December, 1347^, is for a Master and
thirty or more scholars. She actually founded fifteen, with four
bible-clerks^ In the previous year, 14 September, 1346, she had
obtained the first portion of the site, and, during her survival of
thirty years, spared no expense or pains to obtain papal privi-
leges, ecclesiastical endowments, and increased space, for her
college".
In a month after the licence for Pembroke Hall had been
obtained, a similar one was granted, 28 January, 1347 — 48, to
Edmund Gonville, Rector of Terrington, and Rushworth, in
Norfolk, for the foundation of a college of twenty scholars in dia-
lectics and other sciences^ He had bought three tenements and
a garden in Free School Lane, then called Lurteburgh Lane, in
the previous year", and having given to his intended college the
name of the "Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin,"
popularly denominated Gonville Hall, settled a Master and four
fellows therein®; but, dying in 135 1, left the completion of his
design to his executor William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich.
Bateman was at that time engaged with his own foundation of
the "Hall of "Holy Trinity," commonly called Trinity Hall, for
1 [Her mother was daughter to Beatrice, daughter to King Henry the Third, and
therefore great-aunt to King Edward the Third.]
^ Tire pretty tradition given by Caius (Hist. Cantab. Acad. p. 58), and copied by
Parker, Fuller, and others, which slays her husband at a tournament on the bridal day,
and makes her virgin, wife, and widow in the same morning, has no historical founda-
tion. Her husband died on a mission to the Court of France, 27 June, 1324, and was
buried in Westminster Abbey. Le Keux, ed. Cooper, i. 50.
^ Commiss. Docts. ii. 189.
■* Ibid. i. 141. The Commissioners of King Henry the Eighth enumerate 29
persons: viz. a master, 15 fellows, 4 bible-clerks, and 5 servants.
^ [History of Pembroke College, Vol. i. Chapter L]
^ Commiss. Docts. ii. 213.
<■ [The site of Gonville Hall is fully described in the Histoiy of Corpus Christi
College, Vol. i. p. 243.]
^ [Caius, Hist. Cantab. Acad. p. 64.]
xliv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
scholars of Canon and Civil Law. In January, 1350, he issued
his statutes, and in the following month (23 February, 1350)
obtained a royal licence, addressed to "the Master, Fellows, and
Scholars of the Holy Trinity," authorising them "to buy houses,
hostels, and a site suitable for their dwelling." This document,
which speaks of the collegiate body as already incorporated,
must clearly have been preceded by the usual licence of founda-
tion. In the same year he purchased, from the Chapter of Ely,
a considerable portion of the site\ Moreover, between October,
1350, and January, 135 i — 52, he succeeded in appropriating to
his college the churches of Brynyngham, Wood Dallyng, and
Stallam, in Norfolk, and of Cowlyng in Sufifolkl His plan com-
prised a Master, twenty fellows, and three scholars, but, like
Edmund Gonvillc, he died unexpectedly, at Avignon, 6 January,
1354 — 55, of poison, as it was believed ^ leaving his establish-
ment immature, and with only funds for the maintenance of
a Master, three fellows, and three scholars. These were
augmented by subsequent benefactors, and in 1545 — 46, the
community consisted of a Master, ten fellows, seven scholars,
and five servants, making a total of twenty-three*.
Before his death he had made progress in settling the founda-
tion of Gonville Hall. He began by removing it, in 1353, from
the neighbourhood of Corpus Christi House to the present site
next to his own college, which had belonged to the former
society, but which they gladly exchanged for one that enabled
them to extend their own boundaries^ The Bishop altered the
tenements that stood on this new site to fit them for the re-
ception of Gonville's Fellows, and appropriated to the college the
' [Described in the History of Trinity Hail, Vol. i. Chapter I.]
" [Commiss. Docts. ii. 407 — 413.]
•' [Warren, in his MS. account of Trinity Hall (described below, p. 237), states that
Bishop Bateman "was buried in the Cathedral of Avignon. Search was made for his
tomb, and even for a record of his burial in 1740, but nothing was found." App.
cxxxvn. The story of the supposed poisoning is given by the same writer, App.
XLIII.]
■* Commiss. Docts. i. 157. [The summary, p. 292, makes the total 26.]
^ [By an agreement, called Compositio de Amicabililate, between the Hall of
the Annunciation and Trinity Hall, dated 17 September, 1353, it was agreed that
precedence should be allowed to the scholars of Trinity Hall on all public occasions
" tamquam fratres primogeniti et prestanciores," except when any member of Gonville
Hall took a superior degree. MSS. Baker xxix. 279.]
II.] CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. xlv
rectories of Mutford, Foulden, and Wilton, in Norfolk, the
advowsons of which had been purchased out of their funds ; but
the funds remaining were only sufficient to maintain three
fellows with the Master. Eight other fellowships had been
added by successive benefactors before 1545 — 46. At that time
the community consisted of 2^ persons.
The House of Corpus Christi was projected between 1342
and 1346 by the members of a gild of that name. During that
period they began the formation of a site in the lane now called
Free School Lane, next to Gonville Hall'. Shortly afterwards,
they were joined in their scheme by the members of the gild of
S. Mary, and in 1352 (7 November), through the good offices
of Henry Duke of Lancaster, the king's cousin, who had accepted
the office of Alderman of the united gilds on Corpus Christi Day
in that year, they obtained a royal licence "to found a house
of scholars, chaplains, and others, to be called the House of
scholars of Corpus Christi and Blessed Mary, and to be governed
by a Master according to the rule iordinacio) prescribed by the
said Alderman and brethren"." The first body of statutes, drawn
up in 1350, is probably the rule here referred to^ They were
copied in the main " from those of Michael House, some
passages being reproduced verbatim. It is required that the
scholars shall one and all be in priests' orders, and shall have
lectured in arts or philosophy, or at least be scholars in either
civil or canon law or in arts, intending to devote themselves to
the study of theology or of the canon law, the number of those
devoting themselves to the last named faculty being restricted
to four*." The community at first consisted of a Master and
two scholars, with two servants, the revenues not being sufficient
for the support of more. Other scholarships were added gradu-
ally, and in 1545 — 46 fifteen persons were maintained, viz. a
Master, nine fellows, three bible-clerks, and two servants^
This college was therefore projected, and the clearance of
the site at least commenced, at about the same time as the first
1 [History of Corpus Christi College, Vol. i. Chapter I.]
- Commiss. Docts. ii. 445.
■^ [A second body of statutes was drawn up and confirmed in 1356. Masters,
pp. 15, 16.]
^ [Mullinger, lit supra, pp. 249, 250.]
•'' Commiss. Docts. i. 193. [The summary, p. 292, makes the total 17.]
xlvi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
purchase for the site of Pembroke Hall, viz. towards the end of
1346; and the designs of the four colleges must have been con-
ceived at about the same period. The dates of their respective
licences of foundation have determined their precedence in the
University in the order which I have followed in this history\
Having now noticed all the colleges set on foot down to the
end of the reign of King Edward HI., it will be convenient
to make a short digression on the subject of monastic colleges,
towards the establishment of which a great step was made
during his reign. The importance of providing education within
the precincts of monasteries^ both in England and on the conti-
nent, had engaged the attention of Popes and Councils from a
very early period, and the larger monasteries at least possessed
a Master {?nagisfer), whose duty it was to instruct the inmates
in Grammar, Logic, and Philosophy, or, as they were called, "the
primitive sciences," just as the secular Cathedral bodies had, for
the same purpose, their Aixhischola or Canccllariiis, the office from
which the Chancellor of the University derives his name. When
Universities came to be established, they were resorted to by
monks of the different orders, who, if they could not obtain the
hospitality of some convent, were obliged, like other students, to
reside in hired lodgings. The inconvenience of this close asso-
ciation of regulars with seculars was soon recognised, and special
hostels for monks were established at the Universities of Paris,
Montpellier, Toulouse, Bologna, etc. We have already noticed
the similar foundation for Benedictine students at Oxford in
1287, called Gloucester House. It may be presumed that these
tentative establishments proved successful, for, early in the
following century, monastic colleges were organised on a definite
system by the constitutions promulgated in 1335, 1337, and
1339. by Pope Benedict XH. for the reform of the Cistercians,
^ [It has been explained above, that, in the case of Trinity Hall, this document has
not yet been discovered, but that it must have been issued before 23 February, 1350,
the date of the earliest licence which has been preserved. Again, as the statutes of
Trinity Hall are dated 15 January, 1350, they must have been written before the end
of 1349. The four colleges were therefore planned between the end of 1346 and
the end of 1349.]
^ On the whole subject of monastic education see Mabillon, Traite des Etudes
Monastiques, i2mo, Paris, 1691. Part I. Chap. xn.
II.] MONASTIC COLLEGES. xlvii
Benedictines, and Augustinians. In each of these codes, amongst
various other injunctions, the duty of sending docile scholars of
the Order to a University, and of maintaining them while there,
is strictly commanded, and enforced by rules. Every Benedic-
tine or Augustinian monastery was compelled to send students
to a University in the proportion of one to every twenty of their
total number, or more, if their custom had so ordained \ These
students were to live together with a fixed allowance, in the
monastic manner, five, or four at least, if Augustinians, and ten
if Benedictines. It is not clear whether by these rules it was
intended that all the monastic students from the dififerent monas-
teries were to be collected in one college, or whether it was only
meant that where the lesser monasteries furnished but one or two
students each, these should be grouped in different houses, so as
to make up the prescribed number in each. All, however, were
to be under the common rule of an officer elected annually,
called the prior of students ; and both at Oxford and Cambridge
we find, a century later, that they had a doctor in the respective
faculties of Theology and Canon Law, under whom the students
were to commence at the charge of the monastery to which they
belonged I
In the Cistercian constitutions, Paris is specified as their
University for France; Bologna for Italy; Salamanca for Spain;
and Oxford for England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. No
special Cistercian college was, however, established there until
1437, when Archbishop Chichele founded S. Bernard's College,
1 [The number of students to be sent is regulated by the 8th section of the Consti-
tutions of 1337, " De studentibus ad generalia studia mittendis": " Statuimus et
ordinamus, ut ecclesie, monasteria, prioratus, et alia loca hujusmodi, singula videlicet
eorum, cum suis membris inferius declarandis, de quolibet vicenario numero mona-
chorum unum aptum pro fructu majoris scientise adquirendo, ad generalia seu solennia
studia mittere teneantur, et quemlibet eorum mittendorum de infrascripta pension e
annua providere. Sic autem vicenarium numerum volumus computari, ut illi duntaxat
monachi numerum ipsum efficiant in hoc casu, qui sunt seu erunt in ecclesiis, monas-
teriis, vel locis principalibus, et in locis aliis eisdem monasteriis, ecclesiis, et locis
principalibus subjectis, habentibus octo monachos sive plures ; et hii solum cum
monachis ecclesiarum, monasteriorum, et locorum principaliuni hujusmodi in compu-
tatione ac missione hujusmodi conjugantur." Wilkins, ConciHa, 11. 585 — 613.]
2 Reyner, Appendix, p. 134. The provision of a Doctor, whose special duty it
was to teach the Benedictine students, appears first in the statutes of the Chapter held
at Northampton in 1444.
xlviii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
now part of S. John's College. Student-monks of the Cistercian
Order were maintained in it in the usual manner, by contribu-
tions from the different monasteries.
On the receipt of the papal injunctions, the Benedictines of
England held a provincial chapter at Northampton (in 1338) to
carry them out ; and this was followed by a series of such
meetings, apparently biennial. Detailed records of many of
these have been preserved, in which priors of students are
regularly elected, reports received concerning the manner in
which the several monasteries have sent students, and the delin-
quents fined and admonished \ The Oxford prior was appointed
immediately, but the corresponding official for Cambridge does
not make his appearance until the latter end of the century""*.
The purchase of a hostel at Cambridge for the student-monks
of Ely by John de Crawden about 1340, was an evident conse-
quence of this reform "l This hostel, however, was sold to Bishop
Bateman in I347^ and the monks were left to lodge in the
colleges, or in the town, until 1428, when for the first time a
general Benedictine hostel, afterwards called Buckingham Col-
lege, was established. [This foundation was due to the energetic
action of the prior of students for Cambridge at the chapters
held at Northampton in 1423 and 1426. "On the second day of
meeting," says the chronicler of the former assembly, "John de
Bardenay, prior of students for Cambridge, rose first, because the
prior of students for Oxford was engaged in important business
of his own, and set forth two propositions in a style not wholly
undeserving of praise." His first proposition related to the con-
duct of the Abbot of Colchester, who, without due excuse, had
1 [Reports of these chapters will be found in the Appendix to Reyner, Aposto-
latus Benedictinorum in Anglia, fol. 1626.]
" [The appointment of the Prior for Cambridge is directed in the statutes of a
chapter, undated, which are printed by Reyner, pp. 194 — 202. He explains in ^a
note, p. 202, that as the report of the chapter of 1343 shews that no such official then
existed, while in that of 1423, eighty years afterwards, he is present and speaks, the
undated statutes must belong to some chapter held between the two.]
"From the time of Prior Crowden, there was generally three or four of the Ely
Monks constantly residing at Cambridge, maintained there at the Convent expense,
and regularly took their Degrees ; after which they returned to the Convent, and others
were sent to supply their places : as appears from the Rot. Comput. remaining in the
Church." Bentham's Ely, p. 220. [John de Crawden, or Crowden, was Prior
1.321—41-] ^ [History of Trinity Hall, Vol. i. p. 210.]
II.] MONASTIC COLLEGES. xlix
kept the scholar belonging to his monastery away from the Uni-
versity for a whole year. In the second place, he drew the
attention of the assembly to "the desirability of removing certain
impediments to education ; and, above all, he earnestly appealed
to them to grant by special favour a considerable sum of money
to the students at Cambridge, with which a suitable hostel might
be bought, and, if a royal licence could be obtained, be assigned
to them as a dwelling\" At the second meeting, "John Sudbury,
prior of students in the University of Cambridge, delivered him-
self of a single supplication only; namely, that scholars of the
order in that University having been hitherto dispersed through
the town in the houses of the laity, whereby observance of their
Rule had been grievously weakened, and religion openly set at
nought, the President and the assembly might think proper to
purchase a piece of ground, on which the students, or their
superiors, might construct an edifice suitable for their common
habitation. At the close of the speech the President declared
himself in favour of a proposition so reasonable, and so conducive
to the honour and advantage of the Order^" The royal licence
which had been hoped for in 1423 was granted by King Henry
VI. in 1428 (7 July), in virtue of which the Benedictines of
Croyland were allowed to have assigned to them two messuages
in the parish of S. Giles in Cambridge, on condition " that all
monks of the order of S. Benedict, within our kingdom of
England, or elsewhere within our dominions, may dwell there
together while pursuing their University course {scolas exev-
ceiites), according to the regulations to be promulgated at a
general chapter of the Order^" On the site thus obtained,
now included in Magdalene College, the different Benedictine
monasteries built chambers for their students, as at Gloucester
House, Oxford.*] We learn from a Bull of Pope Sixtus IV.,
1 [Reyner, ut supra, Appendix, p. i 76.]
2 [Ibid. p. 187.]
* [This document, first discovered and translated by Cole (MS. xliv. 182), is
printed from his copy by Gough, History and Antiquities of Crowland Abbey,
Appendix, No. L. (Bibl. Top. Brit. Vol. m.); and translated in Cooper's Annals,
i. 178.]
^ [History of Magdalene College, Vol. Ii. pp. 351, 359 — 364. The following
rule, extracted from the thirteenth chapter of the statutes of 1343 (Reyner, ttt supra,
p. 163), explains the way in which the separate buildings of these monastic colleges
1 INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
dated 22 May, 148 1, that before this college was built, the monks
of Norwich had been in the habit of residing in Trinity Hall and
Gonville Hall, until hindered by the foundation of this general
hostel of the order, which compelled them to remove thither.
The Bull dispenses with the constitutions in their favour, and
allows them to continue to reside in the two colleges in question \
The Augustinians, being subject to the same constitutions as
the Benedictines, held similar chapters for sending students to
the Universities. It may be presumed that at Oxford their
students would be lodged in their Priory of S. Frideswide, until
the college of S. Mary was specially founded by Thomas Holden
in 1435, "for the reception of the novices of the order of S.
Augustinel" At Cambridge they had no special college, but,
were assigned: "Item cum iuxta constiUUionem Benedicti Papoe duodecimi, quaiilo
plures studentes potermit pariter, debeant convocari: decernimus ut Priores studen-
tium sic ordinent de cameris ac studiis in loco praedicto, quod ultra anni medietateva
non vacent, si qui nostri ordinis fuerint, qui voluerint occupare ; hoc tamen observato,
ut si quis de domo seu de monasterio, cujus sumptibus aliqua camera jedificata fuerit,
seu nobiliter reparata, illuc venerit ad studendum, hujus auctoritate statuti earn liljere
ingredi valeat, aut pacifice possidere. Teneatur etiam, quicunque earn prius occu-
paverat, absque difficultate et contradictione quacunque exire."]
1 The original Bull is apparently lost, but it is copied at length in the Annals of
Gonville and Caius College (vellum copy, p. 20). It is headed: "Bulla Sixti quarti
A". D"'. 1481. Quod liceat Monachis Norwicensibus studere in Collegio, non
obstante decreto ut omnes Monachi universitatis studeant in Collegio de Buckingham
quod hodie Collegium Magdalene dicitur." This heading was evidently written when
the Annals were composed by Dr Caius, or at least after the foundation of Magdalene
College. The Bull itself, addressed " Priori et Capellano Ecclesise Norwicensis
ordinis Sancti Benedicti," begins as follows: " Exhibita siquidem nobis pro parte
vestra petitio continebat quod olim bonae memorise Willelmus Episcopus Norwicensis
monachorum dictse ecclesice literarum studio insistere volentium commodo et utilitati
providere cupiens de bonis a deo sibi collatis duo collegia, ...Gunvill Hall et Trinitie
Hall nuncupata, in Universitate studii generalis Cantabrigia; Elien' dioc' in quibus
monachi predicti morarentur et studerent, fundavit et dotavit": but that because
"Benedictus Papa XI, predecessor noster, dudum inter alia statuit et ordinavit
quod omnes et singuli monachi dicti ordinis in eadem universitate studere volentes
in certo alio Collegio dictse universitatis ad hoc deputato morarentur et studerent,
monachi ejusdem Ecclesice in prefatis Collegiis studere non possunt." The true
explanation of these expressions appears to be that given in the text, namely, that the
Constitutions of Benedict XII. (not XI. as stated in the Bull), having compelled the
Benedictine students to live together, the Norwich monks were no longer allowed to
remain in the colleges specified. Probably they resisted the change, and the struggle
led to the application for this Bull.
2 Wood, History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls, ed. Gutch, p. 651.
Kennett, Parochial Antiquities, ed. 1695, p. 214.
II.] MONASTIC COLLEGES.
besides their convent at Barnwell, they had a house within the
limits of the ancient town, in which their students could con-
veniently reside.
It is evident that Oxford was the favourite University for
monastic students. Bishop Kennett^ notices the Augustinian
Schools, one of Divinity, another of Philosophy; the Benedictine
Schools for Theology, the Carmelite Schools for Divinity and
Philosophy; the Franciscan Schools; and, besides these, Schools
appropriated to the benefit of particular religious houses, as the
Dorchester Schools, the Eynsham Schools, the Schools of S.
Frideswide, of Littlemore, of Oseney, of Stodley, etc. The
Benedictines set the example of erecting special monastic
colleges there, for, in addition to Gloucester House, which is
referred to in the statutes promulgated by the Benedictine
chapter held at Northampton in 1343, as "our common House in
Stokwell street^" the Benedictines of Durham had built a Hall
at Oxford for their own students before the end of the previous
century, and it appears that Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham
1222 — 45' who left his celebrated library in trust to the scholars
of this Hall, had intended to increase its buildings and endow-
ments. His successor, Thomas de Hatfeld (1345 — 82), did
actually commence the formation of a college of eight student-
monks^ to be elected and transmitted thither in order, according
to the Benedictine constitutions, one of whom was to be Prior or
Warden {custos) ; with eight secular scholars, each to remain
seven years, and to receive a testimonial on leaving. His death
left the foundation incomplete, but subsequently, in 1381, it
was matured, under the name of Durham College, and its build-
ings are even now partly retained in Trinity College. This
college was exempted from the rule of the prior of students,
^ Kennett, ut supra, p. 214. . " Reyner, tit supra, p. 162.
3 [The existence of Durham College before Bishop Hatfeld's time is proved by the
mention of it in the treatise called Philobiblon, written by, or under the direction of,
Richard de Bury himself in 1344, where he states (cap. 19) that he has given his
books " communitati scholai-ium in aula nostra Oxon. degentium" ; and the catalogues
of the library at Durham contain two lists of books sent " collegio monachorum
Dunelm. in Oxonia," the second of which is dated 1309. See Catalogi Veteres
Librorum Ecclesije Cathedralis Dunelm. ed. Surtees Society, p. 39. The description
of the foundation, and its statutes, are contained in a deed between the chapter of
Durham and Bishop Hatfeld, undated, printed in Wilkins, Concilia, ii. 618 — ^c]
lii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
because erected before the constitutions of 1337^ It differed
from the regular Benedictine house called Gloucester House
in admitting secular as well as monastic students. A college
with a similar constitution was founded in 1363 by Archbishop
Islip for the Benedictines of Canterbury, called Canterbury
College ^ now included in Christ Church.
After this discussion, we will return to Oxford, where William
of Wykeham's Seiute Marie College of Wynehcstre in Oxenford,
commonly called New College, received the royal licence in 1379,
thirty-eight years after Queen's College. It was conceived upon
a plan so much larger, more comprehensive, and well-considered
in every respect of organisation as well as of buildings^, that it
served more or less as a model for all succeeding foundations.
Wykeham's first purchase for the site was effected in February
1 369 — 70, a little more than a year after he had been consecrated
Bishop of Winchester, and the first stone of the buildings was laid
5 March, 1379 — 80. The work of construction occupied six years,
and the warden and fellows, who had been appointed soon after
the date of the charter, and had resided during the interval in
various halls and hostels, were put in possession in 1386. They
entered the college in solemn procession at nine o'clock in the
morning of Saturday, 14 April, the vigil of Palm Sunday, pre-
ceded by the cross, and singing a litany*. As the life of the
founder was prolonged until 1404, eighteen years after the com-
pletion of his college, he was enabled to modify the details
of the establishment, and to revise his statutes from time to time,
as the experience of the practical working of them suggested
improvements. He gave at least four several editions of them
to the college between 1386 and 1400, each corrected and
^ In the record of Prior Wessyngton's literary labours at Durham, A.D. 1466, it is
said that he established : "that the Prior of students had no right to interfere with
the Durham College at Oxford, because there was already a Prior established in that
College before any Prior of students had been created." Hist. Dunelm. Scriptores
Tres. ed. Surtees Soc. p. cclxx.
^ Wood, nt stipra, pp. 455, 651.
* [The arrangement of Wykeham's buildings is fully described in the Essay on
" The Collegiate Plan," Vol. iii. pp. 256 — 259.]
'' [Lowth, Life of William of Wykeham, p. 167. Mackenzie Walcott, William of
Wykeham and his Colleges, p. 282.]
II.l FOUNDATIONS OF WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM.
enlarged from the previous one\ His plan comprehended also
the new feature of a preparatory college at Winchester, to be
called Saint Mary College of WincJiestcr, for the education of
young boys, from whom alone the candidates for admission to
the Oxford college were to be taken ^, which, like the former, he
built and established during his life. The first stone was laid
26 March, 1387, at nine o'clock in the morning ; like the college
at Oxford, it occupied six years in building, and the warden
and scholars made their solemn entrance into it, chanting in
procession, at nine o'clock in the morning of 28 March, I393^
The school, however, had been opened nearly twenty years
before, at Michaelmas, 1373, and in the interval the Society had
been accommodated with temporary lodgings. The number
of members of each establishment was nearly the same, and
greatly in excess of those of any previous foundation. Each
Society was to consist of a Warden, seventy poor scholars,
ten priests, three chaplains, and sixteen choristers, making
a total of one hundred. To these were added for the college
at Winchester three clerks*, a Master, and an usher, making
a total of one hundred and five. These persons, it must be
remembered, were all nominated, in the first instance, by
Wykeham himself, for, unlike so many of the founders whose
history we have glanced at, and who by premature death, or
want of means, were unable to fulfil their benevolent intentions,
and left their buildings incomplete and the projected number of
their scholars deficient, he was enabled to render his two
colleges perfect in every particular. [The Oxford college was
intended to promote all the recognised branches of learning.
Of the seventy fellows, fifty were to be students in arts or
divinity, while two were permitted to study medicine, and
two astronomy. The remaining twenty were to be trained for
the law, ten as civilians, ten as canonists".
^ [The various revisions of Wykeham's statutes are described by Lowth, /// supra,
pp. 168 — 170.]
- [Wykeham says of it : "Principium et origo collegii nostri Oxonijepra;dicti, velut
hortus irriguus ac vinea pubescens in gemmas, ipsum collegium nostrum Oxonia-
fructifera prole foecundet, flores et fructus mellifiuos in vinea Domini Sabaoth per
Ipsius gratiam allaturum." Walcott, ut supra, p. 122.]
^ Lowth, tit supra, pp. 175, 176.
■* [They are called " clerici conducticii et remotivi." Walcott, /// siipi-a, p. 131.]
^ [Mullinger, ut sttpra, p. 303.]
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
This is the only foundation which falls within the reign of
King Richard II., then just begun. The rest of his reign, and
those of his successors. King Henry IV. and King Henry V.,
saw no new accessions to the number of colleges in either
University. The long reign of the religious King Henry VI.,
on the other hand, added no fewer than eight, four at Oxford,
and four at Cambridge.]
New College was succeeded, at an interval of nearly half a
century, by the little college of divines [collegiobuii theologorinn)
which the founder, Richard Flemmyng, Bishop of Lincoln,
intended to call The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary and All
Saints, of Lincoln, and it has always been designated Lincoln
College. The letters patent of King Henry VI. are dated
13 October, 1427, and part of the intended site was obtained
shortly afterwards ; but, before it could be completed, "the
Founder died, left his College unfounded, and all things relating
thereunto without any maturity \" No statutes had been given,
and the Society was governed "in an arbitrary way, as the
Rector thought fit and meet," until 1479, when Thomas Rother-
hara, then Bishop of Lincoln, constituted himself the second
founder, and gave a body of statutes, based, as it would appear,
on the traditional intentions of Bishop Flemmyng. The Society
consisted originally of a Rector, seven scholars, and two chap-
lains, who were to be established in the Church of All Saints,
which, with certain other chambers united to it, was to be
erected into a Collegiate Church, or College'^ The object of the
foundation was to strengthen the University in the opposition
which it had at all times offered to heresy ^ expressions which
have been considered to refer to the doctrines of Wycliffe, of
which the founder had been first a supporter, and afterwards a
determined opponent. This brief sketch will be sufficient to
shew that Lincoln College, so far from imitating New College,
^ [Wood, lit supra, p. 237.]
^ [This description of the college is derived from the preamble to the letters
patent of i\i1. The whole passage is translated in the Essay on "The Chapel,"
Vol. III. p. 494.]
^ [See the Founder's preface, prefixed to Rotherham's statutes, Commiss. Docts.
(Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of Lincoln College, p. 7. Rotherham says (ibid. p. 11)
that the college was to be founded "pro distruendis haeresibus, et erroribus evellendis,
plantandisque sacrse doctrince seminariis."]
II.] S. BERNARD S COLLEGE, OXFORD. Iv
either in constitution or in plan, offers a remarkable contrast
to it in both respects.
Thirty-two years after Wykeham's death, one of his scholars\
Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, determined to erect
two Colleges at Oxford. In 1437 he founded St Bernard's College
for Cistercian student-monks, as has been already narrated,
and, in the following year, began the purchase of a site for
"The Oxford College of the Souls of all the faithful departed"
or, as it was to be popularly called, All Soiilen College, out
of compassion, as he states in the preface to his statutes, for
the destitution of the clergy, the soldiery of the church, and not
less for the soldiery of the kingdom, whose numbers had been
grievousl}^ thinned by the wars with France^ He laid the first
stone in person, 10 February, 1437 — 38, and obtained a charter
from King Henry VI. in May following^ The society was
to consist of a warden and forty fellows and scholars, of whom
twenty-four were to study arts, and philosophy, or theology, and
sixteen canon and civil law. The statutes, drawn up by the
founder, or under his direction, were sealed by him 2 April, 1443,
ten days before his death. They are modelled on those of
Wykeham, and, as the first warden, Richard Andrews, had been
for some years fellow of New College, there can be little doubt
that it was the intention of the founder to imitate Wykeham,
so far as the restricted purpose of his own college rendered such
imitation possible*.
Nearly a century had elapsed at Cambridge since the foun-
dation of the four colleges of Pembroke Hall, Gonville Hall,
Trinity Hall and Corpus Christi House, when William Byng-
ham, parson of the church of St John Zachary, London, built a
place of education for poor scholars in grammar called God's
House. The site selected was the corner of Milne Street
and Piron Lane, now included within the antechapel of King's
College. Bingham began to purchase land in 1437, but he
had probably established his scholars at a somewhat earlier
1 [Chichele had been educated at Winchester and New College. Life, etc., by
O. L. Spencer, 8vo Lond. 1783, p. 5.]
" [Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of All Souls College, p. 11.]
^ [Wood, lit supra, p. 256.]
^ [Life, ut supra, p. 163.]
Ivi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
date in a hostel called "Tyled Hostel," which he leased from
Barnwell Priory. In 1439 (13 July) he obtained the royal
licence to assign the House to the master and scholars of Clare
HalP. His petition to King Henry VI., in answer to which the
above licence was granted, graphically describes the objects
which he had in view:
"Unto the Kyng our Souerain lord, besecheth ful mekely your poure
preest and condnuell bedeman William Byngham, person of Saint John
Zacharie of London, unto your souerain grace to be remembred, how
yat he hath diuerse tymes sued vnto your Highnesse shewyng and
de[cla]ryng by bille how gretely y'' clergie of this your Reaume, by
the which all wysdom, konnyng, and governaunce standeth, is like to
be empeired and febled, by the defaute and lak of scolemaistres of
gramer, insomoche yat as your seyd poure besecher hath founde of
late over the est parte of the wey ledyng from Hampton to Coventre,
and so forth no ferther north yan Rypon, .Lxx. scoles voide or mo yat
were occupied all at ones within .L. yeres passed, bicause yat yer is
so grete scarstee of maistres of gramer, whereof as now ben almost
none, nor none mawen be hade in your Universitees over those yat
nedes most ben occupied still there : wherefore please it unto your
most Souerain Highnesse and plenteous grace to considre how that
for all liberal} sciences used in your seid universitees certein lyflode
is ordeyned and endued, savyng only for gramer, the which is rote
and grounde of all the seid other sciences, and thereupon graciously
to graunte licence to your forseid besecher yat he may yeve withouten
fine or fee [a] mansion ycalled Goddeshous the which he hath made
and edified in your towne of Cambrigge for the free herbigage of poure
scolers of gramer * * * unto the maister and scolers of Clare Hall
in your universitee of Cambrigge and to yeir successours * * * to
thentent yat the seid Maister and Scolers mowe fynde perpetually
in the forseid mansion ycalled Goddeshous xxiiii Scolers for to comense
in gramer, and a Preest to governe yem for reformacion of the said
defaute, for the love of God, and in the wey of Charitee '."
The house thus established in connection with Clare Hall in
1439 was presently refounded by royal charter as a college,
9 February, 1441 — 42, under the name of "the Proctor and
Scholars of God's House," with all the privileges usually granted
to collegiate bodies, and two months afterwards a further charter
of dotation was granted to it. It appears from Byngham's
second petition, to be c^uoted below, that God's House became
a building of considerable extent and importance. Its position,
however, rendered its acquisition a matter of necessity to King
^ [Commiss. Docts. i. 42.] " [Commiss. Docts. iii. 153.]
n. GODS HOUSE, Cambridge.
IVll
Henry the Sixth, not merely for his extended design, but even
for the convenience of his first buildings'; and Bingham made no
difficulty about surrendering it, under promise of obtaining
a larger and better building. For this, however, he was com-
pelled to wait more than three years, to his own great loss
and inconvenience, and finally to address a second petition to
the King:
" To the kyng owr souereyng lord, Beseches mekle your pouer
prest and dayle bedman William Byngham to whome it lyked your
good grace for to grant licence to have made A College for dravvyng
forth of maystres of gramer in a mansion of his in your vniuersite of
Cambrige ecalled godeshous as it appers by your lettres patentes
there of made vn to hym tho which mansion afterward it lyked your
graciouse hieghnese to desir to haue for enlargeyng of your worthy
College of owr lade and of seint Nicholase in the wich sayd mansion
calde Godeshous myght wel be logged .1. persones and so wern
commynle.
For the wich mansyon it wase promysed your sayd besecher that
he shuld have hade an other mansion redele ordeynd and bygged
sufficiently as large and larger as wele bygged and better as cler with
owt Charge and better in alle Condycyons. And also your lettres
patentes in his hande for foundyng of his College ther in tho same
mansion so ordeynd for hym of new with owt any labour or any cost
vn to hym as my lordys of Salesbury and of Suff' knawn wel both the
wiche promyse as yet was not fulfylled your sayd bedman to fulgret
labourse excessyfe werenes and all new costes to hym importable in
his sute to gete a new patent at his own cost for tho same mater.
And ouer that thate he hyrd hym loginge for his scolers and for
harbergach of his stor and hiistilmentes for his howseholde by .iij. yers
to geder or euer he cowth get or purvey hym of any place to purchese
to his ese vn to now late that he with gret difficulte purveyd hym of a
place wher for hym most for euer more pay yerle xx'f iiij^ wher be for
1 [In the Letters Patent dated 26 August, 1446 (ibid. p. i6j), confirming to
Bingham his new site in S. Andrew's Street, we find the following passage: "Pen-
santes nichilominus pia consideracione qualiter novo Collegio nostro in villa predicta
per nos in honore beatissime Marie virginis et Sancti Nicholai Confessoris nuper
erecto dictum tenementum cum gardinis vocat' Godeshous adeo contiguum situatum
sit quod absque illo tenemento in edificando nostrum predictum Collegium procedere
nequivimus, et quod ad rogatum nostrum specialem prefatus Willelmus Byngham
idem tenementum in ampliacionem fundi Collegii nostri antedicti in complacenciam
nostram singularem nobis tradidit et dimisit." The "new college lately built"
can only mean the Old Court, as the foundation of the new chapel was not laid
until 25 July, 1446, one month before this document was signed. God's House
was not conveyed to King's College until 25 July, 1446 (History of King's College,
Vol. I. p. 338), but Bingham may have sold it to the royal commissioners at an
earlier date. They began to acquire ground for the new site in 1443 (ibid. p. 337)d
VOL. I. A
Iviii
INTRODUCTION. [cHAK
he payd for his awn sayd mansion of Godeshous noght tho valew of a
peper corn.
And there to wher he was competentle byggyd for many a yer
for his scolers and his howshold he can not byg his sayd place newly
now purveyd with CC li tho wich is to hym inportable and noght lyke
hym to bryng abowte with owt specyall gyft of God and your gracyouse
supportacyon.
Wher for pleise it your good grace for to consider the forsayd
mat' and there vp on thurgh contemplacyon of these premysses for to
grawnt to your sayd besecher sum supportacyon to relevyng of tho
sayd pouer College of Godeshous by such weyese and in such maner
that shal in no wyse anyntyse nor munysch your tresur nor your
coffures as your sayd besecher shal clerle shew to your gracyouse
heyghnes whan it lyke your grace for to here hym for tho lofe of god
and in the way of charyte."
The new site which Bingham obtained, will be found de-
scribed in the History of Christ's College, of which it now forms
a part. As regards position and dimensions, it must have been
far more convenient than the former one; but the revenues of
the House, notwithstanding the good intentions of King Henry
the Sixth, who was named by Bingham as co-founder, and
whose charter contains a long list of the endowments which he
proposed to confer upon it, so as to provide for the support of
sixty scholars "not only in grammar, but in the knowledge
of other liberal sciences," were never able to support more
persons than a Proctor and four students. It continued, how-
ever, to exist until it was refounded on an extended scale
by the Lady Margaret, at the beginning of the following
century, as Christ's College \
[While Bingham was establishing his modest grammar-college
in connection with Clare Hall, King Henry VI., then a young
man of eighteen, was planning his own two foundations of
Eton College and King's College. It has usually been assumed
that he was actuated from the first by a desire to imitate, if
not to surpass, William of Wykeham's similar foundations
at Winchester and Oxford ; and it is unquestionably true, that,
after the scheme had been fully matured, both the buildings and
the statutes of Wykeham were adopted as models. A careful
study of the documents, however, shews that at the outset
^ [Letters patent, 26 August, 1446. Comniiss. Docts. iii. 162; Charter of Christ's
College, I May, 1505, ilnd. p. 127. Cooper, Annals, i. 189.]
n.] ETON COLLEGE AND KING's COLLEGE. lix
the King's intentions were limited to the foundation of a school
at Eton, copied from Wykeham's school at Winchester, and
a small college at Cambridge ; and that the idea of making
the two institutions dependent upon each other, on the Wyke-
hamite model, was an afterthought.
The first definite step towards the foundation of Eton
College was the purchase of the advowson of the Parish Church
of Eton in August, 1440. Before this, however, the king had
made one purchase at least for the site of the intended college ;
and had visited Winchester, for the purpose, we may safely
assume, of seeing the school in active work. The first sketch
of the constitution of the college is contained in letters patent
dated 12 September, 1440. It was then to consist of "a Provost,
with a suitable number of fellows, priests, clerks, choristers, cer-
tain poor scholars, and other poor men, together with one master
in grammar, whose duty it shall be to instruct these scholars, and
any others who may resort thither from any part of England, in
the knowledge of letters, and especially in grammar, without
payment." In less than a month, however, a second document
makes the college to consist definitely of a Provost, 10 priests,
4 clerks, 6 choristers, 25 poor scholars, 25 poor men, and a
master in grammar. This body corporate, under the name of
The King's College of Blessed Mary of Eton beside Windsor,
was to have its habitation on a site adjoining the churchyard of
Eton, and the church itself, erected into a collegiate church, was
to be united with, and appropriated to it, for ever\ The build-
ings were begun in the course of the following year'^, and by the
end of 1443 were so far advanced that the college could be
formally opened, though the numbers were still incomplete^.
A college at Cambridge had evidently been projected by the
king at about the same time as the college at Eton, for the site
of what is commonly called "The Old Court" was conveyed
to him by his commissioners at the beginning of 1441 (22
January); and he laid the first stone of TJic Kings College
of S. Nicholas in Cambridge, which was to consist of a Rector
and twelve scholars, 2 April in the same year. The statutes
^ [Letters patent, lo October, 1440. Heywood and Wright, p. 388.]
■^ [History of King's College and Eton College, Vol. I. p. 383.]
^ [Lyte's Eton College, p. ■21.]
h2
Ix INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
were to be drawn up by John Langton, Chancellor of the
University, John Somerseth, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
William Lyndewode, Keeper of the Privy Seal, William Alnwick,
Bishop of Lincoln, and William Ayscough, Bishop of Salisbury;
the first rector was to be William Millington, and the first
scholars were named at the same time by the founder \ In
these arrangements there is no reference to Winchester, or
to the election of scholars educated at Eton. Two years
afterwards, however, the king enlarged his designs, and in
letters patent dated lO July, 1443, announced that the poor
scholars educated at Eton w^ere to be admitted to his college
at Cambridge, which was henceforward to be called The Kings
College of S. Mary and S. Nicholas at Cambridge"^. Other
changes were made at the same time; the Rector became
the Provost, and the framing of the statutes devolved upon the
king himself, the persons appointed to do the work having
petitioned to be released from the duty.
It is from this point that a direct imitation of William
of Wykeham may be said to commence. The small tentative
foundations which had been established at Eton College and
King's College, were so completely obliterated by the elaborate
scheme propounded in 1443 or shortly afterwards — a scheme
which, when carefully examined, is found to be closely copied
from Wykeham — that we are tempted to conclude that the king,
on finding himself compelled to provide his own statutes, had
chosen to adopt a scheme which had been found to work well
elsewhere in preference to any attempt at inventing a new one
for himself.
Each college was to consist of a Provost, 70 poor scholars,
10 priests, who at King's College are called secular priests
1 [Letters patent, 12 February, 1441. Heywood and Wright, p. i. On Milling-
ton see a valuable paper by the late Rev. G. Williams, in Cami). Antiq. Soc. Comm.
i. 287.]
- [The change is directed in the following passage, ibid. p. 6 : " Cumque etiam nos
iam prideni, instinctu Spiritus Sancti ad id, ut speramus, inducti, fixo et immutabili pro-
posito concluserimus quod pauperes indigentesque Scolares Collegii nostri regalis
beatoe Marine de Etona Lincolniensis dioc', postquam fuerint ibidem grammatice
rudimentis sufficienter imbuti, ad prefatum collegium nostrum Cantebrigie, quod
de cetero Collegium Regale Beate Marie et Sancti Nicholai Cantebrigie nuncupari
volumus, transferentur, studiis ibi liber.alibus [etc.] perfectius imbuendi."]
II.] ETON COLLEGE AND KING's COLLEGE. Ixi
{presbyteri seciilares) and at Eton College priest-fellows [presby-
teri socii); and i6 choristers. To these are added, at King's
College, 6 clerks; making a total of 103; at Eton College 10
chaplains, 10 clerks, a master, an usher, and 13 poor men, making
a total of 132. These numbers are slightly in excess of those
given above for Winchester College, even after deducting the
poor men, who form no part of W}^keham's foundation.
The qualifications of the scholars of King's College, and the
course of study prescribed for them, cannot be better told than
in the words of Mr Mullinger :
" The college is designed for the maintenance of poor and needy
scholars, who must be intending to devote themselves to the sacred
profession, at that time (says the preamble) ' so severely weakened
by pestilence, war, and other human calamities'; they must wear the
'first clerical tonsure,' be of good morals, sufficiently instructed in
grammar, of honest conversation, apt to learn, and desirous of ad-
vancing in knowledge. * * * The curriculum of study is marked out
with considerable precision : theology {sacra scriptiira seu pagina), the
arts, and philosophy, are to constitute the chief subjects, and to form
the ordinary course ; but two masters of arts, of superior ability {vivacis
ingenii) may apply themselves to the study of the civil law, four to that
of the canon law, and two to the science of medicine ; astronomy
{scientia astrorum) is permitted as a study to two more, provided that
they observe the limits imposed by the provost and the dean ; a pre-
caution, we may infer, against the forbidden researches of the astro-
loger. The transition from the scholar to the fellow is here first clearly
defined. It is not until after a three years' probation, during which
time it has been ascertained whether the scholar be ingenio^ capacitate
se7isus, morihiis, conditionibus, ct scientia, dignus, habilis, et ido?ieus for
FURTHER STUDv, that the provost and the fellows are empowered to
elect him one of their number'."
A complete change in the design for the buildings of both
colleges was a natural result of this extension of the original
plan. At Cambridge the first college was left unfinished, while
the site for the splendid buildings which were to surpass those
of New College at Oxford was being acquired, and the buildings
themselves were being begun, only to be left in their turn as in-
complete as those which had preceded them. At Eton, which
was more under the king's eye than Cambridge, the progress of
the buildings was still slower, for his desire to construct them on
as large a scale as possible made him change the design funda-
mentally at least twice ; and, when the chapel \\ as nearly
^ [History, //■/ sttpra^ p. 308.]
Ixii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
finished, it was pulled down again in order that the dimensions
might be increased. This subject, however, must not be more
than alluded to here, as it is fully discussed in the History
of the two colleges.]
The real founder of Queens' College, Cambridge, which is
next in order of succession to King's College, was Andrew
Doket, Rector of S. Botolph's Church in Cambridge, who,
3 December, 1446, obtained a royal charter for a college of one
president and four fellows'. It was to have been placed on a
site which he had acquired to the east of the present one,
extending from Queens' Lane to Trumpington Street, and only
about seventy-five feet in breadth. The charter constituted
Andrew Doket president, and appointed four other persons
fellows. Soon after, in imitation of his royal master, he ex-
tended his views, and having obtained the southern half of the
present site, both better in position and admitting of enlarged
buildings'"*, the charter was cancelled at his own request, and a
second issued 21 August, 1447, authorising the re-foundation of
the college on this new site. It is in this charter that the name,
The College of S. Bernard of Cambridge, first appears. But
meanwhile Doket, following the example of the chaplain of
Queen Philippa, who had founded Queen's College at Oxford,
persuaded Queen Margaret to take his college under her pro-
tection, and to refound it under her own namel Her petition
to her husband, asking for his leave to do this, is as follows :
" Margaret "
"To the King my souuerain lord.
[R. H.]
Besechith mekely Margarete Quene of Englond youre humble wif,
Forasmuche as youre moost noble grace hath newely ordained and
^ The number might be smaller or greater according to the state of the finances:
"quatuor sociorum, sen pluriimi vel pauciorum prout casus eveniret secundum ipsius
collegii facultates et expensas ampliandas vel diminuendas." The only duty enjoined
upon the fellows was prayer for the king and queen, for their souls, and for the souls
of their predecessors and posterity. Searle, Hist, of Queens' Coll. (Camb. Antiq.
Soc. 8vo Publ. No. ix.) p. 8.
- [The words used in the charter are : " pro placabiliori situ ac elargatione edificio-
rum et habitationis hujusmodi collegii." Searle, ut supra, p. lo.]
•' [Professor Willis has given in the text a probable reason for the queen's action,
which is not explained in any contemporary document. Fuller, p. i6i, says that
"as Miltiades' trophy in Athens would not suffer Themisiocles lo sleep, so this queen
II.] queens" college, CAMBRIDGE. Ixiii
stablisshed a Collage of Seint Bernard in the Vniuersite of Cambrigge
With multitude of grete and faire priuilages perpetuelly appartenyng
vnto the same as in youre lettres patentes theruj^on made more plainly
hit apperith
In the whiche Vniuersite is no collage founded by eny Quene of
Englond hidertoward
Plese hit therfore vnto youre highnesse to yeue and graunte vnto
youre seide humble wif the fondacion and denominacion of the seid
collage to be called and named the Quenes collage of Sainte Margerete
and Saint Bernard, or ellis of Sainte Margarete virgine and martir and
saint Bernard confessour, and therupon for ful euidence thereof to haue
licence and pouoir to ley the furst stone in her owne persone, or ellis by
other depute of her assignement, So that beside the moost noble and
glorieus collage roial of oure Lady and Saint Nicholas founded by youre
highnesse may be founded and stablisshed the seid so called Quenes
collage to conseruacion of oure feith and augmentacion of pure clergie
namely of the Imparesse of alle sciences and facultees theologie to the
ende these accustumed of plain lecture and exposicion botraced with
docteurs sentences autentiq' parformyd daily twyes by two docteurs
notable and vvel auised vpon the bible aforenoone, and maistre of the
sentences afternoone, to the publique audience of alle men frely, bothe
seculiers and religieus, to the magnificence of denominacion of suche a
Quenes collage, and to laude and honneur of sexe feminine, like as
two noble and deuoute Contesses of Pembroke and of Clare founded
two collages in the same Vniuersite called Pembroke halle and Clare
halle, the wiche are of grete Reputacion for good and worshipful
clerkis that by grete multitude haue be bredde and brought forth in
theym And of youre more ample grace to graunte that alle priuileges,
Immunitees, proffites, and comodites contened in the lettres patentes
aboue Reherced may stonde in theire strength and pouoir after forme
and effect of the conteine in theym. And she shal euer preye God for
you'."
The above petition is without date, but it must evidently
have been sent to the king between 21 August, 1447 (the date
of the last charter), and 30 March, 1448, on which day letters
patent under the great seal were issued, granting to Margaret of
Anjou the lands of S. Bernard's College, and licence to found a
new college, to be called The Queen's College of S. Margaret
and S. Bernard {Rcginale CoUegiujii Sancte Margarete et Sancti
Bernardi in Univcrsitate Cantebr). A month later, 15 April,
beholding her husband's bounty in building King's College, was restless in herself
with holy emulation, until she had produced something of like nature."]
^ [Searle, /// sitpra, p. 15, collated with the original in the Treasury of Queens'
College. Mr Searle reads "facultees theologie," with the MS; but there is an
erasure after the adjective, as though an attempt had ])een made to correct a clerical
error of "theological" for "theologie."]
Ixiv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
1448, the queen issued letters patent, in which she founds the
college under the above name. In these two charters of King
Henry and Queen Margaret, the same society was constituted
as in the two earlier charters of S. Bernard's College.
No time was lost in commencing the necessary buildings, for
the foundation-stone was laid by Sir John Wenlock, the Queen's
commissioner, on the very day on which her own charter was
executed, and the quadrangle had apparently been nearly com-
pleted when the war began, and stopped alike the King's college
and the Queen's. But Andrew Doket survived, and at the
restoration of tranquillity succeeded in placing his college under
the patronage of the queen of King Edward IV., who, as
Elizabeth Wydeville, and afterwards as Lady Ferrers, had been
attached to the person of Queen Margaret, and would naturally
be well acquainted both with the college and its President.
The first evidence of her interest in the college is afforded
by a licence in mortmain, granted 25 March, 1465, in which the
college is said "to exist by virtue of the patronage of Elizabeth,
Queen of England, our most dear consort^"; and in 1475 she
gave, the first statutes, describing herself in the preamble as "a
true foundress {I'era fundatrix) of the college I" Andrew Doket
lived nine years longer, and died 4 November, 1484, having pre-
sided over his college, and watched its fortunes, for thirty-eight
years during its progress to stability. In i545 — 4^ thirty-nine
persons were maintained in it.
[The following description of the objects of the foundation,
as set forth in the statutes of 1475, is given by Mr MuUinger^:
" The foundation is designed for the support of a President and
twelve fellows, all of whom are to be in priest's orders. * * * When
elected [every fellow] is bound to devote his time either to philosophy or
to theology, until he shall have proceeded in the intervening stages and
finally take his doctor's degree. On becoming a Master of Arts he is
qualified to teach in the trivium and quadrivium for the space of three
years ; a function which, as it appears to have been a source of emolu-
ment, being rewarded by a fixed salary from the college, is limited to
that period ; its exercise, on the other hand, is not obligatory, pro-
vided that the fellow's time be devoted to the study of the liberal
sciences, or to that of the natural, moral, or metaphysical philosopliy of
Aristotle. On the completion of these three years, if a fellow should
1 [Senrle, ut ^iipra, ji. 70.] - [Commiss. ])octs. iii. 18.]
■■ f I lisloiy, /// .s7//>;v?, ji. 316. J
II.] MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD.
IXV
have no desire to study theology or to proceed in that faculty, he is
permitted to turn his attention to either the canon or the civil law ; but
this can only be by consent of the Master and the majority of the
fellows ; and the concessive character of the clause would incline us to
infer that such a course would be the exception rather than the rule."]
Simultaneously with the above, the more considerable
college of Magdalen was begun and completed at Oxford by
William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester. By the first licence
which he obtained from King Henry VI. 6 May, 1448, he settled
a president and 20 scholars^ in certain Halls which he had
purchased on the south side of High Street, just within the East
gate of the city, intending at that time to found only a Hall to
be called Magdalen Hall. But eight years afterwards, 27 Sep-
tember, 1456, he obtained a surrender of the Hospital of S. John
Baptist with all its possessions, including its site and buildings;
and in the following year, 18 July, 1457, obtained the royal
licence to establish Seynte Mary Magdalen College in its place,
for a much more extensive society. He transferred his previous
establishment thither, and, like Andrew Doket, whom he sur-
vived only two years, lived to witness the complete establish-
ment of his noble foundation, notwithstanding the civil wars
and change of dynasty. [The disturbed state of the country,
however, and perhaps his own altered position under King
Edward IV., delayed the commencement of his buildings for
sixteen years, for the first stone was not laid until 1473. They
are believed to have been completed in or about 148 1, for in
September of that year Waynflete visited the college "to see
the buildings," in which, a few days afterwards, he was able to
entertain King Edward IV. and his retinue". Their arrange-
ment, which is copied to some extent from that of Wykeham,
will be discussed in a future chapter^] Wood eloquently de-
scribes this college as the most noble and rich structure in the
learned world, exceeding any foundation for secular scholars in
Europe; and Holinshed eulogises the founder and the college in
the following passage:
^ [Waynflete was empowered l>y the licence (Commiss. Docts. Oxford, ii. p. v.) to
appoint 50 scholars, but Wood (Colleges and Malls, p. 308) shews that only twenty
were actually appointed, whose names he gives.]
^ [Chandler, Life of Waynflete, p. 149.]
■^ [Essay on "The Collegiate Plan," Vol. in. p. 261.]
ixvi
INTRODUCTION. [ClIAP.
" His vertuous disposition was right apparant, and it were but by
this the godUe erection of that worthie worke, Magdalene colledge in
Oxford, a plot right aptlie chosen out for studie at first, with strength
and workemanship soone after builded according, in proportion beauti-
full outward, and for use verie commodious within ; sorted into a faire
mansion for the president, severall and meet for a man to that office of
worship and gravitie, and also into other roomes for the fellowes,
officers, and younger students. Not without a vertuous remembrance
of the verie tenderlings who might appeare to be toward and teachable ;
whereof part to be trained up in the divine science of musike iustlie
reported in a distichon, that
Gaudia si superum res sit mortalibus ulla
Integra quae referat ; musica sola refert :
the use of it commendablie serving by sweet harmonic to praise God
in church, and for delectable recreation to a gentlemanlie mind any
where else ; and part of these yoong ones to be taught the grammar in
a faire schoole well appointed therefore, out of which as out of a nurs-
erie of it owne, for supplement certeine to keepe full the number, these
budlings at need from time to time to be dulie derived and drawen.
Now somewhat in casting vpon this devout mans devise and com-
passe ; to consider the companie of students there, that in seuerall
sciences and sundrie professions are not a few ; then their assigned
studies and exercises in them, their steps in rising and reward for
diligence, from the lowest logician to the highest degrees of doctrine in
schooles, their officers in house, their orders for governance in maners^
in safeguard of health and helpe in sicknesse : and that chiefest is, the
revenues certeine for provision and maintenance of all, it may be a
question not easie to answer : whether at first in this founders medi-
tation upon such a worke were a mind more magnifike, or a more
amplitude of abilitie after in so absolute a forme to performe it, or else
a profounder wisdorae for perpetuitie into so perfect an order in all
points to have fixt it'."
It should be added that the Hospital of S. John, although
surrendered, was not wholly suppressed. Pilgrims were still
entitled to refreshment, and charity boys were fed with the relics
of the tables. The new institution was engrafted on the old,
and the poor were no sufiferers^. Thus Waynflete accomplished
that which Hugo de Balsham had unsuccessfully attempted in
the foundation of Peterhouse.
[It is evident that Waynflete's main object in founding Mag-
dalen College was the education of the clergy; for, though the
preamble to the statutes mentions the liberal arts, sciences, and
faculties, immediately after the support and exaltation of the
^ Holinshed, ed. 1587, p. 628.
- Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 31 1. Chandler, iii sii/ra, p. 94.
ir.] S. CATHARINE'S HALL, CAAHiRH)GE. Ixvii
Christian faith, the advancement of the church, and the increase
of divine worship, it is evident from what follows that theology
was to be the principal study of the members of the college.
In this respect his scope was narrower than that of Wykeham,
though it is evident that he borrowed many of the details of his
statutes from him. The Society was to consist of a President
and forty poor scholars, or fellows, all in Holy Orders {clerici),
who were to study theology and philosophy; but, by special
leave of the President, two or three might study civil or canon
law, and the same number medicine, Besides these forty scholars,
there were to be thirty others, of a different grade, called Deinyes,
who were to apply themselves to grammar, logic, and sophistry.
Further, in order to provide for the proper conduct of divine
worship, four priest-chaplains, eight clerks, and sixteen cho-
risters, were to be appointed.]
We must now return to Cambridge, where the College or
Hall of S. Catharine was founded in 1475. It had been pro-
jected by Robert Wodclarke, Provost of King's College 1452 —
79, during the reign of King Henry VI., and the first purchase
for the site was made in 1459; but the outbreak of the civil war
compelled the founder, like Waynflete, to lay his plan aside for
some years, and he did not obtain his charter until the fifteenth
year of the reign of King Edward IV^., 16 August, I475\ In that
document the house is said to be founded for a master and three
or more fellows". In the founder's statutes the number is six,
with the sensible proviso that it shall be smaller or larger
according to the condition of the finances. The object which'
Wodelarke had in view was " to extend the usefulness of the
church, the preaching of the word of God, and the study of theo-
logy, philosophy, and the other arts, within the University of
Cambridgel" No fellow might graduate in any other faculty
than in that of theology or arts. In 1545 — 46 thirteen persons
were maintained in it.
1 Commiss. Docts. iii. 75.
2 [In the cartulary compiled by Wodelarke, called Memoriale Nigrum (described
below. Vol. II. p. 70), we find a note, written apparently l)y himself, to the effect that
the college has been founded for a master and ten fellows, and that apostolic authority
has been obtained for its erection at any future time into a college, with all the usual
privileges of such institutions.]
^ [The words are: "collegium unum sive aulam,...ad...ecclesia^...utilitatem, sa-
INTRODUCTION. [CIIAT.
No college originated in either University during the short
reigns of King Edward V. and King Richard III.; [but in that
of Henry VII. we meet with the first of a series of transforma-
tions of older institutions by which, in the course of about
twenty years, the three flourishing colleges of Jesus, Christ's
and S. John's came to be established at Cambridge.]
In the twelfth year of King Henry VII. the ancient, and
once prosperous, nunnery of S. Rhadegund was dissolved, and
converted into a college, by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely. This
fate is said to have been brought about by the misconduct of
the inmates of the House, x^ccording to tradition the estates
were neglected and the revenues wasted, the buildings were
allowed to fall into partial ruin, the nuns broke their vows,
their number was at length reduced to two, and in 1497 the
nunnery was suppressed on the petition of the Bishop, to whom
the estates were granted in furtherance of his plan of founding
a college. The charter prescribes that such college, when
erected, shall be called the College of S. Mary the Virgin, S.
John the Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund; but this title was
superseded, almost from the beginning, at the express desire,
as it is stated, of Bishop Alcock, by the name which it has
always borne, Jesus College \ This is the first example of the
crosancti verbi dei administrationem, ad sacrse theologiae, philosophise, ceterariimqiie
artium cognitionem amplificandam in Universitate Cantabrigia; erexi." Ibid. p. 78.]
1 [Sherman (Hist. Colb Jes.) gives the following account of the reason for this
change of name: "Reverendus auteni Pater antiquae et religiosae Domus S. Rhade-
gundis (suae jurisdictioni subjectae) ruinas contueri aegre sustinens...coenobium in
Collegium convertebat, idemque in honorem B. Virginis Mariae, S. Joan : Evangelists:
et gloriosae Virginis S. Rhadegundis (Monasterii fundationis et dedicationis non im-
memor) dedicari jussit, vulgo autem appellari Collegium Jesu (ab Ecclesia conventuali
sive sacello nomini Jesu dicatoe) et Magistrum sociosque et scholares ejusdem Collegii
Jesuanos, et Magistros socios et scholares Collegii Jesu communiter dici voluit; et
Jesuani quidem non infrequenter in Registr. Epi. Eliensis scriptisque antiquioribus
nuncupantur " This narrative can hardly be correct. The cultus of the "Name of
Jesus" had not been long introduced when Bishop Alcock founded his college; and
it is not likely that the nuns' church would bear any other name than that of S.
Rhadegund. On the other hand, a chapel within their church (indicated by the words
"sive sacello") may have been dedicated to the Name of Jesus; and the Bishop may
have wished to perpetuate such dedication by changing the title of his college.
The description of the ruin into which the house had fallen is given as follows in
the preamble to the charter (Commiss. Doc. iii. 91). King Henry the VII. states
that he has heard from the trustworthy relation of the Bishop of Ely, and from public
Il.J CONVEKSKJN OF MONASTERIES IxNTO COLLEGES. Ixix
complete conversion of a decayed monastic establishment into
a college, with the retention of the same site and buildings;
though the alien priories had furnished a considerable portion of
the endowments of the colleges of Eton, King's, and Magdalen,
Oxford.
[The foundation-charter, dated 12 June, 1497, prescribes that
the college shall consist of a Master, six fellows, and a certain
number of scholars, who are to be instructed in grammar, and
offer up daily prayers for the king, and other specified persons:
but the statutes, which, though they were not given until the
following century by Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely 1 5 1 5 — 34,
profess conformity with the presumed intentions of the founder,
extend the number to twelve fellows, and eight scholars {piieri).
The fellows, as soon as they have taken the degree of master
of arts, are to devote themselves to theology; and the scholars
are to study grammar, rhetoric, mathematics, logic, or philosophy.
Before their admission they are to have become sufficiently
conversant with music to take part in the chapel services. In
1545 — 46 thirty-one persons were maintained in it.]
The two colleges which stand next in order of date, Christ's
College and S. John's College, both claim as their foundress
Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII., commonly
called the Lady Margaret. Of these the former only was com-
pleted by herself; the arrangements for the latter, which proved
far more difficult and intricate, had been only begun when she
died (29 June, 1509), and were carried to a successful issue by
rumour: "quod domus siue Prioratus Religiosarum mulierum sancte Radegundis de
fundacione et patronatu Episcopi ut in iure ecclesie sue Eliensis ac terre tenementa
redditus possessiones edificia necnon res bona iocalia et alia ornamenta ecclesiastica
eidetn domui siue Prioratui pie et caritatiue anticjuitus data et collata per negligentiam
atque improvidam et dissolutam disposicionem et incontinenciam occasione vicinitatis
Vniuersitati Cantebrigg' Priorissarum et religiosarum mulierum domus antedicte in
tantum dilapidata destructa deuastata alienata diminuta et subtracla existunt ipseque
ad tantas inopiam et paupertatem sunt redacte cjuod diuina obsequia hospitalitatem aut
alia misericordie et pietatis opera ibidem iuxta primariam fundacionem et ordina-
cionem fundatorum suorum usitata manutenere et supportare seu seipsas, que due
tantum numero existunt, quarum vna alibi professa alteraque infamis existit, aliqualiter
sustentare seu releuare non valeant set ipsas domum siue prioratum predict' quasi
desolat' relinquere oporteat." On the other hand the Compotus Rolls for 1450 — 51,
1451 — 145'2, preserved in the Treasury of Jesus College, mention repairs to the Ilall,
Kitchen, and other offices, which in the second of the two years above mentioned
occupied sixty days.]
Ixx Introduction. [chap.
her executors, or rather by one of them, her faithful friend and
confessor, John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester'.
[Christ's College was an extension and development of God's
House, which, as we have already seen, had been transferred to
a new site in S. Andrew's Street by King Henry VI. The
charter granted to Christ's College by King Henry VH., i May,
1505, shews distinctly that no suppression of the original foun-
dation was intended. After rehearsing the failure of King
Henry VI. to endow it with funds sufficient for the maintenance
of sixty scholars as he had proposed to do, we are told that the
Lady Margaret, out of the affection which she bore to him while
alive, and her trust in his sanctity now that he is dead, is desirous
of completing his college, and placing it on a firm footing {finirc
et stabilire). She is therefore to be foundress, the present proctor
and scholars of God's House consenting; the members of her
foundation are to be added to those already in existence; and
the name of the college, on account of her love for the Name of
Jesus Christ, is to be changed (also with the consent of the
proctor and scholars) into Christ's College. The foundation, as
enlarged by her benefactions, is to consist of a Master, 12
fellows {socii), and 47 scholars {discipuli). In 1545 — 46 seventy-
two persons were maintained in it.
The statutes, which were given in 1 506, and are probably the
work of Bishop Fisher, present several new and interesting
features, which must be briefly noticed. At the outset the fact
that the new college is only an extension of God's House is
again insisted upon, for the preamble expressly tells us that the
Master, John Sickling — who had been the last Proctor of God's
House — and the fellows, have assented to the new rule. Theo-
logy is to be the chief subject of study; law and medicine are
not once alluded to, and the Master is bound by his oath not to
allow any of the fellows to apply himself to any other faculty
than those of arts and theology. The fellows are to take
priests' orders as soon as possible. They are to be chosen,
if eligible, from the scholars, but, if fitting candidates be not
forthcoming, from the whole university. The course of instruc-
tion of the scholars is specially defined; and among the subjects
1 [Mullinger's excellent account of these two colleges, and analysis of their statutes
(History, pp. 445—472), will well repay attentive study.]
II J COLLEGES OF CHRIST AND S. JOHN, CAMBRIDGE. Ixxi
to be lectured on the works of the poets and orators occur for the
first time. The admission of pensioners {pciisionarii ct convivce)
is another innovation.
Among the conventual establishments of Cambridge, the
foundation of which was mentioned in the last chapter, a
hospital of Augustinian Canons, called the Hospital of S. John
the Evangelist, was included. Originally it had been well en-
dowed, but, by the beginning of the sixteenth century, it is said
to have fallen into the same state of decay as the nunnery of
S. Rhadegund. Some doubt must, however, be felt respecting
the real extent of this decay ; for, if the documents which
authorise the suppression of the two houses be compared, it will
be found that the description of the condition of the hospital is
copied from that of the nunnery with a closeness which throws
suspicion on the truth of both accounts. The property has been
squandered, the buildings have gone to ruin, hospitality and
divine worship have been neglected, and even the two surviving
brethren have deserted the precincts, to the grave scandal of
their Order and the Church \ Whether these charges were true
or false, the suppression of the Hospital had been decided upon
by the advisers of the Lady Margaret, and licences to that effect
had been obtained from King Henry VH. and from the Bishop
of Ely (her own stepson, James Stanley), when the progress of
the design was arrested by the deaths, first of the king, and
then of the foundress herself Difficulties of various kinds — into
which we need not now enter — retarded the foundation of the
college for nearly two years, but these were finally overcome by
the perseverance, as above mentioned, of Bishop Fisher, and a
charter was obtained from King Henry VHI., 9 April, 151 1, in
virtue of which the Hospital was changed into a college con-
sisting of a master and fifty fellows and scholars, who were to
study theology and the liberal sciencesl The buildings had been
commenced in February, 15 10— 1 1, and the college was formally
opened 29 July, 15 16. A body of statutes had been prepared
by Bishop Fisher, which the Master and twenty-four fellows
1 [Letters patent of Henry VIII., 7 August, 1509. Commiss. Docts. iii. 221.]
- [For further particulars of the intricate negotiations which preceded the foundation
of S. John's College, see Baker's History, ed. Mayor, pp. 61 — 69; and Mullinger's
able summary, pp. 4^)1 — 472.]
Ixxii INTRODUCTION. [CHAF.
swore to observe. This first code is copied in the main from
those of Christ's College; and the two subsequent codes, given
by the same person in 1524 and 1530 respectively, develop their
provisions without introducing any important innovation. They
are based upon those given in 15 16 to Corpus Christi College
Oxford by Bishop Fox. In 1545 — 46 one hundred and fifty-
two persons were maintained in it.]
Soon after the commencement of the last-mentioned colleges
at Cambridge, the sister university witnessed the nearly simul-
taneous foundation of the colleges of Brasenose and Corpus
Christi, after an interval of sixty-four years since the last Oxford
College of Magdalen had arisen. Brasenose was the work of
two joint founders, William Smyth, Bishop successively of
Lichfield and Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton. [The first
purchase for the site, namely, "the lease of two ancient Hostels
for learning, situate on the west side of School street, called
Brasenose Hall, and Little University HalP,'' was effected in
1508; and the first stone of the buildings was laid at the south-
west corner of the quadrangle, i June, 1509^ By the royal
licence, dated 15 January, 151 1 — 12, the co-founders were em-
powered to found a college for a Principal and sixty scholars, to
be instructed in the sciences of sophistry, logic, and philosophy,
and afterwards of divinity, by the name of the Principal and
ScJiolars of the Kings Hall and College of Brasen Nose in Oxford.
The statutes, however, which were originally drawn up by
Bishop Smyth before 1513, and finally issued in a revised form
by Sir R. Sutton^ i February, 152 1 — 22, recognise only twelve
scholars or fellows {scholares soeii), who were to be natives of
the diocese of Lichfield, or failing them, of the diocese of Lincoln.
Besides these, scholars who were not fellows were to be admitted
in proportion to the size and number of the apartments {seeun-
dnni capacitateni cubicnlornniY?^
The establishment of Corpus Christi College by Richard
Fox, Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1507—18, and
Bishop of Winchester from 1501 to his death, 14 September,
^ [Wood, Colletjes and Malls, p. 354.] - [Ibid. p. 367.]
* [Live.s of William Smyth and Sir R. Sullun, by Ralph Churton, 8vo, Oxford,
[800, p. 311.]
■* [Commiss. ])octs. (Oxford), Vol. ii. Statutes of ISrascnose College. ]). 12.]
II.] CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD. Ixxiii
1528, was proceeding contemporaneously with the last. When
the first royal charter was issued, 1 2 March, 1 5 1 2 — 1 3, the founder
intended that his college should receive student-monks from his
cathedral-monastery of Winchester, upon the plan of Durham
College and Canterbury College, and, like them, should include
a mixture of secular scholars. The buildings had been even
begun with the object of realising this design, but, before they
had proceeded far, he changed his mind, upon the advice, as
the story runs, of Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, an intend-
ing benefactor, who is reported to have said :
" What, my lord, shall we build houses, and provide livelodes for a
companie of bussing monks, whose end and fall we ourselves male live
to see ? No, no, it is more meet a great deale, that we should have care
to provide for the increase of learning, and for such as who by their
learning shall doo good in the church and commonwealth'."
The charter was therefore returned, and a new one obtained,
26 November, 15 16, for a college to consist of a President and
thirty scholars, more or less, who should study theology, philo-
sophy, and arts. The statutes were given by the founder in the
following year, 15 17, when (20 June) they were "read, and then
approved of by him in the Church or Chapel of the Hospital
of S. Cross, near Winchester, in the presence of clerical and laical
people^."
[Bishop Fox, like so many churchmen of that day, had been
both a statesman and a diplomatist. In the latter capacity he
had travelled much, and while abroad had probably become
acquainted with the new learning which was slowly making its
way into England. It is not therefore surprising to find that
his statutes, while conceived in the same spirit as those already
given to Christ's College, Cambridge, by his friend Bishop
Fisher, enjoined still bolder innovations. He appoints three
lecturers in his college, one on the Latin classics, one on the
Greek classics, and a third on divinity. This last is directed to
follow the fathers of the Church — ^Jerome, Austin, Ambrose,
Origen, Chrysostom — and to eschew the medieval writers, "except
where the commentaries of the former doctors faill"
1 Holinshed, ed. 1587, p. 840.
- [Wood, ?// supra, p. 391.]
3 [Statutes of Corpus Christi College, etc. By G. R. M. Ward, M.A. 8vo,
Lond., 1843, p. 104. Mullinger, ttt supra, pp. 5^20 — 523.]
VOL. I. /
Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
Meanwhile, Cardinal Wolsey was maturing his plan for a
college, which, in size, in endowments, and in the special purposes
of its foundation, would have offered a striking contrast to those
which had preceded it. The revenues, amounting to an annual
income of ^2000, exclusive of all deductions, were to be provided
by the suppression of upwards of thirty religious houses, including
the celebrated Augustinian Priory of S. Frideswide, the j^atron-
saint of Oxford. The suppression of this house, the site of
which was to provide the principal portion of the site of the new
college, was authorised by a Bull of Pope Clement VII., dated
3 April, 1524, and confirmed by the king shortly afterwards
(19 April). In the following year, i July, 1525, the site was
conveyed to the cardinal, and the foundation of Cardinall College
authorised (13 July)\ The society, instead of being composed
of a master and fellows, after the usual fashion of colleges, was
to consist of a dean and canons — perhaps in order to soften as
much as possible the transition from the old to the new state of
things — who were to study theology, canon and civil law, arts,
medicine, and polite literature, besides devoting themselves to
the continuous practice of divine worship. The first stone was
laid^ with suitable ceremonial, 20 March, 1525 — 26^ and a dean
and eighteen canons were appointed shortly afterwards. The
statutes, given by the Founder, probably in the same year, develop
the details of the foundation at great length. Of these we can
give only a brief sketch. There were to be 60 canons of the
first order {primi ordinis), and 40 canons of the second order, or
"petty canons"; divine service was to be conducted by 13 hired
priests {presbyteri condiLcticii), 12 clerks, and 16 choristers, with
a teacher in music ; and 24 servants. Besides these — and this
was the most original part of the whole scheme — there were to
be six public Professors, of theology, canon law, civil law, philo-
sophy, medicine, and literature, to be chosen by a special board
of electors, to whom the utmost liberty of choice was permitted.
Their duties, salaries, and the books on which they were to
^ [These dates are derived from the letters patent dated 13 July, 1525, printed in
Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. ii. Cardinal College, p. 4.]
'^ [This date is that of the inscription on the foundation-stone, printed by Gutch in
a note to Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 421 ; in the text the ceremony is said to have
taken place 15 July, 1525.]
II.] FOUNDATIONS OF KING HENRY VIII. Ixxv
lecture, are all minutely specified. Besides these, there were to
be four private professors {privati ac doviestici professores), or, as
we should call them, lecturers, to be chosen out of the canons of
the first order, to lecture in sophistry, dialectics, philosophy, and
literature.
The buildings which were to contain this society, which,
when complete, would have amounted to 173 persons', were
carried forward with the utmost activity until October, 1529,
when they were stopped by Wolsey's attainder.
In 1532 the college was refounded by the king, under the
name of King Henry the Eighth's College ; but this, after an
existence of only thirteen years, was again surrendered into the
hands of the founder, 20 May, 1545. In the following year he
refounded it under the mixed form of a cathedral and a college.
The church became a cathedral church, forming the see of the
recently created Bishop of Oxford, and the college was named
TJic CatJicdral CJnirch of Christ in Oxford, of King Henry the
Eighth's foundation^. The society, as first constituted, offered
a curious mixture of a college and a school, for it was to have
consisted of a Bishop, a dean, eight canons, eight petty canons,
and other officers, sixty scholars or students, a schoolmaster,
an usher, and forty children. The latter part of this strange
scheme, however, was never carried out, and, instead of the
scholars and the children, one hundred students were appointed.]
A few weeks later, 19 December, 1546, the king issued letters
patent founding his own college at Cambridge "for a Master, and
60 fellows, and scholars," to be called Trinytie College within the
Tozvne and Universitie of Cambrydge of Kyngc Henry thcighfs
fnndacion. In order to make way for the new establishment.
King's Hall and Michael House had been compelled to sur-
render themselves and their possessions into the king's hands
(29 October); and Physwick Hostel had been forcibly taken
1 [Wood, Colleges and Halls, pp. 423, 424, raises the number to 186, by including
the subdean, 4 censors, 3 bursars, 4 private professors, and the steward, 13 persons in
all. It is clear however from the statutes (Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. ii.), that
all these were to be chosen from the 60 canons priini ordinis. The arrangements of
the buildings will l)e described in the Essay on "The Collegiate Plan," Vol. iii.
p. 263 ; and the intended chapel in that on "The Chapel," ibid. p. 508 ]
-[The Latin title is "Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxon. de fundatione
Regis Henrici Octavi."]
i 2
ixxvi
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
away from Gonville Hall, By uniting these three sites and
three sets of buildings, with the lanes that separated them, an
area of sufficient extent was provided, but, as the curious and
complicated history of this site will be found narrated at length
in the History of Trinity College, no further particulars of it
need be given in this place. The letters of foundation were
succeeded within a week by a second document (24 December),
by which the college was endowed with revenues of the clear
annual value of nearly i^i/oo^ — arising mainly out of impro-
priated livings, the property of recently dissolved religious
houses. [The king died in little more than a month after the date
of the last of the above documents, and it therefore fell to the lot
of his successor to provide the statutes which he had announced
his intention of givingl The objects which he had in view are,
however, clearly stated in the preamble to the charter of founda-
tion. After referring to the special reasons he had for being
thankful to Almighty God for peace at home, for successful wars
abroad, and, above all, for the introduction of the pure truth of
Christianity into his kingdom, and the defence of it against the
heresies and wicked abuses of the Papacy on the one hand, and
unbelief on the other, he sets forth his intention of founding a
college: "to the glory and honour of Almighty God, and of the
Holy and Undivided Trinity, for increase and strengthening of
Christianity, extirpation of error, development and perpetuation
of religion, cultivation of wholesome study in all departments of
learning, knowledge of languages, education of youth in piety,
virtue, self-restraint, and knowledge, charity towards the poor,
and relief of the afflicted and distressed."]
The five principal colleges of student-monks which have
been mentioned in due course, were naturally included in the
Act of Parliament for the dissolution of the monasteries, which
became law in 1539, but it is remarkable that the sites and
buildings of all of them, after passing through various hands,
were obtained by the founders of new colleges, for whose
purposes the construction and arrangement of their buildings
1 [The charters of foundation and dotation are printed in Commiss. Docts. iii.
PP- 365 — 410; and a convenient analysis of the latter in Cooper's Annals, i. pp.
^.45 — 451. The number of persons is given below, Vol. n. p. 463, no/e.]
- [Commiss. Docts. iii. 367.]
II.] CONVERSION OF MONASTIC COLLEGES. Ixxvii
especially fitted them. Thus in Ciimbridge the general Bene-
dictine House, which had latterly been known as Buckingham
College, was granted to Thomas Lord Audley, who obtained the
royal licence to found in its place the college of S. Mary
Magdalene, for a master and eight fellows, 3 April, I542\
At Oxford, Canterbury College was bestowed by the king
himself upon his newly created Christ Church, of which it be-
came the Canterbury quadrangle. In the first and second year
of Philip and Mary the Benedictine Durham College, and the
Cistercian Bernard College, were purchased, the first by Sir
Thomas Pope, the second by Sir Thomas Whyte, and converted
into colleges, in which the monastic buildings were for the most
part retained. The former became Trinity College (8 March
I555)^ for ^ President, twelve fellows, and eight scholars; the
latter, S. John Baptist College (i May, 1555) ^ on the more con-
siderable scale of a President, and thirty fellows or scholars,
the number of whom was subsequently increased to fifty. The
statutes, given shortly afterwards, prescribe their subjects of
study to be civil and canon law, the liberal arts (defined to
consist of dialectics, rhetoric, natural and moral philosophy),
and theology, and regulate, with curious minuteness of detail,
the precise proportions which the number of students in each
of these is to bear to the whole body of fellows^. Sir Thomas
Whyte also purchased (in 1559) *^he site and buildings of
the suppressed Gloucester College, founded in 1291, as already
related, for Benedictine students in general. This he converted
into "a Hall for Academical Students" in connection with his
own college, to which he conveyed it. He repaired the build-
ings, and "soon after settled therein a Principal and a hundred
scholars or more, some living upon their own charges, but
most by his benefaction." He proposed to call it S. John
Baptist's Hall, but, as so frequently happens, the attempt to
change the old name was unsuccessful, and it was always called
Gloucester Hall, until converted into Worcester College in 1714.^.
^ [History of Magdalene College, Vol. Ii. pp. 359 — 363.]
- [This is the date of the royal charter of foundation. Wood, Colleges and
Halls, p. 517.] 3 [Ibid. p. 535.]
* [Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. III. Statutes of S. John's College, p. 37.]
5 [Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 630. Ingram, Memorials, Vol. ii. Worcester
College, p. 5.]
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The reign of Philip and Mary further witnessed the enlarged
endowment of Gonville Hall at Cambridge by John Caius,
M.D.; to whom, in consideration of his benefactions, the title of
co-founder with Edmund Gonville and Bishop Bateman was
granted by charter, 4 September, I557^ Popular usage, how-
ever, has given his name alone to the college, although he
himself called it The College of Gonville and Cains founded in
honour of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, [with
the obvious intention of not only commemorating the original
founder, but of preserving the name which he had given to his
college. Dr Caius gave statutes in 1558, which he amplified in
1572. The previous statutes of Bishop Bateman are respected,
and the intentions of benefactors are not disturbed. Of the fel-
lowships founded by himself two only are to be held by medical
men, the third by a theologian. The study of anatomy, with
the dissection of the human body, is directed to be pursued, but
with this exception, the statutes offer no marked contrast to the
older codes. Like them, they are filled with minute directions
respecting dress, discipline, the use of Latin, the care of the
gates and buildings, and other matters of like nature which
might well have been left to the discretion of the Society.]
The reign of Queen Elizabeth is distinguished by the foun-
dation of three new colleges.
At Oxford Hugh ap Rice, or Price, a Welshman, Doctor
of Civil Law and Treasurer of S. David's, founded Jesus College,
27 June, 1 571, on the site of a Hall for students called White
Hall. It appears that he had petitioned Queen Elizabeth that
she would extend her patronage to his college. Her letters
patent, however, go far beyond this, for they describe her in
the usual florid language as founding the college out of grati-
tude to God for his benefits, and appoint it to be called
fhesus College zvytJiin the Citie and Universitic of OxfortJi, of
Queue Elizabeth' s' fundacion. This assumption of the position
of foundress by the queen did not confer any substantial benefit
on the college, except some timber out of the royal forests of
Shotover and Stow^; and Dr Price, who bequeathed to it all he
possessed, must be considered the real founder. The original
^ [Commiss. Docts. ii. 216.]
- [Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 569.]
II.] EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. Ixxix
foundation was for a Principal, 8 fellows, and 8 scholars, all of
whom were nominated by the queen, but the statutes, given in
1622, double these numbers. Wood further states that the
founder intended "the maintenance of certain scholars of Wales
to be trained up in good letters," and that they lodged in White
Hall until sufficient buildings had been erected for their recep-
tion*. The letters patent define their subjects of study to be,
science, philosophy, arts, Hebrew, Greek and Latin, as a pre-
paration for theology.
Jesus College at Oxford was followed by Emmanuel College
at Cambridge, founded 11 January, 1583 — 84, by Sir Walter
Mildmay, for a Master and 30 Fellows and Scholars. It
was erected on the site of the house of the Friars Preachers,
or Dominicans, whose buildings were, in part, altered for the
reception of the students. This college is usually termed a
Puritan foundation, but this imputation rests on the tone given
to it subsequently, rather than on any expressions in the charter
or the statutes. The former states that the queen, being anxious
"to increase anything which may concern the orthodox faith of
Christ," has licensed the foundation of "a college of theology,
science, philosophy, and arts, for the propagation of the pure
gospel of Christ, our only mediator"; and the preamble to the
latter speaks of the founder's desire "to do his best to develop,
for the sake of posterity, purity of religion and of life'."
Ten years afterwards, 25 July, 1594, letters patent were
issued for .the foundation of Sidney Sussex College at Cambridge.
These were procured by the executors of Frances Sidney,
Countess of Sussex, who had died 9 March, 1588 — 89, and
whose will contained the following clause :
"Also where sithence the decease of my said lord, the earl of Sussex,
I have, in devotion and charity, purposed to make and erect some good
and godly monument for the maintenance of good learning; and to that
n\tent have yearly gathered and deducted out of my revenue so much as
conveniently 1 could; I do therefore now, in accomplishing and per-
forming of the same my charitable pretence, what with the ready money
which I have so yeady reserved, and with a certain portion of plate, and
other things which I have purposely left, will and ordain, that my
executors shall bestow and employ the sum of ;^5ooo over and besides
^ [Wood, ut supra, pp. 569, 570.]
■^ [Commiss. Docts. iii. pp. 479, 484.]
Ixxx INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
all such my goods, as in my present will remain unbequeathed, for the
erection of a new college in the university of Cambridge, to be called,
the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College; and purchasing some compe-
tent lands thereunto to be annexed, for the maintenance of the master
and of ten fellows, and twenty scholars, students there, according to the
laudable customs of the said university; if the ;^5ooo and remainder of
my said goods unbequeathed will thereunto extend. And if the said
portion of money and goods shall not be thought, by the judgment of
my executors, to be sufficient for that purpose as to erect and found a
new college in my name, for the maintenance thereof, as I before
intended, then my will and mind is, that my said executors, by their
best advisement and good discretion, shall bestow and employ the said
sum of ;;^5ooo for the enlarging the college or hall called Clare-hall in
the said University of Cambridge ; and for the purchasing of some such
lands, clear of incumbrance, as the residue of the said money will or may
purchase by the best endeavours, to be annexed to the said college or
hall for ever, for the maintenance of so many fellows and scholars, to be
kept and maintained there, as is now used; as the same livings and
lands so purchased will conveniently maintain and keep, according to
the ordinary rate and allowances now used and appointed in the said
university, which college or hall from thenceforth perpetually shall be
named, Clare and Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College or hall; and the
scholars and fellows, which shall be placed there in my name, to have
and enjoy such and like liberties, customs, and privileges in the same
hall, as others the fellows and scholars there in every respect. And
whatsoever my insufficiency of knowledge hath omitted for the orderly
and strict directions of the proceedings herein, I refer and commit to
the further discretion, knowledge, and advisement of my said executors ;
by whose care, and with the assistance of others my well and godly
disposed friends, my special will herein may be speedily and truly
performed, established, and done.
Requiring the earl of Kent principally, and the rest of my said
executors, with the assistance of my said supervisors and assistants
before named, for God's cause, and in discharge of their consciences, to
execute and accomplish this my present last will and testament in all
things, and with all convenient expedition, according to my intent and
meaning, even as they will answer it at the dreadful and last day of
judgment before the throne of God's divine majesty, where the secrets
of all hearts shall be opened and revealed '."
The executors of the Countess met with difficulties in carry-
ing out her intentions. They did not obtain possession of the
site of the convent of the Franciscans, commonly called the
Grey Friars, until lO September, 1595; and the foundation of
the college was not laid until 20 May, 1596. The letters patent
state the object of the foundation to be "the education of young
men and others in piety, virtue, discipline, letters, and science, to
^ [Cooper's Annals, ii. 463.]
II.] COLLEGES OF WADHAM AND PEMBROKE, OXFORD. Ixxxi
the common use and advantage of the Church of Christ, our
kingdom, and our subjects," and Hmit the number of beneficiaries
to a Master, lo fellows, and 20 scholars \
Two colleges, Wadham College, and Pembroke College,
were founded during the reign of King James I., and both at
Oxford. The first was planned by Nicholas Wadham, a Somerset-
shire gentleman, and Dorothy his wife, but, he dying before
his intentions had taken effect, 20 October, 1609, it was wholly
carried out by his widow. She tried, in the first instance, to buy
Gloucester Hall, but, failing in this, obtained the site and build-
ings of the Augustinian Priory without Smyth-gate in the
north suburbs of Oxford, 29 May, 1610. The first stone of the
buildings was laid 31 July, 1610, and they were probably com-
pleted in rather less than three years, for the first warden, fellows,
and scholars, were admitted 20 April, 161 3. The royal licence,
dated 20 December, 16 10, describes the college as for "Divinity,
Civil and Canon Law, Physic, good Arts and Sciences, and the
Tongues"," The Foundress issued her foundation-charter, and
gave statutes, in 161 2. The royal licence for the foundation of
Pembroke College was issued 29 June, 1624. King James I.
assumed the title of founder, as Queen Elizabeth had done in
the case of Jesus College, but the funds were provided by the
will of Thomas Tesdale, of Glympton, near Woodstock, who
died 13 June, 1610, and by other benefactors. The college was
founded in an ancient Hall for students in the civil and canon
law, called Broadgates Hall, nearly opposite to the west front
of Christ Church. The statutes, given by six royal com-
missioners in 1629, bind all the members of the college — which
is to consist of a Master, 10 fellows and 10 scholars, — to the
study of theology ; but in the royal licence civil and canon law,
medicine, arts, and languages, are allowed in addition to
theology^.
No farther addition was made to the number of colleges until
the reign of King William HI. when Sir Thomas Cookes, of
Bentley in Worcestershire, obtained a royal licence, 22 October,
1698, for the conversion of the site and buildings of Gloucester
Hall into Worcester College, as already mentioned, for a Provost,
1 [Commiss. Docts. iii. 529.] - [Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 593.]
^ [Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. iii. Statutes of Pembroke Coll. p. v.]
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION. [CHAT.
12 fellows, and 8 scholars, all to be chosen from boys educated
in Worcestershire^ He died in 1702, leaving ^10,000 in the
hands of trustees to complete his foundation.
An ancient Hall for students at Oxford called Hert Hall,
which had lodged the scholars of Bishop Stapledon in 13 14,
as explained above (p. xxxvi.), and those of New College
while their own buildings were in progress, was endowed in 1740
by Richard Newton, D.D., and a charter was obtained (27
August), " for raising it into a perpetual college for students of
Divinity, the Civil and Canon Law, Physic, and other good Arts,
and Languages^" consisting of a Principal, four senior fellows,
and eight junior fellows, by the name of Hertford College. The
college was dissolved, 28 June, 1805 ; and in 18 15, the buildings
being in a very ruinous state, it was granted by Act of Parliament
to the University, in trust for the Principal and other members of
Magdalen Hall, the Society of Magdalen College undertaking
to put the buildings into complete repair. In 1874 Magdalen
Hall was dissolved, and the Principal and Scholars thereof, to-
gether with certain Fellows, were incorporated as a college, for
which the ancient name of Hertford College was revived.
This closes the list of colleges at Oxford, but at Cambridge
the will of Sir George Downing, of Gamlingay Park in that
county, Baronet, dated 20 December 17 17, directed the founda-
tion of a college to be called Downing's College, in the event of
the failure of certain trusts created by the said will. Sir George
Downing died 10 June, 1749, but the establishment of the
intended college was retarded by litigation, and a royal charter
was not obtained until 1800 (22 September). The college, as
therein described, is to "consist of one Master, two Professors
(that is to say) a Professor of the Laws of England and a Pro-
fessor of Medicine, and sixteen Fellows, two of whom shall be
in holy orders, and the rest shall be laymen; and of such a
number of scholars as shall hereafter be agreed on and settled
by the statutes of the said college I"
^ Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. iii. Worcester College, p. 19. The documents
printed in this volume shew that the early history of this college as given by Wood,
Colleges and Halls, p. 630, and followed even in the Report of the Commissioners,
1852, is erroneous in many particulars. ^ [Wood, Colleges and Halls, p. 641.]
^ [Commiss. Docts. iii. 606. Further particulars of the foundation of Downing
College are given in the History, Vol. in. pp. 753 — 768.]
II.J
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Ix:
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
Edward I.
Oxford. Final statutes given to Merton House by the Founder.
,, Rules for the management of Univ-ersity Hall prescribed by the
University.
,, Statutes for Balliol House.
,, Foundation of Gloucester House for student-monks of the Bene-
dictine Abbey of S. Peter at Gloucester.
Cambridge. Hugh de Balsham's scholars removed to I'eterhouse.
I Oxford. Hall built for the Benedictines of Durham.
Edward IL
1274.
1280.
1282.
1283.
1284.
Before
1300.
1314. Oxford. Foundation of Stapledon Hall, afterwards Exeter College.
1324. ,, ,, S. Maiy's House, afterwards Oriel College.
Cambridge. ,, Michael House.
1326. ,, ,, University Hall, afterwards Clare House, or
Clare Hall.
1338
1340
,,
1 34 1
Oxford.
1347
Cambridge.
1348
,,
1350
„
135^
,,
1.^63
Oxford.
1379-
Oxford.
1387-
Winchester.
1427.
Oxford.
1428.
Cambridge.
1435-
Oxford.
1437-
,,
1438.
)»
1439-
Cambridge.
1440.
Eton.
Edward IIL
Foundation of King's Hall.
University Hall refounded as Clare House.
Hostel bought for student-monks of Ely.
Foundation of Queen's Hall, afterwards Queen's College.
,, Pembroke Hall.
. ,, Hall of the Annunciation, or Gonville Hall.
,, Trinity Hall.
,, House of Corpus Christi.
House founded for the Benedictines of Canterbury.
Richard IL
Foundation of New College.
First stone laid of Winchester College.
Henry VI.
Foundation of Lincoln College.
House assigned to the Benedictines of Croyland, afterwards
called Buckingham College.
Foundation of S. Mary's College for Augustinians.
,, Bernard College for Cistercians.
,, All Souls College.
God's House assigned to Clare Hall.
First sketch of Eton College published by King Henry VL
Ixxxiv
INTRODUCTION.
[CHAP.
1 44 1. Cambridge.
1442.
,,
1443-
Eton.
Cambridge.
1446.
1448.
»)
Oxford.
'457-
1475. Cambridge.
1497.
Cambridge.
1505-
>)
I5II.
Cambridge.
I5I2.
Oxford.
1 5 1 6.
,,
1525-
„
153^-
,,
1542.
Cambridge.
1546.
Oxford.
Cambridge.
1555-
Oxford.
1557-
Cambridge.
1559-
Oxford.
1571-
,,
1584-
Cambridge.
1594-
>>
1610.
Oxford.
1624.
"
1698.
Oxford.
Site of the old court of King's College conveyed to King
Henry VI.
Foundation of God's House as a college.
Formal opening of Eton College.
Scholars of Eton to be transferred to Cambridge. Definite
scheme published by King Henry VI. for his colleges at
Cambridge and Eton.
Foundation of the College of S. Bernard.
,, the Queen's College of S. Margaret and S.
Bernard.
,, Magdalen Hall.
,, Magdalen College.
Edward IV.
Foundation of S. Catharine's Hall.
Henry VII.
Foundation of Jesus College.
,, Christ's College.
Henry VIII.
Foundation of S. John's College.
,, Brasenose College.
,, Corpus Christi College.
,, Cardinal College.
Cardinal College refounded as King Henry the Eighth's College,
Foundation of Magdalene College.
King Henry the Eighth's College refounded as Christ Church.
Foundation of Trinity College.
Philip and Mary.
Foundation of Trinity College (formerly Durham College).
,, S. John's College (formerly Bernard College).
Gonville Hall refounded as Gonville and Caius College.
Elizabeth,
Gloucester House converted into S. John Baptist's Hall.
Foundation of Jesus College.
,, Emmanuel College.
,, Sidney Sussex College.
James I.
Foundation of Wadliam College.
,, Pembroke College.
William III,
Conversion of Gloucester House into Worcester College.
II.] INMATES OF A COLLEGE.
George II.
1740. Oxford. Foundation of Hertford College.
George III.
1800. Cambridge. P^oundation of Downing College.
Victoria.
1874. Oxford. Magdalen Hall refounded as Hertford College.
The persons for whose benefit these institutions were con-
trived and endowed were of several classes ; the earlier founda-
tions being much more simple than those which succeeded them.
Thus the first benefactor, William of Durham, merely left a sum
of money to be invested for the maintenance of ten or twelve
Masters, who were to lodge where they pleased ; and John de
Balliol maintained scholars during their residence at the Uni-
versity, without restriction of place. Walter de Merton, as
explained above, was the first to give a real form to the col-
legiate system, by contriving a well-ordered community, ruled
by statutes, furnished with buildings, and provided with estates
for its support.
[The gradual growth of collegiate buildings, and of the
definite plan with which we are now familiar, will be discussed
in the essay on "The Collegiate Plan"; but it is especially
important at the outset of these investigations to remind our
readers how small a number of inmates it was proposed to
accommodate in each college in the first instance ; for these
scanty numbers rendered it possible to establish and maintain
a college without any of the buildings which under present
circumstances are indispensable. For instance, the Master and
eight scholars of Michael House, with their necessary servants,
could easily be accommodated in an ordinary dwelling-house ;
and the Master and fourteen scholars of Peterhouse in the
Hostels which Hugh de Balsham had provided for them.]
Ixxxvi
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The historical sketch which has just been given has shewn
that the persons benefited are invariably called scholars {sco-
lares), or fellows {socii), the terms being used indifferently. All
the members of the community were on an equal footing, save
that the juniors are enjoined to respect and obey the seniors.
The scholars are not required, as a general rule, to be of any
particular standing at the time of election, so that the com-
munity appears to have consisted of persons of every possible
age and academical rank. The members had all an equal voice
in elections, but important matters were committed to the seven,
eight, ten, or thirteen seniors — the number varying in different
foundations.
A year of probation after election was ordered by Merton\
and most of the succeeding founders at Oxford, during which
the newly elected scholar enjoyed all the privileges of the
establishment, but had no voice in the management of it. If he
did not prove worthy, he was rejected at the end of the year.
By this arrangement, two classes of scholars existed simul-
taneously. William of Wykeham requires two years of pro-
bation, and desires that these probationary scholars shall be
termed scholars and not fellows, and that the latter term shall
be confined to those scholars who have been elected to be true
and perpetual fellows after the years of probation. In this
manner the terms scholars and fellows became separated, and
applied to two different classes of studentsl [The way in which
the scholars were lodged ; two, three, or even four, occupying
the same room, so that a large number could be accommodated
in a small house, will be explained in the essay on " The Cham-
bers and Studies."
In addition to the scholars, account must be taken of the
sizars and subsizars, frequently called the poor scholars {pait.-
percs scJiolarcsY. They were boarded, lodged, and educated,
free of expense, on condition of acting as servants to the fellows
— each being usually definitely attached to some fellow at his
entrance. A fellow's sizar shared his master's room, and slept
1 [Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of Merton College, p. 26.]
^ [Ibid. Statutes of New College, p. 16.]
^ [The position of sizars is excellently explained in Mr Mullinger's second work,
P- 399-]
II.] SCHOLARS, FELLOWS, PERENDINANTS. Ixxxvii
on a truckle-bed {lectus rotalis), placed under the more perma-
nent piece of furniture which the former occupied. We shall
find that when building-operations were going forward, poor
scholars were allowed to earn money by acting as day-labourers.
Each community was governed by an ofhcer, elected by the
scholars, and designated Master, President, Principal, Provost,
Rector, Warden, etc. according to the special fancy of the
founder. Implicit obedience was to be shewn to him, but in
all other respects he shared the common life of the house. This
primitive arrangement, with the changes which gradually super-
vened, will be explained in the essay on "The Master's Lodge."]
Statutes of colleges from the beginning contain rules for the
admission of strangers into the establishment. These were of
two classes: (i) temporary visitors receiving courteous hospi-
tality ; (2) persons not attached to the house, but residing in it
as though it were a hostel, and enjoying the privileges and
advantages of it, on condition of paying their expenses.
With regard to the first of these two classes Walter de Merton
(1274) strictly enjoins his scholars "not to introduce strangers
or relatives so as to burden the society, disturb its peace, and
give occasion for contention ; but, remembering that they them-
selves owe their maintenance to benevolence, to be humbly
content, each with his own share of the common provision \"
This rule, which appears to forbid the introduction of guests on
any terms, was adopted at Cambridge in the statutes of Michael
House, Peterhouse, and Corpus Christi College, but at Peter-
house it was so far relaxed that a scholar was allowed to invite
his friends provided he paid for them ; and this became the
general rule. Even at Merton College the original Statute was
relaxed by Archbishop Peckham (1284), who ordains: "Let
no scholar dine in the town, or introduce guests, without the
special permission of the master or his substitute^."
The second class of persons who sought the hospitality of
colleges were at first termed " perendinants," and afterwards
'■ commensals " and " pensioners." As the latter word is now
used to designate young students who have not yet obtained
a degree, it must be noted that in the middle ages it was re-
stricted to its exact etymological meaning, and denoted a person
1 [Statutes of Merton Coll. zit stipra, § 12, p. 26.] - [Ibid. p. 43.]
Ixxxviii INTRODUCTION, [CHAP.
who, without being on the foundation of a given college, was
admitted to reside in it on condition of paying rent {pensio)
for his chamber ; and further, that those who obtained this
privilege were men of standing, former fellows, benefactors, digni-
taries, and the like. For instance, it is stated by Dr Matthew
Wren, in his History of the Masters of Pembroke College \ that
John Sudbury, Master from 1416 to 1428, continued to reside in
college after he had resigned his office, upon which the author
adds : " it was not unusual, at that period, for persons who were
not fellows to pay an annual rent {peiisio) for a chamber, whence
arose the name pensioner {pensiojiariusy ; and he proceeds
to cite from the college books the names of several persons
who had been fellows and held benefices, but who had subse-
quently returned to reside in college. The same custom ob-
tained at King's Hall, where, in 1411, Baret", who had been a
fellow, pays 13^-. 4^^. for chamber-rent; and, in 1415, Wyltylsey
pays a similar sum.
The word perendinant [pei-endinaiis^) was originally applied
to persons who availed themselves of the hospitality of religious
houses, by making long visits, which were often extremely
oppressive to the inhabitants, and must have been still more
so to colleges. As we shall find the practice strictly limited
in some colleges, and wholly forbidden in others, it is curious to
notice that at University College, Oxford, it was specially
suggested in the statutes of 1292, as a means of increasing
the revenues of the house.
" Item since the aforesaid Scholars have not sufficiently to live
handsomely alone by themselves, but that it is expedient that other
honest Persons dwell with them; it is ordained, That every Fellow shall
secretly enquire concerning the Manners of every one that desires to
sojourn with them; and then, if they please, by common Consent, let
him be received under this Condition, That before them he shall promise,
1 MSS. Baker, ii. 215. MSS. Harl. Mus. Brit. 7029.
2 Accounts of King's Hall, Vol. v. p. 328.
' Ducange, s. v. pereiidinare, explains that it means to stay from day to day, to
prolong a visit by continually postponing departure to the day after tomorrow (j>er-
endie). In 1316 the Gallican clergy petition Edward II. that the king and his courtiers
should not oppress religious houses by claiming pensions, etc. and by making peren-
dinations therein. The term, however, was not limited to such visits. Thus the
Mmperor Otho, in 981, is said to have built himself a palace in the country, and to
have remained /6'/'f«flfw/a^/«^ there all the summer.
II.] PERENDINANTS. Ixxxix
whilst he lives with them, that he will honestly observe the Customs of
the Fellows of the House, pay his Dues, not hurt any of the Things
belonging to the House, either by himself, or those that belong to him'."
In striking contradiction to this enactment, the founder of
Queen's College, Oxford (1340), prohibits his scholars to grant
to any perendinating stranger a chamber for life, an annual grant
of food, pension, clothes, or other matter, or a title for Holy
Orders (of course in reward for benefits received), but to
satisfy every one for his services according to the value thereoP.
At Cambridge the first statutes of Peterhouse (1344) decree
that the Master and Scholars are not to admit any one to
perendinate within their walls for a longer period than a fort-
night, unless they be certified of his character, and that he
be willing and able to do them some notable service, and not to
be burdensome to theml Similar rules are to be found in the
statutes of Clare Hall (1359)*, of Trinity Hall (I353)^ and
of Queens' College (1475)^ William of Wykeham on the other
hand sternly forbids the practice altogether:
"No stranger, whatever be his rank, degree, or condition, shall be
lodged in college, or pass a single night there; and no scholar of the
University shall be allowed to pass more than two days therein, or to
pay for commons, or to make any payment in regard of commons, or
in regard of prolonging his stay. Any member of the College, admitting
a stranger to pass the night there, shall be deprived of commons, the
first time for a week, the second time for a fortnight, the third time for
a month ; and, if he offend again, he shall be punished more severely,
at the discretion of the Warden, and the other officers '."
The earliest statutable recognition of stranger-students at
Oxford is at Magdalen College (1479) where the statute of
Wykeham quoted above appears with the following addition:
"Nevertheless we allow not more than twenty of the sons of noble
and worthy persons, friends of the college, to be admitted, at the
discretion of the President, to commons and residence at their own
expense, provided they be under the tutelage of guardians {creditoruin)
commonly called creancers^.''''
J The Annals of University College, by William Smith, p. 41.
2 Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of Queen's College, pp. 18, 33.
^ Commiss. Docts. ii. 27. In this very year strangers were in commons at King's
Hall from a heading in the accounts : " Summa omnium Repastorum tam sociorum
quam extraneorum." ^ Ibid. p. 136. ^ Ibid. p. 418.
® Ibid. iii. 37. ^ Ibid. (Oxford), Vol. i. .Statutes of New College, p. 43.
^ Ibid. (Oxford), Vol. ii. Statutes of Magdalen Coll. p. 60,
VOL. I. k
XC INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
At Balliol College (1507) the statute simply decrees that
every stranger admitted to dwell with the society shall bind
himself to observe the statutes and customs, as if he were
a fellow; and to study logic, 23hilosophy, or theology, unless
he be a dignitary {dignitate cojisiitutiis), or the son of a noble-
man, devoted to civil or canon law, and other secular science \
Waynflete's statute is copied at Corpus Christi College (15 17),
where the number of such students is limited to four, or six
at the outside, and a person is named who is to be responsible
for them, termed protector {tiitory. At Brasenose (1521) the
number of scholars who are not fellows is to depend on the
capacity of the chambers, and each student is to have a tutor
who is to be responsible for his fines and payments^. At
S. John's College (1555) the number is extended to twelve,
or sixteen, but no tutor is mentioned*.
In the statutes of colleges at Cambridge after Queens'
College the terms pensioner {^pentionarius), and commoner
{commensalis), are substituted for perendinant, and these persons
are now required to study and to perform scholastic exercises.
The word perendinant however sometimes keeps its place in the
heading of statutes, as, for instance, at Jesus College, where the
thirty-second statute is entitled: De admissione coinmeusaliuni
sivc perJieiuiinantiuin, and begins as follows:
"The master for the time being and the major part of the fellows
may admit perendinants or commensals, provided they be of good
morals, honest conversation, and disposed to study, in proportion to the
number of vacant chambers; and the master may let to them those
vacant chambers which the fellows decline to occupy, at the highest
rent {pensio) he can obtain I"
Similar rules occur in the statutes of S. Catharine's Hall (as
given by the Founder), Christ's College (1506), S. John's Col-
lege (1530 and 1545), and Clare Hall (155 1). In the latter code
^ Commiss. Docts. (Oxford), Vol. i. Statutes of Balliol Coll. p. 20.
^ Ibid. Vol. ii. Statutes of Corpus Christi Coll. p. 80.
•' Ibid. Statutes of Brasenose Coll. p. 12. The introduction of strangers is
wholly forbidden, except in certain specified cases, and then only for two, or at most
for three, nights.
■* Ibid. Vol. iii. Statutes of S. John's Coll. p. 75.
^ [Commiss. Docts. iii. 120.]
II.] TUTOR AND PUPIL.
XCl
we meet for the first time at Cambridge with the term tutor, in
the modern sense, namely, a fellow of the college who is to be
responsible for his pupil's expenses, to explain to him what
he has to do and to learn, and, in return, is to be treated by
him with filial obedience and respect^ This system, which
subsequently became universal, was probably first introduced
at King's Hall, where, as already shewn, the students were much
younger than elsewhere. As early as 1436, one at least of the
fellows pays for his pupils''^; in 1438, the Master seems to be
tutor to the Earl of Huntingdon's son, and also to one Halsale,
for he pays for both^; and again, in 1494, some students are not
entered under their own names, but only under that of their
tutor, as, pupilhis Sokborne*.
In all the codes of statutes at Cambridge subsequent to
those of Clare Hall the provisions for the tutorial office are
repeated, for the system of admitting students not on the found-
ation was by that time fully established. Twenty years later,
if we may accept the account given by Dr Caius in 1574 as
accurate — and he had exceptional opportunities for arriving at
the truth — there were j"]^ pensioners studying in the University,
a total which, if we exclude Trinity College, gives an average
1 [Commiss. Docts. ii. 179. "Z>^ Tiitoriim et Ptipillorum Officio. Pupilli Tu-
toribus pareant, honoremque paternum et reverentiam deferant. Tutores qua; docenda
sunt sedulo doceant, quseque etiam agenda instruant atque admoneant [etc.]. Omnia
Pupillorum expensa Tutores Collegio pr^stent, et intra septem dies cujuscunque
mensis finiti £es debitum pro suis mancipio aut seneschallo solvant." The statute De
Cohabitatione Extraneorum in this later code (p. 164) should be compared with that
in the ancient statutes. It now runs : " Volumus ut nemo Pensionarius moram facial
in dicta dome nisi qui probatse vita; fuerit ac inviolatse famse, quique Sociis et Disci-
pulis, moribus probis excolendis, atque Lectionibus et Artibus Scholasticis exerci-
tandis, Divinis celebrandis, et correctionibus debite perferendis de conformaturum
promiserit, atque expresso consensu Magistri et majoris partis sociorum ad habitandum
in dicto Collegio admissus fuerit." The former statute (ibid. p. 136) had prescribed :
"Item ad morandum in dicta societate nullus extraneus admittatur, nisi ex causa evi-
denti, utili, et honesta ; Et tunc talis qui moribus, vitae, regulge, et studio dictorum
Sociorum se potuerit et voluerit conformare ; nee aliquis extraneus ad habitandum
cum Sociis dictse Domus, absque expresso consensu Magistri et Sociorum, aut majoris
partis eorundem, de csetero admittatur."]
- Accounts of King's Hall, Vol. ix. p. 58 : " Mem' quod M"" Johannes Paston
satisfecit collegio pro se et pupillis."
^ Ibid. p. 246.
"* Ibid. Vol. xix. p. 33.
k2
xcu
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
of rather more than forty-nine for each of the thirteen others.
His Hst gives the following numbers:
Peterhouse 60 Queens' College 77
Clare Hall 60 S. Catharine's Hall 21
Pembroke College 36 Jesus College 90
Corpus Christi College... 54 Christ's College 51
Trinity Hall 33 S. John's College 89
Gonville HaU 33 Magdalene College 23
King's College 13 Trinity College 138
[At this time — as pointed out in the first chapter of this
introduction — the Hostels had all ceased to have an inde-
pendent existence, and only a few were retained by colleges
as lodging-houses. The whole body of students, therefore, had
to be accommodated in buildings which had been designed for
a far smaller number of persons— with the obvious result of
seriously overcrowding them. The necessity for removing this
impediment to study fully explains the extensive building-
operations which took place in so many colleges at the end
of the sixteenth, and the beginning of the seventeenth, century.]
CHAPTER HI.
Authorities used in the present work. College ac-
counts. Manuscript collections of Baker and
Cole. Plans and views of Cambridge.
[The authorities for the present work must, in the next place,
be briefly discussed. These separate themselves naturally into
two divisions, the documentary and the pictorial, of which the
former shall be taken first.
The plan which Professor Willis followed in his architectural
histories of cathedrals was : " to bring together all the recorded
evidence that belongs to the building, excluding historical matter
that relates only to the see or district; to examine the building
itself for the purpose of investigating the mode of its construction,
III.] HISTORY OF SITE. xciii
and the successive changes and additions that have been made
to it; and, lastly, to compare the recorded evidence with the
structural evidence as much as possible \" This plan, as noted
in the first chapter of this introduction, has been followed in the
present work, though on a somew^hat extended scale; for in each
college the history of the buildings has been prefaced by that of
the site.
The position of the site of any given college is usually men-
tioned in general terms in the royal letters patent authorising
the foundation; but in most instances the site then acquired by
the founder was gradually increased, either by the liberality of
benefactors, or by purchase, as the funds in the possession of the
Society enabled them to extend it. It will be readily understood
that a detailed examination of these gradual additions is neces-
sary for a thorough understanding of the position of the first
buildings, and the additions made to them from time to time,
for these were in many cases only rendered possible by the
acquisition of the ground on which they were to be placed.
The muniment-room, or treasury, of each college, usually
contains the conveyances of the different pieces of ground of
which the site is composed ; and by help of these, as explained
in each history, the plan which illustrates it has been prepared.
In documents of this kind the boundaries, or abuttals, of the
pieces conveyed, are usually stated with much minuteness, and
defined by the addition of the points of the compass ; but the
dimensions are very rarely given, so that, in fact, the juxta-
position of the several pieces is all that can be derived from
them. The dimensions, and the actual positions, must be in-
ferred from the landmarks given by the existing portions of
which the history is traceable ; or from allusions to a street, or to
some building, as for instance a church, the position of which
has not been changed. If, however, the series of conveyances
be fairly complete, the original arrangement of a given site can
be laid down on paper without much difficulty.
It is a far harder task to trace the history of the buildings.
Contracts and separate accounts, whether for the first buildings,
or for those added subsequently, have rarely been preserved.
Consequently their history must be derived from the accounts of
^ [Architectural llistury of Winchester Cathedral, 8vo, Loml. 1S46, p. i.]
xciv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
receipts and expenditure kept by the college bursar; and even of
these it is rare to find an absolutely unbroken series. Those
which do exist, however, contain a mass of the most valuable
information, which well repays the labour of searching for it.
It was the uniform practice, down to the end of the seventeenth
century, to purchase the materials required for building-opera-
tions in large quantities, and to engage workmen at daily wages
to make use of them. The history of each building, as, for
instance, the chapel, the hall, the library, can therefore be traced
from year to year; and, besides, as will be seen from the separate
essays, the social side of collegiate life at different periods can
be illustrated from them with far greater certainty than from
any other source. On the other hand, however, these accounts
are often obscure just where we should wish them to be most
distinct. They were drawn up for the use of persons who were
familiar with what was going on in the college, and all ex-
traneous particulars are therefore omitted. For example, it is
common to find the heading New Building {iiova edificacio) con-
tinued for several years without any indication of the size,
position, or destination of the structure that was being erected ;
and entries of expenditure for repairs are frequently much less
explicit than we could wish. Notwithstanding these drawbacks,
however, account-books must still be considered as authorities
of first-rate importance for all departments of collegiate history;
and the numerous extracts from them, both in the text and the
notes, shew the extent to which they have been used in pre-
paring the present work.
References to the Baker manuscripts and the Cole manu-
scripts will frequently occur. Of these two important collections
the latter is by far the most valuable for our present purpose;
but both must be briefly noticed in this introduction.
The Reverend Thomas Baker entered the University as a
pensioner of S. John's College 13 June, 1674; proceeded to the
degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1677, and to that of Master of Arts
in 1 68 1. In 1679 he was elected to a Fellowship which he held
until 17 16, when, in company with several others, he was ejected
for refusing to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy as
required by Act of Parliament. He continued, however, to reside
in S. John's College; and when he died, 2 July, 1740, he had
III.] MSS. BAKER, AND MSS. COLE. XCV
been a member of the University for sixty-six years, during
which period he had rarely quitted Cambridge. He had had
therefore exceptional opportunities for recording contemporary
events, had he had any taste for so doing; but neither in his
History of S. John's College, nor in his general collections, does
he ever obtrude either himself, or his personal recollections, upon
the reader. Nor does he appear to have taken any interest in
architecture. His forty-two manuscript folios, of which the first
twenty-three are among the Harleian MSS. of the British
Museum, and the remainder in the Library of the University ot
Cambridge, contain documents only, copied without notes, and,
as a general rule, without giving authorities.
The Reverend William Cole was born in 17 14 (3 August) at
Little Abingdon in Cambridgeshire, was educated on the foun-
dation at Eton College (where he stayed five years), and in 1733
(17 March), having run away from Eton, as he has himself
recorded, w^as matriculated as a sizar at Clare Hall. In 1735,
after the death of his father, he removed to King's College,
where he proceeded to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1736
(29 October), and of Master of Arts in 1740. In 1753 he be-
came Rector of Bletchley in Buckinghamshire ; but at this point
he shall speak for himself The following piece of autobiography
seems to have been written about 1780.
"About this time [29 December, 1752] being at the late Lord
Montfort's at Horseth Hall, I quitted the University entirely, after
having resided in it, whh Pleasure and Satisfaction, just 20 years, being
called up to London in an Hurry, and presented by my learned and
honoured Friend, Browne Willis Esq., to the Rectory of Blecheley in
Buckinghamshire ; and towards the middle of February went to reside
there, about S' Matthias rather, 24, the Beginning of Lent, and cut my
Name off the Boards, and quitted my Apartments in the New Building
of King's College, the Ground Floor of the first Stair Case, nearest the
Chapel, on the left Hand, in which I had happily lived 17 Years, at
the Rent of 15''. per annum.
I had altered my original College of Clare Hall, on my worthy and
ever lamented Friend Thomas Western of Rivenhall in Essex, Esq. his
quitting College; and having no good Rooms there, and my Half
Brother, Dr Stephen Apthorp, being then Fellow of Kings, but now
Vice Provost of Eton College, and the Opportunity of such excellent
Chambers, with many of my Friends and Schole Fellows at that Time
of the College, determined me to change my Quarters, after having
been Pensioner of Clare Hall 3 years or more, tho' my Father, to
punish me and humble me, for running away from Eton, entered me
XCvi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
a Sizar, and let me continue so for a Month or 6 Weeks. I had no
Objection to Clare Hall, where I had a Scholarship, and the Society
composed of very worthy Men. But the Loss of M"" Western, who had
just then married, and left his Rooms over the Arch, and Part of the
Master's Lodge, which I inhabited when he was not there (and that
was frequently the Case), gave me a Disgust to the gloomy Chambers
I had of my own. Thus much I thought fit to declare about my changing
of Societies. Clare Hall has still, and always had, my Affection as my
first College'."
In 1767, having- resigned his living, he took a house at
Waterbeach, near Cambridge; and, in 1769, removed to the
adjoining village of Milton, where he resided till his death,
16 December, 1782^.
He bequeathed his manuscript collections, contained in ninety
folio volumes, to the British Museum. They are an invaluable
storehouse of information about the town, county, University,
and colleges of Cambridge. Cole was an antiquary of a very
different stamp from Baker. He took a lively interest in all
that was passing around him, and the documents which he
copied are interspersed with notes, comments, and descriptions,
not to mention personal scandal, and political invective. He
was 'fond of heraldry and architecture, and lived on terms of
intimacy with Sir James Burrough, and Mr James Essex, who,
as will be shewn in the essay on " The Style of Collegiate
Buildings," were the architects successively employed during the
last century to transform so many buildings from a medieval
to a classical style. Cole watched these changes carefully, and
he has left numerous detailed descriptions of buildings, drawn up
while they were in progress. These have been printed at length
in the following Histories.]
In the next place we will examine the old plans of Cambridge,
some of which will render valuable assistance in unravelling the
arrangements of the buildings.
The earliest of these is that drawn by Richard Lyne in 1574,
to illustrate the History of the University by Dr Caius, pub-
lished in that year, in some copies of which it is inserted.
[This is a bird's-eye view, 15 inches high, by io;s inches wide, in-
cluding an ornamental border which encircles the whole plan. The
1 [MSS. Cole, li. p. 131. Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. 5852.]
- [History of the Parish of Milton, p. 30, Camb. Antiq. Soc. Octavo Publ.
No. xi. 1869.]
III.] " PLANS OF CAMBRIDGE. XCvii
spectator is supposed to be standing at tlie south end of the town. At
the top, bottom and sides of the plan, the ornamental border is inter-
rupted by a label, on which the points of the compass are written :
SEPTENTRio, MERiDiES, occiDENS, ORiENS ; and at the top, sepa-
rated by the word septentrio, are two scrolls bearing respectively
the words oppidvm and cantebrigi^e. In the right upper corner,
occupying a space about 4^ inches high, by 6^ inches wide, including
an ornamental border enriched with wreaths of fruit and flowers, is the
following descriptive note on Cambridge :
" Cantebrigia vrbs celeberrima a Granta fluuio vicino Cairgrant a
primo non tam vrbis quam Academiie conditore Cantabro, magni
nominis Hispano, Cantebrigia, a Saxonibus Grauntecestre, et Grante-
brige iam olim nuncupata est. Fluuius hodie antiquum nomen retinens,
flexuosis riparum anfractibus ab austro in aquilonem mari tenus lon-
gissimo tractu protenditur. Vrbs uero conditoris nomen et memoriam
sempiternam reddens etiam Academise dignitatem multo quam olim
fuit illustriorem conseruat. Muro fuisse cinctam historiae referunt sed
eum Pictis Danicis et Saxonicis bellis (ut et veterem vrbis faciem)
concidisse. Henricus tertius Anglie Rex circa annum Domini 1265 fossa
et portis Cantebrigiam muniuit. Quo tempore ibidem contra exhaere-
datorum iniurias et excursiones qui Eliensem Insulam occupabant se
defendit. Muro etiam iam tum rursus cinxisset, nisi eo absente Lon-
dino a Gilbert© Clarensi duce occupato nou£e calamitati prospicere
fuisset coactus. Huic fossae quae ab eo tempore Regime nomen obtinuit
vestigium quoddam in hac charta cernitur. Sed quae ad vrbis ambitum
et defensionem altissimis fuit et latissimis fossionibus primum apparata
expurgandis platearum fecibus, eluendisque in Grantam fluuium sordibus
non male nunc inseruit. Quod si Cantabrigienses coniunctis opibus
efificerent vt qui est ad vadum Trumpingtonia^ amniculus fossam banc
allueret, non esset Cantebrigia vrbs vlla elegantior, tantique facti memoria
non tam posteris grata quam ipsis iucunda et fructuosa existeret."
At a little distance to the left of this tablet are the royal arms, France
and England quarterly, encircled by the garter, and surmounted by a
crown. Beneath this are the arms of Archbishop Parker, separating the
words MAT, CANT.
In the right lower corner is the following table :
"HospiTiA Arcistarum Hospitia Juristarum
A.
Kinges Hall
B.
Michaell howse
C.
Physwicke Ostell
D.
Gregorye OsLell
E.
Garett Ostell
F.
S' Marie Ostell
G.
S' Austines Ostell
H.
Bernarde Ostell
I.
S' Thomas Ostell
L.
Ouins Inn
M.
Paules Inn
N.
Clemens Ostell
0.
Trinitie Ostell
P.
S' Nicholas Ostell
Q-
Burden Ostell
R.
Domus Pythagora;
S.
D. S"= Bedse
T.
Crates ferrea^ ubi
olim pons
K. Buttolph Ostell Canteber a Cantebro, unde Cantebrigia "
' [This iron grating is shewn in the middle of the street leading to the Castle, a
XCVlll
INTRODUCTION. ' [CHAP.
These hostels, with the exceptions of King's Hall, Michael House,
the School of Pythagoras, and the House of S. Bede, are included by
Caius in his list of hostels. The hostels included in that list but
omitted on the plan are : Rudd's, because the width of the map did
not allow of its insertion ; God's House, because included in Christ's
College ; Harleston's Inn, and S. Paul's Inn ; and, lastly, S. Margaret's
Hostel, S. Catharine's Hostel, and Tyled Hostel, because included m
Trinity College.
Lastly, in the left lower corner are two shields, bearing respectively
the arms of the University and Town, beneath which are the words :
" Ric^ Lyne scvlpsit a° dni. 1574."']
This plan is drawn without reference to scale, proportion, or
relative position of buildings, and it therefore requires to be em-
ployed with great distrust and caution, as may easily be shewn
by comparing King's College Chapel, S. Mary's Church, Queens'
College, or any other of the buildings that have not been altered
since it was drawn, with their real proportion and position.
The representations of buildings in plans of this description,
at this early period, are never to be trusted as exhibiting either
the exact proportions, or the exact portraits, of the structures.
They are conventional figures, with a slight resemblance. The
best mode of understanding them is to compare some of the
figures with the actual remains. Thus, the flank of King's
College Chapel between the turrets is drawn as high as it
is long, whereas, actually, the length is to the height as three to
one. Again, the height of the angle-turrets, as there drawn,
is to their breadth as six to one, whereas it is in reality as eight
to one. Moreover, ten windows are shewn instead of twelve.
And yet this part of the plan evidently assumes to be more of a
portrait than the rest. All the quadrangles of the colleges are
drawn as perfectly rectangular, and the buildings that compose
them have the windows dotted in in rows, in a "quincunx" order,
with little gablets above, all alike, and with no indications of
the large windows of hall or chapel, with the sole exceptions of
Trinity College and King's College. Even the old quadrangle
little to the north of Magdalene College. For the bridge called Cambridge, and the
water-course which it crossed, see History of Magdalene College (Vol. 11. pp. 356, 357)-]
1 [The portion of Lyne's map here discussed, extending from King's College to
S. John's College, and from High Street to the River Cam, has been reproduced in
the History of Trinity College, Vol. Ii. p. 400.]
III.] PLANS OF CAMBRIDGE. xcix
of King's College is square, and its north side extends behind
the Schools as a range of chambers. In reality, however, this
court was of an irregular figure, and the north side was occupied
by a low hall and offices. Here and there a college gateway is
indicated; as, for example, at Christ's College, Jesus College,
and Trinity College. The stair-turret of Peterhouse is greatly
exaggerated. Trinity College, from the straggling, unfinished
positions of its ranges of chambers, has led to an attempt to
shew their position more minutely, and also that of the chapel,
but in a manner exceedingly perplexing, [The chapel is made
to terminate in the same line as the eastern range of the
quadrangle; and yet, as the date on the east end of the present
chapel is 1564, the author of the plan had no excuse for his
incorrectness,]
The parish churches are similarly all represented in a con-
ventional form ; and are all alike, except Great S. Mary's,
which, being the principal church, is roughly portrayed. More-
over there is an attempt to give a circular form to the Round
Church. Both colleges and churches, how^ever, are drawn on a
larger scale than that employed for the plan of the town; and
thus occupy more space, and approach more closely together,
than they do in reality. The outskirts of the towm, on the other
hand, are drawn on a contracted scale, for the sake of crowding
in details.
[Notwithstanding these defects, however, this map is still a
valuable record. It gives the ancient names of many streets
and places, and their relations to each other; and, in the
case of buildings, is occasionally useful as a Vvdtness of their
existence, though it cannot be trusted for their extent or
dimensions.
A similar plan is to be found in the second book of the collection
of maps entitled Civitatcs Orlns Tcrrarum, by George Braun, or Bruin,
and Francis Hogenburg, first published at Cologne between 1572 and
1606'. The plan is without date, but the description of Cambridge
printed on the back, contained in a letter addressed to George Bruin
by William Soon", is dated from Cologne, 20 May, 1575.
1 [There is no date on the title-page, but the licence to print granted by the
Emperor Maximilian II. is dated from Ratisbon, 24 August, 1576; and George
Braun's own preface from Cologne, 1572.]
2 [William Soon or Zoon was educated at Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A.
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The plan occupies two folio pages. It is 13^ inches high, by
18 inches wide. It is therefore nearly twice as large as Lyne's plan,
but this difference, so far as the buildings are concerned, is apparent
rather than real. They are of nearly the same size in the two plans,
and the additional space is given to the environs of the town, on which
sheep, oxen, and horses, are grazing. Like Lyne's plan, it is a bird's eye
sketch ; but the spectator is supposed to be standing on the west side of
Cambridge ; so that the buildings are drawn from a difterent point of
view. There is, however, so close a general resemblance between the two
plans, that it seems not unlikely that they may have been drawn by the
same person ; or, if this explanation be not admitted, the later plan
has been copied from the earlier with much ingenuity. For instance,
in both plans King's College Chapel has lofty gables instead of pinnacles
at the top of its towers, of which there are two instead of four ; and the
old quadrangle of the college is shewn as extending beyond the north
side of the Schools' Quadrangle. Braun, however, has shewn a quad-
rangle abutting against the east and west ends of the chapel on the
north side, having evidently misunderstood the description in the Will
of King Henry the Sixth, or perhaps having only heard a legend of its
provisions. In the other colleges no new structures are introduced, but
the buildings shewn by Lyne are turned round, and details, similar to
his, are introduced into the fiK^ades which front the spectator from the
altered point of view.
In the right upper corner, on a tablet enclosed in an elaborate
bordej, Lyne's list of Hostels reappears, numbered i — 19, instead of
being lettered A — T ; and in the left upper corner, on a larger tablet,
encircled with a more elaborate border, enriched with bunches of fruit
and flowers, is the following description of Cambridge, which bears
a close resemblance to that of Lyne, quoted above :
" Cantebrigia, opulentissimi Anglie Regni, vrbs celeberrimi nominis, ab Academic
conditore Cantabro, cognominata : A Granta, fluuio vicino, Cairgrant ; Saxonib'
Grauntecestre, et Grantebrige, iam olim nuncupata."
Above this tablet are the Royal arms, surmounted by the crown,
and encircled by the garter, exactly copied, but on a larger scale, from
those on Lyne's plan.
In the right lower corner a gentleman is conversing with a lady, and
a second gentleman is advancing towards them.
This plan is copied, with the omission of these figures, in : Illus-
triorum prmcipumque Urbium SepietitiHonaliiivi Eui'opce. tabular ; Ajiisie-
lodami, ex officina Joatuiis Janssonii, unfortunately without date. The
description at the back of the plan is composed of that by Lyne
quoted above, with the letter of William Soon appended to it. This
is introduced by the following lines :
" Ut vero, mi Lector, accuratissima hujus Urbis et Academic descriptio te
minime fallat, earn ex sequentibus Guilielmi {sic) Sooni doctissimi quondam scriptoris
1545, M.A. 1549. He was Professor of Civil Law 1561 — 63. Subsequently he settled
at Cologne, where he acted as assistant to Abraham Orlclius, the famous geographer.
See Cooper's Athena;, i. 350.]
III.] PLANS OF CAMBRIDGE.
CI
et professoris ad Georgium Bruinum datis litteris facili negotio haurire potes, quae sic
habent."
The plan of Cambridge which appears in " The Particular
Description of England, with the Portratures of Certaine of the
Cheififest Citties and Townes, I588\" by William Smith, is merely
a copy, on a reduced scale, of part of Lyne's plan.]
The first accurate and measured plan is that by John
Hamond, of Clare Hall, dated 22 February, 1592. It is
greatly to be regretted that only one copy is known to be in
existence. This is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford,
but it is not mentioned by any antiquary, and indeed fell into
my hands by chance, when I was inquiring for the original copy
of Agas' plan of Oxford, which is of about the same size. It is
known at Oxford as Agas' Cambridge. [It has lately been dis-
covered that the two plans were included in the collections of
Thomas Hearne, which came to the Library in 1755, among the
other bequests of Richard Rawlinson, D.C.L. Hearne had
received them from Baker in 1725, as shewn by the following
entry in one of his Common-Place Books :
"On the i6'h of March, 1725, I reC^ from Cambridge two old Maps
(great Rarities and Curiosities) one of Oxford, the other of Cambridge,
being both given me by my learned Friend the Reverend M"" Thomas
Baker, Bach, of Div. of S' John's College in Cambridge. They are in
a shattered condition. That of Oxford was done by Ralph Agas'."
Hearne proceeds to make notes on the plan of Oxford, but
says nothing more about that of Cambridge. The plan of
Oxford is in bad condition, and that of Hamond has unfor-
tunately suffered considerably from mildew in several places.
Within the last few years, however, both have been mounted
on canvas, and protected by a glazed frame. The two plans
now hang opposite to each other, in the Selden Library, one on
each side of the great west window. The plan of Cambridge is
so interesting, and so valuable for our present purpose, that we
will proceed to give a detailed description of it.
It is of large size, measuring 3 feet io| inches in length, by 2 feet
10^ inches in depth; and is lettered at the top, in large capitals,
^ [MSS. Sloane, Mus. Brit. 2596, fo. 64. It has been printed in the publications
of the New Shakespeare Society for 1878, Ser. vi. 5, "Shakespeare's EngLmd."]
- [This valuable extract was kindly communicated to me by my friend Falconer
Madan, M.A., of Brasenose College, Oxford.]
Cll
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
surrounded by an ornamental border, Cantebrigia. Below this
inscription are the royal arms, France and England quarterly, encircled
by the garter, and surmounted by the crown. These arms are flanked
by those of King Sigebert, and of the Town of Cambridge. In the left
upper corner is a list of the colleges, numbered in order of their
dates of foundation, beginning with Peterhouse, and ending with
Emmanuel. Brief particulars of the founders, and the dates of foun-
dation, are appended ; and the whole is surrounded with a border
containing twenty-one coats of arms, with numbers above them cor-
responding to those of the list. This list, which we give below, so far
as the names of the different foundations are concerned, is headed :
" Collegia, Domus, sive Aulae Scholarium fundis et reditibus dotata numero vnum
et XX, secundum tempora suarum fundationum precise computata, licet hodie per
fundationum confusionem ad xvj sint reducta."
1. Scholee publico
2. Collegium siue domus S. Petri
3. Collegium siue domus S. Michaelis archangeli
4. Collegium siue aula Vniuersitatis
5. Collegium siue aula regis
6. Collegium siue aula de Clare
7. Collegium siue aula D. Marite de Valentia siue Pembrochie
8. Collegium Corporis Christi et beate Marine Virginis siue Sancti Benedicti
9. Collegium siue Aula Sancte Trinitatis
10. Collegium siue aula Gonevilli
11.^ Collegium domus Dei
12. Collegium beate Marioe et sancti Nicholai nuncupatum regale
13. Collegium sancte Margarete et sancti Bernardi vulgariter dictum reginale
14. Collegium siue aula sancte Catherine
15. Collegium Jhesu et sancte Radegundis
16. Collegium Christi
17. Collegium sancti Johannis Evangeliste
18. Collegium beate Marie Magdalene siue Buckinghamie
19. Collegium sancte et individue Trinitatis
20. Collegium Gonevilli et Caii
21. Collegium Emanuelis
This list, with the arms, occupies a space 15 inches long, by iif
inches deep.
In the right upper corner, in a frame surrounded by an ornamental
border, is the following description of the castle :
"Castrum quod hodie ruinosum vestigia regalis munificentice expressa monstrat,
haud dubie opus erat sub rege Gulielmo primo inceptum perfectumque. Legimus
enim in libro vocato Domesday priuatorum sedificia xxvij vt locus vacuus castri con-
structioni regalis fieret per ea tempora fuisse demolita."
Below this, surrounded by a similar label, is a short history of the
Town of Cambridge ; and in the right lower corner, on an orna-
mental tablet, flanked by columns, and surmounted by a pediment, is
the following important inscription :
III.] PLANS OF CAMBRIDGE. ciii
" Habes in hac charta (Spectator candide) nouam Cantebrigioe descriptionem, quam
per scaloe mensuram multo quam antehac accuratius examinatam ad veros situs
reduximus. Tu vero qua est humanitale equi bonicjue consulas. Interim fruere et bene
vale. Cantebrigise ex aula Clarensi die 22 mensis februarii 1592. Johannes Hamond^"
A lower tablet contains the scale, divided into Stadium^ Perticce,
Passus^ Vhice., Pedes.
At the bottom of the plan, nearly in the centre, are the words :
" Augustin Ryther et Petrtis Muser sculpserunt" ; and, lastly, in the
left-hand corner, is a history of the University, of about the same
length as that of the Town. It has suffered a good deal from damp,
but to judge from what has been preserved, contains only the usual
apocryphal particulars.
The map is washed over with a brown tint, with the exception of the
streets and open spaces, which are usually left white, and the roofs, some
of which are rudely coloured red. It was originally printed in nine
separate pieces, each about fifteen inches wide by twelve inches high,
numbered in the margin for the guidance of the person who was to
mount them on canvas. The figures i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, can still be
plainly distinguished ; but 7 has perished. The pieces are numbered
from left to right, beginning with the left upper corner, and proceeding
round the outer margin, so that the central piece would have been the
ninth. A careful examination has failed to discover any figure upon
this piece ; and it is possible that its position may have been thought to
be as well indicated by leaving it blank as by marking it.]
The plan is engraved on copper, to the scale of 120 feet to
the inch. The buildings are shewn in perspective, extremely
well delineated after the manner of a bird's-eye view, the spec-
tator being supposed to be placed on the south side of the town;
and the ground upon which they stand is most carefully laid
down to scale, due proportion being observed between the town
and the environs. [The streets, colleges, and churches are let-
tered; and the houses in the town are laid down with the same
detail as the colleges.
An exact facsimile having been made for my use by the
kindness of the late H. O. Coxe, M.A., Bodley's Librarian, I have
been enabled to give for each college, whenever it appeared
necessary to do so, a copy of Hamond's delineation of its build-
ings. Readers will therefore be able to judge of the character-
istics of his work without further description; but the following
careful comparison, made by Professor Willis, of the site of
Trinity College as laid down by Hamond, and as it really exists,
' [Nothing is known of the author. A John Hamond, of Clare Hall, proceeded B.A. 1575, M.A.
1579 ; but the identification of him with the author of the plan must of course remain uncertain.]
CIV
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
shews, as he says, that Hamond's plan "possesses a general
accuracy, with some remarkable errors in detail."]
The dimensions of the site of Trinity College may be com-
pared by means of four points that are fixed; namely, the north-
west corner by S. John's College Bridge (a); the angle of the
wall opposite to All Saints' Church, as it stood previously to the
late change (b) ; the south-east corner at the junction of Trinity
Lane and Trinity Street (c); and the south-west corner at the
bakehouse (d); which is shewn on Loggan's plan as well as on
Hamond's. The real distances of these points from each other,
and the distances as given by Hamond, are as follows, in feet:
Actual. Hamond.
From A to B
t;oo
495
„ B to C
460
460
„ C to D
660
655
„ D to A
520
5'°
The distance from the last point named to the west end of
Garret Hostel Lane is equally true, namely 170 feet; and the
distance from the street to the front of the great gateway is 11 5
feet in Hamond, and about 1 10 feet in reality, but it is less now
than it used to be.
The measurements of the buildings are by no means equally
correct. It appears as if they had not been so freely accessible
as the streets, and were probably laid down by sketching from
the roofs, corrected by rough pacing. The western side of the
great court of Trinity College is placed in a line which, if pro-
duced southward, would pass ten feet to the east of the corner of
Garret Hostel Lane, instead of fifty feet to the west of it, which
is its true position. This error, however, is to a great extent due
to a large patch of mildew which has damaged and separated
the pieces of paper on which the map is printed at this place;
so that in mounting it on canvas the north end of Milne Street
has been dragged considerably to the east of its true position.
A copy of this plan, on a very small scale, [of which we have
met with only four copies,^] has been attributed to Hollar, and is
undoubtedly in his manner. It bears, however, internal evidence
1 [One of these is in the Print Room of the British Museum, one in the Library
of the Society of Antiquaries, and the two others in the Gough collection in the
Bodleian. One of these has in the lower margin : " Sould by John Ouerton at y«
white horse in litle Britain." Gough (British Topography, i. 209) mentions this map,
but doubts whether it is rightly ascribed to Hollar.]
III.] PLANS OF CAMBRIDGE. CV
of having been copied from an earlier survey, for it does not
contain Sidney College, founded in 1596, but shews Emmanuel
College, founded in 1587. But, as Hollar was born in 1607,
came to England in 1636, and died in 1677, it is clear that he
could not have surveyed the town himself with this omission ;
and, in fact, when the plan attributed to him is compared with
that by Hamond, it becomes evident that the one has been
copied from the other. [The attribution of it to Hollar is,
moreover, wholly erroneous, for we shall find that a portion of
it reappears in the left-hand corner of Speed's map of Cam-
bridgeshire, dated 1610, when, as shewn above, Hollar was only
three years old.
This plan, lettered at the top, Cambridge, is an etching, 10 inches
high, by II inches broad; but this space is diminished by a lateral
border containing the coats of arms of the different colleges, and,
further, by The Prospect of CamhHdge from London Road, which extends
from side to side at the top of the plan between the coats of arms, with
a depth of 2| inches. Beneath this again, in a border i| inches deep,
are seven shields, prefaced by the inscription : The Amies of such
Princes and Noblemen as have bonie the titles of the Earldome of Cam-
bridge. Their names are given as follows :
"William brother to Ranulph E. of Chester
lohn of Henaud vncle to Phillip Q. to Edward 3
William Marques of luliers
Edmund of Langle Duke of York
Edward Duke of York
Richard Earle of Cambridge
Richard Duke of York "
The space left for the plan is only 6 inches high by about 8^ inches
broad, and this is fuithcr diminished by the introduction, in the left
upper corner, of a very small plan of Cambridgeshire, 2 inches high, by
2^ inches wide. The names of the colleges, with their arms, are given
in the following order :
St Peter's House God's House CoUedge
Pembroke Hall Jesus Colledge
Trinitie Hall Queenes Colledge
King's Colledge S. Michael's Colledge
S. Catharine Hall Clare Hall
Christ's Colledge Corpus Christi Colledge
Magdalen Colledge Gonvile and Caius Colledge
Emanuell Colledge Queene's Colledge
Vniversity College S. John's Colledge
Trinity Colledge A blank shield.
VOL. I. /
CVl
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
As distinct evidence that this plan is a copy of that by Hamond, it
may be remarked that Trinity College appears as he shews it, with ranges
of building projecting into the area of the Great Court, which has
no south or east side. Garret Hostel Green is still an island, and
no walks are shewn on the west side of the river. The grounds
of King's College on that side of the river, lettered King's Colledge
Backesides, extend as far as Garret Hostel Bridge, and Clare Hall
is in its ancient position, with its east front in a line with the east
front of Trinity Hall. At Peterhouse a row of houses intervenes
between the east range of the quadrangle and the street.
The small plan, engraved at the corner of Speed's map of
Cambridgeshire, is a copy, without reduction, of so much of the
plan we have just been describing as could be contained in a
very limited space, with the addition of Sidney Sussex College.
Speed's map of the county, which occurs in his Atlas called : " The
Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine," is lettered :
" Cambridgshire described with the deuision of the hundreds, the Townes situa-
tion, with the Armes of the Colleges of that famous Vniversiti'. And also the Armes
of all such Princes and noble-men as haue heertofore borne the honorable tytles and
dignities of the Earldome of Cambridg."
At the left lower corner we read : Performed by Iohn Speede
And are to be solde by Thomas Bassett and RicJiard CJiiswell i?i St Pauls
Church yard : and in the right lower corner : Ciaii PrivUegio, 1610.
The arms of the sixteen colleges form a border down each side of
the map, which is returned along the bottom for a sufficient distance
to allow of the insertion of a single shield on each side. The list
begins with Peterhouse and ends with Emmanuel College, opposite
to which there is a blank shield, left presumably for Sidney Sussex
College, the arms of which the author had probably not been able
to ascertain. At the bottom of the map are the seven shields of
the Earls of Cambridge which we found in the plan attributed to Hollar,
with their names, all copied exactly.
The plan of the town, lettered Cambridge, occupies a space at the
left upper corner of the map, about 4f inches high, by 5I inches wide.
We have compared it carefully with the plan attributed to Hollar, and
ascertained that it is, as stated above, a copy of so much of that plan as
the space would admit, with this difference, that a complete quadrangle
is shewn for Sidney Sussex College, where both Hamond and his first
copyist shew only some detached buildings on the open site of the
Grey Friars.
This map was repeated in subsequent editions of the work, but the
arms of Sidney Sussex College were inscribed upon the shield which
had been formerly left blank.
The plan annexed to Fuller's History, and lettered : " Canta-
brigia qualis extitit Anno Dni : 1634," is a bird's-eye view,
III.] PLANS AND VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. cvii
after the manner of Lyne, and bearing a general resemblance
to his plan, but, as Professor Willis remarks, it " is, if possible,
more carelessly drawn in respect of proportions and forms of
buildings."
The plan of Cambridge which forms part of Loggan's Can-
tabrigia Illustrata, is lettered : NovA ET ACCURATA CELEBER-
RIM^ Universitatis oppidique cantabrigiensis ichno-
GRAPHIA. An°. t688. In the left lower corner are the words:
Dav. Loggan Delhi, ct Sculp, cum Privil. S.R.M. 1688. It is
dedicated to Francis Turner, D.D., Master of St John's College
(1670 — 79) and Bishop of Ely (1684 — 91), in an inscription
which states that the plan had been begun when he was Vice-
Chancellor, and finished when he was Bishop. As Dr Turner
was Vice-Chancellor 1678 — 79, Loggan must have been engaged
for ten years in the preparation of it. It is an original survey,
15I inches high, by 2o| inches wide, on a scale of about 300
feet to one inch. Though the scale is small, it is so accurately
drawn, and so clearly engraved, as to be of the greatest service
in determining the changes which had been effected in the
interval of nearly a century which had elapsed since Hamond's
plan was drawn.
In 1798 there appeared: "A new plan of the University and
Town of Cambridge to the present year, 1798. Surveyed by
and Published for W"' Custance, Cambridge, May 21", 1798."
This plan is copied from that by Loggan, on the same scale, but
the details have been carefully corrected to date.
We will next pass on to the principal collections of views of
Cambridge. They differ considerably, both in artistic merit, and
in accuracy; but, if judiciously used, they will all be found of
great assistance to the architectural historian.
Among these the first place, in value as well as in time, must
be given to the Cantabrigia Illustrata of David Loggan. Before
saying any more about this, however, we will put together the
few facts which we have been able to ascertain respecting the
life of the artist.
David Loggan is said to have been born at Dantzic in 1630;
to have learnt engraving in Denmark from Simon van de Passe ;
and to have completed his studies in Holland under Hendrik
Hondius, P'rom Holland he went to England, where the two
/2
cviii INTRODUCTION. [CIIAP.
sons of Hondius were then living'. The precise date of his
arrival has not been recorded, but it must have been before
1653, to which year the earliest portrait engraved by him has
been assigned". In this department of art he became famous,
and is described as the best portrait-engraver of his time^
His connection with the Universities began with Oxford,
where he had a house in Holywell. In 1669 he was appointed
engraver to the University* with an annual salary of twenty
shillings; and, in or about 1671, he married a daughter of Robert
Jordan, Esq., of Kencote Hall in Oxfordshire, by whom he had
at least one son, John Loggan, who was matriculated at Trinity
College 20 August, 1688, being then sixteen years old\ He is
described as " son of David Loggan of Oxford, gentleman
{generosus)r
Loggan is said to have published his first work, a collection
of eleven folio plates of the costumes then worn in the Uni-
versity, called, Habitus Academicorum Oxoniensium a Doctore
ad Servientem, in 1672''; but neither date nor author's name
appear on the title-page. The drawings are, however, so much
in Ijis manner that there is no reason for doubting that they are
correctly ascribed to him. In the same year (5 July) he sub-
scribed the Articles of Religion, and matriculated (9 July) as
" David Loggan of Dantzic {Gedanensts), Engraver {cJialco-
grapJnis) to the University of Oxford," probably for the purpose
of securing to himself the privileges of membership of the
University.
^ De Levens en Werkens des HoUandsche en Vlaamsche Kunstchilders. By
Christian Kraam. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1859.
- [Walpole, ed. Dallaway, v. 185.]
^ [Dictionary of Artists, by S. Redgrave, s. v. Loggan.]
* [Register of Convocation, Ta, p. 257. " 1669. Martii 30. Magister David
Loggan, Artis Sculptori^e apprime peritus in publicum Academire Sculptorem unanimi
omnium Consensu nominatus et electus est. Insuper decrevit Senatus Academicus
Stipendium viginti Solidorum annuatim ei Solvendum quam diu in Academia morari
contigerit."]
5 [Register of Magd. Coll. Oxon. by J. R. Bloxam, Vol. 6, p. 75. He afterwards
obtained a Demy-ship at Magdalen College, and proceeded B.A. 6 June, 1692;
M.A. 30 April, 1695 ; and B.D. 27 January, 1707. He became Fellovir, 1700 ; Senior
Dean of Arts, 1707 ; Bursar, 1708 ; Dean of Divinity, 1711 ; and Rector of Hanvvell
in Oxfordshire, 17 18.]
" [Walpole, lit supra, p. 1S4. There is a copy of this work in the Bodleian Library.]
III.] DAVID LOGGAN.
CIX
In the following year (17 March, 1672 — yi), he obtained a
letter of protection from King Charles II. (prefixed to the Oxonia
Illustrata), in which the following passage occurs :
" Whereas it hath Ijcen manifested unto Us, That Our Trusty and
Wellbeloved David Loggan, Calcographer to Our University of Oxford,
hath not only with great Art, but at the expence of much time and
charge delineated described and accurately engraven in Copper the
Library, Theater, Publick-Schools, Colleges and Halls, and other
Prospects of Our said University : Which performance of his as it is to
Our Great liking and satisfaction, so that We may expresse Our Appro-
bation thereof, and giue him all due and ample encouragement for the
future. We doe hereby signify Our Royal Pleasure, Granling unto the
said David Loggan the sole Priviledge of Printing the foresaid De-
lineations and Descriptions * '^ *, and strictly charging prohibiting
and forbidding all Our Subjects to copy or counterfeit any the Sculp-
tures or Descriptions aforesaid either in great or small ; or to import
buy, vend, utter, or distribute any Copies or Exemplars of the same
reprinted beyond the Seas within the terme of fifteen Yeares next
ensuing the date of this our Licence and Prohibition."
The work appeared two years afterwards, with a dedication
to the King, and the following title :
" Oxonia Illustrata, sive Omnium Celeberrimaj istius Universitatis
Collegiorum, Aularum, Bibliothecas Bodleianae, Scholarum Publicarum,
Theatri Sheldoniani : nee non Urbis Totius Scenographia. Delineavit
et Sculpsit Dav : Loggan Univ. Oxon. Chalcographus. Oxoniae, e
Theatro Sheldoniano A"° D"' MDCLXXV.'"
The Oxonia Illustrata consists of forty plates, each extending
over two folio pages. These plates include two general views of
Oxford (occupying a single plate), a plan of the city, a plate of
academical costumes, and 37 views of colleges, halls, and public
buildings. The extraordinary amount of accurate detail which
these views contain, implies an equally extraordinary expendi-
ture of time in preparing for their publication. The words
"expence of much time and charge" in the royal letter quoted
above, are almost sufficient of themselves to shew that Loggan
must have spent several years upon the work; but, in the
preface (which succeeds the dedication) he expressly says that it
had been "long expected, and begun several years before."
Moreover, in the preface to his Cantabrigia Illustrata, he tells
' [This is the date on the title-page, but Mr Dallaway quotes an advertisement
from the Gazette, 1674: "Oxonia Illustrata by David Loggan. The Price 25 shil-
lings." Walpole, lit supra, p. 184, noteA
ex
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
us that he had been engaged upon that work for twelve
years. As it contains thirty plates, as against forty plates
in the former work, it is evident that he must have devoted
at least as much time to Oxford , and we may therefore assume
that his connection with that University began in, or before,
1663. The Oxonia Illustrata appears to have been intended,
at least to some extent, as a companion to the History and
Antiquities of the University of Oxford, by Anthony a Wood,
which had been published in the previous year, for the Table of
Contents gives, opposite to each plate, a reference to the page of
that work where the history of the building represented is to be
found. Ought we to conjecture that an acquaintance with
Wood may have induced Loggan to come to Oxford, and to
desert, to some extent, the drawing and engraving of portraits
for architecture .''
In 1675 he became naturalised as an Englishman \
Soon after the publication of the Oxonia Illustrata, Loggan
appears to have turned his attention to Cambridge, for in 1676
we find him at Trinity College, engraving Wren's design for the
library ^ It is possible that Loggan may have been brought into
connection with Wren at Oxford, where he had built the Shel-
donian Theatre between 1664 and 1669 (of which two plates
appear in the Oxonia Illustrata), and that he was recommended
by him to Dr Barrow as the draughtsman whose skill was most
likely to be successful in commending the proposed library
to the public.
From this time until the publication of his next work,
Cantabrigia Illustrata, he was more or less connected with Cam-
bridge; but he did not reside there. At the very time that
he was engaged at Trinity College he had a house in Leicester
Fields, London^, and, as will appear from his own statement,
he only visited Cambridge from time to time, in order to make
the necessary drawings for the second series of views which he
1 [Ninth Report of the Hist. MSS. Commiss. Appendix, p. 6-,. "Calendar of
House of Lords, 1675, 9 June. Russell's Naturalisation Bill. Certificates that the
following persons had received the Sacrament." Among these we find: "David
Loggans, of Holywell, Oxford, 29 May."]
2 [History of Trinity College, Vol. 11. p. 533.]
' [Walpole, lit supra, p. 185, 7iote,'\
III.] DAVID LOGGAN. CXI
had made up his mind to produce. The pains which he be-
stowed on their production shall be told in his own words,
translated from the preface:
"The difficult task I have undertaken, I have now brought to
a conclusion, by the blessing of God, after having been employed
upon it for a space of nearly twelve years, during which time I
have been neither sluggish nor dilatory, though others, according
to their wont, have been in the habit of compelling me to use dis-
patch in completing their trifles. Was it likely that I should be
negUgent in discharging the honourable duty of delineating the
University of Cambridge, a duty which I undertook at the instance
of persons of great influence and importance ? Nay rather, I con-
sidered that 1 ought to use my best efforts in discharging it. But
to pay repeated visits to the University, and when there, to submit
everything to the closest examination of the mind, as well as of
the eye ; to observe the limitations imposed by Optics as well as
by Geometry ; to examine, from some distant point, the roofs of
all the buildings which came within my field of vision, all the ob-
jects which the subtle and varied art of architecture brought under
my notice in the different materials which it employs ; to draw them
first on paper, then to engrave them on copper, and, lastly, to print
them properly — are tasks which few know how to perform, and I must
confess that I learnt by experience. I discovered that they are far
beyond the capacity of a servant, nay more, that they cannot be wholly
entrusted to any hired assistant, however skilful. For this reason 1
have either worked out everything as accurately as I possibly could
with my own hand ; or, I have felt bound to delay my work until I
could find artists sufficiently capable, to relieve me to a certain extent
of my labour."
The work is entitled :
" Cantabrigia Illustrata, sive Omnium Celeberrimai istius
Universitatis CoUegiorum, Aularum, Bibliothecs Academics, Scholarum
Publicarum, Sacelli Coll : Regalis, nee non Totius Oppidi Ichnographia,
Deliniatore et Sculptore Dav : Loggan Utriusque Academise Calco-
grapho.
Quam Proprijs Sumptibus Typis Mandavit et Impressit Cantabrigias."
It contains :
1. Portrait of Charles, Duke of Somerset, Chancellor of the Uni-
versity, painted by J. Riley, engraved by I. Smith.
The inscription beneath the portrait ends with these words: "cujus Effigiem
hanc, tanquam pulcherrimum Academia: Ornamentum, hortante eadem, Operi suo
prrefixit D. Loggan."
2. Engraved title-page.
3. Dedication to William and Mary.
4. Preface, addressed : " Lectori candido et Spectatori Ingenuo."
CXll
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
5. Table of contents.
6. A plate containing two general views of Cambridge, the one
from the east, the other from the west.
7. Plan of Cambridge, dated 1688.
8. A plate of University costumes.
9. Twenty-seven views, in the following order :
Prospectus Scholarum Publicarum et Bibliothecae
Ecclesia B. Mariae Virginis, Academiae propria
Prospectus Australis CoUegii Regalis Capellte
Capelte Collegii Regalis Prospectus Occidentalis
Interior Prospectus ejusdem Capellae ab Occidente
Collegium D. Petri
Collegium sive Aula de Clare
Ejusdem Aulae Prospectus Interior ad Boream
Collegium sive Aula Pembrochiana
Collegium Corporis Christi
Aula S.S. Trinitatis
Collegium de Gonvile et Cajus
Collegium Regale
Collegium Regale de Etona prope Windsor
Collegium Reginale
Aula D. Catharinse
Collegium lesu
Collegium Christi
Frontispicium Collegii D. lohannis Evangelistse
Prospectus ejusdem Collegii Australis
Collegium B. Mariae Magdalente
Collegium S.S. Trinitatis
Area Neviliana una cum Bibliotheca ejusdem Collegii
Hospitium Episcopale Collegij ejusdem
Collegium Emmanuelis
Sacellum ejusdem Collegii
Collegium Sidney Sussex
The earliest plate in the series appears to be the view of
S. Catharine's Hall, for the inscription at the foot of the plate
commemorates John Lightfoot, D.D., Master 1650 — 75, as "very
lately Master " [inipcrrimc Jiiagistcr). It was therefore probably
drawn early in 1676. The view of Queens' College, on the
other hand, was not taken until the beginning of 1685, when
the Bursar's book records : " Wine for M"" Logan who took y^
draught of y" Coll. 00. 2. 00"; and in 1687 he was entertained
there at supper :
"For Wine when M"^ Loggan supped in y*^ Coll o. 7. 00
Tobacco at y^ same time o. i. 3."
III.] DAVID LOGGAN. cxiii
No date appears on the title-page, and the year usually-
assigned as that of publication, namely 1688, is inscribed on the
plan of Cambridge only. It can, however, be conclusively
shewn that the work could not have been published in that
year, and that, in fact, it did not appear until 1690. In the first
place, William and Mary, to whom it is dedicated, did not
assume the style of King and Queen of England until 13
February, 1688 — 89; secondly, the Duke of Somerset was not
elected Chancellor of the University until 8 March, 1688 — 89;
thirdly, the title, engraver to the University, was not conferred
upon Loggan by Grace of the Senate until 5 March, 1690^; and
lastly, Gabriel Ouadring, who in the inscription at the foot of
the view of Magdalene College is commemorated as Master, was
not elected until that year. On the other hand, we can prove
that the publication must hav^e taken place in 1690 from the
following entry in the Mundum Book of King's College, for
Midsummer Term [Tennino Baptistce), 1690:
" Elar' Davidi Loggins ex consensu Magistri Prepositi et Seniorum
pro Ichnographia totius Vniuersitatis et Oppidi Cantebr' ab illo
Collegio done dat' 10. 15. o."
Similar evidence is supplied from the accounts of Trinity
College, for the same year :
" Presented M"". Loggan for his Booke of Cutts of Cambridge...
10 . 15 . 00"."
No particulars respecting Loggan's life subsequent to the
publication of the Cantabrigia Illustrata have been ascertained.
To what was said above should be added that in 1690 (i May)
the University of Cambridge presented him with a donation of
;^50^ after which year his name does not recur in the University
records. He is said to have died in London in 1693 or 1700*.
^ [Grace Book 0, p. 330. " Placeat Vobis ut David Loggan sit Calcographus hujus
Academiae, et ut super hac concessione vestra Literas vestras habeat patentes sigillo
vestro communi sigillatas."]
- [Sen. Burs. Accounts, Year ending at Michaelmas 1690, Extraordinaries.'\
^ [Ibid. "Cum Calcographus vester David Loggan nil habet ab Academia pro
stipendio annuali, Placeat vobis ut quinquaginta libra; ex Cista communi per Dominum
Procancellarium ei numerentur." Univ. Audit-Book, 1689 — 90. "To M"" David
Loggan, 50. o. o."]
^ [This is stated, on the authority of Vertue, by Walpole, ut supra, p. 185.]
cxiv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The conscientious accuracy, as well as the artistic ability,
with which Loggan's views are drawn, render them an invaluable
guide. As Professor Willis said in one of his lectures, Loggan
enables one to walk into the quadrangles of the colleges, and
discover their style of architecture. Every detail of the buildings,
the courts, and the gardens, is carefully noted, so that they pre-
sent not merely a record of the architecture, but of the life of
the period. Most of them have been reproduced on a smaller
scale in the histories of the colleges which they illustrate ; so
that it will be unnecessary to say more about them in this place.
Towards the middle of the following century Peter Spende-
lowe Lamborn published the following six views. They are of
small size, 5g inches high, by 8| inches wide; and are chiefly
valuable as shewing the arrangement of the grounds of King's
College.
1. Part of Barnwell.
2. Part of Chesterton.
3. Clare Hall from Queens' Grove.
Copied in the History of King's College, Fig. 59.
4; King's College New Building, from the Grove.
Interesting and valuable, as shewing the avenue and the bridge, with the gates
thereon.
5. Trinity Library and St Mary's, from St John's back Gate.
A view of .St John's College walks, with the stream separating .St John's College
from Trinity College in the foreground. Through the trunks of the trees a distant
view is obtained of the west front of Trinity College Library and the tower of Great
.S. Mary's Church.
6. King's College Chapel and Clare Hall ; from Erasmus's Walk.
In 1769^ the same artist published four large views, which
are much more valuable for our present purpose, as being views
of buildings and not of gardens. Each is about 13 inches high,
by 20 inches wide.
I. A View of the West front of Clare Hall, King's College Chapel,
etc.
Shews the west front of Clare Hall, as completed ; in the foreground is a walk
along the river, bordered with a row of trees on each side, clipped into an arcade of
pointed arches.
' [This date is given on the authority of Gough, British Topography, Vol. i.
p. 210. The views themselves are not dated.]
111.] VIEWS OK CAMBRIDGE. CXV
2. A View of King's College, and part of Clare Hall.
The spectator is looking towards tlTC south front of Clare Hall : the Fellows'
Building, and the west end of the chapel of King's College, are seen in perspective.
3. A View of the Public Library, the Senate House, and St Mary's
Church, in the University of Cambridge.
Described below, Vol. in. p. 72.
4. A View of Trinity College Bridge and Library, and part of
St John's College.
The Bridge occupies the foreground ; on the right the west front of the Library,
with part of St John's College beyond ; on the left tlie walks of Trinity College ; those
of St John's College in the background.
In 1797 Richard HaiTaden', an artist in water-colours, com-
menced the publication of " Six Large Views of Cambridge,"
which were ultimately extended to seven. They are about
15 inches high, by 22 inches wide.
1. Great St Mary's Church.
2. King's College Chapel and Clare Hall. Publish'd October 12,
1797.
The spectator is supposed to stand on the west side of the River Cam. The
foreground is occupied by the old bridge, much foreshortened ; and beyond is the
west front of tlie Fellows' Building and the Chapel, with part of the Provost's
Lodge between them. On the left are the west and south sides of Clare Hall, with
the south side of the old Court, and the Tower of Great S. Mary's Church.
3. The Library and Bridge of Trinity College, with part of
St John's College and Bridge. Published November 5, 1797.
The spectator stands on the west side of the River Cam, looking towards the west
front of the Library. On the right is the bridge, with the avenue leading to the
Library, and passing beyond its south end. On the left are the trees in St John's
College walks, with part of the parapet and the crowns of the arches of the bridge.
4. The Senate House, Public Library, and the East End of King's
College Chapel. Published March 26, 1798.
The spectator faces the west front of the Library, with the wall prolonging it to
the north. On the right is the Senate House ; on the left the north side and east
end of King's College Chapel, with the Provost's Lodge between it and the street.
In the foreground is Senate House Yard, with the iron railings.
^ [Richard Harraden, son of a physician whose family came from Flintshire,
and formerly bore the name of Hawarden, was born in London in 1 756. In early
life he spent some time in Paris ; but left on the taking of the Bastille. On returning
to England he continued to work as an artist in London until 1 798, when he removed
to Cambridge, and there continued his profession of artist and print-seller. In old
age he removed to Trumpington, where he died, 2 June, 1838, aged 8'2.]
CXvi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
5. Jesus College. Published April 18, 1798.
The spectator is standing in Jesus College Grove, or Close, looking east. The
interior of the court is shewn ; but it is too far off to be of much value.
6. View of Cambridge from the Castle Hill. Published June 12,
1798.
A general view, too distant to be of use for the study of particular buildings.
7. Queens' College. Published June 16, 1798.
The spectator is looking towards the south-west angle of the building completed
by Essex in 1760. In the foreground is the mill-pool, with the old wooden bridge,
and the causeway leading to it.
During the same period there appeared a similar series,
" drawn and engraved by T. Malton." They are picturesque
general views, of about the same size as Harraden's, and often
represent the same subject.
1. King's College Chapel, the Public Library, and East End of the
Senate House. Published June 25, 1798, by D. Hood, Printseller,
Cambridge.
The spectator is standing in front of the Senate-House, and looking down
Trumpington Street. An interesting view, as shewing the old Provost's Lodge of
King'Ti College. This has been reproduced in the History of King's College, Vol. i.
p. 548.
2. Emanuel College. Published July 12, 1798.
The west front, looking north.
3. Jesus College, from the Close. Published April 20, 1799.
Taken from the same point of view as Harraden's No. ,i;, which it closely re-
sembles. In the foreground are trees, horses, and cattle, with figures.
4. Queens' College.
Taken from the same point of view as Harraden's No. 7.
5. King's College, the Chapel, and Clare Hall.
The spectator is standing at the south-west corner of the lawn in front of the
Fellows' Building. The west front of that building, the west end of the chapel, and
the south and west fronts of Clare Hall are shewn. In the foreground is the lawn,
with figures.
6. The South Front of the Senate House, and West End of
St Mary's Church.
The spectator is standing with his back to the Library, looking towards the west
front of Great S. Mary's Church. On the left the south front of the Senate House,
and part of the west end.
III.] VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. CXvii
7. The Great Court and Chapel of Trinity College.
The spectator is looking towards the north-east corner of the Great Court. The
view contains the west front of the great gate, the south front of the chapel and
King Edward's gate ; the fountain occupies the right-hand corner.
8. The East Front of the Library of Trinity College.
This title is erroneous. The view really represents the west front of the library
looking south, with the avenue and l^ridge. The river occupies the foreground.
In 1800 Richard Harraden published twenty-four smaller
views of the University and Town (including one of Ely Cathe-
dral). These are bound in an oblong volume, prefaced by ten
pages of descriptive letter-press'; but their merit is so inferior
to that of the former series, that they need not be described or
enumerated. This was succeeded, in 1811^, by a work in quarto,
published in conjunction with his son, Richard Bankes Harraden,
called :
" Cantabrigia Depicta. A series of engravings, representing the most
Picturesque and Interesting Edifices in the University of Cambridge,
with an Historical and Descriptive account of each. From Drawings by
R. B. Harraden, Jun''. Published by Harraden and Son, Cambridge,
1809."
This work contains twenty-eight views of collegiate and
university buildings^, of no great artistic merit, but valuable as
representing the condition of the buildings at the time they
were drawn. The letter-press which accompanies them is a
compilation from obvious sources of information, but it is in-
terspersed with contemporary notes on the buildings which
are often of considerable value. The artist who made the
1 [Harraden's Picturesque Views of Cambridge. The University and Town
of Cambridge, represented in Six Large Views and a Frontispiece, with twenty four
smaller Views from original Drawings, by Richard Harraden, Proprietor and
Publisher of the Views of Cambridge and Oxford, and the Print of the Statue
of Sir Isaac Newton, by Roubiliac, in the Chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Dedicated to his Majesty. Cambridge, Printed by John Purges, Printer to the
University, and published, May 21, 1800, by R. Harraden, Great St Mary's,
Cambridge.]
'^ [The-title page is dated 1809, but, as the dedication to the Duke of Gloucester,
which follows it, is dated 7 January, 181 1, the work was evidently not published
until the latter year.]
3 [This enumeration excludes the views of Parish Churches, and other engravings
which do not come within the scope of the present work. The total number of
engraved plates is thirty-eight.]
CXVlll
INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
drawings, R. B. Harraden, published, in 1830, an oblong volume,
called :
"Illustrations of the University of Cambridge, etc., represented in a
series of engravings of architectural and picturesque Views. From
drawings by R. B. Harraden, Cambridge.
Views of all the Colleges, New Buildings, Walks, and Costume of
the University, — also Views of Ely Cathedral. Published by R. B.
Harraden, opposite King's College, Cambridge, 1830."
This work contains fifty-eight views, of which twenty-four
had already appeared in the work published 1809 — ^^^- The
thirty-four new plates represent, for the most part, the buildings
which had been erected since its appearance. As works of art,
they are more skilfully executed than those of the former series^
In the following list, which includes the views given in both works,
those belonging to the first are distinguished by an asterisk.
Peterhouse.
East front, looking north, from the opposite side of Trumpington
Street.
* Principal quadrangle, looking towards the north-east corner,
tnterior of the Gisborne Court, looking north.
Clare Hall.
*West front, from the garden.
Bridge, from the Fellows' garden.
Pembroke College.
*West front, with part of the north side, next Pembroke Street.
Gonville and Caius College.
*Caius court, with the Gate of Honour.
Beyond are the Senate House, and the north side of the Library, before the
erection of Cockerell's building.
Trinity Hall.
*
Principal quadrangle, looking west.
' [The four which were not reprinted are : The old court of Corpus Christi
College; the ground-plan of King's College; the interior of the quadrangle of
Magdalene College; the bridge at Trinity College.]
■■^ [The younger Harraden was a member of the Society of British Artists from
1824 to 1849. He died at Cambridge 17 November, 1862, aged 84.]
III.] VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. cxix
Corpus Christi College.
*01d quadrangle, looking west.
West front, from Trumpington Street, looking north.
Interior of the quadrangle, looking to the south-east.
„ „ ,, „ „ north-west.
King's College.
* Ground-plan of King's College, as intended by King Henry VI.
East side of the principal entrance, with part of the screen.
East front of the college, looking north, from the opposite side of
King's Parade.
The Hall, with the chambers east and west of it.
North side of the Chapel, with the corner of Old Court.
* Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
„ „ ante-chapel, ,,
*West front of the Fellows' Building, with the Chapel, and part of
Clare Hall.
The front of Old Court is seen between the two last buildings.
North front of the Provost's Lodge.
West front of Old Court, looking south.
West front of the gate of Old Court.
West front of the Chapel, as seen from the opposite side of the
river.
The Chapel and part of Clare Hall, from a similar point of view.
The grounds, as seen from Clare Hall Piece, with the new bridge,
and the Provost's Lodge.
Queens' College.
East front, with the old buildings opposite, and part of the south
front.
*West front, towards the river, from the Small Bridge, with part of
the south side.
Catharine Hall.
* General view, looking west, with the grove and railings in the fore-
ground.
Jesus College.
* South front of the gate of entrance, with the Master's Lodge, and
the tower of the Chapel.
Christ's College.
*West front, looking north.
The second court, looking south-east.
CXX INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
S. John's College.
*East front, looking north.
* Second court, looking towards the north-west corner.
*The bridge, and the west front of the college, from the walks.
South front of the New Building, with the new Bridge, and part of
the river-front, from the old bridge.
West front of the New Building, the south front seen in per-
spective.
The new Bridge, from the river, looking north.
Distant view of the New Buildings, from the river opposite Trinity-
College.
The gates leading to the high road beyond the college.
Magdalene College.
* Principal court, looking towards the north-east corner.
West front, from the opposite side of Bridge Street, looking south.
West front of the Library, looking north.
Trinity College.
*East front of the great gate, from Trinity Street.
* Great court, looking towards the north-east corner.
*Nevile's court, from the Tribunal, looking west.
*The south side of the cycloidal bridge.
The King's Court, or New Court, looking towards the north-east
corner.
West side of the same court, from the walks, looking north.
West side of the Library and new buildings, looking south.
West front of the gate of the New Court, with the avenue, from the
bridge.
Emmanuel College.
*West front, looking north.
Principal Quadrangle, shewing the west front of the Chapel.
North-west corner of the college, from the opposite side of the
street, shewing the new buildings begun 1828.
Sidney Sussex College.
*West front, previous to the alterarions by Jeffry Wyatt, from the
street, looking south.
Downing College.
* Principal entrance, as designed by Wilkins.
* Master's Lodge, from the north-west corner.
University Buildings.
*The Senate House, and Library, with the west end, and part of the
north side, of King's College Chapel.
* Interior of the Senate House.
III.] VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. cxxi
*West end of Great S. Mary's Church.
The Observatory, south front.
The Pitt Press, from the north-east'.
The next work we have to notice is:
"A History of the University of Cambridge, its Colleges, Halls,
and Public Buildings. In two volumes. London: Printed for R.
Ackermann, loi. Strand. 1815."
These volumes are in quarto, and the illustrations, which in
most copies are coloured, measure about nine inches by eleven
inches. They are therefore on a sufficiently large scale to shew
details clearly. The artists employed to execute them were all
men of distinction as architectural draftsmen. Of the fifty-nine
views, twenty are by F. Mackenzie, nineteen by A. Pugin, nine-
teen by W. Westall, and one by W. H. Pyne. Their value
is very great; not only are they, for the most part, charming as
pictures, but they preserve the aspect of numerous buildings
which have since been either removed, or completely altered.
We would draw special attention to the following: the interior
of the chapels of Peterhouse, Gonville and Gains College, Jesus
College, and Magdalene College; the interior of the old chapel
of Corpus Christi College, destroyed by Wilkins, the only
record, we believe, of that building; the interior of the old
chapel of S. John's College, a singularly beautiful and valuable
picture; the Hall of Queens' College, before its latest alterations;
and, lastly, the front of Trinity Hall, destroyed by fire in 1852,
with the old buildings of King's College. We append a list
of these views, with the names of the artists:
Peterhouse.
Part of the south front, from the garden. JV. Westall.
Principal court, looking to the north-east corner. F. Mackenzie.
Interior of the chapel, looking east. A. Pugin.
East front of the college, looking north. do.
Clare Hall.
West front, and part of south front, with the bridge,
from King's College grounds. do.
Interior of the Chapel, looking west. F. Mackenzie.
Entrance to the avenue, from Clare Hall Piece, with
King's College Fellows' Buildings, Bridge, etc. W. Westall.
^ [Four views, published 181 1, were omitted 1830. They are: (i) Old quadrangle,
Corpus Christi College; (2) Ground-plan, King's College; (3) Principal Court,
Magdalene College; (4) Bridge, Trinity College. Their enumeration here raises the
total to 62.]
VOL. I. m
CXXll
INTRODUCTION.
[chap.
Pembroke College.
Bird's-eye view of the west front, and adjoining build-
ings, looking north; from a window in Peterhouse.
West front, looking south, with general view of Trump-
ington Street.
Gonville and Caius College.
Caius Court, looking to the south-east corner, with the
Gate of Virtue, and the Gate of Honour.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
Trinity Hall.
East front, looking south, with the buildings of the Old
Court of King's College.
Corpus Christi College.
Interior of the Old Chapel, looking west.
Reproduced in the History of Corpus Christi College, Vol. i.,
p. 292.
King's College.
Section and details of the roof of the Chapel.
Principal court, looking to the north-west corner.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
West door of the Chapel.
South porch of the Chapel.
Interior of the Ante-Chapel, looking east.
West end of the Chapel.
Interior of Old Court, looking to the south-west corner.
Queens' College.
General view, from the walk on the west side of the
River Cam, looking south.
General view, from the mill-pool, looking north.
Interior of the Hall, as altered by Essex and Burrough,
looking north.
S. Catharine's Hall.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
F. Mackenzie.
A. Pugin.
A. Pugin.
F. Mackenzie.
A. Pugin.
W. WestalL
F. Mackenzie.
do.
do.
do.
A. Pugin.
do.
F. Mackejizie.
do.
W. Westall.
do.
A. Pugin.
F. Mackenzie.
Jesus College.
General view, from the Close. W. Westall.
Interior of the Chapel, shewing the north transept,
the tower piers, and the entrance to the choir. F. Mackenzie.
Christ's College.
West front, looking south.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
W. Westall.
A. Pugin.
III.]
VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE.
cxxui
S. John's College.
Second Court, looking towards the south-west corner.
River front, from Fisher's Lane.
Interior of the old Chapel, looking east.
Interior of the Library, looking west.
Bridge and part of river-front, from the walks, looking
south.
W. Wcstall.
do.
F. Mackenzie.
W. Westall.
F . Mackenzie.
Magdalene College.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
West front of the Pepysian Library, looking south.
do.
W. Westall.
Trinity College.
East front of the Great Gate.
Interior of the Hall, from the dais.
Great Court, looking to the north-east corner.
Interior of the Chapel, looking east.
Interior of the Kitchen.
Interior of the Library, looking south.
Bridge and Walks, looking north.
West front of the Library.
Cloister under the Library, looking north.
do.
A. Ftigifi.
W. Westall.
F. Mackenzie.
W. H. Pyne.
A. Fugin.
W. Westall.
do.
do.
Emmanuel College.
Principal court, looking east.
West front, looking north.
Interior of the Chapel, looking west.
Interior of the Hall, from the dais.
F. Mackenzie.
A. Fugin.
do.
do.
Sidney Sussex College.
Interior of the Hall, from the dais.
do.
Downing College.
General View of the site, with the Master's Lodge
completed, from the south.
W. Westall.
University Buildings.
Interior of the Law School. F. Mackenzie.
Lecture Room in the old Anatomical School. A. Fugin.
East front of Library, and south front of Senate House. F. Mackenzie.
Interior of the east room of the Library, looking south. do.
Interior of the Senate House. A. Fugin.
Great S. Mary's Church, from the south-west. do.
Interior, looking east, with the throne, pulpit, etc. W. Westall.
Botanic Garden. do.
m 2
CXxiv INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
Ackermann's work was succeeded by the different publi-
cations of James Storer and Henry Sargant Storer. The latter
was son to the former, and both were artists resident in
Cambridge. Their general publications appeared in the follow-
ing order :
1. " Dedicated, by permission, to His Royal Highness the Duke of
Gloucester, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Being a series
of Picturesque Views, representing the Colleges, Halls, and other public
buildings, of the University, etc. Each part contains four engravings
executed in the line manner by Messrs Storer, from their original
drawings. Cambridge : published by W. Mason."
[First Series, 1827 — 1829, completed in October, 1829'.]
2. " Second Series. Dedicated [as before]. Illustrations of
Cambridge. Being a Series of [forty] Views, (Interior as well as
Exterior) of the public Buildings of the University and Town, en-
graved in the line manner by Messrs Storer, from their original
drawings." [1829 — 1832.]
3. " Cantabrigia Illustrata ; a series of forty-four Views of the
principal buildings in the University and Town of Cambridge, with
brief historical and descriptive notices. Cambridge, 1835."
The forty-four views here announced are the forty of the Second Series, with the
addition of four new ones, namely: the Chapel of S. Catharine's Hall; the West
front'of Sidney Sussex College ; the Pitt Press ; and the West front of Addenbrooke's
Hospital. These last had been published as No. xi. of the Second Series, 24 Octo-
ber, 1834.
4. " Collegiorum Port^ apud Cantabrigiam. A J. et H. S.
Storer delineatse et insculptse."
A collection of nineteen views, by no means confined to the illustration of the
subjects indicated in the title. There is no date on the title-page, but the work was
probably published before 1837, from the following passage in a letter^ dated
24 October, 1838, which James Storer wrote to a friend, with a copy of the
1 [This series was issued in eight parts. When complete, it was republished with
the following title : " Illustrations of the University of Cambridge, by J. and H. S.
Storer, comprising thirty-two views: dedicated, by. permission, to His Royal High-
ness the Duke of Gloucester, Chancellor of the University. Cambridge : published
by W. Styles, Brunswick Place, Maids' Causeway." A subsequent edition is called :
"Illustrations of the University of Cambridge. By J. and H. S. Storer. First
Series, comprising thirty two Views, dedicated [as above];" with a new Table of
Contents, in which the Views of each college are grouped together. The date of
publication of the First and Second Series, neither of which are dated, can be fixed
by an advertisement in the Cambridge Chronicle for October 30, 1829, which an-
nounces the completion of the First Series, and the commencement of the Second
Series, "early in November next."]
^ [This letter is in a copy of the Collegiorum Portce Ijelonging to Robert
Bowes, Esq., Trinity Street, Cambridge.]
HI.] VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. CXXV
Collegionim PortK. "Will you add to my satisfaction by accepting of the little
volume? It is the last work completed by me and my eldest son : we were finally
separated, as to present things, nearly two years ago. I have not attended to my
profession since that time ; my graver has lost its point ; never to be renewed ! "
Henry Sargant Storer died 8 January, 1837.
In the following enumeration of the views, the numbers
denote the series to which they belong^:
Peterhouse.
East front, looking north (i).
Interior of the Chapel, looking towards the east (2).
West front of the Chapel with part of the cloister (4).
Interior of the Gisborne Court, looking towards south-east corner (i).
South front of the same Court, from the Grove (2).
Clare Hall.
General view of the south and west fronts, from the grounds of
King's College. The river in the foreground (i).
West front, from the garden on the west side of the river (2).
East front, with gate of entrance, and two bays on each side (4).
Interior of the quadrangle, looking towards the south-east corner (2).
Interior of the Chapel, looking east (2).
Pembroke College,
General view of the west front, looking south (i).
West front of principal entrance.
Interior of the quadrangle, looking towards the south-east corner (2).
Interior of the Chapel, looking west (2).
GONVILLE AND CaiUS CoLLEGE,
Caius Court, looking towards the south (i).
Gate of Honour, looking towards the Senate House (2).
North elevation of the same gate (4).
East end of the Chapel, etc. from the Fellows' Garden (2).
Trinity Hall.
East front, shewing the central pediments and gate of entrance (4).
Interior of the principal court, looking west (i).
Interior of the second court (2).
Corpus Christi College.
West front, looking north, with S. Botolph's Church (i).
West front of gate of entrance, with part of range on each side (4).
Interior of the principal quadrangle, looking north-east (i).
Interior of the new Chapel, looking east (2).
1 [The following list enumerates 90 views. This total is arrived at by the omission
of 5 which do not concern our present purpose.]
Cxxvi INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
King's College.
East front of the gate of entrance (i).
The same view, with the iron railings (4).
Interior of the quadrangle, looking to the south-east (i).
South front of the Chapel (2).
West front of the Fellows' Building, looking south (i).
East front of the same Building, the Chapel in the distance (4).
North front of the Provost's Lodge, looking west (i).
Interior of the Hall, from the dais (2).
The bridge, from the river, looking north (2).
Distant view of the Chapel and Fellows' Building, from Clare Hall
Piece (i).
West front of Old Court, looking south (i).
Interior of Old Court, looking south-west (2).
„ „ „ „ north-west (2).
Queens' College.
West front of gate of entrance, with part of range on each side (4).
Interior of the principal court, looking north-west (i).
Exterior of north side of the same court, from the Walnut Tree Court,
looking west (2).
West front of the building in the Walnut-Tree Court (i).
S. Catharine's Hall.
Queens' Lane, looking south, with west front of S. Catharine's Hall,
and east front of Queens' College (i).
East front of Gate of Entrance, with two bays on each side of it (4).
Interior of the Chapel, looking east (3).
Jesus College.
South front, from the Fellows' garden (i).
General view, from the Close (i).
South front of gate of entrance, with part of the range on each
side (4).
Interior of the principal court, looking to the gate of entrance (2).
Interior of the Chapel, looking east. The plaster ceihng is sup-
posed to be removed (2).
Christ's College.
West front of gate of entrance, with part of range on each side (4).
West front, looking south (i).
Interior of the principal court, looking north-east (2).
Second Court, looking to the south-east (i).
S. John's College.
East front, looking north (i).
Gate of entrance, part of the last illustration (4).
III.] VIEWS UF CAMBRIDGE.
CXXVll
Interior of the Second Court, looking north-west (i).
General view of the New Buildings, from the old bridge (i).
General view of the same, shewing south and west fronts (i).
The same, shewing north and west fronts (2).
South front of the gate of entrance to the New Buildings (2).
Interior of the court of the new buildings, looking north-west (2).
Cloister of new buildings, from the interior, looking north-west (2).
Magdalene College.
West front, shewing door to old Master's Lodge, looking south (i).
General view, from the Close, looking south-west (2).
South-west corner of the court, with the gate of entrance (4).
Trinity College.
West front of gate of entrance (4).
The great Court, looking north-west (i).
Nevile's Court, looking towards the Hall (2).
The south Cloister, looking west, with the Library (2).
The King's Court, looking south-west (i).
West front of the King's Court, looking south (i).
Interior of the Hall, looking towards the dais (2).
Interior of the Chapel, looking east (2).
West front of the Library (2).
Interior of the Library, looking south (2).
Emmanuel College.
West front, looking south (i).
West front of the Chapel, with part of the cloister (4).
The New Buildings (begun 1828) from corner of Emmanuel Lane (2).
Sidney Sussex College.
West front, shewing gate removed 1831, looking south (i).
West front, shewing changes by Wyatt, 1831, looking south (3).
West front of Wyatt's gate (4).
East front, looking north, shewing changes carried out 1821-22 (i).
Interior of the Hall from the dais (2).
Downing College.
Interior of the Hall, from the dais (2).
West portico of the Master's Lodge (4).
University Buildings.
Senate House Passage, looking east, with the north wall of the Old
Court of King's College and the top of the wall prolonging the facade
of the Library northwards (4).
Interior of the Senate House (2).
The Pitt Press, from the north-east corner (3).
The Observatory, from the south-west (2).
Interior of Great S. Mary's Church, looking west (2).
CXXviii INTRODUCTION. [CHAP.
The Messrs Storer had not the artistic skill of the artists
employed by Ackermann, and, moreover, their drawings are
generally on a very small scale. On the other hand, the general
accuracy of their representations of existing buildings induces us
to conclude that those which have been destroyed were de-
lineated with equal accuracy.
Besides these general collections, the same artists published,
without date, two separate monographs :
" Delineations of the Chapel of King's College, Cambridge. By
J. and H. S. Storer. Published by W. Styles, Brunswick Place, Cam-
bridge."
There are five engravings, with descriptive letterpress :
South side of the Chapel.
The ante-chapel, looking east.
The choir, looking east.
,, ,, looking west.
View taken between the two roofs.
" Delineations of Trinity College, Cambridge. By J. and H. S.
Storer. Published by W. Styles, Brunswick Place, Maids' Causeway,
Cambridge."
There are eleven engravings, with descriptive letterpress :
The Great Court, looking north-east, with the Great Gate, Fountain, and Nevile's
Gate.
The Hall, looking towards the dais.
The Chapel, looking east, shewing the alterations introduced 1831 — 32. (These
are described below, Vol. 11. p. 586.)
East front of the Library, and Nevile's Court, from the Tribunal.
The Cloisters, from the north-west corner.
The New Court, looking to the north-west; shewing the gate leading to the
walks, and the communication with Nevile's Court.
The Avenue, Bridge, and West front of the gate of the New Court.
West front of the Library, looking south, with the Bridge; the river in the
foreground.
Interior of the Library, looking south.
East front of the Great Gate (vignette).
The Avenue, looking west (vignette).
These illustrations are on a larger scale, measuring about
six inches by eight inches, and are drawn in a more artistic
style.
III.] VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE. cxxix
The last illustrated work which claims our notice is:
" Memorials of Cambridge : a series of views of the Colleges, Halls,
and Public Buildings, engraved by J. Le Keux'; with Historical and
Descriptive Accounts by Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., of Trinity
College, Cambridge; and the Rev. H. Longueville Jones, M.A., F.S.A.,
late Fellow of Magdalene College. In two volumes. London, David
Bogue, Fleet Street. 1841 — 42."
Published in parts between 1837 and 1842. The first voUime was issued as soon
as a sufficient number of parts had appeared.
This work is extremely valuable, both for the letterpress
and the numerous illustrations. The latter, whether woodcuts
or engravings, are all careful and accurate; and the engravings,
the subjects for which were drawn by I. A. Bell, and F. Macken-
zie, are especially admirable, both for their artistic feeling and
their execution. It has not, however, been thought necessary
to give a list of these illustrations, partly because the work
in which they were originally published is by no means un-
common, and partly because they have been reproduced in the
new edition of the "Memorials," completed by Charles Henry
Cooper, F.S.A., between i860 and 1866.
In order to make the list of views of Cambridge as complete
as possible, we will, in conclusion, enumerate those which
appeared at the top of the University Almanack from its first
publication in 1801 to 1855, when the proprietors began to
republish the views which had been drawn in previous years :
1801. "Trinity College Library." J. K. Baldrey".
The West front, looking towards S. John's College, the river in
the foreground.
1802. "The west front of King's College, King's
Chapel, and Clare Hall." / K. Baldrey.
Taken from the west side of the river ; on the right is the old
bridge of King's College.
1 [John Le Keux, an eminent architectural engraver, was born in London, 4 June,
1783, and studied under the celebrated James Bazire. He died 2 April, 1846. Some
of the plates in the Memorials were engraved by Heniy Le Keux, his brother ;
others by John Henry Le Keux, his son.]
* [Joshua Kirby Baldrey was born at Ipswich in or about 1752. He died
in 1828, set. 76, and was buried at Hatfield in Hertfordshire. During a portion at
least of his life he resided at Cambridge, where, in 1809, he published an engraving
of the east window of King's College Chapel.]
cxxx
INTRODUCTION.
[chap.
1803. "S. John's College Bridge." /. K. Baldrey.
Taken from the river looking towards Trinity College. The
bridge faces the spectator, with part of the river-front on the left.
1804. "Queens' College." J. K. Baldrey.
Taken from the mill-pool, looking towards the south-west
corner of the college. The point of view is the same as that of
Harraden's large print, No. 7, p. cxvi.
1805. " Jesus College." / K. Baldrey.
General view of the chapel and college, looking north-west,
from the road leading to Barnwell.
1806. "Emmanuel College." J. K. Baldrey.
West front, looking north.
1807. "Pembroke Hall." J. K. Baldrey.
West front, looking north, with part of the south side of the
chapel.
1808. "Trinity Hall." J. K. Baldrey.
West side of the college, from the river.
1809. "Sidney Sussex College." J. K. Baldrey.
North side of the college, and part of the east front, from the
Fellows' Garden. A very valuable view, shewing the college
before Wyatt's alterations.
1810. "Christ's College." J. K. Baldrey.
General view, from the Close, shewing the north end of the
Fellows' Building, the east end of the chapel, and part of the
east side of the college.
181 1. "Caius College." H. A. Barker.
Caius Court, looking south-east, shewing the west side of the
Gate of Virtue, the Gate of Honour, and beyond, the Senate
House, and north end of the University Library, with the wall
prolonging the east front northwards.
1812. " Downing College," H. A. Barker.
Master's Lodge, from the south-west.
1813. "St Peter's College." J. Barf or d.
East front, looking north.
1814. "Catherine Hall." J. Biirford.
Interior of the court, looking north-west. A coarsely drawn
view of little value.
1815. " Corpus Christi or Bene't College." J. Burford.
Interior of the old court, looking south-east. A poor, coarse
III.]
VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE.
CXXXl
1816. "Magdalen College."
West front of the Pepysian Library.
1817. "Senate House, and University Library."
General view, from the south corner of Great S. Mary's
Churchyard : poor.
18 1 8. "Trinity College."
The Great Court, looking north-west, shewing the Master's
Lodge with the sash-windows introduced by Bentley.
1 819. "St John's College."
The second court, looking north-west.
1820. "Magdalene College."
The first court, looking north-west.
182 1. "Emmanuel College."
Principal court, looking north-east, shewing the west front of
the chapel, and part of the cloister.
1822. "King's College Old Building."
The south and west fronts of the old building, as seen from
the south-west corner. A view of the gr-eatest interest and value.
Reproduced in the History of King's College, Vol. I. p. 324.
1823. "Jesus College."
The entrance court, from the close. The spectator is looking
to the south-east corner.
1824. " Queens' College."
The river front, looking south, with the bridge, behind which
part of the town bridge is seen.
J. Burford.
R. Burford.
R. Burford.
J. Burford.
J. Burford.
J. Burford.
J. Burford.
J. Burford.
J. Burford.
1825. " The Observatory." R. B. Harraden.
The principal fa9ade.
1826. "Corpus Christi College." No artisfs name.
West front, looking south.
1827. " The King's Court, Trinity College." G. Hollis.
The spectator is looking to the north-west corner. The view
shews the gate leading to the walks, and the arcade communi-
cating with Nevile's Court.
1828. "Gisborne Court, St Peter's College." W. Bartlett.
Interior of the court, looking south-east.
1829. " King's College, New Buildings and Chapel." T. Kearnan.
East front, looking north.
CXXXll
INTRODUCTION.
[chap.
1830. "St John's College, New Buildings." T. Kearnan.
South front, from the south-west corner.
1831. "The Library and West Front, King's Court,
Trinity College." T. Kearnan.
Taken from the west bank of the river, looking towards
St John's College.
1832. "Christ's College New Buildings." H. S. Storer.
Interior of the second court, looking towards the Hall. The
new buildings (built 1823) are seen in perspective, on the left.
1833. " A View between the Roofs of King's College
Chapel." R. BackJumse.
Intended to shew the construction of the stone and the
wooden roofs.
1834. "The Pitt Press." R. Backhouse,
Taken from the north-east corner, so as to shew the east front
and north end, with Silver Street seen in perspective.
1835. " Sidney Sussex College, taken from an elevated
position." R. Backhouse.
West front, from the houses on the opposite side of the street,
lookirig north. A well-drawn and striking view.
1836. "King's College Chapel." E. Challis.
Taken from the south-west corner, so as to shew the west end,
and the south front of the Chapel. On the left part of the Old
Court and of Clare Hall are seen.
1837. "St John's College, New Bridge, etc." E. Challis.
River front, looking north, as seen from the old bridge, with
the new bridge, and part of the new building.
1838. "The Fitzwilliam Museum, now being erected
in Cambridge." Geo. Basevi, Archt.
The east front, from the north-east corner.
1839. "The New University Library." C. R. Cockerell, Archt.
The spectator is looking down on the new building from the
west. It is seen in section, so as to exhibit its construction, and
the proposed arrangement of the fittings. On the right, part of
the south front is shewn in perspective, with the west side of the
old Schools' (Quadrangle, etc.
1840. " Cambridge from the top of St John's College
new buildings."
In the foreground is the old bridge, with the buildings erected
G. Dochson.
III.]
VIEWS OF CAMBRIDGE.
CXXXlll
167 1. Beyond, a general view of Trinity College (slightly inac-
curate), the new building for the Library, and King's College
Chapel.
1841. "Clare Hall, from the Bridge." G. Dodgson.
The west front directly faces the spectator. The bridge, with
figures crossing it, occupies the foreground.
1842. "The Entrance Hall and Statue Gallery of the
Fitzwilliam Museum." G- Dodgson.
A very interesting view, as shewing Mr Basevi's plan for the
completion of the hall and its galleries. The ascent to the latter
is by two lateral staircases, and the roof is pierced by three
domes. These arrangements were changed by Mr Cockerell
(Vol. III. p. 217).
1843. " The Interior of the Hall of Trinity College." G. Dodgson.
Interior, looking towards the dais.
1844. "The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Cam-
bridge." B. Rj4dge.
General view of the exterior from the west.
1845. "The Gate of Honour, Caius College, The
Senate House, and New University Library." G. Dodgson.
North front of the gate, with part of Cockerell's Building,
Senate House, etc. , beyond.
1846. "Trinity College Great Court." G. Dodgson.
Interior of the court, looking north-west, to shew the front of
the Master's Lodge, as altered by Salvin, 1842. (History of
Trinity College, Vol. II. p. 626.)
1847. "The Interior of the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre at Cambridge." G. Dodgson.
Interior of the circular portion of the Church.
1848. " Interior of the Senate House, Cambridge." B. Rudge.
Interior looking towards the dais. The east gallery is sup-
posed to be removed.
1849. "The Senate House, and Great St Mary's
Church." B. Rudge.
The Senate House Quadrangle, looking north-east.
1850. "View of the Choir of Jesus College Chapel,
taken from the Nave." B. Rudge.
185 1. "St John's College Entrance Gateway." B. Rudge.
East front, as seen from All Saints Church, looking north.
CXXXIV
INTRODUCTION.
[chap. III.
1852. " Interior of Trinity College Library." B. Rudge.
Interior, looking south.
1853. "View of Cambridge, from the Castle Hill." B. Rudge.
A general view, too distant to be valuable.
1854. "The new building of Trinity Hall." B. Rudge.
East front, looking north.
1855. " Trinity College Library, and St John's College
New Buildings." B. Rudge.
West front of the Library, looking north, St John's College
new buildings in the distance.
It will be readily understood that these views, extending
over more than half a century, and executed by artists of by no
means equal excellence, differ greatly in value. Some, as the
view of Sidney Sussex College (1809), and the view of King's
College old buildings (1822), are most interesting and important,
while others are either wholly trivial, or represent new buildings
which were thought beautiful when they were put up, but are
now no longer admired. These, however, should the buildings
some day be destroyed, will in turn become valuable as a record,
and it has therefore been thought desirable to enumerate the
entire series.]
PART II.
THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
OF THE
ColUfles antr IHniberfiitp ^Builliinas.
Volume I. Colleges!*
I. PETERHOUSE.
II. CLARE HALL.
III. PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
IV. GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
V. TRINITY HALL.
VI. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
VII. KING'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
Volume II. Collegesf*
VIII. QUEENS' COLLEGE.
IX. S. CATHARINE'S HALL.
X. JESUS COLLEGE.
XL CHRIST'S COLLEGE.
XII. S. JOHN'S COLLEGE.
XIII. MAGDALENE COLLEGE.
XIV. TRINITY COLLEGE.
XV. EMMANUEL COLLEGE.
XVI. SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE.
XVII. DOWNING COLLEGE.
Volume III. 2Hnibers!ltp ^StllUJlUffs;.
I. SCHOOLS, LIBRARY, SENATE-HOUSE.
H. PRINTING-HOUSE, MUSEUMS AND LECTURE ROOMS
FOR NATURAL SCIENCE, OBSERVATORY, FITZWILLIAM
MUSEUM, SELWYN DIVINITY SCHOOL.
CHAPTER I.
[History of the Site'.
ME site of Pcterhouse is bounded on the cast by
Trumpington Street ; on the south by an estate
bequeathed to Caius College by the Lady Ann
Scroope, called Lammas Leys ; on the west by Coe
Fen ; on the north by the churchyard of S. Mary the Less,
anciently S. Peter, and by some dwelling-houses.
The southern portion of this extensive ground, anciently
called " Volye Croft," and afterwards " English Croft," and " The
New Gardens," originally belonged to the White Canons of
S. Edmund of Sempringham, whose house, called " Chanons
Close," was directly opposite to it on the east side of Trumping-
ton Street". Volye Croft was purchased by Peterhouse in the
reign of Elizabeth, at which time it was laid out as a garden,
and let on lease, the College reserving the right of entrance for
recreation or exercise, and the tenant engaging to keep the
walks "fair and passable and well graviled." In 1795 the
eastern two-thirds were let on a building lease, as at present.
^ [The accompanying map (fig. i) has been drawn to ilkistrate this.]
- [Fuller, pp. 57, 67. The position of Chanons Close is shewn on the map of
Ric. Lyne, 1574, for which see the History of Corpus Christi College below. The
S. wall of the site of the Fitzwilliam Museum would fall nearly in a line with the
N. wall of the Close, which has now become the site of Addcnbrookc's Hospital.]
VOL. I. I
2 FETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
The rest of the site was originally included within the stone
wall which still exists entire along the western boundary, and
along the southern also, as far as the piece sold to the Uni-
versity in 1823 as a site for the Fitzwilliam Museum. Before
that sale it probably extended to Trumpington Street (fig. i),
in which position a wall is shewn in the maps of Hammond
(fig. 3) and of Loggan. The history of the ground within it,
including that on which the College buildings stand, must now
be investigated.
The materials for this are to be found in the original con-
veyances, which have been preserved in Peterhouse Treasury.
From these it is tolerably easy to make out the relative posi-
tions of several of the parcels of ground described in them :
but certain intermediate ones have been lost, so that it is
impossible to draw up as complete a map of the site as can
be done for some other Colleges \ A few particulars of interest
may however be gleaned respecting it.
When the Founder, Bishop Hugh de Balsham, removed
his scholars from the Hospital of S. John, he placed them in two
hosfels hard by the church of S. Peter without Trumpington
gatesl The precise position of these edifices cannot now be
determined, although they appear, from the College accounts, to
have existed in name at least down to the beginning of the
seventeenth century, when " the little ostle " was destroyed to
' [These documents had never been seen by Professor Willis. He had studied only
the four that are to be found in the Old Register of Peterhouse, pp. 57, 8, out of which
some earlier leaves, which doubtless contained the others, have unfortunately been torn.
His history of the site was therefore of necessity most imperfect. I have in con-
sequence cancelled the short account that he had drawn up, and substituted one
which I have written after a careful study of the whole evidence. By the kindness
of my friend the Rev. James Porter, the present Master, I have had every facility for
examining these documents and also the Bursars' Rolls. Richard Parker, History,
etc., p. 38, mentions a tradition that the archives of this house were destroyed by
fire before 1420, which may account for the absence of some of the conveyances.
Professor Willis remarks that Parker " never quotes authorities, but in this instance
])robably copied a note from an Ely Register."]
'■^ [The date of the Bishop's acquisition of the Hostels is unknown, but the scholars
were moved into them in the beginning of the year 1284, and the Royal charter,
confirming the Bishop's acts, is dated May 28, 13 Edward I. (1285). Old Register
of Peterhouse, p. 25. Commiss. Doc", ii. r. For the facts relating to the founda-
tion see Historical Introduction.]
I.] SITE. 3
make way for the cliapcl. Hammond's map (fig. 3) shews a
narrow range of building" close to the street along the east side
of the entrance court and projecting beyond the present Library
to the south. As most of the houses on this part of the site con-
sisted of small messuages abutting on the street, with large
gardens behind them extending to the fen (" usque ad mariscum"),
it is quite possible that this range of building may represent, in
part at least, the original hostels. Some quaint old houses next
to the Library (fig. 4), which may be regarded as representing
the southern end of the range, were not pulled down until i84t\
When the Bishop was on his death-bed, he bequeathed to his
scholars 300 marks, " with which they bought a certain area to
the south of the Church, and built thereon a handsome Hall"."
As he died on June 16, 1286, the date of this acquisition can be
fixed within a few years: and as the present Hall will be shewn
to be substantially the same as the original one, we can define
the extent of the ground towards the south, for the court would
of course be made as large as possible. Nothing is recorded to
tell us how far the ground extended towards the west, but the
sum was a large one, and we may safely assume that the scholars
would be able to purchase with it enough land to reach as
far as the common pasture.
At the north-east corner of the site, as thus augmented, we find
in the 27th Edward L (1298 — 9) mention made of "a messuage
with buildings, gardens, courts, yards, and other appurtenances,"
which must have been of some extent, as it had a house 56 feet
long by 21 feet broad next the street at its south-east corner. It
abutted on the north upon the churchyard, on the south upon
the property " of the scholars of the Bishop of Ely," and on the
west upon a tenement belonging to the said scholars*. This
^ [College Order, May 27.]
'•^ " Predictus Episcopus viz' Hugo de Balsham ... in extremis laborans . . . scolari-
bus ad edificia de novo construenda trecentas Marcas legauit de quibus quandam
aream ex parte australi dictae ecclesise comparaverunt, et in eadem quandam aulam
perpulcram de novo construxerunt ; libros etiam plures theologice \_sic\ et quosdam
aliarum scientiarum legauit..." Ex Historia Eliensi, MSS. Harl. 258, fol. 86b.
[Bentham's Ely, ed. 18 12, p. 151.]
3 [College Treasury, " Situs Collegii," B. 9. vSabina, widow of John de Aylsham,
conveys to Richard Conyton and Herbert de Shepereth "totum meum. mesuagium
integrum cum omnibus suis edificiis gardinis curiis curtilagiis ... in parochia Sancti
1—2
PETERHOUSE.
[chap.
shews that their site at that time extended from Trumpington
Street on the east to a considerable distance westward, and that
part of the western piece extended northward as far as the
Fig. 3. Peterhouse, reduced from Hammond's Map of Cambridge, 1592.
Petri extra portas de trumpitone inter Cymiterium predicte ecclesie ex una parte et
mesuagium Scolarium Domini Episcopi Elyensis ex altera. Et abuttat in uno capite
contra regalem viam, et in alio capite contra tenementuni predictorum scolarium.
Excepta una domo quam perquisivi de hugone le Rede que est situata ex parte
australi predicti mesuagii. Et continet predicta domus in longitudine quinquaginta
sex pedes, et in latitudine viginti unum pedem." This house she sold to the same
persons, 6 May, 28 Edw. I. (1300). Ibid. B. 11. The last deed concerning it is
dated 26 Edw. III. (1352 — 3), when the whole property is sold by Thomas de
Wormenhall to three persons. Ibid. C. 4. The dimensions of the house at the S.E.
corner being given, (which was evidently only a small portion of the property.) I have
I-]
SITE.
5
churchyard. I have not been able to discover when this mes-
suage became the property of the College, but certainly not
before 1352 — 3, the date of its last conveyance.
The first recorded addition to the site after it had reached
these dimensions was in 1307, when the scholars obtained the
manse, or dwelling-place, with the whole of the buildings, be-
Fig. 4. Houses adjoining Peterhouse, from Storer's " Illustrations of the University of Cambridge."
longing to the Brethren of the Penance, or Penitence, of Jesus
Christ, otherwise called "Friars of the Sack\" We have now
therefore to inquire into the extent and situation of this.
laid clown the frontage of the messuage twice as wide as that of the house; and the
depth as extending along half the S. boundary of the Churchyard. Bp Hugh de
Balsham's hostels would then occupy the site of the Library, and part of the site of
the Chapel.]
^ [The deed headed " Relaxatio fratrum de poenitentia facta Collegio de toto manso
eorundem Fratrum," and dated "lennie (Lynn), die dominica proxima ante festum
omnium Sanctorum, A". D'". 130"," releases to the College "totum ius nostrum ... in
toLo loco nostro cum onuiibu.s suis edificiis in villa Cantebrigie in Parochia Sancti
PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
We learn from one of the Barnwell Registers that the Brethren
" purchased the messuage of John le Rus, opposite to the Chapel
of S. Edmund, and there got together many excellent scholars
and increased in numbers exceedingly \" In the letters patent
of Henry the Third sanctioning the foundation, the names of the
original occupiers of the dilTerent pieces of ground bought for
the site are given. This deed was issued 25 June, 52 Hen. HI.
(1268), which fixes the date of the completion of the site'"*.
The principal piece was no doubt the stone house {mesuaghim
lapideiini) of John le Rus^, the grounds of which extended from
the street to the common pasture. It appears to have been a
considerable edifice, large enough to contain the brethren, who
erected in one of its courts a Chapel in honour of S. Lucy*.
North of this was "a messuage with a croft," acquired in 1271 from
Walter le Brasur, i.e. Brewer, of Little Shelford, and Audrey his
wife^ Like the former, it extended from the street to the
common pasture. North of this again were two messuages close
to the street, acquired from Arnold de Trumpington. One had
belonged to Robert Cheshill, a tanner ; the other to Robert de
Horningsherthe, described as warden {ciistos) of the Chapel of
S. Edmund*'. Behind these was "a selion of arable land,'" ex-
tending to the common pasture like the other pieces. It was
sold to John le Rus by William de Madingley, a carpenter, but
when the brethren obtained it I have not been able to find out".
These houses and land were both bounded on the north by land
belonging to the Chapel of S. Edmund, which fell eventually
into the hands of the brethren, as it is mentioned in the letters
patent above referred to ; but when, is not known. The house of
Petri extra Trumpeton gates. . ." Old Register, 59. See also Dugdale, Mon.
Angl. vi. 1607 ; and Archreologia, iii. 125.]
1 Leland, "Collectanea," ed. Hearne, i. 443.
- [College Treasury, " Situs Collegii," A. 11. Appendix N". i.]
•' [College Treasury, '• Situs Collegii," A. 2.]
* [The license for this, dated 1245, ibid. F. i, speaks of " capellam in curia
iohannis rufi grantebrugie extra portam de trumpinton in honore beate lucie erectam. "
The words of the conveyance are: " ecclesiam in dicto tenemento in honore Jesu
X". et sue dilectissime matris."]
•'■• [Ibid. A. 12.]
'' [Ibid. A. 18. Tlie conveyances of Cheshill and Horningsherthe are A. 16 and
A. 15.]
' [Ibid. A. I.]
SITE.
John le Rus had at its south-east angle a small tenement be-
longing to Stephen Barker^ ; and along the rest of its southern
boundary was the land of Eustace Seled. Barker's house
abutted on the south upon that of Hoel and Thomas Barton'^;
beyond which again lived Stephen the cooper. These several
pieces, probably of no great extent, even when united, indicate a
row of houses next the street, with gardens and pastures behind
them'.
This is all that can now be ascertained respecting the history
of the site of the Friary. As regards its position, it is stated in
one of the deeds of surrender*, 2 Edward II. (1308 — 9), to lie
between the land of Robert de Wynwick on the south, and the
messuage of Richard de Aylsham on the north, and to extend
from the street to the pasture.
There are four deeds relating to Wynwick's property. They
describe a messuage, and an acre of arable land. The former
lies between the cemetery of the brethren on the north, and the
property of Adam Thurston, John Rikeling, and Bernard de
Sawtre on the south, abutting on the street to the east and
on Wynwick's croft to the west. The croft is described as an
acre of arable land in Trumpington Street, between the croft
of the Prior of S. Edmund and the land that formerly belonged
to the Brethren of the Penitence^ The Prior's croft is clearly
Volye Crofte, before described, and we therefore know the
southern boundary of this property. Unfortunately we do not
know the extent of the messuages abutting on the street, .but
1 [Ibid. A. 7.]
- [Ibid. A. 4. Before this could be taken possession of, the brethren were
obliged to obtain permission from the Hospital of S. John. Robert de Huntingdon,
the then Master, gave them leave "ampliare locum suum in parochia sancti petri
quoad duo mesuagia Symonis karettarii et Stephani Bercarii." Ibid. A. 19.]
3 [One of the conveyances (Ibid. A. 17) gives the dimensions of the house to which
it refers as 22 feet wide, with a "croft behind " it, and the next house as 44 feet wide.
I cannot find out to what house this refers, but it is valuable as indicating the
dimensions we ought to assign to most of these pieces.]
^ [Ibid. B. 15, 18, 20. It is described as "in suburbio Cantebrigie " . .. "cum
edificiis desuper existentibus, curiis, vivariis, et aliis pertinenciis."]
^ [Ibid. B. 12, 13, 19, 25. The acre of land was bought of John Aylsham and
Sabina his wife (B. 19) to whom it had been sold by Eustace Seled (A. 23). This
property has been already mentioned as lying to the south of the western portion of
the Friary.]
PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
assuming them to resemble those near them and to be of small
depth, wc can lay down an acre of ground west of them, and
determine the southern boundary of the Friary with tolerable ac-
curacy. We cannot be equally certain about the northern bound-
ary, as we know, from the letters patent of Henry the Third,
that there are some pieces of ground unaccounted for, and the
deeds of Richard de Aylsham's property have been lost.
On the whole, however, we may say that the southern third
of the site within the stone wall before mentioned was occupied
by Wynwick's land, answering to about half the present " Grove"
and two-thirds of the site of the Fitzwilliam Museum. We do
not know when it became the property of Peterhouse. Two
persons of the name of Robert de Wynwick are mentioned in
the deeds, of whom the younger (nephew to the elder) was after-
wards Master of the College (1330—38). It is therefore not
improbable that he conveyed the land in question to his College
during this period ; but the deed has unfortunately disappeared.
North of this was the Friary, bounded by the street on the
east, by Coe Fen on the west, and extending northwards perhaps
as ftir as the Hostels and the ground of the scholars. The
history of the ground occupied by the College buildings has
been already discussed.]
CHAPTER n.
History of the Buildings derived from the Bursars'
Rolls.
[In the record of the uses to which the legacy of Hugh de
Balsham was put, mention has been made of the construction
of a Hall {Aula)?^ By this word I understand Refectory and
not College, for the latter, as we shall see below, was not
advanced for many years afterwards ; and we find the scholars
in 1395 setting forth in their petition to Bishop Fordham for
II,] EARLY BUILDING ACCOUNTS. 9
the appropriation of the church of Hinton that the College was
not yet sufficiently endowed, nor their buildings finished, or
sufficiently furnished with the offices required, and that the
revenues were so very lean and small as not to suffice for the
maintenance of a master and fourteen scholars required by the
ordinances of his predecessors^.
The principal materials for tracing the architectural history
of the College are a valuable collection of Bursars' rolls of
accounts", of which the earliest are for 1374 — 5, 1388 — 9^
and 1 396 — 7. For the fifteenth century there remains a broken
series of thirty-one, and those for the subsequent centuries are
nearly complete. From these we obtain most authentic infor-
mation concerning the building operations, although, as usual
in this class of documents, it is often difficult to ascertain to
what part of the edifice the operations of each year belong, and
the loss of the rolls of intermediate years necessarily obscures
the history. However, the roll of 1374 — 5 contains an account
for the mere ordinary repairs of the House*, viz. for tiling the
Hall and other chambers ; for " powntyng " the chambers ;
1 Bishop Fordham, in his charter of appropriation of Hinton, dated March 20,
1395 — 6, rehearses the petition, "quodque dicte nostre domus seu Collegii fractus
redditus et prouentus adeo sunt tenues modici et exiles quod ad sustentacionem unius
Magistri seu Custodis ac quatuordecim Scolarium qui in dicta domo seu Collegio
secundum ordinationes predecessorum nostrorum . . . esse deberent . . . non sufficiunt
hiis diebus." [Hinton, commonly called Cherry-Hinton, is smiles S.E. of Cambridge.
The vicarage was formally appropriated to the College by Simon Langham, Bishop of
Ely (1362 — 1376), but as no appropriation can take effect until a vacancy happens,
and as this did not occur in the lifetime of the Bishop, his successors defeated the
College by instituting Vicars of their own before the College could assert their rights.
Bishop Fordham, however, put the College effectually into possession, and they pre-
sented their first vicar on 18 Jan. 1401. The appropriation was confirmed by a Bull
of Pope Gregory XII. dated May, 1408. See the Old Register, page 67 seq.]
2 [The first two of these extend from Michaelmas in one year to Michaelmas in
the next: the third from All Saints Day 1396 to Easter 1397. The following rolls
have been preserved for the fifteenth century. They all extend from Michaelmas
to Michaelmas. 1403—4. 1411 — 12. 1414— 16. 1417 — iS. 1424 — 6. 1430— x.
1438—9. 1441—2 (mutilated). 1445—6. 14-I7— §• H?©? 1455—59- 1460—65.
1466—7. 1469—71. 1472—3. 1474—5- 1488—9- 1491--- 1493-4- 1499—
1500. Total 31.]
3 [This Roll has been copied, with a translation, by Mr Riley, First Report of
Historical MSS. Commission, 79.]
4 The heading of this part of the account is " In reparacione Domorum, viz. aule,
et aliarum camerariun tegulatione ixli. iiij sol. iij d." among which payments we find
10 PETERIIOUSE. [CHAP.
and so on, which shews at least that they had a Hall and
chambers at this time.
[From the roll for 1403 — 4, we learn the existence of a
" capella," probably a private oratory, annexed to the Master's
Chamber^ In the next, that for 141 1 — 12, we find the roofing
of the kitchen recorded, and the building of a wall called " le
Newwall " outside the College, probably on the west side^. In
the next three, those for 1414 — 15, 1415 — 16, 1417 — 18, repairs
only are set down.] There is then an interval until 1424 — 5,
when we find ourselves in the midst of a new building, to which
a separate heading is allotted — "Expense nove fabrice in collegio
hoc anno." This heading is continued in the roll for the next
year 1425 — 6, and in that for 1430 — i ; but the items are only
payments to masons, slaters and smiths for daywork ; for carriage
of stone, timber from Thakstead, mantelpieces, windows, and
the like, with no indication of the purpose of the edifice, which
was probably a range of chambers^.
In 143 1, an indenture occurs between the College and John
Wassyngle, of Hinton, a mason whose name occurs repeatedly
in these accounts, for building a Library. This indenture,
dated Feb. 12, 9 Hen. VI. (143 1), is between John Holbrook
Master of the College and the fellows of the same on the
one part, and John Wassyngle of Hynton of the other part.
The said John Wassyngle engages to build in the ground
and above the ground the walls, doors, and windows of a
" It™. Sclaters pro powntyng de aula xiij so liiij d. ob." The heading of the Roll is
"Compotum Magistri Willelmi Irby incipiendo a festo Sancti Michaelis Anno Domini
M°CCC°LXXIIIJ°. usque ad annum revolutum de bonis omnibus domus sancti petri
medio tempore receptis. "
' [" Et in stipendio Carpentarii emendantis tectum Capelle annexe Camere
magistri."]
^ [The mention of wooden poles, "pali," clay and straw shews that it was of mud,
supported on a wooden frame. Tlie labourers sometimes slept in College, ' ' Et pro
lectis conductis eisdem operariis per diversas noctes per tempus operum predictorum
ijs. jd."]
^ In the roll for 1425 — 6 a payment of twopence is made to poor scholars (sizars)
for carrying wood. "Deijd. solulis pauperibus scolaribus portantibus lignum." [A
similar entry in the accounts of Queens' College for 1495 — 6 is quoted by Mr Searle
(History, 127), " Item duobus pauperibus scolaribus laborantibus circa pontem, ijd."]
The entire cost of the work was ;^iio. 2S. 3W. in the first year, and ;C-4- 12^- 7h^-
in the second.
II.] ORIGINAL LIBRARY. I I
certain Library within the aforesaid College, as follows : before
the last day of the succeeding April he shall have ready all
the doors necessary for the said work, and ten windows (count-
ing two small ones as one) of good hard stone from the lower
bed of the quarry of Philip Grove, completely prepared for
setting ; the walls shall be commenced before the same day
of April, and raised to the height of ten feet above the ground
before the next following feast of S. Peter ad Vincula (Aug. i).
All other windows whatever necessary for the said work shall
be wrought and ready for setting before the second Easter
after the date of these presents (Ap. 20, 1432), and the walls
completely built to the same height as the other walls of the
new buildings of the College before the Feast of S. Michael
the Archangel next following. He is bound in forty pounds to
the fulfilment of his contract, and the payments he is to receive
are thus enumerated. For the great door, 5^-. 6d.\ for every
small door, 3^-.: for every large window, 5^.: for every small
window, 2s. 6d., including the shaping and setting: for every
complete week during which he himself shall labour within
the College on this work he is to receive 3^. 4.d., and for
every incomplete week at the same rate according to the
number of days : also a gown if he behave well\
No dimensions are given, but the specification that the walls
are to be completely built to the same height as the other walls
of the new buildings of the College, shews that the Library
was part of a set of new buildings then in progress. Its position
is known to have been on the west side of the quadrangle,
where its roof and stone staircase may still be traced.
In the roll for 1438 — 9, the next that has been preserved,
we find the heading " Expense librarie et noue fabrice." [The
walls had been built in the intervening years, and they were
now making the roof and windows, and laying the floors.]
Carpenters are working at " plancheryng " and " schulderyng
de le gystes," that is, cutting the shoulders of the joists : [and
a number of trees had been felled in the College garden to
provide planks for the floor]. Ten shillings are paid to Reginald
^ [This curious document, copied from the original in the Treasury of Pcterhouse,
"Collegium" A. ii, is printed in the Appendix, No. ii.]
12 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
Ely the stonemason for making the staircase. The mention
of a payment for " bryke " is vakiable because the walls of
the existing chambers next the Churchyard are partly con-
structed of brick \
[The rolls for the next two years have unfortunately perished,
and that for 1441 — 2 is imperfect. Then there is a break in
the series till 1445 — ^' when a single line suffices for the work
done to the Library : a carpenter is employed for fifteen days.]
In 1447 — S"'^ the fittings in woodwork and windows are going
on. [Carpenters were sent for from Ely to contract for making
the desks : the ironwork for the windows was ordered, and the
doorway set. In 1450 the desks of the old Library were
broken up, and sixteen locks and two keys were ordered ; which
marks the period of the transfer of the books from the old to
the new apartment^. Each lock no doubt required the presence
of two officials of the College to open it, as at Trinity Hall and
elsewhere.]
In the roll for 1450 the new work of the kitchen, and the
making of the upper chamber over the buttery, together with
the -partition wall between the buttery and pantry, was going
on^
Then follows a continuous series of rolls from 1455 to 1465
(wanting only 1459 — 60) in every one of which the heading
" Expense nove fabrice " has its place. The work consists of
1 " Et de x** solutis Reginaldo Ely lathamo pro factura gradus noue librarie ... Et
de xv''. viijd. solutis pro mille et ccc'* et di [350] tabulis serratis de arboribus succisis
in orto collegii. ... Et de xx^ solutis pro iii™' de Bryke..."
^ 1447 — 8. [" Et de viijd. solutis carpentariis venientibus de Ely ad paci.scendum
pro factura descorum librarie. Et de vli. iijs. iiij d. solutis carpentariis pro fabrica
descorum librarie in grosso. ... Et de vij d. in uno lapide pro volta ostii librarie.
Et de viij d. solutis lathomo aptanti dictum ostium. Et de xxij d. in xv hamis
ferreis pro fene.stris orientalibus .-.. Et de xvij s. xd. in vitriacione duarum fenestrarum
librarie et alterius parve fenestre super gradus librarie. Et de viij d. in hamis ferreis
pro fenestris occidentalibus librarie. Et de ijs. vd. in quingentis de broddis ferreis
pro descis librarie."]
^ 1450. ["Et de vjd. in resolutione descorum librarie antique. Et de viij s. iiij d.
in xvj. seris pro descis librarie et ij'^^ clavibus."]
* " Et de xliij s. iiij d. Willelmo Herward pro factura solarii super promptuarium
cum pariete dividente botlariam et pantleriam in grosso." In 1449 Magister T. Lane
gave ;^3 to the work of the new fabric and of the kitchen. Bishop Wren's extracts
from the Register of Peterhouse, MSS. Baker, xlii. 197.
II.]
MASTERS CHAMBER. PARLOUR.
13
masonry for walling, window jambs and monials, iron work, &:c.
In 1460 the Master's chamber was begun, for the heading
" Expense fabrice camere Magistri " occurs for the first time in
that year, and the whole sum spent under it is i^2i. 4^-. 2|^/.
In 1461, £2^. \'js. 3|(^/. were spent, and in 1462, £2%. ^s. yd.,
but in these two years there is no specific indication of the
nature of the building \ In 1463, a carpenter, John Bacon of
Halsted, is employed as well as the masons.
Fig. 5. Doorway in ancient boundary wall, from the outside.
In 1464 — 5, amongst other mason work, mantel-pieces for
the parlour and the room over it'^ are mentioned : also windows,
timber, tylpyns, " rofetyle," and the placing of them.
In 1466 — 7, the "Expense nove fabrice" include various cart-
loads of clunch sent to the College, together with foundations
^ [It is called simply "novum opus." The two poor scholars are again employed
"ad cariandam terram."]
^ [" Et de iiij s. in iiij lapidibus pro le mantils caminorum in parleto (parletorio?)
et camera superior!. " That this was a rebuilding, and not a new work, is proved
by the following entry in the roll for 1464 — k. "Et de x"*. solut ... pro reparacione
antiquorum ferramentorum que erant in fenestris veterum fenestrarum camere ma-
gistri.'J
14 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
of new chambers, and of the " Parleyre " and a room called
" the inner chamber \"
After this year there remains a broken series of rolls be-
ginning with that for 1469 — 70 which I have carefully searched
as far as 1520, without finding any notice of buildings with
the exception of small repairs, so that the College was com-
pleted for the time about 1467.
[In 149 1 — 2, the Hall was repaired, and it was tiled on the
north side'^ a work which was still going on in 1501 — 2^, in
which year it was also paved, and in 1502 — 3 the making of
"ly harth" is recorded, which is interesting as shewing that an
open fire of some sort was then in use^ In 1501 — 2 a stone
wall was erected near the water {jiixta aqiiani) at a cost of
£21. \2s. 2d. This can be no other than the wall mentioned in
Chapter I., to defray part of the expenses of which John Wark-
worth (Master, 1473 — 1500) gave one hundred shillings to the
College ^. It is built of large blocks of clunch, with a few blocks
of stone added in some places, especially at its northern ex-
trernity. It has been a good deal patched with brick, and a
coping of red brick has been added along a portion of it, as
shewn in fig. 5, which represents an ancient doorway (C, fig. i),
which gave access to the fen, and is evidently part of the original
construction. Over this door on the outside are the arms of John
Hotham, Bishop of Ely (13 16 — 1337), and on the inside those
of John Alcock, Bishop of the same see (i486 — 1500).]
^ [" Pro opera fundi parleyrie et camere interioris, et pro positione lapidum in
fundo omnium camerarum dicti operis," i.e. the "novum opus."]
" The following item in the roll for 1469 is curious for the latinization of the
technical word "pointing." "Item iijli. ixs. iiijd. solut' cuidani tectori pro repara-
cione et punctuatione lij. polorum, precium le pole xvjd."
^ ["Et de x". pro posicione tegularum in Aula, et de iijs. iiijd. pro factura ly synk
in Aula, et de xvjs. pro pavyng ... in Aula."]
■* [1502 — 3. " Et de viij d. pro factura ly harth in aula."]
' [" Item dedit 100 solidos monete Anglie ad novum murum lapideum ex parte
occidentali collegii. " Old Register, 99.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. COURT. 1 5
CHAPTER III.
Comparison of the existing Buildings of the College
WITH THE Accounts. Library, Kitchen, Hall, and
Buttery. Combination Room. Master's Chamber.
North Range. Other Buildings.
The information conveyed by this valuable series of building
rolls can only be summed up by comparing it with the buildings
themselves, assisted by the annexed map and plan (figs, i, 2),
assuming for the moment the dates of some of the modern
buildings whose history will be given below.
The present College consists of a principal quadrangle
measuring 86 feet from north to south, by 148 feet from east to
west^; and of an entrance court next to the street rather broader
than the quadrangle, and of a mean length of 80 feet, the
north side being much shorter than the south. The chapel,
built in 1628, stands in the midst of it, its gable forming part
of the east side of the great quadrangle, the remaining portions
of which side are made up by two cloisters, originally forming
part of the design of the chapel. The south side of the entrance
court is bounded by the College Library built about 1590, and
the north side by a range of chambers erected in 1738, so that
the whole of this entrance court is nov/ of post-Reformation work.
The great quadrangle appears within to be entirely modern,
but is substantially the mediaeval College to which our account
rolls of the fifteenth century belong, as its venerable outer
surfaces in the churchyard on the north, and in the gardens
and kitchen court on the south, abundantly attest. The outer
wall to the west is unfortunately masked by a white brick
facing to bring it into harmony with the modern Gisborne
' [Like most mediicval courts and structures it is asymmetrical, the south side
Vieing 5 feet longer than the north.]
i6
PETERHOUSE.
[chap.
buildings, with the exception of a snnall portion at its northern
extremity.
We may now compare more particularly the separate parts
of the buildings with the accounts. These have shewn us
that a Hall and som.e chambers existed before 1374, and that
in 1424 extensive building-works were going on, probably a range
of chambers, whose position is not indicated. We then come
to the Library, concerning which the rolls have shewn us that
the contract for building it was drawn up in 143 1, that in 1438 — g
the staircase was constructed by Reginald Ely, and that in
1447 — 8 the carpenters were at work upon the desks.
Fig. 6. Details of roof of Old Library. A. Wall-plate and profile of same.
This Library remained in use until it was superseded by
the present one at the end of the sixteenth century. It occupied
l^art of the western side of the quadrangle, where it may easily
be traced at present by its large staircase and its roof. The
incongruous ashlaring and sash windows of Burrough applied to
its eastern face in 1754, and the white brick facing with which
its western face was equally disguised in 1825, have completely
destroyed its ancient exterior, and its interior was divided into
chambers after the new Library was built. The staircase, however,
of Reginald Ely, a handsome stone vice or spiral staircase, nine
feet in diameter, still gives access to its floor (A, fig. 2), and the
III.]
HISTORY OK THE BUILDINGS. LIBRARY'.
17
lower part of a half principal (fig. 6) at the north end of its
roof may be seen by ascending the old wooden staircase at the
north-west external corner of the quadrangle (B, fig. 2)\ [There
is a similar principal at the south end, at the head of the stone
vice mentioned above.] The rest of the roof is concealed by
the ceilings of the chambers into which it is now divided.
Enough however remains to shew that the librar}' must have
been about forty-five feet^ long, and twenty feet broad. [Three
of the old windows have been preserved ; the one at the north
end of the apartment, assuming it to have extended as far as
the north wall of the College, and the two northernmost in the
western wall. The last are plain two-light windows, pointed,
without cusps, and set in a square head. The northern one is
of three lights,]
The new kitchen comes next in order in 1450. This is at
the extreme end of the south-
ern range of building. Its wall . r-,
(DE, fig. 2), as seen in the
kitchen court, is of rough un-
coursed rubble work, very dif-
ferent from that of the older
buttery and hall, of which it is
the continuation. The junc-
tion of the two works is marked
by a buttress (D, fig. 2) repre-
sented in figure 7. The kitchen
has a small vestibule divided
from it, at the angle of which
next to the court is a stone
vice (C, fig. 2), which gives
access to the chambers above
the kitchen and buttery ^ The chamber over the latter is recorded
Fig. 7. Buttress at junction of Hall and Kitchen.
^ [This Stair and the garrets above are termed in the College "Noah's Ark. "J
^ [I do not understand why Professor Willis assigns so short a length to this
room. There appears to be no reason why it should not have extended as far as
the north wall : or at any rate up to the southern face of the north range, which
would give it a length of 60 feet. The Catalogue in the Old Register, made in
1418, shews that even then the College possessed an extensive collection of books,
which had probably grown too large for the libraria aiitiqiia mentioned above (p. 12,
note), and this new room was built to accommodate them.]
•* [The original doorway at the foot of this stair was discovered and opened out
VOL. I. 2
PETERHOUSE.
[CHAP.
to have been reconstructed at the same time with the kitchen ;
when also the buttery was divided by a wall which still remains.
Elevation of Hall JDoot- ( South f
Arch Moldi nn
K-- 4 — 4-.
Fig. 8. Door at South End of Hall-passage.
in the course of the work done to the south side of the court in 1870. The present
Treasury is on the first floor at the head of this stair : and a door from it opens
into the gallery of the Hall.]
III.]
HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. HALL.
19
The south wall of the hall is now curiously patched with suc-
cessive repairs, but was originally carefully built of small squared
clunch, much more neatly jointed than any of the other clunch
walls in the College. A plain pointed doorway at the south end
of the passage behind the hall screen (F, fig. 2) is the oldest
piece of masonry remaining in the College buildings. It has
sometimes been called Early English, and at any rate appears
to be earlier than 1307. [It is represented, with its moldings,
in figure 8, and a ground-plan of that at the opposite end of the
passage, which is much richer, in figure 9 ; a third door, still
richer, gives access to the Hall from the vestibule at I (fig. 2).]
There are no traces of
buttresses to the hall,
and the present windows
have been patched into
the wall in such a manner
as to make it impossible
to trace accurately the
original state of it. The
eastern extremity is of
rougher work as if re-
built, and the parapet
of the whole is all of
subsequent work. The
squared clunch work ex-
tends to the buttress in
the kitchen yard and in-
cludes the buttery, thus marking a first portion of the work,
namely the hall as first erected. There can be little doubt that
it is substantially the same as that erected with the Bishop's
legacy shortly after 1286. [The only notices of it that occur
in the Bursars' Rolls are for repairs and fittings. Wooden
door-jambs and doors were made in 1563 — 4; and in 1589 — 90
it was wainscotted, apparently for the first time, as much as
£\2. \os. being spent upon the work. It had previously
been hung with tapestry, probably over the dais, which was
repaired in this year'.]
^ [Bursar's Roll, 1589 — 90, "xxiijs. vjcl. Gilbcrto Thorn rcficieiiti k Cloth
of Arras in aula."]
2 — 2
Fig. 9. Ground-plan of door at North End of Hall-passage.
20 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
From the east end of the hall a series of chambers in two
stories extends to the present library. The first floor is known
to have been the Master's lodge. The ancient statutes of 1344
give the Master two chambers, of course placed in the ancient
buildings nearer the street, but the later statutes which belong to
the beginning of the sixteenth century assign to the Master " all
the eastern portion of the house which adjoins the hall, except
the common chamber, which we desire to be open to the scholars
in winter\"
This common chamber or College parlour has also been time
out of mind placed on the ground floor at the east end of the
hall, and the mantels of its chimney-piece appear to be men-
tioned in 1464. But on the other hand the foundation of a
parlour in connexion with other chambers occurs in 1466, after
which date there is a break in the rolls, and the position of these
chambers cannot be fixed. [The parlour is frequently alluded
to in the rolls, usually for repairs only. In 1550 — i the fire-
place was painted in colours, and in 1589 — 90 the floor was
paved with tiles'''.]
At the junction of the hall and Master's upper room a tower
staircase is placed (G, fig. 2), as at Pembroke, S. John's,
Christ's, and Queens', by which he could descend to the garden
and to the hall and combination rooml The patched state of
the wall in this part is partly due to a fire which consumed the
Master's chambers in 1639, and occasioned a repair of them and
of the tower which is recorded in the rolls*. [The woodcut
' [Commiss. Doc'', ii. pp. 6—56. The seventh Statvtte, De assigmitioiie caine-
rariiiii, ordains "Magister ... unam cameram pro se eligat quam vohierit, et aliam
de consilio Decanorum." In the later code. Statute 35, the words are " Magister earn
totam (excepto communi Conclavi, quod Scholaribus tempore hyemali patere voUimus)
Domus partem sibi habeat, qu£E ab orientali parte ejusdem Aulce est contigua."]
- [" Et de lij". Homes pro se.xcentis le pauing tyle pro conclaui."]
■^ [On one of Professor Willis' papers I find the following description of this
part which seems worth preserving. "E.xamining the south wall from the east end
of the Hall, we first observe an external brick turret with a vice, and then a piece
of brick walling much patched and altered by the insertion of sash windows and
repairs. This extends as far as the beginning of the Library." These windows,
with the curious wooden louvre which at that time capped the turret, are well
shewn in a view by Westall, Ackermann i. i. See below, Chap, viii.]
* 1638. " Edificationem novorum graduum a conclavi superiori in hortum magistri
descendentium. "
1639. Materials, etc. "ad restauranda cubicula et hortum prajfecti 7 11. 12s. od. ...
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. MASTER'S CHAMBER. 21
(fig. lo) shews the present appearance of this tower. The battle-
ments were added, it is beheved, during a general repair of the
College in 1848, but no record has been preserved of the manner
in which it was terminated originally. The door giving access
to the garden is original. Over that which opens into the
Master's chamber on the first floor is a molding which seems
to indicate a roof Possibly the staircase was originally of
wood, and rose no higher than this door.]
Fig. 10. Tower-staircase.
The order of description has now led us from the old Library
on the west side of the quadrangle, to the Master's lodge and
chambers at the end of the south range. But as the previous
rolls from 1424 to 1429 relate to chambers, and the indenture
for the Library in 143 1 alludes to these new buildings of the
College, we can only suppose part of the north range to be
pro turriculas fabrica et materie, etc. ... pro fabrica coUegii et cubiculi prKfecti igne
consumpti, cum horto Priefecti " etc. — total, 132 li. 7 s.
1640. "... pro materia et opera plumbaria circa turriculam ijli. xiiijs. jd." —
Bursars' Rolls.
The previous existence of the tower is proved by Lyne's plan in 1574: else
it might have been imagined, from these items, that it was built in 1638.
22 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
meant, which consists wholly of chambers and may now be
described.
It must be previously remarked that the outer wall of the
north end of the western range is built of roughly squared
clunch in courses, not of the same period as the neatly finished
work of the hall, and totally different from the uncoursed rubble
of the kitchen. At this corner is a pointed doorway, originally
belonging to a thoroughfare passage into the C[uadrangle (B, fig.
2). This was blocked up when the walls received their Italian
dress, and a new passage was cut through the centre of the
west side to reduce the court to classical symmetry. This new
passage at its other end now enters the modern Gisborne court
with mediaeval asymmetry at one of its corners.
On the north side of the principal court, opposite to the Hall
door, there was originally a second thoroughfare passage leading
into the churchyard (H, fig. 2), of which the two parallel walls
still remain on the ground floor within a set of chambers ; and
the archway of the north side, now bricked up, is to be seen in
the churchyard. The inner arch, with a sundial over it, which
opened into the quadrangle, is shewn in Loggan's view, but is
now masked by an Italian window, the fourth in order from the
N.W. corner. A stone vice like those on the other sides of the
quadrangle leads to the upper chambers at the east end of the
north range (P, fig. 2).
It will be remembered that the parish Church was used as a
College Chapel until after the Reformation, as was the practice
at Corpus Christi College ; and, as at that College, the north side
of this quadrangle is connected with the Church by a gallery
leading from the upper floor, and bridging over the space be-
tween the vestry and the College \ From this gallery a flight of
stone steps leads down to the choir door. The space under this
bridge, as the remains of the walls shew, was once vaulted
over, and had open arches on the cast and west sides for the
parishioners' road into the churchyard, which had been on the
south side of the Church, as the porch was, until 1737, when
the new building next the street was planned. A College order
was made on March 3 of that year :
■ [A ground plan of Uie parts of the Church and College here described, on a
scale of 16 feet to i inch, is given in figure iS.]
in.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. PARISH CHURCH. 23
"That the new Building to be erected be set from the chapel as far
as the vestry, and a church-way be made for the parishioners on the
north side of the church ; provided the consent of the Parish and
Ordinary be obtained for that purpose."
The vaulted pas.sage had also a gateway arch on the south
side leading into the College (A, fig. 18), of which the western
jamb (ibid. B) still remains, and a door on the north side into the
vestry (ibid. H). The new building obtrudes itself into the area
of this passage, and the vault and two of the arches were pulled
Fig. II. Western face of Gallery and Vestry. Fmm a photograph.
down to make way for it. The gallery is now carried upon a
wooden floor, and only the western wall and arch remain, with
a few traces to bear testimony to its ancient form'.
This wall next the churchyard shews that the vestry and
archway were planned when the Church was built in 1350, for
^ The passage from the College to the Church \vas not destroyed in 1737,
for an order in 1750 (May 9) directs "that a Porter's lodge be fitted up in the
passage from the Cloyster to Little S. Maries' Church."
24 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
the lower story of the vestry is in continuity with the walls of
the Church, and like that has its plinth of hard stone with clunch
masonry above. [This is well seen along the west wall CD, and
the wall of the Church, DE.] The north jamb of the archway
(ibid. F) is carried up as part of the same structure to a height
of four or five feet ; but the south jamb of the archway, the arch
itself, and the walls of the gallery and upper story of the vestry
are a totally subsequent worlc, added apparently after a con-
siderable interval, and wholly built of red brick. [A view of the
gallery, and adjoining structures, is given in fig. 1 1 ; it is also
indicated in Hammond's plan (fig. 3).] The north wall of the
chambers against which the gallery abuts is part of the same
brick structure, extending forty-eight feet to the west ; at which
point (L, fig. 2), at the end of a set of chambers, an abrupt
change of work occurs, and the remainder of the wall to the
corner (ibid. R) is of clunch. The clunch on this side is very
much decayed, and the whole wall presents a mass of patchwork,
alterations, and inserted chimneys and windows. [One of the
original windows is here shewn (fig. 12). Those that were
inserted subsequently, except the obviously modern ones, are
shallow square-headed double lights.] The lower part of the
wall is of brick for a few feet above the ground, which may
however be a facing added to the decayed clunch by way of
under-pinning it*.
The most probable time for the completion of the gallery
appears to be the middle of the fifteenth century, when the choir
of the Church was refitted, altars consecrated, and chantries
founded ; and this was also the period when the new quad-
rangle was in building, according to the rolls already quoted.
The rough construction of the building, the unfortunately
perishable clunch which was so largely employed, and the desire
for larger windows, led to several thorough repairs, by which the
original architectural appearance of the College was destroyed,
long before it assumed its Italian disguise.
1 [It should be noticed that the wall of the Church at the foot of the stairs
(G, fig. 18) is very much corroded, as though by e.xposure to weather. This,
coupled with the fact noticed by Prof. Willis above, that the lower part of the
wall CD is of clunch, while the upper part is of brick, makes me think that the
gallery was built long subsequent to the staircase. It had been planned before, but
the design had been abandoned for some now unknown reason.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. NORTH WAI,L. 25
[The following notices of extensive repairs during the first
half of the sixteenth century occur in the rolls.
Fig. 12. Early Window in North Wall.
In 1523 — 4 Thomas White was paid twenty-two shillings
" pro ly poyntyng" of eleven " rods" of the Library \ In 1526 — 7
John Morley " pointed the whole northern side of the house
next to the Church" at a cost of twenty shillings: and in 1538—9
workmen were employed for twenty-two days upon the same
' [A '"rod" is 2'j2^ square feet in Cambridgeshire.]
26 TETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
part, and upon the Library, Hall, Master's chamber, walls of the
grove, and other places in the College. This cost £2,. 8s. yi. In
1544 a quantity of plate, apparently belonging to the Chapel,
was sold to pay for a new pavement to the court\ In 1545 — 6
the west side of the College was repaired over an extent of seven
stadia and two ells; also the south side of the kitchen and the
chamber of Mr Cycell over an extent of three stadia and a half :
and the outside of the College on the north over an extent of
thirteen stadia. The whole sum spent in repairs this year was
£-j. los. iildr
The existence of the following buildings in or near the College
is proved by the references to them in the accounts ; but, un-
fortunately, in most instances it is impossible to fix their position.
They are interesting, however, as illustrating the domestic re-
quirements of an ancient College.
A bakehouse {pistrinuvi) is mentioned in most of the rolls
of the fifteenth century ; also a place to keep salt provisions in
{donins salsavicntoiitnv') : " le fish loft*," intended probably for
salt fish ; and " le fish house in le Coe Fen"," probably a vivarium.
There was a storehouse for coal {doniits qua carboncs cxpoinintiu'^),
and" a lime-house {doiiuis qua calx ponitury . Besides these there
were a granary {granarunnY, a " haye house^" a "wheate loft'',"
a dove-cote", and a hen-house" {doiiins galliiiaria). We know
from Loggan where the tennis-court {sphcEristeriiim) was. I have
not, however, been able to discover when it was built. It is first
mentioned in the roll for 1571 — 2, after which time the name
occurs very frequently down to 1605 — 6, the last year in which
^ " Rad. Aynsworth, M.A. M*". et Socii, omnes ac singuli 12, vendiderunt crucem
et calicem argentea deaurata, et alia Jocalia, ut pavimentum platese conficere possent,
1544." Register of Bishop Wren, MSS. Baker, xlij. 188. There is an amusing
entry in 1547 — 8, "vjd. pro reparatione muri in promptuario a furibus perfossi."
^ In 1545 the Commissioners of Henry VIII report that three fellowships had
been vacant for several months l)y reason of the great expenses in repairs during
the last year. Commiss. Doc*', i. 112.
^ Roll for 1559 — 60. •• Ibid. 1591 — 2.
5 Ibid. 1587—8. " This took three years to build (156S— 71).
7 Ibid. 1564—5. 8 Ibid. 1588—9.
» Ibid. 1587—8.
1'"' [Ibid. 1545 — 6. It was let on lease in 1675, and again in 1682, at a yearly rent
of 20s.']
" Ibid. 1545—6.
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. BAKEHOUSE, ETC. 27
any allusion is made to it\ There was also a treasury {dovins
thesauroruni), and a chapter-house {dovins capitulaj-is)'.
A building is described at some length in the roll for 1544 — 5,
the very name of which it is difficult to understand. It is called
" spectaculum or New-work." It was built of freestone, was of
some height, as it required a scaffold, and was paved '\ It was
repaired in 1589 — go and other years, but the use to which it
was put is never so much as alluded to. There is a small build-
ing with battlemented walls shewn upon Hammond's map (fig. 2)
abutting on the west wall of the College, and overlooking the fen.
If the conjecture that this is the "spectaculum" be accepted, it
would then signify " look-out." In confirmation of this view it
may be mentioned that in Loggan's print of Queens' College,
reproduced in the History of that College, a similar structure is
shewn, built over a doorway* in the garden-wall next to the
river, and of such a height that the floor is level with the top of
the wall. It has battlements, and is approached by a flight of
broad external stairs.]
1 [It was let on lease in 1667, and again in 1677 at a yeai-ly rent of \2d., the
College reserving the use of it for the Fellows free of charge, and, "Provided also
that the Scholars... shall freely play with their owne Balls and Rackets from eleven of
y^ clock untill one, paying nothing for the same ; and at other times when y" Mr or
Deans. ..shall allow them."]
^ Ibid. 1589 — 90. " Et de .\iv d. Greene pro iron laarres et stajjles pro domo
capitular!, et de xxij d. pro sera et claue pro eadem ut patet in billa prtefecti."
'^ " Et de ijs. vjd. persone aurige pro vehendis decern bigatis lapidum vocat' ly
fre ad reficiendum murum spectaculi vocati ly newwarke. ... Et de vd. pro funiculis
ad colligandum ly scafowolde apud ly newarke. Et de iij s. Magistro Sherwood pro
bigata lapidum ly fre pavyngestone pro ly newarke. Et de vjs. viijd. Magistro
collegii pro duobus bigatis et dimidio eiusdcm generis lapidum ad sternendum ly
newarke."
■* [This was the position of the structure at Peterhouse, from a payment made
1590 — 91 " ix d. Greene reficienti seram ostii sub le Newarke."]
28 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
CHAPTER IV.
Buildings of the sixteenth and seventeenth Cen-
turies. Dr Perne's Library. Works of Dr Matthew
Wren.
In addition to the old chambers and buildings of the great
quadrangle, there were others extending to the street, whose
position can only be understood by following the history of the
present buildings of the entrance court, the earliest of which is
the Library on the south side, due to Dr Andrew Perne (Master
1553 — 1589), as appears from the following singular passage in
his last wilP : —
"The Colledge Librairie of Peterhouse...I doe wishe to be newe
builded at the east end of the Masters Lodginge longewayes towardes
the Streate by some good Benefactor or Benefactors that I have spoken
toe and wiche have promised to helpe to the buildinge of the same.
That is M"" Customer Smithe, M"" Machell of Hackney, and M"" Thomas
Sutton of Newyngton principallie, and if noe other man will contribute
to the buildinge of the sayed Librairie w*in one yeare after my dis-
cease, then I will soe muche of my plate to be solde and other of my
goodes and moveables, as will build the same three score foote in
length and the breadth and heighthe to be as the rest of the Colledge
is, w' loftes and chimnies ; and all the foresayed newe librarie to be
newe builded as is aforesaide, w'in three or foure yeares at the furthest
after my dicease. I will all my bookes bequeathed in this my testament
to be layed and chayned in the old Librarie of the Colledge and the
foresayed Masters or Presidents^ to preserve all the Bookes that I have
' It was signed 25 Feb. 1588, and probate taken May, 1589. [The following
extract is taken from a copy in the Diocesan Registry at Peterborough. I have not
been able to discover the original. His private library had become famous, for when
the French Ambassador visited Cambridge on Aug. 30, 157 1, " he went to Peter Howse
to see Dr Pearne's Studdie or Librarie, supposed to be the worthiest in all England."
MSS. Baker, xxiv. 250, Cooper's Annals, ii. 278.]
^ [The Masters of Peterhouse, S. John's and Queens', or the Presidents thereof,
had been mentioned in a previous clause of the will.]
IV.] DR PERNE'S library. 29
given in this my will to the sayed Librarie as appeareth afterwardes,
the which I will to be written in three severall Register Boukes in-
dented, the on to remayene in the Custodie of the M"" of Peterhouse
for the time beinge and his Successors, the second in the Colledge
comen Chistes, the third in the handes of the keeper of ye Colledge
Librarie of Peterhouse, the w'^'' keeper I will to be bound w' twoe
Suerties in three hundreth pounds for the safe keepinge of all the sayed
bookes and the makinge goode of them at the saied accompt in the
said librarie yearelie to bee made before the Vice chauncellor the
Master of the said Colledge of Peterhouse and the Master of S' Johns
or in their absence before their Presidents, after the drinkinge in the
Parlor the which shall be imediatlie after the sermon is ended'; and that
the sayed keeper suffer none of the sayed bookes to be lent to anie
person out of the sayed Librairie ; but he to see all my bookes that I
shall give to the Librarie to be bound w' chaines at my coaste And
the names of the bookes that be sett in euerie stall to be written in the
end thereof, w'^ my name in euerie of y*" said Bookes; and that the senior
Bursar be bounde at ye takinge of his office for the makinge at that
time before the said persons a trewe accompte of all other thinges that
I doe give to the Colledge. ...And I will that the sayed' Scholler and
keeper of the said Librarie shall have a chamber under the said Librarie,
and he to be in the sayed Librarie dayely two houres at the least, ex-
cept it be holie daye or except he have licence of the Master of the
Colledge being called thither and to goe thither when he shall be re-
quired by anie of the Fellowes of Peterhouse aforesayed...."
[Accordingly in the Bursar's Roll for 1590 — i material in
wood and stone is bought ; and the work must have proceeded
rapidly at first, for in the following year the door leading to the
Library from the Master's chamber was made, shewing that the
ground floor must have been complete or nearly so. During the
next year no work is recorded : but in 1593 — -4 the greatest
activity prevailed. The floor was laid, casements were fitted to
the windows and glazed, hinges and bolts to the doors, the w alls
were plastered and the beams coloured. The work must have
been finished in this year, for not only do we find a charge for
making the "half-pace" or raised stage on which the bookcases
were to stand, but " platts" for the shelves are bought ; and lastly
the books were moved in, for one Crofts was employed to take
' [He had previously directed that this sermon is "to be made for me yearlie in
the parish Church of litel S' Maries on the Sundaye in the aftemoone next ensueinge
that daye in the which it shall please God to take mee out of this presente life to his
mercie."]
^ [It had been previously directed that the Librarian should be a scholar, and
receive 5 marks annually.]
30 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
the chains off (probably from those in the old Library), and ten
shillings were distributed among the scholars for writing the
catalogued
In this same year (1593 — 4) the room over the Library,
called in the accounts " le gallery," was built, with windows in
its north and south walls, and a triple window at the end (to-
wards the street). Access to this was originally obtained only
by the turret stair (G, fig. 2) ; for that by which it is now
approached from the landing close to the Library door at the
head of the stair leading up from the cloister (M, fig. 2)
is modern, and was doubtless made when it was divided into
chambers. This galleiy was assigned to the Master before it was
built, as the following order shews, which was probably made at
the time of the completion of the basement.
" Oct. 25, 1 59 1. It is ordered by me which in the vacancy of the
Bishopric of Ely am your Colledge visitor that the whole upper Roome
over D'' Pernes new Library and halfe of the Roome under the said
Library in Peterhouse shall be part of the M''* Lodging.
Jo. Cantuar.-"
The entire work was not completed until 1594 — 5, when a
quantity of oak board, and casements, both double and single,
were bought, at an expense of ^^50. 8s. i^d.]
The Library was built as directed at the east end of the
Master's lodging, stretching from that towards the street, but its
south wall next to the garden shews that it consists of two por-
tions built at successive periods. The first part next to the old
lodge is exactly sixty feet long, as Dr Feme's will directs (NO, fig.
2j, and this is constructed of rubble interspersed with large stones.
The point of junction with the Lodge (N) can be easily seen, the
rubble of the south wall of the Lodge being composed of much
smaller stones. The second part, which elongates it by thirty-
six feet, so as to reach the street, is of brick, and has a brick
gable with an oriel window in the street bearing the date 1633,
above, in brickwork.
' [The account for this year under the head " Fundatio Doctoris Pearne " is
transcribed entire in the appendix, No. in. Tt is an excellent specimen of the
Bursars' Rolls of Peterhouse, shewing the curious mixture of Latin, French and
English in the language, and the method of setting clown each expense in the
order in which it was incurred, without any attempt at classification.]
^ Old Register, 86.
IV.] I)R MATTHEW WREN. 3 1
[We now come to a period of great activity in improving
and increasing the College buildings, due mainly to the archi-
tectural taste of Dr Matthew Wren, of whom we read in the
Parentalia :
"In 1625 he was rather call'd than preferr'd to the Mastership of
S' Peters College in Cambridge; where he exercis'd such Prudence and
Moderation in his Government that he reduced all the Fellows to one
sacred Bond of Unity and Concord, and excited the Scholars to Con-
stancy and Diligence in their Studies. Moreover, he built great Part of
the College from the Ground, rescued their Writings and ancient Records
from Dust and Worms, and by indefatigable Industry digested them
into a good Method and Order.
But seeing the publick Offices of Religion less decently perform'd,
and the Service of God depending upon the Courtesy of others, for
want of a convenient Oratory within the Walls of the College ; what then
he could not do at his own Charge, he compass'd by his Interest in
well dispos'd Persons abroad, and procur'd such considerable Sums
of Money, that he built and beautified a complete Chapel, which he
dedicated March 17, 1632'."]
Passing over for the present the building of the Chapel (1628 —
1632) which shall be told at length in a separate chapter, we
come to the first change made in the court after the building of
the western portion of the present Library in 1590. This work
was undertaken in consequence of unexpected legacies be-
queathed to the College, as is set forth in a College order, dated
April 9, 1632, of which the substance is as follows^:
" Whereas D"" John Richardson, formerly Master of this College
[1609 — 15], and afterwards of Trinity College [1615 — 25], has be-
(lueathed ^100 to build a brick w^all next the street to the east, and
other benefactors enumerated have left money for founding four Scho-
larships ; we, the master and fellows of Peterhouse, after due delibera-
tion, decree : that the ancient and ruinous range of chambers extending
from D'' Derham's chamber to the gate of the churchyard, and from
the latter to a point opposite the Library, be forthwith pulled down,
provided however that the materials, as far as possible, be used up
again, and fitted to the new building : and that from D"" Derham's
chamber a range of chambers in three stories be built for the recep-
tion of fellows and students like those in the other parts of the College,
and that from these to a point opposite the Library there shall be
' [Parentalia: or Memoirs of the Family of the Wrens, fol. London 1750, p. 9.
Dr Wren's Catalogue of the College Documents is still in use.]
- [The original is a verbose composition in Latin.]
32 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
constructed a brick wall with a large and handsome door in the
middle'."
Lyne's plan of Cambridge (1574), and that of Hammond
(1592), were taken before Perne's Library was built; the former
shews a range of buildincrs next the street, and a few houses
between them and the street ; but the latter, which is the more
precise, shews a wall at the east end of the court running from the
end of the Master's lodge northwards to the opposite range, and
separating off a narrow court next to the street (fig. 2). This court
has buildings on the north and east sides, and extends slightly
more to the south than the principal quadrangle. No entrance
is shewn from the street, and it is probable that up to this time
the College had its principal entrance from the churchyard,
through the vaulted porch under the gallery. It is evident that
the eastern range stood clear of the site of the Chapel, which was
completed by March 17, 1632, while the order for pulling down
the chambers is dated April 9, 1632. Dr Derham's chamber
was at the east end of the north range ^ and we have seen
that the churchyard street-gate was at that time at the south-
east corner of the churchyard (fig. i). We learn therefore that
old chambers occupied the north and east sides of the entrance-
court, and extended beyond Perne's Library. Some of these
chambers were probably older than those of which we have
followed the building from the account rolls, and are those
which were repaired in 1374. Part of them may also have
been included in the works of the fourteenth century.
The new chambers which were built in consequence of the
order of 1632 on the north side of this court are shewn in
Loggan's view (fig, 14), which also represents two doors into the
street instead of one. This must have been the result of a change
^ The holders of the above-mentioned four scholarships are to be paid their
stipends out of the rents of the new chambers. On Oct. 21, 1663, it was ordered
that the six chambers lately constructed or fitted up on the border of the churcliyard
be appropriated in future to the Fellows of Mr Park's and Mr Ramsay's foundation.
This must apply to the north range ordered to l^e built in 1632, and shews how
College work lingers.
^ The Chapel Account-book shews that in 1629, when the Chapel \A'as begun,
they took down "the wall between the Master's lodging and D"" Deiham his
chamber," to clear the ground. Therefore the Doctor's chamber was opposite to
the Master's on the other side of the court.
IV.] PRESENT LIBRARY. 33
of plan during the execution of the work, for the style of their or-
nament corresponds to the date. By the date, 1633, on the brick
gable of the Library we see that its elongation to the street
followed immediately upon the demolition of the old chambers.
The date probably belongs to the beginning of the work rather
than to the completion, for it was not till 1641 — 2, that a
payment of £^0 to joiners {scriniarii) for making three new
cases for the Library shews that the additional space was being
fitted up '.
The Bursar's Roll for 1637 — 8 shews a total expenditure of
more than ^^"200 upon a " Rcstauratio extraordinaria " of the
College, which includes £()"/ for workmanship upon the decayed
and corroded windows and outer doors in both courts, besides
stone, brick and other materials for the same^ To procure
additional funds for these works a letter soliciting subscriptions
had been issued in 1636, in which the Master and Fellows
state that they have built a Chapel which still remains insuf-
ficiently ornamented, and unfinished, that they have rebuilt
1 Mich'. 1641 to Mich^ 1642.
" Pro purganda Bibliotheca post fabros scriniarios o . 11 . 11
Pro libris emptis 1 1 .
Pro fabris C£ementariis et latomis 7 . 4
Pro fabris scriniariis pro extruendis tribus novis
thecis 30 . o . o "
[Some new fittings however had been put in previously; for in 1633 — 4 we find
" xiij li Ashley pro novis sedilibus in Bibliotheca." The work done in 1641 — 2 was
clearly the beginning of the fitting up, for in the following year 1642 — 3 three more
cases were made at the same price ; and in 1643 — 4 apparently two, at a cost of ;i^i9.
In 1644 — 5> -i^^i • 5 -o is paid "pro theca nova et tabula;" and in 1645 — 6, ^12.0.0
for the same, together with ^if 10. 0.0 " pro fenestra orientali." In 1647 — 8, £11 . i"] .0
is paid "pro thecis novis et tabulis;" and in 1655 — 6 the vestibule is fitted up, as
appears by the following :
" Scriniario pro fabrica novi vestibuli et scriniorum 17 . 6 . 8
Carpentario pro opera circa fabricam novi vestibuli 0.9. 6
Fabro ferrario pro ferramentis circa novum vestibulum et scrinia 3 . 5 . 10"
The " tabula " may perhaps be the frame to contain the catalogues, though the word
usually meant a shelf in the 17th century. These bookcases will be figured and de-
scribed in the chapter on College Libraries.]
^ "Pro lapide cseso, Lateribus coctis, Calce viva, Arena, Lignis, etc. ad Re-
staurationem extraordinariam Collegii in sedificandis, removendis, atque in ordinem
redigendis omnibus fenestris infra aream ejusdem Collegii tam novam quam anti-
quam ... et exterioribus ostiis tabe et carie prius consumptis."
VOL. I. 3
34
PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
and repaired the ruinous chambers, and are now endeavouring
to increase the Library, and put in order the Hall and the Courts
In 1638 — 9, ten pounds was paid to John Westley, for
repairing and restoring the roof of the west side of the College ^
Thus the court was brought to the aspect it presents in Loggan's
print.
CHAPTER V.
Works of the Eighteenth Century.
[The idea of completing the College by a second court
towards the east had been entertained by Dr Perne, in whose
will the following clause occurs :
" Item I doe give towardes the buildinge of the east ende of the
Colledge of Peterhouse aforesaid like to the rest of the CoUedge havinge
a fayer gate house in the midst of it like to St Johns gate house twentie
powndes to the said Colledge of Peterhouse ; to be payed out of my
goodes by mine Executor within three yeares after my decease, to be
reserved in the Colledge chest to that purpose only. I truste that the
Master and Fellowes of Peterhouse for the time beinge will be earnest
and dayly sutors for the buildinge of the same goodlie worke with the
heipe of my Lord of Caunterburies grace that nowe is Archbishop
Whitgifte, M'' Customer Smythe, M"" Sutton of Ashton, Sir Wuliston
Dixie, and Sir Thomas Ramsie, all w* have promised to contribute
towardes the buildinge of the same . . . ."
Whether the complete realisation of this plan, so as to
include an east front, was ever seriously considered we do not
know. Nothing however was done in this part of the College
after the civil war, until] Dr Richardson's range of chambers "on
the north side of the entrance court was doomed to destruction
on March 30, 1732, when it was
" Agreed ■ • • y^ y" Building on y^ North side of y" Chappel be
taken down w'*^ all convenient speed and rebuilt in a decent and
strong manner w"^ y*" College dead-stock^."
XU
' [The letter is printed in the Appendix, No. iv.]
* " Pro reparando et restaurando tecto Collegii a parte occidentali Johanni Westley,
^ College Order, March .-jo, 1732.
v.] NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE COURT. 35
This resolution however was not carried out for several
years afterwards. Mr Burrough of Caius College prepared a
design, for which he received a piece of plate of the value of ten
pounds " in consideration of the Trouble he has been at on the
College Account^:" and four years afterwards a copper-plate
engraving was ordered " representing in Perspective the Chapel,
with the New Building now erecting on the Northside, and
another dcsign'd to be erected on the South^" Engravings of
proposed buildings were usually made at this period and circu-
lated to assist in obtaining subscriptions. The south building,
however, was never carried out. The north building is a hand-
some and substantial Italian pile of chambers in three stories,
of brick, faced with Ketton stone on the south and east sides^
[It was directed to be commenced at the end of the year
1736, by the following order :
"July 21, 1736, Agreed . . . that the Order made in the year 1732 to
take down the Building on the North Side of the Chapel be put in
Execution at or before Michl next, And that an Estimate be taken of
^ College Order, Feb. 6, 1735 — 6.
^ [College Order, Aug', ri, 1739. This plate, drawn by R. West, and engraved
by P. Fourdrinier, shews a building on the south exactly similar to that on the north ;
and between each of them and the Chapel a building of the same height and design,
supported on a cloister of three arches in rustic work, like the arch that now gives
access to the northern building]
^ [Outside the easternmost window of the second floor on the north side are two
iron bars on brackets, with a third attached to them, just far enough from the wall
to allow a man's body to pass. Tradition assigns this window to the rooms of the
poet Gray, who had these bars put up to secure his escape in case of fire by means of a
rope. One night some malicious wags shouted " Fire ! " The poet descended ; not,
however, on to the ground, but into a tub of water placed under his window. This
is said to have been the real cause of his leaving Peterhouse for Pembroke. A month
before he left he writes to Dr Wharton : "I beg you to bespeak me a rope-ladder (for
my neighbours every day make a great progress in drunkenness, which gives me cause
to look about me). It must be full 36 feet long, or a little more, but as light and
manageable as may be, easy to unroll, and not likely to entangle. I never saw one,
but I suppose it must have strong hooks, or something equivalent at top, to throw
over an iron bar, to be fixed in the side of my window." In the first letter from
Pembroke to the same, March 25, 1756, he evades his real reason for removal : "I
left my lodgings because the rooms were noisy and the people of the house uncivil. "
He had been disturbed, says Mason, by "two or three young men of Fortune."
Their names are given by Moultrie in his edition of Mitford's Life of Gray. Dr Law,
Master of Peterhouse, called the affair "a boyish frolic" and refused redress. See
Gray's Works by Mason, Moultrie, and in the Aldine Edition, 1853.]
3—2
36 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
the Incomes, in order to allow them to the several Persons to whom
they belong :"
but the next order, made in April, 1738, shews that the work
had been again deferred, and that the old range of chambers
was still standing ; also, that some other material than stone
had at first been decided on ; for it was then
"Agreed that the new Building be cas'd with Stone towards the
Chapel and the Street, and that the Stone for this purpose be provided
immediately ; and that the Building be taken down as far as the
Cloyster."
The question of position had been considered from the
first, for on April 6, 1734, it was agreed :
" That in consideration of the Parish's giving their consent for
the taking in seventy-five feet in length and nineteen feet in breadth
of the Churchyard for the erecting a new building, the College do
pay to the said Parish an Acknowledgment of five shillings per
annum, and make a pav'd walk on the North side of the Church
ten feet in breadth, together with a large Door five feet in breadth, and a
small Door into the Chancel with Porches for each Door. And like-
wise-that a new Gate be made to the Churchyard, the trees on the
North side cut down, and the large Pew by the North Door removed."]
By this means additional breadth was given both to the
entrance court and to the chambers. [The delay above men-
tioned was very likely due to some hesitation on the part of the
Parish, for it was not until March 23rd, 1737 — 8, that it was
'* Agreed that the new Building to be erected be set from the
Chapel as far as the Vestry, and a Church-way be made for the
Parishioners on the north side of the Church, provided the consent of
the Parish and Ordinary be obtain'd for that Purpose."
The work was sufficiently advanced by the beginning of
1741 ^ for an agreement to be made "that the Ceilings in the
new Buildings be performed, viz., to be floated and finished
in the best and workmanlike manner, including whitening at
I shilling and ^d. per yard :" — -and in June of the same year
the rooms were painted '^ They were not ready for occupation
apparently until the beginning of 1742, when their rents were
1 May 5, '741-
" College Order, June 12, 1741.
v.] NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE COURT. 37
settled by a College Order ^ :] and in the following year it was
agreed :
" That the Bursar give M"" Burrough fifty Pounds in Consideration
of his Designing and overseeing the Execution of the new Building-."
He was at this time therefore acting as a professional
architect.
Finally, on Nov. 13, 1744, it was
" Agreed . . . that the Bursar be empowered to place a Fence of
Rails, and put Bars into the Lower Windows of the new Building
towards the Church Yard and likewise to pave the Area before the said
Building."
In 1751^ the new gates toward the street which are still
employed were erected in lieu of those which were set up in
1632. [Up to 1848 the College was bounded on this side by a
high brick wall with a stone coping nearly as high as the
architraves of the stone gateways, except for the short interval
between the north gate and Burrough's building, where a low
wall and iron railing, such as now extends along the whole
street front, seems to have existed from the beginning (fig. 4)*.
In 1848 considerable repairs were executed, in the course of
which the present wall and railing was set up, and the gateways
enriched with a half pilaster set against their sides ^]
In 1754 it was determined to modernize the great quadrangle,
which had now, in consequence of the gradual rebuilding of the
entrance court, acquired the name of the Old Court. I subjoin
a series of successive and contradictory resolutions all passed
in this year, which afford an amusing illustration of the manner
in which Burrough, now Sir James, and Master of Caius College,
persuaded the College to change the stucco and small sash-
^ [April 30, 1742. There had evidently been some unusual difficulty in getting
the work completed, for on July 26, 1740, it was agreed "that the workmen employed
about the new Building be paid no more money by the Bursar on Ace' till they bring
in a measurement of the whole."]
^ College Order, March 15, 1743 — 4.
^ [College Order, April 15, 1751.]
* [This is shewn in the plate at the head of the University Almanack for 18 13:
in Storer's Illustrations and in Le Keux, i. 233.]
^ [College Order, May 20, 1848, "for new roofing, repairing, and improving parts
of the College."]
38 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
windows at first projected, for the full Italian dress which was
finally imposed upon the old walls \
March 4, 1754. "At a Meeting of the Master and Fellows it
Avas agreed that the old Court be new stuccoed : that the two walks
be laid with new freestone and the remainder be paved with pebbles,
that the window and door Cases be repaired, and the grass plats new
laid. This work to be immediately undertaken and conducted at the
direction of the Master, Deans, and Bursar, who shall likewise deter-
mine what alterations shall be made in the Sheep court.
May 2, 1754. Agreed. ..to make new sash windows in the old court.
May 23, 1754. At a meeting of the Locum tenens and Fellows it was
agreed that instead of stuccoing the old court according to an order
of the Master and Fellows bearing date March 4th, 1754, it be cas'd
with Ketton Stone, the Front of the North side to be finish'd this
year. The window and doorcases instead of being repair'd to be
fitted up with stone of the same kind. That instead of the sashes
meant in the order dated May 2'', 1754, modern sashes be put in, and
as this may occasion some expense in the fitting up that part of
the inside of the rooms adjoining to the windows the charge which
may from hence arise shall be borne by the College. This work to
be conducted at the direction of the Master, Deans, and Bursar and
the price of stone and workmanship to be settled by the Master of Caius
College.
Sep. 17,1754. At a meeting of the Locum tenens and Fellows it was
agreed that instead of the Battlements a Parapet Wall be erected,
adorned with a Dentil Cornice, and that the old materials be made use
of as far as they will go. Agreed also that the Price of the Workman-
ship employed in the Cornice shall be three shillings p"" foot according
to the Proposal made by M'' Elsden.
Dec. 19, 1754. Agreed. . .that the West and South Sides of the College
Court be cas'd with Stone in the same Manner and on the same Directions
as mention'd in the order dated May 23, 1754.
Jan. 6, 1755. Agreed • • • y' an Arch be made thro' y*^ middle of
y*" west end of y" Court and y"^ Mr Markland and Mr Pemberton
have satisfaction made for any Damage to their chambers occasion'd
by y" alteration above.
June 28, 1755. Agreed ... that the order of March 4, 1754,
relating to the Area of the Court be cancelled and that there be made
in it only one large grass plat without any walks of freestone.
Feb. 26, 1756. Agreed that the Money formerly paid for Musick
at Christmas be applied to the supplying the Lamp att the new Build-
ing, and four new Lamps which are to be placed at the four corners
of the new Grass Plot'."
1 [For more details respecting this architect, see the History of the Schools and
Senate-House. He was elected Master of Caius College, Feb. -27, 1754.]
^ [The two on the east side are shewn in Ackermann's view of the court. They
are lofty stone obelisks. The present iron lamp-posts were put up in 1830. College
Order, Dec. 22, 1830.]
v.] ALTERATIONS TO THE OLD COURT. 39
[In 1774 the west side of the College was new roofed, at an
expense of i^30o; and in 1783 a sum of ^400 bequeathed by
the Bishop of Waterford was ordered to be applied to a similar
work on the north and south sides \]
In 1 79 1, the wall of the chambers and library on the south
side of the entrance court was plastered, which, to judge from
the condition of the wall of the same building next to the
garden, was the only thing to be done for the sake of neatness
short of ashlaring or rebuilding. Thus the ancient College was
brought to its present aspect. [The rooms under the Library
were converted into a Porter's Lodge, a Lecture Room, etc.,
in 1 82 1 1]
Two wings containing chambers were built to the west of the
quadrangle by the munificence of the Rev. Francis Gisborne,
a former fellow, in 1825 ^ The first stone of these was laid
on the 30th of August in that year. [The south wing was first
built, and the northern decided on a few months later. The
whole was completed at the end of 1826^] These wings
extend ninety feet westward, and are at the same distance
apart, so as to form, in conjunction with the west wall of
the old College chambers, a square court to which the founder's
name has been attached. They are erected in the modern
Gothic style, of white brick, from a design by William M'Intosh
Brooks, Architect, who designed the castellated Town Gaol
on Parker's Piece l [The builder was M"" Thomas Tomson
of Cambridge.]
^ [College Orders, April 3, 1773, March 26, 1774, April 19, 1783.]
^ [College Order, March 30, 1821.]
•* He presented ;!^20,ooo to the College in 181 7.
•* [College Orders, May 30 and October 21, 1825, June 16, 1826, and Feb. 12,
1827. The last payment to the contractor was made on May 12, 1828.]
s [This was erected soon after June 23, 1827, on which day the royal assent was
given to an Act for Building a new Gaol for the Town. Cooper's Annals, iv. 554.]
40 TETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
CHAPTER VI.
History of the Chapel.
The construction of the existing Chapel in lieu of the paro-
chial chancel was begun in 1628 : for although an Oratory ^ is
mentioned in previous records, yet the positive assertion of the
act of consecration of the Chapel on March 17, 1632, that " from
the first foundation of the College to the present time it had
no sacellum within its walls," is sufficient to shew that that was
not a regular Chapel, but only a licensed room for private
devotions ; and did not supersede the performance of the greater
services in the parish Church ".
^ On Oct. 12, 1388, John de Fordham, Bishop of Ely, gave license, to last for
his own good pleasure, to the Master and fellows and all persons residing with them
to hear divine service in a chapel within the said house, and to perform other divine
offices therein. Fordham's Register, MSS. Baker, xxxi. 208. [See also above, p. 10.]
^ [The words of the Master's speech to the Bishop at the time of Consecration
are as follows ... "cum intra muros Collegii Sacellum non habuerint, coacti sunt
extra portas Collegii in vicinum Templum exire quotidie ; idque tempore brumali
horis antelucanis et postlucanis, quod in non raram opportunitatem maleferiatis
Tenebrionibus cessit ulterius evagandi. Porro cum idem Templum ad oppidanos
quoque jure parochiali pertineret, neque horae canonicae Petrensibus vacabant
Sacrae Eucharistiae in Festis Principalibus aliisque Dominicis celebrandae neque
quotidiana sacra iis ritibus atque apparatu obire poterant quos ex SS. Matris Ec-
clesiae Canone puriorisque Seculi exemplo observare par erat, praeter alia quoque
incommoda, quae versiculis aliquot fusius comprehensa ... schedulae huic annec-
tentur..." Old Register, p. 480, copied, MSS. Baker, v. 245. To this Baker appends
the following note. "The verses spoken of in the beginning of this service are
Crashaw's Votiva Domiis Pdrensis pro Doino Dei, printed then in a single sheet,
and after among his Poems. And begin thus Ut magis in ininidi z'o/is." A short
quotation from this now forgotten work may be interesting. After comparing the
rising hopes of the members of Peterhouse to the dawn of day, he exclaims,
" Quando
Quando erit, ut tremulae flos heu tener ille diei.
Qui velut ex oriente novo jam altaria circum
Lambit, et ambiguo nobis procul annuit astro
Plenis se pandat foliis, et lampade tota
Laetus ut e medio cum sol micat aureus axe,
Attonitam penetrare domum bene possit adulto
VI.] CHAPEL. 41
This Chapel, 64 feet long, by 26 feet broad, was erected in
the Mastership of Dr Matthew Wren [Master 1625—34]. It
was set in an isolated position, halfway between the Library on
the south, and the range of chambers on the north. It is con-
nected at its west end to the buildings on either side by a
gallery with an open arcade below offering a very picturesque
and characteristic specimen of the architecture of that period \
The clearing of the ground for the foundations was
begun in I\Iay 1628, by taking down the " litle Ostle," and "the
wall betweene the M''"' lodgeing, and D"" Derham his chamb"" ^"
The foundation was laid on June 30, 1628. George Thompson
was the freemason, but there is no record of the person
who made the design. The work seems to have gone on
continuously, but slowly, [no work being done in the winter,
from November to April, during which months the walls were
covered up ^] The masonry of the windows was paid for in
Nov. 1629, and they were glazed in 1632*. The roof dates
from April 1629, to September 163 1. [The floor was paved
with glazed tiles from Ely. The seats and altar furniture were
provided in 1632, in which year the consecration took place,
Sidere, nee dubio pia moenia midceat ore?
Quando erit ut convexa suo quoque pulchra sereno
Florescant, roseoque tremant laquearia risu
Quae nimium informis tanquam sibi conscia frontis
Perpetuis jam se lustrant lachrymantia guttis ?
Quando erit ut claris meliori luce fenestris
Plurima per vitreos vivat pia pagina vultus?
Quando erit ut sacrum nobis celebrantibus hymnum
Organicos facili et nunquam fallente susurro
Nobile murmur agat nervos ; pulmonis iniqui
Fistula nee monitus faciat male fida sinistros?"
Complete Works of Richard Crashaw, ed. A. B. Grosart, 2 vols, 1873.]
^ [Professor Willis calls it in a note a "curious specimen of Jacobean Gothic."]
2 [The small size of "the little ostle" may be inferred from the facts that the
whole cost of pulling down was only ;^i. 14^-. lod.; and that no more than 3 men
were ever employed upon the job at one time.]
^ [Chapel Accounts. "About y"^ couering of the walls when the workemen left
of the first winter after it was begun." " Item for uncouering the walls in Aprill next
after 0.5. o."]
■* [These windows, as soon as set up, were protected by wirevvork, as appears
from "The wyerworkers Bill" preserved among a number of small accounts dis-
charged by D"" Cosin. The whole cost including "tenters, spikes, navies and
wyer to fasten it" was £i^- f/S. iod.1
42 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
at eight o'clock in the morning of March 17th. Thus the
whole work occupied nearly four years \]
It appears from the Bursars' accounts that the subscriptions
amounted to ^^2365, including i^300 from Leonard Mawe,
Master (1617 — 1625), and Bishop of Bath and Wells", and i^300
from Dr Cosin, afterwards Master.
From the following document, which is not dated, but
which must have been drawn up soon after the consecration,
we gather that the Chapel was erected on the sensible plan of
fitting it for use as rapidly as possible, leaving such decorations
as were not absolutely required to be provided by subsequent
benefactors, or as funds accumulated. Thus the side walls and
the east end were constructed of rough brickwork^ ; and the
desiderata for the interior are enumerated, as a marble "frontis-
piece " for the Altar, a silk pallium, the painted glass of seven
windows, the ornamental case of the organ, and the historical
paintings of part of the walls.
"Sacellum Collegii Sancti Petri in Academia Cantabrigiensi a
fundamentis nuper exstructum et consecratum Mar. 17, a.d. 1632.
Expense. Prima et nuda structura 1 000
Chori subsellia 130
Vasa et Ornatus Altaris Locique circum-
jacentis 260
Pavimentum Marmore polito stratum 1 80
Ornatus Fornicis 186
Fenestrarum sacris Historiis depic-
tarum 118
parietum Fenestris interpositarum ... 180
^ A Bui^sar's account book is preserved, which was exchisively kept for the
building of the Chapel, and to it I am indebted for tlie particulars above given.
Everything is minutely recorded even to "June 7, 1628. pack thread to measure
out the ground for the wall, 13d.;" and "June 21. ... to Pattison in i-egard of
spoiling his boots in standing in the water to dig. 0.0.6."
- [This was a bequest "pro tecto plumbeo."]
•^ [The building accounts of the Chapel include charges for chinch and bricks,
but not for stone, except "for water-table 284 foote and for coines 156 foot" —
"for 10 windowes at 8''. a peece " — "for 598 foote of splayes" — "for corben table
over y" 9 windowes." "Item for 290 foote of freestone Quines for y^ butterys at lo**.
y° foote ■/^i2. 1.8." These entries shew that the brickwork was supplemented
by a certain amount of stonework. The four sides of the Chapel, together with the
cloisters, before the east side of their northern division was lengthened to meet the
building of 1742, measure exactly 284 feet.]
VI.] CHAPEL. 43
Vestimenta et stragula Phrj'gia 50
Sacristia, Capsulce. et Organile 60
Organum pneumaticum 1 40
I.ibri chorales 40
Porticus et nova Facies Sacelli de sectis
lapidibus 140
Summa 2484
Expense (pro quibus Collegium nunc in ^re alieno) superant
summam receptam ;^ii9.
Et desunt adhuc
Frontispicium Altaris de marmore polito
Pallium cum frontalibus holosericis
Septem Fenestr^e sacris Historiis depingend?e
Ornatus Organi pneumatici
Structura lapidea ad orientalem sacelli faciem qua; nunc
Lateritia est et invenusta
Utrumque Sacelli Latus similiter restaurandum cum Acroteriis.
Ornatus interiorum Parietum nondum depictorum Historiis."
The exterior facings of the Chapel were entirely built at
the expense of Dr Cosin, who succeeded Bishop Wren as
Master of the College in 1635. He was ejected at the rebellion
in 1644, and restored to the Mastership in 1 660, but being
immediately made Bishop of Durham, was succeeded in the
former office by Dr Hale. The pavement was due to the
munificence of his wife, Mrs Frances Cosin \ His affection for
his College did not however cease when he left Cambridge,
for the Order Book records (2 Feb : 1665)
" Sixty pounds being now received w'^^ my L'^ of Duresme sent
to y^ College as one Moitie of the Sum w'^^ his L? was pleased to
promise for y^ building of y^ East end of our Chapel with freestone ;
the said ;^6o were this day layd up in y'^ Chest m y" Treasury, sealed
in a Purse. . . . The Mony is to ly there till it be taken out to pay
y^ Workmen."
His will, dated Dec. 11, 1671, contains this clause:
" I give and bequeath two hundred pounds towards the reedifying
of the north and south sides of S' Peter's Colledge Chappell in Cam-
bridge, with hewn stone-worke answerable to the east and west ends
of the sayd Chappell allready by mee sett up and finished^"
^ [Benefactors' List, Blomefield, 156.]
^ [A previous passage in the will records the donation of ;i{^i20 for the east
end of the Chapel : and a memorandum, bearing the same date, states that the
44
PETERHOUSE.
[CHAP.
The west end and its porch ', which had been built before
the summary printed above was drawn up, are carefully-
represented in Loggan's print (fig. 14), and a comparison of that
with the existing building shews that its general appearance
has suffered very little from the meddling of modern restoration.
Fig. 14. West front of the Chapel and North Cloister. From Loggan.
^■200 had been paid "for the faceing the south and north sides thereof with hewen
stone and new canted buttresses." The will is printed in the Correspondence of
John Cosin, D.D. Ed. Surtees Soc^. 1872, ii. 291.]
1 [This porch had been the object of special donations.
" Rev' Pat' Matthaeus Wren D' Ep' Norw', ex piis Donationibus ad Structuram
Porticus assignavit ;,^30. Petrus de Laune, S. T. P. ex hoc Coll' £2^. Joh' Cosin
S. T. P. Magr' Coll' £\o. Socii ^11." Benefactors' List, in Blomefield, 155.]
VI.]
CHAPEL.
45
The porch was taken down in 1755, and "the materials
applied to ye Repair of y'' Court." The foliation has been cut
out of the window, and the carving of foliage, etc., in the frieze
and in the spandrils of the lower arcade has been scraped off.
Lastly, the tabernacle which occupied the space above the
window has been exchanged for a clock. The whole composi-
tion belongs to the beginning of the reign of Charles the First,
Fig. 15. North Cloister, as rebuilt in 1709.
but the east end, erected after the Restoration, is in a plainer
style, and is capped by a small pediment\
[Dr Cosin, who shared Archbishop Laud's views about
Church ceremonial, introduced a gorgeous ritual into this
Chapel, together with the use of incense. In consequence, it
attracted much ill-will from the Puritans, One of his most
bitter opponents says :
^ [A careful drawing of the east window will be found in the Cambridge Port-
folio, ii. 488.]
46 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
" that in Peter House Chappel there was a glorious new Altar set
up, and mounted on steps, to which the Master, Fellowes, Schollers
bowed, and were enjoyned to bow by Doctor Cosens the Master, who
set it up; that there were Basons, Candlestickes, Tapers standing on it,
and a great Crucifix hanging over it. . . . that there was likewise a
carved Crosse at the end of every seat, and on the Altar a Pot, which
they usually called the incense pot : . . . and none of them might turne
their backs towards the Altar going in nor out of the Chappell : . . . and
the common report both among the Schollers of that House and others,
was, that none might approach to the Altar in Peter-house but in
Sandalls, and that there was a speciall consecrated Knife there kept
upon the Altar, to cut the sacramental bread that was to be conse-
crated '."]
In the diary which William Dowsing, the iconoclast, kept of
his proceedings we read :
"We went to Peterhouse, 1643, Decemb : 21, with Officers and
Souldiers and... we pulled down 2 mighty great Angells with wings, and
divers other Angells, & the 4 Evangelists, & Peter, with his Keies, over
the Chappell Dore — & about a hundred Chirubims and Angells, and
divers superstitious Letters in gold ; & at the upper end of the Chancell,
these words were written, as followeth Hie locus est Domiis Dei, nil
aliud, et Porta Ca;li. Witnes Will : Dowsing. Geo : Long. These wordes
were written at Keies Coll : and not at Peterhouse, but about the walls
was written in Latine, we prays the ever, & on some of the Images was
written, Sanctus, Sandiis, Sandus. on other, Gloria Dei, et Gloria Patri,
etc : & all non nobis Doniine 6^^.- & six Angells in the windowes. Wit-
nesses Will : Dowsing, George Longe'."
Many of these Angels and Cherubim were probably at-
^ [Prynne, Canterbury's Doom, fol. Lond. 1646, p. 73. The account is probably
much exaggerated ; but that incense was really used is proved by the list of plate
furnished by the Bishop, where a charge is made "for the Sencor:" and for "making
a newe case to the Sencor." " Correspondence," etc., i. -224 ; and the Chapel Accounts
for 1632 — 3 record payments for mucli costly plate, altar-cloths, cushions, and
hangings. See Appendix, No. V. Similar accusations are brought against Dr Wren,
in two curious and extremely scurrilous Pamphlets, "The Wren's Nest Defil'd," 1640,
and "Wren's Anatomy; Printed in the yeare, That Wren ceased to domineere, 1641."
The latter expressly accuses him of introducing Latin service into Peterhouse, and
setting up an altar there : an accusation the truth of which is proved by an entry in
the above account for eight service-books in Latin.]
^ MSS. Baker, xxxviii. 455. [Dowsing's Diary is printed rather differently in
Carter's History of the University of Cambridge, 8°. London, 1753. So far as I have
been able to discover, this was the first time that the diary was printed ; but unfor-
tunately Mr Carter tells us nothing about the history of the MS.]
VI.] CHAPEL. 47
tached to the roof, which is now in very good order, and a
characteristic specimen \
The stalls and organ gallery appear to be those which were
fitted up at the first [though a College Order of April lo, 1666
complains that " our CoUege-chapell is not yet provided of an
Organ, nor of more money than £2^ towards y*^ Purchase of
one." It was decided soon after that ^^35 should be spent in
buying one. It was expected to have been ready by Michael-
mas in that year, but " by reason of y*= Plague in y*^ Town " was
somewhat delayed, and I have not been able to discover when
it arrived'^, but it was probably in working order in 1669 — 70] ^
These fittings contain a mixture of genuine medieval pa-
nelling, which was possibly brought from the parochial chancel,
or the disused chantries. This may be seen at the back of the
stalls, and in front of the organ gallery. The stalls and
subsellia, however, belong in style to the period of their con-
struction. The stalls have no misereres. The entrance door of
the Chapel is also a medieval door removed from elsewhere,
perhaps to replace that which was defaced by Dowsing. [It has
been ornamented with Jacobean shields and enrichments.]
In the interior, the east end was of course utterly defiled and
demolished by Dowsing, and the altar had no rails when
Blomefield wrote, for he tells us that
" The East Window containing the History of Christ's Passion is
very fine and whole, being hid in the late troublesome Times, in the very
' [We find in the Chapel Accounts for 1631 :
"Imprimis for 8 Angells and woode to malvc the winges of the Angells 43'-"]
- [College Orders, April 28 and October 25, 1666. In contradiction to these
pleas of poverty the following special subscriptions to the organ are recorded in
Blomefield, 154 :
"Joh. et D\ Alicia Peyton rogatu Magistri dedennit organum Pneumaticum,
quod valebat £^0.
Ad instaurandum Organum Pneumaticum Pentecost Hoper (cum filium haberet) ex
hoc Coir Soc'. ;i^20. "]
^ [There had apparently been some legal difficulty about obtaining the organ, for
the accounts of i66i — 2 record " Expensa circa litem pro organo, £ig . 8.8." In
1665 — 6 we find "Pro expensis in tempore pestis ;i^43 . 3 . 6." In 1666 — 7 "Pro
organo-poeo ex donatione per Magistrum Ashburnham £20. Organum inflanti 10'."
In 1667 — 8 " Expensae circa organum ;^44 .0.0." 1669 — 70. "Organum inflanti
;i^2 . o . o. " This charge is continued yearly from this time, and probably marks
the period when the organ was ready for daily use.]
48 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
Boxes which now stand round the Altar instead of Rails ; the Chapel is
paved with black and white Marble, beautified with Sentences, is
stalled round, hath an Organ, and two large Brass Branches."
Moreover, that Doctor Beaumont (Master 1663 — 69)
" drew with Chalk and Charcoal, those two Pieces by the Altar, that
on the North side of the VVisemens Oft'ering, being exceeding fine : the
Star is admirable'."
In 173 1 — 2 about £70 was paid to joiners {'' scriniarW)
for work in the Chapel, perhaps the panelling at the east end.
Also in 1735^ the roof was ordered " to be examined in order to
have it taken down or repaired :" but the latter alternative was
evidently adopted, and nearly ;^300 was spent upon the Chapel,
of which i^io5 was paid to the painter.
[The view of the interior of the Chapel drawn by Pugin for
Ackermann's work shews large tablets, apparently of stone, on
each side of the east window, and between the windows on the
north and south sides. They extended from the cornice of the
stalls to the corbels of the roof. The Creed and some texts
were painted on them. They were removed in the course
of a thorough repair of the Chapel carried out in 1821 — 2 1]
The present altar is railed round, and has a handsome
modern altar-piece of wainscot behind it, but at what period
constructed does not appear.
Six of the lateral windows were, between the years 1855 and
1858*, enriched with painted glass by Professor Ainmiiller of
^ Collectanea, 157. [Uffenbach, who visited this College Aug. 7, 1710, says:
"On either side of tlie altar hung two scenes of the Passion, well designed in black
on blue cloth in golden frames." Translation by Rev. J. E. B. Mayor, 170.]
- College Order, March 27.
•* [Ibid., Aug'. 7, 182 1. ''Agreed that the Joiners' work in the Chapel, and the
Screen in front of the organ gallery be repaired." June 29, 1822. "Agreed that the
ornaments and wainscotting in tlie interior of the Chapel be cleaned and repaired "
July 6, 1S22. "Agreed tliat all the Tablets in the Chape] shall be taken down,
and that the Lead Work on the south side of the Roof and the Wainscotting of the
cieling be substantially repaired."]
■* [The offer "to supply the two windows adjoining the East End of the College
Chapel with stained glass" was accepted Nov. 28, 1851. These are criticised as "a
new and important decoration" in The Ecclesiologist for August, i8-;5; and the
last four in the same journal for April, 1858.]
VI.] CHAPEL. 49
Munich, the total cost of which, including the carriage and
.setting up, has amounted to £146'/^. Each window contains
about 6y feet 6 inches superficial in glass. [The work was
undertaken as a memorial to William Smyth, M.A., Professor of
Modern History (1807 — 49), chiefly through the exertions of
the Rev. William Nind, M.A., Fellow.] The subjects are,
North side. The Sacrifice of Isaac.
The Preaching of S. John the Baptist.
The Nativity.
South side. The Resurrection.
The Healing of a cripple by SS. Peter and John.
S. Paul before Agrippa and Festus.
The south gallery was at first a passage from the Master's
Lodge to the Chapel, and led to the Master's pew in the organ
gallery, which still exists. It was built in 1633 ^ and the north
gallery probably soon after. They both apparently became
ruinous about 1709, for on April 15 of that year the following
College order was made :
" Y' y*" Cloyster on y*" North side of y*" Chapel should be taken
down to y*^ ground and rebuilt according to a Pap"" deliver'd into
y*" Society at a meeting y^ day by M'' grumbold . . . : also . . . that
forty five pounds, the price of y*" Trees cutt down behind y"" new
Gardens be given towards this work."
Two years afterwards the south cloister was taken down
and rebuilt in the same style, as the following order shews :
October 4, 171 1. "Agreed .... that the Cloyster on the south
side of the Chappell should be taken down to the ground and rebuilt
of the same dimensions it is at present and according to the Model
of y" Cloyster now erected on the north side thereof. And that y*"
sum of eighty pounds in the Treasury of the Gift of y*^ Bp. of Durham
be applied towards the Charge of y*" said Building. ..."
These new galleries are in the Italian style, and totally
^ [There were a few fragments of old glass in these windows before the Munich
glass was put in, consisting of heads and portions of figures with arabesques and other
ornaments, drawn in a style similar to that of the east window, and probably at the
same period. We have seen that Bishop Cosin proposed to fill the north and south
windows with painted glass, and these fragments may perhaps indicate that his design
was carried out, but that the windows were not so fortunate as to escape destruction
in the same \\ay as the east window did. The fragments have been carefully pre-
served.]
- [" May 4, 1633. About y'' gallery from y'^ chapell to the lodging, ^21 . 15 . io."|
VOL. L 4
50 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
different from those which they superseded, which were precisely
Hke the arcade that still remains against the lower part of the
west front of the Chapel, with four-centered arcades and a single
Jacobean Gothic window in the centre of each above. [The
differences between the two are shewn in figures 14, 15. The
former is an exact reproduction of part of Loggan's print. It was
ordered that the south gallery should be fitted up as a chamber
on April 2, 1757.]
CHAPTER VII.
History of the Old Chapel ; or, Church of S. Mary
THE Less.
[We must now examine the history of the Church which had
so long been used as the Chapel of the College.]
The episcopal founder appropriated to the use of his scholars
the church of S. Peter outside Trumpington Gates, which accord-
ingly was employed by them as a college chapel until the
beginning of the seventeenth century ; and the parish duties
were performed by a parochial chaplain appointed by the
College \ The Church fell to the ground about 1350, as Fuller
states, without mentioning his authority^.
The Registers of the Bishops of Ely furnish the following
dates :
"1340. 17. Kal. Nov. (Oct. 16). License is granted to Nicolas
de Wisebech to celebrate Divine service within the College until the
Church of S. Peter is dedicated.
1349. License for the dedication of the Church of S. Peter outside
Trumpington gate''.
1352. 7. Kal. April : (Mar. 26). License to the Scholars of the
^ In the list of Patrons of Churches, etc. in the Diocese of Ely, inserted in Bishop
Gray's Register and others, we find "Ecclesia Sancte Marie extra Trunipiton Gates
Cant: appropriata Magistro et Scolaribus Donius S*^' Petri regitur per Capellanum."
This list is undated, but as it states that the Rectory of -S. Botolph is in the gift
of Corpus Christi College it must have been drawn up between 1353 and 1460.
[Cole says "about 1340 or 1350."] MSS. Baker, xxx. MSS. Cole, xxiii. 197.
■^ Fuller, 76. [It had been given to the Hospital of S. John by Henry son of
Sigar of Cambridge, in the reign of King John. Peterhouse Treasmy, " Ecclesia
Cantabrigie," A. 1. Selden, Hist, of Tithes, 3S6.J
•' MSS. Cole, XXXV. 118.
VII.] OLD CHAPEL. 5 1
House of S. Peter to celebrate on a portable Altar in the chancel of
S. Peter's Church, on account of the work of the new chanceP.
1352. Nov. 3. The Church outside Trumpington gate was dedi-
cated in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary"''."
The actual Church is a lofty body without aisles or any
structural division between nave and chancel. It is ij feet wide
and ICO feet long, divided into six severies, each of which ex-
cept the westernmost is a double square in plan. It is lighted
by lofty windows, and has deep buttresses. The tracery of the
windows on the north side has wholly disappeared except from
the one at the east end ^. On the south side and at the eastern
gable are rich flowing Decorated windows, the tracery of which
is designed in the same style, and in many respects with the
same patterns, as those of the Lady Chapel at Ely, and of the
Presbytery of the Cathedral, the former of which was begun in
1 32 1 and finished about 1349, and the latter finished before
1336*. The division between nave and chancel is marked by the
^ MSS. Cole, xxiii. 130. "On the back of an oz-iginal Bull, which Serves as a
Sort of Binding to this Volume [The Registers of Bishops Montacute and LTsle] is the
following Entry or two, wrote in the same Hand with the Register, but a Peice is torn
off at the Corner, so that the Sence is imperfect." The entries are records of licenses
which the Bishop granted in 1352 for celebration in particular places, of which the
one referring to Peterhouse is: "Item 7 Kal. Apr: ibidem [at Downham] 1352,
similem licenciam Scolaribus suis Domus Sancti Peti'i super Altare portabile in Can-
cello Ecclesie Sancti Petri predict! pro eo quod inceptum et finitum novi Cancelli...."
^ " Die Sabbati proximo post festum omnium Sanctorum [Dominus Episcopus]
dedicavit Ecclesiam extra Trumpeton Gates Cantebrig' in Honorem beate Marie
semper Virginis." Register of Bishop L'Isle, MSS. Cole, xxiii. 105. [On Nov. 28
in this year the Bishop gave to the College service-books and " quasdam tabulas
depictas ad ornatum summi altaris ; " and in 1357 vestments, altar furniture, and
plate. Register of Peterhouse, p. 82.]
In 1385, Bishop Arundell, at the petition of the parishioners, changed the dedica-
tion feast from the morrow of the Commemoration of All Souls (Nov. 3) to the 1 1''' of
July, on account of the number of feast days immediately preceding the old dedication
day, which prevented the parishioners from rendering due honour thereto. MSS.
Baker, xl. 233. [The Bishop's statute is printed in The Ecclesiologist, xv. (1857), '^^^•
^ [Professor Willis wrote this description just before the extensive repairs executed
under the direction of Mr G. G. Scott in 1857 : and it is therefore extremely valuable
as shewing what the state of the Church was before they were undertaken. Dis-
coveries were made during the work which render a few alterations necessary. I have
also added an account of the changes in arrangement introduced at that time.]
■* [Hence, probably, the tradition that Alan de Walsingham (Prior of Ely 1341 —
1364), who is known to have designed the Lady Chapel and other buildings there, was
also the architect of this church. It is worth remarking that a vaulted passage
4—2
52 PETERHOUSK. [CHAP.
base of the ancient screen (now cut down to the level of the
pews), which cuts off three severies to the east for the Chancel \
On examining the buttresses on the outside it will be found
that those which terminate the first two severies reckoning
from the east {a, b, c, fig. 2), have their original plinth and mold-
ings running uninterruptedly round each buttress, and along the
wall until v/e come to the fourth buttress (c/), along the east
side of which they are continued but are not returned along the
face. This buttress is in fact patched along the face into a re-
semblance to the others, but exhibits unmistakeable traces of
the former existence of an enclosing wall, and of a roof. The
same indications may be observed on both sides of the Church.
[The plinth reappears on the western face of the fifth but-
tress {c), and is continued along the sixth (f), which is a plain
square buttress with Decorated stages applied to its face^. This
is the same on the south side. The sixth severy is wider than the
others ; and the seventh buttress {g) is somewhat different ; but
seems to have been intended originally to resemble the sixth.]
At the north-west corner of the Church, in the west wall, is a
fragment of Norman walling consisting of the piers of an arch
(S, fig. 2). This is evidently part of the old church of S. Peter,
and once belonged to a tower which appears to have been still in
existence when Fuller's plan was made in 1635. The whole of
the west gable is a piece of modern work. The walling of the
last severy, on both sides of the Church, is of a different character
from that of the five eastern severies. On the south side it con-
tains a lofty window of Perpendicular tracery, though the bases of
the mullions and the sill are Decorated. The foundations of the
original porch (ibid. T) remain. In the fourth severy there are
indications, on both the north and south sides, which shew that
two chantry chapels were constructed opposite to each other by
enclosing the space between the buttresses. The construction of
originally led from the Lady Chapel at Ely to the Presbytery, as from this church to
the College. (Architectural History of Ely Cathedral : by Rev. D. J. Stewart,
plate 3.)]
^ [This screen was removed in 1857.]
" [It was discovered in 1857 that this additional strength was designed to resist the
llirust of an arch, the remains of which existed inside the Church (> > fig. ■2). It is
clear from this that it was originally intended to terminate the chancel here, but thai
the plan was altered, and the western part finished with later work.]
VII.J OLD CHAPEL. 53
both of these is the same, and as follows. A low wide arch was
formed under the window, beneath which a monument was
placed upon the line of the foundation of the wall ; and on the
west side of this arch a small doorway was constructed to give
access to the Chapel, The two arches completely fill the space.
The arches on both sides have lately been laid open. Those
over the monuments were ornamented with deep moldings
and rich complex foliation. The monuments no longer exist.
[The wall above the Chapel on the north side was originally
pierced by a window of four lights, similar to those on the south
side. This was subsequently bricked up on the outside, and
plastered over on the inside, so that until the restoration of
1857 the tracery alone was visible. Some fragments of the
ancient glass and leadwork were then discovered, and carefully
preserved. At the same time the four windows on the north
side, then blank, were filled with tracery imitated from those on
the south side. The wall above the Chapel on the south side is
now blank, but the outline of the window that was once there
may easily be detected by the interruptions of the string-course
and the joints of the stonework. On the outside the present
horizontal string-course, though apparently entire, may be seen
to be made up of the curved pieces of the original drip-molding.
The door and window into the north chantry, with the window
above, are shewn in figure 16.]
At the east end of the Church a vestry in two stories is
erected against the south wall of the easternmost severy, and
close to this against the next severy there is a second apartment
or vestibule, entered by a door from the south side of the choir
(figs. 17, 18). This apartment has also a door on the east side into
the vestry up four steps, and a third on the south side into the
once vaulted space under the gallery (fig. 18, H), thus opening
directly opposite to the ancient entrance of the College. Besides
these doors it contains an ancient stone staircase which leads
to a fourth door above the last, opening to the gallery. By this
door and stairs the chaplain and other members of the College
were enabled to enter the choir at all times, without passing
through the external gate of the College.
The vestry has a piscina, and square windows of two lights
each, one on the side next to the College, and two on the
54
PETERHOUSE.
[chap.
4 S S 7 8 X ">
Fig. i6. Chantry with wiiiddw nvcr it, Nurth side of Church of S. Mary the Less.
VII. 1
OLD CHAPEL.
55
ipaotS34l56T8 0 (0
Fig. 17. South wall of Chancel of S. Mary the Less. A, Piscina. P., C, D Sedilia.
E, Door leading to Vestry.
56
PETERHOUSE.
[chap.
eastern side. The former retains its cusps and original condition,
but the whole eastern face of the vestry is bedaubed with Roman
cement, and the details are wholly obscured. The vestry, [but
not the room over it,] was contemplated when the Church was
built : for the window in the south wall of the easternmost severy
against which it is placed is a genuine orb window\ of rich
flowing tracery, panelled with stone in lieu of glass up to 17 feet
from the ground (fig. 17). [The upper portion was found to have
been glazed when examined in 1857, as the smaller window over
CHURCH YARD
PflSSAGETO COLLEGE
Fig. 18. Ground Plan of Vestry, etc. S. Mary's the Less.
the door leading into the vestry had also been.] The floor of
the vestry is raised upon a vault which is used as an ossuarium.
This vestry had a narrow escape in 1742, when it was resolved
by the College (Ap. 30) that
1 [" Orb " is a blank window or panel. It is derived from the Latin orh/s, through
the Norman-French orde. See Prof. Willis' Architectural Nomenclature of the
Middle Ages, § 78.]
VII.] OLD CHAPEL. 57
"The Vestry adjoining to the Church be taken down; provided
the Consent of the Ordinary and Parishioners be obtained, and that
the same can be effected at a reasonable expense, which is left to the
judgment of the Master with the Deans and Bursar."
This was not carried out. The reason for it was to clear the
space between the Church and Burrough's building, then just
finished, as related in Chapter V.
There were several chantries attached to this church. In
1325 — 6 (19 Ed. II.), the King gave license to Robert de Com-
breton to grant 3 messuages and 4 acres of land in Cambridge
to maintain a chaplain to celebrate daily for the repose of the
souls of himself, of his wife Emma, and of his relations, at the
altar of the Blessed Virgin in the parish church of S. Peter
" extra Trumpeton Gate \"
The records of Pembroke College record that a chantry was
founded in this church (22 Edw. III. 1348 — 9) by John Cotton I
Part of the site of that College included a tenement belonging to
it : and it is the only chantry returned by the Commissioners of
Henry VIII. as appertaining to the church we are considering".
It is perhaps the same as that previously mentioned, with some
confusion in spelling the founder's name, and between the dates
of the different muniments and licenses of the foundation.
In 1456 Thomas Lane, Master of Peterhouse (1431 — y^),
bequeathed estates to found a chantry with a chaplain "to cele-
brate daily in the iiezu cJiapcl on the north part of the parish
church'"* for the repose of his souT : and in 1443 the altar of the
chantry chapel of Mr Thomas Lane was consecrated in honour
of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, and Saint Margaret^
The Peterhouse register has also a list of articles " pertaining
to the chapel of Henry Horneby [Master (1509—17)] in the
^ MSS. Baker, xxxviii. 149.
2 Ibid. vii. 179, xvii. 133.
•"^ Commiss. Doc'^ i. 278.
* [Petei-house Treasury, "Collegium" Box A. 8. He directs that his chaplain
" continue celebret in nova Capella ex parte boriali ecclesie parochialis predicte et
specialiter oret pro anima mea." The deed is dated 30 July, 6 Edward IV. (1466).
A note in the Register, 82, gives a list of service-books and vestments bequeathed by
him "ad celebrandum in Capella Sancte Marie situata in cimitorio ex parte orientali
Ecclesie annexe Collegio. '']
^ Register, 83.
58 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
Cemetery of S. Mary outside Trumpington Gates' ;" and it is
also said that he gave in 1516 many things to be used in the
service of this chapel. We may assign Lane's chantry to the
north chapel already described, and Horneby's to the opposite
chapel.
It is also recorded that on May 4, 1443, two altars were
consecrated in the nave of the Church of this College, one on
the north to S. Mary Magdalen and S. Margaret, the other on
the south to S. John the Evangelist, at the same time that Lane's
chantry was consecrated I These altars must have stood, as
was very usual, one on each side of the door of the rood-
screen, and served for the parish masses, and perhaps for the
priest of Cotton's chantry.
In 1446 the executors of John Holbrook, Master (1418 — 31),
made the pavement of the choir and the desks^ and Mr Leedes
built the south porch \
On May 28th, 1498, John Warkworth, Master (1473 — 1500),
desired by will that his body, wherever he might happen to die,
should be buried in his chapel on the south part of the nave of
this- parish church. He also bequeathed certain sums for exe-
quies and masses for his soul\ He died in 1500. Previously to
this Bishop Alcock of Ely had, on Oct. 13th, 1487, consecrated
gratis the chapel of Mr John Warkworth in honour of S. Ethel-
dreda, S. Leonard, S. John the Evangelist, S. Mary, and All
Saints. The chapel, therefore, was fully completed in his lifetime,
and it remains to discover its position. It is stated above to be
on the south side of the nave, but in Bishop Bourchier's
Register" it happens to be recorded that the resignation of a
certain John Grove, fellow of the College, took place on Dec. 20,
' [Register, loo, copied MSS. Cole, \\u. 44.]
- Register, 83.
■' [Ibid.: " Anno domini 1446 in mense Junii Executores recolende memorie Ma-
gistri Joliannis Holl:)roke fecerunt fieri pro anime sue memoriali perhenni pauimentum
chori cum descis inferioi-um gradum sumptibus et expensis suis. Excepto quod col-
legium exhibebat meremium et lapides in gradibus sacerdotis, diaconi, et subdiaconi,
wulgariter vocat' freeston."]
* He was bursar of Peterliouse in I447.
■' [Register, 103. The original is in the TreasuryofPeterhou.se, "Collegium" Box,
N". 9. The words are, "in capella mea ex parte australi navis ecclesie parochialis
beate marie extra Trumpyngton Gates."]
« M.SS. Cole, XXV. 27.
VII.] OLD CHAPEL. 59
1453, in "a certain Chapel dedicated to All Saints next the
Chancel of the parish church of S. Mary near the gate." The
word navis in Warkworth's will must therefore be taken as a
general term for the body of the edifice, and there will be no
reason to doubt the evidence of the list of Benefactors to Peter-
house, which records that John Warkworth " built the Chapel
next to the Church of S. Mary which is now termed the vestry."
In fine, it appears that in 1340 the church of S. Peter was
unfit for divine service from the repairs and rebuilding rendered
necessary by its ruinous state, so that the scholars had recourse
to a private oratory in college. In 1352 the chancel of S. Peter
was fit for service and the scholars have license to employ a
portable altar there until the new chancel is finished. The word"
" chancel " is often applied to any chapel, so that it must be con-
sidered that some part of the old church was by that time roofed
in, and found to be more convenient than the temporary oratory.
The present church was dedicated in 1352, and the name changed
from S. Peter to S. Mary.
In the middle of the fifteenth century, when the College
buildings were being carried on, the Church was also undergoing
repairs and refittings, as we gather from the consecration of the
altars of the rood-screen in 1443, the pavement and desks of the
choir in 1446, and the building of the south porch about 1447.
To this period we may assign the perpendicular window and
work at the west end next to the porch. The building of the
vestry follows about 1485, or rather the completion of it. The
work of the gallery bridge and the chambers next to it is also,
by style, a part of the fifteenth century work ; but, as I have
already said, cannot be exactly fixed in date. The similar
gallery and gateway at Corpus were built about 1487.
[In 1550 — I a workman was employed to destroy the altars
in the choir and little chapel, by which Warkworth's chapel may
possibly be meant \
Dowsing visited the Church in 1643, and records that
" We brake down 60 superstitious pictures, some popes and cru-
cifixes, with God the Father sitting in a chair and holding a globe in
his hand I"]
' [1550 — I. " Et de xijd. Thome Brine pro diruendis aris chori et parvi sacelli."]
'•^ Carter's Cambridgeshire, 40.
6o PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
Cole has left a long description of this Church, dated
28 March, 1743, from which the following portion may be
quoted :
" The present Church of Little S' Maries as it is always called to
distinguish it from "that of Great S' Maries, or S' Mary ad Forum or
near y^ Market consists only of a noble large Nave or Body, but
divided ab' y'' middle by a neat Screen, w*^"^ runs quite across and so
makes a Chancel and Nave, w'^'^ is tiled and roofd Archwise with large
Arches of wood work w*^^ are handsomely adorn'd w'^ carv'd work over
y"^ part w* constitutes y*^ Chancel.... There are stalls w'^'' run round
y^ Chancel part, to y'^ lowermost step of y*^ Altar, w* stands on an
Eminence of two, and rail'd round y'^ uppermost Step. The upper end
of it is also beautifully wainscoted and painted from y'^ end of y*^ Stalls
on both sides and y^ E. Wall behind y*^ Altar ; y*' Pannel behind w'=^
immediately is painted of a fine blew and gilt : above w* is also gilt
and carv'd I.H.S, and over this a Globe, and on it a large gilt Cross....
Over y*^ Door of y*^ Screen pretty high hangs y*= Arms of y*^ present
Royal Family neatly painted, and was y^ Gift of M"" Valentine Ritz, a
German Painter who has lived in this Parish near 50 years, and is now
very old: he was formerly no indifferent Copier; but now past his
Work'."]
The roof of the chancel is Jacobean in style, and that of the
nave- older". But the whole is now condemned as rotten and
past repair, and a new roof designed by Mr Scott is ordered to
be substituted^. The screen was probably cut down to the level
of the pews, and the stalls removed, when the present Italian
altar-piece and the pews were set up, which appear to belong to
the last century and were perhaps part of a "beautification" that
took place in 1741.
[When this altar-piece was taken away, three sedilia and
a piscina at the east end of the south side w^ere discovered
(B, C, D, A, fig. 17), and also an ambry on the north side.
Various fragments of clunch and alabaster, painted and gilt,
were also found behind it. This led to further investigation,
and a niche on each side of the east window was laid open,
' MSS. Cole, ii. 49. [Valentine Ritts painted the picture of Sir I. Newton in
Trin. Coll. Hall.]
^ [To this statement Professor Willis appends a note of interrogation.]
^ [A good view of the interior with the roof in question by F. Mackenzie is given by
Le Keux, ii. p. ■zoi, and of the east window (exterior) in the Cambridge Portfolio, ii.
489. The following entry in the Catharine Hall accounts for 1646 — 7, "Giuen to
peterhouse towards the reparation of Little S. Marys . 2.0.0," indicates some exten-
sive work at that time.]
VII.] OLD CHAPEL. 6l
previously concealed by a monumental tablet, to receive which
the tabernacle work had been cut off level with the wall. These
niches have been carefully restored, and the pieces found behind
the woodwork fitted into their places wherever it was found
practicable to do so. The exact size of the original altar was
also discovered, by the marks on the eastern wall from which
it had been broken down. The present table represents it
exactly in width, but is 6 inches lower. The steps also (fig, 17)
follow the ancient indications. The whole of this work was
executed under the direction of G. G. Scott, Esq., Jun., who also
designed the new altar-piece in 1876.]
On the outside of the east end are two tabernacles, now in a
hopeless state of dilapidation, placed one on each side of the
east window, rising considerably above the level of its present
sill. The base of a third, exactly the same in form as the others,
is placed in the middle, and once doubtless rose as high as they
do, and was connected with the tracery of the window and with
the lateral tabernacles by screen-work and other curious devices,
v/hich, falling into decay, were all swept away. [A restoration of
these was contemplated in 1857, but they were found to be too
ruinous, and the idea was wisely abandoned \ It is said that
they once contained statues of our Saviour, the Blessed Virgin,
and S. Peter.]
A restoration of the east window, at an expense of ^^^13, is
recorded in the Bursar's Roll for 1639 — 40. [It was again re-
paired in 1821'''.]
1 [College Order, Nov. ii, 1857 : "That W. G. G. Scott be consulted upon the
best mode of restoring the East Front of Little S. Mary's Church, and that the
niches be measured and models of them taken under his directions with a view to
their being restored."]
- [June 30, 1821. "Agreed that the East Window of the Chancel in S. Mary's
Church be repaired forthwith."']
62 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
CHAPTER VIII.
History of Particular Buildings.
Ilall. Combination Room. Master's Lodge.
Having now traced the general architectural history of the
College to the present time, we must examine the changes in
the principal offices.
Hall. — Of this it is recorded that £4. i^s. Sd. were expended
upon the framed screen at the lower end in 1638 \ In 1705^
Dr Battell and other contributors gave money, about ^^"40 in
all, towards ornamenting the common Hall, which marks the
date _ of its present'' interior fittings. The exterior next the
court was ashlared, with Italian window-dressings, at the same
time with the rest of the buildings in 1755 ; and it was new-
roofed in 1 79 1 \
[In 1868 (Aug. 7), it was decided to restore the Plall, under
the direction of Sir G. G. Scott. Loggan's view shews two
windows in the body of the Hall, with one, considerably longer,
at the east end, opposite the dais. Successive alterations had,
however, so completely obscured these details, that a reproduc-
tion of them would have been equivalent to a new construction.
The architect, in consequence, felt justified in building an oriel
1 "Pro lignis et opera in tabulationem septi in inferiori parte Aule." Bursar's
Roll, 1638—9.
- College Order, April 23, 1791.
•* [Prof. Willis wrote this in 1856.]
■' College Order, April 23, 1791. ..." that the part of the Estimate given in by
Humfreys and Bradwell for necessary Repairs be adopted and likewise that the
East side of the Library building next the court be plaistered and the end next
the street pointed ; and that the Hall be new roofed. — Ordered at the same time
that five guineas be given to the Parish towards defraying the expence of rebuild-
ing the Church wall. "
VIII.] COMBINATION ROOM. 63
towards the court, and in adding five buttresses on that side,
and four on the south side, to the hall and buttery, to support,
as far as the former building was concerned, the weight of the
oak roof which he had designed. The windows on the south
side were left, as far as was practicable, in the condition in
which they were found. They are of late fifteenth century work.
Originally the sills appear to have been not more than four feet
above the surface of the ground, as may be seen in the western-
most bay on the south side, where the opening has been filled in
with brick above a line in the ashlar which marks the former
level. The original sill has been preserved. Evidence of the
old fourteenth century windows was also found on the north
side, and still exists behind the panelling. The panel work of
the interior, including the screen and dais, was executed under
the direction of the architect by Messrs Rattee and Kett. The
whole was completed by February, 1 87 1 , at a cost of £,"] 1 5 6. 9^-. 3(^.]
Combination Room. — [Cole has left such a precise ac-
count of this room as it was arranged in his time that it is
printed entire.]
"This curious old Room joins immediately to the East End of the
common Hall or Refectory, and is a ground Floor called, The Stone
Parlour, on the South Side of the Quadrangle, between the said Hall
and the Master's old Lodge. It is a large Room and wainscoted with
small oblong Pannels, the two upper Rows of which are filled with
Paintings on Board of several of the older Masters and Benefactors to
the College. Each Picture has an Inscription in the Corner, and on
a separate long Pannel under each much ornamented with painting,
is a Latin Distic. I was very desirous of preserving this laudable and
very curious, and almost singular Peice of Antiquity in our University ;
not only out of Regard to the Things themselves ; which surely in a
religious Society ought to be preserved ; but because the Room is now
deserted ; the Fellows meeting after Dinner in an upper Room above it ;
so that this Room is going to a visible Decay : Upon this Account I
prevailed with my Friend M"" Erasmus Earle formerly Fellow Commoner
of Pembroke and since made a Fellow of this College, and also Fellow
of the Antiquary Society, to take an exact List of them for me with their
Inscriptions and Distics : which he accordingly did for me. And this
I am very glad was done at that Time ; since which, as I am in-
formed by the present worthy Master [D"" Reene, 1748 — 56], the right
rev : the Lord Bp. of Chester, they have been all taken out of their
Pannels, and, as the Bp. told me, he has new framed them and hung
them up in his Lodge. The Pictures are ranged all round the Room,
and begin at the North Corner of the East Side.
64 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
1. A View of the two antient Hostles of the Brothers of Penance,
and of Jesus Christ : on the Spot where they stood, Hugh de Balsham
Bp. of Ely founded this College in 12S0.
Hccc bina fucrunt Scholasticorum Hospitia, in qiice
Fratres Secidarcs extra Hospitale Divi Johannis traduce-
bantiir, quorum Loco hoc Collegium est cedificatum.
Qua prosit Oxonium Cancestria longa Vetustas,
Primitus a Petri dicitur orsa Domo.
2. King Edward the First in his Robes, Crown and Cap, a Globe
in his left Hand, and a Sword in his Right, with a Profile Face, and
the Arms of England by him.
Edivardus Rex Auglice ejus Nominis primus^
Licentiam dedit fundandi hoc Collegium,
A: D: 1283.
Omnia dum curat Princeps, non ultima Cura est,
Si pius est, Artes sustinuisse bonas.
3. Hugh de Balsham in his Episcopal Robes, Mitre, pastoral Staff
in his right Hand and a Book in his Left, with these Arms by him ; Gules
3 Crowns Or, for the See of Ely, impaling Gules 2 Keys in Saltire Or ;
being designed possibly for those of St. Peter.
Hugo de Balsam decimals Episcopus Elicnsis, primus
Fwidator Collegii Anno Dom : 1284.
Utere Divitiis si te Fortuna bearit,
Hac Iter ad Coelum est, sic tibi Dives eris.
4. Simon de Montacute Bp. of Ely in his Episcopal Robes, Mitre
and Crosier : See of Ely impales Argent, a Fess lozenge'e Gules, a Bor-
dure Barry Vert and Or for Montacute.
Simon Montis-acuti dccimus scptimus Episcopus
Eliensis Anno Dom: 1344.
Lex ubi pulsa silet, regnat pro Lege Libido ;
Jusque Pudorque ruunt, mox ruitura magis.
5. Simon Langham Episcopus Eliensis
Anno Dom: 1395.
The See of Ely impales Gules 2 Keys en Saltire Or. But these are
not Bp. Langham's Arms : neither is the Date in Mr Earle's Account
just : for Bp. Langham succeeded to Ely 1361, removed to Canterbury
five years after, and died at Avignon in 1376. He is habited as a
Bishop.
Laus Pueris, Doctrina, Decus florentibus Annis,
Solamen Senio, Perfugiumque Malis.
6. Thomas de Castro Bernard in a clerical Habit, holding an open
Book.
VIII.] COMBINATION ROOM. 65
Thomas de Castro-Bernard fuit Magister
Collegii Anno Doni: 1420.
Omnibus impendas ultro, tibi Nemo rependat,
Non Hominis vox hsec, sic jubet ipse Deus.
7. John Holbroke Master in 1430, in a clerical Habit, holding a
Book in his right Hand and a Roll in his Left.
Johannes Holbroke Magister Collegii
A}tno Dom : 1430.
Partus dant similes Usura, et Vipera foeta,
Qui juvat afflictos, foenerat ille Deo.
8. Thomas Lane Master 1472, in a clerical Habit, holding a
Book with both his Hands.
Thomas Lane Magister Collegii
Anno Dom : 1472.
Fa;lix Centurio Synagogue Conditor olim :
Nam Deus huic charus, charus et ipse Deo.
9. John Warkevvorth Master in 1498, in a clerical Habit, holding
an open Book with both his Hands.
Johannes Warkcworthe Magister Collegii
Anno Dom : 1498.
Dives adoptata gaudeto Prole ; probatos
Non cuicunque libet, progenuisse licet.
10. Thomas Denman Master in 1500; in a Doctor of Physic's
Robes, with a Book in his right Hand and an Urn in his Left.
Thomas Denman Doctor Artis Medicince
A f agister Collegii Anno Dom: 1500.
11. Henry Hornbie Master in 15 16, in a clerical Habit, with an
open Book in both his Hands.
Henricus Hofnbie Af agister Collegii
Anno Dom: 15 16.
Christus laudetur Mundus ne Cornua toUat,
Tollentur justis Cornua nulla malis.
12. Edmund Hanson, D.D., in Doctor of Divinity's Robes, with a
shut Book in both his Hands.
Edmiindus Hanson Doctor Theologicz
Anno Dom : 1 5 1 6.
Pectoribus Scopulos Marmorque evellite prudens,
Qui se stravit Humi, succubuitque Deo.
66 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
13. Mr Lownde D. D. in Doctor's Robes, and holding an open
Book with both his Hands.
Magister Lownde^ Doctor TheoUgice \sic\
Socius Collegii Anno Dom : 1 5 1 9.
Ite procul Zoilus, Momusque et hvida Turba,
Et vos Frons, Ocidus, Lingua superba procul.
14. William Martin, Priest and Fellow of the College, in sacerdotal
Robes, and a closed Book in both his Hands.
Alagister Willelmus Martin, Saccrdos
<2^ Socius Collegii Anno Doni : 15 19.
Qui Dominum metuit, Divinaque Jussa capessit,
Filius ille Dei, & Filius ejus erit.
15. Thomas Burgoygne Master in 1520, in his Doctor's Robes, and
holding a closed Book with both his Hands. These Arms by him.
Vert a Lion salient Or, impales Argent a Fess Sab : in Cheif 3 Crows
and in Base a Cheuron Sable. But these Arms are either painted falsely
or so taken ; for the Arms of Burgoyne are Azure a Talbot passant ; and
the impaled Coat, no doubt, was designed for this Master's Mother
Margaret the Wife of John Burgoyne of Impington near Cambrige,
whose Arms on Brass are twice on her Monument in that Church im-
paled by those of her Husband as above, viz : a Talbot passant impales
a Fess and in Cheif 3 Leopards' Faces and in Base a Cheuron'.
Thomas Burgen Doct : Theol : Magister
Collegii AnJio Doni : 1520.
16. John Edmondes Master in 1527, in Doctor's Robes and hold-
ing a closed Book with both his Hands.
Johannes Edmondes, Doct: Theol: Magister
Collegii Anno Dom: 1527.
Twi/ icpwv ayvota ypacjiwi^ /AcpoTrecrcrt [iporoicTL
MoiJvov t,vp.TvavTwv aiTiov £0"ti KaKtov.
17. Doctor Shirton Master of Pembroke Hall, in his Doctor's Robes
and holding a Book closed in his left Hand and a Roll in his Right,
with these Arms by him ; viz : Pembroke Hall impaling Party per Fess,
Or in the Cheif Part, and in the Base Part, Paly of 4 nebule, and
Gules, in Cheif a Label of 3 Points Vert.
Doctor Shirton Alagister Aidcc
Fcnbrokice \sic\ Anno Dom: 1530.
Proximus ille Deo, qui paret recte monenti ;
Dignus et ille Deo qui sibi recta cavet.
^ [For these arms Cole refers to his Fourth Volume, p. 89.]
VIII.] COMBINATION ROOM. 6y
18. Tlie Widow of M"" Wolfe, in Widow's Weeds, holding an open
Book in both Hands.
Vidua Magistrl Wolfe Anno Doni : 1540.
Mortalem Tabidiae Pietas bis vivere Vitam,
Ccelestem Viduse perpetuamque dedit.
19. Andrew Perne Master, in his Doctor's Robes, and holding a
closed Book in both his Hands : by him are his Arms, viz : Or, on a
Cheuron between 3 Pelicans Heads erased Azure, 3 Mullets of the
Field : and this Motto ; AAHQEONTES AEN' APAPH \sic\
Bibliothecas Libri Redditus pulcherrima Dona,
Perne, pium Musis te, Philonuise, probant.
Andreas Perne, Doctor Theol : Decanns
Eccksice Eliensis^ Magister Collegii, oblit
26 Apr His Anno Dom : 1573 \sic\.
20. Sir Edward North. He has a golden Chain round his Neck
and a Flower in his left Hand, with these Arms by him : Azure, a Lion
passant, Or, inter 3 Fleurs de Lis, Argent, for North ; impales, Sab : on
a Cheuron embattled inter 3 Eaglets displayed Argent, 3 Trefoils slipped,
vert. This last Bearing is wrong taken or falsely painted ; for on Sir
Edw : North's Tomb in Kirtling Church, they are Quaterfoils\
Do minus Edoardus North Anno Doni : 1564.
Nobilis hie vere, vere si nobilis uUus,
Qui sibi Principium Nobilitatis erat.
21. Robert Smith, Scholar of the House, in Robes turned up with
Ermine, in a Ruff and a Roll in his left Hand.
Robcrtus Smith quondam Schohxris
hujus Collegii obiit Anfio Dqm : 1565.
Dulcia Musarum qui Pauper Tecta reliqui,
Nunc Dives, studiis, consulo, ]\Iusa, tuis.
22. Archbishop Whitgift in the Robes of a Doctor in Divinity
and holding a Book closed in his Hands,
Doctor Whitgift quondam Socius
Collegii Anno Dom: 1569.
Quod Paci Whitgifte faves, Studiisque piorum,
Dat tibi, Pacis amans, Candida Dona Deus.
23. Henry Wilshawe, in a clerical Habit, holding a closed Book in
his left Hand,
Henricus Willshawe Doctor''^ Thco
logice Anno Dom: 1578.
Quam minime qua^ris Bona? te doctissime Willshawe,
Vita vel invitum Nobilitate beat,
' [For these arms Cole refei^s to his Eighteenth Vokune, p. 109.]
^ [Cole appends in the margin ' sic, in MS. Earle. ']
5-2
68 PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
24. Ralph Ainsworth Master in 1644, in his Bachelor of Divinity's
Habit, holding a Book closed in his Hands.
Magister Radulphus Ainsworth
Baccalarius \sic\ in Theologia. Magister
Collegii An7io Dom : 1644.
25. Robert Slade, in grey Hair, in a Ruff, and holding an open
Book in his Hands.
Robertas Slade yEtatis sua 66,
Anno Doni : 16 16.
26. John Blythe, in a Ruff and clerical Habit, holding a Book
closed in his Hands,
Johannes Blythe Baccalaiirens
Theologia, Socius Collegii An : ^tat :
sua 57. A : D : 1617.
2 7. Bernard Hale, Master, in a clerical Habit.
Bernardus Hale S. T. P. Eliensis Ecclesia
turn Ca?ionicus, turn Archidiacouus^ Jmjus
Collegii Custos, obiit Anno Dom: 1663.
28. Bishop Cosins, in his Episcopal Robes, without any inscription.
29. Joseph Beaumont, Master of the College, in his Doctor of
Divinity's Robes.
Josephus Beaumont S. T. P. Regius, Eliensis
Ecclesia Canonicus, atque hujus Collegii Custos
obiit 23. Novcmbris 1699.
30. Charles Beaumont in his Doctor of Divinity's Robes.
Carolus Beaumont S. T. P. Collegii Socius, magni
illius Beaumonti Filius, obiit 13 Alartii 1726^"
[This description shews that the room is the same as the
present one, or rather, as its western portion : for it originally
extended no farther than the point marked O (fig. 2) and was
' MSS. Cole, XXXV. wi. Carter's Cambridge, 33, but inaccurately. Blomefield
(Collectanea, 158) gives the last pictures of the series rather differently:
"24. Robert Slade, aetatis suae 66, 16 16.
25. Johannes Blithe, Bac. Theol. Socius Collegii An°. 161 7.
26. Magister Radulphus Ainsworth, Bac. Theol. Magister Collegii An". 1644.
27. Bernardus Hale S.T. P. Eliensis Ecclesiae turn Canonicus, turn Archidia-
conus, hujus Collegii custos, obiit An". 1665.
28. Josephus Beaumont S. T. P. Regius, Eliensis Ecclesiae Canonicus, atque
hujus Collegii Custos, obiit 23 Nov. 1699.
29. Thomas Richardson S. T. P.
30. John \Vhalley, D.D. Regius Professor, is the present Master, 1745."
VIII.] LODGE. 69
just 22 feet long. It was more than doubled in size, as the plan
shews, during the repairs above recorded (1868 — 70), by the
addition of a set of chambers to the east, and of an oriel to the
south. The stone fireplace in the west wall was then discovered
behind the wainscot. It is entirely original with the exception
of some moldings which had been cut off when the panelling
was put up in front of it, and is probably the fireplace of which
the painting has been already recorded in the Bursars' Rolls.
The oak panelling and furniture, designed by Mr G. G. Scott, was
executed by Messrs Rattee and Kett. The whole effect is now
singularly harmonious and appropriate. There is no record to
tell us when the wainscot was originally set up. It is probable,
however, that it would be at about the same time as that of
the Hall. It was clearly a practice in this College, as Fuller
says, to paint the picture of a distinguished member, with ap-
propriate verses, which apparently were written under a portrait
which had been already hung up, after the death of the person
so commemorated. In Dr Feme's case the writing of the verses
alone is mentioned in the accounts for 1593 — 4. They ap-
parently did not give satisfaction, for they were rewritten in
the same year, and the picture was " refreshed," shewing that it
had been painted some time previous. In 1616 — 7 nine shillings
are paid to John Newton the painter for his work about the
verses written under the picture of Mr Slade\ The original
panelling had probably been removed at the same time as the
pictCires, for that which was taken down as recorded above was
not older than the middle of the last century. It has been placed
in another apartment in the College'. Most of these pictures
have now been brought back from the Master's Lodge, and
have been hung in the Hall, with the Latin distichs restored
according to Cole's record of them.
In 1868 the stucco was stripped ofT the south wall of this
' [Fuller, p. 73, gives Slade's distich in the following words: " Haeredem voluit
Sladus conscriberc Petrum, Clauderet extremum ne sine prole diem."]
- [This conclusion respecting the age of the wainscot, which was arrived at by Mr
G. G. Scott, is confirmed by a passage in the Cambridge Guide for 1799. "There
were various other Paintings... upon Pannels of wainscot in the old Combination
Room, which upon its being new wainscotted were removed into the Library, where
they remain."]
PETERHOUSE. [CHAP.
room and of the Master's chamber above it, and the ancient
masonry brought to hght. The sash windows were removed,
and replaced by others in a suitable style of the fifteenth century.
The only addition was the oriel above mentioned, which was
continued to the room above. A small vestibule on the west side
of the turret (I. fig. 2), by means of which a covered passage was
provided into the Hall through a molded doorway of an ex-
tremely rich early design, was rebuilt. These works were con-
ducted with so much care for the preservation of every detail
that could throw any light upon the past history of the College,
that it is easier to trace the architectural history now than
before the alterations.]
Lodge. — The Masters continued to occupy the ancient
Lodge between the Hall and the Library until the beginning of
the last century. But in 1725 (Ap. 29), Dr Charles Beaumont,
the son of the Master, Dr Joseph Beaumont, gave by will to
the College, to be used as a Lodge, the large and commodious
mansion built by himself in 1701 \ opposite to the College.
In'1741, a College order was made "that the House in which
the Master now lives be deemed a Legal and Statutable
place of Residence for the Master for the time being," as it
has continued to be to the present day, the ancient Lodge
being converted into chambers.
It appears from the description of Cole quoted above, that the
Fellows appropriated the chamber over the old stone Parlour
as their Combination Room when the Masters vacated it, for
which purpose the turret stair would conveniently adapt it by
giving immediate access from the Hall.
[The portion of the College garden immediately adjoining the
Lodge was assigned to the Master. Charges respecting it occur
frequently in the accounts, among which may be mentioned a
repair of the arbour in 1601 — 2. Its extent is shewn on the
plan (fig. i) from Loggan's map of Cambridge.
A few miscellaneous particulars concerning the College may
be briefly noticed. The Clock was put up in 1586 — 7. The
position of this, as we learn from the College order directing its
' Dyer's Privileges of the University, ii. ly.
VIII.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 7 1
removal, was over the Buttery\ The seats in the court were
repaired in 1589 — 90 : and it was planted with privet in 1600 — i,
to which hawthorn bushes were added in 1611 — 12. These are
shewn in Loggan's print (fig. 14) ^]
' ["April 2. 1757. Agreed that the Lanthorn over the Butteries be taken down,
and the Clock removVl at as little expense as possible."]
^ ["1589 — 90. Et de viij d Swayle reparanti sedilia in Area. 1600 — i. Et de
xiij d Williams operant! circa ligiistruni in area, et de iij d pro radicibus ligustri.
161 1 — 12. circa le quicksett in area."]
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
284. Removal of the Scholars of the Bishop of Ely to two hostels hard by the
Church of S. Peter.
286. Death of the Founder, Bishop Hugh de Balsham: with bequest to his scholars
of 300 marks, with which they built a hall.
307. Acquisition of the site of the Fratres de Pcenitentia.
352. Dedication of Church of S. Mary the Less.
374 — I4I7. Repairs are done to Hall and chambers but no other building work.
424 — 9. Building on a large scale is being carried on.
431. Contract for building a Library.
443. Consecration of the Chantry of Thomas Lane.
447. Desks and windows of Library made.
450. Kitchen built.
460 — 66. Building of Master's chambers, Combination Room, and chambers.
487. Consecration of the Chantry of John Warkworth.
589. Will of Dr Andrew Perne for building a new Library.
595. Library completed.
628 — 32. Chapel built.
632. Range of Chambers built on north side of entrance court (Dr Richardson's).
633. South cloister built, and north cloister probably soon after. Elongation to
the street of Dr Perne's Library.
636 — 40. Issue of letter soliciting subscriptions for these and other works. General
repairs of the College undertaken.
705. Hall wainscoted.
709 — II. North and south cloisters rebuilt by Grunibold.
725. Dr Charles Beaumont bequeaths his house for a Master's Lodge.
732 — 43. New building on north side of entrance court erected by Burrough.
751. New gates toward the street erected.
754. Principal court ashlared by Burrough.
825. Foundation of Gisborne Court.
848. Considerable repairs done to the College.
857. Restoration of Church of S. Mary the Less.
868 — 70. Restoration of Hall and Combination Room.
72 PETERHOUSE. [APPEN.
APPENDIX.
I. Deed of Hairy III., confirming the Brothers of the Penance in
their Site.
Henricus dei gracia Rex .. Cum dilecti nobis in Christo Prior et
fratres de penitencia Jesu Christi quandam aream quam inhabitant
prope Burgum nostrum Cantebrig' extra Trumpetone gate ex donacione
diuersorum per cartas suas diuersis particulis integratam de nostra li-
cencia sint adepti ; nos, pro salute anime nostre ... dictos Priorem et
Fratres tanquam ex fundacione nostra ibidem existentes et eciam eorum
successores in proteccionem et defensionem nostram suscepimus specia-
lem. Et dimissionem et concessionem quam Johannes Le Rus fiHus
Mauricii Le Rus de Cantebrig' fecit per cartam suam ... de quadam
parte areepredicte; Uimissionem...quam Hoellus et Thomas fiUi Johan-
nis de Berton fecerunt ; ... Dimissionem ... quam Magister Thomas fiUus
Walteri de Sancto Edmundo fecit ;... Dimissionem ... quam Josephus
Le Bercher fecit;... Dimissionem ... quam Gilbertus filius Michaehs
Herward fecit; ... Dimissionem ... quam Agnes que fuit uxor Johannis
de Berton fecit; ... Dimissionem ... quam Henricus Pikerel fecit; ...
Dimissionem ... quam Simon liHus Johannis de Berton fecit; ... Et
Dimissionem ... quam magister et fratres HospitaUs Sancti Johannis
de Cantebrig' fecerunt ratas habentes et gratas eas pro nobis et he-
redibus nostris quantum in nobis est concedimus et coniirmamus sicut
carte predicte quas dicti Prior et fratres inde habent et quas inspeximus
... testantur. In cuius rei testimonium has Hteras nostras ... fieri feci-
mus patentes. Teste meipso apud Wodestoke vicesimo quinto die
Junii anno regni nostri quinquagesimo secundo.
IL Indenture for buihiing the Library.
Hec indentura facta xii die mensis Februarii Anno regni Regis
Hennci Sexti post conquestum nono inter Magistrum Johannem
Holbrok magistrum CoUegii Sancti Petri Cantebr' et socios eiusdem ex
una parte et Johannem Wassyngle de Hynton ex altera testatur quod
idem Johannes Wassyngle bene fideliter et sufficienter in fundo et a
fundo superius edificabit parietes ostia et fenestras cuiusdam bibliothece
edificande in Collegio predicto. Sic videlicet quod omnia ostia ad
dictum opus necessaria et decern fenestras computando duas minores
pro una ex bonis lapidibus et durioribus de inferiori lecto lapidicinii
philippi Grove citra ultimum diem Aprilis proxime futurum post datum
presenciurn dolabit et complete ad posicionem eorundem formabit.
III.] BUILDING ACCOUNT OF DR PERNE'S LIBRARY. ^ ^
Necnon dictos parietes citra eundem diem Aprilis edificare incipiet et
citra festum quod dicitur Sancti Petri ad vincula ex tunc proxime
sequens ad altitudinem decern pedum supra ])lanam terram eriget.
Alias insuper fenestras quotcunque ad opus predictum necessarie fuerint
citra festum Pasche secundo futurum post datum presencium dolabit
et ad posicionem earundem complete aptabit. Necnon predictas
parietes citra festum michaelis Archangeli extunc proxime sequens ad
altitudinem aliorum parietum none fabrice predicti Collegii complete
eriget.
Ad quas quidem convenciones bene et fideliter periniplendas idem
Johannes Wassyngle se in quadraginta libris obligauit. Et magister
Johannes Holbrok et socii superius nominati solvent Johanni Wassyngle
predicto pro dolacione et aptura maioris ostii v. s. vjd : et pro factura
cuiuslibet ostii minoris quotcunque fuerint iijs : pro formacione eciam
et aptatione cuiuslibet fenestre maioris v. s : et cuiuslibet fenestre mi-
noris ijs. vj.d. Necnon omni septimana integra quando ipse Johannes
Wassyngle infra dictum Collegium super opere predicto operabitur
iijs. iiijd, et in septimana non integra secundum ratum et dierum feria-
torum numeruni.
Dabunt eciam eidem Johanni Wassyngle unam togam de liberata
Collegii predicti si in opere predicto bene se gesserit. In quorum
omnium testimonium partes predict' sua sigilla alternatim hiis indenturis
apposuerunt.
Dat Cantabr' predict' Anno et die quibus supra.
III. Building Account of Dr Feme's Library, 1593 — 4.
Et de vii^ vj'^. pro ii". de le sowder et de 'xxx^ Graie pro triplici
fenestra in le gable ende de le gallery et de iij^ Parkinson scribenti
versus D"^ Pearne in Conclaui et de iij^ iii*^. famulo m". Angers pro les
extraicts curie Wratting et de iij^ Croslande dealbanti muros bibliotheca^
per 3. dies et de ij^ Griffith operanti ibidem per 3. dies et de ix'^. pro les
heare et de '\\f. Croslande pro le beamefillinge le gallery per 3 dies
et de iij^ eidem efificienti le halfe pace bibliothecas et foramina pro
les iuistes et de iij^ Cuidam rescribenti versus D : Pearne et picturam
reficienti et de vj*^. pro charta D"° Pearne scribenti nomina librorum
et de ij^ ij'^. eidem pro cons' ut patet in billa prefecti et de ij^ viduis
Joanes et Scisson purgantibus bibliothecam et de viij'^. Crofts pro claue
pro cubiculo Dni Pearne et de xR m''°. Duckett custodi bibliothec^
Academiee pro annua pensione et de vj''. x^ m''°. Aercher pro 120
deale boardes et 2 vvainscott planckes et de if. \'\\]'^. Passfeilde pro
4 pill''^ ut patet in billa prefecti et de V^. vij'^. pro 26 pedibus de le
plancke et 4 stoodes ut patet in eadem billa et de v^ w]'^. eidem pro
42 pedibus de le plancke et de v^ eidem pro 60 pedibus de les halfe
inche boarde ut patet in eadem billa et de vij^. viij'^. pro 36 pedibus
de les wainscott plancke et de ij^ p. 2 postibus et de xij^. pro 4 liminibus
et de ij"^. pro 2 pedibus de les square timber et de vij^ iij''. pro les
74 PETERHOUSE. [aPPEN.
nayles et de x'^. ob pro 21 pedibus de les single quarters et de xi''.^ pro
15 pedibus de les inche boarde et de ix^. ix'^. pro les nailes et glewe
corde et halfe inche boarde. Et de iii". x^ viij«*. Pasfeilde operant!
per 53 dies et de Iv^ famulo Pasfeilde operanti per 55 dies et de
xxxvj^. viij'^. puero operanti per 55 dies et de xxix^ Blackwell operanti
per 29 dies et de xij"^. cuidam pro unico die ut patet in eadem billa.
Et de xiiij^ pro vectura de les deale boardes et de xviij'^. les watermen
et famulis Pasfeild operantibus circa les deale boardes ut patet in eadem
billa et de xj^. Croftes pro 2 dubble casements pro le ende window in le
gallery et de xxj^ viij*^. pro 13 single casements pro le gallery et de
ijl iiij'^. eidem aptanti 2 olde casements pro le gallery et de ij^ pro 2
boultes pro ostio pro le gallery et de iij''. v'f. viij''. eidem pro 10 dubble
casements pro bibliotheca et de iij^ eidem pro 100 dicheaded nailes
pro ostio et de vi'^. eidem aptanti les hinges et de iij^ iiij''. eidem pro
pari de les greete hinges et 8 platts pro le shelues et de xvi"^. eidem
efficienti 8 platts de supellectile Coll: et de ij^ iiij"^. eidem pro 10
barres pro supportaf de les shelues et de xiv*^. pro 2 handles pro les
doares et de xij*^. eidem efficienti xl. staples de supellectile coUegii et
de vij'^. pro xx de les longe spikines et de xiv*^. pro xiv shouldfastes
et de xvj'^. pro 2 boultes pro ostio ut patet in eadem billa et de
iij'\ vj^ viij'^. Warde pro 140 pedibus glasse pro le gallery et de
iij''. xvij^ vj^. eidem pro 186 pedibus glasse pro bibliotheca ut patet
in eadem billa et de xx'^. Crofts eximenti catenas librorum et de x*.
distributis inter discipulos scribentes nomina librorum bibliothecse et
de v^ vj'i. Croslande coloranti trabes bibliothecse et de iiij^ eidem
operanti in cubiculo D"' Pearne et de ij^. pro les roughe tyles et
de vj*^. pro les gronsells et de xij'^. pro coloribus ut patet in eadem
billa et de xij'^. Archer pro le frame pro pictura D. Pearne ut patet
ibidem. Et de ij^ vj'^. viduis Joanes et Scisson verrentibus aream
Collegii et de vj^. Croslande pro xl bricks et de viij^. eidem pro operario
purgante hospitium et de v^ pro pensione balivi de Wratting et de xv^
lectori s^rasco.
IV. J^or/fi of Letter soliciting Subscriptions.
Magister et Socii Collegii Sancti Petri Cantabrig : Salutem in Christo.
Kal. Martij a.d. mdcxxxvj.
Ingens jam diu tenuit Petrenses Tuos desiderium ut venerandum
istud et Primipilare Collegium senio suo pene confectum novo splen-
descat cultu. Religiosa vere cura est, quce publicis literarum Pietatis-
que monumentis impenditur.
Ccepimus a Sacris, ac quod summa animorum gratitudine agnosci-
mus, tandem in Domo S" Petri exstructa est Domus Dei, nee ilia in-
venusta, sed nee ornata satis nee absoluta.
Perreximus ad Musea et reliqua Scientiarum Domicilia, ut quae
v.] ACCOUNTS FOR FITTINGS IN THE CHAPEL. 75
caduca nuper et prope ruitura videbantur, non sine venustate quadam
sarta tecta posteris relinciuamus. Quin ut aucta jam instruatur Biblio-
theca, Area insuper et Aula Publica, Musarum Refectoria ne prae cseteris
AcademicC Collegiis sordescant, omni quo possumus nixu contendimus.
Sed quae est nostra Infelicitas, post absumptas proprire tenuitatis vires,
post varias aliorum suppetias erogatas (aes alienum a nobis contractum
silemus) adeo cceptis hisce Nostris exhaustum est -'Erarium, ut nisi nova
aliunde succurrat Beneficentia, plane nobis tantis oneribus succumben-
dum sit.
Supplex hinc (Vir prrestantissinie) Tibi nunc fit Petrensis Domus,
dim Mater Tua, ut siqua apud Te memoria Domus Tuce, Domus
antiquse, residet, banc tenuitatem suam tantis conatibus imparem Pie-
tate Tua et Munificentia sublevares. Potuit certe pluribus Benignitatem
Tuam ambire, sed apud virum optimum talibusque votis sponte facilem,
satis efticax esse solet Rei ipsius dignitas. Quae tanta est ut quantum
ei Gratiae et Beneficentiae contuleris, tantum ornamenti Nomini Tuo
consequutus fueris, cui nos deditissimos semper habiturus es. Feliciter
vale.
V. Accounts for Fittings in the Chapel^ 1632 — 35.
Computus novi Sacelli a solenni ipsius Dedicatione Martii 17''. A".
Do. 1632°. ad festum vSancti Michaelis A". 1633°.
\Receipts.\
Et computat de xili. a Christophero Wren ... et de xli. a magistro
Gulielmo Greene in Ornatum Sacelli contributis ; et de xij li. ij s. ix d.
pro calicibus et operculis argenteis (ex consensu) divenditis ; viz : pro
calice uno Norimbergico et operculo argenteis ac deauratis (ad unci-
arum 20 pondus et dim : uncias) vli. xij s. ixd; et pro alio calice cum
duobus operculis (ad 26 unciarum pondus) vj li. xs. et de xli. ixs. ij d.
in oblationibus Die consecrationis et de x li. ex oblatione privata ; et
de iiij li. vij s. in oblationibus in sacra synaxi 4"''. diversis anni tempori-
bus et de vij li. iiij s. iij d. in Censu Sacelli a festo Purificationis ad
Sancti Michaelis.
Summa Ixv''. iij-^ ij"'.
\_Paymcnts.\
Et [computat] de xiij li. vs. in Invitatione Episcopi Eliensis visitoris
nostri in Consecrationem Novi Sacelli . . Et ... de xij*^'. mundanti Sacel-
lum ante consecrationem, et de xxj^ \\xf. pro 24. Storeis contractiori-
bus pro Magistro et Socijs (in quas mclinent genua); et pro 10 longiori-
bus in usum communicantium ; et de j^ ix^. pro duobus Cereis majori-
bus mensae Dominicte ; et de xxij^ x'^. pro 8 libris Liturgioi Latinae ;
et de xxiiij^ iiij"^. pro 4 aliis libris Anglicanis, Bibliis scil. duobus et
^6 PETERHOUSE. [APPEN. V.
duobus Liturgiis vernaculis constringendis et ornandis in usum Sacelli.
Et de xiiij". xix^. j^'. pro 6 ulnis et amplius Syndonis purpureae tenu-
ioris, et pro quatuor ulnis coccineae, ex quibus frontale superius et
inferius conficiebantur cum palla mensae superstrata (omnia xylino
panno subtus corroborata) ; pulvinar etiam oblongum ad Magistri sedem
adaptatum cum tribus aliis minoribus, sarcinulis plumeis oppletis cum
fimbrialibus suis et nodis angularibus in usum et ornatum mensae ; et
pro duobus libris ejusdem serico villoso involutis ; et de ix s. ij d. pro
fimbrialibus lateralibus et angularibus nodosis pulvinaris quarti in usum
suggesti Concionatorii ; et de iiij". ij^ M'° Cutler pro Salmo suo redditis
cujus loco Polubrum dedit et obtulit in usum Sacrte mensje (ad recipi-
endas nimirum Oblationes in Eucharistia solenni) argenteum, am-
plum et perpulcre deauratum cum insignibus ipsius et Collegii incisis.
Et de iiij''. xi\ pro duobus Oenophoris argenteis inaurandis in usum
celebrantium ; et de iiij^ vij"^. pro vectura omnium a Londino; et de
xlviij^ pro Pallio sacro in usum ministri Sacra peragentis ; et de
xxxv^ vj*^. Ashley, viz : xv^ pro tribus suggestis et iij^ pro duobus
scabellis, pro mensa vj^ et v^ pro tabula supra mensam parieti affixa et
appensa et duobus scalis vj=. et de vj"^. pro mundanda intega vetusta ;
et de vj'^. pro alia matta in Sedem Ministri, et de \\f. vj*^. pro pulvino
sessili ejusdem ; et de viij^ vij'^. pro candelabris minutis aeneis in
usum Sacelli ; et de xij'^. pro suscitabulo ignario ; et de vl pro exara-
tione bina formulae Consecrationis ; et de xij*^. pro libello Inventorii
apparatus Sacelli ; et de v^ v^. pro verriculis, scopis, et contis aliisque
utensilibus in munditiam Sacelli. Et de iiij^ iiij*^. fusori Campanario
pro duobus itineribus a VValden ad Cantabrigiam ad visendam cam-
panara Horologicam ; et de vj'^. Lotrici pallii Sacri ; et de xxv''. xvij^
iiij*^. pro duobus paribus Candelabris argenteis et eleganter auratis in
mensam Dominicam ; et Calice cum operculo similiter deauratis (pondus
Candelabb: calicis, et operculi, 70 unciarum) Et de xij''. \\\f. pro calice
consimili et operculo (31 unciarum) Eucharistico.
Summa Ixxi''. x^. ix"^.
1633—34-
Et [computatj de viij li. ixs. iiij d. Magistro Tolly pro peristromatis
et de j s. vd Tabellario ea deferenti ; et de xxvij d. Rule pro virgis
ferreis et uncis...
1634—35-
Et [computat] de xxxvj s Roberto Rule fobro ferrario pro 4 transer-
mis, et de ij s Philippo Blisse easdem pingenti ; et de iij s. iiij d.
Carbasher vitrum eisdeni adaptanti '.
^ [The words in this and the previous accounts will be explained as far as possible
in the Glossary.]
II.
Clart i^all
CHAPTER I.
History of the Site and of the first Buildings.
|T has been already shewn that Clare Hall ranks his-
torically as the third foundation in the University^;
yet architecturally, the College as it stands, dates
from the reign of Charles I. ; and although the quad-
rangle was not completely closed in until the beginning of the
1 8th century, and has since suffered additions and changes in
minor details, it possesses a unity of effect that leads most
persons to imagine that it was built from a design completely
made from the beginningl This is far from being the case, and
as the building accounts are unusually complete, it will be found
to present a most instructive and curious history of the changes
in architectural taste which took place during the eventful
period of more than a century which passed away while it
was step by step carried on to its present condition.
^ [See Historical Introduction.]
^ [When Professor Willis lectured before the Architectural Congress at Cambridge
in i860, he described Clare as "one of the most beautiful Iniildings, from its situation
and general outline, that he could point out in the University. It had a homogeneous
appearance, more like a palace than a College." His remarks on the Chapel were
not so complimentary.]
y?, CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
But though the edifices that previously occupied the site
have vanished, their history must detain us awhile. The site
was part of a certain property acquired by the University from
Nigel de Thornton about i27o\ and was "situated in a place
called Mylnes Lane, neere St. John Zacharies Church," in the
words of an old table, once in existence at Clare Hall, con-
taining an account, of its history^ It was occupied by two
messuages, and apparently extended, as at present, from Milne
Street to the river. Richard de Badew's scholars were probably
lodged in hostels that already occupied the ground. [These
hostels are said to have been destroyed by fire about 1338^
but on somewhat doubtful authority.] Caius* relates that after
the second foundation in that year by Elizabeth de Burgo,
Countess of Clare, " many excellent men lent a hand to the
perfection of the building, which, like that of other Halls, was
not begun and finished at once."
Little or nothing can now be recovered concerning the
original College. We know that it possessed a Library, which
was being built between 1420 and 1430, as the College Register
records that William Wymbell, Master, contributed £T) for the
glass of all the windows on the south side : and that his suc-
cessors, Gull and Wilflet, gave or procured subscriptions for
the fabric of the same. Mention is also made of a wall
extending to the river bank [to which W^ilflet contributed the
lime: and of a " battlemented wall" {nuiras vatellatiis), which is
shewn in Hammond's map (fig. 3), next to King's College]®.
^ See below, History of the Schools.
2 MSS. Baker, xxxviii. 253.
3 Fuller, 84. MSS. Cole, ii. 9.
* Caius, Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 57.
■5 [In the list of " Benefactores Collegii" (Register, p. 17) we find :
"Magister [Willelmus] Wymbyll [Master 1421] ... soluit pro vitro omnium fene-
strarum librarie ex parte meridionali et aliis iiili." He and others also gave "ad
facturam camere proxime ad aulam trinltatis et muri vatellati x. marcas et ultra."
"Magister Willelmus Gull magister collegii dedit ... iiij marcas ad fabricam
librarie." Ibid. p. 18.
"Magister Willelmus Wilflete ... dedit fabrice noui muri ad ripam riuuli calcem
quantum suffecit. Item procuravit ad edificium librarie de bonis Roberti Wright ...
iiij marcas. Item dedit eidem de bonis Willelmi Fulburn cujus executor fuerat xx^.
Item procuravit ad fabricam noui muri in toto a diversis Christi fidelibus ut jDatet in
libro compotus eiusdem fabrice inceptae 2° nno administracionis .sue." Ibid. p. 19.
(No .sum is given. )
I.] SITE. 79
In the Register quoted above there are a few historical
memoranda. These inform us that
'On October 20, 1514, Edmund Natares' was elected and admitted
to the Mastership of Clare Hall. In 15 21, on the day after the festival
of S. Dionisius [Oct. 9], being the night of the election of the Proctors,
the Master's chamber and the College Treasury were burnt down, caus-
ing a great loss of money, evidences, and other property.
"In 1523 the kitchen was built, together with the chambers between
it and the Hall, at the College expense ; in 1524 the Hall and one of
the Master s chambers were removed to the position they now occupy ;
in 1525 the whole building now belonging to the Master was erected
at the expense of Dr Natares; in 1528 the building between the
Master's chamber and the chapel was built at the expense of Magister
Caumonde, Vicar of S. Peter's at Colchester, in whose honour we cele-
brate exequies on the 14th day after Easter; in 1535 the chapel itself
was built, to the completion of which Magister Spicer', Rector of
Clopton, contributed ^95, in whose honour we celebrate exequies four
times in the year. In the same year the party-wall was erected which
leads from the west door of the Hall to the house by the river side."
This seems to complete the College for the time being: or
rather, to have reinstated the parts damaged by the fire of 1521.
[It is curious that a tradition should have become current
so early as the first half of the seventeenth century that there
was no Chapel until after the fire of 1521. This is expressly
stated by Fuller" : and even appears in a formal statement
signed "The Master and Fellows of Clare-Hall," which was
circulated about 1685 with the view of obtaining subscriptions
towards the completion of the Hall*. It is entitled
In the mastership of Thomas Sloyle (1466 — 1470) "factus est iTiagnus caminus in
coquina. Item fecit alium magnum caminum in Aula. Item fecit paviraentum in
Aula. Item fecit ibidem nouam celaturam super altam mensam." Ibid. p. 39.]
^ [The name is spelt variously Natares, Nateres, Natures.]
^ [Dr Spicer bequeathed " 100'"'. sterlyng" on the condition, among others, that
there should be "a Lampe brinnynge dayly for ever in ye Chapell... afore S' Katheryn
ther from seven a clok in ye mornyng till it be ten of the cloke aforenone ... And
when [the Priest] hath sayd Masse to say De Profundis at my Towmbe ther"... .
MSS. Baker, ii. 74. His will is dated March 24, 24 Hen. viij.]
^ [1. c. p. 86. He contradicts himself, however, in a subsequent passage, p. 132.]
* [It is printed in the "Annotations" to "The Right Notion of Honour: As it
was delivered in a sermon before the King at Newmarket, Octob. 4, 1674." ^Y
Nath. Vincent, D.D., Chaplain in Ordinaiy to His Majesty, and Fellow of Clare-
Hall in Cambridge. 4**. London, 1685. The following pas.sage, also from the
"Annotations," is important : " He [the author] had no other Motive to the Publica-
8o CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
"A General Address to all bountiful Encoura^ers of Religion and
Learning, in the behalf of Clare-Hall in Cambridge : which remains
half built, after all the endeavours of the Society for more than Forty
years to finish it."
After narrating how the College had " been always unhappy,
either in the Ruines or the Defects of its Building," the damage
done to it on two occasions by fire, and the construction of a
new College at the second foundation, the writer proceeds :
"But yet the most valuable part of a College, a Chappel, was want-
ing for above two hundred years; till the Society had by their good
Husbandry saved so much Money as with the Gift of a hundred Pounds
built one, with a fair Library over it."
Several notices may however be traced which prove the
contrary. The most important of these is the will of John
de Donewych, Master, dated April 9, 1392. After directing
that his body is to be buried in the Parish Church of S. John
Baptist in Milnestrete, near the door on the south side, where
a porch with an image of the Virgin over it is to be built at
his expense, he bequeaths a complete set of the " Corpus
Juris Civilis" to his College, on condition of their providing
a priest to say mass for his soul for a whole year "in the
Chapel of the said College, or in the Parish Church \"
There can be no doubt that the Church of S. John the
Baptist was used by Clare Hall as a Chapel, as their ancient
tion of these Papers,^ neither did he need any other, than the desire of his honoured
and worthy CoUegues, to recommend in a printed Epistle, the present attempt to
finish our fair Building ; and our design of a College Hall, of which great conve-
nience we have as yet no more than the bare Foundation." The following note is
written by Dr Goddard (Master 1761 — 1781), opposite to Dr Vincent's name in the
College Admission Book. " In 1674 ''^^ preached before the King at Newmarket
in a long periwig and hollow sleeves, then the dress of a gentleman ; which so
scandalised even Charles 2d that he ordered the Duke of Monmouth, then Chancellor
of the University, to put the statutes in execution relating to decency of apparel.
On the death of Dr Dillingham (1678) he endeavoured to be made master by a
mandamus, but was disappointed by the Society's chusing Dr Blyth before him
before he could serve them with it. ... He died 1722." This story is repeated by
Gough, British Topography, i. 230.]
^ [MSS. Baker, ii. 75. "Item lego Collegio totum Corpus Juris Civilis unius
secte, ita quod Collegium statim post mortem meam inveniat unum Sacerdotem ad
celebrand' divina in Capella dicti Collegii seu in Ecclesia paroch' pro anima mea ...
per annum integrum."]
I.] ORIGINAL COLLEGE. 8 1
statutes' (1359) cHrcct that their divine service is to be per-
formed in their parish church ; and that after its destruction
the south chancel aisle of S. Edward's Church was built to
replace it. This aisle has subsequently been always called
" Clare-Hall Aisle"." This will however shews distinctly that
while the College had undoubtedly the right of using the
Church of S. John Baptist, probably for the burial of their
dead, they had likewise a Chapel of their own for their
devotions within their precincts. Other proofs may however
be adduced. When the Archbishop of Canterbury visited
the University in 1401, he met the authorities of Clare Hall
"ill capclla ColicgiP." Between 1420 and 1430, John Pelham,
Fellow, gave Nicolas de Lyra on the New Testament and
the Psalms "to be chained for ever in the Chapel*." In
1452 and 1455 the College Chapel is mentioned as the place
where masses for the souls of the foundress and benefactors
are to be said. Moreover, there is a long list^ of " Ornamenta
capelle" in the College Register written in an early hand of
the fifteenth century. These ornaments consist principally of
vestments, furniture, and plate, and indicate a richly endowed
building". We learn incidentally from this list that there were
three altars in it, but more precise indications of its extent,
position, or arrangements, cannot be discovered.]
[The original position and arrangement of the College have
fortunately been preserved to us in a plan', now in the College
1 Comniiss. Doc'^ ii. 141. '^ Borough Report, p. 18. ^ Fuller, p. 132.
■* Register, p. 18.
s [Translated by Mr H. T. Riley, Second Report of the Hist. MSS. Com. p. no.]
^ The following extracts from the Register, pp. 11, 12, illustrate this part of the
subject. The value of the articles is always set down after them.
Ornamenta altarium duomm inferionim capelle de albo serico cum cortinis iiij li.
j pannus aureus ad longitudinem summi altaris . . . . . v li.
Ornamenta sepulci^i paschalis pretiosa viz. ij ad latera tecti sepulcri et ij pro
finibus sepulcri et j pro basi sepulcri cum militibus. j fromtell et j pannus
sericus ............. xv li.
i cista communis in qua est sigillum commune et munimenta domus
precium ciste x s. precium sigilli . . . . xx s.
Again in the list of " The Books of Divine Offices," Ibid, p. 9. " A book
oi placebo and dirige on the north side of the chapel with a legend of S. Ethel-
dreda" ............. \js.
"^ [This plan, which I owe to the kindness of the present Master, Dr Atkinson, was
VOL. I. 6
82
CLARE HALL.
[chap.
Treasury, which appears, from the handwriting of the designa-
tions of the different parts, to have been made in the reign of
Charles the First — probably when the rebuilding was in con-
templation. The plan of the new College is drawn on a slip
of paper pasted to the original in such a manner as to shew
where it was proposed to place it. A reduced copy of the two
plans is here given (fig. 2).J
The eastern range of the Quadrangle abutted upon Milne
Street, and, as shewn in the plans of Hammond (fig. 3) and of
Fig. 3. Clare Hall, reduced from Hammond's map of Cambridge, 1592.
Speed, was continuous with the same range of Trinity Hall.
It extended beyond the Chapel to the north; and to the south
approached to within fourteen feet of King's College Chapel
Porch, which it overlapped six feet, as we shall see stated pre-
sently in the Butt Close controversy. It was entered by a gate
unknown to Prof. \Villi.s. From the memoranda above quoted, and Cole's sketch
given below, he had reconstructed the College with his usual ingenuity, and had
placed the different parts quite correctly in relation to each other. The only error he
had fallen into was that he made the Court too small, from a belief that Cole's sketch
represented the whole north side of it.J
!•]
ORIGINAL COLLEGE.
S3
rather to the north of its centre, and was irregular in shape, for
the southern, western, and northern sides each measured nearly
130 feet, while the eastern side measured only 120 feet. The
Chapel, occupying the same relative place as at present, is shewn
in Loggan's print. Cole has preserved a rough sketch of it, of
which he says, writing on Feb. 15, 1742,
" I have seen a plan of y^ old College as it then stood, by y"^ Favour
of my Friend y^ Rev. M"" Goddard Senior Fellow of y^ College ... in
a Statute Book of y^ College neatly painted W^^'^ is quite different from
the present Building, for as y'^ whole stood much nearer to our College
Fig. 4. Cole's sketch of the Chapel entitled "South of Clare Hall Chapel."
A. y« Chapel.
B. y« Porter's Lodge.
C. y^ Old Library.
D. ye Anti-Chapel.
E. a Chamber over y^ Antichapel.
F. Staircase up to y* Library.
[King's] than it now does, viz, came to where the Brick wall at y*= ^V. end
of our Chapel and run along and joyned to the Porter's Lodge behind
their own Chapel; so their Refectory stood on y^ W. side of their Quad-
rangle fronting y"^ River w'^'^ had no Bridge over it'."
Cole shews a few feet more than Loggan does, for his sketch
extends to just beyond the door, which, as he tells us, gave
access to the Library. [The Master's Lodge, as now, was in the
northern half of the western range^ A door in its southern wall
gave access to a large apartment (A, fig. 2), probably the Com-
bination Room, whence a second door opened into the Hall.
^ MSS. Cole, ii. 9. - Compare Commiss. Docts. ii. 163.
6—2
84 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
This, as Hammond's plan shews, had an oriel towards the Court
Beyond the screens were the butteries (B), and the kitchen must
have been south or south-west of them. A. comparison of the two
plans shews that it was at first intended merely to reconstruct
the old College 70 feet farther to the west, with a second gate-
way in the western range, a change now become desirable by
the acquisition of ground beyond the river. The formation of
this gateway would have necessitated the removal of either the
Hall or the Lodge to a new position, in order to keep up
the necessary proximity of the two buildings. The western
side being obviously the most agreeable situation for the Lodge,
the Hall was removed to the north side. Subsequently the
plan was slightly modified, the quadrangle being made rect-
angular, and deeper in proportion to its breadth \
It seems to have been intended to leave the approach to the
College open, bounded by walls to the north and south ; and it is
clear that the College gates were once hung under the entrance
in the centre of the eastern fagade (E, fig. i), where the massive
staples that carried them may still be seen, and not on stone
piers standing flush with the street as at present. Previous to
the rebuilding, Milne Street was bounded at its southern end
by a wall, and the entrance to King's College Chapel yard was
on its eastern side (F, fig. 2).]
The old Hall, Butteries, and Combination Room stood clear
in the area of the present Quadrangle until the present Hall
and its appurtenances were finished in 1693, when they were
converted into chambers, and not fully cleared away until the
buildings of the new Court were completed at the beginning of
the 1 8th century'. This old hall is pleasantly immortalised in
the "Spectator," for May 30, 171 1, as follows:
" This is to assure you that the club of Ugly Faces Avas instituted
originally at Cambridge, in the merry reign of King Charles the Second.
As in great bodies of men it is not difficult to find members enough for
such a club, so (I remember) it was then feared, upon their intention of
dining together, that the hall belonging to Clare-hall (the ugliest then in
the town, though now the neatest) would not be large enough hand-
somely to hold the company".''
^ Building Accounts. The plan (fig. 2) shews how this naturally happened, fixnn
the relative positions of the old and new quadrangles.
- "Spectator," No. 78. [The paper is by Sir Richard Steele.]
I.] ORIGINAL COLLEGE. 85
The Chapel, which, as we shall see presently, was not pulled
down till 1763, has been thus described by Cole:
"The pres' Chapel, as I s'^ before, was built in 1535, and stands
detach'd from 7*= Court at y« N. E. Corner of y" Quadrangle and makes a
sort of side to y*^ old Court of Trinity Hall, & comes pretty near y«
Great Gate of our old Court w'-'^ it directly fronts ; at y^ E. end of it is
y^ Porters Lodge, where tradition says y' Peter Gunning Bp of Ely
formerly studied in. Over y*^ Anti-Chapel is a Students Chamber, and
over y"" both and y^ Chapel runs a long Room w'^^ was y^ old Library
to y'^ Coll : When y'^ Coll : was new built they left Room to enlarge
their Chapel designing to pull y' down when it sh^ be convenient, with
rough Stones to joyn to y^ rest of y*^ Building, w^^ ^ho' not yet done, yet
am in hopes it won't be long first. ...There is an Liscription at y'' bottom
of y^ undermost corner Stone of y'= Building fronting our Coll : &: W^^ is
to joyn y^ Chapel, w'^^ from its awkard Situation & partly from its
being covered by y^ other stones in y^ Wall I was some time before I
c'^ make out : but am sure it can be no other than what follows :
IE2V XPO
M®n EKAEKTO
LAPIS S A C E R P.
MAIL XVI. 1638.
that is : This Stone sacred to Jesus Christ y^ chosen, or corner Stone
was placed here May 16, 1638'. Come we now to y*^ Chapel, w*^*^ is a
good neat small Room separated from y'= Antichapel by a Wooden Screen;
there are no IMonum''^ of any sort in this part of y^ Chapel, tho' there is
a Tradition y*^ D"" Rob : Scot Dean of Rochester and Master of this
College lies interred in it, as there is another y' y*^ reason why no one,
except this last named (& that is not certain) was ever buried in it is
that it never was consecrated : w^^^ I think hardly probable. The inside
1 [In the account of laying the foundation-stone of the new Cliapel (Cam. Chron.
April 30, 1763) the word AKPOr is added after EKAEKTO, probably for &Kpui : and
the date is given as May 19. The same stone was used afterwards for the foundation-
stone of the new Chapel with the following additional inscription :
RE.SURGENTLS
COLLEGII, 1638.
.SACELLI, 1763.
Posuit
P. S. Goddard, M.
Mali 3.
Cole's correspondent the Rev. Edward Betham, Fellow and Bursar of King's, remarks
in a letter to him, after describing the position of the stone : "Inscriptions of this
Kind should be as plain and intelligible as may be. As to this, the Living cannot
make it out immediately ; and can it be expected those who come after should
understand it better? Posterity will want some one to explain the Meaning of the
Words ; and where will He find anyone to tell Him, why two such different Dates are
put upon one and the same Stone?" MSS. Cole, ii. 10.]
86 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
of this Chapel is handsomely furnished w*^ a double row of Stalls on
each side and at y^ W. end. The Altar stands on an Eminence of 3
Steps & is covered by a handsom Carpet, & has no Rails ab' it : y«
Back of it is adorned w"^ a curious peice of fine Tapestry representing
a Story out of y*^ old Testament; & on each side of it are 5 small Pillars
by way of Ornament having y^ Arms of y^ College over y'= middle one
on each side. On y*^ 2'^ Step which leads up to y*^ Altar stands
y^ Litany Desk, made new while I was an unworthy Member of this
College. There is but one Monument in y^ Chapel, w'^'^ is only an
Honorary one or Cenotaph in Remembrance of a late Master and
Benefactor, D"" Samuel Blythe who lies buried in S. Edwards Church. . . .
There are 3 Windows on each side of y^ Chapel, in w'^'^ formerly were
y^ Figures of y^ 12 Apostles, and 4 Doctors of y^ Church curiously
painted ; but these were broken in the general Destruction of such
peices of Decency throughout this County in 1643, and nothing but the
lowermost half of y"^ remain, w'*^ their names at y^ Feet of most of y""."
[He then proceeds to describe and figure the coats of arms
in the windows, among which are those of the College " under
a picture of St Ambrose*."] This Chapel incurred the strong
censure of Cardinal Pole's commissioners at the visitation of the
University in 1557, because it had never been consecrated^
CHAPTER n.
History of the existing College.
Description of the Buildings. The Butt Close Controversy.
We may now examine the history of the existing College.
This consists of a single Quadrangle, iio feet broad from north
to south, and 1 50 feet from east to west. It has an entrance
court to the east in Trinity Hall Lane with handsome iron gates
and stone piers. The entrance archway and Porter's Lodge is in
the centre of the front towards the court, but not of the front
towards the street, because the Chapel which projects from it
and occupies the north side of the entrance court destroys the
symmetrical position of the arch. The east and south sides
of the quadrangle, and the southern half of the west side, are
occupied by chambers in two stories with a garret floor above.
1 MSS. Cole, ii. 13 — 15. ^ Cooper's Annals, ii. 121.
DESCRIPTION OF THP: EXISTING BUILDINGS.
«7
Opposite to the entrance arch just mentioned on the east
side, there is an archway on the west side, leading to the bridge
and the grounds beyond the river. The northern half of the
west side, including the rooms over the archway, is appropriated
to the Master's Lodge, which extends to the north extremity
of the river front. The north side of the Quadrangle, reckoning
from the Lodge at the west end, contains first the Kitchen,
with the Library above ; secondly the Butteries, with the
Combination Room above; and lastly the Hall. This range
Fig. 5. Arch to Gallery of Hall.
is prolonged by the Antechapel and the Chapel, the east end
of which extends to Trinity Hall lane.
The Hall takes up the eastern half of the north side of the
court, as indicated by the four large windows with panelled sur-
faces below them, shewing that it occupies the entire height, from
plinth to cornice. A doorway in the centre of this side (G, fig. i)
opens to a transverse passage behind the screen of the Hall.
This passage terminates in a handsome staircase, which leads to
the Music Gallery, placed as usual over the passage, and to the
Combination Room, the door of which opens into the Gallery.
CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
[The entrance from the head of the stairs to the Gallery is through
an arch ornamented with plaster enrichments, in the spandrils of
which the date of the construction of this part of the College,
1688, is carved (fig. 5).] Beyond the Combination Room, and
communicating with it by a door exactly opposite to the Gallery
door, is the Library. The six windows in the western half of
this side of the court are equally divided between these two
apartments : and as the latter abuts upon the Lodge, the Master
and his guests have a covered access to the Hall by passing
through the Library and Combination Room into the Gallery,
thence down the staircase, and along the whole length of the
Hall, to the high table.
In the western wall of the passage leading to the Hall are
three doorways. The one next to the Court is a half-hatch
door, and gives access to the Butteries, which are placed under
the Combination Room : the second is the opening of a passage
leading to the Kitchen. The third opens into the lateral space
between Clare and Trinity Hall, which serves as a back court
to the Kitchen. Under the Buttery and Hall are cellars. The
floor of the Kitchen, however, being sunk to the level of that
of the cellars, obtains great height for that room, and its
windows occupy the space corresponding to the square blank
panels under the great Hall windows. [It is entered down a
flight of stairs (K, fig. i). In the cellars of the south range there
are windows, now blocked, and below the present level of the
court, shewing that it has been artificially raised. This may
also be seen on the north side, in the passage between the
College and Trinity Hall, the level of which is many feet below
that of the Court.] A range of garrets extends all along this
side of the Court.
The rebuilding of the College was occasioned by the hope-
less state of decay into which the old chambers had come by
lapse of time. In the words of the statement quoted above :
"what our Foundress built for us decayed; part of it fell down;
and that the College and its Inhabitants might not be buried together
in the same Ruines, that new and unfinished Fabrick we now enjoy
Avas begun."
But before the new Quadrangle was commenced, a curious
question arose concerning its position. We have seen that the
IT.] THE BUTT CLOSE CONTROVERSY. 89
old Quadrangle was close to King's College Chapel. Clare
Hall was advised, for convenience of light and air, to remove
the intended building farther to the west. But as this -would
be to the mutual benefit of both Colleges the Master and
Fellows of Clare Hall made a request to King's College that
the latter would, if such removal were made, concede to them
a passage (upon a lease) into the fields through their grounds
beyond the river. To explain this it must be mentioned that
on the west bank of the river opposite to Clare Hall, was a
piece of ground belonging to King's College known by the
name of Butt Close, and intervening between the river and
the common fields beyond, which were used for exercise. Clare
Hall desired to obtain a passage only through this close, so
that by making a bridge over the riv^er access to the fields might
be obtained in the same manner as had long before been carried
out by King's, Trinity, and S. John's.
[The Master and Fellows of Clarehall began by asking the
Provost and Fellows of King's College
" to Consider of theise two Propositions following, And to graunt that
which they themselves shall thinke best. First, That the Right ^^'op" the
Provost and Fellowes would please^ for the better accommodation of
Clarehall both for Conveyeing of Materialls whilst it is in Building, and
freedome of Passage into the Fields when it is built, to let Clarehall
have such a Range or Balke in their But-Close as (lyeng right West from
their Watergate) may only serve to make a Causey Way into the Fields,
and to aunswer a Bridge over the River. ...Or Secondly. That [the
same] would please to part with the lower Half of But-Close unto Clare
hall upon these Conditions. First, That we remove all our Colledge
(save only the Chappell and Librarie) So farre downe towards the River
as that the Outside of the East end of our Colledge doe range with the
Lower Rowe of Trees that growe from the Fryers Oate to the West end
of Kings Chappell'. Secondly, That what necessarie Charges shall
arise for the setling of this Busines, shall be defrayed by Clarehall only.
Thirdly, That if the Conveniency and Quantity of Ground given Kings
Colledge by setting downe Clarehall so farr be not thought in Equity a
reasonable Compensation for such part of Butt-Close as Kings Colledge
part withall That then Clarehall make it up with some other Lande
which lyes nerest Cambridge, and so fittest for the use of Kings Col-
ledge, that so the Colledge receive no damage."
This very reasonable request would probably have been
^ [King's College Muniments, A. 139. It must be rememhcred that by " King's
College" in the following controversy the old court is meant, which was only divided
from Clare Hall by Milne S'. The chambers were in two stories, and extremely lofty.]
90 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
granted without difficulty^ had not Clare Hall unfortunately-
made the mistake of addressing- a petition to the King, -with-
out waiting for an answer from the College, asking not only
for a passage, but for a large piece of ground, which was to be
granted to them for ever, "by his majesty's special power and
prerogative." To this he replied, 20 January, 163^, directing
his College to accede to the request of Clare. Hereupon a con-
troversy arose between the two foundations, which for bitter-
ness of spirit and virulence of invective, stands almost with-
out a rival. King's College began by setting forth " Certaine
Reasons alleaged why Kings Colledge may not yeild to the
motion made by Clare Hall"." They urged their 47th Statute,
which forbids the sale or alienation of any part of the College
property^: and their neighbours having suggested that the re-
moval of their buildings westward would give more light and
air to the chambers of King's College, and enable the beauty
of their Chapel to be better seen, they replied that Clare
Hall, so far from being a nuisance to them, was rather a
convenient shelter from western winds and sun ; that their
Founder, though he might have placed his Chapel anywhere
else had he thought proper, had deliberately selected its posi-
tion : and lastly, that
" This little peice of ground, (commonly called Butt-close) is all we
have both for the walkes and excercise of at least an hundred persons,
and allso for the feeding of Tenne horses which we are enioyned to
keepe by Statute ; the Chappell yard only excepted, which we are forced
sometimes to make use of in those kinds, though it might be better
spared. And if our Colledge should be built according to that Royall
Patterne which was intended (which we have no reason to dispaire of)
we could not then by any meanes be without that ground ; which was
designed as the only place for walkes and gardens, and to that end so
dearely bought, by our Royall Founder."
It is somewhat difficult to trace the exact sequence of
the papers that the combatants in this wordy strife hurled at
each other, for in their excitement they forgot to date their
letters. It would appear, however, that after the receipt of the
paper just quoted, Clare Hall petitioned the King a second time,
praying that the matter might be referred to the arbitration
' [As in fact King's College says in a draught letter to the King, lliid. A. I'S.v]
■- [Ibid. A. 142.] •* [Commiss. Docts. ii. 580.]
II.] THE BUTT CLOSE CONTROVERSY. 9I
of Lord Holland, Chancellor of the University, and two of the
Bishops. The letter ends with the following curious passage :
"And if it shalbe thought beneficiall for those of your Kings Colledge
y* your Colledge of Clarehall should be newly raysed upon y^ old
foundacion, y' byy^ neerenesse thereof it might shelter them from winde
and Sunn as is alleadged, yet y^ premises considered, your petitioners
doe humblie begg of your most sacred ]\Ia''% y' they may be suffered at
their owne chardge to land a bridge over y'^ river, & enjoy a passadge
through y" said But-close into y*" feilds, w'^^ would be litle or noe pre-
judice to them, and of great benefitt to your petitioners, especially in
tymes of infecion, having noe passadge into y*" feilds but through y''
Chappell yard of your said Kings Colledge, y^ gates whereof are shutt
up in those tymes of danger'."
The King selected the Bishops of Winchester and Norwich
as assessors to the Chancellor, Upon this King's College re-
quested permission to refer the matter as far as they were
concerned to the Archbishop of Canterbury, their Visitor : a
request which the King appears to have granted, for we find
the Visitor and Lord Holland appointed " for to take into their
Considerations his Majestyes former directions herein, and to
accommodate all Matters in question"." By what arguments or
influence the disputants were reconciled we do not know ; but
from a letter of the Chancellor^ to the Provost of King's, dated
June 15, 1637, after studying "the view of a platforme of both
Colledges exhibited by Dr Paske," it is plain that he considered
the proposed exchange to be desirable, and probably persuaded
King's College to withdraw their opposition to it*. The case was
heard at two meetings of the referees, and in the spring of 1638
(March 17) the King put an end to the dispute by the following
letter, which is almost word for word a copy of his former one :
"Trustie and welbeloved Wee greet you well. Having seriouslie
weighed y^ seuerall desires of the Master and Fellowes of Our Colledge
of Clarehall, together with your respective and dutifull aunswer, thereby
wholly submittinge y*^ determination thereof unto our Selfe, which as
now, so wee shalbee readie allwaies to lett you know how well wee accept
of the same : Wee have thought good to signifie Our Royall pleasure there-
in. Although it were easier both for us and you to permitt them at their
owne charge to land a bridge from the middest of y^ o"" Colledge, and
make a sufficient Causeway with convenient ditches and fences through
y'' Close called y* But-Close, by which they may directly passe into y*^
common fields ; yet takeing into our princely consideracion y'^ many
1 [Ibid. A. 145.] - [Ibid. A. 149.] •'' [Ibid. A. 152.]
■* [Ibid. A. i6r. Dr Paske was Master of Clare i6'2i^ — 45, and 1660 — 61.]
92 CLARE HALL. . [CHAP.
benifitts which will accrew as well unto our unparalelld chappell (y^
beauty whereof wee are most desirous to advance) as to our other
structures there with you by y" remove of Clare-hall : Wee are not
willing to omitt so faire an opportunity, but attending y'' mutuall good
& accomodacion of both CoUedges and more especially this of ours,
beareing our owne Title, doe judge it fitt, and so order, That our whole
CoUedge of Clare-hall (y*^ Chappell and Librarie excepted) bee removed
70 feete lower into the west, and that such portion of ground as shall
remaine betweene y*" said Colledge and y"^ Southwest end of Our Kings
CoUedge shalbe sett forth and by them convayed unto you for y^ en-
larging of Our Chappell yard and fairer accesse to that Our Royall
Chappell. And, forasmuch as Clarehall will not onely bee put to a farre
greater charge, but streightned also for want of necessary Roome by y^
said remove. Our will and pleasure is, and Wee doe hereby order, that
besides the foresaid bridge, ditches, fences and causeway, yo" suffer them
to take dovvne so much of y*" wall running toward y'' Seniours Garden
as shall bee requisite for their building, and forthw''^ grant unto them
under yo"" common scale for twenty yeares' a Leasse of all y*^ p'^ of
y*" said But Close, being as wee are informed lesse then three Acres, w'^^
shall lie northwards of y^ said bridge and causeway, without Fine, for
y^ Rent of five pounds per annum, y^ said leasse to bee renewed from
time to time at y'' same Rent without Fine as y"" said Colledge of Clare-
hall shall desire; and in like manner our will and pleasure is y*^ y^ said
Colledge of Clarehall shall graunt a Leasse for 20 yeares of y^ said 70
feete lower into y" west unto you of our Colledge of Kings Colledge at
y^ yearely Rent of twelve pence without fine, to bee renewed from time
to time, at y'^ same Rent without fine, as you of our Colledge of Kings
Colledge shall desire ; w* wee doe so direct and order, to auoyd all
scruple of contravention of any Statutes, or violation of any oathes on
eyther side. Nor doe wee doubt, but y"^ yee, who are so neare unto us
in our Royall Care, will bee also carefull to observe our directions ; and
both you and they bee ready to doe such further Acts as shall bee
found requisite for y'^ further performance and exequution of this our
order and direction. And in the meane time, our will is that these our
letters bee entered • in your Registrie, as a perpetuall Record for y^
peace and benifitt of both Colledges"."]
As a result of this, Clare Hall obtained the tenure of
Butt Close, now the site of their avenue and garden, while
King's added to their grounds on the same conditions the
small piece of land to the east of the south-east angle of Clare
Hall, by which that angle is made to stand completely on
the lawn of King's College ^
^ [In the King's first letter ' ' for ever " appears instead of " for twenty years :" and
the rent is left to the discretion of King's College. (Ibid. A. 155.) Clare paid
;^5 per annum for Buttclose, and King's iid. for the Chapel yard.]
•-' [Ibid. A. 157.]
•' [College Order, April 11, 1638. (Ibid. A. 151/.) Clare College drew up an
III.] THE REBUILDING. 93
CHAPTER III.
The Rebuilding,
Works executed from 1635 to 1656. East and South Ranges.
The building accounts were from the beginning entered
by the Bursar, Barnabas Oley, in a book which is still in
existence, and from which I have drawn up the following
history \
The collection of subscriptions, and the purchase of materials
(which were bought by the College and paid for on delivery),
had been carried on for at least three years before the site
was determined by the Royal Letter of 1638,
Large quantities of bricks were bought in 1635 : but in
the following year the Bursar adopted the plan of buying
brick-earth, and had bricks made specially for the College.
"July the 8'*^ 1636. To M"" Roger Wilford for y'= use and
Earth of an acre of Brickland twelve poundes. 12 o o
February y^ 5''^ 1637. P'^ M'' Alderman Purchas for the
earth of thirteene-score and eight thousand Brickes after
6^^ the 1000" 6 10 o
analogous order on the same day, "At a INIeeting held in the Master's Lodging at
one of the clocke in the afternoone." (Ibid. A. 160.)] By Act of Parliament, May
30, 1823, 4 George IV. (Private Acts for that year, p. 181), the mutual tenancy of
these two pieces was terminated by an exchange between the two Colleges. Clare
obtained Butt Close, containing 2 a. ar. 34p., and King's the small piece at the
angle of Clare, 70 x 50 feet, together with the White Horse Inn in Trumpington
Street. [Two papers that appeared in the course of the controversy are printed at the
end of this history. Appendix No. i. They illustrate the state of College feeling at
the time, and incidentally give many interesting particulars about the two Colleges.
Butt-close seems to have been the perquisite of the servants of King's College, for in
1662 Dr Barnabas Oley gave ^'10 to two "Grooms" of King's College, Francis Crosby
and John Cowin, "who were prejudiced by y** College haveing p' of the Buttclose"
(Clare Hall Accounts, p. 96) : and in 1669, when the west front of the College was
being built ;C5 was paid " To widdow Coale for y* use of y" green to lay our timber
on, w"^"" she hires of y« grooms of King's Coll." Ibid. p. 1 10.]
1 [On the first leaf ai-e these words, " Incipit hie liber cum Anno (et quod
melius est cum Deo opt" Max".) Die Januarii primo. Anno Dni 1635." There are
also several texts suitable to the occasion, which may possibly have been chosen with
the idea of inscribing them on some part of the new building — such as '"'■ Nisi Dominiis
icdificaverit domicm" etc. Psalm 127. i; '' Feniic et adificemits mitros Jerttsalcm,'"
Nehemiah 2. 17 ; ^'Tempus destruendi et tempiis cedificandi,''^ Eccles. 3. 3, and others.]
94 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
"July 17, 1637. To M"" Humphrey and M""^ Cutchey for their
2 p'^ of y' acre of land the use and earth whereof I only
before hired of IVP Wilford, but now have bought their
shares for ever for the Coll : " 1 6 00 00
Afterwards, apparently during the building of the East
Range, the old practice was returned to, and we find
"May 31. 1 64 1. To W"" King of Ely uppon a bargayne of
Forty thousand Ely Bricks to be deliverd halfe to Kinges
Colledge halfe into Clare hall betwixt this and the First
of Aug' next six score to y'' 100 and ten Hundreth to y*"
Thousand Ten poundes " 10 00 00
During the same period, oak timber, "Ashpoles for levers
and hookepinnes," elmpoles " to Scaffold w'^ all," lath and
hart-lath \ were laid in, and Edward Woodroofe was sent
"to Lin about the Buying of Waynscot, Deale, and Firre."
Ashlar'"' and "Block-stone" from Ketton and Weldon, clunch
from Haslingfield, slate from Colly-Weston, pebbles, sand, etc.
were also purchased. On April 18, 1638, Mr Welby was sent
to buy 20 "fother" of lead in Derbyshire I This was cast
away in its water passage, and John Westley, the master-mason,
was sent to Lynn to enquire after it. Salvage was paid for
it, and it arrived June 6, 1639, two-thirds of its value having
been expended on its recovery^. The whole sum laid out upon
lead was ^376. ip\ id.
1 Accounts, p. 16. - Ashlar cost 4J. 4^. the ton. Ibid. p. 36.
■* "Aprill the 18, 1638. To M"" Welby to buy Lead in Darby- ji ^^ ^^ ^^
shire Three score poundes )
May the 19"' 1638. Sent Af Welby more to pay for twenty .
Fother of Leade at £g. 6 . 8. the fother, the sum of/140 . 00 . 00.
One hundreth & Forty poundes"
■* Accounts, p. 24. "Oct. •2. 1O38. M"" Stones sent a messingeri
w"' tidings fro Bautry that this 20 futher of Lead M'as cast - 00 . 7 . 00
away, and 10 Futher for Jesus Coll. p'' the messinger ^
• To John Westley uppon accounts when he went to Lynne 1
to enquire after tlie Lead & Recouer it ) ^
Aprill r. 1639. '^'^ ■'^' Lincolne of Jesus Coll for Charges/ r f, ^
of y" Admiralls Court & Salvage )
Apr. 24 to John Hardy of Saltfleet Haven by Rich. HardyN
his brother for pt of charges for Recovery of o'' Lead castV 24 . o . o
away " J
Other charges for the recovery of this lead amounted to 30 . 19 . 5
Total. 274 . 19 . I
Ill,] THE REBUILDING. 95
The accounts before the Restoration are kept in such a
manner that it is very difficult to discover upon what part of
the building work is being carried on. From incidental al-
lusions however it appears that the East Range, and the Bridge,
were first undertaken : and next the South and \Yest Ranges \
The following extracts from the accounts refer to the East
Range, [which is proved to have been begun in the first week of
May 1638, from the first payment to masons being on May 5
for part of the previous week ; and the first payment to John
Westley, " uppon accountes for the agreement of y*^ worke for
the Bulding," is also made on May 5. At this time too the
purchase of lime begins.] It was exactly three years in building,
for on May 27, 1641, the glazier receives the last payment,
making £28. 10s. in all, which "doth fully discharge all worke
done about the first Range."
"Apr: 28. [1638.] To George Woodroofe, for cutting Two
Faces of Lyons upon y^ Pedestall of y^ Gate' 00 4 o
Augt 22. 1638. To George Woodroofe for cutting the Picture
y' standes on y" inside of y'^ Gate"* 00 04 00
Febr: 9. [1637J.] To George Tonson toward the Gate Finishing' 300
,, To George Woodroofe for carving 4 Corin-
thian Heads 02 02 00
July 16. [1639.] To Grumliall after setting upp the Gate 00 02 06
Augt. 17. [1639.] Pd Richardson for turning a Glope at East
end of y*" Bulding o 01 00
[July 18, 1640 — April i. 1641.] Money payd the plummer
for Covering y*" Gatehouse* ^ i 1 7 o
[June 5. 1 641.] To Kendall for Leadworke in y*" East Range'' 00 04 00
[The new chambers having been completed, the old east range
was pulled down. Part of it had been already destroyed in 1639
and 1640, as we find on Sept. 14, 1640, "To Wright for taking
downe y*' east end — 5. 01. 06.";" and that the new stone-work had
been completed about the same time is proved by a payment of
£ I to three labourers " for Clensing y^ King's Coll. Chappell
yard" on Nov. 21, 1640^ We next however meet with the
following entry :
' [For facility of reference I have drawn up a chronological table of the dates of
the building of the different parts of the College such as I find Professor Willis had
prepared for some others. It will be found at the end of the history. ]
'■^ Accounts, p. 20. ^ Ibid. p. 41. ■* Ibid. p. 44.
'"' Ibid. p. 25. " Ibid. p. 64. " Ibid. p. 53.
96 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
" 1 2 July 1 64 1. To Fra : Wright uppon a Bargaine of xx shill :
for pulling down y" east end of the old Colledge'" 01 00 00
The old walls however remained till after the new gate was
finished in 1673, in which year occurs the following '■^ :
"June 24. to Andr. Haslop his bill for worke about y*" old
building at y° end of y*" Chappell, & pulling down y" old
walls and Gates next y*" street, with two thousand of tiles" on 19 00
The first entry no doubt refers to part of the old south range,
which would of course interfere with the proposed new buildings.
It was probably at about this time that the temporary Porter's
lodge was erected at the east end of the Chapel (fig. 4) : and
a door made next the Chapel into the street.]
While this work was proceeding, that of building the Bridge
that was to connect the College with the newly acquired Butt
Close, and of laying down a Causeway thence w^ith a second
Bridge into the fields beyond, had been undertaken. In reference
to this we find^ :
"Jan. 14. 1638 — g. To Mealing uppon a Bargaine of a Causey 00 03 06
Oct. 19 — 26. 1639. [Labourers are paid] for Heightning y*"
Causey & Takeing downe p' of the old Coll. in 8 ^'' 214 09
Nov. 12. Halyt for work at y^ further Bridge 00 02 04
Nov. 13. To M'' Coventry for 2680 Ely Bricks for the litle
Bridge 01 18 00
20 Apr. 1640. For Cutting downe 40 willowes Heades to
Lay in the Causey" 00 03 02
The next entries illustrate the history of the Bridge itself.
"Jan. 18. 1638 — 9. To Tho: Grumballfor a Draught of a Bridge 00 03 00
March 4. ,, to Richard Chamberlayne in p' of a Bargaine
for the Gates and Bridges into and out of K Coll. Butclose 60 00 00
Febr. i. 1639 — 40. To Grumbald for working y'^ Rayle and
Ballisters xl. shill. Febr. S'"^ 40 shill. Febr. 22. 45^-. 06 05 00
Nov. 16. 1640. To ... for filling up the Core of y*" Bridge" 00 06 06
[The accounts for the Bridge are kept more separate than the
others at this time. Still it is difficult to be sure when they end,
and the charges for other work begin. After careful investi-
gation I compute that the total cost was about ^-84. I2,s. Sd]
' Accounts, p. 64. ^ Ibid. p. iiS. •' [Accounts, fol. 62 — 64. See also pp. 47, 48.]
til] the rebuilding. 97
[The College walks were not laid out till 1691, when we find
'■ The Account of money expended in building y*^' northside wall
of y^ walke beyond y*^ Bridge, and for freestone copeings at the
gate into y^ Close and turne Pike, digging and carryage of Earth
and Gravell to raise y^ walke, and for planting trees'." These
gates, of wood, are shewn in Loggan's view a little to the west
of the Bridge. His plan shews also the bowling-green, occupy-
ing the southern half of the ground between the College and the
river (fig. i). The present iron gates were put up in 17 14, as is
shewn by the following College Order, dated July 20, 1714:
" That a convenient iron-palisade and gates for the gardens, gates
for the bridge-foot and entrance into the College, (such as shall be
approved by the Master and as many of the fellows of the old-founda-
tion as shall be resident in College) shall be set up."]
The south range had also been in building since the
summer of 1640, when stone for the plinth was bought: and the
first payment to John Westley the builder was ^20 on Juh^ 4.
It took rather more than two years to build, as the following
extracts shew. By the spring of 1641 it was ready for the wood-
work, but it was not glazed until August 1642, and the plumbers'
work was certainly not finished before Christmas.
"To Frisby July 17 1640. uppon accounts for plinth (Sc
Ground-table for y*" South Range Ten poundes 10 o o
p'^ Gilby for Fitting y'' Battlements & For stone' 026
October the 12''^ 1640. To Nicolas Litle for Iro Barres for
the South windowes the lowest story or Ground chambers 05 00 00
Nov. 16 1640. To Fra : Wright (upon a Bargayne of x'' for the
first flore South Range & Studyes and dores and partitions)'^ 10 o o
17 Aprill 1641. To Kendall in p' uppon a Bargaine of x' for
casting and laying all the Lead on the south Range & all 100
spouts'*
29. Apr. 1641. To Fra: Wright upon a Bargayne of 75'' for
all the Carpenters -u'orke compleate in the South Range
fifteene poundes and Ten poundes''' 25 o o
Dec. 2. 1642. To Dauid Blisse for paynteing y"" chamber
in y^ South Range next to M'' Watts^ 00 15 00
Augt the 8"^. 1642. payd Daniel Maiden uppon accountes
for Glazing the South Range (by his wife) Five poundes 500
' [Accounts, p. 164. On this was expended /■! 38 . 01 . 07.]
- Ibid. p. 75. •'* Ibid. p. 64. '* Ibid. p. 25.
•'' [Ibid. p. 84. From a list of " Ingresses received" we learn that Mr Watts
occupied "the corner chamber next King's College Chapel.'"]
VOL. I. 7
98
CLARE HALL.
Nov. 12. 1642. payd him in full discharge of all the worke
done in the 4 chambers of the South Range next the east
R^ of M"" Oley, Novembr 12. 1642 Fifty shillinges and I pro-i
mise with all Speed to make an end of all the plummers I
worke y' is to be done about the new Built South Range in I
Clare hall for other three poundes and to do it very well "
and sufficiently before the feast of y"" nativity of X' next
comeng. I say so. John Kendall.'"
[chap.
Fig. 6, Staircase in the centre of the South Range.
In the middle of the south range is an excellent and unique
specimen of a staircase" (A, fig. i, fig. 6), probably part of Wright's
work in 164.1. [In this part of the College temporary accom-
' Accounts, p. 86.
" [It has been engraved in Studies from Old English Mansions, by C. J. Richard-
son, folio, London, 1842. Ser. 2, Page 8.]
III.] THE REBUILDING. 99
modation was provided for the Master, before the Lodge was
built, as is shewn by Log-gan, who designates it " Magistri Jios-
pitiuni .•" and this staircase may have been designed to give the
Master a more dignified access to his apartment.]
The foundation of the west range was also begun at the
same time as that of the south range, for on Jan. 30, 1640, we
find the heading "West Range" for the first time in the ac-
counts, and small payments amounting in all to £2. ys. are
made to Westley and others "for Rammeing the FoundationsV"
No farther progress however at that part is recorded at that time.
Nothing occurs to shew who made the design for the
building. John Westley was the builder: Francis Wright the
carpenter; and Thomas Grombald and his son, William Grom-
bald and his son, George Tonson, Aristotle Drew, and others,
appear as working masons, receiving daily wages. The work
was carried on either by that system, or by small bargains for
particular jobs, as will be seen by some of the extracts from
the accounts already quoted ^. The sums thus agreed upon
were usually paid by instalments, and the workman either signed
his name or made his mark under the entry of the payment in
the accounts. John Westley died in 1656, and it then became
necessary to have a settlement with his widow. From this,
which was drawn up by Barnabas Oley, and is dated 14 August,
1656, we learn that
" He (John Westley) was to sett the Battlements, and to plaster all
the needfull work in all y'^ Roomes, y"^ is all, that were not to be wans-
coted. By ail the iieedfu// work (in the lynes above) I understand, y'
John Westley was to plaster all the upper and all the under Roomes
and all the two middle Ranges of Chambers that were not covered w'^
wainscot." [Signed] Barnabas Oley 'I
' Accounts, p. 55.
- To these the following may be added. Ibid. p. 60.
" November the 28 1641. To Aristotle Drue & Rob' Heath i
uppon a Bargayne of Eighteene pounds for paueing the '
Eastend of y^ Chappell and faceing the white wall where I
the Arras Hange ' 00
•'' [Ibid. p. 91. Dr Oley left by will £\o "to the children or grandchildren of
John Westley that good workman that built the Colledge ... not as restitution for any
fraud done to him, but for my fear that my omission to state his accounts exactly
before the Colledge (I mean the Fellows) before I was forced away by the warrs, was
7—2
lOO CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
Moreover, an agreement had been made with him as follows':
" There was Due (by agreement) to John Westley for thej
South Range, and a Brick wall in King's Colledge Close/6oo oo oo
from Bridge to Bridge )
There was due to him in equitie as I Conceive (though not) „
agreed on) for his care, work, and setting the Bridge j ^
These sums he seems to have received by small instalments
beginning with ;^20 on July 4, 1640, as stated above.
[The building was interrupted by the outbreak of the Civil
War, and the materials got ready were seized by the Parliament
Party, to strengthen the fortifications of Cambridge Castle^.
The authority of Cromwell having been established, the College
petitioned him to indemnify them, and assessed their loss at
^^503. 6s. 6(/., being £2^^. is. 6d. for the value of the timber taken
away, and ^228. 5^-. for damage sustained from March 31, 1642
— March 31, 1654. He referred their petition to Lazarus Seamon,
Vice-Chancellor, and two others, who certified to the fairness of
the demand^ During the negotiations, which seem to have
been protracted, they intimated their willingness to take iJ^350,
having ascertained that that sum was in the hands of the Trea-
surer for Hertfordshire*. What they finally obtained cannot
now be known, but that some restitution was made is certain
from the following account of an interview between Mr Tillot-
son and Cromwell. Tillotson, who was then Fellow of the
prejudicial! to him. I left the accounts in the Colledge of all my Receipts and Layings
out to be examined and considered, but I fear some were not so carefull as they should
liave been to have weighed things as they might have done, and therefore I did some-
thing out of my own purse to his wife and children. And I wish I was able to do
more." MSS. Baker, xvi. 191.]
^ Accounts, p. 90, headed "The accounts betwixt Clarehall and the widdow
Westley stated by mee. B. Oley."
- [Querela Cantabrigiensis, 1685, p. 193. Fuller, p. 325. Cooper's Annals,
iii. 340. Birch's Life of Tillotson, 175a, p. 402. Tillotson's friend and former pupil,
who writes this part of his life, says that "he obtained a thousand pounds to be
paid out of the Exchequer to the college for wood and stone prepared for carrying
on its building, but seized by the parliament-party towards fortifying the Castle at
Cambridge in the time of the war." When Evelyn visited Cambridge in Sept.
1654 he remarks of this College "Clare-Hall is of a new and noble designe, but
not finish'd." "Diary," ed. Bray, 8". 1827, ii. 95.]
^ [Appendix, No. 2.]
■* [Draft petition, preserved in the College Library. Lazarus Seamon, Master of
Peterhouse, was Vice-Chancellor, 1653 — 4.]
hi] the rebuilding. ioi
College, held the office of Tutor in the family of Prideaux,
Cromwell's Attorney General : and had probably been instructed
to lose no opportunity of pleading the cause of his House. He
wrote as follows to Dr Dillingham, Master, on Dec. 22, 1656.]
" Honored Sir,
I was seuerall times since I came to London at VV'hite Hall but
could not speake w''' his Highnes hee being then in a course of Physick.
On Fryday last M"' Attorney Gen. was pleased to carry mee thither &
bring mee to him. I deliu'd y*-" Letter, w'^'* hee read carefully once and
againe, &: recited to M"" Attorney y' clause Nulli tamen libcntius agnoscuiit
qiiain gens togata fsertiin Acadcinica & sayd to him M"" Att upon y"
words gms togata yo" y*" Lawyers might haue come in for y" most
thankefuU people if fsertim Acadcinica had not hindered yo". When
hee had made an end of reading lookeing very pleaseingly hee came
to mee, and walked downe towards y*" lower end of y" roome & sayd
S*" I take this acknowledgem' from y" Colledge very kindly, «& am glad
I had an opportunity to do yo"" Colledge y' favo""; I pray p'nt my
service to yo"" Master and Fellowes, & tell them I giue them
thankes for their thanks & tell y" they shall find mee ready to embrace
all opportunityes of showing favo"" to y*" Uniursityes and in particular to
yo"" Colledge and Society & 1 pray let y"^ know thus mush fro mee'. . . "
In 1656 a general sum of the building Accounts from the
beginning was drawn up with the following conclusion'^ :
" R*^ from Benefactors, Materials, Ingresses &c. ... 3650 . 10 . 11
Layings out 5300 • 12 . 08
So the expenses exceed the Receipts 1650 — 01 — og "
which difiference was principally taken out of the College stock.
After the Restoration the accounts become more intelligible :
headings to the pages inform us of the nature of the work, and
memoranda are added in explanation.
In 1662, under the mastership of Dr Dillingham, the wall
from the bridge to the field was built and part of the inside next
the Court of the west building. About ^^^400 was spent, and
apparently the work was then suspended for the time^ Amongst
other entries the following payments occur :
"To Aristot. Drew freemason for working y"" Pedestalls
& capitalls on each side y" gateway, and 112 foot and
half of watertable 007. 17. 04
' [The letter is preserved in the College Library]
■■^ Accounts, p. 92. ■' Ibid. p. 104.
I02 CLARE HALL. [CHAP,
To Parker y"^ bricklaider for raising y*-' eastside wall of
y'^ west building being 7 pole and half in length and
10 foot high at 24s. y" pole 009 . 00 . 00"
[This shews that rather more than the whole of the eastern
wall, namely, 123 ft. 9 in., of the inside of the Court (BC, fig. i)
was at any rate commenced at that time.]
CHAPTER IV.
Works executed from 1669 to 1715:
Hall Combination Room. Lodge. Subsequent Changes.
In 1669 the work was resumed and carried on to 1676.
It consisted of the building "of y' part of y'^ West Range abut-
ting upon the bowleing Green, and adjoyneing to y'^ South Range,
and extending to y'^ walke leading up to y'^ bridge, being two
chambers of a flore." This was the same part for which the
foundation had been commenced in 1640, and part of the inside
wall built ten feet high in 1662. The present work, however,
included the south half of the river front (IK, fig. i), the
design of which belongs to this period, and not to that of the
south and east ranges, from w'hich it altogether differs.
They began to clear the foundation on April 19, 1669,
and one pound was paid on the 24th of April, "to Jackson for
his journey hither to surveigh y^ building." Then follows on
May 13th, "to R. Grumbold y*^ free-Mason and Bradwell his
Partner and y*" Sawyers y*^ first bill £4 — 12 — 05." A series of
similar entries occurs concluding with Nov. 20, 1669, "To
Grumball his 27th and last bill," which finishes the building
as far as the walls are concerned \ Grumbold, or Grumball, had
* Accounts, p. 114. Some of the items are curious : e.g.
"May 29. To Simon Wise... for 6 mullions containing 27 feet in length, at
10''. y" foot I .2.6.
Oct. 15. To Simeon Wise for 16 feet and 8 inches of y^ great cornish at 3J-. the
foot, it being brought by cart, and i-' to y*^ carters for beare, in all 002 — ii- — 00."
This cornice was for the river front.
^^ Cornice to
1/ Dormer
Plinth
^:3> 1 — -7—1 -z7-r- ' -*ii' _.
..I'>-1.-" U/ 1 '"'\ ■'■■:-'i"''
B^^^^^S^^W
Fig. 7. Elevation of one bay of the east side of the west range of Clare Hall, in its
present state.
To face p. 103.
Vol. I.
IV.] WORKS EXECUTED FROM 1 669 TO 1715. IO3
therefore taken John Westley's place as builder, but there is
still no mention of the person who made the design : unless
Mr Jackson the "surveyor" be supposed to have performed
that office, such being the name which architects bore in those
days. After Grumball's last bill \ the accounts go on with
minor works, until Ap. 15, 1671, when £6. \s. gd. is paid to
Andrew Haslop for 2 weeks " about stripping y'' end of the
south building not finished :" and on Oct. 25, 1671, £7. os. ^d.
"to Rob. Grumbold for y^ chimney peices, transums for y*^ end
windows of y'^ South Range, schroles, etc." Now the south
range, built as we have seen in 1640, extended completely to
the river front, as its lateral walls and construction shew, and
the south side next to King's College is therefore completed
according to the original design. But the west gable (IJ, fig. i)
formed part of the line of the river front, and the above entries
shew that this was now worked upon and altered with new
windows to suit the new design of that front (fig. 9), which is in-
geniously contrived so as to accommodate itself at the angle to
the ancient lines of tabulation.
The south and east sides, although built in the reign of
Charles the First, are of the style called Jacobean in the gate-
ways, and the windows are nearly medieval, with three and
two lights alternately. The heads of these lights are even
pointed, but they have no transom. Lastly, the walls are
crowned with battlements. [A reproduction of part of Loggan's
view of the court side of the west range (fig. 8) illustrates this,
but the whole composition will be better understood from the
accompanying elevation of one bay of the same range, with its
moldings (^fig. y), as it appears at present.] In the river-front
however the windows have Italian dressings ; namely, a pediment
and a straight arch beneath it with three massive rustic voussoirs,
and when originally constructed they had a central monial also
crossed by a single transom. A regular Ionic pilastrade occupies
the two upper stories, and the wall is crowned with balustrades
instead of battlements (fig. 9). The side of this west building
next the court was built in exact conformity with the earlier
1 "Nov. 20. i66q. To Grumball his 27"' and last bill, and "iuen,. ^
^ . ' ' & ^QQQ . 01 . 00.
him to drinke i-f. and 6"^ ) ^ »
'003 . 09 . 08.
104 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
design, and its battlements were made by Grumbold May 13,
1671 \ In 1673 the piers next the street were built, and hung
with new wooden gates two years afterwards^.
A summary at this time shews that they had expended from
April 19, 1669 to May 16, 1676, ^1989. 19. 07 ; which exceeded
the receipts by about ^580. This sum was deducted from the
"pes computi " at Michaelmas, 1678.
In 1679 a sum of ^233. ids. 4c/. was expended "in finishing
all y'^ inner worke of y^ 12 Roomes belonging to y^ South-west
Corner of y*^ new building . . . till which time they were not
inhabitable '\"
The next work undertaken was the north range which was
to include the Hall and its appurtenances. Subscriptions for
this purpose began to be received in 1681. In 1683 (May 26),
we find the digging of the foundation begun, and on July 27,
Jo. Squire is paid for " taking down y^ Timber roofs and flores of
y^ old building," that is, as much of the old Range as stood in
the way*. In this year, to use the words of the contemporary
i-"May 13. 1 67 1, p*. to Grumbold y'^ ffreemason his first bill for/
2 weeks worke about y^ battlements next y** Court ... 1 "^ ' "*■
May 20. p**. to Grumbold a 2"^. bill for worke about y*^ Bat-
tlements on y'' Court side 002 . 14 . 00"
■■' " May 23 1672. Blocke-stone... for y*" Pillars next y** street ... 007 . 17 . 00
Ap. 22 1673. Grumbold ...for worke about y" Pillars next/
, . ^ 025 . 00 . 00
ye street I "^
Jan. 24 1674. Timber for the Street Gates 004 . 01 . 04
July I 1675. to Manners y® joyner his bill for 11 Norway
plankes for Bilexions for y^ Street Gate 002 . 15 . 00
Aug. 13 p''. to Peirce y* Carver for Roses, Festoons & other
worke about y"^ Gates 001 . 10 . 00
[At the same time the low walls M'ere built which used to bound the walk from the
Gate to the Court on either side. They are shewn in Loggan's print : and their
profile may still be .seen on the eastern wall of the College (fig. i)].
Sep. 16. 1673. to Haslop his bill for worke about y" walls
next y'' street and y*^ crosse wall up to y* Colledge 014 . 19 . 05
Oct. 2 1 . p'' to Brierley y" Smith his first bill for iron worke
about y'^ Gate 001 . 04 . 03
Dec. 4. p** to Jo. Manning... for 219 feet of copeing for y"^
walls next y'^ street reddy scapled 012 . 15 . 06"
•'* Accounts, p. 132. The twelve rooms consist of the four stories of rooms at the
west end of the old south building in addition to the eight rooms contained in tlie
west building of 1669.
^ [At the head of the accounts for the "New Hall and Buttery" (p. 136) it is
IV.l WORKS EXECUTED FROM 1669 TO 1715. I05
writer^ of the account book, "we laid y" foundation of y'' walls for
ye hall & butterys, & brought them within 3 or 4 courses of bricks
as high as y« free stone is first laid ; and so covered them with
hame & earth secure from frosts, and we had a good stocke of
freestone and new bricks (for y'^ old materialls were all first
spent in y^ foundations) reddy for worke when we found our-
selues able to goe on, w=^ was in 1685 & 1686. Our stocke of
P"ig. 8. Central portion of the west range, from the inside of the court, after Loggan.
bricks for feare of losse by y*' frorsts was sold, & y"" money
good to bye new when we were sure to use them "."
stated that "ye receits of money liegan in 1681 and continued till Lady Day 1689.
The expences began in y<= yeare 1682, and continued till y^ beginning of y* yeare
1689." This fixes exactly the date of the building of the north side of the Court.]
' [Dr Samuel Blythe, Master (1678 — 1713), and a great benefactor. He died
Ap. 19, 1713. MSS. Cole, ii. ir.]
^ About this time (20 Feb. 1685) Dr Barnabas Oley died. In his will (dated
23 May, 1684), he bequeathed "100 marks English money to be laid out in building
a Library in the North Range from one end to the other upon the ground ; the
Hall at the West end, above the Library ; the Chapped at the East end above
I06 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
Meanwhile (Sep. 9. 1684), Robert Grumbold was paid "for
looking after y® laying and raiseing of the foundation in 1683,
& for drawing a designe for y^ building fifty shillings \" Thus
we have the author of this part of the work at least, and its
style is very different from that of the two previous portions,
the original namely, and the river front. No attempt is made
to unite this side with the other by continuation of lines or
levels. It is surmounted by a regular entablature proportioned
to the block pilasters upon which it rests, and this abuts at
each end against the walls of the chambers. In other respects,
however, the composition possesses great ability. It is so con-
trived as to retain enough of the earlier work to avoid glaring
incongruities. But to this subject I shall return in a future
chapter, my proper subject at present being the history, and
not the characteristics, of architecture.
On Feb. 23, 1685, " preparations were begun to proceed in
y^ building .... and Labourers sett to worke to uncover y*^
walls and digg y'= Cellars, and open foundations for y^ bricke
pillars;" and on June iS, 1687, Grumbold was paid "twenty
four pounds for working and setting all y*^ stone Railes and
Ballisters over y° New Hall and Butteries." Thus we have the
beginning and end of the wall work. The accounts shew that
Robert Grumbold, the Architect, was also the Master Mason,
and was paid 20s. a week for supervising the workmen. The
College found all materials. The Roof of the Hall and Combi-
nation Chamber (over the Butteries) was slated in 1686 and
1687, and Mr David Fy field of London contracted to do all
the plaster work in 1687 and 1688, in which year the windows
were glazed ^ Cornelius Austin, whose name so often occurs at
this time in Cambridge, wainscotted the Hall in 1688 and 1689^;
the Library ; and nothing above the Hall or Chappell." Yet this distribution ot
these apartments is wholly different from that which was actually commenced the
year before his will was made. In the margin of his will he added "This loo marks
I have also payd." ' Accounts, p. I40.
- The total expenditure on the Hall and Butteries as audited April 18, 1689, was
^2084. IIS. 6(/. Accounts, p. 152.
•* "March y« 4"' 1688. paid to Cornelius Austin in part for y'^
wainescott in y*' new Hall ninety pounds 090 . 00 . 00
March y® 28. 1689. paid in full to Corn : Austin thirty seven
pounds one shilling, for y« vvainescott on both sides y'^ new
IV.] WORKS EXECUTED FROM 1669 TO 1715. IO7
and the Combination Room\ which Cole"' styles " y*^ best pro-
portion'd Room in y^ whole University," and which is certainly
a remarkably handsome work of its kind, in June of the latter
year^.
The Hall and Butteries occupy about three quarters of the
north side. Of the remainder, including the Kitchen with
the Library over it, we are told that on " Apr. y« 29th, 1689,
we first began to open y^ ground, in order to lay all y^ founda-
tions, not laid before, & then continued to finish y^ Kitchin,
& cover it securely from all winde and weather." The roof
was in fact slated in the following October, but the Library
over it was not fitted up for many years afterwards, and pro-
bably the floor was not laid*. Loggan's view, published in
1689 or 1690, represents the whole Quadrangle clear and com-
plete, whereas it wanted at that time all the northern half
of the west side, and had the old Hall standing in the middle
of it^ But he mentions below that the west side was not
Hall at 7-f. per yard square, and for y"* wainscott at y*"
upper end, and on both sides y^ Screen, at 9-^. per yard
square, also in full for y® carved Corinthian heads of y*^
Fillers, w"''' cost 1 6^'' 037 . 01 . 00"
1 "July y« 31*'' 1689. paid in full to Cornelius Austin for y^ Combination Wainscott
being 248 yards square at 9-^. y^ yard, also for carveing y^ Architraue, bedmolding, and
cornish, being together 116 feet long at i-^. 6"^. y" foot, also for niaterialls and worke
of 5 sash window frames, at 3''. lo-^. C^. for each window, also for hinges to y"" 3 doors,
and fory^ Railes and Banisters over y« Screen 97 . 15 . 00." Previous payments
amounting to ^50 . o . o made a total of ;[^i47 . 15 . o. Accounts, p. 158,
2 MSS. Cole, ii. 12.
"* [The following items, referring to this work, are interesting. Accounts, p. 150.]
"Octob. y^ 3d. 1687. paid to M'' Francis Percy, for Carveing
worke about y® Cupulo and stare-case 005 . i o . 00
Novemb. 2^. 1687. p'' to AP' Peixy for carveing y*= CoUedge
Coat of Arms in a stone sheild over y*" new hall doore ooi . 00 . 00
Aug. y" 6"" 1688. paid to James Blisse his bill for painting in
Oyle ye window barrs, also about y* Cupulo, y'' Garrett
windows, the Eaves on y'^ north side and for guilding y«
Fane on y* Cupulo 004 . 18 . 06"
■* [The cost of this piece of building, as audited on May 9, 1690 (Accts. p. 162),
was £g^8 • 02 . oo| ; to which may be added ;i^343 . 00 . 08 (Ibid. p. 168) for fittings
and other work, spent in 1692, 1693, and 1694, making a total of ^1321 . 02 . o8|.
The tables and forms cost ^^37 . 19 . 06.]
s The following entries (Accounts, p. 168) shew that the greater part of the old
Hall was retained : though a payment of ^2 . 2 . o on Oct. 24, 1640, to Phihp
Hall and others "for takeing p' of y° Old Hall" (Accounts, p. 53) indicates that a
portion, probably that which abutted on the south range, had been pulled down before.
I08 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
complete, and was only represented by the engraver as it was
intended to be finished \ It will be remarked that the Com-
bination windows in this engraving are latticed, but the Library
windows are bare openings. Four years passed before the
buildings were furnished and ready for use ; when the new
Hall was inaugurated by a banquet on April 20, 1693 ".
fM'' Tho: Henchman for his Chamber, w'^'* was late y"
Combination dineing room 006 . co . 00
M'' Heme for y« late Hall now made a chamber
( for a study for his Pupill Morgan 002 . 00 . 00
( for a study for his pupill Cardell 002 . 00 . 00
' Licomes
allowed
paid in by
to y^
r' 11 > M"' Rich. Laughton for y'^ late Combination, with hange-
CoUese . ' &
ings, chaires, and tables 015 . 00 . 00
M'' Whiston for y*' Chamber (late y buttery) for his
pupill Whadcocke Preist 003 . 00 .
of M'' Heme for his Pupill Newton, y"^ Income of y*" 3''.
study in y' old Hall 002 . 00 . 00
June y^ 23. 1693. paid to James Disbrow his bill for lathes,
nailes, haire, mortar and worke in making up y" Partitions
in y* late Hall, butteries and Combination then turned into
Chambers 06 . 02 . 05
~ June y« 30. 1693. paid Geo. Brierleys Smiths bill for lockes,
and keyes and crosse garnettes for y'' doors in y« late hall,
Butteries, and new Paper Office, [etc.] 03 . 15 . 08"
' Loggan says, at the bottom of his view of the Hall, in which the west side of
the court also is drawn in perspective: " Cceterum quod opus est, de hac structura
(versus occasum) cessat in prKsentia ; hoc autem complevit Artificis Chalcographi
manus quidem munifica."]
2 [The accounts for that year (p. 166) furnish us with what Professor Willis calls
"a delicious record of the College feasts of those times." I transcribe the items having
reference to it. The total shews that the entertainment was more than usually
splendid. ]
"April ye 20. 1693. a Treatment of our Benefactors at the first
opening of our new hall y" charge of which was as follows,
May y'^ 5 1693. to Ch: Bumstead for y" use of peuter at y"
treat 01 . 18 . 06
May y® 11. 93. pd. Henry Green his Cookes bill for all his
provisions at y'^ dinner 29 . oi . 00
— 13. 93. paid Edw: Huckes bill for 3 choristers, tabacco,
sugar, knives, linnen, glasses, pipes, etc 02 . 03 . 00
June y** 30. 1693. paid Edw: Huckes bill for Beer, bread and
cheese upon account of this treat 07 . iS . 08
Octob: 12. allow for Canary and white Port wine to M'Rob:
Heme w'^'Mie paid to M'" Hinton 02 . 02 . 00
— 24 paid to M"" Heme for so much of a hogshead of red-
Port as was then spent 10 . II . 03
Total 53 . 14 . 05 "
IV.
WORKS EXECUTED FROM 1669 TO 1715.
109
The unfinished part of the west range which was reserved
for the Master's Lodge was " begun in pursuit of an Order
of y'^ Society bearing date April 5, 1704" in May 1705^ and
completed apparently in the autumn of 1707, though the ac-
counts were not audited until July 1708, when it appeared that
the building had cost up to that time ^1508.03. ii. On Jan.
21, 1709, an order of the Society directed that the finishing and
Fi'g. g. River front, shewing the original design (1671), and the changes made in 1715 and 1815 ;
reduced from a lecture diagram by Professor Willis. '
fitting up should be undertaken. It was begun in February
of that year, and apparently not completed until 17 15, when the
garden also was laid out'^ [It was fitted with sash windows in
1 7 19, as the following order shews ;
"April 18, 1 7 19. We have also agreed that the side of the College
next the Fellows garden be sash'd, and the 2 arches in y^ said side be
[Accounts, p. 180.]
1 7 15. "Dec. 3d. P''to Philips for making a drauglit of y' Garden
6"
I lO
Cr.ARE HAT.T,
[chap.
made up, and that the Master or his locum tenens and major part of y^
senior fellows present in College be impovvered to agree and contract
with y*^ workmen for their several prices, and that the Chestkeepers or
their deputies be impowered to issue mony for paying of y'^ workmen
out of y^ college chest."
The work done from 1709 to 1715 cost ^2501. i^s. g^d.']
Thus the Quadrangle was completed in seventy-six years
from the beginning.
The last portion included
the north half of the River
front, which in design is a
copy of the south. But dur-
ing the interval between the
building of the two halves
the crossed mullion had been
superseded by the sash. The
new windows were accord-
ingly not only fitted with
sashes, but the mullions and
transoms, or crosses, were cut
out- of the earlier portion.
This is evident by inspection,
for the jambs of these win-
dows retain the marks of the
insertion of the original tran-
soms on the south half of pig. 10. Kitchen window.
1 Accounts, pp. 207, 211, 213. The following agreements (11 )id. p. 188) give useful
information concerning the progi-ess of the Building.
"Mai'. I. 1705—6. M"' Grumbold's Proposalls then made for Finishing the
remaining Part of the New Building
Imprimis. For j 50 foot of Rayle & Balaster on the west & east
side of the new Building, to find Stone & Workmanship at
IS-', p. foot 112 . 10 . GO
For finding Stone & Workmanship for the Stack of Chimneys 25 . 10 00
For the two Frontis-Peices over the gate to find Stone &
Workmanship 80 . 00 . 00
For finishings for the Pedestalls on the West Side 3 . 10 . 00
For finishings over both the Gates 10 . 00 . 00
For Clenslng & looming down the Work on both sides the
New Building 5 . 10 . 00
237 . 00 . 00
IV.
WORKS EXECUTED EROM i66q TO 1715.
I I 1
the front, and on the north have evidently never been fitted
with them. The original form of the windows was still farther
interfered with in 18 15 by cutting their sills down to a lower
level, and thus destroying the characteristic pedestal form
which they at first possessed '. [These changes will be best
understood by the woodcut (fig. 9), which represents one com-
partment of the west front
in the three stages. One
window, on the north side
of the kitchen, still pre-
serves its original mullion
and transom without altera-
tion. A figure of it is here
given (figs. 10, 11), with its
moldings.]
The Gateway fronts on
the court side and river side
of the west Range, were
also built by Grumbold at
the same time as the
Master's Lodge". Log-
gan's print (fig. 8) shews
the archway decorated with
a dressing that rises only pig. „. Kitchen window.
The College to fiml scaffolding, lime & sand, lead & Iron, & allowance for the
Workmen in the Butterys." It was agreed between M'' Grumbold and M'' Clarke the
Bursar, on Mar. 9, 1705 — 6, that the work should be done for £210.
1 [College Order Book. July 21, 1815. "Whereas the Window Frames on the
West Side of the College have long been in a state of Decay, from the Effects of Time
and the W^eather, that new ones be put into the Windows according to the Plan best
approved by the Master and resident Fellows in College : and as it would be advis-
able to lengthen the Windows on the Ground Floor, that the Plan and Estimate
of M"" Tomson be approved of : and that the Opinion of an Architect be taken
respecting the Lengthening of the Windows on the first Floor : leaving the ultimate
decision upon any alteration to the Master and Resident Fellows in College." The
builder employed was M"' Humfrey.] Harraden's view, published in 1809, shews
these pedestals all along the river front.
- Cole gives the following account of the Lodge (1742) : "The Master's Lodge
lies on ye W^. end of ye Quadrangle & contains one half of it or more, viz. from
ye Division of it by ye Arch wch leads to ye Bridge quite to ye End of it towards
Trinity Hall, & is a very good one being like ye Front to ye River, sashed : some of
112 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
to the sill of the window above it : [and which closely resembles
that of the lower portion of the gate on the opposite side of
the court. The upper story added by Grumbold, which is shewn
in the view of the entire gate here given (fig. 12), was intended
to harmonize with the style of his river front, described above
and partly figured (fig. 9)].
On Sept. 28, 1762, it was agreed
"That the Battlements of the south and east sides of the Court be
taken down, and Balustrades be put up in dieir stead ; and that the
windows of the College, except those belonging to the Garrets, be glaz'd
with crown glass, in such manner, and at such times, as shall be agreed
upon by the Master and the resident Fellows \"
It may be presumed that it was upon occasion of the
carrying out of this glazing that the arches, or hanse-heads,
were cut out of the window-heads, which are now square at the
top (figs. 7, 10).
CHAPTER V.
Libraries and present Chapel.
It remains to speak of the Libraries and present Chapel
of the College. We have already seen that the north side of
the ancient quadrangle had a room next the roof, extending
over the Chapel and other apartments, which was probably
appropriated to the Library^ from the building of the Chapel
these being too large for himself he lets out occasionally to Fellow-Commoners, par-
ticularly those over ye Arch & on ye right hand of it, in ye ist floor of wch I lived
1 years by ye leave of my most respected and worthy friend Thomas Westerne Esq.
of Rivenhall in ye County of Essex, then a Fellow Commoner in y' College." MSS.
Cole, ii. 12.
1 [College Order Book.]
^ This is shewn in Loggan's view, where it is marked " Bibliotheca, " and in
Cole's sketch already referred to (fig. 4).
Fig. 12. Eafit front of the gate-way in the west range of Clare Hall, designed and built by
Robert (Irumbold, lyts-?.
To face p. 1 1 : .
Vol. 1.
v.] LIBRARIES AND PRESENT CHAPEL. II3
in 1535. It was undergoing some great improvements and
refittings in 1627 when the Duke of Buckingham, then Chan-
cellor, visited the University, as shewn by a passage in one of
Mr Joseph Mede's letters to Sir Martin Stutcville, where he
tells his correspondent that
" D"" Pask [the Master], out of his familiaritie, must needs carrie him
[the Duke] to see a new librarie they are building in Clare Hall,
notwithstanding it was not yet furnished with books ; but by good
chance, being an open roome, 2 women were gotten thither to see his
grace out at the windowes, but when the duke came thither were un-
expectedly surprised. — ' M"" doctor, quoth the duke (when he saw
them) you have here a fliire librarie, but here are 2 books not very well
bound'.' "
The bookcases, which are now in the present library, so
exactly resemble those of S. John's Library which were made
in 1623, that it is certain that the work in the old Library just
alluded to consisted partly of fitting it up with the classes in
question ^ On the other hand, the formation of the present
Library over the Kitchen is not distinctly recorded in the
College Books, We only know that its walls were built in 1689,
and that when Cole wrote the following description^ in 1742
it was completed, and the old Library also was still in use.
"At the E. end of this [Combination] Room is y^ Library belonging
to y" Coll : having a Way into it from y*^ Master's Lodge w^*^ is y" grand
way up to it, & y^ common way from y'^ Combination. This Library
also is y^ most elegant of any in y*^ University, being a very large Avell-
proportion'd Room a la moderne, w''^ y*" Books rang'd all round it &
not in Classes as in most of y*" rest of y'^ Libraries in other Colleges. . . .
The old Library is over y" Chapel, & had they not one so much better,
w^ not be reckoned a despicable one, being fitted up w"^ wainscote
Classes on both sides, & has a great many good Books also in that
which are separated from y*" rest, as being either not so valuable or in
worse condition, consisting chiefly of Commentators : there is also a
good Collection of Lalian & Spanish Authors there."
The old Chapel, and with it the old Library, were pulled
down in 1763, and the classes, which are most elegant speci-
mens of their period, and have suffered little or no alteration,
1 It is dated 10 Mar. 1626 — 7: and is printed with many others relating to the
University in Heywood's Puritan Transactions, ii. 355.
^ [See the chapter on College Libraries.]
^ MSS. Cole, ii. 11, dated Feb. 15, 1742.
VOL. I. 8
114 CLARE HALL. [CHAP.
were removed to the new Library, and arranged in the central
space of the room, where they now stand.
[The two following College Orders shew that another room,
besides the present one, once served the purposes of a Library
after the original one over the Chapel had been destroyed'.
Some of the fittings of the still older one had apparently been
placed in it for a time.
"May 14, 1 818. That a plan and estimate of converting the Old
Library into sets of Rooms for Undergraduates be laid before the
Master and Fellows in College, and that if it meets with their Approba-
tion it be put in Execution.
Nov. 26, 1818. I. That the Room Rent of the Rooms lately fitted
up in the Old Library be two pounds per quarter each.
2. That the shelves in the Classes removed from the Old Library
be newly arranged; that the books which require binding be rebound,
and the rest of them cleaned; and that a Catalogue of them be made
and the Classes cleaned and varnished."
I am told that the " old Library " here referred to occupied
the space over the present Hall : but it is not now known why
it.was so employed after the construction of the Library now
in use.
It had been intended from the first to rebuild the Chapel on
an extended scale in its old position : and Loggan's print shews
the toothing of the wall at the north-east corner of the east
range prepared for the junction of the Chapel to it. Want of
funds however delayed the execution, or even the serious enter-
tainment of this idea until 1734, when Edward Ward, Esquire, of
Stoke Dayle, in the county of Northampton, having bequeathed
five hundred pounds to the College " to be applied either to the
rebuilding of their Chapel, or the augmentation of their Library,
or to other purposes," it was agreed (Oct. i) "that the said five
hundred pounds be applied to the rebuilding of our College
Chapel, being the Use first specified in the above Clause of his
Will." The money was laid out in the purchase of Bank Stock,
" to be applied, together with its produce (as soon as it can con-
veniently be done), to the above-mentioned purpose." Nearly
-^ [That the first Library had ceased to be so used as early as 1738 is proved by a
College order of that year (Oct. 18) directing that " an apartment in the old Library be
fitted up for the reception" of the goods of Dr Robert Greene deceased.]
v.] LIBRARIES AND PRESF:NT CHAPEL. I I
thirty years however elapsed before the College found itself in a
position to undertake the work. An unexpected legacy in 1763
occasioned the following Order :
"Jan. 18, 1763. Whereas our late Master Dr John Wilcox has by
his Will bequeathed to the College the whole residue of his Fortunes
towards building a new chapel, which, with former benefactions, it is
thought may be sufficient for that purpose, it is agreed that the old
chapel be pulled down, and a new one built with all convenient speed ;
and that the whole work shall be carried on according to such directions
as shall be given by the Master and major part of the resident Society."
By this bequest the College received ^^5348, which was increased
by subscriptions to £'jo']\. No time was lost in commencing
the work : for the pulling down of the old Chapel was begun on
Feb. 14 in the same year, and the first stone of the new one was
laid on May 3 by Dr Goddard, Master of the College, then Vice-
Chancellor\ with the following prayer:
"Faxit Deus ut sacrosanctum ^'Editicium lapide posito inchoatum
feliciter assurgat, et tempore opportune omnibus suis numeris et par-
tibus expletum erigatur ; stetque diutissime elegantia sua et pulchri-
tudine spectabile, in Dei Optimi Maximi gloriam et honorem, et Aulas
nostr^e Clarensis decus et ornamentum. Amen."]
It was designed by Sir James Burrough, Master of Caius
College, but he dying in 1764, three years before it was finished,
it was completed by James Essex, who in fact appears from
the accounts to have assisted from the beginning, and to have
made the working drawings. It is a very favourable specimen of
Burrough's architecture, in an Italian style of course, and the
octagonal antechapel lighted from the cupola is an original
feature. It was consecrated, in the presence of his Grace the
Archbishop of Canterbury, by Richard Terrick, BishojD of
London", July 5, 1769. The whole expense was ^7327. os. yi., in
which sum is included a gratification to the heirs of Sir J. Bur-
rough of £2\, and another of ;^200 to Mr Essex "for his
^ [See the Cambridge Chronicle for April 30 and May 7, 1763. For an account
of the cornerstone, which was laid at the north-east corner of the new building,
see Chapter I., and for other particulars the Cambridge Portfolio, p. 191, where
good views of the south elevation, and of the interior looking eastwards, are given.
There is a view of the same, looking eastwards, by Mackenzie, in Ackermann, i. 35.]
^ [Bishop of London, 1764 — 1777. He had been Fellow of the College.]
8—2
Il6 CLARE HALL. [CHAP. V.
drawing of plans, measuring of work, and for all his other care
and trouble about the building and finishing the Chapel \"
[Very little alteration has taken place since the original con-
struction. The roof is concealed by a handsome coved ceiling of
stucco-work. The apsidal east end contains the original wooden
altarpiece, consisting of four fluted Corinthian columns support-
ing an entablature and pediment. Beneath is a picture of the
Annunciation by Cipriani, put up when the Chapel was built, at
a cost of i^ioo. The stalls, panclwork and organ gallery belong
to the same period. The organ was brought from the Church of
Honington in Lincolnshire. It has since been enlarged. The
windows were filled in 1870 with stained glass by Wailes, in
consequence of a bequest of Thomas Henry Coles, D.D., with
the exception of the easternmost window on the south side, the
glass for which had been previously given by the Rev. Joseph
Power, M.A., Fellow and University Librarian.
Considerable alterations and improvements were made in
the Hall in 1870 — 1872 under the direction of Sir M. Digby
Wyatt, architect. The wood and stone carving were executed
by Mr Thomas Phyfifers. The principal works were an ex-
tremely beautiful ceiling of plaster, supported on iron girders ; a
large fireplace on the north side, ornamented with large oak
figures, supporting a bust of the Foundress : and a wooden floor,
with a dais in parquet-work for the high table. Stone panels,
pierced with quatrefoils, were inserted into the lower part of the
windows in order to provide some portion that could be opened ;
and plate glass was substituted above for the old square panes.
The woodwork was at the same time enriched with arabesques
and festoons of fruit and flowers, most skilfully introduced into
the blank spaces in the pilasters and cornice, and the walls were
tastefully decorated with patterns in colour. The cost of the
whole was nearly £sSoo.]
[^ When his name first occurs in the accounts Jan. 9, 1766, he is described as
"M' Essex (Carpenter).'"]
APPEN. I.] CHRONOLOGY OF BUILDING. II/
Chronology of the Building of the existing College.
Cost.
East Range. May 1638 — May 1641. 1
Bridge Jan. 1638, 9 — Nov. 1640. \ 5300 . 12 . 08
South Range. July 1640 — Xmas 164-2. J
West Range.
Foundations laid. Jan. 30, 1640 — i. ~1
Work resumed, and E. wall raised 10 feet high. 1662. |
Work again resumed. April 19, 1669. I
Stone work of Southern half finished. Nov. 20, 1669. )■ 2624 . 02 . 00
Battlements next the Court. May, 1671. |
Woodwork and fittings. 1676. I
Gates and Walls next the street. 1673. j
North Range.
Hall, Combination Room,) "1
c Tj ., • t it May 26, 168? — Tune, 1687.
& Butteries, stonework j ■' o j > <
,, slating 1686—7. \ 2084 . II .06
,, plastering, ) I
glazing, wainscotting ) ' ' ^^ ^' 1
Kitchen and Library begun April 29, 1689.
Formal opening of Hall A
Walks and Avenue planted 1691.
West Range, Northern half, & Gates.
Stonework
Fittings
Battlements on S. and E. sides of Court
replaced by Balustrades
New Chapel.
Windows in S. half of W. front altered.
Summary of Total cost.
East Range, South Range, Bridge.
West Range.
North Range.
Avenue and Walks.
1689.
1321 .
, 02
• 08^
1 20, 1693.
138 .
, 01
• 07
May, 1705— 1707.
1508 ,
■ 03
. II
Feby. 1709— 1715.
2501 ,
■ 15 ■
• 09i
1762.
1763— 1769.
1815.
5300 .
. 12
. 8
6634 ,
, I
• 8^
3405 ■
14
• H
138 .
I
• 7
£
15478 .
, 10
• ^i
Il8 CLARE HALL. [APPEN.
APPENDIX. No. I.
The Answer of Clare-Hall to ccrtaine Reasons of Kings College touehing Butt-elose^.
L To the first we answer: — 1°. That y" annoyance of y^ windes gathering be-
tweene y*^ Chappell and our CoUedge is farre greater and more detriment to y' Chappell,
then any benefitt which they can imagine to receiue by y'' shelter of our Colledge from
wind and Sunne.
2". That y'' Colledge of Clare-hall being sett so neare as now it is, they will not
only be sheltered from wind and sunne, but much deprived both of ayre and light.
3". That y'= removeall of Clare Hall 70 feet westward will take away little or no
considerable privacy from their gardens and Avalkes : for y' one of their gardens is
farre remote, and y° nearer fenced with a very high wall, and a vine spread upon a
long frame, under which they doe and may privately walke.
IL To the second, not presuming to question the iudgement of former tymes,
which were confined to their portion of ground ; we answer y' y*^ beauty of Kings
Coll: Chappell is not pretended, but that it will be really advanced by y® remoove of
Clare-hall, as is obvious not only to men of skill, but to every ordinary and indifferent
eye ; and though y® Founder meant to ioyne his owne Colledge to his Chappell,
yet no wise man will imagine, y' his Highnes ever, meant to ioyne one flat side of his
Colledge within 14 foot before tlie lights or porches of his Chappell, as part of Clare-
Hall now stands.
HI. To the third we say y' y'' convenience is mutuall; neither could we ayme
wholly at our owne who did petition his Ma'-^ to settle such order, as might tend
to y" accommodation of both Colledges : and y' by y*' remoove of our Colledge, and
taking in y'' third part of Butt-close, our charge will be encreased f^\OQO at y** least,
whereas they are at little or no charge.
IV. To y'' fourth we say first, That though we should enioy y"^ same quantity
of ground, after y° remoove of our Colledge, yet y* same beeing so little, and by
theise means so divided, the one part in y'= west and the other eastward of our
Colledge ; there would not in any competency be sufficient at either end for necessary
use. And next, y' we should not enioy all y'= said ground, having offered a large part
thereof unto them for the enlargement of their Chappellyard, and fairer accesse
to their Chappell, w* is now most undecent.
V. To the fift we say, y' we desire no supply of ground from them which may
not well stand w"' their convenience, and for y^ mutuall benefit of both Colledges ;
though in case our Colledge should be rebuilt where now it is, yet it were but
neighbourly respect in them freely to accommodate us with a Passage -into the feilds,
w* would be little or no preiudice unto them, and much advantage to us, who being
as many in number, yet have not y** tenth part of y* ground, which they enioy, either
for necessity or recreation.
VL To the Sixt we say; That beside their Chappellyard, which is very
spacious, they have three gardens, or orchards; one for y" Provost which is lett out
for ;^io a yeare (as we are informed) ; one for the Seniors, and another for y'
^ King's College Treasury A. 144.
I.] BUTT CLOSE CONTROVERSY. II9
Juniors ; and one other peice of ground called y" Laundresseyard, which is neare
as large as their Butt-close, whereof we desire but one part, so y' if tlieir Coll: should
be built according to the patterne intended, yet they should hauc a large compasse
of ground both for their gardens and walkes.
VII. To y° Seventh we say y' this Statute is y"^ onely Reason alleaged by them,
and for y" qualifying whereof, we then were, and still are, humble Petitioners to his
Sacred Ma"'^' for his Royall Dispensation.
To this King's College returned the following answer.
A Reply of King's Colledge to f Ans-wer of Clare-Hall.
I. The wind so gathering breeds no detriment to our Chappell, nor did ever
putt us to any reparacions there. The upper battlements indeed at y'= west end
haue sometimes suffered from y'= wind, but y*^ wind could not there be straightned
by Clare Hall, w"^^'' scarce reacheth to y"^ fourth part of y' height.
1°. No whit at all, for our lower Story hath few windovves y' way : the other
are so high y' Clare-Hall darkens them not, and hath windowes so large y' both
for light and ayre no Chambers in any Coll. exceed them.
3°. The farther garden is not farre remote, being scarce 25 yards distant from
their intended building ; y" nearer is on one side fenced w"* a high wall indeed,
but y' wall is fraudulently alleaged by them, and beside y" purpose ; for y' wall y'
stands betweene their view and y" garden is not much aboue 6 fool in height : and
y' we haue any vine or frame there to walke under is manifestly untrue.
II. Our Founder was not confined to y' portion of ground for his Chappell,
but had free roome to set it further East or South, if he had not thought this Site
convenient ; nor doth y'= flat side of Clare-Hall stand before y^ Chappell porch,
unlesse some sixe foot bredth of y® utmost corner.
III. We have been allready at great charge in endeavouring to hold our owne,
which is conferred to us by y'= broad Scale and Act of Parliament, and from y'
alienating of which we are strongly tyed by oath. And their charges of ^1000
w'''' they say they shall incurre by a removall, will be so much spent for their owne
content and benetilt ; and not to be alleaged to us, who neither desire this of them,
nor could hope for so great a courtesie.
IV. They may enioy all y« ground w* formerly they haue done, and in what
manner they please, we desire no way to sollicite them : and y' large part, w"'' they
mention for y" enlargement of our Chappell yard is but about 70 foot square, being
not halfe of y' W*^ they relinquish by their remoovall.
V. To part w"' many parcell of our ground will be very inconvenient to us,
yet in neighbourlike respect we never denyed to accommodate them w"' a passage
upon reasonable conditions, and after a manner which may be warrantable.
And if by their number they be straightned, it proceeds from themselues, who
admitt of those y' appertaine not to their foundation : w'^'' inconvenience we for our
part haue allwaies carefully avoyded.
And supposing y' true touching our ground and number compared with theirs
[yi"^ we thinke alltogether untrue) notw"^tanding, we should not hold it reason to
divide with them because we have more then they.
VI. Our Prouosts garden w* they mention is farre remote from his Lodgings, and
quite without our precincts and walls, for w* allso he payeth a yearely Rent ; neither
I20 CLARE HALL. [APPEN. IL
letteth he it out for y^ sume menconed by a fourth part ; and reserveth to himselfe
full libertie and entire power thereof for his recreation and use. Now if he lett it out
againe (as his predecessors formerly did) it can with no better reason be obiected to
him, then y' we should charge their Master, if he should lend out his Lodgings
himselfe in regard of discontinuance, having little occasion to use them.
Then if our Colledge should be built according to y' Patterne, our gardens which
are now would be taken up with buildings, nor any place left us for recreations, saue
onely this Butt-close, w"^"^ for y' verie purpose, and so specified, was dearely bought
by our Founder from y" Towne ; and for the peice called y'^ Laundresse yard (w* is
but halfe as large as they pretende) it was by our Founder destined and is at this
present employed to other purposes.
VII. That they onely peticoiied for his Ma"'*^ dispensation is manifestly untrue ;
for y* would leaue us free to order all for our fittest convenience ; but their endeavour
is to force us : and some of their Colledge haue told us plainely that they will haue it
inspight of our teeths.
No. II.
Certificate that the Clare Hall petition for compensation is eqjtitable.
Wee whose names are underwritten haueing perused a petition of the Society of
Clare-Hall in the University of Cambridge heretofore presented to his Highness Oliver
Lord Protectour of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland And an
order of reference made thereupon dated Fryday the 20"' of January 1653 to us
directed :
In obedience thereunto do humbly certify that the matter of fact as conteined
in the foresayd petition is trae both as to what is said concerning the Tymber taken
from the said Colledge and imployed for the States use and benefit to the value
of two hundred seaventy five pounds one shilling and sixpence, and also for the
dammage thereby sustained from the 31"' of March 1642 untill March 31''' 1654 that
it amounts to two hundred twenty eight pounds fine shillings. The totall fine hundred
and three pounds six shillings and sixpence, But wee know not of any woods belonging
to the State in those parts out of which the petitioners may be satiffied either in
Tymber or to the value aforesaide.
Subscribed
La. Seamon Procan, Fran, Russell.
RoBT. Castell.
III.
^tmhrofee CoIUflt.
CHAPTER I.
History of the Site'.
jHE present College consists of three Courts: the
original quadrangle, or "Old Court," at the north-
west corner of the site ; a second, or " New Court,"
on the east of the first; and a third, or "Chapel
Court," to the south of the Old Court. This last has Bishop
Wren's chapel on the south, the Lodge on the east, and Sir
Robert Hitcham's cloister on the west. The Master's garden
1 [In the following chapters it must be understood that Professor Willis is speaking
of the College as it stood before the alterations which were commenced in 1862, and
are still in progress. It is hoped that the accompanying plans of the College will
make the description perfectly intelligible. His history of the site was unfinished.
This is the less to be regretted from the admirable order in which the documents
belonging to Pembroke College were left by the late Master, Dr Ainslie. He not
only arranged and catalogued all the muniments with extraordinary industry and
accuracy, but drew up accounts of the Site, of the Buildings, and of the Life of the
Foundress, which render further research unnecessary. These, written out with his
own hand in a 4°. volume, are preserved in the Master's Lodge, where my friend the
Rev. John Power, the present Master, has given me every facility for consulting them.
It will therefore be understood that I am referring to one or other of those works,
when the authority of Ur Ainslie is quoted. The pieces composing the site have
Ijeen laid down on the plan (fig. i): but as dimensions are rarely given in medieval
conveyances their relative size must depend in most cases upon conjecture.]
122 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
lies to the south of the Hall and Lodge ; that of the Fellows
to the south and east of the New Court.
[An open pasture, called Swynecroft or S. Thomas' Leys,
formerly extended from Trumpington Street to what is now
Regent Street, and bounded the College on the south and east.]
A public lane, leading to this pasture, traversed the site from
north to south, and separated the New Court and Fellows'
garden from the orchard and meadows beyond. The north
boundary of the site, now called Pembroke Street, was originally
the outer circuit of the town, running along the King's Ditch ;
and the Town Gate called Trumpington Gate was consequently
a little to the north of the entrance to the College.
The area of the Old Court and of part of the New Court con-
sisted originally of two separate parallel slips fronting the street,
long and narrow, in the usual manner of town building lots.
The northernmost was a great messuage bought from Hervey
de Stanton, Rector of Elm\ Sept. 14, 1346 (20 Edw. III.);
the next was called University Hostel, and was bought from the
Chancellor, Richard Lyng, and the Regents and non-Regents
of tlie University, Dec. ii, 1351 (25 Edw. HI.)l These were
acquired by the Foundress herself She also, on April 4, 1363
{'^y Edw. HI.), bought an acre of meadow on the other side
of the narrow lane above mentioned, and made it into an
orchard ^ as shewn in Hammond's plan (fig. 3). This acre, with
^ [He was probably nephew of the founder of Michael House. Elm is 2 miles
S.E. of Wisbeach. The property is described in the conveyance as "Messuagium
extra Trompeton Gate inter hospicium Universitatis Cantebrig' ex una parte, et
fossatum Domini Regis ville predicte ex altera : et unum caput abuttat super Regiam
viam, et aliud caput super venellam que ducit ad Swynecroft." Registrum Magnum
of Pembroke College, fol. i. N°. 21.]
^ It is described as, " inter messuagium quondam Johannis de Holm ex parte
australi et messuagium predictorum Custodis et Scholarium ex parte boriali," with the
same abuttals W. and E. as the last. Ibid. fol. 2, N". i.
•* [The Foundress bought it of Richard Mordon, clerk, and William de Wyghton,
perpetual vicar of Trinity Church. Their conveyance, dated "die Martis in septimana
Paschali 37 Edw''. III.," describes it as " unam acram prati jacentem infra muros juxta
gardinum vocatum le Paschalyerd, et abuttat ad unum caput super croftum monia-
lium Sancte Radegunde Cantebrigie, et alxUlat ad aliud caput super tenementum
Johannis de Wistowe et aulam Pembrochianam." She granted it on 17 April, 1372
(46 Ed. III.), to Arnold de Pynkeny and Richard de Titteshale, clerks. It is then
described as a garden, "jacentem inter gardinum ecclesie beate marie ex parte boriali,
et campum vocatum Swynecroft ex parte australi." It finally became the property
I.]
HISTORY OF THE SITE.
123
the addition of a piece of ground to the south\ acquired by the
College July 4, 1401 (2 Hen IV.), makes up the present " Fel-
lows' large garden."
In 1389, twelve years after the death of the Foundress", the
College purchased ground called Cosyn's Elace adjacent to their
Fig. 3. Pembroke College, reduced from Hammond's Map of Cambridge, 1592.
south boundary'*, which w^as further extended by the next ac-
c^uisition, a house called Bolton's or Knapton's Place. [This was
of the College, Jan. 10, 12 Ric. H., 1389. The deeds are all copied in the Registrum
Magnum, " De Gardino." Wistowe was the previous possessor of the tenement called
Cosyn's Place described below.]
1 [This piece of ground is described in the conveyance to the College as containing
3 roods. In the earliest deed relating to it (13 Ric II., 1389—90) this quantity is ex-
pressed as tuiam selioiiein. This defines the meaning of the word"j^/w" in this deed,
to be, as Dr Ainslie remarks, 3 customary roods. In one of the deeds relating
to Crossinge Place, dated 1684, it appears to be two-thirds of a customary acre,
which " in the vicinity of Cambridge is something less than 3 statute roods. Whence
it would seem that the ' selion ' should be about half a statute acre. By adding the
two pieces together the whole orchard would prove to be 7 roods customary, which
is under 5 roods statute. From the survey lately taken the measurement appears to
be I a. 226 sq. yds. '"J
2 [She died on March 16, 51 Ed. III., 1377].
3 [It was finally purchased by the College "in die Dominica proxima post festum
sancti Hilarii 12 Ric. II." i. e. on Jan. 17, 13S9, INISS. Baker, vii. 178. The abuttals
in the final conveyance are " inter aulam vocatam Pembrokhalle ex parte una, et
tenementum pertinens cantarie beate marie ex parte altera, et abutlat ad unum
capud super viam regiam et ad aliud capud super venellam que ducit ad Swynecrolt. "
Dr Matthew Wren says that it contained "tres rodas tene"'; and that the society con-
verted it into a garden. The reason for the connection of the name of Cosyn with it
is not known.]
124 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
bought in the first instance by John Sudbury (Master 141 1 — 28)
and others, 19 June, 1419 (7 Hen. V.), and by them transferred
to Ellen Bolton or Belton and others on 17 March, 1423
(i Hen. VI.). The precise nature of this transfer does not
appear ; for on 29 January, 1430 (8 Hen. VI.), Sudbury, who
had resigned the Mastership, conveys to his successor, John
Langton and others, " a messuage which I held conjointly with
Ellen, wife of John Knapton." " Hence," as Dr Ainslie says,
" it seems pretty obvious that the two Ellens were identical,
and that the place took its name from her both before and after
her marriage with Knapton, though it never belonged either
to her or to him in fee." According to Dr Matthew Wren,
Langton presented it to the College \]
A lease in perpetuity of the tenement called S. Thomas'
Hostel, adjacent to what was then the south boundary of the
College, was acquired on 14 June, 145 1 (29 Hen. VI.), by
Laurence Booth (Master 1450 — 80) frpm the Hospital of
S. John the Evangelist^ It was used for the lodging of students,
and attached to the College, to which it paid rent in the same
manner as Physwick Hostel to Caius, or S. Bernard's Hostel
to Corpus Christi ; and like them was governed by an Exterior
and an Interior Principal. It was suppressed at about the same
time as some others (after 1526), and then let partly as separate
tenements, partly reserved for College use I The Hostel oc-
1 [Dr Ainslie, 25 — 31. Pembroke College Treasury, College Box, G, i — 19.
Wren's MS. History, " De Custodibus Pembrochianis," 13. The abuttals in one of
the earlier deeds are "inter venellam domini Regis ex una parte et tenementum
magistri et fratrum hospitalis Johannis Evangeliste ex altera ; et abuttat in fronte
capitali super regalem viam et ad aliud caput super Swynecroft." In 8 Ric II., the
abuttals are the same except that instead of the "venella," probably a small occupa-
tion-road which had been stopped up in the interval, we find " tenementum pertinens
cantarie in ecclesia predicta" — sc. "beate marie extra Trumpyngton gates." The
house appears to have been let on lease for some years : for in 1437 we find the
following entry in the accounts: "ex dono magistri pro reparacione Domus Knapton,
20^'']
^ ["Anno 145 1 dimissionem obtinet [Booth] a fratribus Hospitalis Sancti Joannis
Evangehstte tenementi cujusdam hie in vicino ad 80 annos inde, et deinde ad 80 alios ;
sicque quamdiu Magistro et sociis nostris videbitur, pro quo etiamnum solvimus
Collegio Divi Joannis annuatim 13s. 4d." Wren, I.e. 30. " The College still enjoys
the occupation of this tenement under the like perennial Lease at the same rent."
Dr Ainslie, 38.]
[Wren speaks of " Hospitium majus S. Thoma: et minus" ; words which are con-
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE. 12$
cupied the ground now appropriated to the Master's stables,
the south side of the Chapel, and the south parts of the
Master's and Fellows' garden. It was pulled down Avhen the
building of the Chapel was undertaken soon after 1662 ^ Richard
Parker, writing about 1622, mentions that this Hostel stood
where " the garden belonging to the warden of Pembroke Hall "
then was, and adds that the adjacent field anciently called
Swynecroft had acquired the name of S. Thomas' Leas from it.
[The ground belonging to a Chantry in Little S. Mary's
Church, which intervened between Cosyn's Place and Knapton's
Place, was conveyed to the College 28 June, 1549 (3 Edw. VL),
by Thomas Wendy, M.D., the King's physician, and John Barton.
" It is probable," says Dr Ainslie, " that on the dissolution of the chant-
ries, which took place immediately on King Edward's accession, Ridley,
who was then Master, took care to purchase the fee for the College ;
Thomas Wendy, M.D., and John de Barton being merely the medium
of transfer from the Crown We shall find the same two persons simi-
larly engaged in the conveyance of [the Paschal Yard] in this same
year to Corpus Christi College "■'.'']
The piece of ground which lay between the orchard of
the College and the King's Ditch, was known by the name
of the Paschal Yard, called in Lyne's Plan^, " Pascall Close."
It belonged to a chantry in Great S. Mary's Church, founded
in 1242, and derived its name from its leases being charged
with the service of providing a Paschal candle, duly fitted up,
to burn in that Church from Easter Eve to the Eve of the
Ascension. At the dissolution of chantries it was granted by
the Crown to Dr Wendy, as the property of the above-men-
tioned chantry had been, and by him sold to Corpus Christi
College in 1549 in exchange for a tenement in Great S. Mary's".
ceived by Dr Ainslie to apply "to the parts respectively reserved and let, or else to
several portions of the same Hostel befoi'e it was let at all." The first lease was
granted in 1540. Among the portions reserved we find "the Hall called the Hostle
Hall," a "Kitchen," a "Brewhouse," and " House rooms."]
^ In that year the College redeemed the lease which they had lately given of
S. Thomas' Hostel for 40 years, evidently with the design of providing the site for
the Chapel (Dr Ainslie, 44).
* [Dr Ainslie, 45. The property is called "mesuagium sive tenementum...in
parochia de littell Sainte Maryes," and the abuttals are Pembroke Hall N and
S: the "regia via" W: and " Swynescroft alias vocat' Sainte Thomas' leyes" E.]
^ [Copied in the History of Corpus Christi College, Chapter I.]
■* iVIasters, 81.
126 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP,
It was leased to Pembroke College in 1609, and finally trans-
ferred to that body by Act of Parliament in i833\ The College
Stables, the Tennis Court, and the building which contains Dr
Long's sphere, erected about 1753, all stand upon this piece".
[Mention has been frequently made of the lane which ran
from Pembroke Street to the open pasture called Svvynecroft
or S. Thomas' Leys, and separated the western portion of the
College site from the orchard, as shewn in the early maps
(fig- 3)- The inconvenience arising from this prompted the
College to open negotiations with the town in 161 8 for its
enclosure : of which the result was a lease for 500 years (dated
May 9, 1620) of the ground in dispute, therein described as :
" A little parcel of ground or lane lying between the walls of the
said College on the West side, and on the East side lieth a close called
the Paschall Yard, as also the Orchard of the said College ; and opening
into a ground anciently called Swinescroft, now commonly called S.
Thomas' Leyes, into which the said demised ground or lane leadeth :
and the same demised parcel of ground doth contain in breadth six
yards more or less, and in length four score yards more or less from the
North end of the said College next the said way to the South end of
the same'' : To have and to hold for 500 years from the said date,
yieldi^ig and paying one shilling at each Michaelmas on condition that
a public footpath be left open in the daytime, and another passage for
horse and foot be made out of the Lane leading down from Emanuel
College towards the Mills, at the end of the Ditch'* where a stile now
standeth at the North corner of the forenamed Paschall Yard."
On the conclusion of this negotiation the College at once took
possession of the footpath, and closed it effectually by building
the south side of their new court across the greater part of
it, as we learn from a passage in the new lease granted them on
Sept. 29, 1668:
"And whereas there was a common foot passage by daytime out
of the said Lane throughout the demised premises into the said Leyes
called S. Thomas' Leyes, which the said Master, Fellows and Scholars
1 [The price paid was ;^io,ooo.]
2 [This account is derived from Dr Ainslie's history. ]
* [These measurements shew, as Dr Ainslie remarks, that the lane "was not held
to terminate at the SW. corner of the orchard, but at the SE. corner of the Little
Garden, (from which it passed on to Trumpington St.) where there was a Back
Gate." A fragment of the ancient lane may still be seen between the east end of the
south side of the New Court, and the wall of the Fellows' Garden.]
■* [The Lane in question is the present Pembroke St., and the Ditch the ancient
" King's Ditch."]
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE. 12/
have now stopped up, and built upon part of the said ground hereby
demised ; and to the intent that a common passage may be had to and
out of the said lane into the said Leyes for horses and foot passengers,"
the College covenant " to maintain and keep in good repair
a common horse-and-foot-way at the East end of the Orchard."
This is the present " Tennis Court Road."
Besides this lane, there was another which ran west from
what is now Tennis Court Road under the wall of the Fellows'
Garden. At the south-west corner of this, where it joined the
lane which led to Swynecroft, there was a piece of waste ground,
belonging to the town (fig. i). Of this the College obtained a
lease in 1804 (April 3) for 999 years at the rent of a pepper-
corn, on condition of "leaving a footpath of 12 feet wide, run-
ning from east to west, adjoining the wall of Peterhouse Lodge
Garden, so as to fall in with the common road on the north of
the said waste." This transaction cannot be told better than
in the words of Dr Ainslie :
"At this time, the leys having been inclosed in the spring of the
year 1803, under Act of Parliament, all these lanes were closed to the
public. The road at the East end of the Orchard, though originally
for horses and footmen only, was now set out at a fair breadth, and a
branch road of 1 2 feet wide, exclusive of the ditch, was also set out
along the south wall of the Orchard, to the mutual accommodation of
the College and of the Master of Peterhouse.
If this road were carried to the S. W. extremity of the Orchard it
would form that northern boundary of the piece of waste here leased
which is described in the lease as ' the common Road on the North.'
As soon as ever the College obtained this lease, they enclosed the
greater portion of the waste, [with the wall FHI (fig. i)] leaving out
a space of 12 feet wide, as a continuation of the road just mentioned,
as far as the door into the Master of Peterhouse' garden, and con-
tracting it from that point to the width of the rest of the passage to the
Master of Peterhouse' stables'."
The "Fellows' large garden" was increased in 1854 by an
exchange with Peterhouse, when that Society ceded to Pem-
broke a piece of ground extending the whole length of the
garden, and including the lane and ditch ; and also straight-
ened the boundary line between the two Colleges (CDE, fig. i)
by giving up the triangular piece (NML) between the garden wall
of Peterhouse Lodge and the " small garden " of the Fellows of
p Dr Ainslie, 54. The fee of the " Venella," and of this waste ground, was pur-
chased from the town in 1832 for 100 guineas.]
128 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Pembroke. In i86i Peterhouse sold to Pembroke the field
called S. Peter's Close for £1600. The old walls (AFG, FHIK,
fig. i) together with that which bounded the Master's garden on
the east, have since been thrown down, and the whole of this
large space laid out as pleasure ground. A dwarf wall (OP,
fig. i), carrying an iron railing, now bounds the Fellows' garden
on the West. The lanes have of course been closed.
The houses called " Crossinge Place " were bought by the
College in 1737 with part of the money bequeathed to it by
Richard Crossinge, late Fellow. They had once been the
property of Dr Andrew Perne ; and subsequently of Dr Charles
Beaumont. They were rebuilt in 18 14 by William Custance,
a surveyor, and let to various occupiers until the ground was
required for the new range of chambers erected in 1871.]
CHAPTER II.
Description and History of the College Buildings
to the end of the sixteenth century.
The first, or Old Court, is entered from Trumpington Street,
by an archway near the north-west corner. It is somewhat
irregular, measuring 96 feet 6 inches long upon its northern
side, and 94 feet 7 inches upon its southern. The western side
measures 52 feet 5 inches; the eastern 53 feet 6 inches\ The
north side is partly occupied by a building which was once the
Chapel, but is now the Library ; and partly by a range of
chambers in two stories with garrets. The chamber on the
ground floor next to the Library was the ancient vestry of the
Chapel, from which it was entered by a door, now blocked, in
the eastern wall. It is now entered by a separate door (A, fig. 2).
^ [The accompanying plan (fig. 2) has been drawn from memoranda left by-
Professor Willis, tested by actual measurement. The south side of the Court the
Lodge and the Hall having been since destroyed, the plan has been drawn on a scale
of forty feet to the inch, so as to shew the different parts of the old College with
sufficient minuteness.]
Tiijatrfp. iiS. 111).
^
II.] THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS. 1 29
Tlic chamber at tlie eastern end of the range is the buttery, and
has the Colleije Muniment Room above. The western or street
side of the Court, and the southern side, arc wholly employed
as chambers, except the room on the ground floor next the
Library, which serves as its vestibule, and the opposite one
on the south of the archway, used as a Porter's Lodge. The
greater part of the chambers on the south side have been
gradually absorbed by the Master's Lodge, as the plan shews.
The Court is completed eastward by a large, lofty, and com-
plex building containing the Hall and its appendages (fig. 4, B) ;
and extending from the Master's garden on the south, to Pem-
broke Street on the north. It is divided transversely by walls
into four portions, of which the first and largest is the Hall itself.
This is approached by a door (fig. 2, B) at the north end of the
east side of the Court, opening as usual to a passage cut off from
the body of the apartment by a wooden screen with two doors.
A door at the opposite end communicates with the second or
" New" Court. Three archways (ibid. C, D, E) open northwards
from this passage to the second portion of the building, which is
narrow, and divided by two partitions running north and south
so as to form an approach through the central archway to the
Kitchen, which occupies the greater part of the third portion,
and is wholly lighted from Pembroke Street. The western arch-
way (C) leads through a pantry to the buttery beyond ; the
eastern archway (E) gives access to a staircase which rises to
the upper floor, and thus conducts to the chamber over the
kitchen', to the muniment room over the buttery, and to the
chamber floor over the Hall, which was originally appropriated
to the Library, but when that was removed to its present place,
was divided into rooms for students. Under the staircase is a
scullery entered from the kitchen by a door at F. The fourth
portion, at the opposite or southern extremity, is divided by
floors into four stories. The ground room is the Combination
Room or Parlour, and is entered from the Hall (ibid. O). The
first floor is termed the Audit Room, and is used for College
meetings, but is at other times appropriated by the Master as
a dining-room. Analogy shews that it was originally the
^ [This chamber was thrown into the kitchen in 1862, so as to raise tlie roof and
improve the ventilation.]
VOL. I. Q
I30
PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
[chap.
Master's chamber'. The second floor, and the garrets above,
are chambers for undergraduates.
At the south-east corner of the first Court a turret with a
spiral staircase (fig. 5) is erected against the end of the partition
wall that divides the Hall from the building last described ;
and this staircase was, as its arrangement shews, erected originally
Fig. 5. Turret in the S. E. corner of the Old Court, now destroyed : from a photograph taken before
the alterations of 1S62,
to give access to the three upper floors of this fourth portion
of the Hall building. The entrance from the ground to the
turret has been somewhat clumsily altered. At present a person
descending the stairs, finds, when approaching the lower part,
his course suddenly and awkwardly diverted through a breach
1 [A list of rooms drawn up October ro, 1660 (Register, iii), speaks of "The low
chamber at y" lodging staire-foot," wliich shews conclusively the original use of the
staircase. ]
II.] THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS. 131
in the turret-wall and down a flight of straight steps into a
square space which opens into the court through a large
ornamental archway (G, fig. 2). In its original state the entrance
of the turret must have been, as in all such staircases, at the
base of the turret itself, and when the stairs followed their original
course it may be plainly perceived that they led down first
to a door on the right hand opening to the dais of the Hall
at its south-west corner (H), and next to a doorway in front
opening into the Court at the angle, the traces of which are
now completely obliterated by the modern ashlaring. The
square space which is now the vestibule of the turret stair has
been obtained by cutting off a piece from an apartment now used
as the Master's wine-cellar. It is at that end waggon-vaulted,
but the vault has been removed from the end which serves as
the vestibule. The turret had probably only a window where
the door is now inserted, and this door from its size', and rich
moldings, appears to me to have been transferred from the Hall.
It will appear below that the Hall was wainscoted in 1634;
and the door to the turret thus closed. But at the same period
an ornamental doorway of the Renaissance^ was applied to the
Hall entrance (at B), as Loggan's print shews, and then, as I
imagine, the archway that originally stood there was removed,
and employed, with the other changes described, to form a
more commodious entrance to the turret stair. By the original
arrangement the Master had access from the Court to his
chambers over the Parlour, and also a dry covered access from
them to the HalP. There are traces of an arch or doorway
communicating from the Parlour to the vaulted chamber, which
seems to indicate that the latter might once have served as
a store-room.
Upon ascending the turret stair" we find a single-light
window, now blocked {a, fig. 6), but which originally looked into
^ The opening is full four feet : and that of the ordinary staircase doors is only
three feet eight inches.
- [This doorway has now, 1878, been set up as an entrance to the Garden, R, fig. i.]
'* [This is the arrangement which still exists at Peterhouse.]
'^ [The arrangements now to be described will, it is hoped, be made quite clear by
the diagram, fig. 6, which represents a section of the turret supposed to be taken
along the line OP (fig. 2). It was impossible to draw it exactly to scale in all its
parts, as it was destroyed in 1875, but the relative dimensions of the different rooms
9—2
132 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the Hall (A) ; a door [b), also blocked, at the level of the
ceiling of the Combination Room (B), which gave access to a
flight of stairs leading to the Audit Room (C). Several steps
higher we come to an open doorway with a four-centred arch
with chamfered head {c). This doorway leads to a landing
which gives access to the floor over the Audit Room (D) by
a wooden doorway ; to the Master's garret-floor over the south
side of the Old Court by a door now fastened up, but in a
square stone frame (perhaps an old window) ; and lastly, by
a door on the left down several wooden steps to the floor of the
old Library (F), now converted into College rooms, which is four
feet lower than the landing. This up and down arrangement,
coupled with the fact that the doors b and c are both on the
side of the stair next to the Combination Room Building, and
coincide with the levels of its floors, manifestly shews that the
turret was not originally intended to give access to the Library.
Ascending still higher, the stairs lead to the parapet walk of
the roof, and are also made to serve for the garrets which ex-
tend over the Hall and Audit Room (EE), to which they
give access through a door {d). The turret is finished upwards
so~as to make an exceedingly picturesque feature of the Court.
As the Court thus described contains all that was erected
before the Reformation, we may proceed to examine its history.
The written records of building are unfortunately very imperfect,
and the first notice does not occur until nearly a century after
the foundation of the College, so that we must look to other
sources for the origin of the buildings.
The Foundress lived for nearly thirty years after her first
purchase of the site, and its extension southward was not made
until six years after her death. The narrow width of the quad-
rangle makes it probable that the buildings were arranged, and
the erection of the south side of the Court begun, in her lifetime,
occupying as they do the portion which she had acquired ; for if
more ground had been at liberty southwards, it seems unlikely
that the area would have been made so small'. [In the absence
have been preserved as far as possible. The idea was suggested by a rough pen-and-
ink sketch by Professor WilHs.]
^ [It seems not improbable that the Foundress lodged her scholars at first in the
houses she found on the ground : and some foundations which were discovered a few
II.]
THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS.
133
Fig. 6. Section of the Turret, drawn along the line OP, fig. 2. A. Hall. B. Combination Room.
C. Audit Room. D. Room above the last, occupied as a College Room. EE. Garrets.
t . Library'. H. Door leading into the Hall. n. Window looking into the Hall. b. Door
leading to the Audit Room. c. Door leading tu the Rooms above the Audit Room.
a. Door leading to the Garrets above the Librar)-.
134 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
of Bursars' Accounts it is difficult to ascertain when the building
of the College commenced. There are indications, however, that
it had certainly been begun before 1363, the year of the acqui-
sition of the Orchard ; for whereas University Hostel is de-
scribed as abutting on " Mesuagium nostrum," meaning the tene-
ment first acquired by the Foundress, the Orchard is said to
abut partly "in Aulam Pembrochis," a form of expression re-
tained in subsequent conveyances.]
This was one of the earliest Colleges in Cambridge into the
plan of which a Chapel entered from the first. Previous Colleges
had been placed as close to Parish Churches as possible, and had
employed them for their devotions. Indeed the Countess of
Pembroke herself had acquired the advowson of S. Botolph's
Church, in which parish her first purchase was situated, but she
afterwards surrendered it to Corpus Christi College, having deter-
mined to bestow upon her own the privilege of a private Chapel.
She spared no pains to obtain even papal sanction for this project.
Innocent the Sixth^ granted permission "to the Masters and
Scholars of the Hall of Valense Marie to build a Chapel with an
endowment sufficient to maintain a Chaplain for ever" in 1355:
Urban the Fifth^ "to found and build within the walls of the
Hall a Chapel, with Bell and Bell-Turret, wherein the Scholars
of the College who are priests may either celebrate the holy
offices themselves, or employ duly ordained priests to do so:"
and Simon Langham, Bishop of Ely, in 1365 (July 17), to "erect
a proper and suitable chapel or oratory^, for the celebration of
divine service in the presence of the Master and Fellows, or of
years ago beneath the floor of the Chapel may possibly have belonged to these build-
ings. On this Dr Ainslie remarks ; "The Bull of Clement VI. (4 May, 1349) recites
that the Countess 'quoddam Collegium pauperum Clericomm quod Aula de Valence-
marie dicitur in solo proprio de novo fundavit assignando els in perpetuum ca-Uim
locum cum domihus opportunis.'' These 'domi' must have been those standing at the
time of her purchasing the first messuage, the College not being yet built." p. 205.]
^ [College Treasury, A, 3, dated Avignon, x. Cal. April., Pontif. nostri Anno
Tertio (March 23, 1355). The words are " unam capellam cum sufficienti dote pro
uno perpetuo Capellano."]
^ [Ibid, dated Avignon, viij. Id. Augusti, Pontif. nostri Anno Quarto (Aug. 6, 1366).
The words are "infra Septa dicte Aule unam Capellam cum Campana et Campanili,
in qua Scolares dicti Collegii qui sacerdotes fuerint per se uel alios sacerdotes
ydoneos missas et alia diuina ofificia celebrare possint, fundare et construere."]
■* [" Capellam sive oratorium ydoneum et honestum erigere.']
II.]
THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS.
135
any of them." [This was relaxed in the following year (May 7,
1366), so as to allow of its performance, "so there be any one of
the Society within the precincts of the College."]
It is probable that the Chapel was begun about this time,
i.e. in 1366 — 7, but we hear no more of it until 1398, when the
Bishop of Ely gives license to celebrate in the vestry "of the
Chapel annexed to the College." This may have been a tempor-
ary arrangement during some repairs in the Chapel itself; but it
shews that the latter was in existence'. The present state of
the Court makes it impossible to determine its original style of
architecture, for successive repairs rendered necessary by the
antiquity of the walls have completely disguised and trans-
formed their ancient surface. [They are probably at their origi-
nal height, as there is a difference of nearly two feet between
them and those of the range of cham-
bers eastward of them, and the roof is
at a different pitch. This difference,
which, judging by Loggan's view, was
once masked by a sun-dial, was ac-
cepted when the Court was ashlared
in 17 1 7, as is seen by the step in the
parapet on the inside. The solitary
relic of the original architecture that
has come down to us is a somewhat
rudely carved corbel (fig. 7), which
may have supported part of the roof,
the floor in the course of some repairs in 1862.
Loggan's view, of which a copy is here given (fig. 4), .shews the
west window inserted by Robert Swinburne (Master, 1534 — 7)
and the lanthorn. It is difficult to believe that this latter can be
the '' Canipanilc cum canipanis'' of the Bull of Urban the Fifth. A
little research enables us to discover a relic of what appears to be
the original bell-tower. The range of chambers that completes
^ [A list of vestments and ornaments, made in 1408, is given in the College
Register, which shews that the services were conducted with great pomp of ritual.
It rehearses the contents of "ivbaculi pro vestimentis," which are minutely described,
and were extremely sumptuous. The "summum altare" and its different cloths are
mentioned : also Service-books, plate, candlesticks, and relics. Among the latter
was " unum capud unius undecim virginum coopertum argento cum coronula super
apud." Registrum Magnum, Fol. ir, N°. 16.]
Fig. 7. Corbel of Chapel.
It was found beneath
136
PEMBROKE C()LLEC;E.
[chap.
the Court on this side is built at a sHght angle to the ancient
Chapel. On ascending to the rooms on the first floor by the door
at I (fig. 2), and entering the apartment above the ancient vestry,
we find, next to the Court at the S.E. corner of the Chapel,
over the door marked A on the plan, the remains of a circular
turret, lighted by a narrow window, Avhich was probably once
used as a bell-tower (fig. 8) ; and the wall of the Court has been
accommodated to its semi-
circular exterior. In the
same eastern wall of the
Chapel, near its northern
end, is a small window, now
blocked and used as a cup-
board. It is possible that
this may once have been a
hagioscope. There is no
record to tell us when the
turret was destroyed, but as
no trace of it is shewn in
Loggan's view, it must have
been before i688. It should
be remarked that this view
shews the top of one of
the original buttresses. The
garrets, above this range of
chambers, now ruinous, and
called " The Wilderness,"
afford some interesting traces of Studies, and will be described
in the chapter on that subject.
It may be safely assumed that the five large Italian windows
in the north wall of the Chapel, the four in the south, and the
west window, are all of the same date, and replaced earlier ones
in the same position when the building was converted into a
Library in i6go^. These windows are best seen on the north
F'vj. 8. Interior of Bell-Turret.
^ The new Chapel was consecrated in 1665: but the old Chapel continues to be
mentioned in the accounts. In 1683 they " mended the Lanthorn of the ' o/ci Chapel.'"'''
In 1688 they did other repairs to the old Chapel. But in April and August 1690 ^36
are paid to the carpenter for work "in the New Library by order of the Master,
D'' Co^a."
n.]
THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS.
^^7
side, next Pembroke Street, where examination shews that the
wall in which they are inserted is, as far as its facing is con-
cerned, contemporaneous with them. This facing is of red brick,
in the style of the time. These windows are all of the same
plan, oblong openings divided by a vertical mullion into two
round-headed lights, with the exception of the west window,
which, owing to its greater size, has three lights instead of two,
and the centre one only is round-headed, the side ones being
square-headed, and divided by a transom near the top. The
moldings of all are the same. The beautifully carved oak door
by which the Library is now entered from the Court is clearly of
the same period ; and the ceiling of elaborate plaster-work, orna-
mented with wreaths of flowers, birds, and Cupids in alto-relievo,
bears in two places the date 1690.]
An examination of the northern outer wall in Pembroke Street
(ST, fig. 2) shews that it was erected at three several periods\ The
present condition of the walls of the Chapel (KT) has been already
described. They were so patched and underpinned in 1690 as
to make it difficult to de-
termine whether the Chapel
was built before or after
the central part. This part
(KL), extending from the
buttery to the Chapel, is of
ancient brick, and as it
includes the wall (LU) of
the kitchen and buttery,
was probably erected before
the kitchen building, which
is of rough clunch rubble.
[When this side of the Col-
lege was repaired in 1863'''
this central portion was
rough-cast as high as the Fig. 9. Ancientchimney onX. sideofOldCoun.
' [The thickness is nearly uniform throughout the whole distance from Trum-
pington St. to the Hall ; the northern wall being 3 ft. 6 in. thick, and the southern
2 ft. 6 in.]
' [This very judicious and careful restoration was done under the direction of
John A. Cory, Architect.]
138 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
eaves ; but the chimney-breasts shew the original red brick.
One of these chimneys, ahnost unaltered, is here figured (fig. 9).
At this time the windows were nearly all more or less repaired
and altered. Professor Willis describes them as " various speci-
mens of the original chamber windows, single lights with deep
moldings, one being entirely of molded brick. Other windows
of later insertion are mixed with them."]
The interior of the Old Court retains no architectural
character to fix its date with precision, except that the archway
at the south-east corner already mentioned appears to be late
Decorated or perhaps early Perpendicular, as does the Hall.
[The early " computus " Rolls of this College have unfor-
tunately perished, and the records of the architectural history
are therefore extremely meagre. Dr Matthew Wren, Fellow
(1605 — 25), who had access to many documents no longer in
existence, has however left us a few notices in the course of
his Biographies of the Masters of the College. These I pro-
ceed to translate and give in order\
John " [i] He built that elegant little Chapel for the Master, under which
Langton is a~ room of no small celebrity in our society, in which the poor
[1428-47]. scholars" take their meals. Moreover he enriched the common Chapel
and the Library with numerous splendid presents.
Laurence [2] In the year 1452, by his wealth and energy, our new and
Booth magnificent Library is raised. He generously decorated the common
[(450-80]. Chapel with glass windows, and reestablished a due solemnity of divine
service. A proof of this is, that in his time the charge for choristers in the
Chapel commenced, and was continued every year, and also that for the
repair of the organs, as our Archives shew. Li his fourth year of office,
money is spent upon the improvement of the Library. In his fifth year
the garden is planted with safi"ron, to the public advantage of the
College. In his twelfth, the Turret in the eastern angle [of the Court]
is carried up to its full height. In his thirteenth, the Chapel fund is
charged with an outlay of thirty pounds for the making of the choir
(I use the expression of that age) and for a certain new work, to wit,
the Roodloft (so they termed the place where the sacred images were
set), and for figures of the Four Doctors of the Church and some other
Saints. Lastly, in his sixteenth year, the great gates are painted, "/(?
' [Professor Willis had referred to most of these in different parts of his narrative :
but it appears to me better to print them /« exteiiso here, and his criticisms upon them
afterwards. I have numbered the sections, and added in the margin the names and
dates of the Masters. Wren's MS. is preserved in the College Treasury.]
^ The six minor scholars or discipuli of the statutes.
II.] THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS. 1 39
st?(lps^,'' and the whole new piece of work is set up — (by which the line
of posts and rails before the door is meant) — and the common garden
is surrounded with a mud wall.
[3] In the year 1534 plate to the value of ^70. los. od., and in the Robert
following year to the value of ^31. os. od., is sold. Out of the proceeds Swin-
the wall with which the garden is now surrounded is built at a cost of l^"'"*^ _■
about ^36. OS. y{.~ A certain window in the Chapel (which must L'-"'-^-^"' I-
beyond all doubt and question be the West window) is inserted at a
cost of ^8. OS. od. or more : an equal sum is spent upon the pavement
of the Court; and a trellis made for our vines costs ^4. os. od.^
[4] His private fortune being extremely slender (taking into con- William
sideration his dignity and his necessities, for he had, when elected, a Fulke
wife and family to maintain), the question of ])roviding some slight ['57S-89]-
increase to his stipend, which before was a very small one, was con-
sidered as soon as he had taken office. In consequence, from that
time forwards an additional yearly sum of ,^5. os. od. is paid to the
Master, and moreover certain grounds are assigned to his use.
In the year 1579 that range of buildings is erected, at his instance,
which we still call University Hostel, because it stands on the same
ground. To this work the Master gives ^20. os. od., the rest of the
cost falling on the College."]
All memory of the position of the small Chapel mentioned
in § I is lost. The Library (§ 2) is recorded as the work of
Laurence Booth'*. Either therefore the Hall was in building
in his time, and the plan was changed at his suggestion, which
is most probable ; or else the Hall had been finished long before,
and was now unroofed, and the additional story raised on the
old w\ills. The building of the Tower at this time of course
refers only to the upper part', but the disposition of the
building shews that the Library story was an afterthought, for
the buttresses of the Hall, arranged to resist the thrust of the
roof, rise only to the level of the sills of the Library windows,
^ [" Stulp. A short stout post put down to mark a boundary." Halliwell's Archaic
Dictionary. "Stulp (pronounced Stoop) is commonly used in the north of England
for a Gate-Post." Dr Ainslie.]
^ [Part of this was kitchen-garden. "1558. A key to y" Cooke's garden."
Bishop Wren's small MS.]
3 In this Master's time the College sold the Hospitium of St Botolph, including
the entire area between Pembroke Lane and the Churchyard. This property had
been given to them by Laurence Booth. [I have not thought it necessary to translate
the portion of the history referring to this transaction, as the piece of ground in
question never formed pai't of the College site. ]
* [In Wren's small MS. occurs this entry, " I452. Summa totalis pro nova
libraria ^45 . 7 . 3."]
^ [This is shewn by the words used by Wren "Turris illa...<u-a;dificatur. '']
140
PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
[chap.
Window in Library.
and the latter are spaced at equal distances along the wall, as
usual in Libraries, but without regard to the spacing of the
buttresses, so that some of the windows are placed partly over
the latter (fig. 4). The form of these small windows appears at
first sight the same as that of the windows of the buttery and
muniment-room, but there is this difference, that the arch-heads
of the lights in the latter are simply pointed, but in the former
are four-centred, which may indicate a later style. The but-
tresses, however, are necessary to resist the thrust of the braces
by which the beams of the Library floor are sustained. The
roof which Booth applied to his Library
was like that of his work at the Public
Schools, provided with a tie-beam so as
not to require buttresses\ [When the
Hall was pulled down a portion of the
head of one of the Library windows was
fortunately discovered in its original
position, behind a chimney which had
been built against it when the Library
was divided into chambers. Enough
remained to determine the original
form, as is here shewn (fig. 10). One of
the lights of the window of the muni-
ment room has also been drawn (fig. 1 1)
for comparison with it. It was further
discovered that the wall at the north
end of the Hall, pierced by the three
doors C, D, E, had clearly not been con-
structed at the same time as the east
and west walls, for it was not tied in to
them ; but had probably been added
at the same time as the upper story,
in order to support the staircase by
which it was to be approached. The Library was entered
through a stone arch at its north end at the top of these stairs.]
The fittings which Booth put into the Chapel (§ 2) must
have been remarkably good, for in 15 16 the stalls and " Rodeloft
' [The share which Booth took, when Bishop of Durham and Chancellor of the
Univerijity, in the building of the Schools' Quadrangle, will be related in the History
of the Schools.]
Fig. II.
Window in Muniment
Room.
ir.]
THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS.
141
and Candell-beame " of the new College of S. John's were
directed to be made according to their pattern \
Wooden railings, and heavy tall posts, carved, and sometimes
adorned with shields bearing coats of arms, are shewn in front
of several of the Colleges by Loggan, but not at Pembroke, for
it happened that there they had been removed in 1681, just
Fig. 12. South Gable of the old Lodge, now destroyed.
before his view was made. [The mud wall round the garden
did not last long ; for in 1482 we learn that it was replaced, at
least at the east end, by a stone one". This is probably the wall
^ [It is to some of the alterations made in this Master's time that the following
extract (by Wren) from the accounts refers: '1475. pro factura chori de novo i5li.ios."]
- " Pro factura muri lapidei in extremitate magni gardini I482." Wren's Extracts
from the College Accounts.
142 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
made of large blocks of clunch which may be seen to this day
along the eastern side of the garden next Tennis Court Road.
It is returned beneath the south wall of the Tennis Court for
about six feet.]
[It is difficult to determine the situation of University Hostel
after the rebuilding by William Fulke in 1579 (§4). Richard
Parker, writing about 1622, describes it as " That now call'd the
Hostle, on the south side of Pembroke Hall, to the westward,"
and the plan of Hammond, 1592 (fig. 3), and that of Speed,
1 6 10, shew a narrow quadrangle abutting upon the south side of
the College, between the Master's Lodge and the street. This
however was certainly called S. Thomas' Hostel. It is of course
possible, there having been two hostels within the College pre-
cincts, that the name of the one might be applied to the other ;
or the same building be called by different names. But we are
told that when the Hitcham building was erected in 1659, Uni-
versity Hostel was pulled down to make way for it, a statement
which compels us to seek for the Hostel in some other situation
than the former. Now a building is shewn by Hammond (fig. 3),
and also by Speed, at the corner of Pembroke Street and the
lane leading to Swinecroft, extending far enough southward to
interfere with the erection of the building in question. This
edifice, moreover, must have stood on a portion of the ground
belonging to the ancient University Hostel which we know was
acquired by the Foundress in 135 1^
Hammond also shews the Lodge projecting southwards into
the garden from the south-east corner of the College, and over-
lapped on its west side by part of the Hostel.] The building
which now projects southwards into the garden and forms an
extension of the Master's Lodge was probably erected in the
reign of Charles I. It contains a kitchen below and a drawing-
room above on the first floor, and chambers with a passage
connecting the several rooms on the first floor. It was at
' [Parker's History, p. 30. Dr Ainslie, p. 13. The latter gives no authority
for the statement that University Hostel wa.?, pulled down to make way for Hitcham's
building, nor have I been able to discover any, though I have carefully searched the
College records in the hope of doing so. He was however so accurate that we may
rest assured he had good reason for making it. A note in the College Accounts for
1580 shews that the rebuilding was completed in that year. Wren says that it was
only the Hall of University Hostel that was rebuilt.]
II.] THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS. I43
first entered by an external staircase \ It has an oriel to the
south, which has been rebuilt in later times of white brick
(fig. 12).
[We obtain from the College accounts evidence of works
of minor importance which may here be noticed. In 1537
mention is made of the Dovehouse, In 1552 Dials were set
up. In 1559 the Wheathouse w^as roofed in: and in 1564 a
Tennis Court was either built, or one already existing was
repaired". We know from Lyne's map^, 1574, and from that
by Braunius, 1575, that the Dovehouse stood in the Orchard.
The Tennis Court is still in existence, and the Dials may
perhaps be those shewn in Loggan's view of the Garden, but
where the Wheathouse was is unknown.]
CHAPTER III.
Buildings of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries.
We now enter upon a new era*. Sir Robert Hitcham, by
his Will, dated Aug. 8, 1636 (a week before his death), devised
the manor of Framlingham in Suffolk to the College^ In con-
1 This is shewn in Loggan (fig. 4), where an older narrow building projects
westward at the south extremity of the additional wing. This part of the south wall
now contains an Elizabethan doorway, but probably removed from its original site.
[This doorway was in the centre of the west side of the wing erected in 1745, the
south end of which is shewn in fig. 12.]
- The following extracts from College accounts, now lost, refer to these buildings.
They were made by Dr Matthew Wren. [As the Dovehouse is not shewn either in
Loggan's map or view, we may assume that it had been destroyed before his time.]
" 1537. For y^ Dove-house £1^ .9.1.
1552. Dialls made.
1559. For covering y'^ whete house ut patet per billam, ;^g . 18.4.
1564. Boards to make a tennyse court £1 . o . o."
•' [It has been reproduced in the History of Corpus Christi College, Chapter I.]
•* [This paragi-aph is taken in substance, and sometimes in language also, from
Dr Ainslie, pp. 93, 4.]
s [Dr Ainslie records that Wren had been the cause of Hitcham's bequest. ■ His
will is printed in "History of Framlingham ; by R. Hawes. 4°. Woodbridge, 1798.*'
144 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
sequence of the Earl of Sufifolk putting in his claim, it was long
before the devise took effect ; for the decree by which the estate
was confirmed to the College was issued by the Court of Chan-
cery 20 March, 1653, during the Commonwealth, and under the
Mastership of Mr Serjeant Moses, whose proceedings in reference
to this matter are best described in the words of his biographer,
Dr Sampson.
" After the displacing of M'' Vines and death of M"" Simson who
succeeded, the Fellows unanimously chose him for their Master, w*^^
yet came under a great contrast at Whitehall. For the then called
Protector would needs have imposed upon them another : But the
fellowes by representation of his worth and serviceableness to the
College gained their poynt, and got a revocation of his Order.
In the five years of his mastership he bestird himself for y*^ advance-
ment of his College, as if it had been his onely business and proper
estate. Hee brought to some issue and settlement y*" Estate of S''
Rob : Hitcham, vv'^'' had been so long contested for, got the monyes
received from it into the College-hands, raised that building w"^'^
bears his name : That old and withered face of that ancient and pious
foundation, he refreshed and made it look young agayn. The building
over the Library', which was ready to tumble down, and the walles of
the College w* were so decayed, ruefuU and il-favoured that they would
rather affright Students from them than invite them thither, hee brought
to fliis pleasant aspect that they have ever since had : By his Interest
and acquaintance hee procured many hundred pounds to be lay'd out
upon them ; And all this at a time when Universityes and Colleges
were devoted to mine in the desires of some, and apprehensions of
most men"."
The Hitcham building above referred to as bearing the name
of the benefactor is the range of chambers which forms the south
side of the second Court. This was erected in 1659, the Uni-
versity Hostel, rebuilt as above stated in 1579, having been
pulled down to make way for it^ The part of this range which
The wording of the following clause, considering the use that was made of the devise,
with full consent of the "supervisor," as he calls it, of his will, Dr Matthew Wren, is
remarkable : "And this my Legacy, I will, shall be imployed for the Good of the
College, as my Gift alone by itself, and not to be imployed to the Increase of their
Fellowships, or Buildings, or for any other Thing belonging to their House."]
1 This refers to the Attics over the Hall building.
■•* " Memorials of Mr Serjeant Moses, Master of Pembroke Hall, who died Octob.
30, 1688, an. a-t. 66, by Dr Henry Sampson." [MS. in Pembroke College Lodge.
He was Master from 1654 to 1660. The Society was at this time said to flourish
"sub dispensacione Mosaica." Dr Ainslie, p. 93.]
''Judging from the Treasury Accounts I think it was not all pulled down at once.
"The Hostle that was" occurs Coll. Reg. iv. p. 3, Oct. 17, 1668.
in.] BUILDINGS OF THE I/TH AND iSTII CENTURIES. 145
lies next to the Hall (fig". 13) has an ornamental facade of stone
in the Renaissance style, and is separated from the remainder
of the range by a thick wall. An escutcheon bearing the arms
of Hitcham forms part of its decoration. It will be seen that
the eastern part of this range is of a totally different style.
It has square windows divided by monials into three lights
Fig. 13. West end of North side of Sir Robert Hitcham's building.
in the older Collegiate fashion. The north side of the Court
is formed by a building of a similar character to that last
described, but for wdiich no date is recorded. Now in Fuller's
plan, 1634, a building is roughly shewn to occupy the north
side of this Court: but in Speed's plan, 1610, no such build-
ing appears. It is probable, therefore, that at the beginning
of the reign of Charles the First, the north side of the Court
was erected, about the same time as the " Brick Building "
at Emmanuel (in 1633), to which its style corresponds; and
V(^L. 1. 10
146 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
that the east part of the south side was built in imitation of
it by Master Moses, as above recorded, in 1659, but subsequently
completed at the western extremity after the Restoration in the
favourite style of that time. Perhaps this part was intended for
a Master's Lodge, for in 1679 a College order appropriated it to
the Master\ and it was originally entered by an ornamental
doorway from his garden, now bricked up (fig. 2, R). It must
be remarked that the north side as first completed was thirty-two
feet shorter than at present, and that in 1670 it was lengthened
eastward to its present extent with a view to make it of the
same length as the south range. In reality, however (as the plan
shews, fig. i), the length of the north side is now as much in
excess as it was before in defect. [To this eastern portion
Dr Richard Ball", and Mr William Ouarles, President, each gave
one hundred pounds. The total cost was ^^"300. 14s. lod.
We now come to the building of the new chapel.]
On March 17, 1659, Bishop Wren was released from the
Tower, where he had made a secret vow, that if ever it pleased
the Almighty to restore him his paternal estate, he would "return
unto Him by some holy and pious employment, that summe and
more, which by way of His gracious providence was unexpect-
edly conveyed in unto me during my eighteen years captivity...
from sundry noble and truly pious christians^" And in the words
of the " Parentalia*,"
" Upon the glorious Scene and Alteration of Affairs in Church and
State, by the long wish'd for Return of the King, the Bishop of Ely,
with the Eight other surviving Prelates (who had out-liv'd the Per-
secution and Confusion of the Times), were restor'd...The first Money
he receiv'd after his Restitution, he bestow'd on Pcinbroke-Hall, and
to the Honour of Almighty God, to whose service he had wholly de-
voted himself; for the Ornament of the University, which he always
affected with a fervent and passionate Love; and in a grateful Remem-
^ [Register, iv. 107.]
2 [He was Prebendary of Ely, Rector of Bluntisham, Master of the Temple, and
sometime Fellow of the College. ]
^ [Will of Bishop Wren, Le Keux, i. ■214. Wren notes the curious coincidence of
the day of his liberation with that of the consecration of Peterhouse Chapel.]
■* Parentalia, 33. Bishop Wren died April 24, 1667, and was buried in the vault
under his Chapel at Pembroke. The whole cost of building the New Chapel, as
appears by the general Bill given in to Bishop Wren, Dec. 1665, was ;i^3658. i.r. id.
(Dr Ainslie.)
III.] BUILDINGS OF THE I/TII AND i8TH CENTURIES. I47
brance of his first Education, which was in that Place receiv'd, and
thankfully acknowledg'd, he built that most elegant Chapel there, at
the Expence of above Jive Thousand Pounds, compleatly finish'd, and
endow'd it with perpetual Ra>enues for Repairs. This, however noble
and magnificent, is the least of those Monuments he hath left to
Posterity."
In 1663 (May 16) Dr Franck, Master, entered into a contract
for the brickwork of the new Chapel, and on Jan. 10, 1664 — 5,
Dr Mapletoft, Master, agreed with certain joiners respecting the
wainscoting which, "at least within the inner chappell," was to be
finished so that " the said inner chappell shall be in a readinesse
for the laying of a marble pavement before the dedication of the
said chappell, which is intended to be upon the 21st of Septem-
ber next'." On the stated day it was consecrated by the Bishop
himself, being dedicated to the Saint who bore his own name,
Matthew. The architect was his nephew, Sir Christopher Wren.
[It is an oblong apartment in the Corinthian style, almost
without external ornament. There was once a large clock
above the west window (fig. 4). The interior is plain, with a
flat plaster ceiling-. The woodwork is the same that was
originally set up. The organ, over the screen at the west end,
was the work of Charles Ouarlcs of Cambridge. By articles of
agreement dated 6 Dec. 1707, he covenants to set up within
eight months " in the place where the Organ now stands in the
Chapel... a double Organ in two di.stinct cases of the best metal,
timber and materials:" and to keep it in tune and repair: he
is to receive /r^ 10 ; and to remove the old Organ to Framling-
ham and set it up in the Church there ^]
In the year 1664, when the roof of the Chapel was covered in,
the College applied to Bishop Wren (as supervisor of Hitcham's
Will), for leave to connect the Old Court with the Chapel
by a cloister (surmounted by chambers) to be called Sir Robert
Hitcham's cloister, at the expense of the Framlingham estate.
This work was completed by Christmas, i666\ and the cloister
' [These two contracts will be found in the Appendix, Nos. i. il.] The originals
are in Pembroke Treasury "Collegium " Box, F. 2. 4.]
- [There is a view of the interior in Cooper's Le Keux, i. 65. The clock is still
in its original position, but is now used for striking only.]
■' [Pembroke Coll. Treasury "Collegium" Box, F. 5.]
■* It cost ^^466. igs. \d.
10^2
148 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
consecrated with a view to the interment of students of the
College. It is worth remarking that the exterior wall of these
chambers was built so as to range with, and correspond in style
to, the front of the old College which it thus extended. The
new work, however, appears to have been ashlared when first
erected. The old front was of rubble or plaster only, for in
1669 £1. 4s. was spent in plastering the College walls next the
street; and it was not ashlared until 17 12, when (May 8)
Mr Banckes' legacy is ordered to be laid out in putting a case
of stone upon the front of the College next the street. If the
present front be compared with its appearance when Loggan's
view (fig. 4) was taken, before this ashlaring, it will be seen that
as little change as possible was made in the design. A straight
joint, O, fig. 2, separates the ashlaring of the first part from
that of the second. Although the street front is in a debased
Gothic style, the arcade of the cloister opposite to the Lodge
is Italian, but unfinished. This style was doubtless chosen in
order to make the new work harmonize as much as possible
with the Chapel'. The cloister being completed, the south
side of the old College, " looking upon the Bishop of Ely's
Chapel and adjoining to the North end of Sir Robert Hitcham's
cloister, was repaired in 1668," at an expense of £112. 14s. ^d.
In order to obtain an access to the cloister from the Old Court,
M, fig. 2, it was necessary to sacrifice the chamber on the
ground-floor at the south-west angle of the Court called " The
Tolbooth." [The way to the Chapel from the Old Court had
previously been by a passage at the side of the western staircase
(ibid, N, fig. 2), called "The way to S. Thomas' Hostel'"."]
The steps by which the Old Court was gradually transformed
to its present aspect may be gathered from the College books
as follows". In 1664 a College order records the expenditure
of a considerable sum on the repairs of the Old Court ; in 1689
it was plastered inside and out; and in 17 17, "the master and
fellows subscribed .£^283 to ashlar the inside, and M"" Attwood,
fellow, gave ^28 to ashlar the gatehouse, and £68 more to ceil
^ In 1743 Mr Mundy gave ;^50. 17J. for paving the cloisters. His arms are put
uj) at the north end.
- [In 1666 the wall, part of the west front, from the Chapel to the end of the
Master's stables was directed to be rebuilt, it being an eyesore.]
■' For these extracts I am indebted to Dr Ainslie.
III.] BUILDINGS OF THE I/TH AND i8TH CENTURIES. I49
the Hall, paint the wainscoat, alter the windows and buy new
tables." This wainscot had been put up in 1634, with the screen
and chimney-piece. The whole work is in the same style, and
was evidently carried on at the same time. The above date
is carved on the screen'. The external doorcase of the Hall
at B, fig-. 2, seems to belong to the same period as the wood-
work, as well as the dial which once occupied the centre of the
parapet (fig. 4). The Master and Fellows further expended
£s9^- 8-f. od. in repairs before the year 1721, and in 1728 John
Hawkins (Master 1728 — ^^) gave all his dividends annually to
the College, which laid them out in repairs, making a total of
_;^555 at the end of his mastership.
The old Chapel appears to have remained useless for five
and twenty years after the new one was consecrated. But
about 1690, as previously related, it was fitted up as at present
for a Library, and its ancient appearance entirely changed. A
College order in 1693 (Feb. 15) directs " M"" Anthony, M"" Bankes,
and Sir Crossinge to undertake the removal of the books from the
old to the new library," and on Oct. 26, 1697, a payment of "^12
to M"" Bankes, Sir Crossinge and M"" Poulett for placing the Books
and making Catalogues " marks the completion of this work.
In 1668 a new Bake-house, Stables, etc., were built in the
Paschal-yard (fig. 4) [at the cost of the Hitcham estate, and Sir
Robert Hitcham's shield was affixed to them as a memorial] ;
in 1692 a brick wall in the Master's and Fellows' garden ;
and in the following year a similar one between those of the
Master and Fellows.
[It w^as during the Mastership of Dr Roger Long (1733—70)
that the brick building at the north-east corner of the inner Court
(fig. i) was built, to contain a hollow sphere of metal eighteen
feet in diameter, constructed by himself and an ingenious tin-
plate worker of Cambridge named Jonathan Munn, to represent
the appearance, relative situation, and motions of the heavenly
bodies"''. The building was pulled down to make room for the
new offices in 1871, and the model broken up.]
1 [In earlier times the walls of the Hall had been concealed by hangings. In 1575
this entry occurs : " P'or turning y^ hangings in y® hall 5''." Bishop Wren's small MS.]
2 [Le Keux, i. 220. A minute description of it is given by Dr Long in his Astro-
nomy, 4°. Cambridge, 1764, ii. p. iii. See also Wordsworth, University Life, etc.,
662.]
150 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
In 1745 the front part of the Master's lodge was built, con-
taining an entrance hall and staircase, to replace the open ex-
ternal staircase which had previously served to give access to
the upper floors, and to provide also some additional bedrooms.
[Carter, writing in 1752, when Dr Long was Master, says that
the Lodge
" hath several good Apartments, some of which are stock' d with
Musical, and others with Mathematical Instruments ; and in a Ground
Room he [the Master] hath a Printing Press with the Apparatus belong-
ing thereto, wherein he is printing his Astronomical Works. But the
chief beauty of this Lodge is (in my opinion) the Gardens, and therein
the Water-Works, contrived by the present Master (and here let me tell
you, he is a very great Mechanic), which supplies a beautiful and large
Bason in the middle of the Garden, and wherein he often diverts himself
in a Machine of his own contrivance, to go with the Foot as he rides
therein \"]
[The rebuilding of the older portions of the College was
first contemplated, and a building fund commenced, in 1776,
when "James Brown, Master, and William Mason, Fellow, each
gave ^50 to establish a Building Fund in memory of Thomas
Gray the Poet, who had long resided in the College^" The
buildings, more especially those in the Old Court, had become
so ruinous by 1862 that the immediate execution of the design
was seriously considered. It was found, however, that the fund
had not accumulated to a sufficient sum, and it was there-
fore decided "that an Architect be consulted with a view to
ascertain whether the exterior and interior of the College could
be improved at a moderate expense^" The plans of Mr Cory,
as mentioned above, were adopted, and nearly ^4000 was spent,
chiefly on the Hall and offices, on repairs to chambers, and to
the northern external walls.
^ [Gaiter's Cambridge, 78 : Gray's Works, ed Pickering, iii. 58.]
- [Pembroke College Commemoration Book. Gray took up his residence in
Pembroke in 1756,. and died there 30 July, 1771. He is believed to have occupied
ihe set of rooms on the ground-floor at the W. end of the Hitcham building (fig. 13),
under those afterwards occupied by William Pitt. The fund was subsequently aug-
mented by the donations of various persons, and especially of Sarah Lonsdale, who
bequeathed to the Society in 1783 her estate of Barham-Hall, in the parish of Linton,
Cambs., directing that one-third of the rents should be appropriated to this Fund.
From the wording of the original College Order (Nov. 1776) it seems to have been
intended at that time to erect a new building next the Garden, i.e. to the east of the
New Court.]
=* [College Order, Nov. 18, i8r.2. |
III.] BUILDINGS OF THE I/TII AND iH'lTl CENTURIES. 151
The old Hall was 41 feet long within the screens, by 27 feet
broad. There were three large windows in the western wall
and two in the eastern, the space between which was occupied
by a wide fire-place with an extremely picturesque external
chimney (fig. 14). In the interior, original stone corbels existed
on each side at about nine feet from the ground. They may
have been intended to carry a high-pitched roof, such as is usual
in dining-halls of the period before Booth's Library was planned.
The tracery shewn in Loggan's view had been removed or
fallen out from the windows, and they were divided by a single
Fig. 14. Chimney on the east side of the old Hall, now destroyed.
vertical mullion (fig. 5). The roof was ceiled, flat, with tie-
beams at intervals. The original Jacobean woodwork, erected
as above narrated in 1634, still existed over the dais and along
the sides between the windows. There was also a singularly
beautiful chimney-piece of the same period. The screens had
been continued up to the roof by a lath- and plaster-partition,
so as to contrive a room over the music-gallery used for kitchen
stores. On removing this, traces of the original panelling of the
roof were found, coloured, beneath the modern ceiling. From
these indications Mr Cory was enabled to design a very pic-
turesque wooden roof, divided into compartments and supported
152 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [CHAP.
by vaulting ribs resting on the stone corbels, with appropriate
tracery in the spandrils. The panelling was cleaned and re-
paired ; a pavement of encaustic tiles was laid down, and gas
chandeliers were suspended from the roof. Pointed windows
of three lights were also designed to replace those men-
tioned above. These were inserted into the old openings, and
the original hood-molds were retained. Still, good as these
windows were in themselves, their tracery could hardly be
described as " restored to its original form from an old en-
graving'," for the transom shewn in Loggan (fig. 4) was omitted.
The doorway of the Renaissance next the Old Court was unfor-
tunately pulled down, and replaced by one of pointed character.
On the appointment of the present Master in 1870 the
College once more entered upon the question of providing
additional accommodation for its members. It was decided,
in the first instance, to pull down the row of houses in Trump-
ington Street called Pembroke Place, and to build a range of
chambers on their site, from the designs of Mr Alfred Water-
house, Architect. This work was commenced early in 187 1, and
completed in the following year.
^At the same time the condition of the Lodge was discussed.
The old Lodge appeared to be such an inconvenient residence,
and so incapable of improvement, that it was decided to build
a new one on a new site. The plans of the same architect
were accepted, and the new Lodge was begun to the east of the
New Court in 1871, some dwelling-houses being pulled down to
make way for it. It was ready for occupation in the spring of
1873 ; and the old Lodge, together with the south side of the
Old Court, were doomed to a speedy destruction. It was decided
to pull them down on July 13, 1874, and Mr Waterhouse was
instructed at the same time to prepare plans " for an extension
of the Hall, and the erection of a new Combination Room." It
will be seen from the wording of this order that the demolition
of the Hall was not at first intended. The Lodge, however,
including as it did so much of the south side of the Court, could
not be pulled down without affecting other buildings. Deprived
of structures that had so long abutted against it, the Hall wore
^ [These are Mr Cory's own words in a letter addressed to the Edilor of The
Times, April 1, iSj^s-J
III.] BUILDINGS OF THE I/TH AND i8TH CENTURIES. I 53
a singularly forlorn and desolate aspect ; and when the ivy was
stripped from the west side, the ancient walls, whence the stucco
had fallen off in places, looked patched and unsightly. More-
over, it is not impossible that the stability of the structure had
been somewhat impaired by the excavation of cellars beneath it,
which Mr Cory had been instructed to provide. It was therefore
decided before long to pull it down. This decision did not pass
without protest, and the reasons in favour of demolition cannot
be better stated than in the answer of the Master to a memorial
signed by several members of the College against the destruction
"of a group of buildings of so picturesque a character, of such
architectural value, and of such great antiquity."
•' The original intention \va.s, as the memorialists rightly supposed,
to have lengthened the hall, making also, of course, such alterations in
the upper part as to leave it in a thorough state of repair, and not
merely patching it up to last for a few years only, thus throwing upon
our immediate successors a disagreeable task, which we were unwilling
to undertake for ourselves. But on a closer examination of the state
of the building (the opportunity for which was given by the removal
of the old lodge and consequent exposure of the walls and other
portions of the hall) we were convinced that no alternative remained
for us but entire demolition. The roof and floors were found in such a
state that they must of necessity be renewed. The walls (which are
built of rubble, consisting of mortar and rough lumps of clunch in
about equal proportions) were considerably out of the vertical, and
some portions apparently in a dangerous condition. The walls rested,
moreover, on no solid foundations, having been built only a few feet
in the ordinary ground, and both architect and contractor expressed
strongly their opinion that it would be actually dangerous to interfere
with them in any way, although if left untouched they might, of course,
remain standing for some time'."'
The advice of the Architect was followed, and on March 16,
1875, he was authorized to pull down the Hall ; and on May 19,
in the same year, to proceed with the erection of a new one.
On June 10 his plans for a building to contain a new Library,
Lecture Rooms, Muniment Room, etc., were approved, and it is
now, September, 1877, nearly completed.]
' [This letter, together with the Memorial, was printed in The Times, March 26,
1875. Further letters on the subject appeared in the same journal on March 29, and
April I. The Master's letter was addressed to the Bishop of Ely, who, with Sir
Henry Maine, the Head Master of the Charterhouse, Canon Venables, and other
graduates of Pembroke, had signed the memorial. The demolition of the Hall had,
howL\er, been commenced before the document was presented.]
154 PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
1346—51. Purchase of site of Old and New Courts } ^^ ^^^ Foundress.
1363. ,, ,, Orchard )
1355 — 66. Papal and episcopal licenses for Chapel.
1389. Purchase of " Cosyn's Place."
i4or. ,, southern part of Orchard.
1419— 30. ,, "Bolton's" or " Knapton's Place," and conveyance to the College.
1428 — 47. Master's Chapel built, with poor scholars' dining-room below. Chapel
and Library enriched by presents.
1 45 1. Lease of S. Thomas' Hostel from S. John's College.
1452. New Library built.
1462. Turret at S.E. angle of Old Court finished.
1463. Roodloft, stained glass windows, and choir, of Chapel made or decorated.
1534 — 7. West window of Chapel made.
1549. Purchase of land belonging to S. Mary's Chantry.
1579. University Hostel rebuilt.
1609. Lease of "The Pa.schal Yard."
i5jo — 34. North side of second Court (western portion) built.
1620. Lease from the Town of the lane leading to Swinecroft.
1634. Wainscot put up in Hall.
1659. South side of second Court (eastern portion) built with Sir Robert Ililcham's
bequest.
1663 — 5. New Chapel built.
1664. Considerable repairs done to the Old Court.
1664 — 6. Sir R. Hitcham's Cloister and building next to street built.
1 668. Tennis-Court road made, or enlarged.
1669. Front of College next to street plastered.
16^0 — I. Eastern end of north side of second Court built.
1679. Western end of south side of second Court approj^riated to the Master.
1690. Old Chapel converted into Library.
1712. Front of College next to street cased with stone.
1717. Gate-house and inside of Old Court ashlared. Hall ceiled, windows altered,
and wainscot painted.
1737. Purchase of " Crossinge Place."
1745. Front of Masters Lodge built.
1776. Building Fund commenced.
1804. Lease of waste ground from the Town.
1833. Purchase of "The Paschal Yard" from Corpus Christi College.
1854 — 61. Purchase of land from Peterhouse to increase the Garden.
1862 — 3. Repairs executed by Cory.
187 1— 3. New Master's Lodge built by Waterhouse.
1874. Old Lodge and south side of Old Court pulled down.
1875. Old Hall pulled down ; new Hall begun ; and plans approved for new Liljrary
and Lecture Rooms by Waterhouse.
APPEN.] CONTRACTS. 1 55
APPENDIX.
I. Contract for the hrick-ivork of the Chapel.
May 1 6, 1663.
Articles of Agreement made between y'' R' vvor' M. Franck D'' in Divinity M'' of
P. Hall, and E. Stearne one of the Fellowes of the sayd Coll on the one part ; And
George Jackson and Tho. Hutton of Cambridge Bricklayers on the other part. Con-
cerning the Brick-work of a new Chappell to be built at y^ Coll. aforesayd as
followeth.
It is Covenanted and agreed between y* parties abovesayd, That y'= walls of
the Chappell above the second Flint up to the Roofe shall contain in thicknes fower
bricks in length ; and that the Heads and sides of all the Bricks w'-'' shall appear
outwards shall be all ground, and fine ioynts made.
That y^ work under the windowes shall be sett out 1 or 3 Inches to the thick-
nes of y'^ second I'lint, and so ordered that y" Bricks shall rise in the midst after
y" forme of Stonework if the Modell so require it.
That for this work y'^ sayd D"" F. or M'" vS. shall pay unto the sayd G. Jackson and
Tho. Hutton, fower pounds, fifteen shillings per pole for every pole of square measure,
the windowes not reckoned to make up the measure. They y^ sayd Jackson and
Hutton being at all charges of workmanshipp except y"^ laying their materialls by
them.
That y'^ Foundation work up to the second plint shall be reckoned at the same
rate.
That y'' Brickwork the outside whereof shall be covered with Ashlaer shall be
accounted for as inward work, at the Rate of 30** per pole for a Brick and half thick
proportionably.
II. Contract for the 7iioodioork.
Articles of Agreement had made concluded and agreed upon the tenth day of
January in the fifteenth yeare of the Reigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the
Second, ... Annoque Domini, 1664: Betweene the R'. wor' Robert Mapletoft Mast''
or Keeper of the CoUedge or Hall of Mary Valence commonly called Pembroke Hall...
and Nathaniel Coga Fellow of the said Colledge on the one part, and Cornelius
Austine and Richard Billopps and William his sonne of Camebridge in the county of
Camebridge Joyners on the other part, as Followeth, viz :
Imprimis it is agreed between the said parties ... First, that they the said Cornelius
Austine and Richard and William Billopps ... shall at their owne proper cost and
charge find, provide and prepare such a parcell of good cleane and substantial! wain-
scott well seasoned all and without any cracks or flaws as may be everyway fit
and sufficient for the Joyners work wh is to be done and sett up within the New
Chappell at Femb. Hall in Camebridge, and that whatever parcells of the said wain-
scot shall be thought to be insufficient and any way defective the said Rob' Mapletoft
.and Nath. Coga shall have liberty to refuse the same, and they obliged forthw"" to
supply better in the stead thereof.
llcni il lb agreed that they ... shall at their own proper cost and charges prepare
work and scU u],i all the said wainscolt accnrdnig Id a certaiiie forme and draught of
156 PEMBROKE COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Joyners work agreed upon between the said parties with 14 seates on each side the
chappell, and two returning on each side the doore beneath the organ loft, and with a
large Cornice all round that inner chappell : and the whole work (at least within the
inner chappell) to be finished, so as that the said inner chappell shall be in a readinesse
for the laying of a marble pavement before the dedication of the said chappell, wh
is intended to be upon the 21"' of September next after the date hereof, yf god permitt.
Item that they . . . shall at their own charges provide all materialls of good wain-
scot for the two Rowes of the lower seates descending from the upper seates and
answering thereunto, and for the carved work within the said chappell viz. for the
Festoones and for the Capitalls.
Item it is agreed that the price to be paid by the said Robert Mapletoft and
Nath. Coga unto the said Cornelius Austine and Richard and William Billopps
shall be five pounds twelve shillings and six pence for every of the forenamed
seates (being in all thirty two seates) with the two outer seates answering unto them,
wh are included in that said price wh is agreed upon for the thirty two seates.
Item that they . . . shall provide ... all the groundwork, ioyces, stepps, and Floores
of all the said seates into the same rate and price of ^5 . 12.6 per seate excepting
onely some od remnants of oak y' remaine about the work of the said chappell
wh the said Robert Mapletoft and Nath. Coga are to allow them for the ground-
work. Item that they the said Joyners shal make such a difference for the seates
on each side the doore beneath the ori;an loft as the said Robert Mapletoft and
Nath. Coga shall direct them.
Item that the price to be paid unto them the aforesaid Joyners for the said
Cornice from the ends of the seates round the east end and also over the doore to
the inner chappell shall be sixteen shillings per yard to be measured by the girt :
they- to find all materials and work belonging to it. Item the price to be paid for
every round Columne shall be three pounds for the materialls of it and working and
finishing all belonging to it except the capitall.
Item it is mutually agreed that they ... shall deduct and make allowance ... for
the avennues and passages where the seates are to be interrupted at the rate of twelve
shillings per yard girt measure, Item that the said Robert Mapletoft and Nath. Coga
shall allow unto them ... twelve shillings per yard for the wainscot in the Corners
of the Chappell next under the organ loft with the Cornice over it to be measured
by the girt. Item it is agreed that the price to be paid for the wainscot in the
outer chappell, to be wrought with Large faire pannells and Balection molding shall
be seven shillings per yard girt measure, and they the said Joyners to find all ma-
terialls belonging to it.
Lastly for the times of payment it is covenanted and mutually agreed that in
consideration the said Cornelius Austine and William and Richard Billopps shall
give good and sufficient security for the severall summes they shall receive untill
their work be performed according to these articles, that then the said Robert
Mapletoft and Nath. Coga shall pay unto them ... one hundred pounds the tenth
day of March next after the date hereof and fifty pounds more the tenth day of
Aprill, and fifty pounds more the last of June next comeing and the rest as soon
as their work is in due manner fully compleate and ended. In witnesse whereof the
parties above mentioned have hereunto interchangeably set their hands and scales the
day and yeare first above written.
Memorandum It was agreed before the sealeing that the price to be paid for the
Pillasters in the door passage and the outer chappell shall be 12' per yard girt
measure.
IV.
#on\jiiUe autr Cains Colltgt.
CHAPTER I.
History of the Site'.
HE present site of Gonville and Caius College is
bounded on the north by Trinity Lane, formerly
called S. Michael's Lane, on the south by Senate-
House Passage, on the east by Trinity Street, for-
merly called High Street, and on the west by Trinity Hall
Lane, formerly called Milne Street. Before the formation of
Senate-House Passage, the lane from Milne Street along the
north side of the University Library extended only to the
Gate of Honour, and thence turned south into Schools Street.
The remainder of the south boundary of the site was formed by
the buildings and garden of S. Mary's Hostel'"', belonging to
Corpus Christi College.
Before we enter upon the history of the site, it must be
remarked that it was originally divided into a north and south
portion by a narrow lane, which ran across it from High Street
to Milne Street, leaving the former at a point opposite to S.
Michael's Churchyard, and entering the latter opposite to the
end of S. Gerard's Hostel Lane^ The western part of the north
' [This chapter can only be thoroughly understood by consulting the accompanying
plan drawn by my friend the Rev. John Lamb, M.A., late Fellow and Bursar ot
Caius College. The portions of the text and notes contributed by him are signed J. L.]
- [For an account of this Hostel, see the History of the Schools.]
* Annals, 7. The passage is translated and quoted below, p. 168. Amongst
certain dues payable by Michael House we find : " Item Thesaurario ville Cantebr' ...
158 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
portion was the site acquired by Gonvile Hall in 1353 from
Corpus Christi College in exchange for the original site in Luth-
burne Lane. It was situated "in Henney," and contained the
great Stone-house, or principal messuage, of Sir John de Cam-
bridge, and the adjoining messuage of John Goldcorn, with the
buildings, gardens, walls, shops, and schools appertaining thereto'.
This property was held of the Priory of Anglesey " in capite,"
and by an indenture dated 1354 (28 Edw. III.) an annual rent
of 5 J. was paid for it'. Between it and High Street were some
dwelling-houses, the history of which will be most conveniently
related after the south portion of the site has been described.
At the south-west corner of the latter was a garden belong-
ing to the estate of Sir John de Cambridge, which subsequently
became the garden assigned to the Master, as indeed the greater
part of it is to this day. Eastward of this, extending to the
High Street, was the Stone-house of the Prior of Anglesey :
between which, and the lane previously mentioned, was the
Rectory House of S. Michael's Church and its garden. This,
together with the advowson of the Church, had been purchased
in ^323 by Hervey de Stanton, founder of Michael House, and
conveyed by him to his collegel In position it is represented
by the alley of trees that connects the Gate of Virtue with the
Gate of Humility^ We must now investigate the history, and
trace the acquisition, of these pieces of ground.
pro quadam venella ex opposite ecclesie Sancti ATichaelis Cantebr' ij.f. " Otryngham,
p. 75. [The chaitulary referred to as "Otryngham," or " the Otryngham Book," is
described in a note to the History of Michael House, and the MS. chronicle referred
to as "Annals" in Chap. Ii. Note i.]
^ [Annals, p. 3. In the conveyance, dated 15 August, 1353, of the old site to
Thomas de Eltisley, Master of Corpus Christi College, by John de Girington, Master
(aisfos) of the Hall of the Annunciation, the site received in exchange is described as
" capitale mesuagium domini Johannis de Cantabrigg, militis ... situatum ex opposite
habitacionis collegii scolarium domus Sancti Michaelis, una cum toto illo tenemento
quod quondam fuit Johannis de Goldecorne predicto mesuagio annexo, cum scolis
schoppis gardinis muris et omnibus aliis pertinenciis suis." J. L. Corp. Christ. Coll.
Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 62.]
2 [This was paid regularly till 161 r. J. L]
•^ [Otryngham, i b, p. 2.]
■* [Professor Willis is here speaking of the original position of the Gate of Hu-
mility. The Alley of Trees is however the same, and the new gate at the end opposite
S. Michael's Church is still called the Gate of Humility.]
I.j HISTORY OF THE SITE. 1 59
It appears that in the 7th year of Edward I. (1278 — 9) the
convent of Anglesey* was already in possession, by the gift of
Robert Hoberd, of a messuage in this parish, and also of a
piece of void ground. The first is described as a stone messuage
in the parish of S. Michael, lying between the land of Alured
Rector of S. Michael and a certain highway on the north,
and the land of Richard Bateman on the. south: it extended
on its south border from the great street to a certain highway
on the west, and on its north border from the land of the said
Alured to the same highway. This description plainly indicates
the south portion of the ground in the plan, the highway which
formed part of its north border being the lane mentioned by
Dr Caius'^ and the highway on the west, Milne Street. The
piece of void ground seems to have been the west part of the
north portion, where the stone-house was subsequently erected
(by whom is not known), which was purchased in 13 11 by
Sir John de Cambridge, and bequeathed by him to the Gild
of Corpus Christil
'■ [Rot. Hund. ii. 360. Otiyngham, 17 d, p. 39. Hailstone's Hist, of Bottisham,
228. The Priory of the Blessed Virgin and S. Nicholas, at Anglesey in the Parish of
Bottisham, Cambs., was a Monastery of Regular Austin Canons, supposed to have been
founded before the end of the reign of Henry I. The number of Canons appears
to have varied between 8 and 11. There was a Prior and a sub-Prior. Barnwell
Priory was another Convent professing the same rale. These two Convents had
great influence in Cambridge in the 14th century. Besides that part of the present
site of this College belonging to Anglesey Priory in the year 1280, as shewn by
the plan, it appears also to have possessed a much larger piece of land adjoining ;
for, from a deed in the muniment room of Corpus Christi College, we leaiTi that
Walter de Wythersfield Prior of Anglesey and the Convent granted to John de
Cambridge and his wife and sons : ' ' placeam nostram vocatam Henneye cum per-
tinenciis in Cantebr' prout jacet in longitudine et latitudine usque ad ripam que se
extendit a magno ponte ville predicte usque ad parvum pontem ejusdem." The
deed is undated, but as Walter de Wythersfield was Prior from 13 16 to 1338, this
was probably the same John de Cambridge who bought the original site of the
College in 131 1. J. L. ]
■^ [This lane appears from the above to have been public in 1280. We know,
however, from what follows that it was closed to the public before 1337; so that
it never, as a public way, divided the gardens from the College. J. L.]
^ Borough Report, p. 25. [Sir John de Cambridge appears to have bought from
Adam Elyot de Cambridge, so that the Priory must have alienated the site between
1280 and 131 1, in which interval the original house which became the first home
of the College on its new site must have been built. In the deed conveying the house
from Adam Elyot to Sir John, which still exists in the muniment room of Corpus
l6o GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
We next find that in 1337 the Priory of Anglesey leased to
Michael House for 40 years a curtilage (BCG, fig. i) extending
lengthwise from the Rectory messuage on the east to that of
Sir John de Cambridge on the west, and in breadth from the
stone-house belonging to the Priory to a certain lane, "once
public," on the north \ This piece of ground, as the Otryngham
book informs us, became part of the garden of the Rectory
House. We may therefore conclude that the lane was by that
time enclosed as a private road to the tenements on the site.
The property between S. Michael's Lane and the wall of the
stone-house belonging to the Priory was bought by Dr Caius
from Trinity College in 1564. It consisted then of four tene-
ments called Ansel's, Houghton's, Talbot's and Smythe's, alias
" The King's Arms," or, in the words of the conveyance from
Trinity College (dated June i, 5 Eliz. 1563),
"fewer mesuages . . . in the parishe of S. Michaell . . . over agaynst the
churche and churchyard of the same parishe, betwene the lane called
Michaell lane of the northe and the tenemente of Robert Lane baker of
the south, and abuttinge upon the king's highway or high streate there
on the easte, and the gardeynes and ortesyerdes belonging to Gonevill
and Caius College ... on the west."
It may be presumed that all these tenements had become
the property of Michael House and had thus passed to Trinity
College^. A few particulars may be recovered about them.
The King's Arms was the same as the Rectory House : it is
described by Dr Caius thus^ :
Christi College, the property is thus described: " Messuagium meum quod vocatur le
Stoiiehalle quod jacet in Cantebr' in parochia sancti Michaelis simul cum alio mes-
suagio meo adjacente, et abuttat super messuagium Reginaldi de Comberton in predicta
parochia." J. L.]
^ Otryngham, 32 b, p. 48. The glebe of S. Michael is described in 1324 (ibid.
I b, p. 2), as bounded on the west by the estate of Sir John de Cambridge. It
must therefore at that time have included this curtilage or garden : and as the northern
abuttal is stated to be the house of Adam de Trumpington, the lane must have even
then ceased to be public. The Priory at the same time remitted to Michael House
their rights to the glebe.
'^ Annals, a.d. i=i64, 56 — 65. "Sumptibus Johannis Caii acquisita sunt a Collegio
.Sancte Trinitatis quatuor tenementa vocata Ansels, Houghtons Talbots, et Smythes
alias Anna Regis, in parochia Sancti Michaelis."
^ Annals, a.d. 1569, 76. [The site of this tenement was employed by Dr Caius
in building his court in 1565, and making the new approach to it from Trinity St.
It extended from the Gate of Humility to the west end of the Chapel. J. L.]
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE. l6l
" The space between the gate of Humihty and the gate of Virtue
was formerly occupied by a tenement called the King's Arms. This
was once the residence of John Sibert, alias Siberch, the University
Printer, who printed some books of John Lydgate and others, and of
Erasmus when he was residing at Cambridge and publicly lecturing on
S. Jerome."
The next tenement to the north had been bought by Hervey
de Stanton and Walter de Buxton in 1326, from Adam de
Trumpyngton, formerly Rector of the Church of S. Michael. It
was situated opposite to the west end of that Church on the
north side of the glebe, and had become a principal part of
the messuage of Master William Syda, when the Otryngham
book was written \ The messuage to the north of this had
been given to S. Michael's Church in ancient times by Johanna,
daughter of John, a fisherman of Benewyk, on condition that
mass should be celebrated there twice a year for the souls of
herself and her relations". The history of the two tenements to
the north of these is related in a note\
^ Otryngham, 34 : and 36, 8 d. Adam had bought the garden (June 27,
18 Edw. I. 1290) of Richard Wombe. It is described as 32 feet long and 21 feet
broad, lying between land of John de Wynepol on one side and of Wombe on
the other, and abutting on the houses of John and the land of Adam. In the deed
of sale of the above tenement dated March 19, 19 Edw. II., 1326, the description
is "a messuage in the High Street opposite the Church of St Michael, next to
a House of the Masters and Scholars of Michael House on the south and a messuage
belonging to the Church on the north, abuts eastward on the Highway {regia strata)
and westward on the messuage of John de Wynepol" (ibid. 9 d). A marginal
note in a later hand adds " ubi nunc est gardinum aula: de gimwill."
- [The grant is without date. It has been preserved in Otryngham (p. 4, 6 b),
"Johanna, daughter of Jolm Piscator de Benewyk grants to the Church of S. Michael
her mansion in that parish, 24 feet in length from the great street to the land of
R. Wombe, and 1 7 feet broad in front, between the land of William de la Bruer and
R. Wombe aforesaid, in the middle 20 feet, at the end 24 feet." The rubric is as
follows: " Sequitur carta per quam ab antiquo fuit collatum ecclesie sancti Michaelis
illud mesuagium vbi modo situatur shoppa magistri Willelmi Syda." The inquisition
of Edw. I. (Rot. Hund. p. 389) states that Master Stephen de Aseligfeld Rector of
the Church of S. Michael holds a messuage in the same parish which John de Benewyk
had given the said Church in pure and perpetual alms. This pays a rent to the
Prior and Convent of Anglesey of i2(/, but by what right the Prior is ignorant.
" Benewyk" may possibly be Benwick in the Isle of Ely near March.]
•* [The deeds in Caius College Muniment Room relating to these four tenements,
reveal the following facts about their history previous to their coming into the posses-
sion of the College : Ansell's, which was the corner house {doimis angularis), belonged
in the reign of Edward III. to John de Leveryngton and Margaret his wife, who con-
VOT,. T. II
1 62 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The walls of Gonville Hall gardens were built with sums
given in and about 1481 and 1498 by various benefactors, as
will be told in the next chapter. The narrow lane which had
ceased to be public in 1337 appears to have been now absorbed :
and the map shews that the wall CG separates the ground of
Gonville Hall from the garden of the Rector of S. Michael's.
At the time these walls were building the College purchased of
the Priory of Anglesey a piece of ground 40 ft. wide to enlarge
the Master's garden, at a yearly rent of 8^/.; and at the same
time the Priory agreed to release the College from this rent and
from the rent of 5^-. paid of old for their site, as above stated,
when they shall have settled lands to that value upon " the said
Priory near Botsome," or have given them 6 pounds in lieu
thereof^
The new Court which Dr Caius made, was, as he himself
relates, " previously occupied by four gardens divided by three
walls and a wooden paling. Two of these gardens had been
for many years in the possession of the College; the other
two were bought by myself from Robert Lane and Trinity
veyed it, with its garden extending back to the property of Gonville Hall, in 1362, to
William de Brokedyssh of Cambridge. In 1396, Margaret Yonne, widow of John
Dunton, conveyed the same to Simon Bentibowe. In 1428, Thomas Hamelin, Vicar
of Grantchester, executor of Simon Bentibowe, and William son of Simon, conveyed the
same to Katharine Cristin, Simon Derwind and Christiana his wife. In 1444, William
Ronaldson conveyed the same to Roger Levessey and others. The property then
appears to have passed by various releases entirely into the possession of Roger
Levessey, whose widow Helen, by will (proved at York, 4 March, 1492), left it to her
daughter Alice for her life, and after her death gave it in perpetuity to the Master or
President and Fellows {coftsocii) of the College of S. Michael, who were to celebrate an
annual obit "cum nota" for the souls of Roger Levessey and Robert Astley and the
souls of "our children." Houghton's, which was the next tenement to the south,
appears to have consisted of two messuages in 1326, when it was bought by Michael
House from Roger son of Guy Buttecourt, for 100 marks. J. L.]
^ [College Treasury, Box i. No. 33 (a), dated 3 April 13 Hen. VII. It is de-
scribed as "a parcell of a gardeyn as it lyeth in length nexte to the grounde of the
saide Collegge ... abuttyng upon the gardeyn of Seint Marie hostell ... ageinst the
South and conteyning in brede from the saide grounde of the saide Maister and ffelawes
xl'y feete of the Kinges Standerde. " (The number xl is rather obscure and somewhat
defaced. The north boundary is not mentioned, but it must have been the Rectory
garden. ) The right of way to this garden was probably by the lane, and it was the
purchase from the Priory which made it possible for Gonville Hall and Michael
House to absorb the lane between them. J. I..]
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE. 163
College \" One of the former two was on the east side of the
path which leads from the Gate of Honour to the Chapel,
and divides the Court into two parts. This, the one obtained
from the Priory of Anglesey, he took possession of for the
Court, and " instead of it'^ " inclosed a good part of the ground
he had bought of Lane, building a wall (AD, fig. i) to separate
it from the other portion of Lane's ground 'which he had not
bought, thus forming the President's garden. This wall re-
mained until 1854. The other of the former two gardens was
part of the original Master's garden. Lane's garden was a por-
tion of the orchard of the " Stone House " of the Priory of
Anglesey. This property had passed after the Dissolution into
the hands of William Allinson, citizen and alderman of Lincoln,
w^ho sold it (March 6, 36 Hen. VHL) to Robert Lane, a baker
of Cambridge, as appears from the deed between him and
Dr Caius, in which it is called " le lambe aliter le Stonne
house," formerly belonging to the Priory of Anglesey. Dr Caius
purchased a portion of the orchard minutely described as
being seventy-three feet two inches and a half long on the
north border, and sixty-five feet six inches and three quarters
long on the south border, lying between the tenement lately
called " Saint ]\Iary Ostle " now in the tenure of Thomas
Pede on the south, and a parcell of the tenement or house
called " le Kinges armes," formerly belonging to Michael House
and now to the College of Gonville and Caius, on the north,
and abutting on the remainder of "my orchard" [i.e. Lane's] to
the east, and on part of the garden of Gonville to the w-estl
' [Annals, 66. This garden was the one leased by the Priory of Anglesey in
1337 to Michael House. It was probably used as a garden to the Rectoiy, and
must have become the property of Michael House or of Trinity College previous
to the time of Dr Caius, as it appears to have passed to him with the Rectory House,
then called the King's Arms and occupied by Smythe J. L.]
- [This garden had possibly been appropriated to the use of the President. J. L. ]
•' The Annals (68) contain a transcript of the deed in question. The dimen-
sions enable this piece to be laid down to scale with precision. [From a bond given
by Dr Caius to Corpus Christi College (Corpus Treasury, Box 31, No. 49), dated
10 March, 1566, it appears that he bound himself in ;^20 that neither he nor his
successors should " open any wyndowe or windowes of the gable ende of that their
colledge abbutting uppon the garden of the howse or tenement latelie called Sayncte
Mary ostell ... during the terme of 63 yers next insewing:" and further to "make
three seates betwene the saied gable ende and the ould wall of the saied colledge of
I I — 2
164 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLECxE. [CHAP.
Lastly, in 1 566, Dr Caius bought a small slip of the ground of
S. Mary Hostel from Corpus Christi College^ to enable him
to carry the south wall of his Court in a direct line. This
piece was only 3 feet 4 inches wide at the west end, and 3 inches
wide at the east end, and cost him 20 shillings. [The fourth
garden was the western portion of the Rectory Garden of
Michael House : which passed with the Rectory House into
the possession of Dr Caius in 1564.] Besides these four gardens,
out of which the Caius Court was composed, there was the
" herbarium," or " cook's little garden V' to the east of Gonville
Court, originally part of the property of John Goldcorn. To
this Dr Caius added portions of the gardens of the tenements
bought from Trinity College (as the plan explains), thereby
doubling it in size, and converted it into a garden for the fellows.
[It was enclosed by a high wall until 1868.]
[The history of the whole site occupied by the College
Buildings in the year 1857 is thus complete. We have now to
finish that of the south-east corner, which we have already traced
down to 1545. It became the property of the College in 1782,
but, as the earliest of its existing title-deeds is dated 1675, there
remains a period of 130 years during which we are without
any information respecting it. In 1675 it was in the possession
of Thomas and Richard Prior. It is described as a messuage,
sometime an Inn, called "the Stone House," divided into two,
between St Mary's Hostle on the south and Gonville and Caius
College on the west, "parcel sometime of the Priory of Anglesea."
Thomas and Richard Prior sold the western portion in 1675 to
William Morden for ;^440. This passed to Conyers Middleton
in 1738, to Charles Finch in 1761, and from him to the College
in ]782\ The eastern portion appears to have been divided
into two houses before 171 1, when we find the corner house in
Gonevill and Caius." The "oiild wall" is the west wall of the Priory garden (fig. i) :
and the 3 seats, now blocked, may be seen in Senate-House passage between the Gate
of Honour and the south gable of the eastern building of Caius Court. They have
usually been mistaken for windows.]
1 Annals, 1566, 74 and 76. "- " Hortulus coci."
•' [This was the large redbrick house of which the lower floor was used, first as a
book shop (Barraclough's) and afterwards as a stationer's shop (Macmillan's), till the
year 1854, when it was taken into the College to be used for lecture- rooms. It was
here that Conyers Middleton lived. J. L.]
Fig. 2. Gonville Court ; and the north side of Caius Coiu't, from Loggan's print, taken about 1688.
A, Chapel ; B, Library ; C, Hall; D, Master's Lodge; E, Gonville Court; F, Caius Court,
with the dial set up by Theodore Haveus of Cleves.
To face p. 165.
Vol. I.
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE. 1 65
the possession of John Richardson, who sold it to Mary Heath
for ^114, on Dec. 8, 171 1. It then passed to Mary Collet,
granddau<;hter of Mary Heath. She sold it for ;^2io in 1758
to the above Charles Finch, who conveyed it together with the
western portion in 1782 to the College. The remaining house
in 1 76 1 belonged to Trinity Hall. It passed at the same time as
the others to the College. These houses were used as part of
the College from 1854 to 1868, when they were demolished and
the entrance tower built upon their site. J. L.]
CHAPTER II.
History of Gonville Court. Works of Dr Caius.
GONVILLE and Caius College contains three courts, termed
"Gonville Court," "Caius Court" and "Tree Court," besides
the Master's garden, yards, etc.
The first-named court (fig. 2) was for two centuries the
only one, and it therefore contained within its circuit the
essential buildings of the College, the Hall, the Chapel, the
Library, and the Lodge. It had an entrance gateway from
Trinity Lane which was abolished in 1754. The two latter
courts were added in the reigns of Elizabeth and her successor
to increase the accommodation for Fellows and Students.
The College possesses a volume containing the annals of its
early history drawn up by Dr Caius from documents which have
for the most part disappeared \ In this book, after recording
1 The "Annals " are written in Latin, on vellum, in the form of an annual register
of events from the foundation of the College, interspersed with copies of documents in
latin and english. The work was begun by Dr Caius, but continued by Dr Legge,
his successor, to the year 1603. In 1655 a College order was made for its transcrip-
tion, from which resulted a paper copy. "A payment to Mr Home for wrighting
the Annals ^^5. 6s. lod." in the Bursar's Book, Michaelmas, 1658, shews the con-
clusion of the work. This copy contains not only the whole of the original, but
a continuation of the history to the year 1648, compiled by Mr William ]\Ioore,
1 66 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
that the episcopal executor of the founder had exchanged the
Hall in Lurghburne Lane for " Le stone house " with its ap-
purtenances and other tenements adjacent thereto late of John
Goldcorne, he proceeds' ;
"a. D. 1353. Thus was the Hall of Goneville, otherwise of the
Annunciation of the Blessed Mary, converted into an orchard for the
College of Corpus Christi, the ancient walls still remaining, and the
gates, one opening into Lurghburne Lane, the other into the church-
yard of S. Botolph. By altering the messuage of John de Cambridge,
and the tenements of John Goldecorne, the Bishop made the north
side of our College, with a kitchen for the use of the Master and
Fellows. The Master's Chamber was over the north gatehouse, the
fellows' chambers on either side". To this Hall of the Annunciation
thus lately founded, Thomas Bishop of Ely, and Alan Prior of that
Cathedral Church granted licence in I353^ that divine service might
University Librarian 1653 — 9) ^^ the latter date. No attempts have since been made
to continue this chronicle. [An interesting notice of both the original and the copy
is to be found in the Cambridge Portfolio (J. J. Smith), p. 44 sq. There is also in
the College an older volume entitled "Evidences of the College."' This book was
written by Edmund SherifTe (Master 1472 — 1475) and contains copies of the oldest
deeds, charters, licenses in mortmain, etc. , and much information about the College
property. It is partly copied, MSS. Baker, xxix. 263 sq. Dr Caius was probably
indebted entirely to Sheriffe's Evidences for the earlier part of his Annals, and as
he entered in 1529, only 54 years after the death of Sheriffe, information about the
interval between Sheriffe's time and his own could easily be derived from conversation
vs-ith living members of the College. A very imperfect copy of this book exists in
the College Library (MSS. 621), but the Editor of the Catalogue does not appear to
have been aware of the existence of the original. Until 1874 it was kept in the
Lodge in the care of the Master; but it was then removed to the Library, whei^e it
is now placed with the other MSS. This most interesting volume appears to have
escaped the notice of Professor Willis.
It will be convenient to describe here another volume which will be referred to
in the following pages, and which also appears never to have come into the hands of
the author. This is the oldest "Computus," or Bursar's account liook. It is a small
folio paper volume of 192 pages, containing the College accounts from 1423 to
1456, 1488 to 1493, and 1508 to 1524. The early pages contain several accounts
of expenditure of money in College for repairs and general expenses, some of which
will be quoted below ; but the book soon becomes a mere record of stipends paid to the
Master, Fellows, and Scholars, and the entries in which this history is more par-
ticularly interested disappear. J. L.]
^ Annals, 4 — 7. [For the history of the foundation see Historical Introduction.]
^ [It is possible that the space separating the two houses may have been taken for
the gateway. J. L.]
^ This license still remains in the Treasury. [It is sealed by Bishop Thomas
de L'Isle, and by the Prior and Chapter. The Prior was Alan de Walsingham. Tlie
Bishop's seal was affixed on A}iril 1, 1353, tliat of the Chapter two days afterwards.
II.J HISTORY OF GONVILLE COURT. 167
be celebrated in the private Chapel thereof. From this we may gather,
that a Chapel existed at that time, but that it was unfinished. That
it was not completed until 1393 we learn from the letters of Pope
Boniface', who in that year authorised the fellows to celebrate therein.
" The Hall, the Master's chamber, the Library, the West side of
the College, and the south side from thence as far as the Chapel,
were built in 1441 at the instigation, expense, and contrivance of that
worthy man and liberal benefoctor Thomas Atwood", then Master of
The license is however for the erection of a Chapel, and does not imply that one was
then commenced. Indeed considering that the first agreement with Corpus Christi
College, about the exchange of site, is dated June i, 1353, just two months later than
the Bishop's license, it is evident that a chapel on the present site could not then have
been commenced. We have no record as to when the Chapel was commenced.
Blomefield (Collect, p. 43) says, but with what authority is not plain, that the North
Isle of S. Michael's Church was the Chapel to Gonville Hall. J. L.] Another
license, to be in force for three years only, was granted in 1389 (Nov. 22) by Bishop
Fordham "in capella sive oratorio infra collegium, ...si ad hoc decens fuerit et hones-
tum, divina licite celebrare." MSS. Baker, xxxi. 209. [This license does not exist
in the College, nor is there any mention of it in the Annals. Baker copied it
from Fordham's Register. At the end of the three years the Pope's license took its
place. J. L.]
^ The Bull of Pope Boniface the Ninth is transcribed at length in the Annals
p. 19, where it is dated by error 1 384 ; but the fifth year of his pontificate, which is also
given, shews that the date should be 1393- [Baker copies the correct date, Nov. 13,
1393, from Sheriffe's Evidences. MSS. Baker, xxix. 275. J. L.]
^ Thomas Atwood, 6th Master (1426 — 1454). [The following building account,
undated, is entered on the back of the first sheet of the oldest computus book, and
may be of any date subsequent to 1423. Is it not probable that it is an account of
the work done through the liberality of Atwood, Warrocke, and Preston in 1441 ?
The items and the amount point to such a work as building one side of Gonville Court
in a plain style would have cost about the middle of the fifteenth century. For we
know (Rogers' Hist, of Prices, i. 259) that in 1448 Merton College rebuilt their
Bell Tower at a cost of ;!^r4i. igs. 4^^/. ; and such a work would certainly cost now
upwards of ^^4000 ; so that the building to which this account refers would cost about
;i^i 100 at the present day.
"Expense pro communil)us latomorum et ali""'"' et ali°™™ necessari"""" in edifi-
cacione domus
In primis xxviijs vd
Item pro cariagio meremii in die trinitatis v marc
Item pro communibus latomorum et aliorum njli ixs njd ob
Item pro meremio et cariagio et lapidibus vmarc
Item pro monyels et aliis lajjidibus xiijs njd
It' pro lapidibus de baryngton vis vnjcl
It' pro leyers et seru' xs
It' pro lapidibus vis viiid
Item pro communibus et aiiis vili xvii)s nijd
It' debet magist' ixli xiijs ob
It' pro coibus pro tempore furl)isli' xli ijs vii|d ob"
l68 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the Hall, aided by the contributions of John Warrocke, John Preston,
and other good men. Before this time there existed only the north
side, altered from the houses of John de Cambridge and John de
Goldcorne as above related. Neither was there a library, but in lieu
thereof a strong-room, as the documents of the College as well as the
statutes of the Episcopal Founder attest'. I find among the ancient
muniments a license from William, Bishop of Ely, dated Sept. 5, 1470, to
enable the Masters and Fellows to celebrate divine offices in the oratory
near the Master's Chamber ^ The Chapel however, which occupies
the remainder of the South side of the College, commenced many years
before, was completed about 1393 by William Rougham, Professor of
Medicine, at his own expense^ To perfect the work Thomas Drantalle,
formerly fellow of the College, gave the sum of ;^i4. 13J. 4^. But for
the construction of the eastern side of the College that excellent woman,
worthy of all praise, Elizabeth Clere, widow, formerly the wife of Robert
Clere, Esquire, gave two hundred marks about 1490. The chamber in
that part which is nearest to the Chapel was finished at the expense of
Nicholas Buckenham, who besides conferred upon the College his estates
in Haddenham. In this manner, and by the help of these persons,
our College obtained a complete quadrangle. It has remained as they
left it to our own days, except that the gardens have been enlarged ;
a stable and a dovehouse have been built : it has been surrounded
with walls, and suitably ornamented.
" For the completion of the College, Henry Costeley, Master*, John
Awbrey, senator of Norwich, and John Owdolfe, clerk, gave ,-^200. in
1481 ; Henry John Drolle and Richard Browne, also senators of Norwich,
gave 240 marks. With these latter sums were built the walls of the
gardens, the stable, and the fuel-house. This was afterwards divided in
1536, and the dovehouse built out of it at a cost of ^7. o^. i6d. With
The account is not summed, but the total appears to amount to ^40. is. gh/.
The last item but one may represent Thomas Atwood's contribution towards the
expenditure, the rest being provided for by the gifts of Warrocke and Preston. J. L.]
' [It is certain that the College possessed books before 144T, but it does not appear
from any documents how they were kept. The Bishop's statutes throw no light on
the subject, as the statute " de Libris "' is a copy verbatim of the statute he had previously
enacted for Trinity Hall. The following entries occur in the old computus book under
tlie year 1423 :
"Item pro redempcione librorum norgate xxs
Item pro prandio tliome norgate et socii sui deliberantis predictos libros iiij d"
j. L.]
■-^ [This license from William (Gray) Bishop of lily " to the Chaplains and Scholars
in the Hall of the Annunciation" "ad suum beneplacitum duratura" is dated Sept. 5,
1476. It applies to the Master's chamber in a new position, the first position having
been over the gateway. J. L.]
■' [William Rougham, M.D., was 2nd Master (1360 — 1393). The date 1353 in the
Cambridge Calendar for the end of John Cobton's Mastership is incorrect ; as there is
a deed in the Treasury of the date 1360 in which he is named as the Master. J. L.J
•» [yth Master (1475—1483).!
II.] WORKS OF I)R CAIUS. 169
the same money were purchased the hangings of the College Hall, of the
Masters bedchamber and inner chamber, together with linen cloths and
ornaments for the common table. From the same fund was built the
north part of Fishewicke Hostel', and the south ])art (as far as the
gate) with the walls of the same. ...Towards building the College walls,
John Barly, Master", gave jQ$, and also remitted a debt of jQ^o due to
him from the College, for sums which he had formerly expended in their
service. James (ioldewell, Bishop of Norwich ^ gave jQ(). igx. besides
books, and two small chalices; Agnes Thorpe, Gs. 8c/.; Anna Rede \os.\
and Sir Thomas Lovell ;^30, for the building of the walls which extend
from the Chapel to the Lane and the Street. For there formerly existed
a lane which led from S. Michael's churchyard along the south side of
our Chapel, dividing the gardens from the College and extending as
far as S. Gerard's Hostel's lane.
" While these walls were in building, leave was given to S. Michael's
College [Michael House] that certain buildings of theirs situated to the
south [of the College] might rest upon them : provided they were
willing to cover them in such a way as not to injure the masonry of the
walls, "'
[Dr Caius further relates how the windows of the Hall,
Library and Chapel were glazed by successive benefactors :
and then, coming to the events of his own Mastership, pro-
ceeds as follows :]
"In the same year, 1559, all the buildings of the College, which
through negligence and improvidence, had been in past years damaged
by storms, wind and rain, were repaired at an expense of ^£20. The
pavement of the court, broken and uneven, and covered with mud and
sand, was mended. Straight paths were laid down : and an iron grating,
to keep animals out, was placed within the northern entrance gate. In a
word, everything was cleansed. Before, you might have thought it was
the stable of Augeas. This took place in the month of March'.''
This detailed narrative is extremely interesting on several
grounds. It was written by a person intimately acquainted with
the history of his College, for which he had a strong affection,
and to whose documents he had complete access. It shews too
the very gradual way in which the quadrangle of this early
College was completed, by the gifts of benefactors from time
' Fishewicke Hostel will be descriijed in tlie liistoiy of Trinity College. [An
endorsement on the deed of gift of Costesly, Awbrey, and Owdolfe takes credit for
all the above expenditure, as having been made from the ^200 given by them. J. L.]
- [10th Master (1483—1.^03).]
■' 1473 — 1498. [The present lofty clerestory and stone vault of the jiresbytery of
Norwich Cathedral are due also to this Bishop's liberality. ]. L.J
■' Annals, 45, A.n. i.s.^^g.
170 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
to time. The Court in question, which still subsists although
utterly transformed, is only about 84 feet square, and the build-
ings were of the plainest description. Nearly 140 years passed
from its foundation to its completion. It must be remembered
that the number of persons to be lodged was small. Gonville
left only a master and four fellows, to which three other fellow-
ships were added in the years 1393, 1478, and 1487 respectively'.
As there were few or no pensioners in those days, it is evident
that the community might well reside for 90 years in the north
side of the quadrangle, which contained 8 or 9 chambers^.
These however were not all lodging-rooms, as some of them were
employed as strong rooms, dining-hall, kitchen, and for servants'.
This quadrangle (fig. 2), completed as above related by Dame
Elizabeth Clere, and having a single entrance in S. Michael's
Lane, a courtyard, kitchen, stable, etc. on the west side*, a small
herb garden for the use of the cook on the east side, and a
large garden on the south-west side'^, remained until the reign
of Elizabeth, with the exception of necessary repairs and altera-
tions, as when in 1564 the eastern gable of Gonville Hall next
the herbarium was repaired, and three new stone windows in-
serted in lieu of three wooden windows which were rotten from
age. [One of these was put in at the expense of Dr Busby". J
^ [The number of fellows appears to have varied according as the income of the
College was found sufficient. This was intended by Bishop Bateman's statutes. Thus
in the year 1423, the earliest date to which our computus books go back, there appear
to have been 4 fellows, and the income was £'^0. os. i\d. In 1427 the income had
increased to £(>o. \y. id., and we find that in 1426 there were elected 5 additional
fellows, making 9 in all. In 1434 the number of fellows was 6, and in 1447 it was
again reduced to 4. In 1465 it was only 2. In 1466 it was 5, in 1488 it was 6, but as
the accounts were not kept in the interval, it is impossible to say what was the im-
mediate effect of the foundation of the fellowships in 1478 and 1487. J. L. ]
■^ [Besides this accommodation, there was after the year 1394 Physwicke's
Hostel on the other side of S. Michael's Lane. J. L. ]
^ [In Bishop Bateman's statutes provision is made for 2 "Officiarii," viz. " Pistor"
and "Dispensator," and 2 "Garciferi" for the "Pistrina" and "Coquina." Only two
servants, "Coquus" and "Dispensator," appear in the accounts of the 15th century.
J-L.]
•* [Part of this is shewn in fig. 4.]
•'"' [This appears to have been separated from the College by the lane which used to
run on the south side of the Chapel.]
^ [Annals, 65. In the account of College affairs compiled by James Hicks, M.A.
(MS. Caius Coll.), it is mentioned that "on rebuilding that north side of the Coll. in
i753> in the middle window of the said east end was found a stone with this inscription,
HUMFRI . BUSBI . FECIT . H. FENESTRAM.l
II.] WORKS OF DR CAIUS. I7I
Dr Caius however (Master 1559 — 1573), having added 2 fellows
and 12 scholars to the ancient foundation, purchased additional
ground as already explained, and commenced a new Court.
[The following extracts from a Commission from Queen.
Elizabeth, dated Aug. i, 1564, "to all and singuler our Justices
of peace, Mayers, Sheriffs, etc." indicate the time when he first
began to entertain this idea :
"Wheras we are gyven to understand that our loving subiect John
Caius... entendeth with expedition to buyld upp and fyni.she the College
of Gonevill and Caius... for w"'' purpose he hath prepared tymber
stonne lyme bricke slate leade and other necessaries, and more entendeth
to prepare as for the sayd worke and buyldinge are requysyte, mynding
his furderaunce in that behalf, and to take away suche occasions as
may seme to be a lette unto the same, We haue ordeyned...that no
raaner of tymber stonne or other the premisses, nor any workeman or
laborer hired or to be reteyned in the said worke, nor any cart cariage
horses or other thing whatsoeuer appoynted and provided for the same,
nor the tenantes, servantes, or termors of the said College, or their
servantes, nor any of their provisions for carriage be in any wise taken
or withdrawne from them attending the said worke by any of our
officers or servaunts nor any other; but that suche cartes... together with
workemen...to remayn and continew in the said worke so longe as they
shalbe hyred or appoynted in the same. And all other the prouisions
and necessaries aboue mencyoned...to be free from all and every our
purvey ours and servauntes duryng the space of the yeares hereafter
folowyng, if the said College shalbe so longe in buylding, any thyng
to the contrary notwithstondinge. And therefore we woU and command
you and every of you to be ayding helping and assisting the sayd doctor
Caius, and all others for him travelinge about the accomplishement and
expedition of the sayd workes and buyldinges, As ye and every of you
tender our pleasure and woU answeare to the contrarie. And our pleasure
and commandement ys that this our speciall licence and graunte shalbe
good and continue during fyve yeres next ensuying the date hereof '"....]
The foundation stone (fig. 3) of the New Court was laid by
Dr Caius on the west side, on Saturday, May 5, 1565, at 4 o'clock
in the morning. After solemn prayer to God that the new
College might be fortunate in its beginning, continuation, and
end, and that all who dwelt in it might be virtuous, given to
study, useful, godfearing citizens, he pronounced these words :
"" Dico istiid ccdificiuni sapicntia; : pono hiinc lapidcui in funda-
inentiini (gdificii, in increnicntuni virtntis ct lifcraruvi, in nomine
patris ct filii ct spiritus sancti^ The said stone is laid in the
I [Annals, 56.1
1/2
GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
[chap.
Fig. 3. Foundation Stone of Cains
Court, traced from the representa-
tion of it in the Annals.
middle of the wall next the Master's garden'. In digging the
foundations of these buildings in the gravel it was observed
that they came upon water everywhere
at a depth of six feet. It also hap-
pened that whereas rain had fallen
almost without ceasing for two months
previously, yet from the fifth day be-
fore the commencement of the work to
the nineteenth day of the same month,
during which time the foundations were
so far advanced as to be safe from
injury, there w^as a continuance of fine
weather, which the Doctor piously re-
cords as an instance of divine favour.
The highest and last stone of the west
side of the Court was laid on the first
of September, 1565, at the third hour
after noon. The digging of the founda-
tions of the eastern side began on the
25th of September of the same year,
and'on the 13th was laid the foundation of the wall dividing
Mr Lane's ground from the piece which Dr Caius had bought
from him to form the President's garden. [No architect's name
is mentioned, and the claims of John of Padua and Theodore
Haveus of Cleves are hardly strong enough to warrant the
rejection of the more agreeable tradition that Caius was his own
architect, and brought the design with him from Padua.]
In the next year", 1566, Dr Caius gave to the College the
stipend of his ofiice, from the feast of the Nativity 1559 to the
same feast in the year 1566, for the following purposes : That at
the door of the College, which opens to the western garden,
should be erected a turret staircase {tnrris scalaris), ascending
from the garden to the three chambers of the Master (fig. 4), and
that the end wall of his chambers should be raised vertically
into a gable, so as to enlarge the upper room^ ; also that the
1 [Annals, 6(). The position is thus described : "Lapis iste positus est in ipsa
media longitudine parietis nostri Collegil, qui proximus est horto occidentali, hac figura
et insciiptione." Then follows the drawing of the tablet and inscription given above.
The history of the foundation is translated almost literally from the Annals. J- I-]
^ Annals, 74. •' The words are "Utque paries finalis eiusdem cubiculi
perpendiculariter in conum asccndat ad suprenium cul)icuhim amplianduni."
II.]
WORKS OF DR CAIUS.
^7?>
steps ascending from the Chapel to the treasury should be
finished ; and lastly, that a new gateway of squared hard stone
should be raised where the door to the schools is placed. All
that related to the form and ornament of these works was to be
left to his own judgment and di-
rection. They were commenced in
May 1566, and the Master's turret- ^^"^
staircase, with the wall abutting ;;^
upon it, was completed by Octo-
ber in the same year. In 1570 the
Chapel-door which opened into
Gonville Court was removed, and
a -new door opened into the pas-
sage which connected the two Col-
leges (as Dr Caius calls them), or
as we should now say " the two
Courts." A door was at the same
time made on the opposite side of
the passage into the Master's lower
chamber, so that he might pass
from his chamber to the Chapel
dryshod. But the Chapel Tower
and the Gate of Honour were not
built until after Dr Caius' death,
which happened July 29, 1573. The
exact dates of these works are
shewn by an account called " A
further summarie table of the
whole charges aboutc the buildinges of Porta honoris, the Chap-
pell toware, and our founder's Mr Doctor Caius Tombe a 27"
Junii 1573° vnto the fynishing of the same i575"'-" The Chapel
' [The portion relating to tlie Gate and the Tower runs as follows (Annals, 138) :
" Item for free Stone from Kings clyffe and white Stone from
Haselingfeilde, digging and cariage ....
Item to free Masons and rough Masons for porta honoris and
the tower ......
Item for Lyme from Hinton
Item for Sande .....
Item for Iron worke for porta honoris
Fig. 4-
Master's Turret-Staircase,
after Loggan.
y 4
Item to Laborers
8
18
'
19
• 24
8
£i'^?>
9
1/4 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Tower was an ancient turret stair on the south side, at the
junction of the Antechapel with the Chapel, and leading to
the chamber over the Antechapel, which at that time and long
after was used as the College treasury. According to the
Annals "it was now completed by the addition of the upper
part ; for before it rose only to the eaves. On the vertex a
weathercock, in the form of Mercury, was placed ; and, on
account of its position, Dr Caius named it the Sacred Tower\"
[Dr Caius resigned the Mastership of his College on Jan. 27,
1573 : but before he did so, he caused the following account of
the cost of the new buildings to be prepared. It precedes in the
Annals the account for the Gate and the Tower given above.
"A table summarie of all the expenses of our founders M"" Doctor
Caius buyldinges from the feste of Ester 1564, vntill the natiuitie of
S*-"' John Baptist 1573.
66
Imprimis for trees bought of S"" Henrie Cromwell out of)
Warboys and Ramsey woodes in number 510. )
Item for hewing, marking, felling, lopping, squaring, drawing, ) ^ „
and carriage by land and water from thens to Cambridge, j "^
Item to Thorne, Raynsforth and Rothery for the fyrst and) <,
weste frame, part by great part by daye. j
Item to Rotherey and his men for their worke by daye from) ^ ,
Midsomer 1566, vntill Midsomer 1573. ) "^
Item for bourdes bought and brought in to the Colledge. 29 15 10
Item for staging tymber, hardies, lathes, lyne, cordes and) ^ .
&0.7 ■> J )/> -31166
nayles. ) "*
Item for Ramsey stone free and ragge, culling, and carriage) ^ ^
by land and water. ( *-54 j
Item for freestone from kynges Clyffe and Welden, digging)
and carryage parte by lande jxarte by water. j ~^ ^
Item for whyte stone from Haslingfeld and Barrington dig-)
ging and carriage. )
Item for stone from Barnewell, digging and carriage.
Item for lyme from Reche, Hinton and otherwhere.
Item for Sande and Claye by Barnes, Thomson and others.
Item for Iron worke for wyndowes dores etc.
Item for Leade and to the plommer for casting and lay-)
ing it. f
Item to free Masons from Michaelmas 1564, vntill Mid-)
somer 1573. f
Item to the Carver.
Item to roughe Masons.
' [This tower is shewn in fig. 2. The two suits of moldings that are carried round it
at the level of the eaves mark the junction of the old antl new work. See Annals, 140.
91
3
5
6
5
2
54
10
I
II
6
6
24
8
10
46
15
7
137
II
7
7
4
II
97
8
2
II.]
WORKS OF DR CAIUS.
175
219
161
37
8
4
Item to Laborers.
Item to Shatters for slatte, tyle, and tlie workemanshippe.
Item for charges extraordinarie.
The hole summe of all theis expenses ordmarie and ex-) ^
traordinarie. |^ 34
Besydes the expences omytted by negligense and expences also yet
to come for the perfection of the building of the College, and paving of
the Courtes of the same'."]
The buildings which Dr Caius had erected consisted of two
parallel ranges of chambers in two stories with garrets above.
The western range extended in continuation of the ancient west
side of Gonvillc Court, 1 14 feet in length, abutting upon the
lane on the south" (fig. i). The eastern range was parallel to the
former at a distance of 90 feet, and was 7 feet longer on
account of the irregularity of the ground. A new quad-
rangle w^as thus formed, having these ranges of chambers on
the east and west, the ancient Chapel and Lodge on the north,
and a wall on the south. In this wall a gateway was placed,
the unsymmetrical position of which is determined by the
direction of the ancient " Schools Street," to which, as its name
imports, it was intended that it should give direct access. A
second gateway tower in the east range communicated by an
avenue of trees with High Street, where there was a third gate.
[The ranges of chambers are 20 feet high to the eaves, and
36 feet high to the ridge of the roof.
The windows are pointed, with square
heads. They are each of three lights
on the side next the Court, except
those which hght the staircases, which
are of a single light (fig. 8). Those
which look into the Tree Court (fig.
7), or into the Master's Garden, have
never more than two lights. The
garrets have no windows towards the
Court, but lofty dormers on the op-
posite side, with windows of two lights
(fig. 7). The southern gables are each
pierced by two windows of a single v;„ . c„,„u r m e ^u
■t^ J o r ig. 5. south Oable of the west range
light. The chimney flues rise through of Calus Court, with original chimney.
the ridge of the roof (fig. 4) : the slender stone chimney-shafts,
' Annals,
- Now Senate- House Lane.
1/6
GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
[chap.
square in outline, are set diagonally on the flue, in clusters of
four, except at the gables, where two only occur together (fig. 5).
A small ornamental shaft is inserted in the angle between each
pair of shafts. Most of these singularly picturesque structures
have unfortunately been altered.
A peculiar system of
masonry, consisting of
stones in large and small
courses alternately (fig.
6), was adopted in some
parts of the building, as
in the wall facing the
Tree Court, and in the
west wall of the Lodge,
near the Turret stair-
case.]
The absence of buildings on the south side is a proof of the
care and forethought which this skilful physician bestowed upon
the plan, as he has attested by his 30th statute, which forbids
the erection of any building which shall completely close in
the south side of his College, " lest the air, from being confined
within a narrow space should become foul, and so do harm to
us, and still more to Gonvile's College." The same anxiety for
cleanliness appears in his 78th statute {Dc Atrii iniuiditic-), which.
enacts that any one who throws dirt or offal into the Court,
or who airs beds or bed-linen there, shall be fined three shillings
and fourpence. The following curious passage in his will il-
lustrates this part of the subject :
Lines of Masonry.
'• Item, I will y' there be maynteyned a lustie and healthie honest
true and unmaried man of fortie yeares of age and upwardes, to kepe
cleane and swete the pavementes and gutters without the gates, so far
as the necessarie places do nede, and likewise within my Colledge, and
doe safely loke and attend to the gates to open and shutt them at lawfull
and due tymes, and to light the lanternes in wynter in places appoynted
in the sayd Colledge, and he to have for his stipende fortie shillings by
the yeare, with his chamber free, and once in a yeare to give him a
gowne and rug with my amies in a scutchion to be sett thereon, as my
almes man'."'
[The Statutes and tlie Will are printed in Commiss. Doct. ii. 241 — .^^),s-]
Fig. 9. Restoration of the Gate of Honour, Caius College, as seen from Caius Court.
To face p. 177. Vol.1.
II.] WORKS OK 1)R CAIUS. 177
The gates were designed with great architectural skill, and
with that singular attention to symbolism and classical allusions,
which belonged to the reign of Elizabeth\ The entrance gate
which gives admission to the College from Trinity Street was
termed the Gate of Humility. It is merely a doorway in a wall,
ornamented with classical moldings. On the inside it had a
pediment, and detached columns bearing an entablature now
destroyed". [On the frieze is the word " IIUMILITATIS."] This
by a long avenue leads to the Gate of Virtue (Porta Virtutis),
lofty, ascended by steps^, and designed in as noble and simple
a style as that period was capable of affording. It is a very
elegant specimen of the Elizabethan classical style. [The word
" VIRTUTIS " is inscribed on the frieze above the arch on the
eastern side, in the spandrils of which are two female figures
leaning forwards*. That on the left holds a wreath in her left
hand, and a palm-branch in her right : that on the right, a purse
in her right hand, and a cornucopia in her left. The western
side of this gate has on its frieze " 10. CAIVS POSVIT SAPIENTLE
1 567," an inscription manifestly derived from that on the founda-
tion stone laid by Dr Gains. Hence this gate is sometimes
described as the Gate of Wisdom, a name which has, however, no
authority. In the spandrils on this side are the arms of Dr
Caius, as on the Gate of Honour. The two aspects are shewn
in figures 7 and 8.]
The gateway that faces the south and leads from the College
to the Schools was termed the Gate of Honour (Porta Honoris,
fig. 9), a singular and pretty example of florid ornament in the
manner of the sepulchral edifices of the ancients, but with certain
characteristic mixtures of mediaeval origin. The archway is four-
' [See Fuller, 253 : and also Dr Caius' 5211CI Statute, Commiss. Doct. ii. 274.]
- [The last traces of the original stone were probably removed at the beginning of
this century, when (Gesta Collegii Jan. 10, 1815) "it was agreed that the buildings
in the Tree Court be plastered with Roman cement next summer and repaired."
When the gateway was removed in 1868 to the position it now occupies in Senate-
House Passage, the entire surface was of cement and the appearance exactly as it is
now. J. L.] [A good view of this gate in its original state is to be seen in Loggan,
and in Le Keux, i. 177.]
■* [Four steps ascend from the level of Caius Court to the floor of this gate. The
level of the Tree Court is evidently higher now than it was when the gate was built,
so that no steps are now to be seen on that side.]
■* [One of these is figured in the Cambridge Portfolio, 212.]
VOL. I. 12
178
GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
[chap.
centred, although it has classical architrave molds ; and lateral
obelisks do duty in the manner of pinnacles. " It was built " the
Annals say " of squared hard stone wrought according to the
very form and figure which Dr Caius in his lifetime had him-
self traced out for the Architect \ and has at its apex a weather-
Fig. 7. Gate of Virtue, from the Tree Court.
cock in the form of a serpent and dove." [The friable nature of
the materials of which it was built, namely freestone from King's
Clifife, and white stone (i.e. clunch) from Haslingfield^, has
1 Annals, 140. Architectural drawings of this gate by William Wilkins,
Architect, and Fellow of the College, were published in the " Vetusta Monumenta,"
London, 1747 — 1842, Vol. 4. They should be compared with Logman's view,
which shews the dove and serpent, and the original terminations of the lateral
obelisks. [When Storer's view was taken these latter were all in their places e.xcept
the one at the N.W. angle.]
- [King's Cliffe, or Cliffe Regis, is in Northamptonshire, six miles N.N.W. of
Oundle. Haslingfield is in Cambridgeshire, about 5 miles S. of Cambridge.]
II.]
GATE OF VIRTUE.
179
unfortunately caused the surface to peel off to such an extent
that it is difficult to appreciate the delicacy of the carvings with
which it was once ornamented. Moreover, the cornice is much
broken, and several interesting features have wholly disappeared.
It has therefore been thought desirable to attempt a restoration
Fig. 8. Gate of Virtue, from Caius Court.
of the entire composition, and to figure the details, before they
become utterly obliterated.
In the spandrils of the arch next the Court (fig. 10) are the
arms of Dr Caius on an oval shield, " two serpents erect, their
tails nowed top'ether" and "between them a book'." From this
' [Arms were granted to Dr Caius (2 Jan. 1561), in the following terms : "Arms :
Or, semee with flowers gentle on a square marble stone Vert, two serpents erect their
tails nowed together Azure, between a book S. bossed O. garnished G. and in the
middle chief a sengrene proper. Crest : a dove A. beaked and membered G, with a
flower gentle in his mouth,... betokening by the book Learning, by the two Serpents
1 2 2
l8o GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
shield a branch extends into the angle, bearing a pomegranate
with other fruits and flowers. Four fluted columns support a
projecting cornice, profusely ornamented with classical mold-
ings, and. supported, over the arch, on brackets instead of pillars
(fig. ii). The capitals of the latter (fig. 12) have classical
enrichments, and the abacus is cut out at the angles, instead
of being, as usual, square. On the side next Senate-House Lane
the pillars are replaced by pilasters, supporting a Doric frieze
with Tudor roses in the metopes, and a slightly projecting
cornice.
The main mass of the gate is square, divided on both sides
into three compartments by four columns supporting a pedi-
ment. There are similar pediments on the east and west sides,
which, instead of being vertical like the others, present plain
curved surfaces of stone, serving as buttresses to the super-
structure. Each of the compartments (fig. 13) is occupied by a
balustrade, above which is a small niche, decorated with orna-
ments in low relief, within fluted pilasters, supporting an entab-
lature, and surmounted by a pediment.
- The superstructure is hexagonal, resting on a square base,
from which rise eight square pilasters. Each of the six sur-
faces above had originally a sun-dial affixed to it.
Dr Caius left the most precise directions respecting the care
that was to be taken of these Gates, and between what hours
they were to be open or closed. Nothing was to be laid on the
leaden roof of the Gate of Virtue (Statute 29) : nor was anybody
to set foot upon it, except when repairs were necessary. The
Gates of Humility, Virtue, and Honour; were all to be closed at
twilight, and not to be re-opened until the following morning
(Statute 52). The gate of Gonville College was to be closed at
the same time as the others ; but it might be opened by a porter
until 8 o'clock in winter and 9 o'clock in summer. All the gates
were to be closed at the hour of dinner and supper. A sub-
resting upon the square Marble Stone, Wisdome with grace founded and stayed upon
vertues sable stone ; by Sengrene and flower gentle Immortality that never shall fade,
as though thus I should say, Ex priidentia et Uteris, virtutis petra firinatis, immortal it as :
that is to say, ' By tuisdomc and learning grafted in gi-ace and vcrtue Aden co»ie to
immortality\'''' " Sengrene " is Houseleek ; " Flower gentle, '" Amaranth. Gerarde's
Herball, 1633. See also Fuller, 253.]
II.l
GATE OF HONOUR.
l8l
Fig. lo. Spandril of arch toward.s the Court, Gate of Honour.
Fig. II. Bracket, with a portion of the architrave, frieze, and cornice, CJate of Honour.
1 82 CONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
sequent paragraph in the same statute directs that the Gate
of Honour shall be kept closed during the entire day, if pos-
sible : and above all, while exercises are being kept in the
Schools, " lest persons passing through the College should invade
the privacy of students, and disturb them at their work : render
the courts foul and muddy: injure the buildings; purloin articles
of property that have been left lying about ; and turn a private
path into a public thoroughfare by the prescription of long use."
The College buildings having been completed, both courts
were paved with stone, and a new bell hung upon the Hall-roof,
to serve for both Chapel and Hall, in the room of an old and
broken one which had originally been placed close to the ground
within a railing, between the kitchen and the Buttery, but had
subsequently been hung up over the Hall roof.]
It is next recorded that
" A column was set up in Caius' Court, on which a stone was placed,
wrought with wondrous skill, containing 60 sundials. It was the work
of Theodore Haveus of Cleves, a skilful artificer, and eminent architect.
He ornamented it with the coat-armour of those of gentle birth {gejierosi)
who were at that time in the College, to which he dedicated it as a
memorial of his goodwill. On the summit of this stone stands a figure
of Pegasus, to serve as a weathercock'."
The column of this dial, with the base on which it stood, are
shewn in Loggan's view (F, fig. 2), but the dial had unfortunately
disappeared before his time. A regular dodecahedron is re-
presented in the portrait of Haveus, which now hangs in the
College Library''. A copy of this is here given (fig. 14). By
raising a low pyramid of five faces upon each face of the regular
pentagonal dodecahedron we obtain a hexecontahedron, as
nearly regular as possible, all its faces being equal and similar
triangles (fig. 15, where these pyramids are indicated by dotted
lines). This is the most probable form of the Caius dial.
^ Annals, 141.
[■•^ This portrait is thus described in Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (i. 321, ed.
1826) : "in the same room [Combination room] hangs an old picture (bad at first and
now almost effaced by cleaning) of a man in a slashed doublet, dark curled hair
and beard, looking like a foreigner, and holding a pair of compasses, and by his
side a Polyedron composed of twelve pentagons. This is undoubtedly Theodore
Haveus himself, who, from all these circumstances seems to have been an architect,
sculptor, and painter, and having worked many years for Dr. Caius and the college,
in gratitude left behind him his own picture." J. L.]
II.]
SUN-DIALS.
183
Caius Court was decorated with a variety of sun-dials, as the
Annals shevv^ They record that in 16 14, upon occasion of the
visit of King James to the University, Mr Oliver Green, a
student of the College and Inceptor in Medicine, voluntarily
undertook to repair the sundials at the Gate of Honour and
other parts of Caius Court : namely, that on the north side
under the Master's chamber (fig. 2, D) and those round about
the column in the middle of the Court. All these, from length
of time, had become defaced and nearly obliterated ; but he
restored them to their pristine splendour. The annalist adds
that on this gentleman's estate, the street, which from his name
is called Green Street, had been recently erected. The dials
are again described in the Bursar's Book, 1625, when Russel the
painter was paid, " for gilding and w'orking y^' great Murall
dial! £4 ; for gilding and working the sixe dialls over Hon.
gate, £t, ; for colouring all y'' stone worke of porta Honoris
and gilding y" armes and roses there, 20s ; for gilding and
working y^ globe dialls £t, ; for gilding y^ pegasus, gilding and
workincr the concave diall, and colouring all the rest, with the
roundles there, 20.f " ; also " y*" free mason for his worke there
and at y^ top of y^ globe dialls" "sundry ingredients to
make cement to fill and square y= moulded and decayed sydes
of y^ globe dialls e^i'^Kovra
khpwv — 2.S. 6.dy ; " for pe-
gasus and his basis S.j.";
" the great style for ye con-
cave diall and 6 terse stiles
for ye globe 3.i'." ; "4 pounds
of leade to fasten the basis
to pegasus, the concave
diall stone &c"'. They were
repaired again in 1658 and
1662. The last notice 1 have
found is for " painting and
gilding the six dials over
Honoris gate" in 1696.
In 1578, a year of great
drought, the kitchen well
failed, and a pump was set up in the middle of Gonville Court.
Fig.
Capital of one of the columns towards
the Court, Gate of Honour.
1 84
GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
[chap.
[In 1579 it was
On the top of it was a figure of Aquarius ; and " for greater
neatness and elegance," say the Annals, "it was surrounded
with wooden palings, anglicc ' Le Rayles.'
decided that it would be for the in-
terest of the College to abandon the
practice of buying bread from the towns-
people. A suitable oven was therefore
constructed in the kitchen, with a store-
room for flour, and a place to keep
weights and measures in.
In 1583 it was decided that
" In order to enhance the splendour and
elegance of Caius' Court it should be sur-
rounded with wooden railings of the large
and ample design which is now to be seen
there. This was completed out of the com-
mon funds of the College on July 5""'."
Fig. 14. Dodecahedron
from the portrait of
Theodore Haveus.
Fig. 15. Diagram of a
hexecontahedron.
These rails had been removed before
Loggan's view was drawn. A similar
arrangement however is shewn in Gon-
ville Court (fig. 2;.]
The unique and picturesque com-
position of Caius Court and the care
and pains which the founder bestowed
upon every part of the detail as evi-
denced by his Annals, added to his expressed wishes as
shewn by his 28th statute' "That no one under pain of expul-
sion should make any alteration or mutilation in the form
of the fabric of his College as he had in his lifetime made
and left it," ought to have protected his architectural works
from wanton change. But unfortunately when the interior of
the Chapel was refitted in 171 7 and its exterior reashlared, the
buttresses were transformed into the heavy rococo form they
now exhibit, the fashion of the windows changed, and the Sacred
Tower demolished^. Thus the north side of the Court, which
^ Annals, 142.
" Commiss. Docts. ii. 260.
■* The contents of the Treasury were upon this occasion removed from the old
II.]
CHANGES IN 1717.
185
the founder had taken so much pains to bring into conformity
with his own buildings, was reduced to its present extremely
Fig. 13. One compartment of the upper story, Gate of Honour.
Ugly and incongruous state. The remainder, I am bound to say,
has been tolerably respected up to the present time.
room by College order (July 15, 17 17) to the upper room of the Porta Virtutis, which
is still devoted to the purpose of a muniment room ; and the old Treasury over the
antechapel was added to the Lodge. [The muniment room has been again changed
since this note was written. In 1870 the upper room of the Entrance Tower of the
New Buildings was devoted to this purpose : and in connection with the alterations
then made in the Chapel (see below) the room over the Antechapel, which had been
a bedroom of the Master's Lodge since 1717, was converted into an organ gallery.
J. L.] [The upper roonr of the Porta Virtutis is now (1877) a "Biological Lecture
Room.""]
1 86 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
CHAPTER III.
Buildings of Dr Perse and Dr Legge. Works of
THE Eighteenth Century. Recent Changes and
Additions.
In 1594, it was found that the buildins^s of the College
were no longer sufficient to accommodate the increasing num-
bers of fellows and students. Therefore the three tenements
which Dr Caius had bought from Trinity College were employed
as lodgings for them, leaving some of the offices to be still let to
the townsmen ; and a door was made in the long north wall
which then extended from the Gate of Virtue to the Gate of
Humility, to give access to them. These tenements when they
had been thus converted were called the Pensionary \
In 161 5, Dr Perse founded by Will six fellowships, and as
many scholarships, in the College of which he had been a
fellow. He also bequeathed ^500 for erecting a convenient
building for Lodgings and Chambers for " Fellowes and
Schollers, in such convenient place either within or adjoyning
to the said College where the Master and Fellows shall appoint,
so that they doe continually allow to my Fellows and Scholars
sufficient and convenient Lodgings within the said buildings
rent free^" Accordingly, on the i6th of March, 1617, a con-
tract was made between his Executors and John Atkinson of
the Town of Cambridge, for the building in question, which
was erected on the north side of the Entrance Court at a cost
of £660. In the following year^ it was determined to erect a
similar range of chambers, continuing the previous one at right
angles, along the east side of the court next to Trinity Street ;
' "Item for the rent of the Pensionary to make good the ould rent of those
tenements, ad festum Michaelis, 48. s." (Bursar's Book, Mich". 1608.) But in 162 1
"the chambers in y® late pensionary" are mentioned. The name seems to have
passed from the tenements to Dr Legge's building, for in 1695 we find "Mr.
Grimbold for new freestone windows in the Pensionaiy ;^i4 13^'. 6d." also "tyling
the Pensionary, &c. "; and in 1698, "...stone for y^ Battlements in y'= Pensionarie
towards the Street." In 1709, however, it has become "...Leg's building."
^ Annals, 194. ^ [The decree, dated Jan. 15, 1618, is printed in the Appendix,
No. II.]
III.] LEGGE BUILDING. 1 8/
and a contract was made with the same builder, dated i8 Jan.
1619, for this purpose, at a cost of ^500'. These two contracts,
which I have fully analysed in the chapter on College Studies,
give most valuable information concerning the arrangements of
the chambers, and many curious technical words ; and for in-
terpreting them there is this great and uncommon advantage,
that the buildings to which they refer are still in existence.
The three tenements above mentioned were pulled down to
make way for these buildings, and from the material of which
the latter were constructed the Court took the name of the
Brick Court, but was afterwards called the Tree Courts As
the eastern range was erected from a bequest by Dr Legge, his
name was attached to itl
In 1635 the increasing number of students again pressed
for enlarged accommodation ; and an old and useless building
between the Kitchen and the Hall was then replaced by a
brick edifice, joined to the lower end of the Hall by another.
The whole was divided into four cubicula and provided with
ten studies*. At the same time the cellar was enlarged 26 feet
eastward. These works cost ^^180®.
^ [Both these buildings were pulled down in 1868 to make room for the New
Buildings. It has, however, been thought better to leave the paragraph as Prof.
Willis wrote it. The contracts, preserved in Caius College Treasury, Box iv. 3, are
printed in the Appendix, Nos. I. in. ; and Loggan's view of the two buildings is
reproduced in the chapter on Studies.]
^ The trees were not planted till 1658, so that it could not have accjuired its
present name until then.
"* [A stone was inserted in the south and west faces respectively of the buildings
with the following inscriptions :
HOC /EDIFICIUM HOC ^DIFICIUM
EXSTRUCTUM EST EXSTRUCTUM EST
SUMPTIBUS SUMPTIBUS
DOCTORIS PERSE UOCTORIS LEGGE
ANNO DOM ANNO DOM
1618. 1619.
These stones were in 1868 removed to the garden of the Master's Lodge. J. L.]
■* This building, shewn in Loggan's view, was pulled down at the end of the
last century, and a range of buildings erected under the direction of Wilkins in its
stead, extending along the lane from the Hall to the N.W. corner of the College,
containing new kitchen offices and a coal house, with a floor of chambers above. The
whole of these were in turn pulled down in 1853, and replaced by the lofty range
erected by Salvin.
■"' Annals (paper copy), p. 323.
1 88 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
No changes of importance in the general state of the build-
ings occur after this for a long period. Several repairs are
recorded^ ; and the wainscoting of various chambers in 1694
and 1729. In 1728 the west side of Gonville Court, including
the Combination Room and Lodge, underwent a general repair ;
upon which occasion the present cupola' over the Combination
Room roof was made. Essex, the builder, was paid £4.1 for
work about it ; but as Mr Burrough'^ was Bursar, and appears
as directing the payments and repairs, the design of it was
probably his.
In 1749 Mr Bartholomew Wortley bequeathed ^^ 400 towards
casing Gonville Court with free-stone, and rebuilding the north
side of it. The latter, it will be recollected, was the oldest part
of the College ; and Dr Caius himself tells us how different it
was from the other sides of the quadrangle in age, lowness of
structure, and in the form of its chimneys^ ; so that by this
time we may judge it had become too ruinous to be allowed to
remain. The sister College of Trinity Hall had been already
Italianised by means of an ashlar casing, five or six years
before the date of this legacy, under the direction of Mr
Burrough'*, and Gonville Court was now condemned to a
similar disguise.
In 175 1 it was agreed "to case the west side of Gonville
Court with free-stone, and to rebuild the walls of the Library
and the rooms under it, as far as should be found necessary ; "
and in 1752, "to case the east side with freestone, and to rebuild
the north side : " but the latter work was first to be undertaken.
In 1754; the rooms of the new building were ordered to be
ceiled, and floored, and the windows furnished with shutters; and
in the next year they were wainscoted. The Court was then
laid with grass in the middle, and surrounded with iron posts
' I quote the following entries, as affecting the appearance of the buildings :
In 1662 the chimneys in Perse's Court were rebuilt. At Mich. 1684, Grumbold
was paid p^i8. i^s. "for casing Gonvil gatehouse with freestone." In 1695
"Grumbold for new freestone windows in the Pensionary, ^14 13.C 6(/. It was
tyled at the same time. "
* [Afterwards .Sir James Burrough, Master 1754—1764. The Senate-House is
his chief work. J. L. ]
* Hist. Cantab. Acad. 65.
^ See History of Trinity Hall, Chapter iii.
III.] CHANGES, 1754 — 1815. 189
and chains as at presentV Sir Thomas Gooch was Master when
these works were undertaken, and bequeathed in 1754 ;^200
for carrying- on the new building, which was undertaken at
his instance, and cost the Cohege, with the casing of the east
and west sides, ;^ 3,390. 17^-. 2\d?
In 1815 (Jan. 10), " it was agreed that the buikh'ngs in the
Tree Court be plastered with Roman cement next summer and
repaired." I do not know whether it was at this time or earlier
that the picturesque gablets of the original were converted into
a row of battlements, and the plain chimneys builtl
From this time nothing has been done to change materially
the appearance of the courts. It should be recorded however
that the wall of separation between the College and the houses
at the south-east corner of the site has been partly pulled down,
and thus the Entrance Court enlarged, and the large brick dwell-
ing-house on the east side converted into chambers*. A project
has existed for many years of clearing away the Legge and
Perse buildings and all the houses at the south-east corner, to
make room for an entirely new building. William Wilkins pre-
pared designs for this purpose, which were not acted upon, and
the same idea was revived a few years since. But meanwhile
an extensive and most effective improvement has been made.
^ Gesta Collegii, 1751 Nov. 19, 1752 Oct. 27, etc. Extracts from the Bursar's
book, MSS. Cains Coll. Library, 621, p. 341. The master workmen employed are
designated as Tompson the mason, Tucke the bricklayer, Iver the painter, and Essex
the joiner. The latter was the father of James Essex the architect, who was too
young to have been concerned in these designs.
2 [The old gateway was now built up. Its position is marked in the present
buildings by a staircase of doul^le width ; so that if the north side of the Court was
really rebuilt the partition walls probably stand on the foundations of the older
ones. It may be convenient here to notice that in 1715 the present Senate-House
Passage was made by continuing Gonville Hall (or Cains) Lane to the High Street.
Loggan's Map of Cambridge represents the state of things before this alteration,
but his view of the College repi-esents it as carried out. Perhaps, as he represents
the new street as a carriage road, the alteration was not really carried out when his
view was taken, and he was led into an error by endeavouring to anticipate its
completion. J. L.]
^ In 1693 "The battlements of the Pensionarie next the street" were repaired, or
made. Bursar's Book.
"• [This is the house formerly occupied by Conyers INIiddleton, afterwards
Barraclough's book-shop, as related in Chapter i. J. L.]
190 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
by building an entirely new Hall and Library, with additions
to the Lodge, from the designs of Anthony Salvin, Esq.,
under the influence of the present Master, Dr Guest. But as
these buildings affect the above-mentioned official structures, I
reserve their description for the history which follows. The old
Hall and Library were appropriated for chambers, and thus
great additional accommodation was obtained for the College.
[In order to bring this history of the courts and rooms down
to the present date, it is necessary here to record that in 1868
the idea mentioned above was carried out by the erection of
an extensive range of new buildings from the designs of Alfred
Waterhouse, Esq. The Perse and Legge Buildings were de-
molished, together with the four houses at the corner of Trinity
Street and Senate- House Passage, and the present range of
buildings, in a style derived from the French baronial mansions
of the time of Francis I., was erected on their site. The east
side of Gonville Court was at the same time taken down and
rebuilt, with the exception of the wall facing the Court. J. L.]
CHAPTER IV.
Special Buildings. Chapel. Hall. Combination
Room. Library. Master's Lodge.
Chapel.] The Annals have informed us that a chapel was
contemplated from the beginning, and completed by the second
Master about 1393. But in addition to the licenses and papal
Bull there quoted, there was a formal consecration in 1493, by
Bishop Alcock, who celebrated a solemn mass in full pontificals\
It had been previously a licensed oratory. In 1500 a Bull of
Pope Alexander VI. (transcribed in the Annals) permitted the
^ "Anno 1493 Febr : 25, Dominus Johannes Episcopus Eliensis dedicavit quandam
Capellam etc : in Aula de gonyll Cantebr. in pontificalibus solenniter celebrans
etc:" (Register of Bishop Alcock, MSS. Baker, xix. 39.)
IV.] CHAPFX. TOMB OF I)R CAIUS. 19I
College to celebrate divine offices in the chapel, in presence of
the scholars of the College and those of Fischwicke Hostel,
and also to reserve the Eucharist, to minister the sacraments,
and to bury the dead\
[The exterior of this chapel, as it appeared at the end of the
17th century, is shewn in fig. 2 (A), which gives nearly the
whole length of it, as may be seen by reference to the plan.
The principal ornament of the interior was the tomb of the
founder (fig. 16), of which the Annals (p. 137) record that
" Johannes Caius, waiting upon the will of God, being stricken with
years and disease, on the 2'^, 3'', and 4"' July, 1573, gave orders for the
construction of a chambered tomb {sepulcnim coiicamcratum), in which
his body should be laid to rest, to be placed under the canopy of the
Annunciation of S. Mary, near the most northern altar in the Chapel of
the College.
The severall Charges of the Tombe.
Imprimis for x\labaster and carriage 10. 10. o
Item to Theodore and others for carvinge 33- 16. 5
Item to Laborers 1 8. j
Item charges extraordinarie 2. o. 2
47. 4. 8"
The elaborate workmanship of the tomb had probably
occupied two years: for it is not until 1575 that we find the
following entry :
"There was set up to John Caius a monument of alabaster of the
greatest beauty, and most consummate workmanship, in the same place
in the chapel where his body had before been laid. Upon it were after-
wards carved his arms, with the date of his death, and the number of
his years, according to the directions which he had himself given to his
executors when alive. We inscribed upon it two short sentences only —
" Vivit post fium-a virtus'' and '•'■ Fui Caius.''
In 1583 it was enclosed by a cage of painted ironwork, to
' Annals, 21. In 1570 William Barker formerly fellow expended ^20 in making
duplex seats in the choir. The old simple low seats were transferred to the lower
end of the Chapel for the younger members. All the ornaments of the Chapel were
destroyed in 1572, by the authority of Thos. Bynge, Vice-Chancellor. Ibid. 163.
[He wrote an account of his proceedings to Lord Burghley, printed in a note to
Fuller, 254. There is an inventory of the church furniture in Caius College Library
taken in Queen Mary's reign. It was apparently very rich and costly]
192
GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE.
[chap.
protect it from any objects that might fall upon it from above.
This was removed during the alterations of 1637, ^^'^ sold\
It is difficult now to ascertain precisely the original position
of the tomb, which we know from the above extract was
placed on the floor of the Chapel, over the grave ; and though,
strange to say, the grave itself is not marked in any way, we
may conjecture that it was a little to the west of the present
position of the monument, for we know that it was on the
'^5^^^m,TiTO»j,p^^jpSj555jj^^^
Fig. 16. Tomb of Dr Caius, in a recess on the north side of the Chapel.
north side of the Chapel, and the following narrative by Dr
William Warren shews that the monument was not removed
to any great distance from it.
"This brings to my mind what I saw about a.d. 1719, in Caius
College Chapel. I remember that when they were then repairing and
beautifying that Chapel, ye workmen had broke a hole either by acci-
dent or design into Dr Caius' Grave, wch was a hollow place lin'd with
brick on ye North side of ye Chapel at a little distance from his
^ [" Crates ferrea decolorata in tutiorem Monumenli fundatoris Caii a nocumentis
incidentibus custodiam et defen.sionem fabricata est." Annals, 142. For the removal
and sale see the extracts from the accounts given below.]
IV.] TOMB OF DR CAIUS. I93
Monument wch is a mural one. The Lid of ye Coffin was oft' when
I look'd in with a Candle fixed in a long cleft stick wch ye workmen
furnish'd me with, and with wch I cou'd survey ye Sepulchre very easily.
The sides of ye Coffin were remaining, tho' in a disjoynted and rotten
condition. The Body seem'd to have been a very histy one, and ye
coftin was pretty full of it : the fflesh was of a yellowish black colour,
and yielded to ye least touch of ye stick and fell to pieces. The eyes
were sunk deep into their sockets. A long grey beard much like that
wch we see in y*" picture of him, only this was grown very rough by
long time; I think it was then about 145 years- from ye time of his
death. I touch'd his beard with ye stick and turn'd it a little on one
side ; It accordingly lay on one side, having lost all manner of elasticity ;
I therefore brought it back to its right pkice again. The sight occa-
sion'd in me serious reflections, and I went away with such a regard as
I thought due to ye memory of so Considerable a man as Dr Caius had
been'."
In 1583 Dr Francis Dorington, Master, put up a new East
window, with his own arms in the glass, together with those of
Bateman, Gonville, and Caius'".]
In 1637 the Chapel proved too small for the number of
students, and was therefore lengthened eastward. The monu-
ment of Dr Caius was removed from its original position, and
fixed against the wall above, upon a rather heavy stone bracket,
but its form was exactly preserved^. The arms of the bene-
factors in the old East window were also repaired. The old
arched ceiling being rotten with age, a new one was constructed,
and ornamented with carved work, gilt and painted with divers
colours. The four windows were raised*, their transoms cut out,
and. "soyles" (sills) of freestone added. This work was performed
by John Westley, who built Clare Hall, and did other work in
Cambridge at this time. Woodroofe, the joyner and carver,
made the ceiling, and the seats required by the enlargement.
The whole charge amounted to ^^538. 8s. od. Dr Cosin, Master
of Peterhouse, " a man most devoted to the adornment of sacred
places," say the Annals, gave £\o to buy a Communion Table.
1 [MS. History of Trinity Hall, 403.]
■■* This is the account given in the Annals, p. 323.
■* Annals, 333 — 4. [It seems doubtful whether the form of the tomb of Dr Caius
was preserved as exactly as Professor Willis says, for the passage in the Annals is as
follows. "Necessefuit monumentum fundatoris Caii (ablatis cancellis ferreis quibus
cingebatur) ab eo quo primum structum erat loco amoveri pauloque remotius a crypta
camerata ubi conditur corpus ad parietem illud pensile figi, eadem tamen (in quantum
fieri poterat) manente fabrics forma eademque materia. ""j
■* That is, the sills were raised higher.
vol,. I. I'^
194 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
[The following items from the Bursar's accounts give inter-
esting particulars respecting these changes :
" Imprimis to John Westly for lengthening y^ chappell and
other worke thereto pertaining as appears by an Inden-
ture to y' purpose ... ... ... •■. ... 170. o. o
[A marginal note adds " 28 Feet."]
Item for 5 pole of slating wanting 32 foote at 36^ 8''. y^
pole, lo^ y*^ pole being deducted for paynting as was
agreed upon in the bargaine as appears by the indenture 9. o. o
Item for 3 pole and 24 foote of slating over Mr Sberingham's
chamber at 46"^ 8"' y'= pole ... ... ... ... 7. 3. 4
Item for raysing the 4 chappell windows, cutting out y"
transums and i)utting in soyles of freestone ... ... 2. 13. 4
Item for lengthening the chappell 6 foote and a halfe more
than was agreed upon by y" first bargaine by indenture
according to proportions .. . ... ... ... ... 27. 15. 10
Item for removeing Dr Caius Monument ... ... 20. o. o
Item for paveing the chappell with stones diamond cut
being a penny per foote more than was agreed upon in
the first bargaine ... ... ... ... ... 2.18. 4
Allowed by Westly for the iron about the monument and
in consideration of brick which was to have bin at the
east end ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7. o. o
Payd to Mr Woodroofe for making the seates in the Chap-
pell upon the enlarging of it ... ... ... ... 33. 14. o
Payd more for 65 pannells for the roofe of y" chappell at
30"^ the pannell ... ... ... ... ... ... 30. o. o
Payd more for the freeses on both sides the chappell under
the pannells ... ... ... . . ... ... 30. 0.^0
Payd more for cherubins heads at the upper end of the
chappell ... ... ■•• ... ... ... ... I. o. o
Payd more for the rayle before the communion table ... 16. o. o
Payd more for the freeses pilasters and under-freeses about
the table '].. . ... ... ... ... ... .. 20. 0.0"
It is difficult to make out the precise extent of the elonga-
tion, for there is nothing to shew whether the 28 feet mentioned
above is the elongation originally contemplated, or what it
amounted to with the additional 6| feet. As however the Chapel
projects for exactly this distance beyond the line of the east side
of the court, it follows that its original gable must have been
greatly within that line. This is also shewn by the items re-
specting the alteration of certain chambers. The obliquity of
the Chapel would make it necessary to pull clown their south
1 MS.S. Caius Coll. ^02.
IV.] CHAPEL. 195
wall. The Chapel, as thus elongated, was 90 feet in length,
including the ante-chapel, with a width of only 20 feet.
In 1716 John Lightwin, M.A., Fellow, gave ^^"500 for altering
the Chapel, which was increased by other benefactors to ^865.
On this occasion the east end was rebuilt, the exterior cased
with freestone, and the present heavy buttresses constructed.
They were at first crowned with stone vases, terminated by stone
flames. In the interior a grand wainscot altar-piece was set up.
The ceiling was not disturbed. The work lasted from Lady-day,
1718, to Michaelmas, 1726, and cost altogether ;^2745. i6s. \od.\
of which £^64.. i6s. od. was defrayed by subscriptions. It was
carried on under the direction of John James, architect, who
built the London Churches of S. George, Hanover Square, and
S. Luke, Middlesex. I subjoin Blomefield's description of the
interior, to shew the admiration with which this style of fitting
up Churches was regarded at the period in question :
"The Roof is covered with Lead on the outside, and is inwardly
arched and colour'd with Blew, beautified all over with Cherubs' Heads
in Rays of Light, the Altar Piece is Wainscot, having four large
Pillars on each Side, and in the Midst a large Picture of the Sa/iifa-
tion in a gilt Frame. On the top stands 7 mock Candlesticks and
Tapers, and on each Side of the Picture are Fruits, Corn, Flowers, &c.
finely carved in Wood. The Altar is rail'd in, and paved with black
and white Marble ; the Cloath for the Table is of Velvet, on which
stands two large Silver gilt Candlesticks with Wax I'apers, a large
Silver Dish, two Books of Common Prayer, and two Velvet Cushions,
all fringed with Gold. The Cloath and Cushion of the Litany Desk
are of Velvet, laid with Gold Lace and fringed with Gold, as are the
Master's and President's Cushions : over the Antichapel is a neat
Gallery, the entrance of which is out of the Master's Lodge. ...The
Stone which covered the High Altar before the Reformation was taken
oft' and is laid [in the Antichapel] : it hath a Cross cut on it at each
corner'...."
[In 1870 an apse was added to the cast end from the designs
of Alfred Watcrhouse, Esq.; the above-mentioned "Blew" was
taken off the panels of the ceiling and the oak of which they are
made cleaned and varnished. The "Cherubs' Heads" and "Rays
' Gnimbold the mason received ;^890, the joiner /"641, the carver ^185, and
Ritz the painter for a copy after Carlo Maratli of the Annunciation, ^'26. 5J. The
Architect's fee was 20 guineas. The gold fringe and velvet cost ^141. 9 J. (id.
The particulars of the work are summed up in MSS. Caius Coll. 621, 339.
- Blomefield, Collect. loi.
13—2
196 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
of Light" were regilt. The wainscot altar-piece was used in the
construction of an organ gallery, and the Picture of the Annun-
ciation (not Salutation) was removed to the Hall staircase. The
Chapel was enlarged at the west end by removing the screen a
few feet towards the west door. A turret staircase was again
made in the Caius Court, but not on the site of the old one (see
plan). The floor was laid with tiles. The mosaics of the apse
were executed by Salviati of Venice, and the coloured windows
in that part of the Chapel, with the decoration of the walls and
ceiling, by Messrs Heaton, Butler and Bayne'. J. L.]
Hall. — A Hall, 24 feet wide and 48 feet long, was built in
1441^ The alterations in 1854 brought to light its ancient open
timbered roof, which was a plain collar-beam roof with arched
braces, precisely like that of the old hall of Corpus Christi
College, now employed as the kitchen^ Its situation has been
already described. Dr Caius mentions that
" There was a lanthorn in the centre of the Hall, surmounted by a
mighty dragon, that moved with every wind. Both were of lead, and
so heavy that in stormy weather it was feared that they would break
down the roof by their weight. Both were therefore taken away in my
recollection, about 153I^"
The oblong windows of the Hall were shortened in 1589 by
taking away the lower part that was not glazed, but were made
to admit more light than before, and were new glazed at the
expense of various persons whose arms were placed therein ^
The lower part of these windows was evidently closed only
by shutters beneath a transom, a very common arrangement.
The wooden floor was raised about five feet above the level
' [There is a good view of the interior of the Chapel, by Mackenzie, in Akennann,
i. 92. Another will be found in Le Keux, i. 201 : and a third in the Cambridge
Portfolio, with the exterior of the east end, before the alterations in 1870.]
■^ This Hall was remarkable for the strict proportion of its dimensions. During
the changes in 1854 I had the opportunity of accurately measuring and delineating it.
Its length was double its breadth. The height of the corbel above the floor was half
the breadth. The height of the wooden cornice above the floor is the diagonal of the
square formed by half the breadth.
•* [A section of Gonville Hall has been given in the Histoiy of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, Chapter UI.] ■* [Annals, 16.]
^ Ibid. 160. The description of the arms which is given in the original shews
that there were five windows so altered.
IV.] HALL. 197
of the court, so as to admit of a space beneath about seven
feet high. This was employed as butteries and cellars, for,
owing to the small dimensions of the site, the kitchen was
obliged to be built at the west side, and there was no room at
the end of the Hall for the usual position of the butteries.
In 1624 a Latin Bible was bought for the Hall'. In the
next year the painter charges for painting " the wainscott in the
hall with the skreene, and greening the sydepostes of y*^ roofe."
The wainscot in the parlour was painted at the same time. The
Hall was paved with freestone in i68l
In 1792 (March 30) an order was made to fit up the Hall
"according to the plan given in by Mr Soane" ; and it was com-
pletely modernised by that eminent architect. A plaster ceiling
in the form of a segmental waggon vault was afhxed to the
timbers of its ancient roof. The exterior next to the court had
been ashlared and sashed by Burrough forty years before, as
already related. A chimney was now erected in it, and one of
Sharp's stoves provided to warm it. It remained thus until
1853, when, the present Hall having been built, it was divided
by floors and fitted up so as to contain as many sets of chambers
as could conveniently be constructed within it. The ancient roof
trusses still remain, but are of course hidden by partitions.
The new Hall, designed by Salvin, is 74 feet long by 33 feet
broad, in the Jacobean style, with an open timber roof It
has beneath it a commodious kitchen, 35 feet long by 33 feet
broad, besides an extensive and complete set of kitchen offices,
buttery, larder, and cellars, which occupy not only the ground
floor of the Hall, but also that of the Library and of the small
cortile between the Hall and the old College, The space under
the Combination Room is now an open lobby whence two stair-
cases proceed ; the one on the left conducts to the Combination
Room, Lodge, and upper end of the Hall, for the use of the
Master and Fellows : the other, on the right, to the lower end of
the Hall, for the use of the undergraduates, and is accompanied
by a passage for the servants to the kitchen and offices. The
service of the tables from the kitchen and butteries is conducted
by lifts.
' Bursar's Book, Mich. 1624.
198 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Combination Room. — Dr Humphrey Busbye in 1565 left
;^20 to purchase land, to the value of 20s. annually, to be ex-
pended in firing in the Hall or Parlour^ on Sundays and feast-
days, between All Saints and Purification, and even on common
days, when the cold was excessive in the Master's judgment.
Pie directed that at each dinner or supper not more than a
bushel of charcoal, or two faggots, should be used, excepting at
the principal feasts, on which the allowance might be in a more
liberal proportion ; and the gift was to depend on a certain pre-
scribed form of grace being said before dinner and supper.
[Anybody who was not present at grace was not to come near
the fire : and if the grace were wholly neglected, the benefaction
was to go to Trinity Hall, until the practice was resumed.]
Before this gift there was no fund for a fire, either in the Hall
or Parlour. It could only be provided at the cost of the Master
and Fellows ; nor was there any fire-grate in the Hall : but we
are now informed that
" Hereupon a new brazier, of large size, capable of being moved
upon wheels, cleverly fashioned of new iron, was placed in the Hall in
October, 1565. It weighed 353 pounds, so that at the rate of sixpence
per pound, it cost in all eight pounds, seventeen shillings; less the value
of one pound of metal. A fire was first lighted in it on All Saints Day
in the same year. Before this no fire had ever been lighted in the
Hall, but only in the Parlour, which was situated close to the entrance
of the western garden ; for there was no fireplace in the Hall, where a
fire could be lighted free of charge, nor was the number of fellows and
scholars too great for that smaller room conveniently to hold. This
iron brazier he [Dr Busbye] generously presented to us. Thomas
Barwicke, Master of Arts, and Fellow Commoner of this College, gave
five pounds to pay for its repairs."
This curious narrative is literally translated from the Annals,
and contains the first mention of the College Parlour, which had
evidently existed long before. It must be explained that against
the south end of the Hall was placed on the ground floor a
1 Annals, 72. [It appears that Dr Nicholas Shaxton, ex-Bishop of Salisbury,
Suffragan Bishop of Ely, and Principal of Physicke Hostel, who died in 15 56, had already
given ;^20 "ad emendaspossessionesannui redditus viginti solidorum, ut festis natalibus
per hyemem focus communis in aula aut conclavi in perpetuum aleretur," ibid. 19.
The money, however, was not invested until 1563, when land of the value of ;^40
was bought at Steeple Morden in Cambridgeshire, half of which was assigned to
Dr Busby's benefaction, by the language used in the Annals, although his donation
was not formally made till Oct. 3, 1565.]
IV.] COMBINATION ROOM. 199
room, with another over it on the first floor, both being of the
full breadth of the Hall. The lower of these was this Parlour,
and the passage to the western garden was at the south side of
it. In Dr Caius' statutes of 1572 (Statute 28) he mentions the
upper chamber " between the Hall and the Library," and assigns
it to the Master for the reception of his own friends, and those
of the College, until the Society shall think fit to apply it to
common use as a winter parlour', or for the enlargement of the
Hall. The room beneath, which had been already used as the
winter parlour, was much lower and more gloomy than the upper
one. But this hint given by Dr Caius in 1572 was not acted on
until 1653, when an order was made, and repeated April 25,
1656 : " that the chamber over the Parlour be repayred and made
fittc for a publicke entertayning roome for College fifeastes and
other publicke occasions of the College." This was immediately
undertaken. A new staircase was made leading up to it, and
it was fitted with new windows, a chimney-piece, new floor and
wainscotin.cf, as the Bursar's books shew. In these accounts
it is designated the " Combination Chamber." It seems to have
been completed in 16581
Meanwhile an order was made (Nov. 12, 1657) : " that the
great new chamber may be used by the fellows for publick
entertainment after dinner and supper, and each Senior Fellow
have a key to it ; and that the little room adjoining to y*"
great chamber be whitcd for public use, and furniture provided^"
The little room, however, was not completed until 1696. The
former parlour was not disused altogether until 175O) when I
find (June 14) an order " to make a cellar where the old
parlour now is under the Combination." This cellar in connec-
tion with the old butteries continued in use until 1853. The new
buildings of that year included spacious and convenient cellars,
and the space occupied by this old cellar was employed as a
vestibule to give access from Gonville Court to the staircases
' Commiss. Doct. ii. 260. It is there called "Conclave hybemum. "
- Bursar's Books, 1656, 1657, 1658. In the last year;,^6o was paid for "wainscot-
ting the great roome" and other work. In 1778 it was again new wainscoted,
and provided with a new marble chimney-piece and marble hearth.
■^ This little room was on the same floor as the Combination Room, on the west
side of the passage which led from the landing of the staircase to the great room on
the east side, and also to a door at the high table end of the Hall.
200 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
which lead to the present Hall and Library. The Combination
Room was retained, but was enlarged westwards and otherwise
greatly improved \
Library.] The old Library of the College (B, fig. 2), built
together with the whole Avestern side of Gonville Court in 1441,
remained in use until 1853, when, being superseded by a larger
library erected under the direction of Mr Salvin in Trinity Lane
(see plan), it was converted into chambers. The only record of
its intermediate history is given by Dr Gostlin, who informs us
that in 1675 the Library underwent an entire repair within and
without, it being at that time in a ruinous condition". The
windows were altered to a square form, larger than before, and
divided by stone mullions : the classes, stools, and seats were
restored and reconstructed ; a stone staircase superseded the
wooden one^ ; and the chamber above, formerly assigned to the
Master, and afterwards to students, was converted into an upper
Library for old books and MSS. At some subsequent period
the little Combination Room was made the repository of these
old books, and the upper library in question restored to the
Master. The old Library was 44 ft. in length and 18 ft. in
width. The new Library is 70 ft. by 20 ft. The old bookcases
have been removed into it without alteration.
Master's Lodge.] The Annals have told us that for
nearly a century the Master was lodged in a chamber over the
' The original dimensions were 18 ft. wide and •24 ft. long. The latter dimension
is now increased to 39 ft. [The width was also increased, for the side walls were
rebuilt from the gromid and at a greater distance apart than they stood before. The
floor and ceiling also were both raised, so that it can hardly be called the same
room. J. L. An oriel window has been made this year (1878) at the east end,
looking into Gonville Court. When the ashlar was stripped off, the medieval
windows of two lights were disclosed behind it. They were in excellent preservation,
having been blocked up with no other alteration than the removal of the frames and
glass.]
- Caius Coll. MSS. 616, p. 22.
■* [When this staircase was removed does not appear. There is a stone staircase,
now bricked up and apparently leading to this old library at its north-west corner;
but let not any future antiquarian think that in discovering this he has discovered the
stone staircase mentioned by Dr Gostlin ; for this one was made in the alterations of
1853 to provide access to the College rooms which were then formed out of the old
Library, and was bricked up in 1870, when those rooms were joined to the Master's
Lodge. In the last days of the old Library the only access to it was at the S. end
from the Master's Lodge, and at the N. end from the Combination Room. J. L.]
IV.] LODGE. 20 1
gate. The accommodation provided for him in 1441 was a
chamber on the first floor about 45 feet long and 20 feet broad,
with a similar space below it, and the roof chamber above^
It was contiguous to the Chapel, and separated from the Hall
by the Library and the present Combination Room (D, fig. 2).
The present passage between the Gonville and Caius Courts was
probably the staircase, and the entrance door was in the corner
of Gonville Court. We have seen that Dr Caius built a turret
staircase for the Lodge, improved the roof chamber, and changed
the entrance door. In his statutes he assigns to the Master
the first floor chamber, which, he says, looks into the ChapeP,
and the chamber beneath it, as well as one to the south on
the ground floor, which he had built himself He also gives
him, for the time being, the use of the present Combination Room
as already related. But it appears that the Master's garret
extended completely over the Library ; for the Annals relate
that in 1583 "ten studies were fitted up in the Master's Chamber
over the Library, for the use of College students, the rent of
w^hich was to be paid to the Master." When the treasury was
removed to the Gate of Virtue and the Chapel altered in 1717,
the chamber which was over the Ante-chapel was added to
the Lodge, and the room beneath the Library was also appro-
priated thereto in course of time^
Nothing more is recorded of the Lodge until 1727, when
we find : " The Master's parlour shall be sash'' and wainscotted
at the College charge, by the direction of the Bursar." And
in 1729 (Jan. 23.) we find " that money laid out by M"" Simpson
and M"" Burrough for repairs and improvements of the Master's
1 The space assigned to the Master at Corpus Christi College, at the end of the
Hall, was 40 ft. by 28 ft. within the walls. See Hist, of Corpus, Chap. ill.
^ It must have looked into the Antechapel, which the difference of level between
the floors would allow of. At that period the Antechapel was probably separated
from the Chapel by a screen which allowed the altar to be seen from the Master's
Chamber through a hagioscope. The Chapel licence in 1470 shews that the Master's
Chamber was then next to the Chapel, and the Annals shew that in 1481 his bed-
chamber and inner chamber had hangings provided. This room however was not
actually added to the Lodge until Dec. 13, 17 17, as appears by the "Gesta" of that
year.
•' It was employed for College Meetings and termed the Audit Chamber, but the
Master was allowed to use it as a dining-room. "Wainscot for the chimney in the
Audit Chamber." Bursar's Book, Mich. 1674.
202 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Lodge, be allowed in their several accounts, excepting what
shall appear to be moveable as furniture." " The Master (Sir
Thomas Gooch) took upon himself to pay the stone-cutter's
bill of ^23 for marble chimney piece, &c.*" The old Lodge
was upon this occasion evidently remodelled to suit the taste
of the time, but in 1795 Mr Wilkins, an architect and builder of
Norwich, was applied to, to furnish a plan for its enlargement,
which was effected by the erection of a wing projecting into
the garden westward, and containing a large dining-room on
the ground floor with drawing-room over (fig. i). The expendi-
ture was limited to ;^ 3,500. Dr Belward was then master.
A large circular staircase was built, which filled the whole of
the western part of the two ancient Master's chambers, leaving
the remainder to serve below as a porch and entrance hall, and
as a bedroom above. [It was at this time that the picturesque
turret staircase (fig. 4) was pulled down.] Other alterations
were made in the Mastership of Dr Davy in 1803. In 1853
the Lodge was still further enlarged by extending the wing
above mentioned as far as Trinity Hall Lane. Many additional
rooms and a carriage entrance were thus obtained. [The Audit
Chamber and the Library above it were now converted into
two sets of students' rooms each. In 1S70 the two upper
sets were annexed to the Lodge as bedrooms and dressing-
rooms, but the two lower sets are still used as students' rooms.
In 1869, when the new buildings were being erected from
the designs of Alfred Waterhouse, Esq., there were several
alterations made in the Lodge. Wilkins' circular staircase
was removed, and a more convenient one made in its place :
a bedroom over the antechapel was restored to the Chapel as
an organ gallery, and in lieu of it the two sets of rooms which
had been made out of the old Library in 1854 were added to
the Lodge. J. L.]
1 Gesta Collegii.
IV.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 20^
in Caius'
Court,
built or
in buildint;
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
1353. Removal of Gonville Hall to the houses of John de Cambridge, and John
Goldcorne.
[ 393. Completion of Chapel.
[426— 1;4- Hall, Library, Lodjje,) ^ ,-, -,1 rr n
^ •'^ ' /) & 'I of Gonville Ilall
1481. Walls of the o;ardens, r ^ ■■,. • 1 -i i-
^ r I buut or ni buudmg.
[490. East side of the court, ;
565. West side of court (May 4 — Sept. i], 'i
East ,, ,, Sept. 25, I
[566. Master's Turret-staircase (May — October), ;-
[573 — 75. Porta Honoris, Sacred Tower, Dr Caius' Tomb,
Sundial by Haveus of Cleves, J
15S9. Hall windows shortened.
[617. Building erected by Dr Perse.
1619. ,, ,, Dr Legge.
1637. Chapel lengthened eastward. Tomb of Dr Caius removed to present position.
[717 —26. Chapel ashlared. " Sacred Tower " destroyed ; present buttresses built.
^28. West side of Gonville Court repaired. Cupola over Hall made.
rj^i — 55. Gonville Court ashlared, and the north side partly rebuilt.
[792. Hall completely modernized by Soane.
[795. Enlargement of Lodge by Wilkins. Turret-staircase destroyed.
1815. Buildings of Drs Perse and Legge plastered, and probably altered.
[853. Hall and Library built. Lodge altered, by Salvin.
[868. Buildings of Drs Perse and Legge pulled down'j
New Court erected (
„^ ...... T 1 { Liy Waterhouse.
[869. Alterations to Lodge •'
1S70. Apse to Chapel built
204 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [APPEN.
APPENDIX.
I. Contract with JoJiii Atkinson for the Perse Building, 1617'.
Articles made i6th Mar. 1617 ... betweene John Atkinson of the towne of
Cambridge ... yeoman ... and Martyn Perse ... executor of Stephen Perse ... for and
concerninge the building appointed by ye laste will of the said Stephen Perse to be
made and builded in the same Colledge.
First the said John Atkinson ... doth ... agree ... that he ... will substantially,
sufficiently and workmanlike erecte and builde and fullie finishe in a place thereunto
appointed ... within the said College ... upon foundations diged to ye ferme grounde
and walls sufficiently ramed, One building threescoore and three foote in length, of
three stories in height, with garretts or e.xcelses in ye topp of the Roofe, every of
the three stories to be nyne foote in length betwene the floores and seelings, the
lower storie to be eightene foote wide within the walls, and to be parted into three
like Chambers, every Chamber to have three convenient Studdies apeece ; the next
storie to be nynetene foote wide within the walls and to be parted into three equall or
like Chambers with one convenient Studdie in every Chamber, and ye third storie to
be nynetene foote wide within the walls and to be parted into three like Chambers,
every Chamber to have one convenient Studdie, and the garretts or excelses to be
parted into three like chambers with two convenient Studdies in everie Chamber, with
fitting and convenient stayers of Oken plankes to leade conveniently to everie of the
same chambers. And yt ye outter walls of the same Buildinge shalbe of bricke on
the outside filled or layed with white stonne, all the corners thereof sett with coynes of
free stonne ; the same walls to be of ye thicknes of three brickes and half in length
conteining two foote and tenne ynches under the water table, the same water table to
lye three foote or more above the ground and to be of free stonne chamford fower
ynches and halfe thicke. And from the water table to the middle flora in thicknes the
length of three bi-ickes conteining two foote and a half.
And from the middle flore to ye wall plates in thicknes the length of two brickes
and half conteyninge two foote, ye weste ende of ye same building to be made gable
wise with crests and some comely finiall finishinge of freestonne, and all ye walls on
the inside to be cast over with lyme and hare ; and that there shalbe conveniently
placed in everie of ye nyne lower Chambers one Chimney w'h chimney peeces and
borders of white stone cleane and handsomely wrought, the shafts of ye same
Chimneyes to be brought upp Arriswise ffive foote above ye levill of ye ridge of the
roofe of ye buildinge. And yt there shalbe in the said building fittly placed two
doorsteedes with free stone iames and white stone heddes and cornises and kneelers over
ye same of freestonne, and one place bordered with freston over the dore in ye midst,
there to place the founders armes ; and convenient windowes in the three lower stories
everie light to be eightene ynches wide and in bredth the first storie three foote eight
' From original in Caius College Treasury Box IV. No. 3.
II.] DECREE FOR LEGGE BUILDING. 205
ynches, in the seconde storie fower foote and in the thirde three foote and two ynches
wth freestone soyles sixe ynches thicke and ten ynches broade, the iames and minions
to be of white stonne with hance headds also of white stonne, and cornises and
kneelers over everie windowe of free stonne, and in tlie first and second stories with
arches of bricke turned over every windowe, and in the third storie with gable ends
and crests and finialls of free stonne, and nine windows of tymber wth one light apeece
in the garrets or excelses of oaken tymber wth roofes of tymber over the same, the whole
number of lights in the whole building to bee seventie two and to have one iron barre
3 quarters of a inch square, strongly and fitly placed & fastened in the midst of every
of the same lights and that there shall bee 30 dooble casements of iron well and cleane
wrought fitly and strongly placed and fastned in the windows of the 3 stories and nine
single casements of iron in the windows of the garrets or excelses, and all the same
lights and casements shall bee well and sufficiently glased with good burgimdie glasse
in small quarries well leaded soddred and sufficiently sett into the same windowes and
bound to the barrs. And that all the said severall chambers shall bee floared with good
sufficient and seasoned board of oake layd uppon sufficient rests of oake tymber for the
grounde floare and good and sufficient dormans and rests for the other 3 floares. And
that all the particians shall bee maide with good and sufficient groundesills posts girts
punchions and studds of oake tymber and the same and also all the studies to bee
lathed with hart lath and the 4 particians in the second and third stories and about
the staires to be lathed on both sides with hart lath and to be all uppon the lathes
cast over with lime and hayre vi'orkmanlike. And that there shall bee in the same
building twelve outward doares of fir deale smoothed and well handsomely and suffi-
ciently made and fitted to the doresteeds and hanged on good and sufficient hookes
and hingells, with a good and sufficient looke and kea to every of the same dores and
one and twenty Studdie doares of good seasoned Oake boards smoothed and well and
sufficiently made and fitted to the door steede and hanged on sufficient hookes and
hingells. And that the roofe of the same building shall bee of sufficient Oake tymber
with seven paire of good and sufficient principall sparrs, dooble purlinges and wim-
beames, and to stand on wall platts of oake six inches thicke and nine inches broad
and shall bee covered with good tyle laid with morter upon hart lath. And that all
the said chambers and studdies in the three stories and in the garret ts or excelses shall
be well and workmanlike seeled with lime and haire layd on reed well fastned with
hartlath unto the timber of the said building ...
[It is further agreed that John Atkinson shall provide all the material : and that
Martin Perse shall pay ;i^50o in the following sums : — thus, at the sealing etc. of these
presents ;^ioo : on 20th May ;^ioo : ist Aug. ;^ioo : loth Sep. ;^ioo : i Nov.
;ifiOo, the residue in full.]
II. Decree for building the Legge Building, i6i8.
In loco capitulari Collegii de Gonvill et Caius 15" die mensis Januarii per con-
sensum custodis et maioris partis .sociorum ita decretum est, ut tenementa antiqua
juxta portam humilitatis diruerentur, et in eorum loco novum erigeretur aedificium
Collegio deinceps adjungendum, ea structura et conditionibus quae postea sequuntur.
Primo, ut duodecem distincta fiant cubicula supra quatuor distinctas areas et infra
quatuor excelsa distincta.
206 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Secundo, ut jus assignandi cubicula praedicta, pro communi iure custodis et
sociorum in predictis tenementis, ita distribuatur ut Gustos peculiariter sibi habeat
ius assignandi tria cubicula cum excelsis continua serie erecta, eaque ita coniuncta
primus eligat ubi placuerit in toto aedificio: ut novem reliqua cubicula cum tribus
excelsis inter duodecem socios antiquae fundationis ita distribuantur, ut singuli socii
et eorundem successores secundum senioritatem suam singula cubicula aut excelsa
sibi habeant, quae scholasticis aut pensionariis pro placito assignent, proviso semper
quod pensiones cubiculorum per consensum custodis et sociorum imponendae debitis
temporibus solvantur, ex quibus redditus antiquus reponetur in cista communi,
reliquum custodi et sociis remanebit.
Ulterius, in eodem capitulo decretum est ut Johannes Atkinson curam huius
aedificii perficiendi in se susciperet, et pretium reciperet a Collegio sexcentas sexaginta
libras solvendas temporibus per Collegium assignandis, et ligna praeterea et lateres
et rudera veterum tenementorum. Ita tamen ut collegio syngrapham competentem
cum praede exhibeat, ut totum hoc aedificium constituto tempore perficiatur, eaque
forma et structura et materia sufficienti secundum indenturas deinceps inter praedictum
Job. Atkinson et Collegium conficiendas, in quibus conditiones hujus operis expri-
mentur. Item ut in ilia structura monimentum aliquod fiat in memoriam Dris. Legge,
et ut huic decreto Gustos et socii subscribant antequam nummi ex aerario desumantur.
Endorsed. The decree of the Mr- and Fellowes of Cajus Colledge concerninge the
buildinge of the brick Court, wth the conditions agreed upon for
buildinge the same. Jan. 15, 1618.
III. Contract luitJi John Atkinson for tJie Legge Building, 1618.
Articles of agreement betwene ... the sayde College ... and John Atkinson of the
.same Towne and County, Yeoman ... i<S Jany- 16 James I ... concerninge a Range
of buildinge to be erected and sett upp in Gonvell and Caius Colledge in Cambridge . . .
Imprimis the said John Atkinson ... doth covenant ... that he will at or before the
feast of All Seynts next ensuinge the day of the date of these presents ... erect builde
and fully finish ... upon foundations digged to the firme ground and walled, to be well
and sufficiently rammed, one buildinge of ninety two foote in length to be Three stories
m heyght with garretts or excelses in the topp of the Rooffe, Two of the stories to be
Nyne foote betwene the floore and the sealinge, and the halfe storie to be eight foote
and a halfe, the lower storie to be eightene foote wide within the walls and to be parted
into foure Chambers, every Chamber to have three convenient Studdies a peece ; the next
storie to be ninetene foote wide within the walls, and to be equally devided into foure
chambers likewise with two convenient studdies a peece and the halfe storie to be
equally devided into foure chambers and to have two studies a peece ; and the
garretts to be parted into ffoure Roomes and have two studdies apeece with
fyttinges and convenient Stayres of Oken plancke to leade conveniently to every of
the same chambers. And that the outward walls of the same buildinge shalbe of
Bi-icke, filled or layd with white stone within. All the corners thereof to be sett
with Coynes of freestone, the same walls to be of the thicknes of three bricks and
a halfe, which conteyneth two foote and Tenne inches under the water table, the
111.] CONTRACT FOR LEGGE BUTT. DING. 20/
same water table to lye three foote or more above tlie ground and to be of free stone
chamfored foure inches and a halfe tliicke. And from tlie water table to the middle
floore, the lengtli of three Bricks, whicli conteynes two foote and a halfe, and from
the middle floure to the wall plate Two bricks and a halfe in length, which con-
teyneth Two foote in thicknes, both the gable ends of the same buildinge to be
made gable wise, with Cresses and some comely finishinge of free stone, and all
the walls on the insyde to be cast over with lyme and hayer, and that there shalbe
placed in every of ye Twelve cliambers one Chimney with Chimney peeces and
borders of white stone cleane and liandsomely wrought, the shafts of the same
Chimneys to be brought up Cantwise a convenient heyght above the levell of
ye ridge of ye roofe of the house or buildinge, and that there shalbe placed two
convenient doresteds with free stone Jawmes and whitestone heads with whelmers
and kneelers over the same of free stone, and convenient windowes in the three lowe
stories, every light to be eightene inches wide, the first to be three foote eight inches
in height, the seacond storie foure foote, and the third three foot two inches hye,
with freestone soyles six inches thicke and Tenne inches broade; the Jawmes and
munions to be of white stone with hance heads also of white stone, with kneelers and
whelmeres over every window of freestone, and in the first and seacond storie with
arches of bricke turned over eveiy windowe, and in the halfe storie with gable ends
with crests and finialls of freestone, and twelve windowes of timber, of two lights
a peece in the garretts or excelses, and every light in the seacond and halfe storey
to have one barre of yron of three quarters of an inch square, strongly and fytly
placed and fastened in the midest of every of the same lights, and in ye lowest
story to liave two barres of Iron in every light well placed and fastened, and every
studdye window to have an iron casement of Two foote longe, and every chamber two
casements besids the studdies of the same length, for thorow light and ayer, and all the
same lights to be well and sufiiciently glased with good Burgundie glasse in small
quarries well leaded sodered semented and sufficiently set into the same windowes,
and bound to the barres, and that all the said chambers shalbe flored with good
sufficient and well seasoned boards of Oke, layd upon sufficient Jeists of Oke
tymber, for the ground flores, and good and sufficient Dormanes and Jeists for the
other three flores, and that all the partitions shalbe made with good and sufficient
groundsales posts girts punchones and studs of Oke tymber, and the same and all
the studdies to be lathed with hart lathes, and the nine partitions in the seacond
and halfe storie, and about the staires, to be lathed on both syds with hart lath, and
to be all plastered over with lyme and hayer workeman lyke, and all the outward
dores to made of fifurdeale cleanly and well wrought, and a sufficient locke and key for
every of the outward dores, And also to make a good and sufficient dore for every
studdye to be fitted to the dorestead and hanged on sufficient hooks and hinges.
And that ye Roofe of ye same buildinge shalbe of sufficient Oketymber with soe many
principall sparres as cann be conveniently placed with stronge pirlines and windbeames,
and to stand upon wallplats of Oke six inches thicke and tenne inches broad and
shalbe covered with good tyles laid with mortar upon hart lathes, and that all the
said chambers and studdies in all the stories and the excelses of the said buildinge
shalbe well and workemanlyke seeled with lime and hayer layd upon reede well
fastened with hartlathes unto the tymber of the said buildinge. And further the said
John ... doth covenant to make the syde of the buildinge next the streate with
battlements after ye order of St Johns new courte, with gutters and spouts of leade
to be well sothered and workmanlyke done. And that the streate syde of the said
208 GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. FaPPEN. IlL
buildinge shall have in every of the foure chambers in the lower storey one three
light window and two single light windowes and see in proportion and order in
every storey of the said buildinge, and every chamber on the courte syde of the said
buildinge shall have see many windowes and of the same order that doctor Perse
his buildinge hath. And also the said John ... promiseth to levell the courte soe
as the water may fall into the lane, and to pave it round about by the sydes eight
foote broade with pebble, and to leave a pumpe in the courte and to be comelily
covered by him lyke the pumpe in Gonvell Courte. And... the said John Atkinson
doth covenant ... [to] have readie for the said workemen and buildinge all the tymber
freestone whitestone brick and tyles, the same to be good and well burned, lyme,
hayer, bords, lath, glasse, leade, and ironworke with locks and keyes, the studdye
dores excepted and all other materialls
[It was further agreed that the College should pay £()6o in instalments, at
sealing £jtOO, 24th June following ;i^i6o, and 29th Sept. ^100 ; Atkinson to use "all
the oulde buildings eyther on the streate syde or in the courte where his new buildinge
is to stand."]
From original in Caius College Treasury
Box IV. No. 2 {l>).
The receipts are for
;^400 paid 22 Jan. r6t.S.
^60 ,, 18 Aug. 1619. This was paid in advance.
^660 in full 29 Sept. 1619.
V.
CHAPTER I.
History of the SiteV
jHE site of Trinity Hall is bounded on the south b\-
Clare Hall, on the west by the River Cam, on the
east by Trinity Hall Lane, a portion of the street
anciently called Milne Street, and on the north by
Garret, otherwise S. Gerard's, Hostel Lane. This lane however
was not made until 1 545. Up to that time the northern boundary
of the site was a lane called Henney Lane, which, in continu-
ation of one which has been already described as crossing the
site of Caius College from east to west, led to the common
ground called Henney, and to the river '^ The ground to the
south of this was acquired during the life of the Founder,
William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, or immediately after his
death'.
' [Professor Willis had made notes and collections for the earlier portion of this
history, and had related the additions made to the site in the reign of Hen. VIH. in
his History of Trinity College. I have brought the whole account together, and
printed here, for the sake of clearness, the part which he had proposed to defer to a
sulisequent chapter. The facts of the history are thei^efore his, although the language
of much of it is of necessity mine.]
- [See the History and Plan of Caius College.]
•' [See Historical Introduction. The conveyances of several of the pieces compo-
sing the site are no longer in the possession of the College. Their loss is to some
extent supplied by those cited in the "Borough Report": Init our knowledge of the
western portion of the site is still deficient.]
VOL. I. 14
2IO TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
The Bishop's charter of foundation is dated 15 January,
1349 — 50^ : and on the 23rd February following-, Edward the
Third granted license to the Keeper, Fellows, and Scholars
of the Holy Trinity " to acquire houses, hostels, and a place of
sufficient extent to dwell in^" It is probable that at the date of
this license they were already in possession of some house or
houses large enough for their temporary accommodation ; for it
was not until the following November that the purchase was
completed from the Prior and Convent of Ely of the building
and grounds of the Hostel which John de Crawden (Prior 1321 —
41) had bought for the accommodation of those Monks of Ely
who wished to avail themselves of University education. It is
stated that the sale of this building to Bishop Bateman was in
consequence of certain benefits conferred by him upon the
Church of Ely^ and that the price paid was iJ"30o\
The history of this acquisition is as follows. A writ " ad
quod damnum" was issued 4 October 24 Edw. III. 1350,
to inquire as to a proposed conveyance from the Prior and
Convent of Ely to the College of one messuage and one piece of
land in Mylnstrete for their habitation : and the Inquisition held
thereon (November 3) found that the messuage and piece of land
{placea) were held of Simon de Brunne by the service of sixpence
a year, and that the place measured nine perches in length, by
eight in breadth^ The license in mortmain for the acquisition
of this land is dated November 20, 1350". The original con-
veyance is lost, but in a deed of further assurance from John de
Brunne", grandson of Simon, executed in 1372, the property is
described by him as
^ Commiss. Docts. ii. 414.
^ Ibid. ii. 407. The original is in Trinity Hall Treasury, Site, No. 3.
•' [Anglia Sacra, ed. 1691, i. 650.]
* [Tanner's Notitia Monastica, ed. Nasmith, Cambridgeshire, iv. , note p. 4,
Bryan Twyne citing Ely Registers.]
° [Borough Rate Report, vii. 3. Simon de Brunne was mesne between the King
and the Convent. The building was known by College tradition as "The Monks'
Building." It is difficult to determine whether the measurements given above refer to
the land alone, or to the land together with the messuage. ]
^ [Patent, 24 Edw. III. p. 3, m. 5. Commiss. Docts. ii. 408. A note of the
conveyance from the Prior and Convent dated in the same regnal year of the King,
taken from an Ely Register, is preserved in Baker MSS. xxxviii. 179.]
'' [Trinity Hall 1>easury, Site, No. 10.]
HISTORY OF 'I'lIK SI li;. 211
"a messuage with Hencye, lying in the parish of S. John Baptist in
Mihiestrete, between the messuage of tlie Scholars of Clare Hall on the
one side [S], and the messuage of the Scholars of the Hall of the Holy
Trinity on the other [N], one head abutting on Millestrete, and the
other on the common bank called Cante, which messuage with Heneye
formerly belonged to Simon de Brunne my grandfather."
The messuage occupied the south-east corner of the site, as
shewn on the plan (fig. i), and its frontage extended nearly as
far as the present entrance to the College.
On November 6, 1350, the town of Cambridge granted to the
scholars " a certain gutter or water-course extending from the
common street called Milnestrete to the common Ditch of the
Town, lying between the tenement formerly of John Goldcorne
on the north part, and the tenement formerly of Simon de
Brunne on the south part." It is obvious that this watercourse
would have been useless to them had they not been the owners
of Goldcorne's house, and we may therefore safely conjecture
that it was in that tenement that they were lodged before they
acquired the ground to the south of it ; a fact which is also im-
plied by the word "formerly" applied equally to both the houses,
one of which we know was in their possession \
Four years afterwards the house at the corner of Henney
Lane wa^ obtained. It was called " Draxesentre," from a former
possessor, John Drax or Drake, and extended from Milne Street
to the King's Ditch, its southern boundary being " the dwelling-
place {mansiini) of the Keeper and Scholars of the College of
the Holy Trinity of Norwich'"^." The conveyance, dated 9 June,
1354, was confirmed by letters patent on 26 September of the
same year. From this date we learn that the site of the
principal quadrangle, of which this house formed the north-
east corner, was not completely acquired until after the death
of the Founder, which took place 6 January 1354.
The same letters patent confirm the acquisition of " seven
parcels of ground, with their appurtenances, in the parish of
^ [Borough Report, vii. 6. At the same time they obtained "a certain part of the
said common Ditch, extending from the end of that gutter unto the tenement formerly
of John de Gray, and lying between the tenement of Simon de Brunne on the west,
and the tenement formerly of John Goldcorne and the tenement called Longentre on
the east." This shews that there was a branch of the town ditch which ran diagonally
across the site to the main ditch along its north-western border.]
- Trinity Hall Treasury, Site, Nos. 5, 6. Borough Report, vii. 9.
14—2
212 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
S. John Baptist in Milnestrete, of which parcels two, held of the
Hospital of S. John, measure together 190 feet in length by 75
feet in breadth ; two, of Stephen, son of Bartholomew Morris,
measure 78 feet in length by 50 feet in breadth ; and the
remaining three, of the gild of Corpus Christi and S. Mary,
measure 245 feet in length by 80 feet in breadth." The first
two may be identified with the garden opposite to Clare Hall,
sold to King Henry VI. in 1440, to form the principal part of
the site of his proposed College^ : and the second two with a
property on the east side of Milne Street, south of Piron Lane,
afterwards absorbed in the site of King's^: but nothing is stated
to enable us to determine the position of the remaining three.
It is possible that they may have been situated to the west
of the pieces of ground previously acquired, where there is
a considerable portion of the College site unaccounted for.
We have now to examine the ground north of Henney Lane,
which was not acquired until 1544 (36 Hen. VIII.). In the
middle of the fifteenth century, the ground between Trinity Hall
and Garret Hostel was occupied by a garden called Henneabley,
extending from Milne Street to the King's Ditch. This had
been sold in 1447 by the Prior and Convent of Anglesey to
Henry VI., who in turn granted it to the Town of Cambridge in
1455, to compensate them for the loss of Salthithe Lane con-
ceded to him for the site of King's College, and in order that " a
public right of way or road may be made and kept up there for
the use of the community of the said town from Mylnestrete to
the water called * le Ree^.' " Ninety years afterwards, the
College being desirous of ridding themselves of the nuisance of
having close under their windows what is described as a filthy
and neglected piece of ground, through which a public road ran,
took steps to get possession of it. They first obtained from the
town (12 Sept. 1544), by exchange,
" a certeyn pece of grounde or garden late callyd Henneabley, lynge in
^ [The site of the "Old Court" of King's measures now 194 feet in length along its
eastern boundary, with a mean breadth of about 84 feet ; dimensions which corre-
spond as accurately as those of mediseval conveyances usually do.]
-' [Trinity Hall Treasury, Site, No. 7; History of King's College, Chapter in.]
■' [Hare, folio copy on vellum, 11. foj. 150. The deed is dated 15 March,
33 Hen. VI. J
1.] HIS TORY OF THE SITE. 21,
the Towne of Cambryge bytwyxt the sayd college on the sowthe parte,
and the grounde belongynge to mychell howse sometyme parcell of
Garrett Hostle on the North parte, The oon hedde abuttyng upon
mylnestrete towards the East, The other upon the commen drane callyd
kyngs dytche towards the west; The whyche pece of grounde ... con-
teynythe in lengthe from mylnestrete unto the commen drane syxtene
score Foot, and in breadythe att the East hedde thyrty and syx Foot, and
in breadythe att the ^^'est hedde Thyrty and syx Foot, and in breadythe
in the mydds Fyftye and fyve Foote of the kyngs standard ... Further-
more the sayd M^. and Fellowes covenaunt ... to leave and sett owt a
commen lane or waye throwghe owt, From the sayd mylnestrete unto
the sayd commen dytche, of Tenne Foot wydenesse eyther in the sayd
pece of grounde or garden or elles within lx Foot therof nerer unto
mychell hoAvse : Whyche way for ever shall be used and taken as a
commen Lane and waye for ... the Inhabytaunts of the sayd Towne
unto the Felds and commens'."
They next addressed themselves to Michael House, and
bought from them (i6 April, 1545)
" a certayn pece of grownd, i)arcell of y*^ grownd w'^^ is in y*^ tenure of
y^ said mychell howse. sometyme parcell of Garret hostel), lyyng upon a
certayn pece of grownd or garden late called henneablye now in y^
tenure of y^ said Trinite Hall toward [the] southe, and upon y'^ grownd
of y*^ said mychell howse toward y'^ northe, y^ oon hede abbuttellethe
upon mylnestreete toward y^ este, and upon [the dyche ?] derived oute
of y*^ kynges ryver called y^ comen water and streme of Cambridge
toward y^ west ; w'^^ pece or parcell of grownd [conteyneth] in lengthe
from mylne strete unto y^ aforsayd dyche xiiij'^-^ sixtene fote and in brede
XX fote. To have and to hold . . . discharged of all rents . . except oonly
a redd rose to be given to y^"" at y*^ natiuite of saynt John Baptist [if] by
yem requyred. AUso ... y^ said M'' and felowes of Trenite Hall of y'^''
owne proper costs and charges shall buyld or cawse to be buylded upon
y*^ ground of y'^ said mychell howse, next unto y*^ above named parcell...
grawnted unto y^ said Trenite hall, a stone wall of y'^ lengedie of y^ said
parcell of grownd and of Thycknesse and heyght of a certayne wall
newly buylded by y^ said mychell howse on y*^ northe syde therof
towards y*^ kyngshall'.''
From the north border of the slip thus obtained they set off
a road ten feet wide, now known as Garret Hostel Lane, in order
to comply with the stipulation of the Town. The remainder,
together with the previous acquisition, became the Fellows'
garden^, along the east and north sides of Mhich they built the
clunch wall that is still standing (EFG, fig. i).
' Trinity Hall Treasury, Site, No. 12.
■■* Trinity Hall Treasury, Site, No. 14.
•* [Of this garden Warren, for an account of whom see Appendix No. I., records
(p. r8) that "The Alulljerry Tree in it was planted about y"' year 1690 by M'' Allen,
214 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
The ground to the west of the College had also been in-
creased in the previous year (20 Sept. 1544) by purchase from
the Town for twenty shillings of a small portion of waste ground
upon its north-western border. This piece was 170 feet long
by 30 feet broad, and is described as lying
" between the wall of the College on the south, and our brook now in
the tenure of the master and fellows of Michaelhouse on the north : one
head abutting on the conunon stream towards the west, and the other
upon a peice of ground, or garden, called Henneabley, lately given
in exchange to the aforesaid College towards the east\"
[This acquisition was soon after enclosed with a wall, and
thus the site attained its present dimensions, with the exception
of a small piece at its north-western extremity, where the map of
1 73 1 shews a small building, standing between the wall and
Garret Hostel Bridge, on ground which was originally part of
the "King's Ditch," together with a door (N, fig. i) opening
directly from the College into it. By what right the building
was placed there is not now known, for the College did not
acquire the ground on which it stood until 1769. In that year
Garret Hostel Bridge was " in a decayed and ruinous condition,"
and when the Town proposed to rebuild it, Trinity Hall offered
" one full half part of the money laid out and expended for the
erecting and building thereof;" which share ultimately amounted
to ;^278. i6s. Sd. In consideration of this benefaction it was
agreed with the Town that they should be allowed " to sett the
north wall of their college, extending from their stables to the
river, so as to include within the college the waste ground now
lying between the said north wall and the south-cast corner of
the abuttmcnt of the present bridge, and which is now the college
way down to the river." This proposed change was however
never carried out, and indeed would have made the lane incon-
veniently narro\\', but a portion of the ground has been inclosed
with an iron railing, so as to establish the rights of the College^]
then Fellow. There was another Mulberry Tree planted at y** West End of y" same
Garden about Lady Day 1726 by D"" Tenison, Fellow. On the Inside of this Garden-
Wall which is next Caius College are these letters T. G. held together by a Sash
work'd on a Stone. I know not who they stand for." The Mulberry Tree planted
in 1690 is still standing (1879), '^"^^ the stone has disappeared.]
' [The deed, in Latin, is preserved by Baker, MSS. Baker, xxvii. 327.]
^ [Agreement between the Town and Trinity Hall, dated July 14, 1769, in Trinity
r^
DESCRIPTION OF THE lUJILDINGS. 21 5
CHAPTER II.
Description and History of tiiio Buildings.
The Quadrangle of this College is larger than any of its
predecessors, being about 1 1 5 feet long, and in breadth the
same as Gonville Court, namely 80 feet. It has the peculiarity
of an entrance court interposed between the quadrangle and
the street, like the curia of a monastery.
This " First or Porter's Court " was entered by a gatehouse
on the east, with chambers on either side, still existing but much
altered, and having a large archway for wheel-carriages and a
small lateral postern arch for foot-passengers now walled up'.
The entrance from this court to the great quadrangle is by a
passage on the north". Opposite to the gatehouse was the gable
Hall Treasury. The new Bridge was to be for horse and foot passengers, built of
timber on brick piers. The design, approved by the Mayor and the Bursar of Trinity
Hall, was " to be executed under the direction of M'" James Essex, the Architect and
Surveyor of the said College. "] The first construction of a Bridge in this place has not
been recorded. In 1573 i^ is mentioned by Caius (Hist. Cant. Acad. ii. 116) as
"pons Gererdi, a diui Gererdi olim hospitio quod in proximo fuit." In 162^ it was
repaired at the expense of the Corporation (Cooper's Annals iii. 198): and again in
164&, Trinity and Trinity Hall contributing a free gift, acknowledged as such by the
Town (ibid. 404): after the reconstruction in 1769 it was frequently called "the
mathematical bridge," but nevertheless broke down, July 2, 1812, and was rebuilt in
1814, Trinity Hall contributing ^100 (ibid. iv. 503, 509): in 1821 it was once
more rebuilt of timber, at a cost of ;^i40, defrayed by the Corporation only (ibid. 534):
in 1837, it was rebuilt of iron, at a cost of ^^960. 19^. dd.. Trinity Hall contributing
;^250, Trinity College ;,^ 150, and Caius College ;^50 (ibid. 608). [In 1839 Trinity
Hall gave ;^ioo towards facing the west buttress with stone, and in 1841 defrayed the
cost of the iron-work along each side of the roadway. ]
^ [It must be remembered that Prof. Willis is speaking of the ancient entrance, as
shewn in Loggan (fig. 2), which was subsequently blocked up, but at what period I
have been unable to discover, leaving only the postern. This was then enriched with
a very unsuitable head-molding and shafts. When the new buildings were ei-ected
in 1873 the gate was opened out, and subsequently removed to the entrance of the
College in Garret Hostel Lane (H, fig. i) at the expense of the Master. The smaller
door was at the same time set up at the entrance to the kitchen-yard (I, ibid.), at the
expense of the Rev. H. Latham, Fellow and Tutor.]
■' [This court was originally called "The Court before the Master's Lodge." In
Warren's time it had "a Little Garden in it, inclosed with pales." Warren, p. 17. ]
2l6 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
of an ancient building (ABCD, fig. i), which ranged against the
south boundary of the College site next to Clare Hall. This
building, traditionally reputed to be the Monks' Hostel men-
tioned in Chapter I., still existed in 173 1, for it is contained in
a plan of the College of that date^ preserved in the Library, and
reproduced here (fig. i). The only description of it is that by
Dr Warren in his account of the College. As this gives very
little information that would enable us to judge of its date, I
shall consign it to a note^.
The great Quadrangle, or "Principal Court" (fig. 2), as it
stood at the end of the 17th century, had on the west side the
Hall (C) and Butteries, with the Kitchen (E) at the north, and
the Master's Lodge (D) at the south extremity^ The latter
consisted of a single room or Parlour on the ground-floor with
a similar room above, surmounted by a garret. Additional cham-
bers to the Lodge were contained in wings which projected to
the south and to the west, and there was also a staircase to the
west of the principal rooms. On the south side of the Court
the Chapel (A) joined the east side of the Parlour as the Hall
did the north. The Chapel occupied the western half only of
this side. The remainder, as well as the entire east side, and the
north side, was occupied by chambers. All these arrangements
subsist, but, partly by repairing and refacing, and partly by
rebuilding, the style of the whole has been altered, and the
Lodge completely changed.
On the west of the principal court, and reached through the
screens, is the " Library Court," which has only three sides of
^ [This plan, according to the Ms Notes, written in 1834 by John Hancock Hall,
Bursar, p. 384, " was made by the person who made the drawings and calculations"
for Sir N. Lloyd's work, 1710 — 1735-]
- [Appendix No. i. A fragment of its W. wall may still be discovered behind
the south gable of the Lodge. A note to Warren (p. 20) informs ns that it was
partially destroyed in 1823. The rest was standing in 1852, when a further portion
was removed for the enlargement of the Lodge. A small Norman window then
existed. In Loggan it is represented as a Pigeon House (fig. 2), and Warren in his
Table of Contents speaks of the "Old Building for y'^ Monks, where y"^ Pidgeon
House is." For Prior Crawden's work see Fuller, 105, and Bentham's Ely, 220.]
^ [Loggan's view (fig. 2) shews a large fir tree in the centre of this court. This,
says Warren, was " set within y"^' Memory of Dr Boord [LL.D. 1664], formerly
Fellow of this College. It was cut down June 27, 1739, i' being Dead. It was 48 foot
High." Round this tree there was a stone seat, set up about 1704. Warren, p. 17.]
II.j DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS. 21/
building-, namely, the Library (B) on the north, the wing of
the Lodge already mentioned on the south, and the Hall and
Butteries on the east.
For the history of the buildings we know that the first esta-
blishment of the College was retarded by the premature death
of the founder in 1354 at Avignon, leaving only a Master, 3
Fellows, and as many Scholars, in lieu of the 23 Fellows and
Scholars he had proposed to provide for, and to whose number
of course the scale of his site and of the proposed edifice was
adapted. The number of Fellowships was not augmented until
a century had elapsed, but the buildings were carried on by other
benefactors, as we gather from an indenture dated 17 September,
48 Edw. III. (1374), twenty years after the founder's death.
The contracting parties are Simon (Sudbury), Bishop of London,
(one of the Bishop's executors and afterwards Archbishop of
Canterbury), on the one hand, and John de Mildenhale, car-
penter, of Cambridge, on the other : and the contract, divested
of its mediaeval technicalities, may be summed up as follows : —
The carpenter agrees to find oak timber for all the chambers
which are to be built in the manse of the Scholars of Trinity
Hall at Cambridge : that is to say, for the roof and floor beams,
the partitions in the solars, as well as in the celars (first-floor
and ground-floor chambers), and also the stairs and stair-trees.
He is also to find oak timber for the offices (butteries and
kitchen), which are to be built from the north end of the
College Hall, northzvards jtp to Hcncy lane. The roof is to be
exactly similar to that of the said Hall, and he is to provide
floor beams for solars and timber for the partitions above and
below. He is to find all other timber required, to convey it
to the College, and to provide all the workmanship. The
timber-work of the chambers is to be exactly similar in dimen-
sions and form to that of tJic eastern eJianibers of the said
manse in every respect, and the timber-work of the offices
is to be the same as that of the Hall. All the above work is
to be completed by the next coming Feast of the Assump-
tion of the V^irgin.
Thus far the contract relates only to the timber framing of
buildings the walls of which were doubtless to be carried up, as
in other cases at this period, without a contract, the wages being
2l8 • TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
paid and the materials bought as required. But the contract
goes on to provide for making the doors, both large and small, and
the large and small windows, and the floors of all the chambers, of
the kitchen, and of the solars. Probably the ground-floor chambers
or celars had either mud-floors or tile-pavements. All these fit-
tings the contractor engages to make within four months after
receiving notice to do so on the part of the College. For the
work described in the former part of the contract, the carpenter
is to receive from the Bishop i^ioo in separate payments \
This contract proves that the Hall of the College already
existed at the time that it was drawn up, as well as certain
eastern chambers, by which I understand the range which
formed the eastern side of the Quadrangle next to Milne Street :
for this side of the Court was a complete building within four
walls (fig. 2), overlapping the east end of the north range in
a manner that seems to shew that the former was built before
the latter. The new chambers mentioned in the contract must
either have been the north range, which is the most probable,
or the south range '^ at the end of the Chapel. The former
retains its northern face unsullied by plastering or ashlar, and
exhibits a curious medley of mediaeval windows of different ages,
some of them walled up, and of sash-windows inserted to replace
them. On the upper floor are four sets of chambers, exclusive
of the Combination chamber at the western extremity (fig. i).
The third chamber from the west retains a specimen of the two-
light pointed windows (fig. 3), which apparently belongs to the
date of this contract, and the second chamber also exhibits a
trace of the jamb and springing of a similar one. The principal
lights possibly once had cusps. Windows of similar design are
^ ^^50 at Micliaelmas, ^lo at Christmas, ^lo at Easter, ;^io at Midsummer
(Nativity of St John), and finally £20 within 15 days after the completion of the
work. [The contract is printed in the Appendix, No. 11., from the transcript in
Warren, A pp. No. CVII., the original, which existed in his time, having since been
lost.]
^ The south range also partly overlaps the end of the east range, but that is the ■
result of the irregularity of the ground at the turning of the lane. But the east range
had a party wall cutting off a third of its length at the north end (KL, fig. r), as if
it had been built at two periods. This north end consisted of two large rooms (30 feet
by 20) one over the other, with a large ornamental window in the upper one, of three
lights, shewn by Loggan (fig. 2). Probably the first portion of this range extends
to the first limit of the site, and the additional piece is upon Drake's ground.
11.]
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS.
219
shewn by Loggan in the east range (fig. 2), and in other early-
quadrangles ; as on the north side of Gonville Court (History of
Caius College, fig. 2), and at Corpus in the north range looking
into the churchyard of S. Benedict (History of Corpus, fig. 4).
Remains of two or three still exist at Peterhouse at the west
end of the south range (History of Peterhouse, fig. 7). The third
chamber has another old walled-up window of the later form of
two lights, with a four-centred arch over them. Large sash-win-
dows have superseded all the others. On the ground-floor are
several square windows, with a central monial but with shallow
moldings, probably later than the foundation. The upper part
of the wall is of clunch rubble, but the lower, including part of
that pierced by these square windows, has an old red-brick
facing, apparently an insertion by way of underpinning of the
wall above, worn away near the soil by passengers and cattle.
It has been related in the pre-
vious chapter that when the — Tz;~^ '^^ ' -
College was built this wall stood
on its north boundary and was
not protected by the present
garden until 1545.
From what has been already
said, we may conclude that the
Quadrangle was completely laid
out soon after the foundation of
the College, and part of the
chambers on the east side built
by the Founder, who may be
supposed to have commenced
the Hall ; the Monks' Hostel [or
some other building on the site] being employed as lodgings in
the meantime. Bishop Sudbury' appears as the builder of the
Butteries and Kitchen, and of the north range, or his benefaction
may have been confined to the timber work.
Fig. 3. Window in the north wall
of the College.
1 This Bishop was a promoter of Architecture. He built on the site of his father's
house at Sudbury a college for secular priests, and also the eastern end {siiperiorcin
partem) of the Church of S. George there. The west gate of the city of Canterbury,
together with the city wall between the west and north gates, is his work, and he
moreover began the rebuilding of the nave of Canterbury Cathedral. His interest in
220 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
The construction of a Chapel was intended by the Founder
from the first. Tlie proximity, of the College, however, to the
parish church of S. John Baptist, from which it was separated
only by Clare Hall, rendered it unnecessary to undertake the
building of it until the more essential Hall, Kitchen, and cham-
bers had been provided. This is manifest from the words of
the Founder's Statutes, in which he directs that the Divine
services, and after his death his obits, are to be performed by
the Master and Fellows in the parish church, or in some other
church, or in their own Chapel, when they have one suitably
constructed \ He also gave them Chapel-plate and books, but
these were necessary for their masses in the Parish-church.
A license to build a Chapel or Oratory was obtained from
the Bishop of Ely on May 30, 1352, but there is no record of the
building of the Chapel, which, as in other similar cases'^ probably
lingered for many years after the license had been obtained.
[When the Church of S. John Baptist was exchanged for that of
S. Edward in 1445, an aisle, since called "Trinity Hall Aisle,"
was built on the north side of the Chancel of the latter church
for the use of Trinity Hall, as a similar aisle was built on the
south side at the same time for the use of Clare Hall'*. It is not
probable therefore that a Chapel existed at that time within the
precincts of the College. The statutes however of William
Dallyng (Master 147 1 — 1502) incidentally mention the Chapel,
ordaining prayers to be said there. A Chapel had therefore
been built at some time between those years. Besides this
notice there are only two documents in the College Archives
bearing on the history of the Chapel, and they do not tell us
much. The first is a short account for repairs^, dated 15 13,
the College is explained by the fact that he was one of Bishop Bateman's executors, as
previously stated, and that he had studied Civil and Canon Law in his youth, of which
faculties he became Doctor. [See Prof. Willis' Architectural History of Canterbury
Cathedral, p. 117, and Godwin " De Prcesulibus Anglice," ed. Richardson, i. 118.]
' Statutes, ch. 14. Commiss. Docts. ii. 429.
^ At Gonville Hall for example the license was obtained in 1353, and the Chapel
finished about 1393- [The license for Trinity Hall is copied by Warren, p. 319 ; and
also in the very early copy of the Statutes in the Registry of the University.]
^ [See the Chapter on "College Chapels."]
* [Trinity Hall Treasury, Miscellaneous Papers. Vol. i. No. 4.
" Anno Domini 1513. Expense circa reparaciones capelle.
In primis pro faccione le crest xiij". viij''. ob.
IT.
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS.
221
wlicn the Chapel appears to have been completed by the addi-
tion of what is termed " le crest " ; after which the ceremony of
consecration was performed. The second is a list of plate,
vestments, and church furniture appended to the statutes, from
which we learn that besides the high altar there were two side
altars. We know, however, that it was built in a good early
pointed style by the discovery in 1864 of a Piscina (fig. 4), which
i'^'^
Fig. 4. Piscina in the Chapel.
has been carefully preserved, behind the wainscoting in the
south wall near the altar. The canopy of a niche, of equally
good work, was found at the same time in the centre of the east
wall, at about ten feet from the ground. It Avas in tolerable
Item pro tinctor' muri et le crest xxvj". viij''.
Item pro lynyng le crest ij*. iiij''-
Item pro cirpis v'.
Item pro aliis necessariis ij''. oh.
Item pro dedicacione capelle xv^
Item in remuneratione seruientium ij".
Item pro veste linea pro episcopo xiiij''.
Item pro venno [vane?] ij*. vij''.
Item pro le heyer for y*-' hey altar xiiij''.''
The last item is shewn by the following entry in the Accounts of the Senior Bursar
of Trinity College for 1553, to mean a kind of coarse cloth.
" Item to Christ ofer Nicolson for iiij yerdes of heire
for thalter at viij''. tlie yerde ij\ viij''.'"]
222 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
preservation, and retained traces of gilding and colour ; but
unfortunately no steps were taken to preserve it, or any frag-
ment of it. Three pieces of clunch, exceedingly well carved,
painted and gilt, which may have formed part of a reredos, were
found built into the wall above the Jacobean roof, when it was
repaired in 1864. There were three buttresses on the south side,
which still exist ; but, to judge from Loggan (fig. 2), there were
never any on the north side next the court.]
In the reign of Elizabeth Dr Harvey was Master (1560 — 84),
of whom his contemporary Dr Caius records that he " extended
the buildings there and made them more ornamental and ample'."
The works alluded to are not specified, but it is known that the
Library of the College, which forms one side of the Garden-
court, was built in this reign, and Warren tells us that
" On a Spare Leaf at y^ End of The Old Vellum Book with green
Strings (in w* Book I have transcrib'd y*^ College Statutes") are these
following Memoranda entred (as I take it) in Dr Hervy's own Hand-
writing, viz. :
'Anno Dni 1545, y*^ grownd on y'^ northe side of y^ building of o'
college was taken yn and y'^ wall builded, wch befor was a laystowe.
1562, y^ west bay window in y« Hall was sett up.
1563, y^ stable was sett up wher it is. And y^ same yere y'^
chambers & buildyng ou"" y*^ botery & pantrie, y^ entrie into y*^ ketchyn
& ov'" y^ kechyn, y'^ larder & inner botrie was buylded &zc.
-1569, y*^ old wall on y^ northe side of o"" back syde was taken
down, & y*^ grownd wch was w*^ out o"" wall taken yn unto y^ water syde
all y® lengethe from y« stable w' y^ retorn to y'^ prive & y^ new wall sett
up & a new crosse wall sevarying y*= stableyard also made y^ same yere.'
The forementioned Date viz. 1569 appears still on y^ outside of y^
Corner of y^ Wall at y^ Watergate next Garret Hostle Bridge, cut in Stone
thus Q June ^^'^ °^^^ ^'*^ Date a Crescent for y« Founder's Arms."
The first memorandum refers to the acquisition of ground
from the town and Michael House in 1544 as before related.
The last gives the date at which the College completed their
enclosure to the waterside on the north of their garden [by
building the red-brick wall which is still standing (GM, fig i)].
But the other two entries shew that the oriel of the Hall
' " Praeterea Henricus Harveus Magister hujus Collegii.-.dilatauit istic aedificia,
eaque multo ornatiora et ampliora perfecit." Hist. Cant. Acad. p. 63.
- [A note in a later hand records that "This book is now bound in calf and
letter' d 'Old Vellum Book'."]
II.] DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS. 22.3
was added or rebuilt at that time, and that the chambers over
the Butteries and Kitchen were rebuilt, as indeed Loggan's view
shews by the architectural style of their windows and gables. By
the same test it may be affirmed that the extension of the
Lodge by a south wing and a west wing is due to Harvey, as
well as the Library opposite.
The south wing of the Lodge was a timber building, of which
the first floor, as usual, overhangs the ground-chamber : the
latter contained an older window and seems to have existed
long before Harvey's time (fig. 2). The north wing contained a
gallery on the first floor, 55 feet long, and a staircase next to
the Master's Parlour, giving access to the gallery and to the
Master's chamber over the Parlour* (fig. i). The following
clause of Harvey's will, dated Nov. i, 1584, shews that he also
fitted up all the apartments at the Lodge with wainscot panel-
ling :
"I, Henry Harvey... do give to the Master Fellowes and Scliollers of
the said CoUedg or Hall that shalbe next after my decease all seelings
of Oke & Wainscott w'^ all Portalls in my Parlour, great chamber,
study. Bedchamber, and chamber at my Ciallery end in Cambridge to
remaine there to the said Colledge for ever to the use of the Master &
his successors."...
[We must now trace the changes that have taken place in
the different offices to the present time.]
CHAPTER HI.
History of Particular Buildings. Recent Changes
AND Additions.
Lodge.] The Lodge, in the state to which Harvey brought
it, consisted of the Parlour at the south end of the Hall on
the ground floor, the great chamber above it, the bed-chamber
in the south wing with a room which was probably a study
^ These details are obtained by comparing together Loggan's view, the plan of
1731, and Harvey's will, MSS. Baker, iii. 318. Harvey died 20 Feb. 1584 — 5.
224 TRINITY HALL. [CHAT.
beneath it, and the gallery running westwards into the Fellows'
garden, with a chamber projecting southwards from the west
end of it, and a small staircase leading clown to the garden
(fig. i). The gallery v/as probably of wood, overhanging the
basement story \ as the south wing did (fig. 2). Besides the
rooms already enumerated, there were garrets over all, except
the gallery. This Lodge is conveniently placed in contact with
both Hall and Chapel. In 1804 it is said to have been greatly
improved by Sir William Wynne, Master (1803 — 1815), at an
expense of nearly ^^1500"; and in 1822 about i^i8oo was laid
out on it ; but the nature of these alterations is not recorded.
In 1823 a range of six mean brick chambers with sash-windows
was erected on the west side of the "Porter's Court," partly
occupying the site of the south wing of the Lodge. It cost the
College £1200 besides the part contained in the Master's Lodge,
the cost of which, together with that of some alterations to the
north front, was principally, if not entirely, defrayed by Dr Le
Blanc, Master^ (1815 — 1843). In 1852 the interior of the Lodge
was brought into its present elegant and commodious form by
a series of ingenious alterations and partial rebuilding, under the
direction of A, Salvin, Esq. [and at the cost of Dr T. C. Geldart,
Master (1852— 1877)].
[A study of the two plans (fig. i) will shew the nature of
these changes. The parlour on the ground floor at the south
end of the College Hall, which had latterly been used as the
kitchen of the Lodge, became the hall, with an entrance from
the Porter's or New Court. The room over this, until then the
dining-room, was converted into a drawing-room, with a south
window looking into the garden, A Library was made at the
east end of what had once been the "Long Gallery," and a
dining-room at the west end, next the garden, partly extending
into a new south wing, the rest of which is occupied by bed-
rooms. A cloister which had formeci one side of the Library
Court was filled up, and converted into offices, and a set of
^ [As at Pembroke College, in Loggan's view. Warren (p. 21) gives the dimensions
of the gallery as 54ft. loin. long, by loft. 6in. broad. This shews that it occupied the
whole of the building that ran westwards from the Hall.]
- Warren, p. 22.
■* [Mr Hall's Ms notes, p. 382. |
III.] HISTORY OF PARTICULAR BUILDINGS. 225
garrets over the Hall, which had become useless as College
rooms owing to their floors being crossed by beams required for
the support of the ceiling below, was added to the Lodge'.]
Combination Room.] The present Parlour or Combination
Room is over the kitchen, and was therefore built or rebuilt by
Dr Harvey in 1 563, who also in his will charged
" Robert Harvye his nei)hew his heirs &c. for ever, to deliver yearly
for ever between the first day of May & the last day of August within
the College or Hall commonly called Trinity Hall 3 loads of Charcoale
at 13 sacks to the load & every sack to contain 5 Bushels at the least
to the use of the Company, there to be spent nightly in y^ coin nion parlor
or other common place within the said College as the Master of the
said College shall think meet, beginning from the Feast of All Saints &
to continue until the said 3 loads be spent, after 2 Bushels for every
night, except the M'' of the Coll. shall for that quantity otherwise think
meet, or else to pay yearly for ever to the M"" of the College or to his
president in his absence sixty shillings in money before the first day of
May yearly that they may provide with that money so many coals as
that money will buy'."
The changes introduced into this room by Dr Chetwoode
are thus described by Dr Warren. It has not since been altered.
"a. d. 1730 the old wainscot in y'^ Parlour was taken down, and
new wainscot ])ut up in y*= room of it, a passage made from y^ Parlour
into y^ Library, y'^ Chimney alter'd and adorn'd with Marble, 3 Sashes
set up instead of y^ 3 former windows, y'^ Cieling and y*= Floor done
anew, also 2 new Tables of Mohogany wood and 17 Chairs placed
instead of y*^ old Tables and Forms. All this was done at y^ expence,
and was y^ voluntary gift, of D'^ John Chetwode to y® College. The
Floor of Norway oak : The Chimney piece and y^ College Arms over it
in Marble : Higher still y*^ Arms of y*" Founder Mitred Carv'd in Wood :
Furniture for y^ Chimney : A Bofett : Mohogany window Seats : A
Marble Table for y*^ Side-board on a Mohogany Stand : Brass Locks
etc. The Foot of y'^ Staircase leading up to y^ Parlour new done with
Stone at y^ Passage. The Stair-case new lin'd with Deal wainscot
painted : New Stairs of Oak : A Venetian Window at y^ Stairs Head.
All Finish'd a.d. 1731. And accordingly there is a Date on a Label
carv'd in wood over y^ Chimney piece imdccxxxi, and cost above Four
Hundred Pounds. D"" Chetwode's coat of Arms carv'd in wood was
set up in y'= Parlour opposite to y'^ Founder's and College Arms at y"^
Charge of y'' College a. d. 1734: Cost Five Pounds ten shillings^"
1 [These have now (Jan. 1879) been restored to the College.]
^ [Warren, 157. MSS. Baker, iii. 318. Cooper's AthenEe, i. 505.]
•* [Besides these changes the bill of "Cass and Partner," Masons, shews that a
" larg 3 light window att west end" was blocked ; the kitchen chimney diminished
in breadth, so as to allow the two windows in the N. wall to be placed symmetrically ;
and that on the west side brought " near y'= middle of y"^ room." Miscell. Aul. Trin.
Vol. iii.]
VOL. I. I 5
226
TRINITY HALL.
[chap.
Library] The old Library of the College was placed in a
chamber next the east end of the Chapel, and over the pas-
sage from the Porter's Court to the Principal Court. The
new Library, built, as above stated, at the latter end of Queen
Elizabeth's reign, is 65 feet long from north to south and 20 feet
wide. In 173 1 there still remained a wall connecting this room
with the Master's Lodge, along which he had a way to the
Library (fig. i), and the door by which he entered may still be
seen, blocked up, between the second and third windows, reckon-
ing from the west. [These, of which there are eight on each side
on the first floor, are each of two lights, pointed, under a square
head (fig. 5), except the easternmost on each side, which is of a
single light. On the ground floor
some are of three lights, but in
other respects resemble those
above. The original entrance to
the Library was by a door in
the east gable (O, fig. i), which
may still be seen in the interval
between the Combination Room
and the Library. It was perhaps
approached by an external stair-
case, as the construction of the
present entrance through the
Combination Room in 1730 was
thought worthy of special re-
cord.] The original desks are
still retained in this Library, which is the one which has best
preserved its ancient aspect in this University. The alterations
which have been made in these desks for increased shelves are
easily detected, and have not destroyed their ancient outline\
Chambers.] In the i8th century the walls of the principal
Quadrangle received an Italian dress. This process began as
early as 1702, by the gradual insertion of sash-windows in some
of the chambers at the expense of their occupants, generally
Fig. 5. Window in the Library.
^ [See Chapter on College Libraries. Warren (p. 17) mentions the "Wall on
y"^ Top of which is a Walk leading from y" Master's Long Gallery to y" Library.'"
The battlements along the top ai-e shewn in Loggan (fig. 2). To Warren's statement
about the date of the Lilirary Prof Willis appends a note "circa i6oo."|
III.] HISTORY OF PARTICULAR BUILDINGS. 22/
accompanied by wainscotini^ them, and in some cases with the
addition of a marble chimneypiece'. A few of the chambers had
been wainscoted in the time of Queen EHzabeth. The greater
part of the work of transformation was due to Sir Nathaniel
Lloyd, Master (1710 — 1735)- He resigned the Mastership in
the latter year, and died in 1741.
In 1724 an estimate of L^t^J was furnished by Charles Cass,
mason, for pulling down at Dr Lloyd's expense the south front
of the north side of the principal Court, and rebuilding it with
Portland stone. This was not acted upon, but in 1727 an agree-
ment was made with the same mason to make a Ketton stone
cornice and coping upon a brick parapet with a stone facing,
along the whole length of this side, the outer face of the parapet
and the wall below to be plastered with "hard finishing," for
_^i68. Up to this time the roof had had eaves all round, as
shewn in Loggan (fig. 2). '^ Two Keton stone doorcases with
architrave, frieze and cornice and a pitch pediment " were also
included in the estimate. This work was carried out in 1728.
In 1729 followed the "Beautifying the Chapel and south side
of the College." James Essex, father of the architect of the
same name, is joined in these works with Cass, and the whole is
done at the expense of Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. The walls were
plastered, and a parapet added in the same manner as the
north side had been finished, the chamber windows were sa.shed,
and the garret windows altered. Two window cases of Ketton
stone and four round Avindows are mentioned. Nothing more
was done during the life of Sir Nathaniel, but by his will, dated
All Souls' Day, 1740, he bequeathed to the College "three
thousand pounds to raise the Hall conform to the Chapel there
on the south, the east side with an handsome gate in the middle
towards Caius, which I give to these purposes, as far as it will
go"." In consequence of this bequest contracts were made at
the beginning of 1742 with different persons, including one with
James Essex, the builder, for "the Joyner and Carpenter work
' See Warren's description of these changes in the Appendix, No. iv. I have
drawn up the following account of Sir Nathaniel Lloyd's works from a comparison
of the Estimates and Building Accounts that are preserved in the College with the
narratives of Warren and Cole.
- Warren, p. 464. [His account of tlu' work done in 1729—30 (Appendix, p.
404) is ]irinted in the Appendix, No. ill. ]
15—2
228 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
in and about the new intended building at the west end of the
Court and in the chambers at the east end of the said Court " :
" accounts of the measurement of each particular work to be
furnished to James Burrough, Esq., of Caius College." This is
the first time that his name aj^pears in the course of this work,
although from the uniformity of style throughout it is nearly
certain that he must have designed the previous changes in the
Chapel, and in the north and south sides of the Court. The
contract for rebuilding the Hall and Butteries was made
January 4, I74|\ Thus, as Cole says,
" was a new Hall built from the ground in the place where the old
one stood, & in a most elegant Tast, Mr Burrough of Caius, one of y^
Esquire Bedells, being y'' Architect. The Hall will be made use of the
latter end of this summer, 1745. They have also since this Benefaction
entirely new cased the inside of the Square with Freestone, and new
Fronted the east front which looks towards the Bishop of NorAvich his
garden in Caius college"."
Nevertheless the account given by Warren and the terms of
the contract shew that the ancient walls were retained, but
ashlared with stone, as was the case with the chambers on the east
side of the quadrangle ; there however an entrance was for the
first time obtained direct from the street. [The central block of
' William Whiting, of Cambridge, contracts "to build the intended Hall . . . with
the best Ketton Ashler stone at six inches thick at a medium." The mason's proposals
wei-e "To case the East and West sides of the Hall with Ketton Ashler," etc.
■^ [In the angle between this range and that to the north of it, is a small triangular
garden, which was originally planted, and protected with a low wall or paling, about
'793 ^y I^"" Joseph Jowett, then Tutor. It was upon this that the well-known
epigram was written :
"A little garden little Jowett made
And fenced it with a little palisade;
But when this little garden made a little talk
He changed it to a little gravel-walk ;
If you would know the mind of little Jowett
This little garden don't a little show it."
It has l)een ascribed to various persons, and there are several versions of it. It has
been turned into Latin as follows :
Exiguum hunc hortum fecit Jowettulus iste
Exiguus, vallo et muniit exiguo:
Exiguo hoc horto forsan Jowettulus iste
Exiguus mentem prodidit exiguam.
See Gunning's Reminiscences, ii. 30. Wordsworth's Scholce Academics, 141.
Facet. Cantab. 200.]
III.] HISTORY OF PARTICULAR BUILDINGS. 229
the facade on that side was slightly to the south of the centre of
the range, as the plan shews. It was surmounted by a pediment
containing the arms of the College. The windows of the first
floor resembled those in the inside of the court, which still exist;
but those on the ground floor were circular, with a heavy semi-
circular label, supported on brackets \] The ashlaring of the
north and south sides of the Quadrangle, previously only
plastered, must have followed upon this, and the whole work
was completed by the end of 1745.
[It was contemplated at this time to rebuild tlie whole of
the Library Court, as shewn by the design preserved in the
Library, signed "Jas: Burrough, Arch" and "Jac^ Essex, Jun""
delin' 1745." The Lodge and Library were to be replaced by
two extensive piles of building, in the style into which the
principal Court had been transformed by the changes just de-
scribed, and so arranged that the Cupola over the entrance from
the principal Court would have been in the exact centre of
the proposed new Court. The buildings were to have been of
one story, with an attic, and to have extended much farther
west than the present buildings do, with wings north and south,
so as to present an imposing facade towards the river. On this
side there was to have been a terrace, with handsome iron
railings, in the centre of which a flight of steps gave access to
the garden. The probable extent of the proposed buildings is
shewn by dotted lines on the plan".]
An accidental fire completely gutted the eastern side of the
principal Court, February 20, 1852. This side was soon after re-
built, with an additional story, in a mixed style of architecture,
resembling that which prevailed in the reign of Charles I., from
the designs of A. Salvin, Esq. The wall, windows, and cornice,
however, next the court, together with the entrance doorway of
Burrough, were retained [and the College arms were removed
to a pediment over the screens, specially constructed for their
preservation.
^ [This fai^ade is shewn in Ackermann's print, reproduced in the History of King's
College.]
- [John Andrew, LL. D., formerly Fellow, who died October, 1 747, bequeathed
;^2o,ooo to the College for the purpose of carrying out this design. The bequest
was, however, declined, on account of the other conditions with which it was
charged. Le Keux, ed. Cooper, i. 121.]
230 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
In 1872 — 3 the range of chambers on the east side of "the
Porter's Court " was pulled down, and the present structure
erected in its stead, from the designs of Alfred Waterhouse, Esq.
The Court within this is now called " The New Court."]
Chapel.] The appearance of the Chapel, previous to the
alteration of its external walls related above, is thus described
by Warren ' :
'"The Stalls for y'= Master and Fellows (which stalls are 24) and y*"
Wainscot behind them, as also y'^ Desks for y*^ Master and Fellows,
the Bench-Seats also and Desks for y"^ Scholars, were probably set up in
D'' Hervy's time. The Stalls of Oak. The Cieling being Timber-
work, Pannels and Knobs, is painted : and there are y*' Founders Arms,
and y^ Arms also of y^ See of Norwich here and there painted on it.
In each of y^ 4 Windows of y'^ Chapel is some small Matter of Painted
Glass, particularly The Founder's Arms, and these words, Summce
Trinitati 1566. 'Tis true indeed y^ Glass that had those words on it
formerly intire, is now broken in some places, and some of y*" Letters
are misplac'd, and some lost. The window in y^ Ante Chapel has no
painted Glass in it. The Arras- Hanging at y^ Altar-piece (being our
B. Saviour Betray'd) was put up there in pursuance of D"" Eden's Will".
The Rails inclosing y'^ Communion Table were set up about a.d. 1685
at y*^ charge of M"" Foster^. On the Pulpit (which stands just without y*^
Rails south) lyes a Silk Cushion which is plac'd upon y'^ President's
Desk for y*^ use of y*^ Orator, whenever He makes y*^ Commemoration
Speech according to D"" Eden's Foundation. In the year 17 19 the
Chapel was in great danger of being Burnt down. Evening Prayer
being over on Thursday between 6 and 7 of y*= Clock Nov. 12, one
of y^ Candles on the Northwest side of y^ Chapel happen'd by some
means to fall down unextinguish'd under one of the kneeling Has-
socks where it lay smouldering 'till 7 o'clock y*^ next morning; by
which time a Hassock or two and some pannels of y*^ Wainscot &c.
between y'=^ Fellows Stalls and Scholars Seats were Burnt. But upon
our returning to Chapel in y*^ Morning by God's good Providence 'twas
quickly Extinguish'd. See a piece of y^ Burnt wainscot hanging
behind y*^ Door in y*^ Treasury, mark'd 1719."
He narrates the changes in the following terms :
"a.d. 1729. Sometime before Midsummer y'^ old Wainscot and
Stalls etc. in y'' Chapel were begun to be taken down, y^ Stone and
' Warren, p. 23.
- [By this, dated Jan. 24, 1643, lie gave ;^40 to buy "a fayre Arras-hanging for
the upper end of their //cz//," an;l Warren describes it as hanging there in his own
lime. The one in the Chapel must therefore either have been given by him during
his life, or the money bequeathed was sufficient to buy two. ]
•* [Mr William Foster. Five pounds were accounted for at Christmas 16S5.J
III.] HISTORY OF PARTICULAR BUILDINGS. 23 1
brick pavement taken up, the Grave design'd for y^ Master in y-'
Southeast corner of y'^ Chapel digg'd and lin'd with brick by his own
order; the whole Chapel repair'd, and new wainscotted, and pav'd with
marble, and beautify'd at y*^ charge of y*^ Master S"" Nathanael Lloyd out
of y*^ Thousand Pounds which he had before given to y"^ College, except
y*^ Picture for y'^ Altar-Piece in a gilded frame given by D"" Chetwode.
As y"^ work was going on, Divine Service was perform'd in y*^ Hall or
Parlour according as either suited with y^ convenience of y*^ College,
'till April 16, 1730: but y^ work was not completely finish'd 'till Decem-
ber 1730. D'' Hewke's Grave-stone and y'^ other, to y*^ west of it were
remov'd into y^ Ante-Chapel "Walt : Hewk : Custos" put on y^ New
Little Square marble Stone over his grave where he was buried in y^
Chapel; D'' Eden's, D"" Preston's, D'' Cowel's, and D'' King's grave-
stones continu'd in their proper places over their respective Bodies;
Darnelly's and Maptyd's Brass-plates taken from y^ ^\'all in y*^ Ante-
Chapel, and fastened again to y*^ wainscot near y"^ places where they had
been fix'd before: All ye Windows in y*^ Chapel and Ante-Chapel
alter'd: The painted glass taken away; The Ante-chapel wainscotted
with y^ old wainscot of y*" Chapel and painted : D"" Eden's Monument
set again in y^ same place as before near y^ Treasury door, only lower
than before ; The old Arras Hanging for y^ Altar piece taken away, and
a Picture of ye Virgin Mary presenting our Saviour in ye Temple set up
in its room, given (as before-mention'd) by D"" Chetwode Fellow of this
College, which his Father formerly ye Dean of Gloucester had bought
with 3 others of y*^ same size in Flanders. The Picture is 12 Feet
4 inches deep, and about 8 foot broad. New wainscot all round y^
Chapel. Altar inclos'd with Iron rails painted and fasten'd into y^
Stones, but afterwards taken up again, and others plac'd there in a
different manner. The side-walls and west end of y^ Chapel done with
Hard finishing (as 'tis call'd) and Stucco-work. The great Cross-beam
taken away. The Cieling wrought curiously in Stucco, and work'd into
25 Pannels with Heliotropes, and Shields for arms, and Mitres gilded,
and more particularly so in that part of y^ Cieling which is over y^
Altar. An Iron-work'd Desk for y*^ Bible in which y'^ Scholar of y*"
House reads y^ Lessons for y*^ Day. Fourteen new Folio Common
Prayer Books. Communion Table cover'd with blue velvet which (to-
gether with a blue velvet Cushion with Gold Lace) is enrich'd with Gold
Fringe and Lace. Two blue velvet Cushions with Gold Tassels and
edging for ye Master's and President's Desks. Also Two Blue Silk
Damask Curtains for y^ Master's and President's seats. Long blue
freeze Cushions for y*^ Scholars to kneel on. The old Door passage in
y*^ Antechapel from y^ Master's Lodge stop'd up, and a new one made
in y^ middle fronting ye Altar'."
[The description by Cole', written May 14, 1745, resembles
' [Warren, App. p. 398. He next records that the r.rms of tlie founder and 14
of the benefactors were placed on the ceiling, and gives their order. The old entrance
to the Chapel may still be seen in the E. wall of the hall of the Lodge. ]
- MSS. Cole, vi. 84. (Add. MSS. Miis. Brit. 5S07.)
232 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
SO closely that by Warren that it need not be quoted here. The
Chapel appeared to him to be "a neat and elegant small Room,
more like a Chapel of a Nobleman's Family, than of a Society."
The only point in his narrative worth recording is that "Above
y'^ Antichapel and over the Master and President's Stalls is a
Chamber for y" Use of y'^ Master's Family, w''' a Sash Window
in y^ Middle to look into y*" Chapel, and fronting y*^ Altar."
This was used until the mastership of Sir H. J. Fust (1S43 —
52), when it was fitted up as a bedroom; but the window
remained, though blocked, until a few years ago '. The arrange-
ments above described are indicated on the plan (fig. i), where
the doors into the Treasury, which perhaps had originally
been a Vestry, and the Lodge, are also shewn. The Chapel
remained in this state, with the exception of some additional
seats put up in 1853 from the design of Anthony Salvin, Esq.,
Junr., until 1864, when it was enlarged by taking down the
east wall, which was principally of brick, and adding the old
Treasury''^ to the Chapel. A space of about nine feet in depth
was thus gained, over which a flat roof was constructed at a
rather lower level than that of the rest of the building. The
carved reredos, slightly altered, was placed against the east
wall, and the whole east end suitably decorated. At the same
time the sash-window mentioned above was removed at the
suggestion of the Master. These alterations were planned by
the Rev. H. Latham, Fellow and Tutor, and carried out under his
direction without the employment of an architect. In 1876 — 7
' [In Dr Le Blanc's time there was a bell from the Chapel to the Lodge, which
was rung to let the Master know when service was about to begin.]
- [Warren describes this room as follows: "The Treasury is a Little Room behind
y" Altar It is wainscotted with Deal, & has Shelves etc. for writings, and a large
wooden Chest fortify'd with Iron. This is call'd y" Hutch, and is for y'= keeping y"
College Seal, Plate, writings belonging to such & such of our Estates y" names of
which are set upon y"' Drawers in y'' Hutch in M-hich y® respective writings are
reposited. There is also a Strong Iron Chest for y"" keeping y" College Stock etc.
On this Iron Chest is this Date, 1598, the Founder's Arms, & two other Escutcheons
painted." The Treasury had ceased to be used as a Muniment Room for many years
previous to 1864, documents belonging to the College having been removed to presses
at the end of the Library. At some time after this removal the original entrance from
the Chapel, a low pointed doorway, had been blocked up, and a new entrance made
in the west wall of the passage betM-een the two courts. It was next used as a wine-
cellar, and finally as a plate-closet, before it was added to the Chapel.]
III.] HISTORY OF PARTICULAR BUILDINGS. 233
the Chapel was further decorated at the expense of Mrs Geldart.
The four windows were filled with stained glass, the walls en-
riched with additional gold and colour, and a fresco representing
the Baptism of Christ executed on the west wall.]
Hall.] An account of this maybe fairly prefaced by Cole's
description of the old Hall, written Jan : 12, 1742 :
" As y*^ old Hall of this College is now going to be demolished, to
make Room for one of a more elegant Structure, the present one being a
very gloomy & dark, tho' a very strong & durable one, & y*^ College
having lately had a very considerable Benefaction of between 3 & 4000
pounds left them for that Purpose by their late Master S'' Nathaniel
Lloyd, I was willing to preserve y^ Memory of y^ Arms in the Windows
of y^ same as they are now standing, and which in all probability y^
Society will hardly think worth preserving or putting up again ; together
with whatever else was of antiquity in y'^ same.
To begin then, this is one of y^ most antient Buildings at present
remaining in y*^ University ; being y^ same as it was at y'^ Foundation of
y«^ College, and has 3 double Windows on each side, one of w'^'' at y
upper end on y*^ W. side is a Bow Window in which stands y'^ Beaufet,
with y^ Desk for y^ Chapter in Latin while at Dinner & Supper. This
Hall is divided from y<= Butteries by a Passage, & from the last by a
Screen of Wood with 2 Doors in it, y*^ one fronting y^ Pantry, y^ other
y^ Buttry, & over it a Gallery. The whole is roofed with old Oak Beams,
very black & dismal, from y^ Charcoal w'^'^ is burnt in y* middle of y^
Hall ; & over it in y« middle of y^ Roof was an old awkward kind of
Cupulo to let out y'^ Smoak. The Fellows' Table stands on an
Eminence at y"^ upper or S. end of y'^ Hall, with a Door on y*^ E. side
to go into y"^ Master's Lodge. The Back of y*^ Table of y*^ Fellows had
y<= Arms of y^ College painted pretty high against y^ Wall, & below hung
a large peice of Tapestry. The Scholars Tables are on both sides of
y'^ Hall, which is paved with Stone. Over each of the Portals of y^
Screen is this Liscription in large Characters :
Benedict : Thorowgod L. L. Bacch. + hujus Collegii nuper
Socius + posuit Ano Salts CI3. 13. XC. IX."
The Tapestry mentioned above represented a Roman triumph,
and had been left for that purpose by Dr Eden, who had de-
corated the Chapel in a similar manner. The wainscot behind
it had been put up about 1646. The music gallery over the
screens bore a coat of arms dated 1566, when the screens may
have been set up, but without doors, as usual at that time.
These were supplied, as it appears, by Mr Thorowgood, for, in
addition to the inscription, his will, dated April 13, I596\ records
' MSS. Baker, iii. 336. Mr \V. Revel! formerly Fellow had lefl ;^"20, in r595,
234 TRINITY HALL. [CHAP.
the bequest of £46. i^s. ^d. "to the Intent that a public Fire of
two Bushells of Charcoal shall be kept and maintained in the
Common Hall, at Dinner Time, upon every working Day in
the months of November, December and January yearly during
the continuance of the said College ; and that two Portall Doors
be built meet for the Skreen of the Hall."
[The buttresses on the east side of the Hall, had they ever
existed, were removed before Loggan's view was taken (fig. 2).
Those on the west side, and the oriel, are shewn in the plan of
^72)^ (fig- 0- The "cupulo to let out the smoak" is shewn in
Loggan (fig. 21. In the course of the alterations, which appear
to have been much admired at the time', a plain flat ceiling
with an elaborate centre-piece of plaster-work was substituted
for the old open roof; the walls were panelled to a height of
about ten feet, and above them, four sash windows were intro-
duced on each side. The oriel was pulled down. The walls,
to use Warren's expression, were " elegantly wrought in hard
finishing and stucco." A fireplace with a handsome chimney-
piece was either built or altered on the west side, and the
brazier which had probably done duty for a fireplace pre-
viously, was removed. The tapestry was taicen away, and the
dais ornamented with panel-work loftier and richer than the
rest, with Corinthian pilasters at intervals ; and in the centre was
erected a canopy supported by four pillars in the same style to con-
tain a full-length portrait of Sir Nathaniel Lloyd". The ancient
screens and doors were taken away, and replaced by panel-work,
similar to that on the sides of the Hall, with a single doorway
in the middle. This was at first fitted with a door of open
ironwork, but it was found so inconvenient from the quantity
of cold air which it admitted, that it was replaced by one of
wood, and the original iron one was transferred to the entrance
of the Fellows' Garden. Over the screens "a gallery for music"
was constructed. The original kitchen is still in use, but has been
enlarged by the two buildings to the north of it shewn on the
" for y'' cicling y"" upper end of y'' Dining place in y'' Hall with Good Wainscot, and
for two Wainscot doors at y" Skreens. " Warren, p. 347.
' Blomefield, Collectanea, p. 208.
-' [This is figured in Le Keux, i. 169. The above account of the changes of 1745
is derived from that of Warren, compared with the building as it exists at present.]
111.] HISTORY OF rARTlCULAR iJUILDINCS. 235
plan (fig. i). Additional offices also were constructed a few years
ago in the same part of the College for the use of the servants.
Fellows' Garden.] It is not out of place in a social history
to narrate the laying out of the Fellows' garden, the principal
ornaments of which were erected by Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. This
cannot be done better than in the words of Warren '.
The Fellows Terras Garden.
"This Garden is in Length from y*^ Wall (joyningy'^ Master's Gallery
to y^ Library to y*" Outside of y*" opposite Wall y' is washed by y*= River,
236 Feet. La Breadth about 106 Feet in y*^ middle. On a Stone in
y^ Wall by y" Terras-walk on y'= outside next y^ River, is a Crescent
Ermin cut within a Bordure Ingrayl'd. On another Stone near y*"
former is a Coat of Arms (viz: A Fess Dauncette between 3 P^agles
display'd (Sir George Newman's Arms), underneath which are these
words : Ex Lahore Innnortalitas. Between y*^ two Stones, ^^ Aiuio Domini
1619"." Those two Stones were taken from y"-' old Sumer House (which
was Built over y*^ River) and plac'd in y^ wall where they are at present.
The Summerhouse was taken down Anno Dom: 1708. The Foundation
of it is still to be seen in y*^ Water.
The Horse-Chesnut Trees by y" Wall next Clare Hall, were set
about 17 10 except two or three of y"' which were set some years later.
The Yew Hedges were planted a.d. 1705. Cost ;^i6. 03. oi|.
The Four Leaden Figures ■\.. viz. That with y*= Book and Pen,
representing Learning, That with Castle, Key and Lion, Cybele, That
with Sword and Cap, Liberty, That with Sword and Blindfold, Justice:
each Five Foot, nine Liches high, on Pedestals 3 Foot, 6 Liches high,
were given to y*^ College by Sir Nathaniel Lloyd. They Cost him
Seventy nine Pounds, and were set up in September a. d. 1722.
D"^ Johnson gave y"^ Brass Dyal Plate. It was fix'd on y'^ top of y''
Wall next y^ River, April 27, 1726'.
A.D. 1735. The Wall in y*^ Fellows Garden, at y*^ Terras-Walk next
to y^ River, was Coped with Portland Stone, which cost ;^i 8: 00: 00:
And y^ Sun-dyal on y^ Wall was new-set; And y*" Meridian drawn with
y'^ Date, signifying when it was done, thus, MERIDIAN — mdccxxxv*.
The Two Seats on y« Terras- \A'alk were set up, That next Clare-
Hall A.D. 1706, and cost ;^io: 10:00: That at y^ other end of y" Walk
A.D. 1708, and cost ^09:10:00."'
This terrace with the two seats is shewn in the plan (fig. i) ;
and the original elevation of it may still be traced by the sloping
of the lawn up to the gravel walk along the river. The statues
and the sun-dial have been removed, but the original position
of the latter may be seen upon the stone coping]
' [Warren, p. 19]
"^ [These arms may still be seen from a boat, underneath the ivy. J
•* This is the account given in the Appendix, No. xxxii. In the text tliey are said
to represent the four Seasons. ■• Appendix, No. i.iii. " Ibid. No. cxxv.
236
TRINITY HALL.
[chap. hi.
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
352-
354-
374-
513-
1321—41. Prior Crawden bought a Hostel on this site for monks of Ely, thence
called "Ely Hostel."
1349 — 50. Bishop Bateman's charter of foundation, Jan. 15, and license of Edward
III. to acquire houses, Feb. 23.
Purchase of house from Prior and Convent of Ely.
License from Bishop of Ely to build a Chapel, May 30.
Purchase of house called "Draxesentre."
Contract with John de Mildenhall to build chambers.
Repairs to, and consecration of, Chapel.
[544. Acquisition of Henneabley by exchange with the Town, Sept. 12.
Purchase of Garden from the same, Sept. 20.
Purchase of ground from Michael House.
Garret Hostel Lane made, and wall built.
[562 — 3. Combination Room, Oriel of Hall, and other offices built by Dr Hervy.
[569. North-west wall of College garden built.
r6oo(?). Library built.
Parapets added to N. side of Principal Court, and the walls plastered.
Similar work done to S. side. Internal decorations of Chapel begun.
Dr Chetwode fits up Combination Room.
-5. Llall and East front altered : N. and S. sides of Principal Court
ashlared. (Burrough architect.)
Agreement with the Town for waste ground between the College wall and
Garret Hostel Bridge.
Lodge altered (Sir W. Wynne Master).
Further alterations to Lodge (Dr Le Blanc Master).
Range of Chambers built on W. side of Porter's Court.
Lodge enlarged ; East range of Principal Court rebuilt after fire (A.
Salvin architect).
864. Enlargement of Chapel.
872. East range of Porter's Court rebuilt (A. Waterhouse architect).
876. Chapel decorated.
72c.
729.
730-
742-
769
804
822
823
8.S2
APPEN. I.] THE OLD BUILDING. 237
APPENDIX.
I. William Warren, from whose work, so often quoted in the History of this
College, the following extracts have been made, was, as he has himself recorded
(p. 487), son of the Rev. Samuel Warren, vicar of Ashford in Kent, where he was
born April 27, 1683. He was admitted Sizar of Trinity Hall, May 3, 1700; elected
Fellow, Sept. 3, 1712; proceeded to LL.D., Mar. 30, 1717: died 1745 — 6.
His work on his own College is styled by himself "Collectanea ad Collegium siue
Aulam sanctK Trinitatis in Universitate Cantabrigiensi pra?cipue spectantia;" and
signed at the bottom of the title-page, "W. Warren, LL.D., Aul. Trin. Soc. Ap. 27,
1730." This title exactly describes the work, which is a collection of documents
interspersed with personal anecdotes, rather than a history. The labour bestowed
upon it is considerable, and has been most useful in rescuing what otherwise would
have perished. The author's friend the Rev. William Cole, who transcribed it into
his collections, makes the following remarks upon it (MSS. LViii). "Let Fops and
fine Gentlemen ridicule the Industry bestowed in this Case, and the Like : but let
such Sneerers understand, and especially if they eat the Bread of these Foundations,
that it reflects no small Ingratitude to the Memory of their Benefactors to be so
indifferent to what proclaims their Honour and Beneficence."
The Old Building for the Monks.
"This is in Length about 79 Feet, and 31 in Breadth from outside to outside. We
take this old Building to have been y*^ Place (or at least y' it was some part of it) whither
y'' Monks used to come from Ely for y^ convenience of .Studying. It is a very ancient
Building, standing East and West, and is, so far as y*^ length of it reaches, a partition
between Clare Hall and this College. It is cover'd with Slates, no Chimneys appear-
ing now above y'". But withinside we still see y'= lower part of a large Chimney in
y*^ Kitchen: In another room the mines of an Oven. The Stair-Case (for there is but
one) consists of great pieces of Timber fasten'd with wooden pins to other pieces
scloping underneath. The Sides of the Building consist of Clunch, and Rag Stones
and Bricks plaister'd over. There are Three Passages into it. On the Jams of ye
First next y® East end are two small Heads of a man and a Woman. On y*= Jams of
the Last, viz. that next y*^ West End, are two Coats of Arms: The First is held by an
Angel on his Breast and is, a Crescent within a Bordure Ingrayl'd, our Founder's
Arms. The Second is likewise on y^ breast of an Angel, and is, Three Mitres two
and one, being y*= Episcopal Arms of Norwich. These two Coats I take to be y^ most
ancient of any y' now appear throughout y'^ College, perhaps as ancient as from Bishop
Bateman's Time. They are cut on Clunch Stone, and are now almost worn out. It
seems to me probable, y' y^ Inside of this Building is y^. same y' it was when y<= Monks
of Ely came to it before Bishop Bateman purchas'd it ; and y' upon y'' Founding of
Trinity Hall, y*^ Bishop built y"^ outside up to y"^ inner part."
!38 TRINITY HALL. [APPEN. II.
II. Contract for timber work.
Hec indentura tripartita facta Cantebrigg' decimo septimo die Septembris anno
regni Regis Edwardi tertii post conquestum Anglire quadragesimo octavo [17 Sept.
1.374] i"ter venerabilem in Christo patrem at dominum Dominum Simonem dei gratia
London' Episcopitm ex una parte, et Johannem de Mildenhale de Cantebrigg' Carpen-
tarium ex alia parte, testatur quod predictus Johannes concessit et manucepit inuenire
maremium quercinum bonum et sufficiens pro omnibus cameris nouiter faciendis in
manso habitacionis scolarium Collegii [sive] Aule sancte Trinitatis Cantebrigg: videlicet
copulas sine sparres Wyndbems suchlates Asthelers Corbels jowpes (?) balkes summers
sine dormannes giystes et etiam stures cum pertinenciis pro mediis parietibus in dictis
cameris sub et supra, videlicet tam in solariis quani in celariis, ac etiam steires et
steyretres.
Concessit insuper prefatus Johannes et manucepit inuenire huiusmodi Maremium
quercinum pro domibus construendis a boriali fine Aule dicti Collegii versus boream
usque ad venellam communem vocat' Heneylane de materia forma fabrica ac bonitate
simili fabrice tecti eiusdem Aule cum sumers et giystes pro solariis, et cum stures et
grunsiles cum pertinentiis pro mediis parietibus sub et supra diet' solari' versus coqui-
nam de nouo faciend'. Et etiam idem Johannes inueniet omnimodum Maremium pro
omnibus et singulis domibus cameris et ceteris supradictis necessarium vel qualiter-
cunque requisitum, et dictum Maremium faciet ad dictum Mansum adduci, ipsumque
Maremium operabitur formabit leuabit et perficiet sumptibus suis : et, quantum ad
cameras predictas secundum magnitudinem spissitudinem rectitudinem bonitatem et
omnimodam formam fabrice camerarum orientalium habitacionis dicti mansi. Et
cfuantum ad domos alias superius memoratas secundum omnimodam bonitatem et
formam Aule habitacionis supradicte. Et ista omnia complebit bene et fideliter circa
festum Assumpcionis beate Marie proxime futurum. Et dictus Johannes operabitur
omnia ostia, tam maiora quam minora, et ad ilia inueniet ligamina lignea sufficient' et
requisita. Ac etiam fenestras et fenestrellas et plaunchers omnium camerarum coquine
et solariorum et hoc circa quatuor menses postquam super hoc fuerit requisitus ex
parte dicti Collegii. Et pro dicto Maremio et opere prout supra dicitur inueniendo et
perficiendo dictus Johannes recipiet de venerabili domino antedicto centum libras,
soluendas inde eidem Johanni ad festum sancti Michaelis proxime futurum quinqua-
ffinta libras, et ad festum Natalis domini decern libras, et ad festum pasche decem
libras, et ad festum Natiuitatis sancti Johannis Baptiste decem libras, et infra quinde-
cim dies post complecionem dicti operis viginti libras: et dictus dominus inueniet
tabulas pro plaunchers ostiis et fenestris. In cuius rei testimonium partes predicte
presentibus indenturis alternatim sigilla sua apposuerunt. Dat' apud Cantebrigg' die
et anno supradict'.
III. Account of the changes in the Court, made 1729 — 30.
" In y" same years (viz. 1729 and 1730) y° outside of our Chapel fronting y" North
was plaister'd with Hard-finishing, as was also that whole side of y'^ Court. The
Chamber windows of it were sash'd ; the Garret windows were alter'd. and a Parapet
wall built y*^ whole length. The opposite side of y* Court (viz. y" North Side front-
ing y*^ South) had been done a year or two before, much in y" same manner ; but some
of y^ Chamber windows had been sash'd at different times before. The Founders
arms were set up cut in Stone. The Sun Dyal on y'' Chimney new done with y*"
Motto wch had been on it before, viz. Fudius et Umbra.'''
APl'EN. IV.] THE CHAMBERS. 239
1\'. Mdinoranda concerning the Chambers.
[Under this head Warren has left (pp. 37 — 39) a minute and interesting account of
the changes introduced into the chambers during the 17th and i8th centuries, by
altering the windows and wainscoting the walls. He gives first the chamber-rents as
settled by the College, 25 August, 1711, describing the position of each chamber, and
designating it by a number. This list shews that there were only 1^ chambers at that
time, but from a provision respecting the increased rent to be pai<l " if 2 or more
Pensioners keep in a Chamber" it appears that the number of residents was greater
than the number of rooms. Tlie plan (fig. i) has been numbered in accordance with
the list, which, printed in italics, has been combined with the "Memoranda" to save
repetition. I have omitted the rents, as beside the purpose of this work, but I have
added, from Warren's own Catalogue, the date of Admission of each Fellow mentioned
by him, and a few other particulars, included within square brackets.]
1. " The Chamber under y^ Library West. Has y"^ Arms of y" Stuarts in it over
y'= Chimney. I believe those Arms were put up there above a hundred years ago.
[The Arms mentioned are probably those of Sir Simon Steward, of whom Fuller
records, Worthies, ed. 1662, p. 169, "I remember he lived (after he was Knighted)
a Fellow-commoner in Trinity-hall, where. ..his Armes are fairly depicted in his
Chamber...." They are no longer there, and all record of them has been lost.]
2. The Next eastward.
3. The Chamber over y Butteries. I have been told y' this chamber was wains-
cotted by D'" King or M"" Glisson. Perhaps it might have been by Both. [Robert
King was admitted Fellow 1625, Paul Glisson 1633. The room is now wainscoted
with panelling of the eighteenth century, but the older woodwork, in small oblong
panels, still exists in the bedroom and gyp-room ]
4. The Chamber over y^ Parlour. [This is now made into two sets of attics. ]
5. The tipper Chamber on y" N. side Westward. This Chamber was sash'd by
D'' Dickins 1725. He afterwards Wainscotted it, and set up a Marble Chimney piece,
etc. These things he has given to y'^ College. [Francis Dickins was Regius Professor
of Civil Law, 1714 — 1755. The wainscot is in excellent preservation, and over the
original marble chimneypiece is a coat of arms in wood bearing the date, 1730.]
6. The Chamber Jinder it. D"" Monson, who has this Chamber at present, sash'd
it towards y° Court, and made some other alterations in it about 1725. M"" Page (a
fellow Commoner who had it before) wainscotted y" Little room next to y* Fellows
garden. [Henry Mason was admitted Fellow 1724. The wainscot still exists. The
panels are large, in the same style as those in the room above.]
7. The next upper Chamber eastward. This Chamber was wainscotted time out
of mind, perhaps in Queen Elizabeth's time. The Founder's Arms on y" Cieling. The
Room sash'd in y" year 1725 by D'" Andrew. The Little room next to y"^ Fellows
garden wainscotted and sash'd many years before by D'" Brookbank, I think about
1702 or 1703. [John Andrew was admitted 1705, John Brookbank, 1679. '^'^^
Founders Arms have disappeared, and the ceiling is plain. The wainscot is extremely
rich and beautiful, closely resembling in style the best of the woodwork put up in
Trinity College Hall by Nevile. The panels are small and oblong, with a frieze of
diaper-work under the cornice. Opposite to the fireplace is a pilaster, extending
from floor to ceiling, ornamented with elaborate arabesques. The sides of the fire-
place have similar pilasters, on a smaller scale, and over it are two large lozenge-
shaped panels, divided by two small detached column.s, and flanked by similar ones. ]
240 TRINITY HALL. [APPEN. IV.
8. The Chamber under it. Sash'd toward y"= Court 1727. P'' for y<= outside
work ^15. 01. 06. by S'' Nath'. Lloyd. See Miscell. Aul. Trin. Vol. 3. [The receipt
for the frames and glass of 3 windows there preserved is signed "James Essex,
26 August, 1727." The money was " Rec''. out of the College Chest by the Master's
Order."]
9. The next tipper Chamber eastward. Wainscotted time out of mind, perhaps
by D'' Eden, who probably kept in this Chamber. I find his name written with his
own Hand with a Diamond on y'^ Glass windows in two places in y^ Little room
well I make my Bedchamber next to y** Fellows Garden. The three windows of this
Chamber next to y^ Court sash'd 1737. P'' for the outside work by S"" Nathan' Lloyd
;^i4. 19. o. [ut supra]. The Cellar in y'^ Coal-hole under y" Staircase dug 1720.
Staircase Hn'd 1723. [Charles Eden was admitted 1624. The room has been com-
pletely modernized. Some early panel-work, probably removed from it, still exists in
the attic above.]
10. The Chamber tinder it. Sash'd towards y*' Court 1727. It was Wainscotted
many years before. I think about y'^ year 17 10. [The wainscot has been removed.]
11. The next tipper Chamber eastward. Sash'd by D'" Johnson, 172T. Wains-
cotted afterwards by D'' Peck. D"" Johnson had wainscotted part before. [James
Johnson was admitted 1698; Wharton Peck, 1717. The wainscot still exists.]
12. The Chamber tinder it. Sash'd 1727. Wainscotted some years before.
Cellar dug in y"' Coal hole about 1721. [The wainscot has been removed.]
13. 77/1? N. Chamber on j"" East Side. Wainscotted time out of mind, per-
haps in Q. Elizabeth's time. D"" Nichols made alterations in y" Wainscotting, etc.
about 1729. The Picture of Saint Christopher on a Pane of Glass. [D"" Philip
Nichols, Fellow, was expelled the College 4 August, and the University 6 August,
1 73 1, "for stealing books out of S. John's College Library and elsewhere."']
14. The Chamber tinder it.
15. The next tipper Chamber tmvard y' South.
16. The Chamber tinder it.
17. The next tipper Chamber S. Sash'd and Wainscotted, Chimney fitted up
with Marble, etc., about 1722. A new Chimney built in y*' Garret 1730.
18. The Chatnber tmder it.
19. The next tipper Chamber S.
20. Tlie Chamber under it.
21. The next Chamber eastward on y S. Side.
22. The Chamber tinder it.
23. 77/1;' next upper Chaml)er westzvard.
24. The Chattiber under it.
25. The Chamber next y Chappel. This was y" old Library, as we have it by
Tradition.
26. The tipper Chamber Soiitlnvard. I have been told y' this was D"" Hervy's
Chamber, and fitted up by him. [Henry Hervy or Harvey, LL.D. 1542, was Master
1560 — 1584.]
27. Tlte Chamber over y Gate.
28. The next Chamber in i"" same Stairease ttorthward. Paid for sasliing this
Chamber by S'" Nath'. Lloyd ^05. 05. 00. See Miscell. Aul. Trin. Vol. iii." [The
receipt is dated "October y^ 7"* 1727." In this case, as in the previous one, the
money belonged to the College.]
VI.
Corpus CjDmti CoUtflt.
CHAPTER I.
History of the Site.
jHE site of Corpus Christi College is bounded on the
west by Trumpington Street, on the north by Bene't
Street, on the east by Freeschool Lane, formerly called
Luthburne Lane \ and on the south by S. Botulph's
Lane, formerly called, from the poverty of its inhabitants
as Dr Caius tells us '', Penny-farthing Lane. The Church of
S. Benedict, appropriated to the use of the members of the
College from the earliest times, stands at the north-east angle
of the site, and that of S. Botulph at the south-west angle of
the same. It will be seen, from the direction of the present
boundary line between the parishes of S. Benedict and S. Botulph
(fig. i), that the College is situated partly in the one, and partly
in the other. The precise direction of this boundary line has
been slightly altered since the foundation of the College in
the middle of the fourteenth century.]
The principal authority for the history of the site and
buildings of this College is the "Short Account'" {Historiola"^)
'- [The name is spelt in different ways in different deeds : viz. Lortebume lane,
Lurteburne lane, Lorteborou lane, Lurteburgh lane, Lourdeborgh lane, Lurteborgh
lane, Eurtheburne strate, Lorteburgh lane strate.]
" Hist. Cantab. Acad. ii. 120.
* [This treatise has been printed for the first time in this year (1879) ^Y ^^ Cam-
bridge Antiquarian Society, edited by the editor of this work. I shall therefore
VOE. I. 16
242 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
drawn up in Latin for the use of Archbishop Parker \ the
authorship of which is usually ascribed to John Jocelyn or
Josselin, Fellow of Queens' College, and Latin Secretary to the
Archbishop ; the ancient charters and evidences having either
been destroyed by the townspeople in the riot of 1381, or
perished through neglect '\
According to his narrative the Gild of Corpus Christi
began seriously to entertain the idea of building a College
between the sixteenth and twentieth years of the reign of
Edward the Third (1342 — 1346), and, in order to carry out this
design,
"those brethren who lived in the parishes of S. Benedict and
S. Botolph, and happened to have tenements and dwelling-houses close
together, in the street called Luthburne Lane, pulled them down, and
with one accord set about the task of establishing a College there;
having also acquired certain other tenements in the same street from the
University. By this means they cleared a site for their College, square
in form, and as broad as the space between the present Gate of
Entrance, and the Master's garden^"
It will be easily understood from the plan (fig. i), that this
passage refers to the ground occupied by the old quadrangle ;
the small size and irregular shape of which were no doubt
determined by the limited space at the disposal of the Brethren.
quote from this edition, rather than from the somewhat faulty transcript by Baker
(MSS. xxii), which Professor WilHs was obUged to use. Most of the facts related by
Josselin will be found in the elaborate History of Corpus Christi College, first pub-
lished by the Rev. Robert Masters in 1753, and edited, with much new matter, by the
Rev. John Lamb (Master 1822 — 50) in 1831. Masters speaks most disparagingly of
Josselin (p. 99), and yet, as Professor Willis observes, he "has literally translated the
greater part of Josselin's Historiola and inserted it piecemeal in his history without the
slightest acknowledgment." A sketch of Josselin's life, and a list of his works, will
be found in Cooper's Athente, ii. 366.]
1 Qosselin, § 65.]
^ Qossehn, § 3 and § 5. A graphic account of the riot, given by Caius,
Hist. i. 96 — TOO, has been copied by subsequent authors, as by Fuller, p. 114,
who adds that the wrath of the townspeople was especially directed against this
foundation "because endowed with many candle rents in Cambridge, so that a sixth
part of the town is said at that time to belong thereunto." See also Cooper's Annals,
i. 120. Mr Riley prints (First Report of Hist. MSS. Commission, 64) a petition from
the College to the King (Richard IL) on this occasion, setting forth the danger in
which their lives had been placed, and the damage done to their goods, chattels and
houses, which they allege to have been burnt, anfl praying for redress.]
** [Josselin, § 2.]
r.] SITE. 243
[A few years later, on S. Benedict's day, 27 Edward III.
(March 21, 1353), the Alderman and Brethren of the Gilds of
Corpus Christi and S. Mary (which had been united in the
interval) conveyed to the College a house in Luthburne Lane,
"next to the Churchyard of S. Benedict," together with the
advowson of the Church \ No other indication of the position
of this house is recorded.]
In the following June the College effected an exchange
with the Hall of the Annunciation, in virtue of which the whole
site in Luthburne Lane originally acquired by the founder,
Edmund Gonville, or by his executors, was transferred to them,
and Gonvillc's College was removed (as has been related in
the History of Gonville and Caius College above) to a position
which afforded space for future expansion, and also brought
it into contiguity with Trinity Hall, then in course of erection
by Bishoj^ Bateman, the executor of Edmund Gonville I The
portion of the site acquired by the founder himself is described
in the charter granted to him by Edward the Third in 1348,
as " three messuages and a garden with appurtenances in
Lurteburgh lane V The southernmost of these three tenements,
purchased from John de Brunne and others, 5 March, 1347,
abutted to the east on the lane, and to the west on a tenement
belonging to the Vicar of S. Botulph, and on the Churchyard,
into which the principal entrance of the College opened'*. North
of this were two tenements lying together, with a garden
detached from them, conveyed to the same at the same time
^ [The union of the Gilds for the common furtherance of the above foundation was
recognised by Royal Letters Patent, Nov. 7, 26 Edward III. (1352): and the license
for founding the College and appropriating S. Benedict's Church bears the same date.
The latter document is printed in Commiss. Docts. ii. 445 : the former in Masters,
Appendix, No. iv. The conveyance of the house and the advowson of the Church,
preserved in Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 71, is printed in the
notes to Josselin, § 3, by whom the transaction is narrated at length.]
^ [Josselin § 7—10. The deed of exchange, in french and latin, dated i June, 27
Edward III. (1353), preserved in Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 27, No.
10, is printed in the notes to these sections in the edition mentioned above.]
^ [Patent, 22 Edward III. p. i, m. 33, printed in Commiss. Docts. ii. 213. The
conveyances of the different portions of the site of Gonville Hall have been printed in
the notes to Josselin, from the originals in Caius College Treasur)% Box I.]
* [Josselin § 7. The remains of this gate, says Masters, writing in the middle of
the last century, "are still visible in the Old Wall of the Tennis-Court." History, 18.]
16 — 2
244 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
in one deed, by Daniel de Felstede, a draper. They extended
from the lane on the east to a property belonging to the same
Daniel on the west \ Their northern abuttal was a house be-
longing to the University called " Le Longe Entrye," extending
as far westwards as the last-mentioned property, at the south-
east corner of which lived John de Lenna (Lynn), a draper.
It is uncertain when his house became the property of Gonville's
scholars, but " Le Longe Entrye " was conveyed to them by
the University, 2 March 1352, two years after Gonville's
death. On the following day they obtained from the Hospital
of S. John a piece which lay between their first acquisition
and S. Botulph's lane. Thus a site was formed, bounded on
the east by Luthburne lane, on the west by S. Botulph's Church-
yard and the ground to the north of it, on the south by S.
Botulph's lane, and on the north by some property described
as formerly belonging to John de Weston. This site was
140 feet wide, and about 220 feet long, but its extent northwards
cannot be exactly determined.
The ground which intervened between this site and the south
side of the quadrangle, which in Josselin's time was laid out
as the Master's garden, had once belonged to the White Canons.
A lease of it was obtained about 1356, at a small annual rent;
but it did not become the actual property of the College until
18 May, I553^ when it was conveyed to the Society by Matthew
Parker (Master 1544 — 1553).
[A further addition was made 6 October, 141 1, by the
purchase from William Bussh and others^ of a piece of ground
105 feet long, 23 feet broad at the east end, and 21 feet broad
^ [These are described in the conveyance as "duo mesuagia edific' cum duabus
soldis, simul cum vno gardino a dictis mesuagiis exclus',.--q"e omnia iacent in parochia
sancli Benedicti." John de Brunne's house had been described as in the parish of
S. Botulph. The plan (fig. i) shews that the parish boundary cannot be the same
now that it was then ]
- [Josselin, § 7. Masters, p. i8. The rent was 3J. 2d. per annum. A letter
appointing an attorney to take possession, but giving neither dimensions nor abuttals,
is in Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 95.]
■* [The King's writ "ad quod damnum" was issued in the loth year of his reign:
and an inquisition was held in the same year. The property is styled in the con-
veyance (Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 63) "quandam vacuam
placeam terre,...manso dictorum magistri et scolarium contiguam, in elargacionem
mansi sui predicti." See also "Borough Report," viii. 7.]
I.] SITE. 245
at the west end ; but as no abuttals are given, we cannot
assign to it any definite position. The ground on the east
side of the College, however, is nearly all accounted for : and
therefore we may presume that it was on the west side, pos-
sibly near S. Botulph's Churchyard, where the measurements
given would nearly correspond with the ground.
A more important acquisition was S. Bernard's Hostel,
bought for one hundred marks from Queens' College, 2 July,
26 Hen. Vni. 1534, with money acquired by the sale to King's
College of a house in High Street, between the lane afterwards
called King's Lane, and S. Austin's Lane\ This Hostel had
been conveyed to Queens' College by Henry the Sixth in his
foundation charter, dated 21 Aug. 1447, and was attached to
that College on the usual conditions ^ It is described in the
conveyance to Corpus Christi College as abutting upon buildings
belonging to the College north and south, on the College garden
east, and on the High Street west. No dimensions are given,
but we are able from the following data to determine its extent
and position with tolerable accuracy. In the contract drawn up
in 1459, as related in the next chapter, for erecting the build-
ing which was then intended for a Bakehouse, but which after-
wards became, first a Tennis Court, and finally the Pension-
ary, S. Bernard's Hostel is described as "therto adioynant ;"
and from the way in which the windows are alluded to in the
College Order of 1456 respecting the same work, it must have
been inconveniently nearl Moreover, in Lyne's map, dated 1574
(fig. 2), it is shewn as occupying the whole space between the
Churchyard of S. Botulph and the College ; and in Hammond's
map, dated 1592 (fig. 3), a small detached building, evidently the
same as that shewn by Lyne, stands, together with other houses,
within an enclosure situated slightly to the north of the Pensionary.
As far as one can judge from this map, access to the Hostel was
obtained by a road which started from a point in the street still
^ [Josselin, § i8, in the notes to which the conveyance from (Queens" is printed.]
■^ [See the History of Queens' by W. G. Searle, M.A., Camb. Antiq. Soc.
8". Publications, No. ix. p. 8. The abuttals there given are the same as those in the
conveyance except the southern one, which in the charter is "lenementum rectorie
sancti Botulphi." This Church was appropriated to Barnwell Priory, 1197 — 1215, but
was re-established as a rectory in or about 1439, during the incumbency of Andrew
Doket. Masters, ed. Lamb, 305.] •'' [See below, p. 259.]
246
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
farther to the north, where the row of houses now called "Corpus
Buildings " begins. In order to determine the limit of the Hostel
to the south, we have the following data. When the College
sold to Queens' College the advowson of S. Botulph's Church in
Fig. 2. Corpus Chrlsti College, from Lyne's Map of Cambridge, 1574.
H. Bernarde Ostell. I. St Thomas Ostell. K. Buttolph Ostell.
1459, together with the glebe belonging to it, the dimensions
of the glebe are minutely set down as follows :
"It contains from north to south along its east side, 89 feet; and in
breadth from east to west along the Churchyard of S. Botolph, 47 feet
3 inches; and it lies between the garden of the College of Corpus
Christi and S. Mary on the east, and land belonging to the College on
!•]
SITE.
247
the west, abutting to the south partly on the angle of the stone wall
of the College aforesaid', partly on the Churchyard of the said
Church, and on S. Jiernard's Hostel to the north. It contains in
length from north to south on the west side, 83 feet, and in breadth
from east to west along the north border 40 feet and a half."
The " angle of the stone wall of the College " niu-st have been
that afterwards occupied by the N.W. angle of the Tennis Court
(fig. i) ; and part of the ground was occupied by a building
used as the workhouse of S. Botulph's parish down to 1823. We
are thus enabled to set out the extent of the glebe, and so to
arrive at the southern limit of part, at least, of the Hostel.
Again, Masters states that S. Bernard's Hostel " stood in the
^iye ti
Fig. 3. Corpus Christ! College, reduced from Hammond's Map of Cambridge, 1592.
back-yard (still called the Hostlc-yard) fronting the Great Street,
(of which probably the present Stables were some part")." This
tradition will justify us in assigning the large open space shewn
in Hammond's map between the College Garden and the street
to some part of the garden or yards of the Hostel, which must
therefore have occupied a space of ground nearly equal to the
Churchyard of S. Botulph. We know from other sources of
information that it was of considerable extent, for in the " Mag-
' [The words are "super anj;ulum transversuni muri lapidei Collegii." The con-
veyance, dated 12 January, 38 Hen. VI. 1460, is printed in Searlo's History, p. 67.]
' [Masters, 45.]
248 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
num Jornale," or Bursar's Book, of Queens' College, mention is
made of a gallery, a hall, and a chapel \ The latter, as the
extracts shew, was pulled down in May, I530 5 ^ time when, as
Dr Caius relates^ the Hostels generally ceased to have an inde-
pendent existence. S. Bernard's Hostel, however, was still stand-
ing at the beginning of the 17th century, being doubtless used,
as S. Thomas' Hostel was used by Pembroke, for the accommo-
dation of students. This is proved by the following curious
College Order, made July 27, 1624'', which also shews incidentally
that the glebe belonging to the Rectory of S. Botulph, as it had
then become, must have been resold to the College in the interval,
and that it had come to be regarded as part of the Hostel.
" For preuentinge of inconveniences and disorders which otherwise
might ensue, Wee Samuel Walsall, Doctor of Diuinitie, Master or keeper
of the Colledge of Corpus Christi and blessed Marie the virgine in
Cambridge, commonly called Bennett Colledge, and the ffellowes and
scholers of the same coUedg, being rightly assembled in Chapter, uppon
the seaven and twentith day of July, in the yeares of our Soueraigne
Lord James, ...the two and twentith... A° doi 1624: Uppon mature
deliberation, with one consent have decreed, and ordained,... for our
selves, and our successors, in manner and forme following: viz', that
wheras a passage is lately made out of the hostle belonging to the saide
Colledge, into the tenis court of the same, and a dore opening out of
the hostle into the said passage ; that there shall not be aney gate, dore,
or passage out of aney part of the saied Colledge into the saied tenis
court, or into the passage which is between the hostle, and the tenis
court, more or other then now is, that is to sale, one dore out of the
hostle into the .saied passage, and one dore at the other end out of the
saied passage through the bricke wall of the tenis court. And that
the said dore out of the hostle shall ever more be duely locked and
opened, at the same times, and none other, at which tlie other gates
of the Colledge are locked and opened. And the key shalbe brought
^ ["Magnum Jornale" of Queens' College, u. 1504 — 5. "pro reparacione
vnius ly galery in hospicio sancti barnardi j d.
Ibid. 1529 — 30, fo. 129. "Sexto die mail Willelmo collyns, Richardo
Bicharstafe, diruentibus plumbum ex sacello quod est in hospicio divi bernardi,
et reducentibus in armarium huius collegii xd.
fo. 129 b. "Willelmo Collyns, Roberto Jaxson, 13°. die maii pro dirutione
magnarum et aliarum trabium que erant in sacello hospicii diui bernardi per
spacium trium dienim tunc finit' iij s.
"Roberto Sargaunt eodem die pro vectione eorundem in hoc collegium iiij d.
Ibid. 1530 — 31, fo. 140. "Item Topshatt pro emendatione aulse in hospitio
barnardi ij d."]
- [Caius, Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 52.]
^ [Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 20.]
I.] SITE. 249
every night wth the rest uppon the same clogg to the Master, or in his
absence to his substitute, or in his absence, to the Seniour fifellow at
home. And that no ffellowe, Scholer, or studient of what degree soever
shall come into the Colledge, or goe out that way, when the other gates
of the Colledge shalbe locked, uppon paine of forfeiting, for every time,
a booke, or bookes, worth twentie shillings, to the librairie of the saied
Colledge : the saied booke, or bookes, to be iudged worth twentie
shillings by the Master and greater part of the ffellowes : or if such
booke, or bookes, worth twentie shillings, shall not be paied and delivered
for the Colledge use... by the delinquent, or some other for him, with in
two daies after every such offence committed, that then a mulct of
twentie shillings for every time shall without remission be sett up])on the
heade of the delinquent in the tables or common booke of the said
Colledge, by the master, or in his absence his substitute, or in his
absence the seniour ftellow at home, uppon paine of the saied summe of
twentie shillings for every time without remission to be paied unto the
Colledge by the saied Master, substitute, or seniour fifellow at home, the
said twentie shillings evermore to be disposed uppon a booke, or
bookes, to the Colledge librairie.
Moreover we decree and ordaine, that if it shall please God at aney
time hereafter, to raise up such a benefactor to our colledge as will build
an other court; and if he shall desire to build part of his building uppon
that ground, where the bake house now stands, in this case the Master
and ffellowes shall without aney difificultie give him leave so to doe,
and shall preferr the publick honour of theire Colledge before theire
owne private gaine. Lastly, wee decree and ordaine, that this whole
decree and ordination being engrossed in two seuerall instruments shal-
be sealed with the comon scale of the Colledge, wherof one instrument,
so sealed, to be kept in the common chest now within the inward
librarie; the other, so sealed, to remaine in the custodie of the Master or
keeper of the saied Colledge, from time to time. And ailso that the
copie thereof which is regestered in the Colledge booke of Leases, shal-
be subscribed with the handes of the Master and ffellowes. In witness
of all and singuler the premisses we have put the Common Seale of our
Colledge to these presents. Given the day and year aboue written."
A small triangular piece of the western side of the Church-
yard of S. Benedict was ceded to the College by the parish in
1500^ and in 1578 the Rectory-House situated at the north-west
corner of the quadrangle (fig. i), became part of the College
^ [The conveyance, dated 4 June, 15 Henrj- VII., is in Corpus Christi College
Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 96. It is described as "quendam vacuum fundum iacent'
prope Cimitorium predict' Ecclesie ex parte occidentali, inter predict' Cimitorium
ex parte orientali et tenementum Collegii supradicti ex parte occidentali; et capud
boriale abbuttat super ten' dicti Collegii, et capud Australe super Rectoriam dicte
ecclesie." The dimensions are then minutely given. It was 42 feet long, 10 ft. Sin.
broad at the north end "ad exteriorem partem de le grownsell;" 5 ft. 6 in. broad in
the middle; and lin. broad at the south end.]
250 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
buildings, when it was either rebuilt or extensively repaired \
The piece of the churchyard along which the College gate is ap-
proached was cut off in 1618 by the wall which is still standing^
The frontage towards Trumpington Street was occupied
until 1823 by a row of dwelling-houses, all of which had become,
at different times, the property of the College ^ When the
tenement described above, as belonging to the Rector of S.
Botulph, became the Parish Workhouse, it was approached by
a narrow lane along the north border of the Churchyard. This
lane was inclosed by the College in 1823, as the plan shews.
The size of the Churchyard was not, however, diminished, for the
ground on which the south end of the Workhouse stood was
added to it. At the same time the new buildings were set back
so as to widen Trumpington Street considerably, and the house
at the corner of Bene't Street, which had projected fourteen feet,
was rebuilt ^ These and other changes are pleasantly com-
memorated in a paper of Tripos Verses, dated 9 March, 1826.
They are printed in the appendix.]
CHAPTER II.
History of the Buildings in general, derived from
josselin and other authorities.
We are informed by Josselin, that the brethren of the
united gilds of Corpus Christi and S. Mary, encouraged by the
^ [Masters, 115.]
■^ [Masters, 137.]
•' [One of these, just south of a Hue drawn along the outside of the south range of
the quadrangle, was an Inn called "The Dolphin." A little to the north of thi.s
lived D"" Edward Daniel Clarke, the celebrated traveller, and Professor of Mineralogy
(1808—22).]
* [Masters, ed. Lamb, 264. The College at this time wisely reserved the right of
using the strip of ground between their west wall and the pavement of Trumpington
Street. This strip is raised considerably above the general level of the street. The
right to use it was taken advantage of by the College on the occasion of the visit of
the Prince and Princess of Wales to the University in 1864, when they erected wpnn
it several rows of covered seats for their friends to view the procession.]
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II.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. 25 1
King's sanction of their union, and their design of founding a
College (which they obtained as we have seen in 1352), wrought
together with such good will for the endowment and equipment
of their common foundation that they had nearly completed the
outer walls of their buildings in the course of the same year';
and further, that
" the building of the College, as it appears at the present day,
with walls of enclosure, chambers arranged about a quadrangle, Hall,
Kitchen, and Master's habitation, was fully finished in the days of
Thomas Eltisley the first Master [1352 — 1376], and of his successor
Richard Treton [1376 — 1377]"-
There seems to be no reason for doubting this account,
although, in the absence of documentary evidence, it must
necessarily rest upon tradition.
This College is one of the five into whose primitive plans
no Chapel entered, and the ancient quadrangle therefore, to
which the above account refers, consists simply of a Hall range
on the south, and chambers on the three other sides. The
former contains, in addition to the Hall, the Butteries and
Kitchen at the west end, and the Master's chamber at the east
end. The area of the quadrangle [the ancient condition of which
is shewn in Loggan (fig. 4)], is a trapezium, of which the west
and south sides are at right angles to each other, and measure
86 feet and 118 feet respectively. The east and north sides
measure 74 feet and no feet. It was entered on the north side
from the Churchyard, through a plain four-centered arch, with-
out even a hood-mold, having a pointed window of a single
light over it (fig. 4). At the present time this entrance has a
heavy incongruous facing of stone with smooth rustic quoins
and voussoirs^ The chambers were built, as in all the early
colleges, in two floors, but they subsequently had garrets added
to them as at present. Josselin affirms that
"Such Avas the frugality of our ancestors, that, before King Henry
the Eighth began to reign, little or nothing had been attempted in either
' Josselin, § 6.
- Ibid. § 15. Masters mentions (p. 16) that a grant of a quarry at Hinton, i.e.
Cherry Hinton, was made to the College in 32 Edw. III. (1538 — 39), but he does not
give his authority.
^ [Prof. Willis notes that this is "in the style usually appropriated to a jail.""]
252 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the upper or the lower stories in the way of glass and panelling (with
which both the Master's habitation and the Fellows' chambers are now
skilfully decorated), or generally in the direction of that elegance and
beauty for which both are now conspicuous'."
[I now proceed to translate Josselin's curious and minute
description of the chambers as they existed in his own time^
The letters in the text correspond with those on the plan
(fig. i). This part of his history was probably drawn up from
a list, now lost, of College Benefactors and their works, from
which he selected those that related to the buildings I
"A garret {solariumY, as we see it at present, was built over the first-
floor room (A) next to the Rectory, with a window, glazed, on its western
side, and the wall in the lower room was built and plastered ; the whole
at the College expense, on the urgent request of Thomas Aleyn, Fellow
[1536]. The ground-floor room continued to be used as the College
store-room; but it was plastered (iiicrustahiui) by Andrew Pierson,
Fellow [1542], who added a chimney with two flues.
The room next to this (B), was plastered by Thomas Crooke, Fellow
[15 15]. The windows were glazed afresh by Thomas Bonenfant [1522],
who also defrayed the expense of plastering the ceiling', and glazing the
window of the little bedroom next to it. A garret was built over this bed-
room by Edward Leeds [1552], a pensioner of the College, and after-
wards Master of Clare. He it was who also made the large window,
A. D. 1558, the workmanship being provided by himself, the materials by
the College. The ground-floor room was plastered and glazed by a
German, John Marcel by name, Vicar of Waterbeach".
^ Qosselin, § 24.] ^ [Josselin, § 29 — § 42.]
^ [I find this conjecture among Prof. Willis' notes. It is justified by Josselin's
own remark about his history, § 65, that Parker caused it to be written and "ex
diuersis Collegii scriptis ac monumentis compingi." Prof. Willis had quoted so much of
Josselin's narrative, and speaks of him with so much respect, that I feel sure that he
would have translated the whole, had he had the facilities for obtaining an accurate
text that have been placed at my disposal. Josselin has adopted a singular and most
inconvenient plan in the arrangement of his materials. After stating, § 15, that the
College was completed 1352— 1377, as quoted above, he notes every addition as an
exception, so that each paragraph begins with "Excepto quod." I have omitted
these words, and also all particulars respecting the various persons mentioned that are
not strictly relevant to the subject. After the name of each benefactor I have added,
from Dr Lamb's Catalogue, the date of his admission to the College.]
* Solarium is an upper chamber, and therefore, although employed for the first-
floor rooms of colleges when they had no garrets over them, is proj^erly used by
Josselin for the garrets when they existed.
^ [This is the interpretation given by Prof. Willis to the words "cubiculum.. in-
crustatum est superius."]
" [John Marcelis or Marcilius was presented to the Vicarage of Waterbeach,
II.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. 253
The next room (C), opposite the Church Porch ', was plastered, a
new garret was built over it, and the windows were glazed and latticed,
at the expense of John Cuttinge, Fellow [1508]. He also plastered the
garret and fitted new windows to it. The ground-floor room moreover
has been lined with linen panelling {/ignis undidatis)^ and paved with
tiles, but at whose expense I have not as yet been able to learn.
The first-floor room (D), next the Chapel, was ornamented in this
way by Mr Brytaine, formerly a pensioner of the College. The ground-
floor room was decorated with glass and wainscoted, and a study
{miiseutn) was added to it, at the expense partly of different pensioners
who occupied it at difterent times, partly at that of the College at their
request. The garret however was decorated at the sole expense of the
College in 1562.
The first-floor room (E) next to this on the north side of the quad-
rangle, was decorated by the College : the chimney however was raised,
and some of the windows were newly glazed, at the expense of William
Tolwyn, formerly Fellow [1523]. The garret belonging to the room
under this, was plastered at the College expense.
The room (F), next to this on the first-floor facing the east, and the
garret over it, were decorated by Thomas Cobb, formerly Fellow [1531].
The ground-floor room had its windows glazed in a better style by
various scholars, and it was panelled (contabtdatuin) partly by the
College, partly by George Withers, Master of Arts and pensioner
[A.M. 1561], who defrayed the cost, the College finding the materials.
The next room (G) on the first-floor, adjoining the Library, and the
garret over the Library, were plastered by John Seintuarye, Fellow
[1477], while he held the office of president.
The vestry [vestiuin rcpositoriiDii) was made, and its windows repaired,
by John Porye, Fellow [1527], and afterwards Master [1557 — 1569], at
whose expense the small window was made looking into the court which
opens into Luthborne lane. The ground-floor room there was paved
by Mr Polgrave, pensioner, who also defrayed the cost of glazing the
windows, and arranging the vestry'.
The old Library (H), next the Master's Lodge, was wainscoted with
linen panelling by John Botwright. Master [1443 — 1474]- The ceiling
of the ground-floor room under the Library was plastered by Matthew
Parker^ [1520], when Scholar and Bible-clerk.
The garret belonging to the room (I) over the pantr^' and buttery,
6 March, 1536 — 7. He was deprived 17 October, 1553, and seems to have died in
1577. Clay's History of Waterbeach, Camb. Antiq. Society 8°. Publ. 62.]
' ["Ex adverso tempU vestibulo respondens." This porch, long since destroyed,
is shewn in Hammond's map, fig. 3. ]
2 [In this passage Josselin internqHs his walk round the College, and returns to
the ground-floor room at the N.E. corner, under (E), which had not been mentioned
before. The position of the "vestium repositorium" cannot now be ascertained.]
^ [The words thus translated are "Excepta etiam contabulatione veteris biblio-
thece, magistri habitationi contigue, lignis vndulatis facta per loannem Botwright
coUegii magistrum. Cubiculum vero infimum subter bibliothecam incrustatum superius
est per Mattheum Parker." See below, p. 267.]
254 CORPUS CIIRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
was made and plastered at the College expense in 1554; at which time
the window also next the court was raised in height, and glazed.
To these we must add a new garret (K), over the kitchen, built of
beams and laths, with a ceiling plastered over the rafters \ and suitable
windows, made at an expense of ten pounds, by John Porye. This was
converted into a Library and fitted up during the mastership of the said
John Porye, at the College expense. On the south side, three cases
{staHa) were set up, in which the old books belonging to the old
Library, given by Doctor Peter Nobys, Master [15 16 — 1523], are
arranged. On the north side, there are three cases fitted to hold the
books, and to preserve in chests the MSS., which our late Master
Matthew Parker [1544 — 1553], now Archbishop of Canterbury, had
given to the College.
The upper room (L), adjoining the new Library, was plastered, and
the window at the top of the stairs constructed, by Edward Fam, Fellow
[1531]. The ground-floor room was plastered by Mr Milgat, formerly
pensioner; and glazed lattices were placed in the windows by John
Bungay [1550], Scholar and afterwards Fellow.
The upper room (M), next to this on the north, was plastered over
the woodwork, by William Sowoode, while Fellow [1509] ; the windows
also were glazed, and the garret plastered over the beams, at his
expense^. The ground-floor room also was wainscoted with linen
panelhng, but by whom is not known. The floor of the same upper
room was laid by Henry Parker, formerly Fellow [1517]. The
chimney and the windows were repaired by Matthew Parker, while
Fellow. The window at the top of the stairs was made by John Porye,
while Fellow ; and the room next to it (N) on the first floor, was plas-
tered by Robert Cooper, while Fellow. The window looking towards
the west, was made and glazed by John Porye, while Fellow. The
garret was ornamented in the same way, and its larger window similarly
treated by Edmund Allen [A.M. 1536], afterwards Chaplain to Queen
Elizabeth, and Bishop of Rochester. The common chest, form.erly
called the chest of Mr Billingford, which used to stand in the old
Library, has been placed in this room. The ground-floor room was
glazed by various scholars. It was paved at the College expense in
1554, and plastered at the same time, the College paying for the mate-
rials, and the Scholars for the labour.'']
This detailed account shews that the rooms had in the first
instance bare walls, and the windows were probably half-
shuttered, half-glazed. On the ground-story they had clay
floors. On the first floor they were open to the roof, like
modern workshops. The dates shew that the " solaria " or
^ "Hue accedit novum solarium lignis et asseribus com pactum et superius per
tigna incrustatum coquine imminens, in quo constructe sunt commode fenestre."
^ "Cubiculum... inter iuncturas calce obductum est. ..supremo cubiculo calce etiam
per tigna obHto. "
II.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. 255
garrets were, with very few exceptions, fitted for use in the
reign of Henry the Eighth: during which period the other
rooms were plastered, and panelled, and their windows glazed.
By the phrases employed it would appear that in some cases the
ceilings were plastered as well as the walls. The floors of the
ground-floor rooms were paved with tiles.
During the same period the tiled roofs {tecta lateriiid) of
the chambers were repaired ; those on the east side in the
Mastership of Peter Nobys (1516— 1523): those on the north
side in that of Matthew Parker (1544 — 1553) ; and those on the
west side, as well as over the Hall and Ofiices, in the time of
Dr Porey (1557—1570^).
The walls of the buildings were giving way in the time of
Dr Cosyn, Master [1487 — 1515], for the buttresses were then
built at the expense of the Duchess of Norfolk ", whose Chaplain
the Master was. An undated letter from the " Maister and
Felaws " printed by Masters ^ confirms this, and shews as follows
how many were built, and that they were built for the first time,
not rebuilt.
" As for the secunde article, quhat nomber is pure necessarie within
our court yard, so thai may appear altogeder, at the next comyn of myn
and our most bounteous lady, for to make a perfaite work, we are now
about the grounds of X."
There are now, however, thirteen buttresses on the chamber
sides of the court, and there were also five on the Hall side before
the changes in 1823. Some of these were added in 161 5, as I
suppose, for in that year '• the Members of this House furbished
up their old Walls and Staircases [for the reception of his Majesty
King James], they having lately received a Legacy of ico/.
from William Benedict, Gent., of Foster-Lane, in London, which
was employed in paying the Tuition of poor Scholars, in build-
ing new Buttresses, Slating, and other Repairs of the College *."
[By the middle of the century, however, the buildings had
again become so dilapidated through time and bad weather, that
^ Josselin, § 62.
^ Ibid. § 15. " Omnes fulture (quas viilgo buttresses vocant) de nouo erecte et
edificate sunt sumptibus Domine Elizabethe olim Ducisse Norfolcie."
■' Appendix, No. 14.
■• Masters, 133.
256 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAR.
it was decided to take extraordinary measures for their imme-
diate repair, as the following College Orders shew :
'.'Maij 22. 1648.
Memorandum y' y'' day and yeare aboue written y'' master of y^
Coll : and all y foresayd persons [the fellows present] did survey y^
plate in y*^ Colledge Treasury and found nothing wanting. And in
regard y' y*^ Colledge by reason of these times is wholey out of stocke,
and that ther is evident necessity y' y'^ Colledge bee repaired forth with
as well in y^ slating as otherwise, y*" master and y*^ chest-keepers wer
requested to consider what plate might best bee parted with for y^
defraying of y^ charges of y*^ sayde repaires; and the Bursar requested to
procure workmen to survey y*^ decayes and to estimate the charge.
Maij 24. 1648.
Agreed y' a Goldsmith bee procured to weigh such plate as y^ Com-
pany shall think fitt to part with for ye repaires of y^ Coll.
July 15. 1648.
Aggreed y' Mr Boyse one of y'^ fellows of y'^ Colledge hauving occa-
sion to goe vp to London should be intreated and authorised to sell
such plate as was by y^ order of y^ 8'^^ of June' agreed to bee parted w'"^
for y*^ repairs and slateing of y*^ Colledge."
In consequence, forty-five silver cups, which had been pre-
sented to the College by Fellow-Commoners at different times,
were sold. They realised ^^"42. los. od, which was augmented
from the College Chest, and faithfully expended on repairing and
renewing the College buildings. The names of those gentlemen
whose presents had been put to this use were gratefully placed
on record in a book in the Library, where it is still preserved.]
In 1686, a subscription^ headed by contributions from the
Master and Fellows, was set on foot for the general repair of
the College, and a " Petition of the Society setting forth their
own Inabilities and soUiciting the Assistance of their Friends"
was drawn up as follows :
" Whereas Corp. Christi Coll. in the University of Cambridge is,
through length of time, very much out of repayr in the Foundations,
Walls, and Roofs thereof, the charge of which repayr will in the judg-
ment of able Workmen amount to a thousand Pounds or more; and
^ [The order of June 8, 1648, is not entered in the College Order-book. Baker,
however, has preserved a copy of it, in latin, with the names of the Fellow-Common-
ers, 41 in all, whose plate was sold, and the amount realised. MSS. Baker, vi. 16.]
'■' Masters, 164. Appendix, No. 52.
II.] HISTORY OF THE BUITDINGS. 257
whereas the Revenues of the said College (though managed with great
care and foithfullness) do scarce suffice for the annual Expences thereof,
so that it is utterly unable to rayse the sumnie reeiuisite for the said
Repayres, We the present Master and Fellows of the College, in a due
regard of the Premises, have promised and engaged to pay, to the use
and service of the CoUedge, the summes hereafter exprest, and to which
we have subscribed our names. And it is our earnest request to those
Persons who are or have been of our Society, that they would them-
selves contribute to the necessities of this ancient College, the Place of
their Education; and also recommend the condition thereof, to the con-
sideration of those who are Lovers of Knowledge and Good Works.
By .this seasonable Kindness, they will equall the Examples of many
Members of our University, who by Themselves and Friends, have con-
tributed to the necessities of theire respective Colleges : and they will
oblige our Society to make a gratefull and respectfull mention of theire
names in the Records of the College.
From the Chapter House in C. C. C. Oct. 16, 1686."
Masters doubts whether any money was ever collected by
this letter. [It appears, however, from the language of the
following order, dated 7 September, 1688, that some important
repairs had been executed a short time before it was made ; but
that the College was still too much impoverished to do all that
was necessary without assistance from its members.
"Sept. 7. 1688. Agreed that the Burser repayre and beautify y'^
west side of the CoUige as y*^ south side is already done, y^ Mr allowing
20'' to ye said work, Mr Beck 10'', and y"^ rest of y^ Fellows bearing y^
remaining part of y'^ charge thereof'"]
Loggan's print, engraved in this very year, shews that the
ancient style of the architecture was respected during these re-
pairs. The sash-windows which in so many parts of the quadrangle
have replaced the original ones were inserted in the eighteenth
century in consequence of the following orders, the second
of which shews when the arch through which the College was
entered was altered.
"Jan. 31. 1756. Agreed y' a Sum not exceeding ;^3oo, or an Annuity,
to be granted for that Sum, be taken out of D'' Spencer's chest, for
paving with stone and sashing y*= north-side of y'= Court.
Jan. 27. 1757. Agreed y' one hundred Pounds be taken out of D""
Spencer's chest towards making a new ceiling to y*^ Hall and repairing
with Stone y'^ Gateway of y^ College."
The general appearance of the court has in other respects
undergone but little alteration. Many of the ancient two-light
VOL. I. 17
258
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap
windows (fig. 4) still remain ; but their heads have been cut ofif
by the introduction of rain gutters to replace the ancient eaves.
On the outside of the College towards the north the mixture of
square and pointed windows shewn by Loggan may still be seen.
Here also the dormers are still gabled, though their windows are
of two lights instead of three. In the interior of the court the
gables have all disappeared, and the dormers are flat (fig. 5).
Fig. 5. North oriel of Hall, and Master's Lodge.
[Having recorded the changes within the quadrangle we must
now proceed to investigate the history of the structures beyond
its limits to the south. Passing over for the present that of the
Lodge and of the Chapel, let us consider the building at the
north-west corner of the latter. This was commenced during
the mastership of John Botwright (1443 — ^1474). He kept a
11.] HISTORY OF THE BUH.DINGS. 259
record of College events^ which has fortunately been preserved,
and under the year 1456 the following entry is set down.
" The newe Bakhouse to be made for the College.
Memorandum that the Fryday next before the feast of the Nativity
of S. Mary the Virgin [8 September] anno domini 1456, it is agreed by
the Master of the College of Corpus Christi and the brethren of the
same, that with all convenient and possible despatch there shall be
erected at the cost of the said Colledge a new Bakehouse, as long as the
middle house lately built by Master Andrew Doket, and as high under
the eaves as the upper part of the Avindows, which lately, to our detri-
ment, have been placed in S. Bernard's Hostel"."
Three years, however, elapsed before a contract was drawn
for building it with John I.oose, "leyer," of Cambridge. By this
document, dated 4 December, 38 Hen. VI. 1459, he undertook
to begin it on S. Gregory's day (12 March) next following, and
to complete it by Lammas Day (i August), under a penalty of
forty shillings. He was to receive "for his workmanship and
labour xi marc, vj s. viijd." {£7. ly. 4^.), and "a gown of yeomans'
livery, or else a noble" {6s. 8d.), with this further provision,
''And more ouer the sayd John schal haue withinne the sayd College
a chambre, j bedsteed, and a bedde, and his mete to be dyght in the
kechyn at there costis, as longe as he is werking in the said werk."
Unfortunately the provisions in the contract descriptive of
the building are extremely obscure, and we learn little from
them except that the walls were to be partly of stone, partly of
brick, and to rise "a foote above the wyndows of sent Bernardis
hostell" which was "therto adioynant." There is no difficulty,
however, in identifying the building with that which subsequently
became the "Pensionary" (F. fig. 4: ground-plan, fig. i): though
from the language of Josselin, it seems doubtful whether any
progress was made with it at this time. He says.
^ [This very curious and interesting volume is entitled, "Memoranda Collegii
Corporis Christi et beate Marie Cant' edita per Magistrum Johannem Botwright sancte
theorie professorem, et capellanum domini Regis Henrici VI", Rectorem de Swafham
Market, Magistrum siue Custodem Collegii predict!, electum in festo sancti Marci
Evangeliste Anno Domini 1442." It begins with the events of the year 1455.]
'^ [This order, and the contract which is shortly to be described will both be found
in the Appendix, Nos. 2, 3. The order is in Latin, with the exception of the heading
and of the first four words.]
17 — 2
26o CORPUS CHKISTl COLLEGE. [CHAP.
*' The walls of the Tennis-court were built in the time of William
Smyth, eighth Master [1474 — 1477] o^^ ground where it had been agreed
that a bakehouse should be constructed for the use of the College'."
The same authority further records ^:
" The Master and Fellows caused six chambers for the use of
pensioners to be fitted up in this present year of our I^ord, 1569, beyond
the quadrangle on the garden side, where a disused building stood '^ the
walls of which had been raised to their full height in the mastership
of Thomas Cosyn {1487 — 1575) with the intention of using it as a bake-
house and granary. That excellent man's efforts were, however, unsuc-
cessful, though the walls reached a certain height. The place was next
used as a Tennis court for the exercise of the students. Now, however,
it was fitted up, as may be seen to this day, with floors, roofs, garrets,
and other contrivances, for the use of any pensioners who may choose
to resort to the College."
It was used for this purpose until 1823, when it was pulled
down to make way for the new courts
It was in consequence, no doubt of this chang-e in its
destination that the second Tennis-court, shewn by Hammond
(fig. 3) and by Loggan (fig. 4), adjoining the Church-yard of S.
Botolph, was built : but at what time it was commenced is not
known. The building that stood between it and the Chapel (G,
fig. 4) appears to have been the Fellows' "Gallery" or summer-
house, which was rebuilt in 1648, at an expense of i^50. 19^". 3^'/.,
after a storm in which "the upper gallery leading to the summer-
house in the fellows' garden" had been blown down^ As it
is shewn by Loggan, but not by Hammond, it must have been
erected in the first instance after 1592. It was ordered to be pulled
down 31 January, 1756; and in the following March it was
^ [Josselin, § 21.] 2 [josselin, § 73. 1
^ [In these words I have tried to give the sense, rather than an exact translation, of
the following passage: "extra predictum quadratum in area qiiadam vacua et loco
inani versus hortum, cuius parietes exedificate fuerant magistro D. Cosyn tunc dicti
collegii preposito, atque in pistrinum destinato et granarium."]
* [A view of it at this time by Harraden forms the frontispiece to Dr Lamb's edi-
tion of Masters' History.]
•^ [Masters, 149. The following College order was made on this occasion :
"July 10, 1648. The rebuilding of y" Gallery in y"^ fellowes orchard amounting
vnto ;^50. igs ^d., and formerly allowed by y" fellowes in the absence of y*' master,
with certaine provisions for y^ ease of y^ CoUedge charg'^ therin ; The master soe
farre as statuteably hee may doe doth allsoe now concurre in."
II.J HISTORY OF THE BUILDINOS. 261
"Agreed that an Alcove be built in y*" Garden out of y^ Materials of
y^ Old Summer House; y' a rais'd walk be made at y^' end of y<= Bowling-
Green; and y' y*^ Bowling-Green be widen'd'."
A few works of minor importance in different parts of the
College remain to be noticed. A second agreement was entered
into in 1457 between John Botwright (Master 1443 — 1474), and
"John Bale, mason, alias Loose, who has lately built the new stone-
wall at the Preachers" (now Emmanuel College), to build a wall
eighty-one feet long between the College and the lately acquired
ground belonging to the Vicarage of S. Botulph. The wall,
together with the coping, is to be as high as the College walls,
a condition which shews that they had been built previously:
and the mason is to receive either forty shillings, with food and
lodging for himself and four men in the College until the work is
completed: or to be paid "at the rate at which he says he was
paid at Peterhouse, together with other gratifications at the dis-
cretion of the master." In the Mastership of William Sowoode
(1523 — 1544), the court was paved, and the entrance fitted with
an iron grating^, such as we have seen employed in Gonville
Court by Dr Caius (p. 168). The garden called "Aortus posterior,"
by which is probably meant the Fellows' garden occupying the
site of Gonville Hall, was laid out and planted with fruit trees by
Andrew Pierson, Fellow (1542). To make way for it the out-
houses in which wood, coals, and building materials had been
stored, were cleared away ; and removed to the site, or part of
the site, of S. Bernard's Hostel ^ the acquisition of which has
been already recorded. The wall between this garden and that
of the Master was built by Matthew Parker (1544 — 1553), who
also made a back gate opening into Luthborne Lane"*; and, in
1547, a Dovehouse, by utilising the walls of the old Woodhouse.
The cost of this last important work was defrayed by the sale of
certain pieces of Church plate, the use of which, says Josselin,
had at that time gone out of fashion ^ A third garden is shewn
by Loggan (fig. 4) between the two already mentioned. This
was made by Richard Willoughby, P'ellow, in 1577. He ob-
tained from the College a lease for forty years of
1 [College Order, March i, 1756. The terms of the previous Order are, "Agreed
y' y^ Old Summer-House in y" Garden be taken down, and y*-" materials apply'd to y"
use of y*^ College." The Bowling-Green is shewn on Loggan 's plan of Cambridge.]
- Jossehn, § 23. '■' Ibid. S i.S. •* Ibid. ^ 27. ^ Ibid. §22.
262 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
"One parcell of theyr orchyard next adjoyning unto the Master's
garden of the sayd College on the south and west parts of the sayd
garden and the Master's gallery,"
on condition of serving every Christmas one dish of apples at
the Fellows' table. It was prudently stipulated that the said
dish should contain "at least twelve apples." The walls of these
three gardens are shewn by Hammond (fig. 3), and by Loggan
(fig. 4). The kitchen-yard was walled by Parker's successor,
Laurence Moptyd, Master (i 553—1 557)'-]
CHAPTER HI.
History of Particular Buildings. Library. Hall.
Combination Room. Master's Lodge.
[We will now proceed to narrate the history of the principal
offices of the College.]
Library. -^The first recorded Library was the chamber
on the first floor of the eastern side of the court next to the
Master's Lodge. Josselin has told us that it was wainscoted by
John Botwright, Master (1443 — 1474), and the ancient ceiling
with gilt carving remained when Masters wrote his history '\
In the Mastership of Dr Porie (1557 — 1569), a new garret
which had been built over the kitchen, was converted into a
Library, as related above ^ and the books given by Dr Nobys
were moved into it. Archbishop Parker's libraiy was also
placed there ; and special cases were constructed for its accom-
modation.
When the Chapel was built in 1579, a room was formed in
its roof approached by a staircase at the end of the Master's
gallery*, as shewn in Loggan (fig. 4). It had three dormer
windows on the north side, and probably the same number on
the south. [It had also a window at the west end, as we learn
from an entry in a fragment of an account for work done in the
^ Josselin, § 24. - [Josselin, § 36 ; Masters, p. 47.]
■* [Josselin, § 39. This section, as well as § 36, are translated in Chapter II.]
■* [Cole mentions that this room was also approached by a stair in the S.W.
corner of the Ante-Chapel. The Chapel Accounts mention "y" stayres out of y'^
M'"'* gallery to y" Library."]
111.] HISTORY OF THE liUH.HlNCS. 1T15RARY. 263
Chapel in 1581, where a charge is made "' for one Hght more in
the west windo above."] To this the Archbishop's books and
manuscripts were transferred. They remained there until the
present magnificent Library, occupying the whole south side of
the new Quadrangle, was erected in 1823. This is 87 feet long,
32 feet wide, and 25 feet high. The collection being of peculiar
value, it was wisely determined that the building containing it
should predominate over the rest of the College.
Hall. — The Hall, 48 feet long including the Screens,
and 28 feet broad, still exists, although converted into the
College Kitchen. It has its original open roof, with plain
collar-beam principals, having arched braces and pendent posts,
exactly like that of Gonville Hall\ [of which a section is here
given (fig. 6). A section of one of the purlines has also been
drawn (ibid. A), and it will be observed that the upper and lower
sides are not symmetrical. This want of symmetry is probably
due to the builders having observed that such a device must be
resorted to in order to produce the appearance of symmetiy in
an object looked at from below]. The Hall was probably built
with the rest of the Quadrangle in the second half of the
fourteenth century. In the Mastership of Dr Cosyn (1487 — I5I5)»
a great chimney was built in it, at the expense of John
Seintuarie, Fellow, instead of the square brazier in the middle,
with an open lantern, or " imphtvinni'' as Josselin terms it, in
the roof above -, which has kept its ground in some of the
Colleges even to the present time ^. This lantern was taken
down in the Mastership of William Sowoode (1523 — 74). At
the same time the entire Hall was wainscoted, and three
screens placed at the lower end. The windows were also raised
to the unusual height of nine feet and new glazed *.
^ [See History of Caius College, Chapter IV.]
^ [Josselin, § 17 "quum antea fuisset in medio aule quadratus locus cum magno
impluvio in altum erecto in eiusdem aule summitate, que in diebus Gulielmi .Sowoode
predict! e medio sublata sunt."]
3 [The brazier in Trinity College Hall was not removed until 1866.]
^ Josselin, 1. c. "Excepto etiam quod fenestre in Aula, novem pedali altiludinc,
celsiorem solito situm sortite et nouo vitro adornate sunt in diebus Gulielmi Sowode
decimitertii magistri eiusdem collegii. Quo utique tempore tota aula tabulatis ligneis
compaginata est, cum tribus septis (quae vulgo screencs vocant) in ipsa postrema aule
parte vt hodie conspiciuntur." [To defray the expense of these improvements the
College sold the splendid pyx, of silver-gilt, weighing i%\ ounces, presented to the Gild
264
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
The wall above the Master and Fellows' table was plastered
in the Mastership of Matthew Parker (1544 — 53'). About 1597
Fig. 6. Section of the Hall of Gonville Hall, mensured and drawn by Professor Willis.
A. Section of one of the purlines.
of Corpus Christi by Sir John de Cambridge in 1344, when he was Alderman; and
also the silver shields edged with enamel ("obrizo circumducta vulgo enameled'''') pre-
sented by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and Henry Tangmer. These pieces of plate had
been used in the Procession of the Corpus Domini ; in the former the Master, vested
in a silken cope, bore the Sacrament aloft under a canopy; the latter were carried
by the Fellows and Scholars. Jossehn, § n, § 14, § 17. ]
^ [Josselin, § 17- Some panel-work in stone, with coats of arms, still exists.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. HALL. 265
the Hall was again adorned, the windows enlarged, and a new
Screen made, or at least subscribed for\ In 1632 another
refitting of the Hall and putting up of new Screens is men-
tioned I Upon the Restoration, the King's Arms were put
up over the Hall Table at the expense of twenty pounds ''.
In the Mastership of Dr Spencer (1667 — 93), the Hall was
paved with stone by Dr Thomas Tenison ; and Dr William
Briggs, the famous oculist, formerly Fellow, caused the Kitchen
to be paved with square stones in order to render it more cleanly
and wholesome *. Lastly, when the new Court was built in
1823, the old Hall was judiciously preserved, and fitted up,
without altering the exterior, and very slightly the interior,
as the new College Kitchen, the new Hall being erected on the
site of the ancient Butteries and Kitchen.
The present windows of this old Hall (fig. 5) must have been
altered since Loggan's view was engraved in 1688, for the latter
represents a semi-octagonal oriel and two pointed windows,
with four lights and a transom to each, and perpendicular tra-
cery above (fig. 4). The present oriel, on the contrary, is square
in plan, and though the lateral windows are of the same form as
the ancient ones, the cusps have been removed from the tracery.
[There was originally an oriel on the south side as well as on
the north. It was blocked when the east range of the new
court was made to abut against it.
Carter, writing about 1753, says,
" The Hall is a large Room, having two beautiful Bow-Windows
finely ornamented with painted Glass, formerly in the Chapel Windows,
being the Arms of many of the Masters and Benefactors \"]
Combination Room.— Masters tells us that the Combina-
tion Room was " wainscotted very elegantly with oak," at the
public expense, in the Mastership of Dr Spencer (1667 — 1693).
When the plan prefixed to his history was drawn, the Combi-
nation Room was over the Butteries, occupying the eastern
' Masters, p. 127.
^ Ibid. p. 145. At this time the court was ]iale<l.
' Ibid. p. 157.
■* Ibid. p. 164.
•'' [Carter's "Cambridge," 95. The glass was removed to the present Hall.]
266 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
portion of the second Library, and it is to this that the above
extract refers ; but when it was first placed there is unrecorded ;
possibly after the removal of the Library to the room over the
new Chapel, begun in 1579. Josselin makes no mention of a
College Parlour.
Master's Lodge. — The space which from the first had
been allotted to the Master, was the building which extends
eastward from the Hall to Luthburne Lane. This measured,
within the walls, about forty feet in length, by twenty-eight in
breadth ; and, like the rest of the chambers, was in two stories.
As the division of these into smaller apartments was made
originally by partitions of planks only, and is now by partitions
of lath and plaster, it follows that changes have taken place,
to suit the wants of successive inhabitants, which make it
difificult to ascertain the original plan, notwithstanding the
details given by Josselin from College records then existing ^
[His account is as follows^ :
"John Kynne^ third Master (1379 — 1389), made an upper room
{solarhim) over the parlour (conclave) in the Master's Lodge, and plas-
tered the upper bedroom next the rafters. John Botwright, seventh
Master (1443 — 1474), caused the parlour and the lower bedrooms to be
panelled with linen panelling, ornamented with gilt knobs. He also
divided off a small study from the upper bedroom with a wooden par-
tition ; wooden partitions only being used between the bedrooms.
Posterity should ascribe the front part of the partition of linen
panelling {septum widulatum) in the parlour, to William Sowoode (1523
— 1544). This partition was continuous with the wall before the days
of Matthew Parker (1544 — 1553) '• but during his Mastership it was
made larger, so that it might extend farther into the parlour.
He it was who glazed the window nearest to the door into the
garden, and also the windows to the two larger bedrooms towards the
east, and the window of the small chamber to the east of the parlour.
^ The Masters sometimes encroached too much upon the College space, in order to
increase their accommodation. In 1623 it was ordered that one of the rooms appro-
priated to the Scholars, but made use of by the late Master, D"" Jegon, as a kitchen, as
well as the study adjoining the old library and belonging to one of the Fellows, should
be restored. (Masters, p. 138.) The .Statutes, as confirmed by the Visitors of Ed-
ward VI. and Elizabeth, assign to the Master " principalem mansionem cum horto
eidem annexo, cum stabulo pro equis suis, et aliis locis necessariis pro feno impo-
nendo." (Commiss. Docts. i. 451.)
•' [Josselin, § 25-§ 28.]
•* [This name is always spelt Kyrinc by Josselin.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. MASTER'S LODGE. 267
The great parlour had been provided with a wooden floor in the Master-
ship of Laurence Moptyd (1553 — 1557)'-
The aforesaid Matthew Parker erected at his own expense the
gallery (in two floors)" which joins the Master's Lodge. This he
decorated with glass and panelling, paved the ground-floor with tiles,
and made a flight of stone steps on the south side into the garden.
To increase the stability of the gallery, some i)osts were placed under it
in the AListership of John Por}-e (1557 — ^569).
Matthew Parker made the garrets^ over the Master's large chamber
on the first floor, together with the long room next to it and belonging
to it. He also plastered them, and panelled their ceilings with linen
panelling. Moreover he made and new glazed a wooden window, which
before was not unlike the stone window which looks into the court. He
also broke through the wall for the purpose of making a second wooden
window near the fireplace, where there had previously been none at all :
and when it was finished he ornamented it with clear glass. He also
glazed the two long windows in the long room next to the last, and
finished the walls of the same. Moreover he made a partition of linen
panelling at the entrance of that larger bedroom ; together with a door
and a window opening into the Hall, and two small windows, one at the
bottom of the staircase next the court, the other at the top of the stairs
next the garden. He also set up palings, and made a paved pathway
before the windows of the aforesaid parlour next the court."]
The parlour {conclave) mentioned in the above description
was on the ground-floor next to the College Hall, in the position
afterwards occupied by the entrance-hall of the Lodge. This
is proved by the mention of " the windows next the court ;"
which must have been the two that still remain, in their original
condition, on the ground-floor between the original door of
entrance and the corner of the court (figs. 4, 5). The parlour
had probably a mud floor, or at least a tiled floor, before the
more comfortable arrangement made by Laurence Moptyd.
The staircase which led to the first floor was placed trans-
versely against the wall of the Hall (as the plan (fig. i) shews),
and was in that position in the days of Matthew Parker, as
we learn from the above record respecting the windows that
he made at the top and bottom of the stairs. In the simple
arrangements of antiquity the door of entrance of the Lodge
would open immediately into the great Parlour, or be protected
solely by an inner portal, or square inclosure with a second or
^ [The name is spelt Maptit by Josselin.]
- [The words thus translated are "ambulacrum superius et inferius.""]
3 It will be remembered that at this time garrets were in course of construction
over the whole of the chambers in the College.
268
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
inner door. The staircase also would be placed within the
apartment. But in later times the door and the stairs would
be cut off together by a transverse partition so as to form an en-
trance-hall between the Parlour and the College Hall, into
which Parker made a door (P, fig. i) and a window. The latter
was probably on the first floor. Perhaps the partition of linen
panel-work, which Parker's predecessor, Sowoode, made in the
anterior part of the Parlour was intended to serve the purpose of
an entrance-hall.
The room over the parlour, ''solarium'''' (fig. 7), which was fitted
up by John Kynne (i379— 1389).
became the Master's " drawing-
room " in more modern times, and,
in 1667, was enlarged, wainscoted,
and fitted up, according to the
direction of Dr Spencer (Master,
1667 — 1693"). It is now used as
a College chamber, but still retains
these fittings, and has the peculiar
Venetian window of that period
looking into the court (figs. 4, 5,
A, fig. 7)1 The portion of this floor
to the east of the " solarium " was
divided into two or more "cubicula"
or chambers. A window in three
lights with perpendicular tracery in the east gable is still to be
seen in the lane (B, fig. 7, fig. 8), although partly blocked up
within by the changes of distribution in this portion of the floor,
which probably took place at the beginning of the seventeenth
CO LLE&£ HALL
\0 5, 0 iO 30 30
rH-rri^T.-vi I I I
Fig. 7. Plan of first floor of old Lodge,
drawn and measured by Prof. Willis.
^ In this record, probably literally copied by Josselin from an ancient benefactors'
roll, the word solarium is employed in its fourteenth century sense of the first floor
chamber above the selarium or ground floor chamber. We have seen that Josselin
uses the same word for the garrets which in his own century were added above the
ancient solaria.
^ By his Will, dated 20 April, 1693, he bequeathed "the Furniture of the Parlour
and Lobby (before the little East-Chamber abutting upon the School-Lane) to the
Lodge." Masters, 167.
•' [This is the "wooden window" referred to in the extracts from Josselin recording
Parker's work on the Lodge. Prof. WiUis speaks of it in a note as, ''shewn in
Loggan: should be preserved as Matthew Parker'' s window.'']
III.] HISTORY OK TIIK BUILDINGS. MASTER'S LODGE. 269
century. This window must have belonged to a large room, but a
transverse partition and chimney-stack are now placed within nine
feet of the eastern gable that contains it ; and the space between
this partition and Dr Spencer's drawing-room is occupied by a
room eighteen feet in breadth, which was employed down to 1823
Fig. 8. East gable of the old Lodge from Free School I.ane, now the entrance to the Kitchen.
as the Master's dining-room, and as an audit-room for College
business. The old Library-chamber on the east side of the court
was appropriated to the Master about 1618 (as Masters relates),
" lest the Society, when assembled upon business in the Dining-
2/0 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Room, should be overheard' ;" a precaution which shews that the
Dining-room must have extended at that time up to the wall
separating the Library from the Lodge.
A peculiar style of panelling, " /ignis nndiUatis^' that is,
with undulated or wavy woodwork, is frequently mentioned by
Josselin as employed in the Lodge, and also in the old
Library, The words probably denote what is now termed
" linen panels," and they have been so translated ; but they may
also apply to the simpler form of wooden partition by upright
planks bevelled sideways so as to leave a vertical ridge in the
centre, a construction much used for doors. All this class of
panelling has, so far as I know, disappeared from the College.
The present wainscoting of the old Library chamber is
Jacobean.
Archbishop Parker's principal work at the Lodge, the
gallery, was destroyed when the new court was built ; but Ham-
mond's plan (fig. 3), Loggan's print (fig. 4), and the ground-
plan preserved in the College^ which has been here reproduced
(fig, i), shew that it projected southward from the western
part of the Lodge, and that it extended to the Chapel ^ a
length of seventy feet, which is nearly the same as that of
the old gallery at Trinity Hall, and ten feet less than the
gallery at Queens' College. Like the latter it was manifestly
built of timber, overhanging its lower story, which was probably
of brick, so that its breadth cannot be ascertained from the
plan. It had a large projecting semi-octagonal oriel on the
east side near the old Lodge, and was of course entered from
the first floor of the latter. The posts added during the
Mastership of John Porey were probably under this oriel, judging
from the similar additions made under the oriels to the gallery
at Queens', the projections of which had proved too bold for
the corbelling on which they rested.
1 Masters, ed. Lamb, 160. D'' Lamb notes that after the removal of the Lodge to
its present site this chamber was by College Order, dated Jan. 24, 1828, appropriated
to the Master's scholar on D"" Spencer's foundation.
^ [This was made by Mr Watford, Surveyor, previous to the building of the new
Court in 1823.]
^ The Chapel was erected after the gallery, and in contact with its southern
extremity. [See Cole's description, quoted in the fifth chapter.]
in.] HISTORY OF THE BUILDINGS. MASTER'S LODGE. 2/1
Carter's brief notice of the old Lodge is worth quoting :
" Tlie Master's Lodge is not very spacious, yet hath many good
Apartments (especially the long Gallery), with a pretty flower Garden.''
As this ancient Lodge, notwithstanding the various altera-
tions it had undergone, was a confined and inconvenient family
residence, the architect of the new court was instructed to
include in it a complete Master's Lodge, adapted to modern
habits. Upon its completion the ancient Lodge was divided into
chambers, and the ground floor converted into offices connected
with the College Kitchen. The first floor, by introducing a
partition so as to separate off a small portion on the north side
of the old dining-room, was converted into two sets of chambers,
with others in the garrets above. These chambers are reached
by means of a new staircase on the south side of the old Lodge,
which is entered at the north end of the east side of the new
court (fig. I, S). The entrance from the old quadrangle is now
no longer used. The front of the new Lodge occupies the
portion of the east side of the court which lies south of the
Chapel, and has its garden in the south-east angle of the College
ground. It is a commodious and handsome modern house, and
needs no other description.
CHAPTER IV.
Old Chapel ; or Church of S. Benedict.
The advowson of the Church of S. Benedict, which had been
erected in Luthborne Lane long before Colleges were thought
of, was formally conveyed by the united Gilds of Corpus Christi
and S. Mary to the College on S. Benedict's day (March 21)
1353^- The Gilds had acquired it from Sir John d' Argentine,
and had used it for the public religious exercises of the frater-
^ [Corpus Christi College Treasury, Drawer 31, No. 171. The conveyance is printed
in the notes to Josselin, § 3. Permission to assign the Church to the College had been
given in the Patent of Edward III., dated 7 Nov. 1352. Commiss. Docts. ii. 445.]
272
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
nity\ In consequence, the first statutes which the Alderman
and brethren of the united gilds drew up for their scholars
direct they are to meet in it for daily service". The more
complete body of statutes confirmed in I356'^ direct that they
Fig. 9. Tower of the Church of S. Benedict.
' [The Church had once belonged to the Monastery of S. Allian's. Jossehn, ^ 3.
Masters, p. 13, and note. The conveyance to the Gild has been preserved by Cole
(Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. 5807). It is in French, dated 10 October, 24Edw. III. (1351),
from ' johan Dargentein ' to Guy de Sender, Henry de Tangmer, and others,
probably officers of the Gild. The advowson was held as part of the dowry of Agnes
'de ma heritage,' wife of Johan de Mautravers, Chevalier, with remainder to Johan
Dargentein. The conveyance is accompanied by a release from the lady's husband,
also in French.]
'■^ [Josselin, ^ 4-]
■■' Josselin, § 5.
IV.] ULD CllAl'EL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT. 273
arc to use the Churches of S. Benedict and S. l^otulph indif-
ferently: but after the sale of the latter to Queens' College in
1460', S. Benedict's was used as the sole Chapel of the College,
just as S. Mary's the Less was used by Peterhouse, until a
separate one was built in the 16"' century, as will be narrated in
the next chapter.
[Hardly a fragment of this early church of S. Benedict re-
mains except the square west tower, of which the two upper
stages, and part of the lower stage, are here represented (fig. 9).
It is probably the oldest building left standing in Cambridge,
and is a very good specimen of the structures which were the
forerunners of what is now called " Norman " architecture ".
The walls of this tower are about three feet thick, con-
structed throughout of rough stone-work, and strengthened at
the quoins externally by thin blocks of hewn stone laid flat and
set up on their ends in regular alternate courses. As the upright
stones are of considerable length in proportion to the others, the
name of " long and short work " has been given to the arrange-
ment. The semigroove or "rebate" which is cut longitudinally
along the inner and irregular edge of several of these quoins was
no doubt provided to receive the coat of rough-cast with which
the tower was originally finished. This rough-cast, which con-
cealed and protected the rubble-work, was unfortunately torn
down in the course of the year 1840, and the tower has conse-
quently lost one of its characteristic features '^
It consists of three stories, the lowest of which takes up about
one half of the whole building, and is finished by a projecting
square string-course of the plainest kind. This ground story
has been pulled about in various ways, and spoiled by the
^ [The deed, printed in Searle's History, p. 67, is dated 12 January 38 Hen. VI.]
^ [The following account has been drawn up from notes, measurements, and draw-
ings made, often in company with Prof. Willis, during the various alterations that have
taken place of late years in the church, by my friend the Rev. D.J. .Stewart, M.A.,
of Trinity College ; my obligations to whom have been already acknowledged in the
Preface. For descriptions of the tower, see "Further Observations on the Ecclesias-
tical Architecture of France and England," by Thomas Rickman, Archa-ologia, xxvi.
26: and "On the Tower of S. Benedict's Church, Caml)ridge,"by Matthew Holbeche
Bloxam, in Transactions of the Cambridge Camden Society, 4", 1841.]
•* [This was begun by M'' Rickman in 1833, who "had permission from D'' Lamb,
Master of Corpus Christi College, to remove so much plaster as sliould settle the con-
struction of the tower." L. c. p. 39.]
VOL. I. 18
274
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[CHAP.
addition of doors and windows. An inserted door arch, which
is still to be seen in the south wall (s, fig. i), is probably the
remains of some extension of the fabric of the church which
took place in the 14th century, and as the north wall has been
broken through in a similar way (ibid. /), we may conclude that
the tower was once used as a passage between different parts of
the church. The second story is somewhat smaller than the lower
one on which it stands, and is separated from the third story by
another rude string-course. The latter story has not been much
meddled with. In the middle
of each of the four sides there
is a window divided by a central
baluster ornamented with a band
of rudely carved rings, standing
in the middle of the thickness of
the wall, and supporting a large
stone, or flat abacus, which ex-
tends completely through the
wall, and from which spring two
semicircular window-heads cut
out of a single stone (fig. 9). The
two jambs are finished like the
quoins of the tower, and rest on
the string-course which separates
the third story from the second.
On each side of this central
window there is a small one of
the plainest kind with a semi-
circular head, wrought out of a
single stone. These small windows do not range with the
middle one ; their cills do not come down to the string-course,
their heads are higher, and above each, with a single exception,
there is a small block of stone, whose length is about twice its
width, pierced through with a round hole. The curve of the
stone head of each of those in the north wall, and of the one
head which is left in the east wall, is interrupted at the highest
point of the soffit by a small circular projection or " torus," the
outer end of which is carved. This characteristic decoration,
which when looked at from the churchyard has the appearance
Fig. 10. Tower Arch of the Church
of S. Benedict, looking westward.
IV.] OLD CHAPEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT. 2/5
of a pendent knob, has been knocked off the heads of the cor-
responding; windows in the west and south walls. The letters
and figures R 1586 P are cut on the face of the south window-
head in the west wall. A narrow strip of stone is laid from
the top of the central window-head to the cojoing or string-
course which finishes the tower, and may have been intended
as a support to the rough-cast which was originally applied to
the wall.
Like other towers built in these early times, this one has no
staircase. Three floors have been added inside for the usual
purpose of hanging and ringing bells.
The tower is connected with the body of the church by an
open archway in the east wall (fig. 10). This arch may be said to
consist of two orders of molds abutting on a banded impost.
The soffit order is composed of thin voussoirs of difterent
thickness, but all as long as the wall is thick, and without any
edge molding ; the second or outer order is made up of three
moldings of the plainest kind, namely a "bowtell" or "torus" of
about five inches in diameter, a kind of "casement" or "scotia"
rather less in size, and last of all the plain square-edged
molding, with a width of five inches and a projection of two
from the face of the wall, which almost always appears in very
early masonry. This outer order is interrupted on the east face
of the arch by a rude carving of some animal which is part of
the impost ; but it reappears below the impost, runs down the
jambs of the piers, and terminates on a plain square block. The
rude moldings of the impost are very like enlargements of those
found on the capitals of the chapel in the White Tower of
London, and are arranged so as to form a capital to each
member of the outer order of the arch-mold.
The body of the church, as it appeared a few years ago, is
supposed to have been built during the 13th century, not from
any documentary evidence, but from the style of the bases and
capitals of the pier-arches.
The earlier church, of which the west tower was a portion,
was supposed to have been entirely destroyed ; but some parts
of it were found in the year 1853, when the parish determined
to build a " new north aisle, and to place it a little further to
the west by diverting a projection which turned out to be part of
18—2
276 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
a screen'." Mr Raphael Brandon, the architect employed by the
parish to- make this change in the church, pulled down the aisle
which was then in existence on the north side of it, and when the
east and west walls were cleared away it was found that they had
been built up against the older work of the first church without
any bond. At the two points a and b on the plan (fig. i) quoins
of the same kind as those used in the tower, and fragments of
wall with the original rough-cast still adhering to them, were
uncovered. These discoveries shewed that the first church had
been probably built without side aisles, and that its length was
equal to twice its width exclusive of the area of the tower. The
walls pulled down stood in part on foundations of an earlier
date, which were extremely clear on the east and north sides.
In the ground plan of the church (fig. 1) the tower, and those
portions of wall that there is good reason for considering to be
coeval with it, are coloured of a deep black.
Mr Brandon wished to add a north aisle to the chancel, but
this proposal was fortunately set aside, and the fabric was
allowed to rest until the year 1872, when the parish was moved
to have a new south aisle and a new chancel for its church.
Mr Blomfield was the architect chosen to carry out this
second scheme, and by his direction those walls of the church
which Mr Brandon had not touched were pulled down, the roofs
of the central and south aisles destroyed, the flooring torn up,
and a new chancel-arch constructed. The works of these archi-
tects are distinguished on the plan by their respective dates'"*.
The bells which hang in the west tower are said to be " the
heaviest and most sonorous peal of six bells in Cambridge," and
were once used by the University as those of Great S. Mary's
are now, for which service the Senior Proctor used to pay at
Easter "yearly and every year" the sum of six shillings and
eightpence to the churchwardens I As some of the parishioners
^ [These words are a quotation from a lecture delivered by Prof. Willis before the
Archceological Institute at Cambridge, July, 1S54.]
^ [The church was re-opened, after Mr Blomfield's work, 25 June, 1874.]
^ [It is evident that these bells had been used for this purpose from the earliest times,
for in a document preserved in the Registry of the University (Hare, i. 28) dated 1273,
recording an adjustment of difficulties between the University and the Rector of the
Parish effected by the good offices of Bishop Hugh de Balsham, the Rector agrees to
allow the bell to be rung as usual for extraordinary congregations ("ad lectiones extra-
IV.] OLD CHAPEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT. 277
had long been anxious to hear once more the bells which had in
times past been thus connected with the formal proceedings
of the University, Mr Blomfield proposed to build a stone stair-
case in his new aisle against the south wall of the tower, and to
make an entrance into the belfry through the old rubble wall.
It was soon, however, found necessary to abandon this scheme.
About the year 1866 some threatening cracks had been
observed in the walls of the tower, and Mr R. R. Rowe, an
architect resident in Cambridge, was desired by the Rev. W.
Emery, Archdeacon of Ely, to examine the building, and to
report to him on its stability. His report, dated " 28th March,
1866," contains the following statement.
"The bells at S. Bene't's are too large for the tower, the
timber bell-framing has been fixed close to the walls and cut away in
ordinarias '"), provided that the customary gratification be paid : "quod suo pulsetur civili
et honesto modo...pro huiusmodi convocacionibus...sicut hactenus inibi fieri consuevit,
dum tamen clerico eiusdem ecclesie pro pulsacione huiusmodi more solito satisfiat."
This became afterwards an annual payment of ;C°- 6j. 8^. Many interesting entries
about the bells occur in the Proctors' Accounts. The following shew that the L^ni-
versity held itself bound to repair them.
1491 . " Willelmo Bayle carpentario pro emendacione campane sancti Benedict! xijd."
1 505- "Sol' Johanni Spenser gardiano ecclesie sancti Benedict! pro reparacione
campanarum ex mandato magistri vicecancellarii (sic quod non annuatim petat)
vjs. viijd."
In 1545 the following Grace was passed. "Ut Campana sancti Benedict! que
olim ad congregationes et reliqua achademie negocia pulsata fuit posthac rursum pro
solito stipendio annuo vjs. viijd. pulsetur." This seems to imply that the practice had
been for some reason discontinued.
The following curious receipt dated "Aprill 3, 1624" is preserved in the Registry
of the University, "Miscellanea," Vol. 8, No. 13.
"Receiued of m' Smith of Magdaline Colledg, senior Proctor for the yeare of
our Lord 1624, the sum of vj^ viij"*., which vj^ viij''. is yearly and euery yeare payd by
the senior proctor of the universitie to the Church wardens of the parish of S' Bennetts
in Cambridge whose names are heere under written, or to their certaine deputy, for the
use of the belles for ringing to y"^ schooles, att such times as neede shall require ; as to
acts, clearums, congregations, leclurs, disses, and such like, and is to be paid at Easter ;
for the payment wherof we the Churchwardens haue sett our hands the day and yeare
aboue saide : Aprill. 3 1624, and say rec : — vjs. viijd.
Richard PeUit j churchwardens."
James Wilkinson )
The latest notice of this kind that I have been able to find is dated May 31, 1655,
when the University gave 30J. "as a free gift" towards the repairing of the bells, they
being "now much out of frame and almost become useless." (Masters, ed. Lamb, 431.)
The inscriptions on the bells are given in the same place ; also in Le Keux, ed. Cooper,
iii. 246.]
278 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
parts to receive the bells. Therefore the framing, instead of being rigid
while the bells are in motion, is straining like a ship at sea in a storm,
and is mainly kept in position by the support it receives from the tower
walls ; the vibration of the bells and bell-framing is thus transferred to
the tower, which rocks very considerably during the ringing of a peal.
The mortar in which the wall-stones are imbedded is weak from age and
is gradually becoming disintegrated and pulverized between the stones
while they are in motion ; the tower has already cracked for nearly its
own height on each of its four sides ; plastering that has been but
recently laid upon the walls is also cracked ; loose stones and fragments
of mortar have fallen from the centre of the walls into the scaffolding
holes originally left in the interior; whence it is evident not only that the
tower contains its own elements of destruction but that their forces are
ever active, and that unless arrested at once they will eventually and
certainly reduce the tower into a heap of ruins The roof has only
one tie-beam, which being weak is supported at each end by a diagonal
strut running into the wall, and during gales of wind these struts are
brought into play and exercise an injurious thrust against the walls."
In order to save the tower Mr Rowe proposed to hang the
bells in a new framework independent of it and resting on
the ground, and that "strong wrought-iron bands be made to
encircle" the building. This advice was disregarded, but the
reproduction of Mr Rowe's report in 1872 put a stop to the
interference with the old walls which was proposed at that time.
As the ground was gradually cleared for carrying out Mr
Blomfield's plan, the remains of the original chancel were
brought to light. The east wall {dg) of the chancel which was
then pulled down was to a great extent coeval with the tower,
and had been merely faced inside with coarse plaster. When
this comparatively modern coating was stripped off, a square
almery or cupboard was found, formed in the thickness of the
wall, and with the rebate quite perfect in which its door had
been hung. This almery was not more than two feet from the
face of the south wall, and so low down that there was probably
no altar platform when it was built. The large stones of which
this cupboard was composed were broken up and used in the
new foundations. The north end (d) of this wall was a mere
jumble of original and added masonry, but the south end (g)
had never been disturbed, and when a trench was dug along it
outside the church to hold the concrete foundations of Mr Blom-
field's work, the wall of the College was found to have been
built against the south-east angle of the original chancel, as
IV.]
OLD CHAPEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT.
279
WALL OF COLLEGE
shewn in the drawing (fig. 11). This east wall of the chancel
was three feet thick, and built with larger blocks of stone than
those used in the tower ; but the trench dug was not deep
enough to shew how far the wall extended below the present
level of the churchyard.
The south wall (^f^) of the present chancel, with the remains
of the sedilia, stands on the original wall built with large blocks
of Barnack stone. One of the stones tied into the east wall
shewed inside the church a
clear face of 3 ft. 6 in. x
I ft. 10 in. The west end
Cf) of this wall had been
disturbed by the introduc-
tion of a staircase to the rood
loft ; but when a breach was
made, at (c), for a new en-
trance to the room (A) now
used as a vestry, the wall (cf)
was found to be an original
one, whose solid masonry had
been only partially disturbed
by the workmen who built
the gallery between the Col-
lege and the church in the
15th century. The north end
(e), against which the pier of
the chancel arch abuts, is built
of large blocks of roughly
Fig. II. South-east angle of the Chancel, ^ (fig. i),
with the adjacent wall of the College, reduced
from a measured drawing made on the spot in
1872, by the Rev. D. J. Stewart. Scale, one
quarter of an inch to one foot.
hewn Barnack stone, and in the newer part of the wall connected
with the staircase to the chambers of the College, similar blocks,
fragments of the old wall, have been used over again.
When the panelling which had been set up against this wall
in the last century was removed, the ruins of a double piscina
were discovered near the eastern end, with those of an ogee-arch
under which there had once been sedilia a little to the west of
it ; together with a door, blocked, which had once led into the
vestry. Above there were two windows, of earlier work, Avhich
had probably been blocked when the College buildings were
erected against them at the end of the fifteenth century. The
28o
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
piscina and sedilia were perhaps erected at that time, for the
arch over the sedilia is built across the lower part of the eastern-
most window. Between, and slightly above, these windows,
there is a third, more modern, which once opened into the
College building. These architectural fragments have all been
carefully preserved.
When the north-east pier of the nave was laid bare by the
destruction of the north wall of the chancel, its eastern face
(Ji) was found to be part of the first church, with the original
rough-cast undisturbed, and quoins formed of blocks of stone
laid without the precise regu-
larity observed in the tower,
and of larger size (fig. 12).
This wall had been built on
a footing of Barnack stone,
and was joined at right angles
by the remains of a coeval
wall ijik), which represented
the north wall of the origi-
nal chancel. This original
east arm of the church was
separated from the body by
an opening which may have
corresponded in style with
that which is still preserved
in the east wall of the tower
(fig. 10), for the remains of
the simple bases of the piers
were found in their original
position. Immediately above
them stood fraements of a
at the north chancel pier, reduced from a mea-
sured drawing made on the spot in 1872, by the
Rev. D. J. Stewart. Scale, one quarter of an
inch to one foot.
much later pattern, which may ^'S- "2- North-east angle of the nave of the origi-
nal Church, shewing the "quoins" at b (fig. li
have been put there in the
13th or 14th century, and on
the top of these was the ruder
work of the chancel set aside
by Mr Blomfield, in which were concealed some fragments of
a stone screen which have been spared. The walls of the church
had been finished inside with a coating of fine plaster, on which
IV.] OLD ClIArEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT. 28l
various patterns of diaper had been painted, as may still be
seen near the north chancel-pier.
When the floor of the nave was taken up in 1872 faint
traces of the foundation of a south side-aisle wall were seen. A
distinct line of disintegrated mortar represented the outer wall
of an aisle with a width of ten feet corresponding to the indi-
cations of old foundations observed in 1853 on the north side
of the church. The solid wall {ef) must have been the eastern
boundary of this aisle, if it ever existed, but the termination
of these side-aisles westward must be supplied from conjecture.
Any attempt to lay down a plan of the first church from
fragmentary evidence of this kind must be to a great extent
pure guess-work ; but it is quite possible that although the old
church in Luthborne lane was built originally without side-aisles
they were very soon added to it. The traces of old foundations
give at any rate a certain plausibility to such an assumption.
The masonry of the east end of the structure was so much
more massive than that of the west end as to suggest that
the plan of the church may have grown even in the hands of
those who began it, and the existence of the old wall {cf) is
certainly favourable to this theory, for if side-aisles had not
existed it is not easy to see why this wall was built.
The dotted lines on the plan represent the positions of
old foundations which have been observed at various times,
and it is a curious coincidence that the dimensions of this plan,
which has been laid down entirely from structural remains, turn
out to be multiples of five, a peculiarity which is common in
very early buildings. The measures are as follows :
Chancel 5 feet x 3 feet = 15 feet width.
5 ,, X 4 ,, - 20 „ length.
Side-aisles 5 „ x 2 ,, =10 ., width.
5 .. X II „ =55 ,, length.
Tower 5 .. < 4 ., - 20 ,, scjuare (externally).
Having thus attempted to reconstruct the early church, we
will proceed to collect the few facts that can be recovered re-
lating to its history. On the 6th of June, 1452, the following
contract for a new roof to the nave of the church was made with
Nicholas Tofts of Reche in the county of Cambridge.
282 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CPL\P.
" This indenture made the vj^'^ day of the monyth of Junij the yere of
the reygn of kyng herry the sext after the conquest the xxx''^'= bytwene
Thomas Byrd and Thomas Wrangyll otherwyse called Thomas Richard-
esson Cherghe Revys of the Parysshe of seynt Benettys of Cambrigg
on the on partye, And Nicholas Toftys of Reche in the shire of Cam-
brigg Carpentere on the other partye wittenessith that the seyd Nicholas
shamake newe a roofe to the cherche of seynt Bennettys A . foreseyd.
First .iiij. principal Bemys with braces and pendaunttes xvj"*=- inche
in depthe atte the crest and . xiiij . inche atte the endys And in brede ij
of the Bemys shalbe . xij . inche inbowed with lozinggys And the other
. ij . Bemys the whiche be called end Bemys shalhaue the same depthe
and .viij. inche in brede Also the said Roofe shalhaue a crest tre
thorowhe, in depthe xvj"*^- inche, conueniently wrowht accordyng to the
Bemys.
Item iij sengulere Principalis in werkyng in inbowyng and in
Scantlyon accordyng to the Principalis with somere trees conuenient
vnto the werk. Also Jowpyes xvj."^- inche in brede with a Batylment
by nethe with a Crest above and a Casement fulfyllyng to the werk.
Also the sparres to same RoofFe shalbe .viij. inche in brede and .vj.
in Thyknesse and .viij. inche be twene euery sparre.
Also the selyng boord by twene euery sparre shalbe quartere borde
an inche thyk clene planed, and the sparres shalbe planed also.
Item atte euery joynt of the Crest tre atte the Principalis and
sengulers shalbe halff Angells.
Also atte euery joynt of the somere trees shalhaue a boos.
Item atte euery end of the pendaunt shalbe a angell.
Item atte euery end of the sengulers atte the Jowpye shalbe an Angel.
In witnesse were of the partyes a . forseyd to theis present indenturys
there selys iche to othere hath putt. Yeuyn the day yere and place
before seyd etc."
Documents of this nature are so interesting in themselves,
and so few of them have been preserved, that we will attempt to
interpret this one in detail.
The length of the nave of S. Benedict's was about 37 feet,
consequently it would be divided into three severies, each about
12 feet wide, by the four principal beams (A, B, C, D, fig. 13). Two
of these (ibid. A, D) are to abut against the east and west walls,
whence they are called "end-bemys." They are each to be
16 inches broad at the upper end {ab, fig. 14), and 14 inches
broad at the lower end (ibid. cd). Each is to be " inbowed," or
curved, and the outer surface ornamented with lozenges. The
two inner beams (B, C, fig. 13) are to be twelve inches broad,
the two terminal ones (ibid. A, D) eight inches broad. All
are to have braces (ibid. I, K) and pendants, terminating in
angels. The crest tree, or ridge-piece, is to be " thorowhe," that
IV.]
OLD CIIArEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT.
283
is, it is to extend from one end of the church to the other. It is
to be sixteen inches in depth, and was probably " inbowed " be-
tween the principals, as this member of a roof often was, though
the contract contains no directions on that point (fig. 13). At
the points where the principals meet it "a half-angel" is to be
placed, which has been interpreted to mean half an angel's face
with one wing fitted into each of the angles (fig. 14).
Fig. 13. Elevation of the roof, according to the contract, 1452.
Between the principal rafters, shorter beams called "scn-
gulere principalis'" (L, M, N, fig. 13, fig. 15), in all respects
similar to the principals, are to be placed. Each of these
is to have a "jowp)-," that is, a "jaw-piece" or triangular
piece of wood iabc, fig. 15), sixteen inches broad, interposed
between itself and the spars forming the roof (ibid. dc). More-
over each is to be finished "with a Batylment by nethe with
a Crest above and a Casement fulfyllyng to the werk," and
to terminate like the others, with an angel ; that is, the angel
1 [After this interpretation had been worked out by Mr Stewart, a copy of the
contract was found among Prof. Willis' papers, on the margin of which he had made
a sketch of the roof, which shewed that he held the same opinion respecting the
meaning of these words as that given above. ]
284
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
is to be combined with a corbel, of which the leading idea is a
battlement finished by a crest above, and below, by a hollow
Fig. 14. Elevation of one of the "principal bemys," with the " pendaunte."
mold known to mediaeval carpen-
ters and masons as a " casement."
There is to be also a " sommer "
(OP, fig. 13) "conuenient vnto
the werk," and at all the points
where the rafters intersect it (Q,
fig. 13), a boss is to be placed.
The spars are to be eight
inches broad, and six inches
thick, planed, with an interval of
eight inches between each pair,
which is to be filled in with ceil-
ing-board one inch thick.
The dimensions given above
Fig. 15. Elevation of part of one of the
" singular principals."
IV.] OLD CHAPEL, OR, CHURCH OF S. BENEDICT. 285
make up the required length of 37 feet, as nearly as mediaeval
documents usually record measures, in the followintj manner :
ft. in.
Two end-principals, each eight inches broad - -14
Two principals and three singular principals, each
twelve inches broad - - - - - -50
Six spaces, each containing three sjjars and four
intervals (24 + 32 = 56 inches X 6) - - - 28 o
34 4
Cole, writing Sept. 3, 1744, has left a rough pen-and-ink
sketch of the exterior, as it then appeared. It shews a small
leaden spire on the top of the Tower. He records that it was
" all in very good Repair, both within and without side, especially y*^
last, it having been within these few years entirely beautified, in y"^ true
meaning of y'^ Word. ...An elegant Screen of modern Workmanship
separates y^ Nave from y'^ Chancel: over w"^^ are y^ Royal Arms
curiously painted, w"" Fear God, Hojiour y' King, under them; on each
side ag*' y*" side Walls in y*^ Nave are fixed two very fine Frames, gilt
and otherwise adorn'd, w'^ a List of Benefactions to y*^ Parish ..There
are only 2 stone Pillars on each side to separate y*^ Nave from y"^
side Isles: y*^ modern elegant Pulpit of fine inlaid Work stands ag^'
y*^ i^' on y'^ S. side: and y^ beautifuU new Font of white Marble, on a
Step of black Marble inlaid w'^ Freestone, stands at y'^ bottom of y*"
S. Isle ag''' y*^ Wall in a Place where a Door used to go to Benet
College, now filled up. The Pavement of y^ whole middle Isle is new,
of free Stone: from y'^ middle of y"^ handsom oak Roof adorn'd w'"^
carv'd work and gilt, hangs an elegant Brass Branch by an Iron Rod,
gilt and otherways decorated w'^ Iron work: on y^ to[) of y"^ said
Branch is a Mitre, and at y*^ bottom of it this wrote: "The Gift of
William Bacon Vintner 1725'.'
The "elegant Screen" had been removed before Le Keux's
print, taken in 1847, was executed. At that time the church
was filled with high pues set up by subscription in 1732, and the
Tower arch was blocked by an Organ-Gallery ; arrangements
which subsisted until the alterations described above.]
The members of the College appear to have been content to
use the church of S. Benedict as their Chapel until the Master-
ship of D'' Co.syn (1487 — 15 15). He erected a chapel on the
south side of the chancel, and joined it to the College by a range
of building carrying a gallery or passage on the first floor, at a
1 [MSS. Cole, vi. 49. Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. 5807. J
286 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
cost of ^170. ys. yi. ; except the glazing of the south and west
windows, which was paid for by other benefactors.
[These works are thus described by JosseHn :
'• The Chapel next the Parish Choir, the small gallery adjoining it,
the Chapel with a vaulted gallery, and the vestibule beneath it, were
built at the expense of Thomas Cosyn, Master; he also panelled the
inner chapel and placed in it the desks and books which are still there,
the works namely of Chrysostom, Nicholas de Lyra, Cardinal Hugo, and
Pliny. The cost of all these works attained the sum of ;^i7o. 7X. 3^.
Moreover the students having become so numerous that they could not
all find sitting-room in the private Chapel, where they are in the habit
of attending private prayers, lectures, and acts, in this very year, 1569,
a part of the wall which separates the Chapel from the external gallery
has been pulled down to enlarge the place for the aforesaid purpose,
and enable them to hear better'."
These rooms will be most easily identified, and their arrange-
ment best understood, by the section (fig. 16), which has been
drawn along the dotted line in the plan (fig. i). The "Chapel
next the parish Choir" is the ground-floor room (A), approached
from above by a turret staircase (ce). It originally communicated
with the choir by a door {a) at O, fig. i, and with a narrow room
(B), the "gallery adjoining," or "parvum avibnlatoinnm adiacens','
by a second door (/) at R, fig. i. The south wall of this room is
in its original condition, and there clearly was never any entrance
through it from the College. The archway (C), once vaulted, was
the original church-way for the parishioners when the porch was
on the south side of the church, as Hammond's plan (fig. 3)
shewsl Above the chapel on the ground floor (A) there was
a second or upper chapel (E) of the same size, approached from
the College by a long narrow gallery (D). This upper chapel
^ Josselin, § 19. "Excepto etiam sacello parochiali choro proximo, et parvo ambu-
latorio adiacenti, et sacello cum testudine, et atrio sub eodem ; que quidem constructa
sunt sumptibus et expensis Thome Cosyn magistri etc. ; cum tabulatione interioris
sacelli, cum pluteis et libris qui nunc iljidem sunt, operil^us viz. Chrisostomi, Lyrani,
Hugonis Cardinalis, et Plinii. Que omnia sic perfecta pertigerant ad summam
centum septuaginta lil^rarum septem solidorum ac trium denariorum." Ibid. § 73.
"Et quum numerosior iam turlsa studentium fuerit quam vt omnes in priuato sacello
locari et sedere poterint (ubi priuatis precibus problematibus et disputationibus interesse
Solent) vt commodius auscultare valeant hoc etiam anno pars illius muri qui sacellum
ab exteriori ambulatorio diuiserat diruta est, vt locus in predictum finem augeatur."
- [Cole, I.e., 55, speaks of "this very old Arch, w"* a stone Roof to it," as
though the roof was still in existence when he wrote. ]
IV.] OLD CIIAl'EL AND GALLERY, HUILT 1 487 — 1515. 287
must be the room that JosseHn calls " interinsl' or, '" priuatnm
sacclluiii ;" and the alteration mentioned by him consisted in
making the opening (^) from the gallery as wide as the whole
distance between the side walls \ By this means those who sat
at the north end of the gallery {^^ ambulatorium extcrius" or
"' testudo'') would be able to see and hear what was going on
inside the chapel, which seems to have been used as a Lecture
ig. 16. Section of the buildings between the College and S. Benedict's Church, looking west,
along a line drawn from north to south.
A. Chapel next the parish Choir.
B. Lower Galler>'.
C Archway into the Churchyard.
D. Upper Gallery.
E. Upper Chapel.
F. Chancel of the Parish Chiirch.
((. Door into the Choir.
d. Door from the College into the Gallery.
ee. Stair from the upper Gallery to the lower
Chapel.
f. Door leading into the lower Gallery from
the lower Chapel.
g. Door from the upper Gallery into the
upper Chapel, made larger 1569.
Room, as well as for devotional purposes. In the noj-th wall
there was originally a window looking into the church. The
remains of this were to be seen in Cole's time, who says :
" In y^ S. Wall [of the Chancel] above y^ Wainscote, w'^^ has a Door"
also in y"^ Place, is an Hole, now stop'd up, for a Window into a Gallery
of Corpus Christi College, w*^^ joyns to it by this Peice of a Building."'
' [This was opened out, and the modern ceiling removed from the gallery (D) by
the occupier of the room, the Rev. S. S. Lewis, M.A., Fellow, m 1878.]
- [This door was in the wainscot which concealed the ogee-arch over the sedilia.]
288
CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
The upper chapel still retains its high-pitched roof, masked
internally by a modern ceiling. The west window has been
blocked, but the hood-mold still remains. The east window
has been replaced by a modern sash, and a window that once
existed on the south side has been entirely removed. The east
\y
Fig. 17. West side of the Archway leading into the Churchyard of S. Benedict, and of the Gallery
connecting the College with the Church.
window of the lower chapel has also been modernised. When
Cole wrote, it was used as the Archdeacon's Court, and also as a
vestry, although one had been fitted up at the west end of the
south aisle'. It is now used as a vestry and Sunday-school room.]
The gallery building (of red brick, the College being of uncoursed
rubble) is a picturesque remnant of good perpendicular Avork.
A view of the west side is here given (fig. 17).
^ Cole speaks of "a neat Vestry, w"^'' is fitted up with proper Desks and Seat for
y" Archdeacon; it being his Court; y"^^ Vestry at y' W. end of the S. Lsle is a sort of
Lumber Room."
v.] HISTORY oi' rill': sI'-pauatI'; chapel. 289
CHAPTER V'.
IIlsroRV OF THE SEPARATE CHAPEE.
The erection of a separate Chapel within the walls of the
College was due to the munificence of Sir Nicholas Bacon,
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England. It was begun in
1579, after a plan agreed upon between him and the Society
during a visit that he had paid to Cambridge the year before.
The details are recorded in a formal agreement drawn up between
him and the College dated 24 January, 1578 — 79^ as follows :
" This indenture made the foure and twenteth daye of Januarie, in
the one and twentith yeare of the reigne of our sovereigne ladie Eliza-
beth... Betwene the right honorable Sir Nicholas Bacon, Knight,
Lorde Keeper of the greate Scale of Englande on thone partie, And the
Master and fellowes of the CoUedge of Corpus Christi and the Blessed
Virgin Marye in Cambridge commonlie called Bennett CoUedge on
thother partie, Witnessith ;
That wheare the saide Master and fellowes have most humblie and
earnestlie made suyte to the saide Sir Nicholas that it would please his
Lordshipp to erect and sett up within the saide CoUedge a Chaj^pell,
whiche shoulde conteyne in length within the walles threescore foote,
and in breadth within the walles twentie six foote, and of suche forme
and fashion as is prescribed in a platt hereunto annexed; the cause of
which suyte did growe and ryse by reason that there is in the saide
CoUedge never a convenient place for the companye of the saide howse
to repaire to devine service, nor to use the exercises of learninge that
by thorder of the same howse ought to be kept and observed, by reason
that the nomber of fellowes, schoUers, and studentes in the same
CoUedge be somuche encreased and dailie do encrease;
The saide Sir Nicholas, beinge in his yonger tyme. brought upp in
the saide CoUedge, and havinge founded there six SchoUershipps, uppon
consideracion of this their so necessarie and behovefuU a suyte hath
assented and agreed, for the better maintenance of Codes service and
for the better execution of all exercises of learninge, francklie and freelie
to give to the saide M"" and fellowes the some of two hundreth poundes
of good and lawfuU money of Englande for the performaunce of this
Woorke, whereof one hundreth poundes is paide to the saide M"" and
fellowes the dale of the date hereof, and the other hundreth poundes
the saide Sir Nicholas covenaunteth and grauntith for him his heirs and
Executours to and with the saide M'' and fellowes and their successours,
^ Masters, 208 — 212. All the historical facts here stated are derived from Masters,
but abridged where necessary. [The agreement, with the plan attached to it, is in
the College Treasury, Drawer 26, No. 11.]
VOL. E 19
290 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
to paie or cause to be paide to them... to the use abovesaide, as the
Woorke of the saide Chapi)ell shall goe forwardes.
In consideration whearof the said M"" and fellowes for them and
their successours do covenaunt and graunt to and with the saide Sir
Nicholas his heires and executours that they... shall and will builde,
erect, and perfectlie finishe,...a Chappell covered with tile or slate, with-
in the saide Colledge, of brick, lyme, sande, and stone, with suche Walles,
Roofes, Gables, Windowes, Buttrises and doores, and of suche biggnes,
length, widenes, and depth as is conteyned and set forth in the platt
hereunto annexed, before the feast of the Nativitie of John the Baptist
which shalbe in the yere of our Lorde God a thowsande fyve hundreth
and eightie."
Other benefactors followed his example, of whom one pro-
mised the stalls, another the ceiling, others a window ^ each.
The Queen sent 30 loads of timber, the Earl of Bedford 146
ton of stone from Thorney Abbey", and Mr Wendy ^ 182 loads
of the same from Barnwell Priory, besides what the College
^ [Blomefield, Collectanea, 150, gives particulars respecting these windows. One
on the north side was glazed by M"" Edward Lucas of London, with this inscription,
"Edward Lucas of London Gentleman made this Windowe 1582." The south
window nearest the east was made by Thomas Buttes of Great Ryburgh in Norfolk,
who appears to have been a member of this College, though he did not graduate. He
was son to Sir William Buttes, Physician to Hen. VHI. Blomefield's Norfolk,
iii. 840. In the window were his arms and the following acrostic on his name :
T he longer Lyfe that Man on Earthe enjoy es
H is God so much the more he doth offende ;
O ffendinge God no doubt Man's Soule destroyes ;
M ans Soule destroyed his Torments have no Ende,
A nd endless Tormentes Sinners must endure
S ith Synne God's Wrath agaynste us doth procure.
B eware therefore, O wretched sinfuU Wight
U se well thy Tongue, doo well, thinke not amysse,
T o God pray thou for Grace, 'tis his Delighte,
T hat thou mayest treade in alle the Pathes of Righte.
E mbrace thou Christe, and foUowe all his Waye
S o shalt thou reigne with him above for aye.
This version is in the main that of Cole, who says " Here was also I remember'd
a good deal of writing ; w* upon enquiry after I found at y'' Glasiers ; from whence I
redeem'd it, and with M"" Heton, one of y" Fellows of y^ College, at my Room made
out from several broken scraps y'^ following imperfect Verses." Blomefield gives a
slightly different version ; and Masters, App. No. 68, a third. He also gives two
other sets of verses, on Buttes' motto.]
^ [A Benedictine Abbey about 8 miles N.E. of Peterborough.]
3 [•]y/[r xhomas Wendy, son to D"" Wendy of Haslingfield, some time Physician to
King Henry VHI., was the lay-impropriator of the Priory. See "Some Account of
Barnwell Priory," by Marmaduke Prickett, M.A., 8vo. Camb. 1837.] Churches of
Cambridgeshire, 105.
v.] HISTORY OF THE SEPARATE CHAPEL. 29I
tenants at Landbcach and Wilbraham could brini^ in two days
with their teams from the same place, all of which was delivered
by Father Tibolds, one of the late monks there. The whole
charge of the building (exclusive of some gifts and of the
Scholars' labour, " who were oft employed in assisting the
Workmen, and allowed ' Exceedings ' for their pains"), amounted
to upwards of ^^650, of which £4SO was collected from friends
of the Society by the Master. [The contract with " Robert
Gardiner of Havarell in the county of Essex carpenter" for the
woodwork of the roof, floor, screen, seats, etc., is dated March 21,
1579. It enumerates all the pieces of wood that are to be used
in the roof and elsewhere ; and gives their dimensions with the
utmost minuteness. The whole is to be delivered "before August
20 next following." The stalls are to be made " in suche forme
and fashion as y'' seats in y^ chappie within S. John's College
nowe be made and there do stand within the said chappie ;" and
they are to have "a rising and falling seat," i.e. misereres. The
contract for the slating, with Ralph Woodward and John Scat-
liffe of Easton in Northamptonshire, slaters, is dated 24 October,
1579^-] The work seems to have gone on slowly, for though
the east window was glazed in 1583, and the Altar-furniture paid
for in 1584, the wainscoting and ceiling were not finished until
the Mastership of Dr Jegon (1602 — 17).
[It will be seen from the ground- plan (fig. i), and from
Loggan (fig. 4), that the Chapel was built as directed in the
" platt," which is still attached to the indenture preserved in
the College Treasury. The same plan shews two windows, each
of four lights, on the north side, and three similar windows on
the south side. The east window was of five lights ^ There
was also a west window, but the size is not recorded I The
general appearance of the interior, as it appeared at the begin-
1 [These two contracts are printed in the Aupendix, Nos. v. vi. The building-
accounts of the Chapel are in the College Treasury. They consist of a day-book
recording the wages of the workmen, etc. ; and a more succinct account audited and
signed by the Master and Fellows.]
- [A second plan, preserved in the College Lil)rary, Miscell. Letters and Papers,
No. 41, shews the east window of 7 lights.]
^ [We learn this from a passage in Cole's description of the Chapel: "In y<= Anti.
Chapel are two other Atchievements ag^' y® W. Wall, on either side of y" W.
Window ; that to y= S. and near y*" Door w'^'* leads up to y" old MS Library has these
Arms," etc.; and also from the print in Ackerniann, copied above (lig. 18).]
19 — 2
292
CORPUS CIIRISTI COLLEGE.
[chap.
ning of this century, is shewn by Ackermann {fig. 18). The
working- drawing of one of the windows still exists, in the Col-
lege Treasury, and shews the general accuracy of his drawing.
Sir Nicholas Bacon died within a month after the date of
the above document, on 20 Feb. 1578 — 79; but his benefactions
big. 18. Interior of the old Chapel of Corpus Christi College, destroyed by Wilkins, reduced from a
drawing by Westall in Ackermann's History.
were continued and augmented by his widow \ who gave in
addition 40 marks {£26. 1 3.5-. 4^.) towards the erection of a porch
on the north side. This, as the woodcut (fig. 19), enlarged from
Loggan ^, shews, was a handsome Jacobean composition. The
following extracts from the accounts^ give interesting particulars
respecting it. It was built in 1583 — 84.
^ [She was his second wife, Anne, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, Tutor to
Edward VI. She died 19 Sept. 1616.]
■^ [It illustrates a paper in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1826, p. 393.]
^ [The account for the porch was kept separate from the others. There is a copy
of it in the College Library (Miscell. Letters and Papers, No. 140) from which the
above has been in the main derived. It has been supplemented from the building-
accounts, the additions being distinguished by square brackets.]
v.]
HISTORY OF THE SEPARATE CHAHE
293
Fig. iq. Porch on the south side of the Chapel, erected by Lady Bacon, destroyed by Wilkins
" For y*^ Chappel dore of )•*= Lady Bacon, rec. xx''.
Bargained \v'^ John Martin fremason for his woorkmanshipe
of y<^ stone woorke of y'^ same accordinge to y'^ nowe
revised plat [w^^ y'^ amies and creastes]
Payd to Harwood of Eversden for iij tun of white stone at
4^'. 4d. a tun
It"' payd for 7 tun of frestone from y^ quarrye in Kings Cliffe
in Northamptonshire at 4^ y^ tunne at y^ pitt
It™ payd for y'^ cariage by cart of y^ sayd stone from y
quarrye vnto y^ waters side at Gunwoorth at 3^ y« tun
It"" for wharfage there at i'y/ y^ tun
It™ to Martin y*^ fremason for his labour viij dayes in travel-
ing to y<= (juarrye for to bye y^ sayd stone, & to helpe to
lode y^ same to y« carts, and goinge w'*^ them to y*^ waters-
side w^^ y^ sayd stone, at 14^/ a daye
It" payd to Edw. Buck of Marche in y*^ He of Elye Keleman
for cariage by water of y^ sayd "stone from Gunwell in
Northamptonshire vnto Jesus greene in Cambridge at
3* y^ tun
Itm ])ayd at London for Sussex marble
xnjj.
xxviijj-
xxij
xiiij^^/
ixx. nut/.
XX I jr.
XXJ\
294 CORPUS CIIRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Itm payd to a carrman for y^ cariage of yt fro Southwark
unto y*^ Bull in Bishops gate streat w]d
Itm payd to Cutche for his labour w'^ his horse and cart to
bringe from Goramburye to Cambridge the pece of tutch
stone w* my Ladye Bacon hath gyven vnto this woorke xxiiji-. my/
Itm payd for a sawe made of purpose to cutt y*^ sayd tutch
stone iiiji"
Itm payd for ye expenses of one [in riding] to London to
chuse and bye ye foresayd Sussex marble xvijj-. \\d
Itm for 2 tun of welden stone xs
Itm payd to Tho. Hobson ye cariar for cariage of y^ Sussex
marble from London to Cambridg [into y'^ Colledge, y'
weinge 8 C at 2^ y*= C in toto xvi^]
[Item for a great marble ston from Ely vj^- viijc/]
Item [p^^ to John Martin] for y*= working of a marble stone
for y*^ threshold of y^ dore ws
It for y^ paving [with freston ashler] before y^ dore xxxiiji- iiijc/
It [to Henry Rice] for paynting [and gilding] y^ amies [and
creastes] of y^ dore [with other parts thereof] \s
[Item to Parkes seruant for roughcasting and filling the
place behind the amies and Creast w*^*^ standeth highest xx^
Item for v claspes of yron to hold the stones together x^^] "
It may be conjectured that the Weldon oolite would be used
for the plinth, and general structure of the porch ; the Sussex
marble for the pillars ; the clunch for the ornamental scrolls
at the top ; and the " touch-stone," which perhaps was only a
piece of black marble, for the shields on which the coats-of-arms
were carved. In the centre were those of Sir Nicholas Bacon,
quartering- Ouaplode ; and on the tablet beneath, in gilt letters :
HONORATISS . DS . NICOLAVS BACON
CVSTOS MAGNI SIGILLI ANGLIvE
EXTRVXIT .
The shield on the right bore the same arms impaling Fcrnley,
his first wife, with the crests of Bacon and Fernley above ; the
shield on the left the same again, impaling Cooke, his second
wife, with the crests of Bacon and Cooke above. On the tablets
beneath the shields were the following inscriptions :
DOMINICA SALVTIS 1 578
REGNI ELIZABETH/E 21
ANNO ^TATIS SV^ 68
CANCELLA — RIATVS 21
v.] HISTORY OF THE SEPARATE CHAPEL. 295
The intrinsic beauty of this porch, and the historic interest
attaching to it, did not however avail to preserve it, or indeed
any portion of it, from destruction, when in 1823 Mr Wilkins
succeeded, not without difficulty, in persuading the Society to
authorize the destruction of their ancient Chapel]
Immediately after the Restoration, Dr Wilford being Master
(1661 — 1667), "a diligent search was made after the Conse-
cration of the Chapel," which was to have been performed
when several others were consecrated by Archbishop Laud about
1636^ But as no instrument of it could be found, the Bishop
of Ely performed the ceremony, Sep. 21, 1662". On this occa-
sion an organ was bought by the Master, and Dr Laurence
Womock (afterwards Bishop of S. David's) ; and the hangings
and rails about the Altar were put up ^ In 1694, a legacy of
;^50 from Dr Spencer (Master, 1667 — 1693) was laid out upon
a pavement*; and about 1742 a gift of £100 by Sir Jacob Astley
was bestowed, in the words of Masters ^
"upon a new Altar-piece and wainscotting the upper end, according
to a Plan of that ingenious Architect James Burrough Esq"", President of
Gonvile and Caius College. The windows were then entirely new
glazed, the Organ taken down, and the whole fitted up with great neat-
ness and elegance."
Other changes, and the general appearance of it at this time,
are described by Cole", whose account is dated August 27, 1744:
"For an Account of this antient College see y^ printed Books that
treat ab^ it... I purposing only to take an ace' of y^ pres' Antiquities in
y'^ Chappel, w* indeed are very few : y*^ College having quite new glased
and wainscoted y^ Chapel, and put a new and elegant Altar Peice of
carv'd Oak supported by two large Corinthian Pillars, and in y'^ middle
a Pannell of crimson Velvet in a gilt Frame: with new Rails, and on
^ Masters, 160.
2 [The Act of Consecration has been preserved by Cole (Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. 5808)
and by Baker, MSS. vi. 28. The Bishop states that the Chapel had been built 80
years before, and that it was the desire of the College "ab usibus quibuscunque
communibus et profanis prorsus separare, atque in vsus solummodo sacros ac divinos
consecrare et dedicare." These words imply that it had hitherto been the custom to
use the Chapel for other purposes than those of divine service.] "* Masters, 161.
■* [Cole says; "Several of y'^ Masters of this College have been buried in y"
Chapel ; but upon y^ new paving... their Monuments, if they had any, were removed..."]
^ Masters, 210.
^ [MSS. Cole, Parochial Antiq. of Caml)ridge.shire, vi. 20. Add. MSS. Mus.
Brit. 5807.]
296 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
two Steps : y^ old Altar Peice is removed to Wilbraham Church, belong-
ing to this College.
The Stalls are old, but y^ Wainscote above them all round y*^ N & S
and E sides of y^ Chapel is new : but y'^ Wainscote of y*^ W. Part is
old, w'^ 4 small Pillars between y^ 3 Stalls on each side of y*^ Door for
y<^ Master and 2 Fellows on one side, and y'= President and 2 others on
y*^ N. side;...y'= S. Door into y^ Antichapel...is a very handsome one
w'"^ Pillars and other Ornaments in Stone. . . . Proceed we now into y*^
Chapel: and i^' over y^ Door are 3 Coats of Arms carved in y'^ Wains-
cote: that nearest y'^ Master's Stall has 16 Quarterings for Manners
Duke of Rutland. -The 2'^ Coat belongs to y^ College, and is exactly
over y*^ Door in y'^ middle... On y"^ other side near y*^ President's
Stall is only one Coat... for Jegon, who was Master of y*^ College
I suppose when this Part of y*^ Chapel was wainscoted ; viz. y^ Latter
End of y^ 16'*^ or Beginning of y*^ ij^^ Century, for there was two Mas-
ters who succeded one another ofy*^ name of Jegon'.
Over these Arms about a year ago was a neat small Organ w'^'^ pro-
jected a little into y^ Chapel; which, at y^ new fitting up of y^ same, as
it had for some time been useless and out of repair, it was, by y*^ Society,
judg'd rather an Eyesore than an Ornament; for w'^'^ reason it was taken
quite away, and y'^ Place where it stood filled up : in y^ same manner a
very handsome brass Eagle w* stood in y*^ midst of y*^ Chapel and on
w'^'^ was used to be read y^ i^' and 2"'^ Lesson, as it stood in y*^ Way of
y*^ new Altar-peice, was within these few days removed entirely away
and laid up in a Lumber Placed In y^ N Wall by y*^ side of y" Altar is
a neat Stone projecting Window out of y*^ Master's Gallery^ for him to
overlook if he should not be at Chapel, or indisposed. The Chapel is
entirely paved w'"^ handsome Squares of freestone w''' small squares of
black Marble at y*^ Corners. The Windows are all new glased; & y*^
old Glass Coats of Arms w'^'^ formerly were in y^ Chapel, are all now
removed into y^ Hall.... On y^ Ceiling..., w'^'^ is very handsomly deco-
rated, are 4 large Sheilds in y*^ middle of it, w'^ ab' 38 Coats in each,
but being so high and fiU'd up with y^ Whitening, I could not easily
distinguish them particularly... The Antichapel is paved with free Stone
in Squares..."
The ceiling was flat, with pendants and intersecting curved
lines in plaster, after the manner of the ceiling in Nevile's
great room at Trinity Lodge, which was wrought about the
same time. The bosses of the pendants appear to have been
identical with those at Trinity, but the ribs from which they
' [Blomefield decides that they were the Arms of John Jegon, Master 1590 — 1602.]
* [This Eagle had been given by a Mr Hawshead of Malton. The following
extracts from the Accounts refer to it. Compare Masters, p. 209.
" For y" hire of 2 horses to ride to Malton to speak with Mr Hawshead
for y"^ Eagle xv'njt/.
Item to George the goldsmith for making v newe claws to the Eagle,
and for sothering on a pece of brass to the wing therof vj.v. vj//.'"]
v.] HISTORY OF THE SKPAKATE CHAPEL. 297
proceeded were curved downwards, so as to suspend them at
a considerable distance below the general level of the ceiling.
In Trinity Lodge the bosses are attached immediately to the
ceiling, which is coved at its junction with the side walls'.
When the New Court was built in 1823, the Fellows pro-
posed to retain this Chapel, extending it eastward. As the plan
shews, it would have projected some twenty feet into the New
Court at a distance of about eight feet to the south of the
centre — an eccentricity of position which would have given
occasion for a picturesque and characteristic effect in the hands
of a genuine mediaeval architect. Wilkins, however, was pos-
sessed with a spirit of symmetrical arrangement, and the historical
monument was sacrificed thereto. The present Chapel, the same
in dimensions as the old one, was built with its gable exactly
in the middle of the eastern range of chambers, and in tame
continuation of the line of wall on either side. [The original
stall-work was retained, except the canopies at the west end,
four of which are now in the hall of the Master's Lodge.
The fate of the rest is unknown. In 1870 the Chapel was
lengthened eastward, as far as the extent of the ground would
permit, under the direction of A. W. Blomfield, Esq., Architect.]
CHAPTER VI.
Plan.s for providing Additional Accommodation.
The New Court.
The foundation, in the reign of Elizabeth, of additional
Scholarships and Fellowships, with special chambers assigned
to those who held them, had completely filled the Old Court,
notwithstanding the additional space obtained by the construc-
tion of garrets, as described in the second chapter ; and the
College was therefore unable to accommodate any " external
students," as Josselin terms them, or as we should now say,
' [A portion of this ceiling is figured in the History of Trinity College.]
298 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAr.
" pensioners \" It has been already related how, in order to di-
minish this inconvenience to some slight extent, the Tennis-court
was fitted up in 1569, so as to contain six sets of rooms, after
which it was called "The Pensionary" (F, fig. 4), and in 1578, a
license to appropriate the Rectory of S. Benedict having been
granted by the Bishop of Ely, the Rectory House ^ which was
in contiguity with the north side of the quadrangle, was taken
into the College, and fitted up for chambers, and a Porter's
Lodge. In the petition from the College to the Bishop, pray-
ing him to grant the appropriation, it is alleged among other
reasons that certain buildings belonging to the Parish Church
are in contiguity with those belonging to the College, and are
exceedingly necessary for them ; that the deficiency of chambers
is so great that many students admitted to the College have to
be sent away again, and others who desire to come refused, to
the great disadvantage of the College ; for otherwise more persons
would have to be lodged in each chamber than can be safely
allowed, for fear of infectious disease, which at this time so fre-
quently breaks out in Cambridge ^
A new quadrangle had been contemplated as early as 1624,
as we learn from the magnanimous resolution of the Master
and Seniors in that year which has been already quoted in the
first chapter. Nothing however was done at that time, either in
the way of suggesting a plan, or of collecting subscriptions.
A ground-plan is prefixed to the history of the College by
the Rev. Robert Masters, of which the first part was published
in ^753- [This plan, however, had been drawn in December,
1747, and was probably circulated at that time, or shortly after-
wards, for in September 1748, James Essex set forth his claims
to be its real author by issuing the following advertisement,
dated " Cambridge, Sept. 20, 1748 ; "
^ Qosselin, § 73. "Ut magister et socii existentes grata recordatione prosequantur
aliquot exteros studiosos qui continuo in eo collegio versari cupianl."']
''' John Raysom, one of the first fellows appointed, afterwards Rector of S. Bene-
dict for 30 years, bequeathed this house to the College in 1382, for the use of his
successors in the Rectory. Masters, 31.
^ The documents relating to this appropriation are copied by Baker, M.SS. xxx. i6'2.
[The distribution of the chambers will be seen from a plan of the Old Court, preserved
in the College Libraiy (Miscell. Letters, etc., No. 13S), and printed to illustrate
the edition of Josselin referred to above.]
VI.] PLANS FOR ADDITIONAL ACCOMMODATION. 299
"'ProY>o^3\'^ for EngraTing and Printing by Subscription, A Perspec-
tive View and Geometrical Plan of an intended Addition to Corpus
Christi College in Cambridge; According to a Design made in December,
1747, for the Rev. Mr. Robert Masters, B.D. Fellow and Bursar of the
said College. By James Essex, Jim. of Cambridge^
Masters replied, Cambridge, Oct. 3, 1748:
" Whereas James Essex, jun. of this place has lately publish'd Pro-
posals for Engraving and Printing by Subscription at the Price of Two
Shillings and Six-pence, a Plan of an intended New Building in Corpus
Christi College, without the Consent or Approbation of the Society, and
likewise insinuated that it was of his Designing : This is to inform the
Publick, that the Original Draught of it by M"" Masters's own Hand,
with the several Alterations and Additions which have been since made,
may be seen by any one at his Chambers in the said College, and that
Essex was no otherwise employ'd therein than copying out his Design.
N.B. Mr. Afasters has already printed a sufficient Number for Presents
to his Friends, which was all he at first intended, but if Essex should
persist in his Scheme will think himself obliged to print more very soon,
which will be sold for One Shilling each."
On the very next day (Oct. 4), Essex challenged
"Mr Masters to produce the Plan and Elevation of his pretended
Design, with the Copy thereof, to publick View, so that they may be
compared; and the said Essex will not only make it appear that it is
his own Design, but that the said Mr Masters is incapable of making
such a one ; and that the Prints he has publish'd are incorrect Copies
of the rough Drawings made by the said Essex, which has been copy'd
without his Consent or Approbation."
Whether this challenge was accepted or not, we need not
inquire^ nor need this squabble detain us further. It is only
worth notice as shewing the way in which Essex was led to draw
his plan for a new College.
Masters' plan was guided by the principle which was subse-
quently adopted, namely, that as much of the old College as pos-
sible should be retained. The Hall was lengthened sixteen feet.
That portion of the Lodge which extended southward into the
garden was pulled down, but the new portion was connected by
a passage with the old, and the original entrance was still used.
The Chapel was retained, and its unsymmetrical position was
' [The next step in the controversy was the pubHcation of "Mr James Essex's
Letter to His Subscribers to the Plan and Elevation of An intended Addition to
Corpus Christi College in Cambridge," dated Feb. 20, 1748 — 49. It is a bitter attack
upon Masters, reiterating his former charges in greater detail.]
300 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
ingeniously concealed by the introduction of a cloister, appa-
rently copied from, or suggested by, that at Emmanuel, with a
Library above it on the south, which extended across the west
front of the Chapel, and corresponded with the Master's Gallery
on the north. The court of which this cloister formed the east
side, was open to Trumpington Street on the west. It measured
150 feet from north to south, by 130 feet from east to west. The
south side consisted of a range of chambers. The north side had
three sets of chambers at the west end, and the kitchen and
butteries at the east end, with the Combination Room over the
latter. Each set of chambers was apparently intended for two
occupants, as it had a single sitting-room on the side next to
the court, with two bed-rooms behind. The buildings throughout
were of one story, with garrets, in the plainest Ionic style.
There was a pediment on the east side, in the centre of the
cloister, supported on six engaged Ionic columns, which rose
from a plinth projecting slightly into the court ; and pediments
surmounted each of the doorways which gave access to the
chambers. Otherwise the design was destitute of all ornament.
The plan by Essex \ which was published by him in its
final form in 1773, consisted of a single quadrangle open to
Trumpington Street, measuring 200 feet from north to south,
by about 125 feet from east to west. It was more ambitious
than its rival, inasmuch as it required for its realisation that
the ancient buildings should be wholly swept away. The
buildings were in two stories without garrets. In the centre
of the east side of the quadrangle was the Master's Lodge,
projecting slightly into the court, and approached by a flight
of five steps. Its fagade was sixty-five feet wide, of which the
central portion, advanced in front of the rest, was decorated
with six Ionic columns, rising from the level of the first floor.
They supported an entablature and pediment which enclosed
the College Arms. A cloister, of seven arches on each side,
extended north and south of the Lodge. Over this was the
Combination Room on the north, and the Library on the
^ [This design, accompanied by a very carefully drawn ground plan, is inscribed
"Jac". Essex desig'. et deP. 1773. Major sculp'." Several sketches for details, and
alternative contrivances for arrangements, shew that it was the result of much thought
and study. Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. 6776.]
\ l.J PLANS FOR ADDiriOXAL ACCOMMODATION. 3OI
south. The Chapel ' was placed at the south-eastern corner
of the Lodge ; and the Hall, with kitchen and offices beyond,
at the north-eastern corner. Both of these were conveniently
entered from the Lodge and from the Cloister. The north and
south sides of the court consisted of ranges of chambers, thirty-
five feet wide, surmounted at their west end by pediments. There
were two doors on each side, and a third under the cloister, so
that there were six sets of chambers on the ground-floor, each
consisting of a sitting-room and two bed-rooms. These latter
were all lighted from the outside ; an arrangement which shews
that the buildings were intended to be set clear of other struc-
tures. The walls were surmounted by a plain solid balustrade ;
but no ornament of any kind was introduced.
Neither of these plans appears to have been accepted by
the Society ; but the idea of building was certainly entertained
by them, for in 1738 Dr Thomas Hering, formerly fellow, and
then Archbishop of Canterbury ", bequeathed to the College
" one thousand pounds in the old South Sea Annuities, as his
contribution towards rebuilding the College."
A more important contribution to the same purpose was
made by Dr Mawson, Bishop of Ely (Master, 1724 — 1744), who
in 1770 bequeathed to the College "three thousand capital
Stock in the South Sea Annuities, to be kept in government
securities until, with the accumulated interest arising thereupon,
it should amount to a sum sufficient to defray the charges of
taking down and rebuilding the College^;" and on 29 January,
1757, the following College Order was made :
" Agreed, y' y*^ money for Plate, W-'"^ Fellow Commoners are requir'd
to give at taking leave of y*" College, be henceforth apply'd to raise a
Fund for improving y*^ old Fabrick, or erecting a new one, at y'^ discre-
tion of y*^ College.''
' [The extent of the Chapel eastward is not shewn on the plan. Although it was
of nearly the same size as the old one, it could not have been the same building, for
there would not have been sufficient space between it and the street for the width of
the court (125 feet) together with that of the Lodge (50 feet).]
^ [He had been applied to by the College, on the Mastership becoming vacant by
the death of D"" Edmund Castle in 1750, to recommend a successor. He suggested
D'' John Green, whose election occasioned several severe attacks ujion the College.
Masters, ed. Lamb, 240. Baker, ed. Mayor, 710.]
* [Masters, ed. Lamb, 233. The codicil containing this bequest is dated Sep-
tember 17, 1770. The Bishop died on November 23 in the same year.]
302 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The construction of the New Court was at last undertaken
during the Mastership of Dr John Lamb (Master 1822 — 50).
His own account of the commencement and progress is so
interesting, that I proceed to quote it nearly entire.
" The first object of the Society, upon the election of the new Master
[10 January, 1822], was to ascertain whether any steps could be taken
towards the rebuilding of the College. Upon an investigation of their
pecuniary means, it was found that the funds appropriated to this pur-
pose now amounted to between ^^50,000 and ^Go, 000; and moreover,
that there were accumulations to a considerable amount of other funds,
which might, if necessary, be applied to this object. There were several
circumstances which seemed to mark the present as a most favourable
period for such an undertaking. The stocks were remarkably high'.
Building materials of all descriptions were fallen in price. Labourers
were to be had in abundance at a moderate rate. The change from a
state of war to that of peace had occasioned an influx of students to
the Universities, so that there was a demand for increased accommoda-
tion within the walls of the Colleges. Taking all these circumstances
into consideration, it was agreed at the audit, 1822, to apply to W.
Wilkins Esq. M.A., and late Fellow of Caius College, a celebrated
architect, for a plan and estimate of a new building, with a front towards
Trumpington Street.
During 1822, steps were taken preparatory to the commencement of
the work. The College obtained possession of their houses in Trumping-
ton Street at Michaelmas. In October the materials of these houses, as
well as those of the College stables, outhouses, and of the old Tennis
Court, (a large building used as a warehouse, and occupying the west
side of the Master's present garden), were sold by public auction, and
the whole space cleared of buildings. In the spring of 1823, Mr
Wilkins' plan of the Lodge, Library, and west front (nearly as they appear
at present) was approved of by the Society, and a contract for this part
entered into with Messrs Phipps and Ward, builders in London, for the
sum of ^31,138.
At this period, it was the intention of the Society to retain the Hall
unaltered; and to convert the east side of the old court into kitchens,
having the butteries &c. on the ground-floor of the late Lodge. This
plan w^ould probably have been carried into execution, had not con-
siderable difficulty arisen from the narrowness of the building bordering
on Free-School lane. Upon this obstacle presenting itself, it was
determined to convert the old hall into kitchens, and to build another
on the north side of the new quadrangle, instead of students' apartments
as was at first intended. It was also proposed to retain the chapel,
merely lengthening it toward the east, but this was ultimately found
impracticable.
The building was commenced in May, 1823. The foundations of
the Lodge and of part of the west front being in a state of forwardness in
' [D'" Mawson's building fund had accumulated to ;,f30,ooo. This was sold at 93,
a considerable part of it having been bought in under 60. D"' Lamb.]
VI.] PLANS FOR ADDITIONAL ACCOMMODATION. 303
the following July, the ceremony of laying the first stone took place [on
Wednesday, July 2]. The Earl of Hardwicke, High Steward of the
University, kindly undertook, at the request of the Society, to per-
form this ceremony. At one o'clock the Vice-Chancellor and other
members of the University met at the Senate-House in full academical
costume, and walked in procession to the site of the new buildings,
where they were received by the Master and Fellows. An elegant and
appropriate Latin speech was delivered by the Rev. T. Shelford, one of
the Fellows and Tutor of the College'; after which the upper half of
the foundation-stone [a large cube of Ketton stone] was raised, and the
Master presented the gold, silver, and copper coins of the present reign
to the Earl of Hardwicke, who deposited them in a cavity in the lower
half of the stone". [A brass plate, bearing a Latin inscri])tion, was laid
over the cavity. After the usual ceremony of laying the stone], the
Master offered up [the following] prayer :
"O God, without wiiom nothing is strong, nothing is holy, loolc down iqion us,
and prosper the work of our hands. Do thou graciously perfect that undertaking,
which, with thy blessing, we have so prosperously commenced. With thanksgiving
and praises to thy holy name, we lay this foundation stone, and faithfully commit the
accomplishment of our work into thy hands, knowing assuredly that ' except the
Lord build the house their labour is but lost that build it.' As thou hast honoured
our ancient house by making it the seat of learning and piety, so now honour this
building, which we would consecrate to thy service. May a double portion of that
spirit which rested upon our forefathers, rest upon us their children. May we send
forth from these walls many able and active ministers of the Gospel of Christ, duly
qualified by their learning and zeal to promote thy glory upon earth. Grant this, we
humbly beseech thee, O merciful Father, through Jesus Christ our Lord and Saviour."
[This was] followed by the Anthem, 'Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem,'
sung by the University Choir. The Vice-Chancellor then pronounced
the blessing, and the procession removed from the ground.
The work advanced rapidly during 1823 and 1824, without occasion-
ing any interruption to College business, as it was not necessary to pull
down any part of the old College. But soon after the commencement
of 1824, a contract was entered into with the same parties, to build the
Chapel and the Fellows' apartments, completing the eastern side of the
new quadrangle. Upon this it was necessary to give up a great part of
the lodge, the chapel, and the pensionary, a building which stood at the
north-west corner of the chapel, containing four sets of rooms.
The Master accordingly vacated the Lodge in the beginning of
August, and took possession of the new Lodge in the beginning of Octo-
ber, many parts of it being yet in an unfinished state. Preparatory
likewise to the demolition of the chapel, the manuscript library of Arch-
^ [I have heard Professor Willis say that much of the excellence of the design of
these new buildings, which he considered far superior to any other work by Wilkins,
was due to the architectural knowledge and taste of M'" Shelford.]
" [The spot chosen for this foundation-stone was the north-east tower of the gate-
way. D'' Lamb.]
304 CORPUS CIIRISTI COLLEGE. [CHAP. VL
bishop Parker, which was kept in a room over the antechapel, was
removed into one of the Norwich scholarship rooms, where it remained
until the summer of 1827. At the same time the other books of the
College were removed into a ground-floor room of the new Lodge,
where they remained until the new Library was ready for their reception.
During this year, that is, from Michaelmas 1824 to the commencement
of 1825, the old hall was used both as a dining-room and as a chapel.
At this period the Society were much inconvenienced for want of rooms,
several sets being rendered useless, and none of the new ones habitable.
During the summer of 1825, the hall was converted into kitchens, and
the necessary alterations made on the ground-floor of the old Lodge;
and in the following October, the whole of the west front and the rooms
under the Library were inhabited ; the library itself, which was com-
pleted, except the painting of the ceiling and the laying of the floor,
was used during the ensuing year both as a hall and as a chapel. In
May, 1825, a third contract had been entered into, namely, that for the
new Hall, at ;^7,ooo. This building was so far completed by the Octo-
ber of 1826, as to enable the Society to dine in it; and it served during
this year for a chapel likewise, the interior of the new one not being
finished until the Michaelmas of 1827; when the whole work may be
considered as completed, having been commenced in 1823, and in pro-
gress four years.
It will be observed that the total amount of the three contracts is
only ^45,438; but this sum is very far short of the actual expenditure.
There were various items in such an undertaking, which could not be
brought under any contract , and the extras upon each separate contract
were unavoidably very heavy ; so that the total amount, including every
expense connected with the new building, was a sum far exceeding that
which had been contemplated when the work was undertaken. Fortu-
nately the contracts were so much below the funds possessed by the
Society, that upon winding up the accounts, it was found that there was
only a small deficit, which sum has been borrowed to be paid off in ten
years by the room rent, and some other means possessed by the College
for that purpose'."
[The arrangement of the new buildings, which are in a plain
Gothic style, will be understood from the plan without further
description. Access to the Hall is provided by a staircase
at the east end. The Combination Room adjoins it on the
west and the Buttery is beneath it. The Library, approached,
like the Hall, by a staircase at the east end, has the Muniment
Room, and rooms for undergraduates, beneath it. The west
front, next Trumpington Street, consists of a range of chambers
in three floors, with a Gate of Entrance in the centre, flanked by
towers, like the more ancient examples.
' [Masters, ed. Lamb, 261.]
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 305
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
1342- 1346. The Gild of Corpus Christi acquires a site in Luthburne Lane, equal in
extent to the Old Court of the College.
1352. Letters patent of Edward IIL to the Gilds of Corpus Christi and S. Mary,
now united, for founding a College, and accepting the advowson of
S. Benedict's Churcll. Commencement of the buildings.
1353. The site of Gonville Hall and the advowson of S. Botulph's Church acquired
by exchange. Tenement and Chantry bought from the University.
1356. The Master's Garden acquired on lease.
1358. A quarry at Hinton granted for building purposes.
■377' Completion of the l^uildings.
1379 — 1.^89. Alterations to Master's Lodge.
1411. Purchase of ground from the town of Cambridge to complete the site.
1443 — 1474. Botwright's work on Library and Master's Lodge.
1456. Bakehouse, afterwards Tenniscourt, and finally Pensionary, commenced.
1459. Sale of advowson of S. Botulph's Church to Queens' College.
1487 — 1 515. Buttresses in the Court built by the Duchess of Norfolk. Buildings
connecting the College with S. Benedict's Church built. Master's Lodge
and Fellows' chambers newly fitted up. Hall wainscoted, windows en-
larged, screens set up.
1500. Part of S. Benedict's Churchyard acquired.
1534. Purchase of S. Bernard's Hostel from Queens' College.
1544 — 1553- Dovehouse built. Gallery added to Lodge. Ground occupied by
Master's Garden bought and walled.
1557 — 15^9. New Library made over the Kitchen.
1569. Pensionary fitted up.
1578. Rectory-House of S. Benedict added to the College. Chapel commenced,
with a room over it to contain Archbishop Parker's Library.
1615. General repairs of the Court.
1618. Wall built between the Churchyard of S. Benedict and the entrance to the
College.
1648. Sale of plate to provide money for a general repair of the Court.
1686. Subscription set on foot to pay for repairs.
1757. The Gate of Entrance altered to its present state.
1823. First stone laid of New Court.
1876. Chapel lengthened eastwards.
VOL. L 20
3o6 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [APPEN.
APPENDIX.
I. Tripos verses, 9 March ^ 1826.
Miratur molem ^'Eneas, magalia quondam,
Miratur portas, strepitumque, et strata viarum.
Si te, Plance, fori fecere negotia fessum,
Et libet urgentes paullum deponere curas ;
Dum fera tempestas tota bacchatur in Urbe,
Dum nihil est nisi rupta fides, et terror ubique,
Dum fades populi longa est, et ' Deficit ille ',
' Deficit hie', rursus vicinia tota reclamat ;
Sis sapiens, nostramque urbem dignatus adire,
Otia tutus ama : nostris nam stepe sub umbris,
I'ranquillas inter sylvas et amoena fluenta.
Sollicitam dulces frontem explicuere Camoenfe.
Quin novus hie rerum status, et mutata locorum
Invitat facies ; cernes ingentia passim
Atria, regalesque domos ad sidera molem
Erigere ; exuimus sordes, et tempore longo
Rubigo contracta fugit ; fervemus ubique,
Certatimque novo incipimus splendescere cultu.
Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum compita lustrans
Olim nota tibi, ignotas miraberis sedes
Surrexisse locis ; frustra magalia quaeres.
Mole caduca sua, et primo sub Ceesare nata;
Fallerisque vagans, et ubi sis siepe rogabis,
Vicorum inflexu, et versarum errore viarum.
O quid non setas, semperque volubile tempus
Provehit in melius ? non arcta palatia longum
Stramineasque domos habitavit Romulus : arces
Marmorese cepere solum, et volventibus annis
Patriciae septem crevere in collibus asdes.
Et nos coepit amare Deus, quicunque Deorum est
Oppida cui curas in terris nitidoque columnae
Marmore candentes ;' tota cernuntur in urbe
Plaustra, redemptores ; passim caementa, trabesque,
Artificesque operum, et gypsatse corpora turbae.
Ipse pater, multa labens cum pace per agros,
Camus, arundineo ripas dum prasfluit alveo,
Amne pio moles, et fundamenta domorum
Devehit ; et viridi gaudet deponere in herba
Marmora, porticibuscjue trabes decora alta futuris.
Eia age, tu mecum spatiabere, et omnia circum
Visemus ; primum mirare, ubi Candida vultu
I.] TRIPOS VERSES. 307
Assurgit renovate! ?edes, et luce recenti
Fulgens, oppositas Catharinoe prospicit umbras.
Clarum opus ! et quisquam tarn curto in tempore credat,
Hanc m.olem egregiam, et splendentes marmore turres,
Emovisse situm veterem, et scjualcntia quondam
Atria? nam magica quasi virga tacta, repente
Mutata est natura loci : pro sordibus ^edes
Stant saxo nitidre, stat frontis pura venustas
Marmoreffi, solidumque decus pro mole labanti.
Nee procul hinc Tauri domus, et notissima fama
Hospitii veteris sedes ; mox occidet, eheu !
Occidet, attjue ibit quo Tullus dives et Ancus.
Et, modo Dii faveant faciles', queis cura domorum
Evertendarum, decedet et angulus ille ^,
Qui nunc denormat vicum ; tum plana patebunt
Compita, quaque, vides, rhedarum transitus arcto
Urgetur spatio, tum nil terrebit euntes,
Nee capiti mandram flectens auriga timebit.
O utinam Arabica Genius'* de gente magorum.
(Mystica quem lampas, dominusve in pensa vocaret
Annulus) has secum tacita sub nocte revulsas
Ferret, et in Libyse campis deponeret cedes !
Actum etenim nihil est, nisi clara in luce patentes
Pieridum sedes, et amantes carmina turres,
Aspicimus ; sanctasque domos, ubi floret avito
Laita sub hospitio, serosque fidelis in annos,
Musa pio Henrici Manes veneratur amore.
— Fiet et hoc quondam ; et veluti post srecula tellus
Ostendit patefacta urbes, quas molibus olim
Obruerat superinjectis ; et reddita luci
Apparent Divum delubra, et tecta virorum ;
Haud aliter, celata diu, regalia tandem
Atria se pleno spectanda in lumine pan dent ;
Et quoties curru invectus per strata viator
Venerit hue, sylvas Academi invisere fervens,
Sistet equos, fixusque obtutu haerebit in ilio,
Miratus turres, veterisque palatia Granta?.
Plurima quae laudes, quaedam ridenda videbis,
Et quae Democriti pulmonem, credo, moverent.
Si foret in terris ; sunt qui sinml omnia miscent,
Gothica queis facies Graecis adjuncta columnis
Arridet ; doctique modis confundere miris
Terrarum simul atque ^evi discrimina, certant
Omnigenas gentes imitari et stecula ; dumque
Contendunt modo nos Romte, modo ponere Athenis,
Orbis totius crescit pictura per urbem.
Ora linunt alii, et vetulae de more puellffi,
^ Juvenal x. 7. '^ [The houses at the corner of old King's Lane.]
' Vid, Noct. Arab.
20 — 2
308 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Antiques renovant vultus : nitidumque colorem
Inducunt, falsamque nova cum fronte juventam.
Linquamus tamen ilia ; dies non sufficit unus,
Nee levis hie labor est, urbis spectacula magnte
Omnia perlustrare ; age, dum Sol ardet in alto,
Scandamus, sodes, collem qui proximus urbi
Imminet : hie duri loea quondam eonscia aratri
Tempora mutarunt : hominumque boumque iahores
Emovit domus, et candentia marmore tecta.
Antistes stellarum illic, semotus ab urbe
Fumosa, gaudet sublimi e vertice eollis
Coelorum servare vices, Lunjeque meatus,
Longinquoque iterum redeuntem ex orbe cometen.
Cui datur astrorum aerio modulamine serpens
Exaudire melos; puroque sub jetheris axe
Sideribus vacat, et earpit eommercia cceli.
Felix ille virum, et felici sidere natus
Oh ! quicunque paras taciturni ad flumina Cami
Errare, et saliees inter pallere quietas,
Viribus, i, totis, furcaque expelle Camoenas ;
Teque ipsum doceas et somno et inertibus horis
Posse carere diu : patuloque in corde mathesin
Accipiens dominam, semper sublimia cura,
Cumque oleo consume oculos ; sic itur ad astra.
Sed nunc, Plance, domum gressus revocare vagantes
Expediet ; coelo jam Sol inclinat : eundum est ;
Audin'? et optatam fessis quae nuntiat horam,
Tinnitu resonare docet campanula sylvas.
II. College order for the erection of a Bakehouse.
Memorandum that the Fryday prox' ante festum natiuitatis beate
Marie virginis anno domini 1456 eoncordatum est per magistrum
Collegii Corporis Christi et singulos fratres eiusdem quod in omni
congrua et possibili festinancia fiat de sumptibus predicti Collegii vnum
novum pistrinum tante longitudinis quante est media domus nouiter
edificata per Magistrum Andream Doket et tante altitudinis sub stil-
licidio quante sunt superiores partes fenestrarum nouiter in hospicio
Bernardi male positarum.
III. ThendcnUire of John loose leyer for the bakhouse.
This endenture made the iiij'^^ day of Decembre the yere of Kyng
berry the sexte xxxviii*' betwene Maister John Botwright Maister of the
college of cor'** Xri and of our ladi seint Marie en cambrigg and the
ftelaus of the sayd College on that on partye and John Loose of the
III.] BUILDING CONTRACTS. 309
same town or ellis sumtyme of Burston in Norfolk mason on that other
partye Witnessith that A Counant is made in maner and fourme
folowyng
That is to say that the seyd John Loose shal make or do make
sufficiently the walles of a bakhouse the lenghth acordyng to the ground
that also is take by the ouersyght in warkmanship of the sayd John
lose with the ground also of a fauce boterace for diuerse considerations
to be made in the said counaunt the cause longe bifore know to the
said John loose of the whech Boterace after the grond biforsaid taken
therfore : of a foot and half in thikness the heyest of the creste after ij
tyles and an half heygh but a foote aboue the wyndows of sent
Bernards hostell Notwithstanding the walles of the said Bakhouse
beyng of Ragge clunch and Tyle iij fotes of the standard from the
gronde leuell to the water tabil round aboute A metyerd in heyght of
Large mesure and from the said watter tabill the heyght of the walle of
the said sent Bernardis hostell therto adioynant and yet heyer bi a foote
of assyse and so rounde aboute leuelled of ston and lyme with ij pyke
walles of the same stuffe And a doore in brede iiij foote standard of fre
ston from the base soyle also of freston the heyght of iij foote assise
large and upwarde in heyght to the thyrd peynt of the Centre .v. foote
more al of breke. Alle the said ffreestoon to be hew atte the costis of
the said John Loose w' iiij Wyndows of breke ych of theym of ij lyghtes
and the said water tabell half the house round aboute alle of freeston
hewyn at the costis of the said John Loose that other half tabill of the
best endureng breke. Also the said maister and felaus schal fynde al
maner of stuffe and mater redy at alle conuenient tyme to werk And
alle other ordinaunces that schal perteyne vnto the same werk so that
this werk forsaid schal be bygonne at the fiferrest by sent gregores day
in march next comyng And sufficiently be ended by the fest of lamb-
mess next comyng after the date of this present writeng in peyn of xl. s
to be payed and content bi the said John loose, Takeng for his werk-
manschip and labour xi marc vjs. viijd and a gowne of yomanis leuere of
the said college or ellis a noble therefore so alle thyng be thus thorow
and content ; and more if it can be thought bi conscience of the said
Maister and felaus so to doo. And of this xj marc vjs. viijd to be payed
at theis diuersez tymes that is to say in the begynneng of the werk
liijs. viijd. and other xls. when the werk is half made. And other XLS.
when the walles are alle leuelled And xxs. when the werk is ful complete
And more ouer the sayd John schal haue withinne the sayd College a
chambre j bedsteed and a bedde And his mete to be dyght in the
kechyn at there costis as longe as he is werkyng in the said werk
3IO CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Theis beyng his borows Maister Thomas Lane Maister of Peterhous
and Maister Water Smyth parson of sent Benetis in cambregg Witnessis
maister Richard Brochier Maister Thurston and M Rauf Seyton with
many other yeuen the day and yer aboue rehersid.
IV. Constnictioii of the ivall between the College and the vicarage of S. Botiilph.
Anno domini 1457.
Memorandum quod Johannes Bale mason alias Loose vocat' leyer nuper factor
noui muri lapidei apud predicatores dominica proxima ante festum natiuitatis beate
Marie anno predict' 1457 venit et pepigit cum magistro collegii teste M. Ric. Brochier
de factura eciam vnius muri lapidei iuxta Collegium predictum et terram nuper
vicarie sancti Botulphi ad longitudinem 4 rodarum et di' qualibet roda continente xviij
pedes de stand'ardo regie Et habebit in grosso vel XL. s. cum decoctione cibariorum
in coquina collegii et potagium tantum durante termino facture predict' cum asiamento
camere et pistrino ibidem et pro lecto iiij hominum ad prandend' et iacend'. Ant
habebit pro qualibet roda et iuxta ratam illius di' rodae sicut dicit se habuisse ad
domum Petri pro qualibet roda ibidem burs' cum ceteris asiamentis supradictis ad
electionem dicti magistri Collegii et erit dictus mums eiusdem latitudinis sicut est
latitude muri latrine hospicii sed altitude cum crista diet' muri erit tanta quanta est
altitude murorum collegii : petit posterius dictus mason siue layer quod per duos
laborarios collegii ad fundamentum adiuvetur : vmde in partem solucienis coram magis-
tro Thoma Lane recepit et pro strena totius pacti integri iiij d.
V. Contract for the Woodivork of the Chafel.
This indenture made the xxv"' dale of Marche in the xxi"" yere of the reigne of
our Souereign Ladye Elizabeth... Betwene Robert Norgate Bacheleure of divinyty
and master of Corpus Christi College in Cambridge on the one partye and Robert
Gardiner of Havarell in the county of Essex carpenter on thether partye. Wit-
nesseth that wheras the said Robert Norgate by the meanes of his goode freinds
is purposed to erecte and bmilde a Chappie within the said College for thexercise
of divine service there and thathe agreed and assented to committ to the said
Robert Gardiner the prouisyon of all suche timber of Oke as shalbe nedefull for the
said Chappie, The said Robert Gardiner de by these presents covenaunte [that he]
shall before the xx"^ dale of June next cominge after the date hereof deliuer... so muche
goode and substantiall cleane timber well tried hewed and sawen to a scantlin herin
expressed as shalbe requisite and nedefull to the buildinge of the roufe of the said
Chappie w'** scantlinn is as followeth vid. eight wallplats eche of them xvj foote
longe xj vnche square ; tenn peces, eche of them iij foote longe ix vnche bred, x
vnche depe ; xxxix coupple of peces of timber, iij foote longe, vij vnche square ;
for v coople of principall sparrs, eche pece to be xxiiij foote longe x vnche depe
ix vnche bred ; x pendens to the principals, eche of vj foote longe ix vnche sqware ;
and for x lower braces vj foote and half longe, iiij vnche thicke and ij foote broad
in the middest ; And for x upper braces to the principals eche of them xij foote
longe iiij vnche thicke ij foote brod within fewer foote of the lower ende ; fyve
windbeames to the principals eche windbeame xvij foote long ix vnche sqware ; and
v.] BUILDING CONTRACTS.
I I
for xxxix copple of single sparres eche of them xxiiij foote longe, vij vnche brod,
V vnche and halfe thicke beneath at the foote, and at the topp vj vnch brod and
V vnche thicke ; xxxix wyndbeames to the single sparres eche of them xvij foote
longe vj vnche square ; and xxxix copple of braces to the single sparres eche brace
ix foote and half longe vj vnche brod v vnche thicke ; and for xij purleiis eche of
them xvj foote longe vj vnche brod, iiij vnche thicke; and for xliiij copple of sparr
feete eche of them iiij foote longe vij vnch brod, iiij vnch thicke ; and for xliiij copple
of studds, eche of them ij foote longe, vj vnche brod, iij vnch thick ; and for v
pendons ech of them xv vnch longe vij vnch square ; and ij beames eche of them
xxxiij foote longe and x vnch square ; and for a pece to lye alonge y® topp of the
wall under the peces wheron the sparr feete must be framed ij vnch thicke and
iij vnch brod, contayninge the length of the chappie on both sides vid. vj score
foote ; and ij beames ech of them xxxij foote longe,- x vnch square ; and one dorman
xxviij foote longe xij vnch square ; ij crosse dormans xv foote long xij vnch square ;
xxxiij Joyces ix foote longe a pece vj vnch brod iv vnch thicke ; and for the par-
tition of the said Chappie, j growndsell xvj foote longe viij vnch sqware, the doare
iiij foote and halfe wide : iiij posies xiiij foote longe x vnch brod vij vnch thicke,
ij girts xj foote longe vj vnch thicke, ix vnch brod ; xiiij pillers vj foote longe vj vnch
square ; xviij pillers iiij foote and halfe longe vj vnch square ; and for a floare or
plancher onder the outwarde chappie so many studds Joyces and boards the boards
to be solde for seaven shillings the hundreth and to be deliured in the said College
by the feaste of Pentecost next and Immediatly followinge as shalbe requisite to y"
same ; and for studd and space for the staiers goinge vpp to y'= said chamber iij
studds xiiij foote long vij vnch sqware ; ij girts vj foote and halfe longe viij vnch
brod V vnch thicke ; ij groundsells vj foote and halfe long vij vnch square ; xx studds
vij foot longe iiij vnch thick vj vnch brod ; for the spindle a pece xviij foot longe
iiij vnch square : As also for the stalls within the said chappie so much timber, and
planke of three vnch thick at xviij^ the hundreth and of j vnch and halfe thick at
xj^ y" hundreth and board sawen hewed and well tried to suche scantlin as is mete
for y' purpose to make the seats in suche forme and fashion as y' seats of y® chappie
within S' Johns Coll : nowe be made and there do stand within the said chappie ;
vid. xviij plankes of viij foot long a pece eche xviij vnch brod iij vnch thicke ; xx
plankes v foot long a pece xviij vnch brod iij vnch thick ; v plankes xx vnch brod
xj foote and halfe longe iij vnche thicke for y* stall to lye on the booke ; v planks
xj foot and halfe long apece xv vnch brod for the schollers books to lye on ; ij
peces xxiij foot longe a pece j foot brod v vnch thicke ; Ixxv foote of planke in
length vij vnch half thick ix vnch half brod for the seat y' riseth upp and doune ;
ij peces of x foot long apece vij vnch and half thick viij vnch half brod; ij peces
xxxj foot long a pece vij vnch halfe brod vj vnch halfe thick for the upper peces at
y« back ; iiij peces for groundsell for the seats xxx foot long a pece vij vnch square ;
ij peces ech xj foot long vij vnch square ; xxxvj Joyces iij foot viij vnch long apece
vj vnch square ; ij planks x foot longe apece xviij vnch brod iij vnch thick for the
rising and falling seat ; Ixx peces iij foot iij vnches long apece iij vnches thick v
vnches brod ; viij peces iiij foot long apece vj vnches square ; iiij peces xj foot long
apece vj vnches brod v vnches thicke ; iiij plankes j vnch and halfe thick ix vnch
brod xj foot longe ; iiij planks xij foot long iij vnches thicke ix vnches brod for
formes : and this timber and all stuffe for the stalls to be deliuered before the xx daie
of August next following y" date of these presents. In consideracion wherof tlie
said Robert Norgale agrecth to paie or cause to be paid to y'^ said Robert Gardiner...
312 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. [aPPEN. VL
for euery foote square of timber so hewed well tried and sawen to the scantlin as is
before expressed and deliuered within y* said College at the times before appointed
y" somme of v pence of good english mony. In parte of payment wherof the said
Robert Gardiner hath receyved at the dale of the making herof of y'' said Robert
Norgate wherof he y*^ said Robert dothe acknowledge him selfe by y*' presents to be
fully satisfied contented and paid...y* summ of xv poundes...The rest of y" mony is to
be paid as y" said timber shall by y® said Robert Gardiner... be deliuered into the said
College in Cambridge.
VL Contract for the Slating of the Chapel.
This Indenture made the xxiiij"* daye off October in the yeare off our Lord god
1579 betwen Robert Norgate master or keper off Corpus Christi Colledge in Cam-
bridge on the on partye, and Raffe Wodward, and Jhon Scatliffe off Easton in
Northamptonshire Slaters, on the other partye Witnesseth ; that the sayd Raffe and
Jhon haue bargayned and sould...xxiiij thousand off good and hable slate to be
raysed out of the quarrye, carryed bye Land and water, and so to be delivered at the
highe bridge or at Jesus grene in the towne of Cambridge afforsayd, bye the Laboure
costs and charges off the sayd Raffe and John., at or beffor the Feaste off Whitsun-
tyde or Pentecoste next ffoUoweinge after the date hearoffe. In consideration wheroff
the sayd Robert Norgate do covenaunte and graunt to paye...for everye thousande
of such goode slate... the summ of xv shillings ffower pence off good Englishe monye,
parte of the sayd monye to be payed in Lent next, when they come to worke with
Doctor Hatcher in Cambridge, and the rest to be payed when it is all delivered at
the high bridge or Jesus grene afforesayd. And also for the tolladge at bottle bridge
off the cartes y' shall carrye the sayd slate from the quarrye to the water syde the
sayd Robert dothe couenaunte to paye to the saydd Raffe and John the summ of
six shillings of good Englishe monye, as allso to ffynd the caryage off the sayd
slate from the sayd places in Cambridge vnto the Colledge off Corpus Christi in
Cambridge beffor sayde : And to ffynd all manner off stuffe that is needffuU to them
for the workmanshippe and Layinge off the sayd slate uppon a Chappell newelye
to be erected and builded within the sayd Colledge, as Lyme, sande, Lathe, cowe
dounge, horse dounge, slatepyne, and nayles, Ladders, Lynes, Cordes, and rouffe
tyle : and the said Raffe and Jhon... shall fforthwith uppon the deliverye and Laye-
inge off the sayd slate in the backsyde off the sayd Colledge called the hostle, dresse
the sayd slate and ffynd all manner off Labor and workmanshippe, to the making
off the morter and other workmanship whatsoever shall be requisite to the Layeing
off the sayd slate uppon the rouffe of the sayd Chappell, and shall perfectlye and
workmanlye finishe the slateinge off the sayd rouffe, and cover the sayd rouffe with
the sayd slate workemanlye and substantially e with so much spede as they cane goe
fforewarde in the sayd worke, without anye intermission or leaveing off, off the sayd
worke, vntyll it be so perfitlye slated and finished : In consideration wheroff, the
said Robert. ..do couenaunt to paye to the sayde Raffe and Jhon...ffor everye pole or rod,
being xviij foote square uppon the syde off the sayd rouffe, w*^'' they shall so cover
w"* slate dressed etc as is beffor sayd, the summ of xv shillings... to be payed, when
the whole rouffe is covered. In witnes wheroff, the said partyes interchaungablye
haue put ther hands and scales to these presents gyven the daye and year aboue
written.
VII.
k
l^iitfl's CoIUjjc & €ton CoIUflt.
CHAPTER I.
History of the Site of Eton (1440 — 1449), and of the
Site of the Old Court of King's (1441).
[I. Eton College.
N order to relate the history of the Architecture and
Topography of the two Royal Foundations of King
Henry the Sixth with the greatest clearness, and
to exhibit the gradual way in which the idea of a
School and a College dependent on each other was developed
by him after the first foundation of both, the two histories will
be related together in a continuous narrative, a strict chrono-
logical sequence of events being observed as far as possible.
The present site of Eton College, with which alone we are
concerned in the first part of this investigation, to the exclusion
of the rest of the Parish of Eton, is bounded on the west by
the road from Windsor to Slough ; on the north by Datchet
Lane ; on the east by the River Thames ; and on the south
by some private houses and gardens*. At the first foundation,
however, it comprised only the Parish Church and Churchyard of
Eton, with a piece of ground situated to the north of the latter,
measuring 300 feet in length, by 260 feet in breadth. The
assignment of this site to the intended College of "Our Lady
of Eton beside Windesore" is announced in Royal Letters
Patent, dated from Shene, 11 October, 19 Henry VI., 14401
The Founder had been careful to obtain the advowson of the
^ [The shape of the site is so peculiar that it is impossible to shew the whole of it
on the map (fig. i).]
^ [They are incorporated in the charier which was confirmed by the Parliament of
20 Hen VL, 144 1 — 1442. Heywood, 3S7.]
314 king's coli,ege and eton college. [chap.
Church before taking any other steps towards the realisation of
his design. It had been formally conveyed to him, 29 August
1440, and converted into a Collegiate Church, to be assigned to
the Provost and Fellows, and be by them administered as
they should think best\
Of this site, rather more than half as large again as the
present school-yard, with the buildings along its sides, except
the Chapel, the boundaries are not given ; it is simj^ly described
as " contiguous and adjacent to the burial-ground of the Parish
Church, on the north side of the same^" We are not even
informed whether the longest dimension is from north to south,
or from east to west. In the accompanying plan (fig. i) the
latter view has been adopted. We may however be tolerably
certain that the site did not extend westward as far as the high
road ; because out of six pieces of ground conveyed to the
College by the Letters Patent dated 1441 — 42, five are bounded
on the west by "the king's highway leading to Wyndesore."
Two years before (10 August 1440), the king had purchased
of Hugh Ailwyn, otherwise Hugh Dyer, two houses lying north
of the Churchyard, and bounded on the west by the high road'.
They extended eastward as far as a garden, called "Hunter-
combe's garden" from a former possessor John Huntercombe^
which was 60 feet long by 30 feet broad. This was not acquired
until 1442, and the two pieces were conveyed together to the
College by Letters Patent dated 31 January in that year. If
^ [The persons conveying it were William Whaplade, Nicholas Clopton, and John
Faryngdon, "armigeri." By letters patent dated 3 Sept. 19 Henry VI., 1440, the
King gave them in exchange the advowson of Billyng Magna in Northamptonshire.]
" ["In quodam fundo contiguo et adiacente cimiterio...ecclesie, ex parte boreali
eiusdem, continente trescentos pedes in longitudine et ducentos et sexaginta in latitu-
dine." Letters Patent, 1442, Heywood and Wright, 388. The greater part of the docu-
ments relating to the foundation of Eton are rehearsed in the Bull of Pope Eugenius
IV. which sanctioned it. It is printed in the "Correspondence of Bekynton" (Rolls
Series) ii. 270. The documents are admirably explained by the Editor, the Rev. G.
Williams, in the Introduction, § 131 sq. The earliest of the series, the appointment
of proxies to act for the King, is dated 12 September, 1440. Ibid. ii. 287 — 290.
The area of the site granted was 78,000 sq. ft.; that of the Schoolyard and adjacent
buildings is 47,600 sq. ft.]
^ [It will be understood that the conveyance of this, and of the other pieces,
are in the Muniment Room at Eton, unless it is otherwise stated.]
* [This was conveyed to the King by the same persons who conveyed the advowson
of the Parish Church, Jan. i, 20 Hen. VI., 1441 — 42.]
I,] HISTORY OF THE SITE OF ETON. 315
we allow 90 feet for the house, in addition to the length
assigned to the garden, we shall be able to place the first site at
150 feet from tlie high road. The theory that a space inter-
vened between it and the road is confirmed by the fact that the
King had this property abutting on the street actually in his
possession at the very time of the conveyance of the first site,
but did not include it because it would have been detached and
useless. North of this ground was a house formerly belonging
to Walter Clay\ and north of this again a "curtilage" 80 feet
long by 24 feet broad, described as "extending from the high
road through the middle of Eton in the direction of the King's
College." This again shews that the site must have been at
some distance from the street. North of Clay's house again
was one belonging to "Robert Benorthe, clerk, called Good-
groome," extending from the high road on the west to a lane
leading towards the College on the east^ Mention is also made
of a house called, from a former possessor John Rolff, "Rolffe-
shawes." It lay next to "Le Werde" on the north, and extended
from the high road to a curtilage belonging to the College^
"Le Werde" is known by the Letters Patent conveying it to
the College, dated 9 August, 21 Hen. VL, 1443, to have con-
tained ten acres*. It may be identified with the Playing-fields.
In the same document an acre and three roods "on which our
capital messuage was situated," is conveyed to the Provost
and College. By the term "capital messuage," the site assigned
^ [No further particulars are recorded of this house, the existence of which is
known only from the conveyances of Dyer's houses, and from that of the next piece,
which is dated Eltham, 20 Dec. 20 Hen. VI., 1441-]
- [The words are "situatum inter mesuagium quondam Willelmi Symond ex una
parte, et mesuagium quondam Petri ex parte altera hi latitudine, et extendit se ///
lougitudine a predicta via ducente per medium de Eton usque quandam venellam
nuper ducentem versus Collegium nostrum." The use of the words "latitudo" and
"longitudo" in this passage shews that they have been rightly interj:)reted above. The
conveyance of Goodgroome's house is dated i Jan. 20 Hen. VI. , 1441 — 42.]
^ [This conveyance is undated. In the letters patent of 31 January, 1441 — 42,
"Le Werde" is spoken of as already part of the College — "terram collegii nostri
predicti" — although not formally conveyed for more than a year and a half afterwards.]
* ["Decern acras terrc.simul iacentes ex parte oriental! [boreali?] dicti collegii in
quodam clause vocato le Worth alias diet' le Warde alias le Kynges Werde inter
aquamThamis ex parte occidentali [orientali?] et altam viam que ducit de Eton versus
le Slough ex parte occidentali."]
3i6 king's college and eton college. [chap.
in 1440 must certainly be meant ; and the dimensions, as given
above, produce an area very nearly equal to that now de-
scribed. This would be of sufficient extent to accommodate
the most necessary buildings (fig. i) ; but the dimensions are
probably used in a general sense, and must not be understood
to designate a rectangular area with exact boundaries.
The "Upper and Lower Shooting Fields" were conveyed
to the College, 8 June, 1443, by the Prior and Convent of
Merton in Surrey \ together with a weir {gurgcs) called " Bul-
lokeslok," the rights of fishing, and four eyots thereunto apper-
taining. The ground is described as bounded by the Thames
on the east, the road leading from Spitclbrigge (now Beggars'
Bridge) to Datchet on the north, that from New Windsor to
Slough on the west, and Le Werde on the south.
The ground called "Fellows Eyot^" now a mere tongue of
land jutting out into the Thames, but a peninsula within the
memory of persons still living, was conveyed to the College,
I February, 24 Hen. VI., 1446. It was separated from the
Playing Fields by a stream which joined Barnes Pool to the
Thames, passing under the College Kitchen^ (fig. 2), and across
the Fellows' Garden (fig. i).
The southern boundary of the Churchyard was a house
belonging to, and occupied by, Hugh Ailwyn, otherwise Dyer,
who had already sold two houses to the King. It is of some
importance to us in this investigation, for we shall find it spe-
cially mentioned as a landmark in the document called " The
Will of King Henry the Sixth." It was next to the Church-
yard on the south side of the same, and extended from the
highway on the west to the College ^ It did not become the
1 [The deed is in the Muniment Room at Eton.]
" [The deed conveys "insulam vocat' le Eyte sine le heyte...iacent' inter aquam
Thamesie ex parte australi et Collegium predictum ex parte boriali, que quidem
insula abuttat ad finem orientalem super filum aque predicte et ad finem occidentalem
super quoddam Croftum vocat' Mille Crofte quondam hundrecombes Crofte."]
^ [The stream ran here with such violence that on 11 Dec. 1822 a boy named
Edward Luke Booker, who had fallen into it, was carried under the kitchen and
drowned. It has since been arched over, and carried directly into the Thames.]
* [The words of the conveyance are "mesuagium meum in quo nunc maneo in Eton
predicta ex parte australi cimiterii ecclesie Collegii predicti, iuxta idem cimiterium,
et extendit se versus orientem super Collegium predictum, et versus occidentem super
regiam viam ville predicte." See Hey wood, 468.]
Fig. 2. Kitchen of Elon College, as it appeared iu tiie last century, from a drawing by
Paul Sandhj'.
To face p. 316.
Vol. I.
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE OF ETON. 317
property of the Kinc^ until i April, 26 Hen. VI., 1448: and was
confirmed by him to the College by Letters Patent, 6 February
1449. From the way in which the "tenements, shops, and
houses pertaining to the said house " are mentioned, it must
have been of considerable size ; and perhaps occupied the site
of the houses now standing on the south side of the Churchyard,
together with that of the kitchen and other offices. The acqui-
sition of it would provide access to the College from the south.
There remains only to record the acquisition of the meadow
beyond the Slough Road, containing fifteen acres. This was
conveyed to the College by the King 9 February, 1449. It
was anciently called "Timberhaw" because the supply of timber
for the building of the College was stored up there; a name
afterwards corrupted into "Timbralls\"
These dift'erent pieces were confirmed to the College by the
charters of 1444, 1447, 1449, all of which were issued with the
authority of parliament under the great seal. No buildings,
except the parish Church of Eton, are alluded to in any of the
documents quoted above; nor does it appear that any works,
whether repairs or new constructions, were undertaken until the
middle of the year 1441.]
II. King's College.
We will now proceed to examine the history of the contem-
poraneous foundation at Cambridge. The selection of a suitable
site was entrusted by the Founder to three Commissioners :
John Fray, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, John Somerset,
Chancellor of the Exchequer, and John Langton, Chancellor
of the University. The dates of the conveyances of the pieces
of ground purchased by them shew that they began their
labours at about the time of the completion of the principal
part of the site of Eton. They could not have met with many
difficulties, for they conveyed the entire site of what is now known
^ [This name has fallen into disuse, notwithstanding an attempt made to revive it a
few years since by painting "Tinibralls" on the benches given by one of the Assistant
Masters. It is now (1879) better known as "Sixpenny," since the sixpenny-subscrip-
tion cricket-ground, which for many years was that at the north-west corner of the
playing-fields, has been transferred across the road to this field.]
3l8 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP
as "The Old Court of King's" to the King in one deed, 22
January, 19 Henry VI. (1440 — 4I)^ This he granted by charter
confirmed by Act of Parliament, 12 February following, to the
College which he proposed to found "to the honour of Almighty
God, in, whose hand are the hearts of kings ; of the most blessed
and immaculate Virgin Mary, mother of Christ ; and also of the
glorious Confessor and Bishop Nicholas, Patron of my intended
College, on whose festival we first saw the light'V
The Commissioners describe the site as "a piece of ground
in School Street, with a bake house and other offices lately con-
structed upon it, next to the new Schools of Theology and
Canon Law," and they then proceed to set down the abuttals
with much minuteness. It is bounded on the west by that part
of Milne Street in the Parish of S. John Baptist which is oppo-
site to Clare Hall and Trinity Hall; on the north by a narrow
lane under the wall of Gonvillc Hall garden leading to "Scole
lanes," and by some ground belonging to the University^; on
the east by the following places, in order from north to south,
viz.: a vacant place belonging to a chantiy in the Church of
S. Mary by the market (Great S. Mary's) (1); the aforesaid new
Schools (2) ; School lane (3) ; a tenement (Le Horshede) of
Corpus Christi College (4) ; a tenement of the Master and
brethren of the Hospital of S. John (5); a tenement of Robert
Lincoln (6) ; and on the south by a tenement of Thomas Fordham,
and a tenement of William Bingham called God's House. The
position of these pieces of ground will easily be understood
from the plan.
We will now investigate the history of the three pieces
of ground composing the site. Before doing so, however, it
will be best to describe the direction of School Street or
"Scole lanes." This opened into High Street (Trumpington
Street) nearly opposite to the middle of the southern division
of the burial-ground of Great S. Mary's Church. P'rom this
point the street extended westward to the south corner of the
^ [Muniments of King's College, A. 76. The charter (ibid. A. i) describes the site
in the same terms with only a few verbal differences. This charter has been copied
by Baker, MSS. xxxvi. 12, but so far as I am aware has not been printed.]
^ [These words are translated from the preamble to the charter.]
^ [It is difficult to understand what is meant by this, unless it be intended to refer
to the portion of School Street or Glomery Lane north of the Grammar School.]
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S. 319
University Library, but in such a direction that had it been
prolonged further westward, it w^ould have run under the south
wall of the Library. It turned, however, at a right angle, and
extended northward, under the front wall of the Schools, to the
Gate of Honour of Caius College, which, as it was built expressly
at the north termination of the street, serves as a landmark. It
must be remembered that the modern front of the University
Library is twenty feet in advance of the ancient front, and there-
fore covers the site of School Street. The portion of the present
Senate House Passage which extends from the Gate of Honour
to High Street, had no existence until the Senate House was
built (1722 — 30). The western end of that passage, how-ever, is of
great antiquity, but has no specific name, being sometimes called
the "lane under the garden of Gonville Hall," and sometimes
"School lane," as a continuation of the other branches. These
lanes, taken together, formed a zigzag communication from
Trinity Hall to Great S. Mary's Church. The branch in front
of the Schools was termed "North School Street;" that which
joined the High Street, "East School Street" or "Glomery
Lane," and in the seventeenth century it had acquired the name
of " S. Mary lane."
The space on the west of the Schools Quadrangle was
occupied by a garden belonging to Trinity Hall\ which had
been conveyed to that College at its first foundation, as already
related (p. 211). It extended from the lane under Gonville
Hall garden on the north, to Crouched Hostel on the south.
Crouched HosteP had formerly been the name of what at the
date of the conveyance of the garden had become "a. void
ground," extending from Milne Street to School Street. It had
once belonged to the Hospital of S. John of Jerusalem. The
Prior of the Order (William Hulle) had sold it to the University,
from whom the King's commissioners bought it, with the excep-
tion of a piece, 68 feet long by 10 feet broad, which was required
for the New Schools of Canon Law. The breadth is not stated
^ This garden was conveyed to tlie Commissioners 14 Sept. 19 Henry VI. 1440 :
King's College Muniments, A. 68.
* For the conveyance of Crouched Hostel, dated 10 October, 19 Henry VI. 1440,
see King's College Muniments, A. 72. The description of it in the conveyance of
the Trinity Hall garden is "unam vacuam placeam terra pertinent' priori et confra-
tribus sancti Johannis in Anglia nuper vocat' Crouched hostell."
320 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
in the conveyance, and therefore can only be arrived at approxi-
mately from the dimensions to be assigned to the Grammar
School, which stood next to it on the east.
This building, called also " Le Glomery Halle," is described
in the conveyance^ as a tenement called "Gramerscole" in
School Street, between a tenement called Art School on the
east, and Crouched Hostel and a tenement belonging to Robert
Lincoln on the west. To the eastern abuttals might have been
added " Le Horshede," and the house belonging to S. John's
Hospital, described in the general conveyance as part of the
eastern boundary of the entire site. Their position is known so
exactly that they could not have abutted on any part of the site
other than this School. It must consequently have been a
building of considerable size, and accordingly Crouched Hostel
has been laid down as about 8o feet wide.
It will be seen from the map, that the ground thus acquired
included, in addition to the site occupied by the buildings of
the Old Court, the whole of the ground on the south as far
as the north wall of the Chapel, and even part of the chapels on
the north side, extending eastward about as far as the Chapel
itself does. This supplied a garden on the south of the College,
and a gate of entrance at the end of School-lane, or Glomery-lane.
The remainder of the site north of the Theological School
was not confirmed to the College until the charter of 1449. The
piece at the corner of Gonville Hall Lane and School Street
was obtained from Michael House, 17 November, 1447. The
northern half of it may be identified with a piece at the corner
of School Street, described in the Otryngham Book as measur-
ing twenty-five feet from north to south, by thirty-six feet from
east to west, which had become the property of Michael House
in 1396. It had then the chantry ground (i) on the west, with
a small garden belonging to Thomas Frevyle of Little Shelford
on the south, occupying the space between it and the Theo-
logical School ; and upon it stood a building called the School
of S. Margaret''. The chantry-ground was conveyed to the
^ King's College Muniments, A. 74. It is dated 16 Nov. 19 Henry VI. 1440.
" [Otryngham, p. 59. In the margin is the following note in a contemporary hand,
"nota de scola sancte Margarete ubi modo est gardinum," to which a later corrector
has added "propositi regalis prope orientaleni partem ecclesie regalis. " The cartulary
I.] HISTORY OF THE SITE OF THE OLD COURT OF KINO'S. 32 I
King by the churchwardens and parishioners of S. Mary's after
the acquisition by him of the piece from Michael House*: but
the date of the acquisition of Frevyle's garden is not known.
CHAPTER n.
History and Description of the Buildings of the
Old Court of King's.
The College erected on the small site described in the last
chapter was soon superseded by a larger foundation, the history
of whose site and buildings we will shortly investigate. Before
doing so, however, a brief history and description of the build-
ings of the first foundation shall be given. Their subsequent
history belongs to that of the larger College. The first stone
was laid in the right or southern turret of the gate towards
Clare Hall, on Passion Sunday (April 2) 1441, by the King in
person, if we may trust the following curious verses^:
" Luce tua qui natus erat Nicholae sacer rex
Henricus sextus hoc stabiliuit opus
Unctum qui lapidem postquam ponebat in Eton
Hunc fixit, clerum commemorando suum
M. Domini. C. quater quadraginta monos patet annis^
Passio cum domini concelebrata fuit
Annus erat decimus nonus mensis sed Aprilis
Hie flectente genu Rege secunda dies.
Confessor Nicholae dei cum virgine sumpta
Celis da regi gaudia summa Poli.
Seint Nicholas in whos day was born Henry the sext our souerein lord
the king
After that his excellence at Eton had leyd the anoynted stone''
Here stablished this werke hys clergy tenderly remembryng
The yere of oure lorde a thousand foure hundred fourty and one
called " Otryngham's " or the Otiyngham IJook will be fully described in a note to the
history of Michael House below.]
^ [The King conveyed it to the College 10 Feb. 1448 — 49, by letters patent
recited in the charter of 1449. Hey wood, 367.]
- [They are at the end of the Register of Papal Bulls, made by order of Provost
Wodelarke, Muniments of King's College, Box M. 9.]
^ [Over "annis" the gloss "1441" is written in a different but contemporary hand.]
' [A marginal note in the handwriting of the gloss mentioned above here adds :
"Lapis iste positus est in dextra scilicet nicriilionali turre porte versus Clare halle."]
VOL. I. 2 1
322
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
The secunde day of Aprill that tyme Sunday in the passion
The xix yere of reigne here kneUng on his knee
To the honour of seint Nicholas iirst founded this edificacion
With whom in heven to be laureat graunt might the holy trinitee."
[The building-materials must have been in preparation before
the ceremony of laying the first stone, for on 14 February
JPiVfA
o 10 20 30 4-0 ,10 GO 10
MH-^M-i-i-l I M 1-^
Fig. 4. Ground Plan of the Old Court of King's College, reduced from a plan of Clare
Hall made about 1635 1.
in the same year, the King had granted to the "Rector
and Scholars of his new College of S. Nicholas " by way of
assistance to them in building, the old hall and a chamber
^ [The scale of this plan is inaccurate.]
♦ I
II.] BUILDINGS OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S. 323
next to it in the Castle of Cambridge, then in a state of ruin
and wholly unroofed \ The work could not, however, have
progressed rapidly, for three years afterwards (16 June, 1444)
he issued letters patent^ to Reginald Ely " head mason of our
College Royal of S. Mary and S. Nicholas," William Roskyn
and Henry Beverley, clerks of the works^ directing them to
impress stonemasons, masons, carpenters, plumbers, tilers, smiths,
plasterers, and all other workmen required for the building of
the College ; and to provide all the necessary materials.]
These facts comprise nearly all the information that can be
recovered concerning the history of these buildings. A fragment
of a single building-account is all that exists ; and the earliest
Bursar's book is that for 1447 — 48. We are therefore left com-
pletel)^ in the dark as to their early history and progress ; and
our knowledge of them is derived solely from entries in the
accounts for subsequent years, after they had been for some
time in use. It must be remembered moreover that they were
left in too incomplete a state to enable us to judge of the whole
of the plan originally intended ; for when the King determined
to enlarge the College, or rather to reconstruct it on a far
grander scale, the old court was clearly finished off in a tem-
porary manner ; the necessary ofifices being built hastily, and of
less durable materials than the earlier portions, as though not
intended to last for more than a few years.
The unfinished Gate of Entrance, and portions of the walls
of the rooms next to it on the south and north, are the only
portions now remaining of these buildings. It is not however diffi-
cult to recover their general arrangement and appearance. In
the first place a ground-plan (fig. 4), with that of the adjoining
' [The words are "omnes parietes nostros cujusdam veteris Aule et Camere
eidem Aule annexe infra castnim nostrum Cantebr' super quibus quidem aula et
camera nullum edificium ad prtesens existit, eo quod omnia edificia super eisdem
ab olim habita ad terram corruerunt et nichil eorundem edificiorum praeter parietes
pra;dict' penitus discoopertas ibidem remanet in prresenti." MSS. Baker xxv. 443.
Baker notes at the end "Privy seal, signed by Hen. 6 with his monogram 14 Feb.
a : 19, ad instantiam Johannis Somerset (who was D"" of Physic, his physician, and a
Poet, Warden of the Mint, and in many Employments)."]
- [Printed in the Appendix, No. I. A.]
'^ [We learn that these persons held this office from the account of the foundation
of the College given by Provost Woodlarke in his Memoriale Nigrum, described
in the History of Catharine Hall.]
21 — 2
324
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
Schools, forms part of the plan of Clare Hall made about 1635,
which was described and partly reproduced in the history of
that College. Secondly, several views of the exterior and in-
terior have been preserved. Loggan has figured the south side
and half the west side of the interior (fig. 5) ; Storer, the
north side, with the remaining half of the west side (fig. 6) and
also the west front \ The latter is shewn better in a plate
(fig. 7) at the top of the University Almanack for 1822, which
Fig. 6. Interior of the Old Court of King's College, looking north-west, reduced from Storer.
shews also the turret at the south-west angle and the south
front. The easternmost portion of this, with the building
between the College and the Schools, is included in Loggan's
plate of the west front of the Chapel, and has been reproduced
below (fig. 53). The north-west corner of the e.xterior forms the
background of Ackermann's plate of the east front of Trinity
' [Besides the plate in the Cantabrigia Ilhistrata he publi.shed a large engraving,
1 1 in. X 9 in., taken opposite Clare Hall Chapel. This is not nearly so accurate as the
view, by J. Burford, taken in 1822 (fig. 7), which is plainly the work of an artist who
drew only what he saw. A poor figure by Le Keux, ii. i, taken apparently during
the demolition, is valuable as shewing the arrangement of the Iwo-light windows on
the ground-fioor.J
II.
BUILDINGS OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S.
325
Hall (fig. 9). It giv^es an excellent idea of the poor and unsub-
stantial character of the buildings which occupied the north side
of the court.
From these authorities, assisted by College tradition, we learn
the general arrangement and destination of the buildings. The
court measured about 120 feet from north to south, by 74 feet
from east to west ; and the aggregate height of the rooms was
just 40 feet'. The entrance gate was in the centre of the west
frotit towards the street, but rather to the south of the centre in
the interior of the court. The south and west sides were occupied
Fig. 8. Fireplace in the room over tlie Gateway, Old Court of King's College.
by chambers. The Hall was near the east end of the north side,
entered by a picturesque wooden porch (fig. 6). Behind the
Hall there was a long narrow yard, and east of it a building
the use of which is not known. Westward of it stood a timber-
house containing the Butteries, and a room called "The Bursars'
Parlour," in which the three Bursars dined together, apart from
the other Fellows". The Audit Room was above this on the
first floor. Westward of this again was the Kitchen, lighted by
^ [Professor Willis gives the height of the first story as 15 ft. 6 in.; of the upper as
12 ft. 3 in.; and that of the lower can be ascertained by actual measurement to be 12 ft.
The dimensions of the court are only approximate, the shape being so irregular.]
- [These and some of the following particulars were communicated to me by the
present Provost, the Rev. R. Okes, I).T).|
326 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the two large pointed windows shewn iTi the wall next to the
turret {A, fig. 4, fig. 6). It is evidently unfinished, and may
have been originally intended for a quite different purpose. On
the top of it a small but picturesque belfry was placed. This,
which had evidently been removed before Storer's view was
taken (fig. 6), is shewn by Ackermann (fig. 9). The Treasury
was over the gate opposite Clare Hall, occupying the room on
the first floor. It still contains an original stone fireplace of
excellent work, and in good preservation (fig. 8). Those in the
other rooms on this side, and on the south side, were of similar
design. At the eastern extremity of the south side there was a
passage into the grounds south of the College called by the
strange appellation of " Cow Lane." As this passage had
evidently been constructed before the acquisition of the larger
site, it proves that the earlier College must have possessed
ground in this direction of sufficient extent to make a ready
access to it necessary. It will be shewn subsequently that the
Chapel which was used by the Society until the present one was
finished, stood on some portion of this ground. The room on
the first floor over this passage was used as a Combination
Room after the erection of Gibbs' building.
The portions that were completed by the founder were
manifestly designed by an architect of firstrate ability, and in
style, as in materials and workmanship, were greatly superior to
any previous work in the University. The form of the site was
extremely awkward, the north-west corner being cut off by the
direction of Milne Street, which makes a considerable inflection
at that point ; while the Schools on the east side of the court
prevented any chambers from being erected there. This may
have led to the adoption of three floors in the ranges of cham-
bers, instead of the usual two floors. The south range and the
return along the west side as far as the gateway were completely
finished ; but the gateway itself was carried up only to the level
of the second floor. The great beauty of the finished portion
makes the loss of the upper part greatly to be regretted. The
walls of the remainder of the west range, and of the kitchen,
were carried only as high as the gateway. The work was then
evidently suspended, and these unfinished portions subsequently
roofed over in a less substantial style.
Fig. 9. North-west corner of the exterior of the Old Court of King's College, with the east front
of Trinity Hall, by Pugin ; reduced from an engraving dated 1815, in Ackermann's History
of Cambridge.
To face p. 326.
Vol. I.
II.] BUILDINGS OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S. 327
Elevations and sections of the two fronts of this gateway, by
Pugin', are here reproduced (figs. 10, ii). They were published
in 1 82 1, when the details of the ornamentation were evidently
far more clearly distinguishable than at present. The figures of
angels, for instance, on the exterior, are now almost wholly
obliterated. The views are thus described by him :
"The first specimen, A (fig. 10), is taken from the inner front. The
moldings of the principal arch are not carried on in the jambs, where
only a plain chamfer takes place. Something stiff and forced is obser-
vable in the turn of the upper member of the arch, and the manner in
which the finial is carried up into a pedestal to the niche above it.
The windows on either side of this niche are remarkable for consisting
of single lights only, in breadth : their details are elegant, particularly
the ' casement,' studded with knots of foliage.
The second specimen, B (fig. 11), represents the outward front of
the entrance, exhibiting a much greater display of ornament than the
inward one. It is much to be regretted that so beautiful a composition
should have been left imperfect Nothing could be added to its
enrichments ; and yet no part appears loaded with ornaments. Perhaps
the curious little figures of angels, which range along the straight line
over the arch, had better have been omitted, leaving the simple molding
to define the two stories : the rest of the composition seems faultless."
The ground-plan of the gate (fig. 12) shews the system of
vaulting, of which the springers alone remain, and are perhaps
all that was ever executed of this part. It shews also the
difference between the external and internal turrets ; the way in
which access was obtained into the chambers at the bottom of
the staircase-turrets on the side next the court ; and the ar-
rangement of the windows on the ground-floor.
Access to the chambers was provided by stone staircases in
the form of octagonal turrets projecting from the inner walls of
the quadrangle, instead of by the usual internal staircases. Each
turret, placed opposite to the alternate partitions of the chambers,
gave access to right and left into them, so that on each floor
there are twice as many chambers as turrets, as the plan (fig. 4)
shews. These staircases are well shewii by Loggan (fig. 5).
There were also turrets on the outside walls of the quadrangle,
but these, as we see from the two remaining in the ruins of
^ Specimens of Gothic Architecture ; by A. Pugin, Architect. 4to. London, 1821.
Plate XX.
328
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Fig. lo. Elevation of the interior of the Gateway, Old Court of King's College, after Piisin.
a. Section of the archivolt moldings. l>. Perpendicular section of the Gateway.
BUILDINGS OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S. 329
Fig. II. Klevation of the exterior of the (lateway, Old Court of King's College after Pngin.
a. Section of moldings to the great arch. /'. Perpendicular section of the Gateway.
330 king's college and eton college. [chap.
the gate next the street, were merely buttress-turrets (fig. 12).
Each chamber had a lofty narrow single-light window close to
the turret, as is shewn in Loggan. According to my recol-
lections of the building before its demolition, these long windows
lighted a narrow slip about five feet wide, separated from the
rest of the room by a transverse partition. This was again
divided by another partition into two portions, one of which,
that next the court, served as a vestibule ; and the other, lighted
by a window in the outer wall, was of course a study. In the
first-floor chambers, which were very lofty, this slip was divided
by a floor, so as to furnish in addition two other studies in the
entresol. The upper part of the long narrow window lighted
the one next the court ; while that next the Chapel was lighted
by a separate window on that side. The long window was
divided by two transoms into three parts ; and the space be-
tween the two middle ones was filled up within so as to conceal
the floor and sill wall of the upper study. This peculiar arrange-
ment for obtaining studies, being provided for in the ornamental
masonry of the long windows of the court, must have been coeval
with the building of 1441. These windows have disappeared
with the exception of a fragment of one north of the gateway.
Of the small two-light windows on the ground-floor two remain,
one of which, with its moldings, is here figured (fig. 13).
[An inventory of the College property in these chambers
taken in 1598' has fortunately been preserved, from which we
learn the number of rooms on each floor, and the curious names
that were given to them. The order is counted from the gate
called " Cow Lane," and the plan (fig. 4) has been numbered in
accordance with this arrangement. The ground floor was ap-
propriated chiefly to the Scholars, four of whom were lodged in
each room. The names are as follows :
The low Fellows chamber next the gate.
The first Scholars Chamber next the gate, called Lyons Inn.
2nd do. Taylor's Inn.
3rd do. The Tolebothe.
4th do. Horsekepers Inn.
5th do. Colliers Inn.
6th do. Barbers Inn.
' [Printed in the Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications, Vol. iii. , !))•
Henry Br#lsha\v, M.y\., Fellow of King's College, and University Liln'arian.]
II.] BUILDINGS OF THE OLD COURT OF KING'S. 33 1
Fig. 12. (Irouiid Plnii of the Gateway, Old Court of King's College.
132
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAP.
8. 7th do. The Coblers Inn.
9. 8th do. The Blockhowse (behinde the hcall)'.
The rooms on the first floor were, Lst middle chamber,
occupying the space over "Cow-lane" and the "low Fellows
chamber," 2nd middle chamber, and so on ; those on the second
floor, 1st upper chamber, 2nd upper chamber, etc. These floors
were appropriated to the Fellows, of whom two were lodged in
each room. By this arrangement the Old Court was made to
aflbrd the precise amount of accommodation necessary for the
seventy members of the foundation.
Fig. 13. Window on the exterior of the north side of the Gateway, Old Court of King's College.
The establishment of the College must have proceeded with
considerable rapidity, for in the first of the series of Bursars'
Account-books — in this College called Mundum-books — that
has been preserved, the expenses are divided under the usual
' [The chambers at Winchester College were distinguished in a similar manner.
A list of the curious names applied to them is given in a note to a paper on "The
Architectural Works of William of Wykeham," by C. R. Cockerell, Esq., in the
" Proceedings of the meeting of the Archaeological Institute held at Winchester, 1845. "
Two other names, "the Mounte " and "le .Stable," appear at King's in the sixteenth
century. Mundum-Book, 1587 — 88. Rcparacioncs. " Item solut' Parker et Bridg-
water reficiendo muro trium cubiculorum vocat' the mownte xxxviij". iij''."' Ibid. 1588
— 8q, " pro boarding le studie in cubiculo vocat' le stable."]
II.] BUILDINGS OF THE OLD CUUKT OF KING'S. 333
headings: " Expenses of Hall, Buttery, and Kitchen;" " Stable;"
" Cost of the Church ;" " Purchase of Wine ;" and so forth. A
Library also had been formed, by the charges for binding and
chaining books. In 1449 the Pigeon-house was built and stocked,
and in 145 1 the "New Garden" was laid out. In 1454 the
heading " Cost of the new building, and of the repairs " occurs
for the first time in the accounts. This probably indicates that
the College had then been completed, and that the maintenance
of the new buildings had devolved upon the Provost and P'ellows.
The further history of these buildings, which, in consequence
of the delay in erecting the larger College intended to supersede
them, remained in use until 1828, will be related, as far as is
necessary, in Chapter xii. The new buildings having come
into use, the site of the Old Court was sold to the University,
25 November, 1829, for ^^12,000'; but the destruction of the
buildings was not approved by the Senate until 2 December,
i^35j when it was decided to clear the ground in view of the
immediate commencement of a new Library. The report re-
commending this contained the following clause :
" The Syndicate however, considering it probable that the University,
or some public body connected with the University, may be disposed to
re-erect or restore on some other site, the Old Gateway of King's College
(as a venerable and beautiful specimen of Architecture), recommend
that it should for the present be left undisturbed."
The clearing of the ground had commenced before the
adoption of a design for the New Library ; an unreasonable
and unnecessary proceeding which at length excited so much
indignation' that the further destruction of the South and West
fronts was arrested, ii June, 1836. It is to this late repentance
that we owe the preservation of the few fragments, besides the
Gate, that still remain.]
' [This transaction, the negotiations for which lasted from 1823 to 1829, ^^''^' ^^
related in the History of the University Library.]
- [A letter in the form of a petition, signed " The Old Court of King's," appeared
in the Cambridge Chronicle, 6 May, 1836. The writer implores "a little mercy;"
appeals "against the barbarous demolition now going on," and suggests that "a
skilful adaptation of the more sound and beautiful portions of the stone work yet left
standing would be as good as a subscription of ;^iooo towards the erection of the
new Quadrangle.""]
334 king's college and eton college. [chap.
CHAPTER III.
History of the enlarged Site of King's*.
The site described in the first chapter was sufficient for the
small College which the King then proposed to establish. Three
years after, however, he commenced the acquisition of the
noble site on the south of the first ; which, intersected as it
was by public streets and lanes, and in the possession of so
many independent proprietors and tenants, he was yet enabled
to purchase, and finally to grant to his College in 1449. In
letters patent of that year he describes this new ground as
bounded by High Street on the east, the Common River on the
west, Whitefrerelane'^ and a new lane (S. Austin's Lane) next to
S. Austin's Hostel, on the south, and by Clare Hall and the
eastern part of School Street on the north. To these last the
southern limit of the old site might have been added. The
breadth of the ground at the eastern border is stated in the
same charter to be 410 feet, and at the western border 384 feet.
The length is 700 feet".
[A desire to surpass the College built by William of
Wykeham at Oxford has often been suggested as the reason
for this change of plan. That the King borrowed largely from
1 [The map which ilhistrates this chapter has been chawn from two plans of the
site prepared by Prof. Willis, aided by numerous memoranda left by him. He had
made most minute and elaborate tables to shew the history and position of all the
pieces of ground composing it ; but had only partly finished the description of it.
This I have done my best to supply, but I have claimed as my own only those portions
of it for which I discovered authority by my own researches.]
'^ So called from the Carmelite Friary (now part of the site of Queens' College), to
the south of it. It was also called Cholles Lane, from the occupier of an adjoining
tenement, according to Essex (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 6767, p. 7). In an old undated
charter he found the name "Aspelonis Cholle de Cantebr', juxta venellam que ducit
versus ChoUeshythe. "
^ [The eastern dimension is easily laid down on the map, extending from the south
boundary of School Lane to the south boundary of S. Austin's Lane. The western
dimension is not so easy to define; as the distance from Clare Hall to Cholles Lane
exceeds 384 feet by about 30 feet. From the river to Trumpington Street the real
distance is now nearly 720 feet, and originally must have varied from 730 feet along
the southern, to 780 feet along the northern, border.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 335
VVykeham, both in buildings and in statutes, cannot be doubted.
In this instance however it seems hardly right to set aside his
own express statement, made in the document above referred
to, that he had acquired the larger site because the provost and
scholars had represented to him that the former site was too
small, and had humbly besought him to provide them with more
ample accommodation.]
At this period Milne Street was continued in a direct line
from Clare Hall to Queens' Lane, and appears to have been a
considerable thoroughfare, judging from the number of Col-
leges which it contained. Trinity Hall and Clare Hall had
their front gates in this street, and at its north end it led to
Gonvile Hall and King's Hall. The space between Milne
Street and High Street was intersected by Piron Lane\ which,
starting from a point opposite to the present S. Edward's Pas-
sage, entered Milne Street about thirty feet south of the site
of the Chapel. This also was probably an important thorough-
fare, as it led directly from High Street to Clare Hall, the Church
of S. John Zachary, and several Hostels. From the west side
of Milne Street two other lanes extended to the river. The
northernmost of these was called Water Lane, and the southern-
most Salthithe Lane, otherwise Strawey Lane, or Strawe Lane.
Both were considerably to the south of Piron Lane.
[The new site may be conveniently divided, for the purpose
of description, into three divisions, which we will style northern,
southern, and western. The northern lay between the old site
and School Street on the north, and Piron Lane on the south ;
the southern between Piron Lane and S. Austin's Lane. Both
had Milne Street, here called S. Johnstrete, on the west, and
High Street on the east. The western division was bounded on
the north by Clare Hall, on the south by Whitefriars Lane or
Cholles Lane, the river on the west, and Milne Street on the east.]
Beginning with the northern division, the tenements in High
Street follow in order from north to south thus : at the corner of
School Street and High Street was a house belonging to Corpus
^ [The name is variously spelt in the documents of King's College ; Pyrones lane
5 Ric. II.; Perewynlane 18 Ric. II.; Pirwenlane 13 Hen. VI.; Pyrvvynlane 15 Hen. VI.
According to Caius, it derived its name "a piro : " and therefore should have been
called "Pear-lane." Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 67.]
336 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Christ! College called " Le Horshede\" west of which was a piece
of land belonging to Great S. Mary's Church, and the Art
School mentioned in the first chapter. South of these stood
a tenement of the Hospital of S. John", with another house, let
out in shops, belonging to a chantry in Great S. Mary's Church
at its south-east corner next High Streets This was succeeded
by a large house, or rather two houses standing together, called
"Arundell'sV' the property of Robert Lincoln, draper, and
extending westward from the street so far as to form the southern
boundary of '' le Glomeryhalle" or Grammar School. They
stood partly in S. Mary's parish, and partly in S. Edward's^.
Lincoln evidently held out for as high a price as he could
get, for his house was not acquired until 7 September, 1452
(31 Hen, VI.), and then upon terms so curiously stringent that
the principal points insisted upon are worth quoting.
" This endenture made at Cambrigge the thurresday in the vigil of
the Natiuite of cure Lady the yeer of the reigne of King Herry the
sixt after the conquest of Englond xxxj'*= betvvix maister Robert Wode-
larke prouost of the College Roial of oure lady and seynt Nicholas of
Cambrigge of that one partie And Robert Lyncoln Burgeoys and
Draper of Cambrigge aforsaid of that other partie witnesseth
that the said Robert Lyncoln hath solde to the said prouost .ij.
raeeses lyeng togedre in the town of Cambrigge that one in the parish
of seynt mary nere the merket of Cambrigge And that othre in the
parish of seynt Edward abbuttyng at the one heved vpon the high
strete and at the other heved vpon the said College. . . .
For the which meses the said prouost shal pay or do pay to the
said Robert lyncoln or to his executours .C. marc of lawful money of
Englond... And for these paiementes wel and truly to be done and kept
the said prouost betwix this and the said fest of seynt Auldre shal
fynde suffisaunt personnes in the towne of Cambrigge suche as the said
' [The position of this and the following piece is known only from the description
yiven in the letters patent of 1449.]
^ [King's College Muniments, A. loi.]
^ [Described in the charter of 1449. One of the conveyances of "Arundell's'
speaks of it as "shoppas nuper cantarie beate marie."]
^ From John de Arundel, Bedell of the University, to whom it was conveyed
27 April, 1355, as we learn from one of its earlier muniments; in another of which,
dated 5 December, 1313, "le Glomeryhalle" is the northern and western boundary.
Ibid. A. 114. a.
^ The boundary between these two parishes touches the east end of the Chapel a
little to the noi-th of its centre. Space therefore having been allowed for part of
Lincoln's, and for Fordham's tenement, Piron Lane must have been near the south wall
of the Chapel, in continuation of S. Edward's Lane on the opposite side of the street.
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 33;
Robert Lyncoln wol agreeto to be bounden to the same Robert lyncoln
by their obHgacions for the said paiements...
And the said prouost...a noon after the said astate so to theym
taken shal graunte ayeyn the said meses with thappurtenaunces to the
said Robert and Agnes his wyf by dede endented to haue to theym
terme of bothe their lyfis and to eyther of theym that ouer lyffith and to
their executours a yeer after...
And also the said prouost shal yif to the said Robert lyncoln yerly
duryng his lyf a gownecloth in sute with his gentilmen...
And the said Robert Lyncoln shal haue yeerly iiij principal daies
his mete withynne the College or elles in the prouost place tliat is to
sey Christenmesse Day Esternday Witsonday and thassumpcion day
of oure Lady
In Witnesse herof the parties abouesaid to these endenturs enter-
changeably haue putto their sealles'..."
Between Lincoln's house and Piron Lane there were three
shops together, belonging to Thomas Fordham, baker. The
whole property was termed "Bungeys" in earlier deeds. It had
two smaller houses at the south-east corner in High Street, one
belonging to Richard Gibbes, and the other to the Hospital of
S. John, with a frontage of 36 feet to the lane, and a third at
the south-west corner in the lane, belonging to John Lichfield,
" cordwaner." Fordham's house was bought for the King 26
August, 1443, and is the first purchase made for the new site.
On the north side of Piron Lane, next Fordham's house, was
S. Thomas' Hostel, of which nothing more is known than the
name'^ ; and next to that, at the corner of the lane and Milne
Street, the Grammar-College called God's House, founded in
1436 by William Bingham, Rector of S. John Zachary's in
London. This, like Crouched Hostel, which is described in 1441
as " an open space," seems to have been a large piece of ground
occupied at different times by two hostels and three gardens.
Bingham's first acquisition was a piece called " Cat-Hostel," with
a frontage of 22 feet to Milne Street, purchased in 1437 from
Thomas Fordham and Simon Rankin. It consisted of a house
with a garden eastward of it. Previously to this he had leased
only the piece to the north, belonging to Barnwell Priory, called
^ [Muniments of King's College, A. 109. One hundred marks amount to ;^66. 13. 4.
This sum would represent nearly jCSoo at the present day.]
^ [It is described in the conveyance of Fordham's house to Langton, as "tene-
mentum quondam magistri Thome Fordham vocat' Seint Thomas Hostell." Ibid.
A. 77. a.]
VOL. T. 22
338 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
" Tyled Hostel" or " S. Giles' Hostel." Subsequently he acquired
the ground between his first purchase and Piron Lane, and also
S. Thomas' Hostel to the east; but the ground to the north
remained in the possession of the Priory. On some portion
of this ground, probably on that first acquired, Bingham founded
a College for a chaplain and 24 scholars, who were to be
instructed in grammar, and, after they had taken their degrees,
to be sent into different parts of the kingdom, to take charge of
those Grammar Schools which, as he mournfully sets forth in his
petition to the King, had once been flourishing institutions, but
had then fallen into decay'. The whole property was conveyed
by him to the royal commissioners, who transferred it, with
other acquisitions, to the College, 25 July, 1446^
The southern division offers no object of interest except " the
vicarage house of S. Edward called S. Edward's Hostel," which
stood at the corner of Piron Lane and High Street. South of it,
in High Street, were tenements held by the following persons in
order from north to south : John Colbroke, Edmund Goldyngton,
Agnes Jacob, Edmund Goldyngton, and John Duxworth. On
the side next Milne Street the house at the northern corner
belonged to the White Canons of Seml^ringham^ and abutting
on it south was one belonging to the nunnery of S. Rhadegund.
^ [See Caius, Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 67 : "Pioduxit idem Henricus...Collegii sui
regalis fines hospitio sen collegiolo et hortis tribus domus Dei, quod Gulielmus Bing-
ham rector ecclesice S. Johannis Zacharire Londini, propter Grammaticorum pauci-
tatem prope Aulam de Clare mii procuratori et 25 scholaribus grammatice studiosis
redificavit." For Bingham's petition see Le Keux, ed. Cooper, ii. 2.]
^ [King's College Muniments, A. 84. The commissioners confirm to the College
"tenementum nuper vocatum Goddeshous ac aliud tenementum vocatum Sainthomas
liostel dicto mesuagio contiguum... que. ..nuper perquisivimus de Willelmo Byngham."
Fordham's conveyance to Byngham and others, dated 25 July, 1437, and endorsed
"Cat-hostel" (Ibid. A. 77. b), conveys "mesuagium cum gardino ad finem orientalem
eiusdem. ..iacens... inter quandam vacuam et vastatam peciam terre prioris et conuentus
de Barne Well super quam olim edificata fuit quoddam hospicium quondam vocat'
tyled hostell quam peciam terre dictus Willelmus Byngham habet ad firmam de
priore et conuentu predicto ex parte boriali, et tenementum magistrorum predictorum
Thome Fordham et Simonis Randekyn ex parte australi; et abuttat ad vnum caput
versus Occident' super regiam viam vocat' mylne strete ibi continens in latitudine
viginti et duos pedes pauli et ad aliud caput versus orient' super tenement' Roberti
Lyncoln, ibi continens in latitudine viginti et unum pedes pauli. ..."J
* [Ibid. A. 96. The conveyance, dated 26 June, 144S, includes a garden adjacent
to S. Edward's Hostel.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 339
South of these again were the houses of a number of proprietors,
one of whom was Geffrey Nevill, who let lodgings to scholars,
and kept horses and cattle. He insisted on having another
house provided for his use, and on receiving compensation for
any loss he might sustain. The document drawn up between
him and one of the royal commissioners shews so vividly the
feeling excited by this extensive acquisition of property for
College purposes that it is quoted entire :
" This bill endented the iij'^ day of October the xxiiij year of the
reigne of kyng Henry the VI. witnesseth: that it is agreed and accorded
bituix maister John Langton on that on partie and Gefifrey Nevill on
that other partie after the Articles folowyng, That is to say that the
said maister John Langton shal haue certain houses and groundes of
the said Gefiferey to the vse of the kyngis College after thappointement
made bituix the said maister John, maister Nicol Cloos, and the said
Gefferey; for the which the same Geffrey shal haue othre housyng
sufficeant as wel for stables and hayhouses as for other of his beestis
to be eased in. And that such persones as the said Gefiferey hath latte
his said houses and stables vnto, as scolers and othre, be recompensed
in other houses so that they be aggreed and paied, or elles asmoch
as shal lak in bowsing to be recompensed in money to the said
Gefferey vnto such tyme as he be pourveyd of a place as gode as
that is at the day of the makyng of thees by estimacion of vj indifferent
persones; that is for to say, maister John Welles maister Thomas
Stoylle and John Secresten for the partie of the said maister John
Langton, And the maister of Michelhous or maister Gilbert Worth-
ington, if eny of hem be in towne and elles an other in her sted,
maister John Hurt and Ric. Wright for the said Geffreyez partie ; Also
the said maister John Langton shal do his verray diligence to pourvey
for the said Gefferey a place as gode to inhabit and as commodious
by estimacion as his is at the day of makyng of thees endentures. And
if it so be, the said Gefferey is or kan be founde verraily hurt in eny
thing in the mene tyme, as in herbage gardenis or such other, he to
be truly recompensed as trouth and conscience wol. In witnesse
wherof the said parties haue to thee endentures entrechangeably sette
her seelles the day and yeere abouesaid'."
The centre of the space was occupied by the gardens attached
to these houses, and by plots of ground belonging to different
proprietors, the precise situation of which it is impossible to
determine^
1 [Ibid. A. 79.]
- [One of these belonged to Nevill, and the exact dimensions are given in the con-
veyance, with the abuttals ; from which the names of some of the occupants of the
central space have been written down on the plan (fig. 3). Nevill 's ground was
3^ poles and 5I feet long, by li poles and 3 feet broad.]
340 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The western division is more interesting on account of the
Hostels which stood there, and especially of the Church of
S. John Zachary, known to have been destroyed by the King,
but the site of which has never been accurately determined.
From the muniments, however, and from the King's letters
patent, a connected series of pieces of ground can be derived,
all lying on the west side of Milne Street, and succeeding
each other in the following order, beginning from the north :
the Churchyard of S. John ; S. Austin's Hostel ; a tene-
ment formerly belonging to Edmund Lyster called " Seint
Edmondys hostell" ; a tenement belonging to Elias Astley,
with a small property of the convent of Ely at its south-east
corner ; and S. Nicholas' Hostel.
The precise position of the Church of S. John, and the extent
of the Churchyard, I have been unable to discover from the
muniments. They were no doubt considered to be so well
known that a particular description of them in a document
would have been superfluous. S. Austin's Hostel, which had a
garden and other tenements adjacent to it, lay on the south side
of the Churchyard. We may therefore infer that the vicarage,
which is described as " a mansion or Jiospiciiun contiguous to the
Church of S. John Baptist, called Saynt Johanes Hostel^" was
on the north side of the Churchyard, between the Church and
Clare Hall, as otherwise the hostel would have been described
as abutting upon it instead of upon the Churchyard ; and that
the latter extended as far as the wall of Clare Hall, in the
same way as S. Mary's the Less is next to Peterhouse, and
S. Benedict's to Corpus Christi College. This position is sup-
ported by the fact that this consecrated ground would thus
have been wholly included within the cloister which the founder
proposed to place on the west of the chapel, and the soil of
which was actually consecrated for a College Cemetery. Accord-
ing to this theory about 40 feet of the west end of the Chapel
stands on the old Churchyard, for the direction of the ancient
Milne Street passes across the Chapel from one door to the
other ; and if, as is very probable, the east end of S. John's
chancel was placed close to the street, the western severy of
' [T-etters Patent, 1444-]
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 341
the Ante-chapel would have included the ground on which the
altar stood, a position which may have reconciled the King to
the destruction of the church \ The position of the ancient
belfry, as shewn in Loggan's print of the south side of the
Chapel, and in his plan of Cambridge (fig. 55), may be adduced
in favour of this view. It is placed by him at a distance of
about 1 50 feet west of the south porch, and it will be observed
that it does not stand symmetrically with reference to the
Chapel. The bells were given, and the belfry begun, in 1443 ;
a corresponding present having been made to Eton in 1441.
It will be shewn that the Eton belfry probably stood in the
Churchyard of the Parish Church of Eton. It is therefore
reasonable to suppose that the Cambridge belfry would have
been placed close to the Church used by the scholars ; and the
unsymmetrical position may have been due to the direction
of the wall of the Churchyard, or of some lane by which it was
approached I
The western abuttal of S. Austin's Hostel, purchased from
Clare Hall, is not given ^; but as in the grant from the town
of Cambridge of certain streets, lanes, and commons*, dated
26 October, 24 Henry VI. 1445, Clare Hall is mentioned as
the northern limit of the latter, it is at least probable that a
portion of them lay westward of S. Austin's. S. Edmund's
Hostel, a house formerly belonging to Edmund Lyster, is
described as extending from Milne Street to the river, with
a. lane leading to "Walsch Hostel," another name for S.
Austin's, on the north^ A garden belonging to Corpus Christi
1 The Churchyard has been laid down on the plan as about 230 ft. long by 100 ft.
broad. That of S. Mary the Less, the largest in Cambridge, is 270 ft. long, and that
of S. Botolph 170 ft.
^ [The history of the Bells, five in number, has been fully related in a paper by
J. W. Clark, M.A., in the Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications,
No. XXI. 1879. The belfry was pulled down in 1739, and the bells, which had been
frequently recast, were finally broken up and sold in 1756, two being cracked, and
the other three considered useless.]
3 [King's College Muniments, A. 97. It is called "quoddam mesuagium sine
hospicium vocat' Saint Austyn's hostell, cum gardino et aliis tenementis eidem hospicio
adiacent' in Milnestrete... inter cimiterium nuper ecclesie paroch' sancti Johannis
Baptiste ex parte boriali, et aliud tenementum quod nuper fuit hospicium sancti
Edmnndi ex parte australi." The conveyance is dated 28 June, 26 Hen. VI. 1448.]
•* King's College Muniments, A. 87.
' [Trinity Hall Muniments, N°. 8. The conveyance from Simon Dallyng to
342 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
College was its northern boundary for a short distance from the
river. Asteley's tenement extended from Milne Street to Salt-
hithe, and Water Lane was its southern boundary\ S. Nicholas'
Hostel occupied, in 1440, the whole space between Water Lane
and Strawey Lane, extending to the river along the former, and
to a garden of the Abbot of Tiltey^ along the latter, and it
would appear that subsequently it extended beyond Strawey
Lane as far as Cholles Lane. Like Crouched Hostel, God's House
and S. Austin's, it was an open ground, on which houses were
built belonging to different proprietors. It was purchased by
Langton from Thomas Gray, citizen and grocer of London ^
The open space between Strawey Lane and Cholles Lane
seems to have been common ground, with a few tenements next
to Milne Street. The property of John Wellys, described as
abutting upon the river '* ; and that of John Seggeford, described
as in Strawey Lane^ may with probability be assigned to this
portion of the site.
Hen. VI. (dated 28 June, 26 Hen. VI. 1448) gives the northern boundary as "quandam
vacuam placeam nuper vocat' Walsshostell nuper pertment' ad Clarehall"; and the
same conveyance places the garden "quod quondam fuit Edmundi Lystere" between a
garden of Corpus Christi and "Saltershithe.'"]
1 [King's College Muniments, A. 83. " inter venellam vocat' Waterlane et tene-
mentum sive vacuam placeam Prloris de Ely ex parte vna, et tenementum quondam
Edmundi Lyster vocat' Seynt Edmondyshostel ex parte altera, et vnum caput abuttat
super regiam viam vocat' Mylnestret, et aliud caput super Salthyth."]
2 [A Cistercian Abbey in Essex ; Dugdalev. 624. Morant's Essex, Ed. 1728,11. 435.]
^ [In a remission of quit rents from Barnwell Priory, dated 20 June, 26 Hen. VI.
King's College Muniments, A. 89, we find — "Dedecem et octodenaratis...dequodani...
mesuagio...situat' in hospicio sancti Nicholai infra procinctum...Collegii et nuper per-
tinent' Simoni Thaksted et Magistro Willelmo Ely. Et de duodecim denaratis.. .de alio
mesuagiosituat' in dicto hospicio... iuxta Cholleslane... nuper pertinent' Johanni Harles-
ton et magistro Willelmo Ely..." The property is thus described in the conveyance to
Langton (Trinity Hall Muniments, N". 24) : "unum tenementum cum duobus gardinis
adiacentibus... inter venellam voc' Waterlane ex una parte, et venellam voc' Strawylane
ex altera parte, et abuttat dictum tenementum cum uno gardino iuxta Waterlane in
longitudine a regia via voc' Milnestrete usque ad communem ripam, et dictum tene-
mentum cum alio gardino iuxta Strawylane abuttat a dicta regia via in longitudine
usque ad gardinum Abbatis de Tiltey. Et quod quidem tenementum modo vocatur
ho.spicium sancti Nicholai." (16 Nov. 19 Hen. VI.)] It must be remembered that
another hostel of S. Nicholas, the property of Queens' College, stood in S. Andrew's
Parish between Christ's College and Emmanuel (Caius, Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 50):
and that there was another hostel of S. Austin on the south border of the site of King's,
to be described below.
■* Letters patent, recited in the charter of 1449.
'' [Seggeford's property is thus described in the above-mentioned release from
fll.] HISTORY OF THE ENLAROED SITE OF KING'S. 343
In 1445 (26 October, 24 Hen. VI.) the Mayor and Corporation
granted to the King the portion of " Mihiestrete, alias Seynt
Johnstrete, extending from the lane under the wall of the
Carmelites called Chollislane, alias Whitefrerelane, on the south,
as far as Clare Hall on the north ; the portion of Scole-lanes
(School Street) extending westward from the High Street for
185 feet; the whole of Pyron lane; the lane called Strawe-
lane ; and a certain bank called Salthith"; and also, as mentioned
above, "all the common soil contained in the space bounded by
Chollis-lane and Clare Hall, Milnestrete, and the river bank\"
As the closing of all these lanes, especially Piron Lane and
Salthithe Lane, cut off the passage for the townspeople to the
river, it was stipulated that another way should be obtained for
them through the ground north of Trinity Hall, called Henably.
This latter was not granted to them until 1455 (15 March,
33 Hen. VI. )^ The annoyance to the town caused by this
arrangement is manifested in the following memorandum, dated
9 January, 1445'', addressed by the Town Council to the
College :
" Hit is to be remembred that wher hit lyked the Kyng our
souereing lord to send his gracious letters to his Meir and Bailifs of
his towne of Cambrigge be wich he desired certen comyn groundes
and lanes within the seid town of Cambrig' to the vse of his Colege
of oure lady and sent Nicholas in Cambrig' aforseid for wich comyn
groundes and lanes the kyng willed by his seid letters the seid Meir
and comynte shuld be recompensed so thei shuld not be hurt : of wich
comyn groundes and lanes among other hit is specially desired a
comyn lane called Pyrion lane, wich lane the seid Meir and comyns
graunt to the seid colege to be ocupyed and closed at ther will be
twyn this and the fest of sent Michell the Archangell now next folowyng,
in recompense of which lane Master William Milyngton Provest of
the seid Colege promitteth to the seid Meir and comyns that thei shall
ocupye with all maner of cariagez be t\\7n this and the fest of sent
Michell a forseid the vsed way within the ground that is called the
Henabbey dayly fro six of the Clok in the morow vn to six of the clok
at aftyr non with out lettyng of any man. And mor over the seid Prc-
vest promitteth that yef hit happe Master John Langton Chaunceller of
quit-rents by Barnwell Priory. "Et de duabus solidatis annul reilditu.s...de quodani
me5uagio...iuxta Strawelane nuper pertinent' Roberto Seggeford."]
^ [This passage is translated from the conveyance, King's College Munimenls,
A. 87.]
- [See History of Trinity Hall, p. 212.]
^ [King's College Muniments, A. 86.]
344 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Cambridg' and John Ansty squyer wich are assigned by the seid kynges
letters to comyn and conclude with the seid Meir and Comyns for the
recompens of the seid comyn groundes and lanes not to accord be
twyn this and the seid fest of sent Michell, that then the seid lane called
Pyrion lane shall be leyd opyn and fre to be ocupyed be all the seid
comyns of the seid town of Cambrig' as hit is now at this day vnto tym
that they may be fully concluded and accorded of all swich maters as
they haue comynd of be for this tym etc. yefen at Cambrig' aforseid
the ix'^'= day af Januar the yer of the reigne of Kyng Herry the sixt
the xxiij."
The portion of School Lane granted included the whole of
the eastern branch, but this was never taken into the site of the
College. The other lanes have been already determined.
Although the southern boundary of the site is limited, in the
general grant already quoted, by the new lane, yet the King
proceeded to grant to his College land beyond it. At a distance
of about 70 feet to the south of S. Austin's Lane, above described,
was another lane called Plots Lane, or Nut Lane, which opened
into High Street, exactly opposite to the present Bene't Streets
Between the two lanes we meet with S. Austin's Hostel. It
is described in the letters patent dated 10 February, 1449, by
which, together with some other houses in Plots Lane, it was
granted to the College, as " certain newly-built tenements,
lying together, lately called ' Seynt Austyns Hostel.' " The
exact dimensions and abuttals are given, so that the position
of it can be accurately laid down on the map". S. Austin's
Hostel is one of those which Caius^ enumerates as having
^ It was anciently called Segrim's Lane, as the following extracts shew. " Habent
...Canonici de Bernewell ex dono Thome Plote unum mesuagium in villa Cantebr'
iuxta Segrimmes lane." Rot. Hund. Ed. I. p. 356: "Venella nuper vocata
Segrim's lane, que nunc vocatur Plots lane." Essex' Collections, Add. MSS. Mus.
Brit. 6767, p. 7. Its direction was very irregidar, but S. Austin's Lane was set out
nearly straight, in continuation of Cholles Lane.
^ It was bounded by a tenement belonging to Corpus Christi College East ; by Mill
Street West ; by the new lane North ; and by Nut Lane South. The eastern side
measured 63 feet, the western 96, the northern 205, and the southern 235.
3 Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 47. The ground on which it stood consisted partly of
a house purchased from Denny Abbey 26 Hen. VI. (King's College Muniments, A. 95)
which stood on the east side next to the Corpus College property : next to this was a
house belonging to Agnes Jacob : and somewhere else on the ground a house belonging
to John Wering. [The description of the Hostel above-quoted, "quaedam tenementa
nostra... insimul jacentia...de novo super aedificata, modo vocata Seint Austyns
Hostel," shews that it resembled other hostels in being a number of detached houses,
inclosed with a wall, and not a regular collegiate structure.]
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 345
been in use for the lodging of students in his own under-
graduate time. It is manifest therefore, from the term nczvly-
built apphed to it, that when the Hostel of the same name to
the south of S. John's Churchyard was pulled down, it was
rebuilt on this new site, and given to King's College as a source
of revenue, and that S. Austin's Lane was then made to supply
for the town a better road to Cholles Lane and the river than
was furnished by the narrow and tortuous alley of Plots Lane.
Hammond's map (fig. 54) shews the south side of the court as
nearly a straight line. This line must exactly represent the
ancient direction of S. Austin's Lane. The property belonging
to Corpus Christ! College between the Hostel and Trumpington
Street, was not sold to King's until 1 535 \ when S. Austin's Lane
was probably closed, for one of the causes of complaint at
the insurrection in 1 549 was that, " We fynde that the Kynges
College hath taken in and inclosed Saynt Austen's lane leadinge
from the high streete unto the waterside, withoute recompense I"
[The Founder also commenced the acquisition of property
to the south of Plots Lane, by conveying to the College in
1444 a tavern called " Le Boreshede," which seems to have
been situated at the corner of that lane, and Queens' Lane ; and
it is probable that he also purchased the houses that intervened
between that tavern and S. Catharine's on the south, and another
Inn called " The White Horse," on the east I It should also
be mentioned that measures were taken for a supply of water
for an intended conduit. The charter of 1444 grants a piece
of ground called " Holwelle," at Madingley, 30 feet square,
belonging to Barnwell Priory, " near the grange called More-
bernes belonging to the same convent for the construction
of a subterranean aqueduct to bring water to the college*."]
The whole of the property above described was confirmed to
the College by Acts of Parliament in the 23rd and 28th years
of the reign of King Henry the Sixth. At the conclusion of
^ [King's College Muniments, A. 125. The conveyance is dated 2 Feb. 26
Hen. VIII.] - [Lamb's Collection of Letters, etc. 159.]
^ [Charter of 1444, Heywood, 324.]
* [Ibid. p. 328. The farm is still called "Moor barns." It is at the extremity
of S. Giles' Parish, and the word "Moor" is derived from the open pastures, or moor,
of Madingley, beyond it. The King further granted in 1448 the property of certain out-
laws for the construction and repair of the said aqueduct. Fat. 26 H. VI. p. 2, m. 40.]
346 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the last Act the King sums up his work in words which may be
thus translated :
" For the better security of the said Provost and Scholars and their
successors, we give them leave to build and construct not only the
Church of the said College, but all manner of mansions and dwellings
for themselves upon the said site, which we have granted to them for
this purpose ; there lawfully to remain and dwell for ever, in as good or
even better condition, than they, and their predecessors in times gone
by, remained and dwelt upon the aforesaid site near the new Schools."
A few more additions to the College site remain to be
noticed. Towards the end of the reign of Henry VI 11.^ John
Erlich and Edward Heynes had bought from the Carmelite
friars "■ a certain garden or orchard " to the south of Cholles
Lane, and extending from Milne Street to the river. On it
stood a small house ; and it was subdivided by four stone walls.
This, which is still, as it always has been, the Provost's garden,
presently became the property of King's College, but how or
when is not exactly known. There are preserved among the
College Muniments letters patent of Henry the Eighth'^, signed,
but neither sealed nor dated, authorizing them to sell the property
to the College ; so that we may safely assume that the transaction
was completed before the end of his reign. These letters give
also authority to the Mayor of Cambridge to grant Cholles Lane
to the College, together with the portion of Milne Street abutting
^ [This period is fixed by a deed of 6 Sept., 37 Hen. VIII., 1545, in which John
Erlich, Master of Arts, sells the property to Richard Lyne and others. (King's
College Muniments, A. 132.)]
2 [King's College Muniments, A. 129 — 135. The bond given by Erlich and Heynes
to the Friars (A. 131) is dated 18 Feb. 27 Hen. VIII., 1536, two years before they sur-
rendered their house to D'' Mey, President of Queens' College, which they did, 28 Aug.
30 Hen. VIII.,'1538. In the letters patent (ibid. A. 133) the property is described as
"quandam parcellam fundi siue terre cum quadam parva domo superedificata vna
cum quatuor muris lapideis super predictam parcellam terre edificatis...situatam el
jacentem infra pi-ocinctum domus siue habitacionis Prioris et Conuentus fratrum Car-
melitarum.. .inter communem venellam vocat' Cholleslane ducent' versus communem
Riuolum ex parte boriali, et ecclesiam ac cetera edificia, terras, et gardina, dicte domus
siue loci fratrum predictorum ex parte australi, et venellam vocatam le Milnestrete ex
parte orien', et dictum communem Riuolum ex parte occiden', continentemque in
longitudine a cajiite orien' vsque ad communem Riuolum predictum qui est in capite
occiden' trecentos sexaginta et vnum pedes et dimid' pedes assis' ; et in latitudine in
capite orien' per le Milnestrete predict' centum et septem pedes ac tres pollices
assis', et in latitudine in capite occiden' per predictum communem Riuolum centum el
viginti ac quinque pedes et dimid' pedis assis'..." It is extremely difficult to reconcile
these measurements with the ground in its present state. J
in.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 347
on the said garden ; as though it had then been in contemplation
to inchide these lanes in the site. Shortly before, the vendors
had covenanted with the Friars to make a common way twelve
feet wide on the south of the property, from Milne Street to the
river, and to build a stone wall eight feet high, and two feet
wide. These arrangements were never carried out ; for ChoUes
Lane is shewn as an open thoroughfare in the maps of Ham-
mond and Loggan, and remained so until 1823. Moreover, on
30 June, 5 Edward VI., 1551, Queens' College gives a receipt to
King's for £26. 6s. 8^. for " making of a stone wall in the place
and Rowme as the old mudde wall did stande." This is the
wall still standing on the south of the Provost's garden.
It has been already related that in 1638 Clare Hall leased
to King's a piece of ground seventy feet long by fifty feet broad,
at the south-east corner of their site, in exchange for a lease
of part of Butt Close, opposite to the College on the west
side of the river\ These leases were mutually renewed until
1827, when an exchange was agreed upon, by which Clare
obtained Butt Close, and King's not only the piece of ground
mentioned above, but the White Horse Inn, in Trumpington
Street, to which it had a frontage of thirty-one feet. This house
had been acquired for S. Catharine's College by the founder
Dr Robert Woodlarke, in 1455. It was then called " Fordham's
Place," as being the residence of Thomas Fordham, with whose
name we are familiar as an owner of property in High Street.
The College sold it in 1498 to William Myles; received it again
as a benefaction under his will, and finally sold it in 1556
to John Mere, the well-known Esquire Bedell, and benefactor
to the University. Clare Hall received it as a bequest in
1708, from Thomas Pyke. In the time immediately pre-
ceding the Reformation, the house became a place of meeting
for those who in secret favoured the new doctrines. Strype tells
i [History of Clare Hall, 91. Trinity Hall had been anxious to get the same
advantage as Clare, for in one of the papers sent to Clare Hall by King's College in
1634 these words occur, "Trinity Hall having been sutors to us long before Clare
Hall, and in a fairer way." The following extract from King's College Mundum-
Book for 1636 — 37 shews that the Master of Trinity Hall, Dr Thomas Eden (Master
1626—1645), acted as the adviser of King's in their conduct towards Clare : Circa lites
ct placita. " Solut' doctori Eden pro sano consilio diversis temporibus in negotio
Aulae Clarensis 1 o o '']
348 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
US that it was " afterwards nicknamed Germany by their enemies.
This house was chose because they of King's College, Queens'
College, and St John's might come in with the more privacy
by the back door\" This back entrance is known to have
been in what was then Plots or Flutes Lane.
The house at the corner of the lane, immediately to the
north of this, had also been given by Dr Woodlarke to S. Catha-
rine's. It was then the residence of John Canterbury, and his
wife Isabella, Woodlarke's sister. It was sold by S. Catharine's
to John Mere, with the White Horse. The acquisition of it by
King's College must be told in connection with the formation
of the present King's Lane'^ When the plans for new buildings
were under consideration in 1822, it was manifestly desirable to
alter the southern boundaries of the College, and to occupy the
whole of the site. No objection having been made to the
closing of Cholles Lane, the Provost and Fellows asked per-
mission from the Commissioners for Paving and Lighting the
Town (4 November, 1822)
" to stop up the present King's Lane, and take within their pre-
mises that part of Queens' Lane lying between Friar's gate belonging to
King's College and the present King's Lane, upon condition that King's
College should at their own expense open a new King's Lane between
the present King's Lane and the Bull Inn."
The Commissioners declined until King's College should
be in possession of all the houses in and immediately adjoining
King's Lane, because Mr Cory, the then possessor of Canter-
bury's house, had an entrance to his property on the north from
the lane. After a year had been spent in negociations, Mr Cory
agreed to terms ^ (16 October, 1823), and the Commissioners
immediately afterwards (28 October) allowed the College to
remove the site of King's Lane nearer to Catharine Hall, giving
to it a width of fourteen feet throughout ; and also to remove
the site of the upper part of Queens' Lane nearer to the river,
keeping the same width of roadway as at present. At that
time King's Lane is described as " a detestable and filthy alley,
^ [Life of Parker, 6. It is difficult to understand why S. John's should have been
especially included in this enumeration.]
2 The following narrative is abridged from a pamphlet entitled "Reply of King's
College to the statement of the Commissioners of Paving, etc. Svo. 1831."
^ He was to sell his house for ^1500 and a new freehold brickliouse elsewhere.
III.] HISTORY OF THE ENLARGED SITE OF KING'S. 349
nowhere more than 13 feet in breadth, and near its entrance in
Trumpington Street, not quite 10 feet." The new buildings were
accordingly proceeded with ; the old lane being taken into the
College, together with a portion of Queens' Lane, ninety-nine feet
in length, by twenty-four feet in breadth. They had not, however,
been long in progress before Mr Cory changed his mind, and
demanded a price so exorbitant, that the transaction became
impossible, and the court was made twenty-two feet narrower, so
as to render the acquisition of his house unnecessary.
The new lane was made to start from the same point as
the old one at the western extremity, but, running in a straight
line, it joins Trumpington Street at a point about seventy
feet to the south of the opening of the old lane. The eastern
end, however, of the former lane was left, to suit Mr Cory's
convenience; and it survived until 1871. The house was
purchased by King's College in 1870, for i^4,ooo, and pulled
down in the following year, to make way for the additional
buildings then in progress. At the same time the end of the
lane, which belonged to the Town of Cambridge, was exchanged
for a portion of the site of the house, which projected into Trum-
pington Street \ as the plan (fig. 3) shews. It was a very ancient
and picturesque structure, and may well have been the actual
house in which Canterbury had resided. We shall see that he
was Clerk of the Works at King's Chapel, when Woodlarke was
Provost and Master of the Works ; and it is an interesting fact,
in favour of the identity of Mr Cory's house with his, that during
some repairs a rough fresco of the Chapel, with newly planted
trees in front of it, was found on one of the walls".
This completes the history of the site on the east side of
the Cam. The ground on the w^est side, afterwards called
"Butt Close," was acquired by the Founder (31 October,
27 Hen. VI., 1447), to whom the Mayor and Corporation of
Cambridge granted a parcel of the common ground on the
opposite side of the river " called ' le Ec,' " inclosed with hedges
and ditches, 810 feet in length next the river, and 850 feet
in length next the west border called " les Willoughes," and
^ [King's College Muniments, A. 177.]
■^ [For the history of the White Horse and Canterbury's house, see a paper by the
Rev. G. F. Browne, M.A. in Camb. Antiq. Soc. Communications, iii. 405.]
350 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAr.
390 feet in breadth. This extended as far as Garret Hostel
Lane, and was opposite not only to the College site, but also
to Clare Hall, and to nearly the whole of Trinity Hall \
It should be added that in 179S (31 October) a small portion
of the north-east corner of the site was alienated, by exchange,
to the University, when it was proposed to erect a building
" opposite and similar to the Senate-house " at the south-east
angle of the Library. This transaction will be narrated at
length in the history of the Schools.
After the completion of the present Screen and Porter's
Lodge, which were begun in 1824, a strip of ground, about ten
feet wide, was ceded to the Town, in order to widen Trumpington
Street, which previously, as the plan (fig. 3) shews, had been
nowhere more than thirty feet broad.
CHAPTER IV.
The Design of the Founder for the two Colleges.
[Before narrating the history of the buildings of either
College, we will describe the plan devised by the Founder,
although to do so it will be necessary to depart from strict
chronological arrangement ; for the documents in which it is
developed are dated 1448, or nearly seven years after the
works at Eton College were commenced, and nearly two years
after the first stone of King's College Chapel was laid.
The most important of these documents is that known
as " The Will of King Henry the Sixth." This, it must be
remembered, is not a testament, but simply a record of what
the King calls in the opening sentence, " My wille and myne
entent," with respect solely to the arrangements and completion
of his two Royal Colleges of Eton and Cambridge. It is
drawn up as a tripartite indenture in English, dated 12 March,
1447-8. One of the three copies is preserved in each Col-
lege ; the third, we may presume, was retained by the King.
We shall find described in it, with singular minuteness and
' [King's College Muniments, A. 177.!
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR ETON. 35 1
clearness, the careful and well-considered plan which was made
for the two Colleges. Both of them were commenced in
accordance with it ; neither of them completed. At Cambridge
the Chapel alone was begun by the Founder, and this in subse-
quent reigns was entirely finished ; but no other part of the
College was touched with the exception of a small portion of
foundation at the north-east corner of the great quadrangle.
The Old Court is of course excepted, as belonging to a different
College, and not even mentioned in the Will in question. At
Eton the Chapel was undoubtedly begun by the Founder,
and was far advanced before his deposition and death ; but
the rest of the College buildings, some of which were certainly
begun in his reign, now present an arrangement wholly different
from that prescribed in the Will.
Besides the Will, four other documents having reference
to the College buildings are preserved at Eton. The first three
of these, which were drawm up before the Will, are bound
together, and endorsed on the parchment cover :
"Anno xxvj° Regis H. VI''. Eton. For the Edificacion of the
Quere of the kinges Colege of oure lady there Assigned by the kyng
the demesions of the same at his Castell of Wyndesore the vij day of
Februar' the yere aboue seid."
At the top of the third page, on which the text begins, we find
the King's initials, R H, above the words
" The appointment mad by the king oure al souerain Lord as
touchin certain demensions of the Chirch of his College Roial of our
blessid lady of Eton'."
These initials are repeated at the bottom of the fifth page, the
first document ending on the sixth page. At the top of the
.seventh page, on which the second document begins, the royal
signature is given in full, " R' Henricus," above the words
" The appointment made by the king oure al souerain lord for the
edificacion of the quere of his college Roial of oure blessed lady of
Eton as towchyng euery demension of the same quere the vij day of
Februarie the yere of the Reigne of king henry the sext the xxvi.
rp •, |Wiir Bushop of Wynchester
lestiDus ^^^jjp Marchas of Suff'k and othere."
^ [These documents are quoted in the order in which they are now stitched into the
cover. The quires of paper on which the three are written are marked respectively
C, B, E. The cover is certainly original, but the order of the quires has been changed,
and probably two, marked A and D, have been lost.]
352 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
At the bottom of the last page it was signed again by the King
in full. The third document begins on the first leaf of the
last quire, with the King's initials above the words
" The appointment made by the king cure al souuerain lord as
towching the demensions of the housing of his College Roial of oure
lady of Eton."
These documents constitute together a first draft of the
Will, from which, as originally drawn up, they do not differ
in any important particular ; except that on the ninth page,
at the end of the directions about the " Quere," there begins
a detailed estimate of the materials, workmen, and money re-
quired for the works during the 26th and 27th years of the
King's reign. This will be referred to again. The most curious
point, however, remains to be noted. In the first two documents
the principal dimensions have been crossed out in a different
and paler ink, and a larger dimension substituted. There is
unfortunately no evidence to shew when this was done \ These
enlarged dimensions constitute a second design.
The fourth document, which is quite separate from the others,
is undated, but, as it contains a third design which still further
enlarges the dimensions given in the two former, it was certainly
drawn up after them, and probably contains the final intentions
of the King. This view derives confirmation from the fact that
the existing Church corresponds almost exactly with the eastern
portion of the Church therein delineated.
In the following pages the three first documents will be
referred to together as " A," and the fourth, which from the
opening words we will call " The kynges own avyse," as " B."
We will now return to the Will, of which the portions relating
to buildings shall be quoted at length.
The preamble, stating the King's motives for the foundation
of the two Colleges, and the arrangements he had made for
providing funds sufficient for their " edificacion " is as follows :
In the name of the blessed Trinity, fader, sone, and holy-gost, of
oure lady saint Marie moder of Crist, and alle the holy compaignye of
1 [Mr Lyte (p. 43) suggests that it must have been before 2 June 1448, when the
Marquis of Suffolk was created Duke of Suffolk. This theory however depends upon
the signature of the King and the witnesses being in the same ink as that used for the
corrections, and of this I cannot feel certain.]
n'.] THE founder's design for ETON. 353
heiien : I, Henry, by the grace of god kyng of England and of Fraunce and
lord of Irland after the conquest of England the sexte, for diuerse grete and
notable causes mouyng me at the makyng of thecs presentes haue doo my
wille and myne entent to be writen in maner that foloweth' ■ * * * *
First for asmuche as hit hath liked vnto oure lord forto suffre and graunte
me grace for the prymer notable werk purposed by me after that I by his
blessed suiferaunce took vnto my silf the rule of my saide Roiames forto erect
founde and stablisshe vnto the honour and worship of his name specially,
and of the blessed virgine oure lady saint Marie, encresce of vertues, and
kunnyng in dilatacion, and stablisshement of christen feith, my two Colleges
Roialx, oon called the College roial of oure lady of Eton beside Windesore,
and the other called the College roial of oure lady and saint Nicholas of
Cambrige, the edificacions of which Colleges by me nowe begonne aduised
and appointed in maner and fourme as herafter folowith mowe not be
parfitly accomplesshed withoute grete and notable godes assigned and pur-
veid therto :
I wol pray and charge my saide feffees that vnto the tyme that the
saide edificacions and other werkes of Brigges conduyttes closures and
other thynges begonne and aduised by me in either of the seid Colleges be
fully perfourmed and accomplisshed in more notable wise than any of my
said roiame of England : thei see that my same Colleges accordyng vnto the
fourme of seueral grauntes by me vnto theym made in that behaif haue and
perceyue yerely of the issues profitez and reuenues comyng of the forseid
Castellis lordsheps Manoirs landes tenementes rentes seruices and other
possessions by the handes of the tenauntes fermours Occupiours and
receyuours of the same M'M'.li. for the edificacions and werkes abouesaide
that is to say to the Prouost and my said College Roial of Eton for the
edificacions and werkes there yerely MUi. And to the Prouost and scolers
of my saide College of Cambrige for the edificacions and werkes there
yerely M'.li. from the feste of saint Michel nowe last passed vnto the ende of
the terme of xx yeres than next folowyng and fully complete.
And if hit soo be that the edificacions of my saide Colleges or of either of
theyme accordyng vnto my seid devis and appointement herin conteyned
shal not be fulli accomplisshed and finisshed within the said terme of
XX years, I wol than pray and charge my saide feffees that they doo graunte
vnto either of my said Colleges M'.li. to be take yerely from the ende of the
seid terme of xx yeres finisshed vnto the tyme that the edificacions of oon
of my saide Colleges be fully perfourmed and accomplisshed of the issues
profites and reuenues abouesaid. And that after the finisshement of the
edificacions of oon of the same Colleges the saide yerely M'MUi. in semblable
wise to be graunted vnto the other of the same Colleges whoos edificacions
1 [In the passage here omitted the King, after reciting the names of the persons
whom he had "enfeffed in divers castells " etc., belonging to the duchy of Lancaster,
of the yearly value of;i^3395. lis. "jc/., and the dates of the letters patent, confirmed by
Parliament, sanctioning these trusts, notifies to the said feoffees that the letters now
issued contain his will, which he desires them to execute].
VOL. I. 23
354 KING'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
shal not than be finisshed to haue and perceyue of the issues profites and
reuenues aboueseide vnto the tyme that the edificacions of the same College
be fully finisshed and perfourmed, which edificacions of my said Colleges I
haue fully deuised and appointed forto be accomplisshed in this wise that is
forto wete.
This is succeeded by minute directions for the plan to be
followed in both Colleges, beginning with Eton.
THE COLLEGE OF ETON.
Church I wol that the Ouere of my saide College of Eton shal conteyne in
Choir lengthe .C.iij fete of assise; wherof behinde the high auter shal be .viij. fete,
and fro the seide auter vnto the Ouere dore .iiij^\xv fete.
Item, the same Ouere shal conteyne in brede from side to side within
the respondes .xxxij. fete.
Item, the ground of the wallis shal be enhaunced hier than they be
nowe on the vtter side, or hit come to the leyng of the first stone of the
clere wallis .iij. fete of assise, and in the ynner syde or hit come to the leyng
of the first stone of the clere wallis .x. fete of assise.
Item, the wallis of the seide Ouere shal conteyne in height fro the
grounde werkes vnto the crestis of the batelment .iiij"''. fete of assise.
Item, in the est ende of the seide Ouere shal be sette a grete gable
windowe of .vii. dales and .ij. butterases, and in either side of the same Quere
.vij. windowes, euery windowe of .iiij. dales, and .viij. butterases, conteyning
in height fro the grounde werkes vnto the ouer parte of the pynnacles .C.
fete of assise.
Alj^,. Item, that the saide groundes be so take, that the first stone lie in the
myddel of the high auter, which auter shal conteyne in lengthe .xij. fete of
assise, and in brede .v. fete And that the saide first stone be not remoued
touched nor stered in any wise.
Vfstry Item, the vestiarie to be sette oon the north sycie of the saide Ouere,
which shal conteyne in lengthe .1. fete of assise departed into .ij. houses,
and in brede .xxiiij. fete; and the wallis in height .xx. fete, with gable wyn-
dowes and side windowes conuenient therto And the grounde werkes to
be sette in height of the grounde of the cloister.
And I wol that the edificacion of my said College of Eton procede in
large fourme, clene and substancial, wel replenysshed with goodely wyndowes
and vautes leyng a parte superfluite of to grete curiouse werkes of entaille
and besy moldyng.
Stalls Item, in the saide Ouere oon either side xxxii stalles and the rode loft
there, I wol that they be made in like maner and fourme as be the stalles
Roodkift -^'■'d rodeloft in the chapell of saint Stephen atte Westminster, and of the
lengthe of .xxxii. fete and in brede clere .xii. fete of assise
Nave And as touchyng the demensions of the chirch of my saide College of
Eton, I haue deuised and appointed that the body of the same chirch
IV.] TIIK founder's DI'.STCN FOR ETON. 355
betweene the vies shal conteyne in brcde within the respondes .xxxij.
fete, and in lengthe from the Ouere dore vnto the West dorc of the said
chirch .c.iiij. fete of assise. And soo the seide bodie of the Chirch shal
be lenger than is the quere fro the reredos atte the high auter vnto the
quere dore by .ix. fete, which demension is thought to be right a goode,
conuenient, and due proporcion.
Item, I haue deuised and appointed that the yle oon the cither side Aisles
of the body of the chirch shal conteyne in brede fro respond to respond
.XV. fete, and in lengthe .C.iiij. fete, accordyng to the seide bodye of the chirch.
Item, in the south side of the bodie of the chirch a faire large dore Porch
with a porche ouer the same for christenyng of childre and weddyngges.
Item, I haue deuised and appointed .vj. grecis to be before the high auter, Altar-Step;
with the grece called gradus chori, eueri of them conteynyng in hight .vj.
ynches, and of conuenient brede, euery of them as due fourme shall require.
Item, in the brede of the chircheyard fro the chirch dore vnto the wallis
of the chircheyard within the wal atte the west ende, which muste be
take of the strete beside the high way, .xvj. fete of assise.
Item, the groundes of the cloistre to be enhaunced hier than the olde Cloister
grounde .viij. fete yer hit come to the pament, soo that hit be sette but
.ij. fete lower than the pavyng of the chirch. Which cloistre shal conteyne
in lengthe Est and west .CC. fete and in brede north and south .C.lx. fete of
assise. Item, the same cloister shal close vnto the chirch on the north side
atte the west ende, and oon the north side atte the est ende of the chirch hit
shal be close to the College, with a dore in to the same College. Item, the
same cloister shal conteyne in brede within the walles .xv. fete and in height
.XX. fete with clere stories rounde aboute ynvvard, and vawted, and enbatelled
on bothe sydes. Item, the space betwen the wal of the Chirch and the wal
of the cloistre shal conteyne .xxxviij. fete, which is left for to sette in certain
trees and floures, behoueful and conuenient for the seruice of the seide
chirch. Item, the cementorie of the chirch shal be lower than the pauyng of
the cloistre .iiij. fete of assise, with as many greces vp into the chirch dore
as shal be conuenient therto. Item, in the myddel of the west pane of the Tower
saide cloistre a grete square Tour, with a faire dore in to the cloistre
which tour shal conteyne clere within the wal .xx. fete and in the height with
the batelment and the pynacles .C.xl. fete.
Item, from the high way on the south syde vnto the wallis of the College W.alls
a goode high wal with toures conuenient therto. And in like wise from
thens by the water side and aboute the gardynes and alle the procincte
of the place round a bout by the high way, vnto that hit come to the
cloisters ende on the west side ageyn.
Item, that the water atte Baldewyne brigge be turned ouerthwart in to Ditch
the Riuer of Thamyse w^ith a dich of .xl. fete of brede. And the grounde
betwene the same diche and the College arreised of a grete height so that
hit may atte alle flodes be pleyn and drie grounde where than wol be in
distaunce fro the halle to the water atte alle tymes of drie grounde .iiij^"".
fete.
23—2
356 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Dimensions And as touchyng the demensions of the housyng of my saide College of
OF Site Eton, I haue deuised and appointed that the south wal of the procincte of
the saide College which shal extende from the tenement that Hugh Dier
nowe holdeth and occupieth, vnto the Est ende of the gardines efterlong
the water side, shal conteyne in lengthe .M'ccccxl. fete of assise with a large
dore in the same wal to the water side. Item, the Est wal of the saide
procincte which shal extende fro the waterside vnto the high way atte the
newe brigges atte the Est ende of the gardines shal conteyne in lengthe .DCC.
fete of assise. Item the northwal of the said procincte which shal extende
fro the Est ende of the gardines afterlong the high way vnto the southwest
corner of the same procincte shal conteyne in lengthe m\x1. fete of assise in
which wal shal be a faire yate out of the vtter court in to the high way.
Item the west wal of the saide procincte which shal extende fro the saide
west corner of the same procincte vnto the saide tenement, which the said
Hugh Dier nowe occupieth shal conteyne in lengthe .Dx. fete, and so the
vtter walks of the said procincte shal conteyne in lengthe aboute the
same procincte .M'M'M'Diiij'"'x. fete of assise.
Outer Item, betwix the seid northwal of the said procincte and the walles of
Court the College in the vtter court on the Est parte of the yate and the wey
in to the College shal be edified diuerse housyng necessarie for the bakhous
bruehous garners stables heyhous with chambres for the stuardes auditours
and other lerned counsell and Ministres of the said College and other
loggynges necessarie for suche persounes of the said College as shal happen
to be diseesed with infirmitees. Item in the west partie of the saide yate
and the way in to the College in the north pane, .viij. Chambres for the pouere
men. And in the west pane .vj. chambres, and behynde the same a kechene,
Boterie, panetrie, with gardines and a grounde for fuel for the said pouere
men.
Quadrangle Item, the northparte of the College shal conteyne .Clv. fete within the
North .side walles in the myddel of the which shal be a faire tour and a yatehous with
.ij. chambres on either side and .ij. chambres aboue, vauted, conteynyng in
lengthe .xl. fete, and in brede .xxiiij. fete. And in the Est side of the said
yate .iiij. chambres .ij. benethe and .ij. aboue euery of them in lengthe .xxxv.
fete, and in brede .xxiiij. fete And in the west side of the same yate a scole-
hous benethe of .Ixx. fete in lengthe and in brede .xxiiij. fete and aboue the
same .ij. chambres either of them in lengthe .xxxv. fete and in brede .xxiiij.
fete.
East side Item the Est pane in lengthe within the walles .CCxxx. fete in the
Library myddel wherof directly agayns the entre of the cloistre a librarie conteynyng
in lengthe .lij. fete and in brede .xxiiij. fete with .iij. chambres aboue on
the oon side and .iiij. on the other side and benethe .ix. chambres euery
of them in lengthe .xxvj. fete and in brede .xviij. fete with .v. vtter toures
and .V. ynner toures.
West side Item the west pane of the said College .CCxxx. fete in lengthe in the
which shal be directly agains the librarie a dore in to the cloistre, and aboue
.viij. chambres and benethe other .viij. with .iij. vtter toures byonde the
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR ETON. 357
north side of tlie cloister, and .v. ynner toiires with a way in to the quere
for the Ministres of the chirch bctwen the vestiarie and the same quere.
Item the south pane in lengthe .Civ. fete in which shal stande the South side
halle with a vaute vnthernethe for the buterie and celer conteynyng in Hall
lengthe .iiij''^ ij. fete, and in brede .xxxij. fete, with .ij. baywyndowes on
inward an other outward with a toure ouer the halle dore And atte the
Est ende of the halle a panetrie with a chambre benethc, and atte the west
ende of the halle the Provostes loggyng aboue and benethe, conteynyng in Lodge
lengthe .Ixx. fete with a corner toure inward and an other withoute And Kitchen
on the south side of the halle a goodli kichen and in the myddel of the
quadrant withynne a condute goodly deuised to the ease and profit of the Conduit
saide College.
Item, the height fro the strete to the enhauncyng of the grounde of Enhancing
the Cementorie .vij. fete and an half and the same wal in height aboue qrouxd
that .V. fete di' w-ith grecis out of the high way in to the same pane as
many as shal seme conuenient. Item, that the quadrant within the College
and the vtter court be but a fote lower than the cloister.
Item, alle the walles of the said College of the vtter court, and of the Materials
walles of the procincte aboute the gardines, and as far as the procincte shal °^ "alls
goo, to be made of hard stone of Kent And the said gardines to be
enhaunced with erthe to the height of a fote lower than the cementorie
of the said chirche.
From these directions — in some cases difficult to interpret —
the accompanying plan has been drawn. This we will now
explain, for as the dimensions of each particular portion of
the buildings are not given in regular sequence, but scattered
through different parts of the document, a minute commentary-
is indispensable.
The Choir of the Church was to be 103 feet long, 32 feet
broad, and 80 feet high to the crest of the battlements, with two
buttresses at the east end, and eight on each side, each 100 feet
high, from the foundation to the top of the pinnacles'.
In the draft of the Will mentioned above the following-
passage occurs at this point. It is important as shewing the
King's desire for imitating and surpassing Wykeham's work :
"And so the seid quere is lenger than the quere of Wynchestre
College at Oxenford by .iij. fete, Brodder by .ij. fete and the walles
heyer by .xx. fete. The pennacles lenger .x. fete."
The east window was to be divided into seven " dales,"
^ [The westernmost buttress has been laid down as part of the east wall of the
aisle ; an arrangement which seems to be implied by the mention of 7 windows and
8 buttresses. ]
358 king's college and eton college. [chap.
i.e. lights, and each of the fourteen side windows into four
Hghts. A space of 8 feet was to be left behind the high altar,
thus reducing the length of the ritual choir to 95 feet. The
altar itself was to measure 12 feet by 5 feet, to be placed exactly
over the foundation stone, and to be raised on six steps, each
6 inches high, and of convenient breadth. There was also to
be a seventh step, called ''gracilis c/iori^' of the same height.
The stalls, 32 in number, and the rood-loft, 12 feet broad, and
as wide as the church, were to be copied from those at S.
Stephen's Chapel \ Westminster.
The Nave, of the same breadth as the choir, was to be 104
feet long, or nine feet longer than the choir, exclusive of the
space behind the high altar, a proportion to which much import-
ance was attached, as we find it occurring, in different forms,
in the three designs. There were to be no aisles to the choir,
but those of the nave were to be 15 feet broad, and of the same
length as the choir, namely 104 feet. On the south side there
was to be a porch for christenings and weddings. It will be
observed that nothing is said about windows or buttresses in
the nave, or the number of bays into which it was to be divided.
The Vestry, communicating with the Choir on the north
side, was to be 50 feet long, 24 feet broad, and 20 feet high,
" departed into .ij. houses." This last direction is explained by
that for the corresponding vestry at King's, which runs, " de-
parted into .ij. houses benethe, and .ij. houses aboue," and certainly
means separated into two floors with two apartments on each
floor. This conclusion is also justified by the great height.
On the north side of the Church there was to be a large
Cloister, 200 feet long from east to west, by 160 feet from north
to south, and 20 feet high. The " deambulatory," as it is
termed at King's, was to be 15 feet wide, vaulted. There was
to be a clerestory — which may perhaps merely mean windows —
on the inward side ; and battlements to both inner and outer
walls. It was to " close vnto the chirch on the north side atte the
west ende," that is, a passage was to be made from the cloister to
the church at the west end of the north aisle. There is no men-
tion of a door in this place, but one has been indicated on the
' [For a description of this buildinj^, .ifterwanls usefl as the House of Commons,
sec Antiquities of Westminster, l>y J. T- Smith, 4". I.(in(h)n, 1S07.]
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR ETON. 359
plan, as otherwise there would be no use in continuing the cloister
to the church. On the east side the cloister was to " be close to
the College," which has been taken to signify that it was to abut
against the west wall of the College^; because it is expressly-
mentioned further on that there are to be three towers on the
west side of the College " byonde the north side of the cloister ;"
a direction which clearly indicates that the cloister stood in the
way of placing five on the outside to correspond with the five on
the inside, as ordered for the opposite range. On this side there
was to be a door out of the cloister into the College, which door
is twice directed to be placed "directly agayns the Library." It
is further directed, under the head of the " west pane," that there
is to be "a way in to the quere for the Ministres of the chirch
betwen the vestiarie and the same quere." This was no doubt a
private way into the Church, as was usually provided in monas-
teries, for the use of the priests living in the College ; but it is un-
certain whether it w^as to lead out of the east walk of the cloister,
and so round the vestry into the Church ; or out of the south
walk of the cloister into the vestry, and thence through it into the
Church. In the middle of the west side of the cloister there was
to be a Tower — probably a Belfry — 20 feet square within the walls,
and 140 feet high I A door from the tower into the cloister is
mentioned, but no other. From this omission, coupled with the
fact that the wall which was to surround the College is directed
to pass between the cloister and the street, it may be con-
jectured that the tower was intended to have no egress, as we
shall find expressly directed in the case of King's. The central
space of the cloister was to be reserved as a burying-place for
the members of the foundation^.
The garden between the cloister and the church was to be
38 feet wide. This width has been set out from the wall of the
nave instead of from the wall of the choir ; by which arrange-
ment the south wall of the cloister falls in the same line as the
north wall of the south range of the quadrangle.
1 [In this passage "close" must mean "closed" [claiisiis) not "close to" {Jiixta).'\
^ [The dn-ections respecting the position of the tower are the same for the two
Colleges. Professor Willis (in his plan of King's) places the tower external to the
walls, and so does Mr Essex; probably because the tower at New College Oxford is
so placed with reference to the Cloister.]
■' [The right of burial there is regulated by tlie 37th Slalulo. Heywood, 577.
360 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The Quadrangle round which the buildings or "housyng"
of the College were to be disposed was situated eastward of the
cloister. It was to measure 155 feet from east to west, by 230
feet from north to south, " within the walles," that is, on
the inside. In the centre there was to be a conduit. The
buildings were to be of one story. The principal entrance was
to be on the north side, through a tower-gateway, 40 feet wide,
a measurement that has been understood to be taken outside the
turrets that would flank the entrance. The height of the tower
is not stated. It was to contain two rooms, one for muniments,
the other for relics, plate, and jewels. Thus the whole structure
would have resembled the Muniment Tower at Winchester, by
which it was probably suggested \
This north side, or " pane," was to contain on the ground-
floor two chambers east of the gate, each 35 feet long; and
west of the gate a schoolroom 70 feet long. All were to have
a uniform breadth of 24 feet. The first floor was to be occupied
by four chambers, two on each side of the gate.
The principal building on the east side was to be the Library
on the first floor, 52 feet long by 24 feet wide. The range was to
be 18 feet wide, and, with the exception of the Library, was to be
wholly occupied by chambers, each 26 feet long by 18 feet wide.
It is clear however that the two chambers under the Library
would have been 24 feet wide, and, therefore, that the Library
building would have projected 6 feet beyond the rest of the
range, thus forming the most prominent feature on that side of
the College. Four chambers are to be placed on one side of it,
and three on the other, so that its position would have been
nearly central, as the plan shews.
The south side was to contain the Hall, raised upon a
vaulted Buttery and Cellar, with a Pantry to the east, " with a
chambre benethe," a direction which would enable the floor to
be placed on the same level as that of the Hall. The Hall
was to be 82 feet long by 32 feet broad, with two oriel windows,
and was to be entered through a porch surmounted by a tower.
The Provost's Lodge, 70 feet long, in two floors, was to be west-
ward of the Hall.
^ [The use of these chambers is described in Statute 35, which directs that the
College Seal be kept "in quadam domo ad hoc... super dictam portam constructa."]
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FUR ETON. 36 1
The west side was to be occupied by eight chambers, and by
the passage into the cloister. The dimensions of neither are given.
It is further directed that there are to be five outer towers
and five inner towers, attached to the eastern range ; one outer
and one inner tower to the Provost's Lodge ; and three outer
towers and five inner towers to the west range. The inner towers
were probably staircases, such as we have already seen employed
at Cambridge in the old court of King's, It will have been
noticed that no towers are directed for the north range. On the
assumption that the inner towers were staircases none would be
required, as access to the chambers would be obtained by means
of the corner towers ordered for the east and west ranges, and
by the gate, in which we may assume that, as at King's, there
would be staircases in the turrets towards the court. The
reason for assigning three towers only to the outside of the
west range has been already mentioned. The use of the outer
towers, which it is not so easy to determine as that of the inner,
will be discussed when we come to the description of the exist-
ing buildings. They have been laid down on the plan in ac-
cordance with the arrangements still subsisting.
The position of the quadrangle has been decided by that of
the existing Hall, which is of the exact dimensions directed,
and is the only part of the design that was so carried out, except
the Pantry, or a portion of it, and the Kitchen. These buildings
are distinguished on the plan by a deep black. The wall ab (fig. 16)
is original, and, so far as it is possible to examine it, appears to
be an outside wall, and not a party wall. It is not, however, so
thick as the north and south walls of the Hall. It is therefore
possible after all that it may have been intended to carry on
this part of the College further eastward, and so to complete the
quadrangle by the addition of a room to fill up the corner.
In attempting to reconcile the dimensions given in the Will,
it must be remembered that they are all inside measures, and
taken without reference to party walls, which were to be added
afterwards. Beginning therefore with the north side we find
that the dimensions of the several parts give a total of 180 feet.
To accommodate this we have the directed width of the quad-
rangle, 155 feet, + that of the east side, 1 8 feet, + that of two
walls (each of which may be supposed to be 3! feet thick), 7 feet
362 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
= 180 feet. On the east side the dimensions give a total of
234 feet, which may be accommodated, as the plan shews, by
deducting the width of the south wall of the north range (3^ feet),
and by setting that which was to terminate the range towards
the south half a foot within the north wall of the Hall. On the
south side the dimensions of the Hall and Lodge give a total of
152 feet. No dimensions are given for the Pantry, and it may
therefore be made of any size that suits the dimensions of the
other parts, as explained above. The west side offers no difficulty.
Between this quadrangle and the Slough road there was to
be a court of entrance, called the " vtter court." The arrange-
ments of this court are not laid down with the precision we find
employed for the other buildings. All that we are told is that it
was to be entered from the road by " a faire yate," that various
offices such as the brew-house, bake-house, stables, granary, and
hay-house, with rooms for the different servants and officers,
were to be situated on the east side ; and the Almshouse on the
west side. This was to occupy two sides at least of a small
subsidiary court, on the north side of which there were to be
eight chambers, and on the west side six chambers. Behind these
were to be a Hall\ Kitchen, Buttery, and Pantry, together with a
garden and a yard for fuel. These different buildings have been
laid down on the plan, but in the absence of exact directions
and measurements their position can only be conjectured.
A wall of Kentish stone, thirteen feet high, with towers at
intervals, was to be carried round the entire site, in which the
southern half of the Playing Fields was to be included, as the
measurements prove. These correspond fairly well with those
of the site in its present condition. The house occupied by
Hugh Dyer, the position of which, at the south-west corner of the
site, has been already ascertained, is taken as the point of
departure. The south wall extended thence along the water
side to the east end of the garden, for 1440 feet ; a measurement
which corresponds fairly well with the distance from Barnespool
to the corner of the Playing Fields, where " Sixth Form Bench "
—called "The Green Benches" in the i8th century — now stands
(fig. i). In this wall there was to be a water-gate. The east
wall measured 700 feet, the distance from the last mentioned
^ [Tliis is not (liiecled in liie Will, hul in llie dnifl marked A.]
IV.J THE founder's DESIGN FOR ETON. 363
point to what was then " the new bridge," now Fifteen Arch
Bridge. The north wall measured 1040 feet^ This distance,
corresponding with the present boundary wall of the Playing
Fields, brings us to the entrance to "Weston's Yard^:" whence
510 feet represent with tolerable correctness the length of the west
wall, up to the corner opposite Barnespool whence we started.
The greatest care was to be taken to protect the College
from floods. A ditch, 40 feet broad, was to be excavated from
Baldwin's Bridge (Barnespool Bridge) to the Thames ; and an
embankment was to be constructed on the College side of it,
at a distance of 80 feet from the Hall, so that the ground
within might be dry at all times of overflow^. Moreover, as
an additional precaution, the different buildings were to be
"enhanced," that is, artificially raised, to a height which varied
in each case. The accompanying diagram (fig. 14) has been drawn
to explain this extraordinary scheme. What is called " the olde
ground," that is, the ground on which the houses stood which
were pulled down to make way for the College, was to be
raised to a height of 3 feet above the level of the street over the
whole area, including the gardens. From this level the " clere
wall" on the outside of the Church was to rise. The Church-
yard was to be raised to a height of 4 feet, from which a flight
of steps was to lead up to the level of the Church on the inside,
10 feet above the same "olde grounde." The Vestry and
Cloister were to be 2 feet lower than the floor of the Church,
and the central area of the Cloister, or Cemetery, half a foot
lower than the deambulatory. The level of the Quadrant and
Utter Court was to be a foot lower than that of the Cloister, or
7 feet higher than the " olde grounde."
^ [The Will says "afterlong the high way vnto the sotit/i-7vest covnur.''' It should
have been north-ivest. The total distance round the site, moreover, is wrongly sum-
med in the Will. It should be 3690, not 3.S90. The number is rightly given in "A."]
^ [So called from Stephen Weston, who lived there at the beginning of the i8th
century. He was first Assistant, then Lower Master ; admitted Fellow 9 Oct. 1 707 ;
made Bishop of Exeter 1724 ; died 1743. The following extract from the "Minute
Book " marks the position of his house, and the erection of the wall between the
Playing Fields and the Slough road. " 17 17. Jan. 14. Ordered that a Brickwall be
Built from Longbridge along the Ditch to y<= corner of M'' Weston's wall."]
■^ [The distance from the south-east corner of the Hall to the ditch which originally
ran from Barnespool past the College buildings is just 80 feet, as the plan shews.
This looks as though the direction quoted above meant that this existing ditch was
tu be deepened and widened.]
364
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
We will now consider the deviations from the plan above
described which are found in the other documents. In order
to avoid repetition these have been set down in the accompany-
ing table, where the first column gives the dimensions of the
Will, the second those of the corrected draft (A), and the third
those of the " king's own avyse" (B). This shews that, in what
we may call the second design, the choir and nave were each to
be increased in length by 15 feet, and in breadth by 3 feet.
Heis:ht of wall
Qiiatirant
"'"i Cniu-tcrv
Conrt
Fig. 14. Diagram to shew the "enhancing" of the site of Eton College.
Scale Ath of an inch to one foot.
The aisles were to be increased in breadth by i foot, and the
rest of the dimensions were to remain unaltered'. This design
has been laid down in blue on the plan.
• [It should be mentioned that in "A" the excess of the Nave over the Choir from
the High Altar to the Choir door is set down as 7 feet; no dimensions being given
for the Choir. This gives a length of 97 feet for the Choir between the same points ;
and a total of either 103 feet or 105 feet for the entire length; according as we assume
that the space between the High Altar and the East wall was 6 feet (so as to make up
the 103 feet of the Will) or 8 feet as is there directed. It is possible that on the quire
of paper that would have been marked "A," a different set of measurements for the
Choir were given.]
IV.
THE FOUNDER S DESIGN FOR ETON.
565
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE
DESIGNS FOR ETON, AND OF THE DESIGN FOR
AS STATED IN THE WILL, IN FEET.
ETON.
THREE
KING'S
KING'S
Second
Third
Will.
Design
A.
Design
B.
Will.
' length
I
118
150
breadth between respond
32
35
40
40
space behind High Altar
8
8
12
Choir
distance from High Altar to
Choir Door
95
no
150
height to Crest of Battlements
80
80
90
i_ buttresses, height
100
100
Altar
length
breadth
12
5
18
4i
Vestry
length
50
50
breadth
24
22
1
height
20
22
\
length, Choir door to W. door
104
119
168
120
Nave
breadth
32
35
40
40
(
excess over Choir
9
9
Aisles
length
104
119
168
breadth
15
16
20
Total Lengi
■H of Church
207
^37
318
288
length, East and West
200
175
Cloister
,, North and South
Deambulatory, width
160
15
200
13
,, height
20
20
Garden I!ET^
VEEN Church & Cloister
38
Tower
breadth (square)
height
20
24
140
120
- East pane, length
2:50
230
, , breadth
18
22
West pane, length
230
230
(M'ADRANT <
,, breadth
—
24
South pane, length
I. =^5
238
,, breadth
22
North pane, length
155
—
L ,, breadth
24
—
Gateway
length
breadth
40
24
30
22
Tower
height
60
Library
) length
(• breadth
52
24
no
24
Hall
1 length
82
100
! breadth
32
34
School-
r
House,
Eton
length
70
40
House for
breadth
24
24
Reading,
etc., King's
L
^66 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The document containing the third design (B) is so remark-
able in every way, that it is here printed in full, line for line with
the original \-
The kynges owne avyse as touchyng certayne demensions also [as]
well of the Qwere as of the body of the Churche with the vies of h[is]
College Royall of oure blessed lady of Eton.
First he is avysed concluded and fully determened that the seyd [Qwere]
schall conteyne in lengthe fro the Est ende with Inne the wall v[nto the]
Qwere dore CI" fote of assise . wher of be hynd the hye A[uter]
xij.fote. And fro the Reredoce be hynd the hye Auter unto the lowes[t step]
y called gradus chori . xliiij . fote. And fro thens for lengthe of the
stalles in the Qwere iiij ''■''. viij. iVnd be hynde the Provostes stall vnto
the qwere dore . vj . fote, for a wey in to the Rodelofte for redyng and
syngyng and for the Organs and other manere observance there to be
had after the Revvles of the Churche of Salesbury.
Item the same qwere to conteyne in brede fro syde to syde with Inne
the walles . xl . fote of assise.
Item on euery side of the same qwere to be sett .viij . wyndowes euery wyndowe
of . V . dayes clanly and substancially wroght. And in the Eest ende
of the same a grete gable wyndowe of . ix . dayes.
Itm the hye auter in the seid qwere schall conteyne in lengthe .xviij.
fote and in brede . iiij°''. fote an a half with oute the Reredoce . Whiche
schall conteyne in thiknesse . ij fote. And on the right syde of the seid
hye Auter to be sett an ymage of oure lady. And on the left syde an
ymage of seynt Nicholas. And a boue in the seyd Reredoce in the
myddes to be sett a grete ymage of oure Savyoure with the .xij,
A]postoles y sett on euery syde of the same ymage with sygnes and
to]kenes of here passion and martirdome.
[Item t]hat in the space be hynd the hye Auter schah be an Auter in
[the myd]des vnder the gable wyndowe conteynyng in lengthe .ix.
[fote an]d in brede .iij. fote with an ymage of oure lady in the
[mydd]es holdyng a childe in here armes.
Item that the body of the seyd Churche schall conteyne in lengthe
fro the qAvere dore vnto the west dore of the same Churche with
Inne the walles . Clxviij . fote of assyse. And in the west end
of the same a grete gable wyndowe of ix dayes.
Item the brede of the same body with Inne the Pylours to conteyne
xl . fote of assise a cordyng to the wyde of the seid qwere.
Item he is avysed and concluded that the yle on eyther syde of the
seyd body of the Cluirche schall conteyne in brede fro respond to
^ [This document is a folio of 6 leaves, or three sheets, measuring SJin. x iijin.
They are stitched into a parchment cover with 2 parchment thongs, protected on the
inside by slips of the same material. The writing begins at the top of the second leaf,
and is continued on both sides of the leaf, ending with 6 lines on p. 4. The words
and portions of words supplied by conjecture are included between square brackets.]
^ [Another dimension has been written in here and scratched out. The erased
dimension is difficult to decipher but looks like cxlix.]
IV.] THE founder's DESK;N for ETON. 367
respond xx'^ fote. And in lengthe . Clxviij . fote a cordyng to the
seyd body of the Churche. And in euery ende of the seid yles a
wyndowe of vj. dayes with a })rinci])all moynell in the middes
also in euerich of the Eest endes of the seid yles to be sett . ij . Auters with ij
Auters in the body of the seid Churche to be sett on euery syde of the
qwere dore. And in euery syde of the same yles schall be .viij.
wyndowes euery wyndowe of. v. dayes to be sett directly a yenst
viij. Arches of the body of the seid Churche.
Item that the walles of the seid Qwere and Churche schull conteyne
in hegtht from the grownde werke unto the Crest- of the batilments of the
same . iiij'^'^. fote of assise. And fro the Crest unto the fynyng of the
pynnacles . xx" . fote. And so the heght of alle fro the clere grownde
vnto the heyest part of the pynnacles to be C fote of assise. And
so the seid Qwere schall be lenger than the qwere of the Newe
College at Oxford bi . xlvij . fote brodder bi . viij . fote. And the
walles heyer be . xx'' . fote. And also heyer than the walles of
seynt Stephenes Chapell at Westmonstre.
Item he is avysed and concluded that the first stone whiche is poynted
to lye vnder the middes of the hye Autere be not stored removed
ne towched in any wyse.
Item that the growndes of the Qwere whiche be nowe taken be nott
removed ne stored for drede of hurtyng and enpeyring of the seid
growndes but hitt be in tho places as schall be seen be houfifull or
necessarye so that the growndes newe to be takyn be syde ' the oold
growndes for the enlargeyng of the seid qwere be take lowe att the
bottom of the fundement with . ij . courses, first . j . cours of platt
Yorkschire stone playne and well bedded. After with the secunde
Course of Yorkschire and Teynton ston medlyd and couched to gyder.
And ther vpon the growndes a rysyng to be made with large substan-
ciall fre stone of Teynton w' hethston and flynt y leyd and
couched with good and myghtty morter made with fyne stone
lyme and gravell sonde vnto the clere wall. And fro thens vpward
the walles to be made with Yorkschyre and Teynton ston. The same
walles to be filled with the same ston and with hard and durable heth
ston and flynt with good morter to be made as hit is before rehersed.
So that neyther in the seid growndes ne walles schall m any wise
be occupied Chalke Bryke ne Reygate stone otherwyse y called
Mestham stone" but oonly of the stuffe be fore
rehersed.
Item that the growndes in the southe side of the seid qwere be take
largeur with owte the clere wall than thei schall be on the North side
of the same bi . ij . fote largely.
This design has been laid clown on the plan in red. Tlic di-
mensions, except the height, are nearly all increased, as the table
shews. The choir is 32 feet longer, and 5 feet broader than in
' ["be syde" is written over. The word was originally "with oute.'"]
■-' [Several words have been scratched out Jiere, and replaced liy three flourishes.]
368 king's college and eton college. [chap.
the second design ; the nave 49 feet longer and 5 feet broader;
the aisles 4 feet broader. The total length therefore of the church
has now become 3 1 8 feet ; for which the second design gave
237 feet, and the first 207 feet. Particular directions are now
given respecting the nave. It is to be of eight bays, with a
corresponding number of windows in each aisle, and it is to have
a west window of nine lights, like the east window of the choir.
The other directions, among which those for the altar, reredos,
and stalls are much more precise, are explained with sufficient
clearness in the document itself Those relating to the measures
to be adopted in consequence of the change of plan, and to the
stone to be used, will be referred to in Chapter vn.
The design for Eton is succeeded in the Will by a similar
one for Cambridge, from a careful study of which the accom-
panying plan has been drawn \ This shall now be described.
The task will be much easier than in the case of Eton, for there
are no documents except the Will to be studied, and the direc-
tions given will be found to be simpler than the former, and
therefore less difficult to reconcile. The text is as follows. The
principal measurements have been set down on the table at
p. 365 for comparison with those of Eton.]
THE COLLEGE OF CAMBRIDGE.
Church And as touchyng the demensions of the chirche of my said College of
cure lady and saint Nicholas of Cambrige, .L haue deuised and appointed
that the same chirch shal conteyne in lenghte CCiiij^'' viij. fete of assyse
withoute any yies and alle of the widenesse of .xl. fete and the lengthe of
the same chirch from the West ende vnto the Auters atte the queris
dore, shal conteyne .Cxx. fete, And from the Provostes stalle vnto the grece
called gradus chori .iiij"x. fete for xxxvj stalles on either side of the same
quere, answeryng vnto .Ixx. felawes and .x. prestes conductes which must be
^ [This plan is by Professor Willis, who notes: "James Essex the Architect drew a
plan from the will which has been preserved in a volume of his drawings in the British
Museum (Add. MS. 6776). It is not accompanied by any explanation. IVIy plan
differs from it in no important particular. The sketch plan in Maiden's Account of
King's College Chapel (p. 29) is derived from this source. Another is given by
Harraden (p. 89). A plan of the same kind drawn on a scale of 12 feet to the inch,
hangs in the Provost's Lodge. It is said to have been copied in i78'2 by J. Freeman
from one given by Matthew Stokys, registrar of King's College from 1570 to 1576."]
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR KINO'S. 369
de prima forma; and from the said stalles vnto the Est ende of the said
chirch .Ixij. fete of assise. Also a reredos beryng the Rodeloft departyng Roodlofi
the quere and the body of the chirch, conteynyng in lengthe .xl. fete, and
in brede .xiiij. fete ; the walls of the same chirche to be in height .iiij'"' x. fete, Walls
embatelled vauted and chare rofed sufficiently boteraced, and euery boterace
fined with finialx.
And in the Est ende of the said chirch shal be a wyndowe of .xj. dales, Windows
and in the west ende of the same chirch a windowe of .ix. dales and betwix
euery boterace a wyndowe of .v. dales And betwix euery of the same boteraces
in the body of the chirche, on bothe sides of the same chirche, a closette with
an auter therin, conteynyng in lengthe .xx. fete, and in brede .x. fete, vauted Side-chapels
and finisshed vnther the soil of the yle windowes : and the pament of the
chirch to be enhaunced .llij. fete aboue the groundes without, and the
helghte of the pament of the quere .j. fote dl' aboue the pament of the
chirche, and the pament at the high auter .lij. fete aboue that.
Item, on the north side of the quere a vestlarie conteynyng in lengthe Vestry
.1. fete, and in brede .xxlj. fete, departed in to .Ij. houses benethe and .ij. houses
aboue, which shal conteyne in height .xxij.^ fete in all with an entre fro
the quere vauted.
Item, atte the west ende of the chirche a clolstre square, the Est pane Cloister
conteynyng in lengthe .Clxxv. fete, and the west pane as much ; and the
north pane .cc. fete, and the south pane asmuche, of the which the deambu-
latorle .xlij. fete wide, and in height .xx. fete to the corbel table, with clere
stories and boteraced with finialx, vauted and embatelled, and the grounde
therof .llij. fete lower than the chirch grounde ; and in the myddel of the west
pane of the clolstre a strong toure square, conteynyng .xxiiij. fete within the
walles, and In height .Cxx. fete vnto the corbel table, and .llij. smale tourettis
ouer that, fined with pynacles, and a dore in to the said clolstre ward, and
outward noon.
And as touchyng the demensions of the housynge of the said College, Quadrangle
I haue deulsed and appointed in the south side of the said chirche, a
quadrant closyng vnto bothe endes of the same chirche, the Est pane East side
wherof shal conteyne .CCxxx. fete in lengthe, and in brede within the walles
.xxlj. fete : in the myddes of the same pane a tour for a yatehous, con-
teynyng in lengthe .xxx. fete, and in brede .xxlj. fete, and in height .Ix. fete,
with .lij. chambres ouer the yate euery aboue other ; And on either side of the
same yate .llij. chambres, euery conteynyng in lengthe .xxv. fete, and in brede
.xxlj. fete ; and ouer euery of thoo chambres .ij. chambres above, of the same
mesure or more, with .ij. toures outward and .ij. toures inward. The south South side
pane shall conteyne in lengthe .ccxxxvllj. fete and in brede .xxlj. fete within,
in which shal be .vlj. chambres, euery conteynyng In lengthe .xxix. fete, and
in brede .xxlj., with a chambre parcelle of the Provostes loggyng, conteynyng
^ [These numerals are illegible in the copy of the Will at King's, and are taken
from that at Eton. These two copies have been carefully collated ; but as they differ
only in the spelling of words, and not in measurements, or any important particulars,
it has not been thought necessary to note the various readings.]
VOL. I. , 24
370
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
West side
Library
Hall
Lodge
Walls
Krids^e
in lengthe .xxxv. fete, and with a chambre in the Est corner of the same
pane, conteynyng in lengthe .xxv. fete, and in brede .xxij. fete; and ouer
euery of alle the same chambres .ij. chambres and with .v. toures outward,
and .iij. toures inward : the west pane shal conteyne in lengthe .CC.xxx. fete,
and in brede withinfurth .xxiiij. fete, In which atte the ende toward the
chirch shal be a librarie, conteynyng in lengthe .Cx. fete, and in brede
.xxiiij. fete, and vnder hit a large hous for redyng and disputacions, conteynyng
in lengthe xl. fete, and .ij. chambres vnder the same librarie, euery conteynyng
.xxix. fete in lengthe and in brede .xxiiij. fete, and ouer the said librarie an
hows of the same largenesse for diuerse stuf of the College : in the other
ende of the same pane an halle conteynyng in lengthe .C. fete, vpon a vawte
of .xij. fete high, ordeigned for the Celer and Boterie and the brede of the
halle .xxxiiij. fete on eueri side therof a bay windowe, and in the nether ende
of the same halle, toward the myddel of the said pane a panetrie and boterie,
euery of them in lengthe .xx. fete, and in brede .xv., And ouer that .ij.
chambres for officers, and atte the nether ende of the halle toward the west
a goodly kichen : And the same pane shal haue .ij. toures inward
ordeigned for the waies in to the halle and librarie : And in euery corner of
the said quadrant shal be .ij. corner toures, on inward and on outward, mo
than the toures aboue reherced ; And atte the ouer ende of the halle the
Provostes loggyng that is to wete moo than the chambres aboue for hym
specified a parlour oon the ground conteynyng .xxxiiij. fete in lengthe, and
.xxij. in brede, .ij. chambres aboue of the same quantite. And westward
closyng therto a kechen larder hous stable and other iiecessarie housyng
and groundes ; And westward beyonde thees housynges and the said kechen
ordeigned for the halle a bakhous and bruehous and other houses of Offices
betwene which ther is left a grounde square of .iiij."" fete in euery pane for
wode and suche stuffe ; And in the myddel of the said large quadrant shalbe
a condute goodly deuised for the ease of the said College :
And I wol that the edificacion of my same College procede in large
fourme clene and substancial, settyng a parte superfluite of too gret curious
werkes of entaille and besy moldyng.
And I haue deuised and appoynted that the procincte of my same
College of oure lady and saint Nicholas aswel on bothe sides of the gardine
from the seid College vnto the water, as in alle other places of the same
procincte, be enclosed with a substancial wal of the height of .xiiij. fete,
with a large tour at the principal entree ageyns the myddel of the Est
pane out of the high strete ; And in the same tour a large yate, and an
other tour in the myddel of the west ende at the newe brigge : And the seid
wal to be crested and embatelled and fortified with toures, as many as shal
be thought conuenient therto.
The Chapel is directed to be 288 feet long inside, and 40
feet wide ; and is to be divided as follows. The " body of the
chirch," or as we call it, the antc-chapel, is to be 120 feet
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR KING'S. 37 1
long ; the roodloft, extending across the whole breadth of the
church, is to occupy 14 feet ; the stalls, which are measured
from that of the Provost to the grades chori, 90 feet ; and
thence to the east wall 62 feet. These dimensions give a
total of 286 feet. The difference of two feet may perhaps
be accounted for by supposing the stalls to be measured from
the front, and not from the back, of the Provost's stall. The
total height of the walls was to be ninety feet. The east win-
dow was to be divided into eleven "dales," i.e. lights, the west
window into nine ; and the rest, of which one was to be placed
between each pair of buttresses, into five each. The space
between each pair of buttresses, twenty feet wide, was to be
occupied, in the ante-chapel only, by chapels, called " closets,"
each ten feet deep, and rising as high, apparently, as the sill of"
the windows, so as to form a sort of aisle.
There was not the same necessity for an artificial elevation
of the ground here as at Eton ; still a certain amount of
"enhancing" is directed. The pavement of the ante-chapel was
to be 4 feet above the level of the court without ; the pavement
of the Choir was to be 18 inches above that of the ante-chapel;
and the pavement of the altar-floor 3 feet above that again.
The vestry, as at Eton, was to be on the north side, 50 feet
long, by 22 feet broad, divided into two floors, with two
apartments in each. The building was to be 22 feet high.
There was to be a Cloister, as at Eton, but at the west end
of the Church, instead of on the north side, probably because the
ground did not admit of any other arrangement. It was to measure
175 feet from north to south, by 200 feet from east to west, with
a deambulatory 13 feet wide, and 20 feet high to the corbel-
table. In the middle of the west side there was to be a tower,
24 feet square within the walls, and 120 feet high to the corbel-
table, above which four angle- turrets were to rise, terminating
in pinnacles. The only means of access to this tower was by
a door from the cloister. A door outwards is expressly for-
bidden. The ground within the cloister, four feet lower than
the pavement of the Church, was to be reserved as a burial-place
for the fellows, scholars, chaplains and clerks ; for no one might
be buried in the Chapel except the Provost, Vice-Provost, those
fellows who were masters in theology, or doctors in any other
24 — 2
372 king's COIXEGE and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
faculty, noblemen, or special friends. Moreover, no buildings
might be erected in the cemetery except monuments\
Nothing is said about the exact position of the cloister-
cemetery, which was certainly consecrated, and used for burials
for many years. Loggan's plan (fig. 55) shews that the east wall
of the bowling-green and garden stood nearly 250 feet from the
west door of the Chapel. This ground measures, by his scale,
110 feet from east to west, by 175 feet from north to south^
This latter dimension coincides so remarkably with the directed
width of the cloister, that we can hardly doubt that it was
originally laid out to occupy the space left between the cloister
and the river. Again, " the newe brigge " directed in the Will
stood at the south-west angle of the bowling-green, and the walk
leading to it must have coincided with the southern limit of
the cemetery. From these considerations we may infer that
the latter was placed close to Clare Hall, but separated from
the chapel by a space about 40 feet broad. We have seen that
such a space, 38 feet broad, was to be interposed between the
north side of the church and the cloister at Eton, " for to sette
in certaine trees and floures behoueful and conuenient for the
seruice of the chirch." As the cloister at Eton would have
extended along the choir as well as the church, it is evident
that, for half its length, the breadth of this space would have
been increased by the width of the side-aisles, which are wanting
in the choir, that is, by about 18 feet, and that on the whole it
would have been of nearly the same area. In Wykeham's
College at Oxford a narrow space of 12 feet in breadth separates
the west wall of the chapel from the cloistered cemetery, placed
like that of King's College to the west of the chapel. This
cemetery also has a lofty tower on its northern side. At Win-
chester College also an irregular space having a mean breadth
of about 25 feet lies between the chapel and the cloister, which
there is placed on the south side of the former. At Salisbury
a space 38 feet broad lies between the nave of the Cathedral
and the wall of the cloister.
The " housynge " of the College, that is, the chambers and
1 Statute 51.
^ [The distance from the west end of the Chapel to the river is 359 feet by actual
measurement, a strong testimony to the general accuracy of Loggan's plan.]
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR KING'S. 373
official buildings, were arranged about a quadrangle, or " quad-
rant," on the south side of the Chapel, which formed the north
"pane" or side. The dimensions of this quadrangle are 230
feet from north to south, by 238 feet from east to west. The
details of the plan however shew that the buildings of the east
and west sides were intended to " close vnto bothe endes of the
chirche," that is, to abut against the Chapel at each end beyond
the side aisles or vestries, and that the measures of these
"panes" include the whole of the buildings. The width of the
aisle must therefore be subtracted from the 230 feet ; which
leaves 215 feet for the real width of the area of the court. In
the centre there was to be a " goodly conduit." The east and
south sides were each to be occupied by a range of chambers
in three floors (instead of the two floors directed for Eton), of a
uniform width of 22 feet within the walls. In the middle of the
former side there was to be a tower for a gatehouse, 30 feet
broad, and 60 feet high, with a range of chambers on either
side, each 100 feet long, and containing on each floor four
chambers each 25 feet long. These numbers make up the
required sum of 230 feet. Thus this side of the College would
have contained 27 chambers, without including those at the
south-east corner, which are enumerated in the description of
the south range. This, 238 feet long, was to contain seven
chambers on each of three floors, each 29 feet long, and one at
the westernmost extremity of the range, 35 feet long, which,
with the two rooms over it, was to be a portion of the Provost's
lodge. The seven rooms give a total of 203 feet, which, with
the above-mentioned 35 feet, make up the allotted total of 238
feet. The whole number of rooms would have been, as on the
east side, 27. The chamber at the south-east corner, of the
same breadth as the others, is directed to be 25 feet in length.
At first sight it would appear as if this chamber, occupying, as it
does, the intersection of two ranges of building each 22 feet wide
within the walls, must project three feet beyond the outer face
of the building in one direction. It must be remembered how-
ever that in all these ancient ranges of chambers there are no
party walls, but that the whole range is included within two
parallel walls extending from one end to the other, the chambers
being separated by stud partitions alone. At the angles of a
374 king's college and eton college. [chap.
court the interior wall of one side is usually continued to the
outer line, so that one range can be erected complete, and the
other abutted against it, as shewn by the double lines on the plan.
The corner chamber therefore will evidently be bounded on
three sides by stone walls, and on the fourth by a thin partition.
On this principle therefore the length of this chamber at the
corner will be greater than the breadth by the thickness of
the wall, for which we may allow three feet on the ground.
The west side of the quadrangle contained the Hall with
its appendages, and the Library. The length was 230 feet,
composed of the Hall, 100 feet long, at the south end, next
to which was placed, as usual, the Pantry and Buttery, which
were to occupy 20 feet, and beyond them the Library, no feet
long by 24 feet broad, which completes the total of 230 feet.
The Hall is placed on a vault 12 feet high, for the Cellar
and Buttery (which is mentioned twice), and its breadth is
34 feet, with a bay-window on each side. It was to be entered
at the north extremity, and there of course the usual screen
would be placed, cutting off a passage within the walls of the
Hall containing the usual doors of entrance. The Pantry and
Buttery, on the north side of the screens, were each to be 17 feet
broad, with two chambers for officers (probably the butler, cook,
etc.) over them. The Kitchen was not included in the range,
but was placed on the west side of the Hall, and formed part of
the north side of a small courtyard, 80 feet square. From its
position with reference to the pantry and buttery above described
it is clear that it could not have been reached by a central door
and passage between those offices, as usual in the Halls of Cam-
bridge, but probably by a door opposite to the entrance into the
Hall, which is also usual when the kitchen has a lateral position.
Contiguous to the upper or south end of the Hall were
placed three chambers for the Provost, namely, a Parlour on the
ground-floor, and a single room on each of the floors above, in
addition to those already mentioned on the south side of the
principal quadrangle. Their ground-plan was to measure 34 feet
by 22 feet, the respective breadths of the two ranges of buildings
the intersection of which they occupy. Their position in the
angle is thus clearly indicated. His kitchen, stable and other
offices adjoined these chambers, and formed the south side of
IV.] THE founder's design for king's. 375
the small court above described. On the north side the College
bakehouse and brewhouse were placed, and in the middle area
" wode and suche stuffc " were to be stacked.
Above the Librar)\ extcndinij its entire length, there was to
be a storeroom, and beneath it a room for reading (lecturing),
and disputations, 40 feet long, with two chambers each 29 feet
long. These give a total of only 98 feet, leaving 12 feet to
be accounted for. This may fairly be supposed to have been
reserved for a passage to the bridge, cloister, and gardens,
such as is usually afforded by the screens.
The stairs of the whole College were contained in turrets
external to the walls, disposed as in the old court. But these
all faced the quadrangle, and in addition another series of
towers, square in outline, was placed outside the walls, as at
Queens' College, but in greater number, for every pair of
chambers had one, furnishing them with a small closet. All these
towers are carefully enumerated in the Will. At every corner of
the quadrangle there were to be two corner towers, one inward
and one outward ; in addition to these the east side was to have
two outward and two inward ; the south side five outward and
three inward ; and the west side two inward only, to give access
to the Hall and Library. These have all been delineated on
the plan. No outward towers, except those at the corners, are
mentioned for the west side, and manifestly were not required
[if the suggestion offered above respecting their use be correct ;
for this range was mainly occupied by offices and not by
chambers]. The tower " ordeigned for the waie in to the halle"
(for which purpose we have seen that a tower was ordered at Eton)
would be broad and square to contain the steps required to rise
to the level, which would have been about six feet above that of
the court, for the vault 12 feet high was probably half below,
and half above, the surface. A tower-porch to the Hall, of
which the upper floors are used as muniment rooms, was em-
ployed by Wykeham at New College, and it is not improbable
that this tower was intended to answer the same purpose\ In
^ [Statute XLViii. directs that the College valuables are to be kept "in quadani
domo ad modum et formam turris constructa." The muniments are to be kept "in
inferiori sive bassiori camera domus predicte;" the plate and money "in secundn
camera dicte domus sine turris." Nothing is said about the position of this tower:
37^
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
late examples it was very usual to carry the porch tower to the
height of the walls, or even above them'. The Library tower,
as being a staircase, was probably of the same character as the
other staircase-towers of the quadrangle.
Before the buildings of the present century were erected the
easternmost window of the south side of the Chapel had its sill
at the level of the transom of its neighbours, as shewn by
Fig. 15. East end tif the south side of King's College Chapel ; reduced from Loggan.
Loggan (fig. 15), and was glazed in the upper half only, the
lower half being made up with panelling. The roof-line also of
the intended chambers — which was to have risen nearly to the
but as the entrance tower is to have three chambers, and no member of the College is
likely to have been allowed to live near the treasuries, it seems most probable that the
Tower of Entrance, and not that of the Hall, was intended to be the Muniment
Tower. The church plate is to be kept "in una aliadomo ad hoc deputanda" — words
which imply a separate part of the College, probably the vestry.]
1 Barsham Hall, Norfolk. Vicars' Close, Wells.
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR KING'S. 377
level of the sill of the window, a height of about 40 feet'— was
still to be seen, together with the octagonal stair-turret of the
inner or north-cast corner of the quadrangle, and the springing
of the outer turret of the same corner, which was square (fig.
52), and abutted against the octagonal tower of the Chapel,
rising about five feet higher than the transom of the window.
These square turrets are employed at Queens' College in
contrast with the octagonal turrets of the gateway ; and this
contrast was the more necessary at King's, where the towers of
the Chapel and College were intended to be in actual contact.
The foundations of the gate had also been laid, for Essex has
recorded that " the basements which still remain of the Towers
shew not only the form of the Towers but y*^ width of y^ Gate
itselfe."
The ground between the College and the river was to be laid
out as a garden. This we learn from the directions respecting
the wall, 14 feet high, which was to enclose the " procincte" of
the College " on bothc sides of the gardine vnto the water," and
to be continued along the river side again. This wall was to be
" crested and embatelled, and fortified with toures as many as shal
be thought conuenient therto." Besides these, there was to be
one " in the myddcl of the west ende," that is, in the middle of
the western wall, by the river side, which was there to be crossed
by a bridge, called "the new^e br i gge ;" the other, " ageyns the
myddel of the Est pane out of the High Strete." It was intended
therefore to enclose the space between the street and the College
with a wall, pierced by a gateway as at Magdalen College, Oxford.
It is directed in the Will that the west side also of the Court
is to abut against the Chapel, and it is probable that the wall of
the westernmost bay was left rough for this purpose, for it
shews a plinth and facing of a different stone and workmanshijo
from the tower. The intention, however, of erecting this range
' [It has been shewn in the History of the Old Court that the rooms had an
aggregate height of about 40 feet. As it is clear from Loggan that the roof of the east
side of the quadrangle was to have been of a very low pitch, there would clearly have
been room enough for the three floors directed by the Founder, on the assumption that
they were to be no higher than the former ones. Essex, however, commenting on the
words in the Will "over every of these two chambers," remarks, "By the toothings
that are left in the S. E. corner of y" Chapel it appears very plainly y' only one chamber
over each was designed when that work was done." Add. MSS. Mus, Brit. 6772.]
37^ king's college and eton college. [chap.
must have been abandoned when the Chapel was finished in the
reign of Henry the Eighth.
[In studying the design of King Henry the Sixth it will
have been observed that the arrangements are characterised by
true medieval asymmetry. The Gate- House in the eastern
front is neither in the middle towards the court, nor towards
the street; the Hall is at the south end of the western range; the
passage into the grounds beyond is not opposite to the entrance
of the College ; nor is even the cloister, with the magnificent
tower, which would have been the grandest architectural monu-
ment in Cambridge, symmetrically placed with reference to the
Chapel \ By such an arrangement, however, the towers would
not have interfered with one another, but would have formed an
harmonious group, in which each would have had an appropriate
place.
The detailed scheme for the arrangements of the two Col-
leges is succeeded in the Will by general directions respecting
the choice of materials, the wages of the chief workmen, and
the rebuilding of S. John's Church, the original situation of
which has been already discussed'"^:
"And I wol that bothe my seid Colleges be edified of the most substancial
and best abidyng stuffe of stone Icdde glas and yron that may goodly be
had and prouided therto: And that the chiixh of saint John which muste be
take into thenlargyng of my same College be wel and sufficientli made
agayn in the ground in whiche the Prouost and scolers aboueseid nowe be
logged or nygh by wher hit may be thought most conuenicnt, to thentent
that diuine seruice shal mowe be doon^ therin worshipfully vnto the honour
of god oure blessed lady cristis moder saint John Baptist and alle saintis :
And also for the expedicion of the werkes aboueseid 1 wol that my
seid College of Cambrige haue and perceyue yerely of the issues, profits,
and reuenues, comyng of the said Castellis, lordsheppis, Manoirs, landes,
tenements, rents, seruices, and other possessions aboueseid .C.xvij. li. vjs.
x.d. duryng al the tyme of the edificacions of the same College for
the yerely wages and rewardes of Officers and Ministres longyng to the
werkes there ; that is forto wete, for the Maister of the werkes, .1. li. for the
Clerk of the werkes, xiij.li. vj.s. viij.d. for the chief Mason, .xvj.li. xiij.s. iiij.d.
for the chief Carpenter .xij.li. viij s. for the chief Smyth .vj.li. xiij.s. iiij.d.,
and for .ij. purueours either of theym at .vj.d. by day, .xviij.li. v.s. vj.d.
And in semblable wyse, I wol that my said College of Eton haue and per-
^ [Professor Willis notes "the plan as described in the Will was to be asymmetric."]
'^ [For the further history of this Church see Chapter xi.]
•^ [i.e. be capable of being done.]
IV.] THE founder's DESIGN FOR KING'S. 379
ceyue yerely during the cdificacions there of the same issues, profites, and
reuenues, .Cxxiiij. li. for the yerely wages and rewardes of the Officers and
Ministres longyng to the werkes there; that is forto wete, for the Maister of
the werkes .l.li. for the Clerk of the werkes xiij.li. vj.s. viij.d. for an other clerk
or Controlleur of the werkes .xvj.li. vj.s. viij.d. for the chief Mason xiij.li.
v'j.s. viij.d. for the chief Carpenter .x.li. for the chief Smyth vj.li. xiijs. iiij.d.
and for two purveours either of theym at vj.d. by day, xviij.li. v.s. vj.d."
Next, after various minute directions and provisions, chiefly
legal, which do not concern this present work, the King com-
mits the supreme care of the whole to William Waynflete :
" Furthermore, for the final perfourmyng of my seid wil to be put
efifectuelly in execucion, 1, consideryng the grete discrecion of the seide
worshepful fader in god William nowe Bisshop of Wynchestre, his
high trought and feruent zele which at alle tymes he hath hadde and
hath vnto my weel, And whiche I haue founde and proued in hym,
and for the grete and hool confidence whiche I haue vnto hym for
thoo causes wol that he not oonly as Surueour, but also as executor
and director of my seid wil, be priuee vnto alle and euery execucion of
the perfourmyng of my same wil, and that his consente in any wise be
hadde therto."
We shall see presently, in the history of Eton, how nobly
this great and good man and most faithful friend justified the
trust reposed in him. He alone, of all the persons named by
the King, remembered his last and most solemn appeal :
*• And that this my seid wil in euery poynt before reherced may
the more effectually be executed .1. not oonly pray and desire but also
exorte in Crist require and charge alle and euery of my seid feffees
myn P^xecutours and Surueour or Surueours in the vertue of the asper-
cion of Christes blessed blode and of his peyneful passion that they
hauyng god and myne entent oonly before their eyen, not lettyng for
drede or fauour of any persoune lyuing of Avhat estat degree or con-
dicion that he be truely feithfully and diligently execute my same wil,
and euery part therof, as they wol answere before the blessed and
dredeful visage of our lord Jhesu in his most fereful and last dome, when
euery man shal most streitly be examined and demed after his
demeritees.
And furthermore, for the more sure accomplisshement of this my
said wil I in the most entier and most feruent wise pray my said heirs
and successours, and euery of theym, that they shewe them self wel-
willyng feithful and tender lovers of my desire in this behalf; And in
the bowelles of Christ our alder iuste and streit Juge, exorte theym
to remember the terrible comminations and full fearfull imprecations of
holy scripture agayns the brekers of the lawe of god, and the letters of
goode and holy werkes."
380 king's college and ETON COLLEGP:. [CHAP.
This earnest language, however, proved in a few years of as
little avail as the seals and the sign-manual with which the
King sought to protect his designs, and which he rehearses in
the concluding sentence :
"And in witnesse that this is my ful wil and entent .1. haue sette
herto my grete seal and the seal of my said Duchie and my seal
assigned and appointed by me for the seid Castelx lordsheps Manoirs
landes tenementes rentes seruices and other possessions putte in the
seid fefifement. And also aswel the signet that .1. vse in myne owne
gouernaunce for the same Duchie as the signet of myn Amies. And .1.
haue signed with myne owne hand thes present lettres endented and
tripartited And do theym to be closed vnder my priue seal at my
seid College of Eton the xij''^'' day of Marche the yere of oure lord
m'cccc. xlvij, And of my regne the xxvj''^^."]
CHAPTER V.
[General History of the Chapel and Collegiate
Buildings of Eton derived from the Building
Accounts, Audit Books, and other sources, to
the end of the reign of the Founder.
The first stone of the Chapel at Eton was undoubtedly laid
by the King in person \ but no record of the date of the cere-
mony has been preserved. We shall find that June the fifth
was observed as "Dedication Day" during the progress of the
works. The workmen had a holiday, and received full pay, " by
the kinges commandcment"." There is, however, no evidence
to shew that this day was selected because it represented the
actual day of laying the stone ; nor is any hint given why it
was chosen in preference to any other.
* [Bishop Bekyngton's Register (Rolls Series), I. cxix. Capgrave, "De lllustrilius
Henricis," ibid. p. 133 : " In positione quoque primorum lapidum ipse [Henricus
scxtus] prsesentia sua opusdecoravit."]
^ [Accounts, II June, 1442. "The said man [Edmond Dynby] and other iiij men
in reward for ye dedicacion day at ij^ a pece by the kinges commaund. X(/."]
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 38 1
i '
The contemporary building accounts were long mislaid, and
believed to have been stolen, until they were discovered by the
present Provost in 1866. Not only is the series unusually com-
plete, but the documents themselves have been prepared with
great minuteness, entering into full particulars of the cost of
each article, the place whence it came, and occasionally the use
for which it was intended ; although, as is so frequently the
case with this class of documents, the point on which we desire
the fullest information is that in which they most often fail us.
Besides the final account, or Computus, handed in by the clerk
of the works, there are several books containing the items
{Particule coi)iputi\ out of which the totals in the former account
are composed ; others containing lists of the workmen, and the
wages they received, week by w^eek {Joriiale, or, Particule
Vadioruiii et Stipcndioruni). We shall find these latter most
useful in indicating the nature of the work, which the former
frequently omit\ These accounts are so interesting that they
well deserve to be printed in full. For our present purpose those
items only will be selected which appear most likely to throw
light upon the nature of the work that was going on.
The staff of workmen by whom the building operations of
the two Colleges were to be carried on was arranged on the
most extensive and liberal scale, and was the same for both.
The chief officers were as follows, with their yearly wages. The
English designations are from the Will of King Henry the
Sixth", the Latin from the accounts at Eton.
Master of the works (magister seu supervisor operuni). . ;^5o . 0.0
Clerk of the works (clericus operum) jQ^Z ■ 6.8
Second clerk or comptroller of the works (alter clericus
seu contrarotulator) ;^i3 ■ 6.8
Chief mason (capitalis cementarius) 13 . 6 . 8
Chief carpenter (capitalis carpentarius) 10. 0.0
Chief smith (capitalis faber) 6 . 13 . 4
Two purveyors (duo provisores operum) 18 . 5.6
Besides these there were other officers in each trade, called
"wardens" i^gardiani), whose duty probably was to keep order
' [The table printed in the Appendix I. B. sliews the dates of these different ac-
counts, with the amount spent upon wages and materials in each year, the name
of the clerk of the works, and other particulars. ]
2 [The passage was quoted in the last chapter, towaids the end of the Will.]
382 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
among the men. The stone-cutters {lathaint), or freemasons, had a
sub-warden, as well as a warden; the carpenters and the plumbers
a warden only. The warden of the freemasons, when the works
were in full operation, received ;^io a year; the others ap-
parently were not paid more highly than the rest of the men, but
they were provided with livery once a year. In 1448 livery is
charged not only for the officers mentioned in the Will, but for
the warden of the masons, the warden of the carpenters, the
lime-burner, the chief labourer, and a journeyman smith {scrviens
fabcT-y. The clerk of the works, and the comjotroller, were
allowed their food ; but the workmen all paid for their own,
even the freemasons, who had a cook to themselves, paid for by
the King.
The number of men employed varied of course according
to the work, and the season of the year. The wage-books shew
that the " masons called freemasons," and the " masons called
hardhewers," were retained all the year round. They received
sixpence a day ; and the former were allowed their wages on
Saints' days, when no work was done ; the latter not, except
sometimes by special command of the King. Sixpence a day
was the rate of wages for all the men, except the labourers, who
received fourpence or fivepence. Discipline was very strict,
' [The following entries illustrate this (Accounts, Dec. 24, 1442) :
"Thomas Scotte for vij yerdes of Ray cloth bought for the liueres of William
Lynde [clerk of the works] and John Smyth, pris the yerde x\]d., xj^. viij^/. ; and
for iiij yerdes playne cloth for the same liuere, pris the yerde \\]s. \]d, x\]s. \\\]d. ;
in al xxiiijj. iiij^/.
The same Thomas for iij yerdes of Ray cloth, pris the yerde xviij^; and for ij
yerdes of medley pris the yerde ij^. iyf, bought for the liuere of William Burne Cook
vnto the masons ; in al viijj. xd.
Robert Falowefeld for the shering of the seid ix yerdes of Ray taking for
the shering of euery yerde jd; in al ixd.
Thomas Pikeman for the cariage of the seid cloth fro London to the College ...ijd.
John Siluester, Th. Milsent, Robert Wheteley [and others], for their liuere agains
Cristemesse ; that is to wete to euery of theym iij yerd of cloth Ray pris the yerde
xviija'. and to euery of theym ij yerdes of brode cloth of the colour of Russet medley
pris the yerde ijs. i'ljd ; in al Vmjs.
Thomas Felde for the cariage of the same clothing fro' Winchestre vnto the
College xija'."
And the following from the Farticiile Coinptiti for 1445 — 46 {Evipcio liberate) :
"Et in xij virgis di' panni lanei, coloris mustarddybiles, empt' de Thoma Feld pro
vestur' et liberat' clerici operum, capitalis lathami, capitalis carpent', et capital'
plumbar', precium virgc apud Wynloniam iijj xxxviji'. \\d. "]
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 383
and a system of fines was enforced, by which men who mis-
behaved themselves lost a whole day, or half a day, for each
misdemeanour. A few of these may be cited : " for he lost a
Showell;" "for late cuming' ;" "for tellint^ of tales;" "for
chiding ;" " for freghting" (half-day) ; " for breaking of Shovoll ;"
" for playing ;" " for letting of his felowes " (whole day) ; " for
keping of the hole owre" (half-day). This was probably the
dinner hour, and the strict observance of it by the men seems
to have been a grievance with the clerk of the works, for
Robert Goodgrome is fined " for he wold kepc his owris and
neuer go to werke till the clocke smyte." His example appa-
rently caused something like a mutiny, for twenty-one men are
fined a whole day because " they wolde not go to theire werke
til ij of clocke, and al makith Goodgrome." Another lost three
days " for shending of a lode of Strawe;" and another a whole
week "for he wol not do nor labor but as he list himself \"
For the first year, when William Lynde was clerk of the
works, the wage-book only has been preserved. This, marked
" Jornale Anno primo," extends over thirty-two weeks, from
Monday, 3 July, 1441, to Monday, 5 February, 1441 — 42. A sum-
mary of the wage-book shews that nearly 69 men on an average
were employed in each week, the highest number being 99,
and the lowest 24. They consisted mainly of labourers (of
whom 32 were employed weekly until the middle of November),
carpenters, sawyers, and stonemasons (called simply " masons "
at first, but afterwards "freemasons"), with a few plasterers.
Joiners {Junclores), and timber-hewers {prostratores mercniii),
were employed occasionally, and rough-masons, called " row-
masons," for 13 weeks onl}'. One, two, or three plasterers are
employed weekly, and tilers, varying in number from one to
five, for nine weeks, but only a single bricklayer for three weeks.
These figures shew that some considerable works, both in stone
and wood, were in hand, while the number of labourers may
perhaps indicate the digging of foundations, which are specially
mentioned in the next year.
An account for the purchase of materials may have been
written at the commencement of this wage-book, where seven
leaves have been torn out, for on the first of the three remaining
^ [These instances are selected from the accounts of Roger Keys (144S — 1449)-]
384 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
is an account headed " Necessarie empte." This records the
purchase of twelve elm trees for " le clocher," no doubt the
bell-tower of the old church, which is frequently mentioned
afterwards ; the carriage of the bells from London, and the
provision of wheels and clappers for them at Eton\ If we may
conclude that the belfry was a wooden one, the number of
sawyers and carpenters is at once accounted for.
For the next year, extending from Monday, 12 February,
1441 — 42, to Monday, 4 February, 1442 — 43, we have both a
wage-book and an account-book for materials supplied. The
works, whether the erection of new buildings, or the repair of
old ones, were evidently being carried on with increased activity
from the number of workmen of different trades employed upon
them. The weekly average has now risen to 116. To give an
idea of what was being done let us take the week beginning
with Monday, 23 July, 1442, as a specimen. There were 53 free-
masons, 9 "hard-hewers," 1 5 "rowmasons," 45 carpenters,4 sawyers,
3 thatchers, i tiler, i plasterer, i smith, 5 bricklayers, and 45
labourers ; making a total of 182. These workmen had to be
sought out in different parts of England, and some were even
pressed into the service, as had been done at King's I
Steps had been taken to procure a regular supply of brick. A
piece of ground was hired at Slough, at an annual rent of twenty
shillings^, and a brick-kiln built upon it. This was begun in
April, 1442, and the final payment for it was made in February,
1443, as the following entries shew. It was however in working
^ ["Johani Profit de Wyndesore pro xij vlmis ab eo apud le Wyke emptis pro le
clocher. ..xvjj. Johanni Hampton pro cariagio campanarum in london vsque aquam
Thames xix(/: et pro cariagio earundem xij^/:...Et fabro london pro ij", j quart' et xijlb
ferrioperati ad ponderand' dictas campanas precium libre ij(/. Et eidem pro C, j quart'
et xxjlb operat' in clapers pro eisdem campanis," etc.]
^ [23 Apr. 1442. "Robert Westurley xxv day of April in Reward for purweing of
Fremasons in diuerse place of Engelond endentid in a bille dilyuered by the handes
of William ly nde [clerk of the works] xxj.
16 July 1442. John Lynde William Lynd John Sacrys and Thomas Rigware Row
Masons of Norwyche in reward at heir going xvj(/ha] "
•* [In the accounts for 1443 — 4, after the price of bricks, we find xxj "pro firma
cuiusdam pecie terre pro luto inde habendo pro factura eorundem." The unwonted
traffic along the road rendered repairs necessary, for we find "William Slotte in
reward for digging of ye hyewaysyde be twix Slough and Eton for cariage of brike
vij-. viij^." The brick-kiln became a source of revenue afterwards, and we meet
with the sale of bricks frequently among the "Recepta."]
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 385
order long before that date, for 66,000 bricks were brought to
the College on 28 May, 1442*.
23 April, 1442. "William Wescy vppon making of a breke kylne be
the handes of Will. Lynde in to y^ xxviii day of April xxviijj". iiij^'.
4 February 1443. William Vesy in ful paiement for making of
the brike kilne and c[sic]]M' of brike at x'* the M* laying, by commaun-
ment of the Erie of Suffolk xxv.s."
The name of William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, occurs
frequently in connexion with the foundation and buildings of
Eton. The general superintendence of the works seems to have
been entrusted to him ; and he had complete control over the
finances, for no payments, except the most ordinary ones, were
made without reference to him.
A contract was also made in this year for a supply of stone
(Ragg) ready prepared for use, from the quarries of Kent, which
shall be quoted at length ^
" The quarrey men of kent.
Thes endentures made the iiij day of April the yere of Regne of
king Henry the sixte the xx, bytwene William lynde clerke of the werkes
of the edificacion of the kinges college of owre lady of Eton by syde
Wyndesore on the oon partie. And Thomas Hille Thomas Bridde John
Carter John Hook and John Tyllie on the other partie wittenesse :
That the same Thomas Thomas John John and John haue made
full couenaunts with the said William that they by Witsontide nex
comyng shal at their owne costes do be made and browght vn to
london iiij'^xvj fote of legement table bering ful joyntes at ye lest iij
ynches or more clene apparailled in the forme that ys callid casshepeed
according to a molde to theym therof deliuered by the said William.
And they shal haue for euery ciiij fote of the same legement whan it
is come to Eton aboue said so clene apparailled xxxiijj. iiij^.
1 [The total quantity of bricks brought into College during the years for which we
are able to calculate it was 2,469,100, as follows :
1442 — 3 463,600 1447 — "^
1443 — 4 1036,500 1448 — 9 60,000
1444—5 i74>ooo 1449— ro i23'500
1445 — 6 176,000 1450 — 51 135,500
1 446 — 7 300,000
This gives a yearly average of 308,637. On the supposition that the supply remained
constant, or nearly so, we might allow 300,000 per annum for the 10 years down to
1460. This would give a total of about five millions and a half supplied during the
reign of Henry the Sixth.]
2 [The clerk of the works was absent in Kent this year for 10 days "upon pur-
wening of Rag and Asshelers," probably to settle the terms of this contract.]
VOL. I. 25
386 king's college and eton college. [chap
Also the said Tho' Thomas John John and John shal by Mydsomere
next comyng do be made and brought at their costes vn to london
iij^xxiiij fote of tweyne legement tables aftur the forme of certain moldes
therof to theym deliuered bering ful joyntes iiij ynches or more at the
lest. And iiij'^xvj fote of Seuerant table scapled with poynts aftur a
molde to theym also therof deliuered, with xij coynes iiij skouchons-
anglers and viij Square iVnglers to the said lirst legement table and
this seuerant table and vn to the said othere tables asmany as shal nede.
And they shal haue of ye said William for euery fote of these thre
tables oon with an othere iiij^/.
Item the same Thomas Thomas John John and John shall do make
and be brought vn to london at their costes xxxij Nowels eueryche of
them iiij fote and iij quarter long and of suche brede as the said
William shal appoynte. And they shal do the same Nowels to ben
apparilled at Eton abouesaid by Mydsomere next comyng. And they
shal haue and take of the said William for euery pece of the same
Noweles iij.,r.
Also they shal by Mychelmesse next comyng at their costes to be
made and brought vn to london iij<^ fote of Crestes and Corbel table
aftur the fourme of ij Moldes to theym therof deliuered. And it do be
apparilled clene at Eton abouesaid. And they shal haue and take of
the said William for euery fote therof oon with an othere vij^/.
Also whiche couenaunts wel and truly to ben kept on the parte of
the said Thomas Thomas John John and John eueryche of theym by
thes presentes bindith seuerally hym self vn to the said William in x li.
In wittenesse wherof the said parties to thees endentures entre-
chaungeably haue put their seelx. Yoven the day and the yere aboue-
said."
Some of this stone was delivered in the following June ; and
on the whole 994 tons of Rag were paid for in this year. To
this may be added 681 tons of " Mestham stone," a stone now
called " firestone," from Merstham, near Reigate, in Surrey ; 157
tons of " Ashlar," 40 tons of " legement-table," and 407 tons of
Caen stone \ A stone called " Modrestone " was obtained from
Langley, near Slough, and what is termed " Ornell " from
London ■■*.
Timber, oak, ash, and elm, were obtained in large quantities
from Sunninghill, Cranborne, Elthamstead and Langley. That
from the first-named place came by water, probably floated
' [These totals arc arrived at by adding up the items from the weekly accounts.]
- [jo Sept. 1442 " Ric'. Brymmeley for cariage of xviij lodis of modrestone fro
Langleyfeld vn to ye College at iiiji/ ye lode ; in al vj.f.
30 July 1442 John Kenyngton for fraughtage of x tiMine of Ornell fro london
vn to ye College at xvj// the tonne; in al xiij.r. iiij*^/.']
v.] CHAPEL AND P.UILl )INC;S OF ETON. 387
down in rafts'. The total amounted to 16,468 feet. This does
not include 2080 oaks, for which a special agreement was made
in June, and the trees were felled in September. The price
agreed upon was one penny eacli for the first thousand, two-
pence each for the second thousand, and twelvepence each
for eight}-". Probabh' most of this timber was not intended
for immediate use, but laid up to season. Scaffold timber from
Windsor Park is also expressly mentioned ; and also " v. dos}'n
of hyrdelez for skafold at ijd }'e pecc^."
The following extracts shew that the foundation of some
part of the College was being dug this year :
t6 April 1442 "John Modding for cariage of xxxj lodes of lome fro
the fundacion of the College in to the tembre haw and in to a woyde
place for to kepe to dawpe howsing ther w' iij lodes for ]d. ; in al ...xd.
18 June Thomas Wigh for xvj Skaynys of grete packethrede
for the masons for mesours at ob a pec'; in al viij^.
10 Sept. Thomas Jordeley, Hug' Dyer, and John Fremmeley for
brede and hale and chese for warkemen and laboras, taking the groundes
of the College thorow the pondis in to the Coll vijj. ix^.
I Oct. 1442 Item for xv labor' waching and kestyng water out of
the pondes whilys Masons toke the groundes" by a hole nyght at iiij^
y^ pece vj-."
The security of the College was also considered, and steps
were taken to protect it with a fence :
21 May 1442 "Thomas Combe paliser send to make covenant to
make the pale of the closure of the college by commandement of my
lord* in Reward for his costis in comyng hider xxd."
1 [27 Aug. 1442 "Amy kyrby wedow of Reding for \\\!l> and half of Ropys of
hir ybough for trussing of tymbre fro Sonnyng by watur vn to hammoden lok a lb.
j .y ; in al \.s ]d ob."]
" [June 25. "Robert Hynggullfeld for ij M' and iiij^" of certen okys aftur the
fonne of certen Endentures therof made in party of xxiiij Marc' and x s for the same
trees Ixiij j. \i\]d.
9 July 1442 [The same] in ful payment of M' Okes at ]d the pec'; M' at iji/ the
pec' ; iiij"^ at xija the pec' xiij//. vji-. viija'.'']
^ [Scaffolds were evidently closed in to protect the workmen against weather, as in
France at the present day. In the accounts for 1445 — 6 we find "In empcione. xij.
dd. Cladarum empt' de Thoma Frere pro factura de lez Scafoldes...Et Custodi parci
de Cippenham pro. x. Carect' arborum vocat' Alders... pro factura diet' Scafoldes.
Et in xix bundell' virgarum quercinarum empt' de ballivo CoUegii de Wyndesore pro
factura diet' Scafoldes," etc. "Cladse" are laths. A similar entry occurs in 1446 — 7.]
■* [The term "ground-men" is still used in some parts of England to describe those
workmen who are specially employed to dig foundations.]
^ ["My lord" is no doubt the Earl of Suffolk. There are also a number of pay-
ments "for clensing of dikes about ye college groundis," too long to be quoted here.
388 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Work done to the Parish Church is definitely mentioned. A
payment for carrying " erthe out of the Chircheyard " indicates
the digging of a foundation ; and there are several others for
the carriage of stone into it " from the Thamme syde." One of
the windows was ornamented with the royal arms, and several
others were " emended^ " for the sake of ventilation.
The purchase of iron and lead, and the making of lime and
mortar, are worth recording, because they shew that something
more than the collection of materials was on hand. The lime-
kiln was situated under Windsor Castle. The lime was burnt
with a wood fire, the ihaterials for which were cut in Windsor
and other adjoining forests '^
The accounts for the third year of the work are very meagre,
recording only materials bought from ii February, 1442 — 43
to 9 June, 1443, with nothing set down for wages. During
this period we find the usual purchases of stone from Caen
and Merstham, together with " Ragg," "Moldre-stone," this time
from Wexham, and " Ornel ^" Oaks are purchased from Chob-
ham, with other timber in large quantities, among which scaffold-
timber is again specially mentioned. Brickwork was evidently
progressing, for eight men are rewarded " for good labouring
in brike laying by commandment of John Hampton," the
surveyor. A purchase of "coles," i.e. charcoal, to make cement
with ■* shews that stonework was on hand. We find moreover
that the ground is being cleared for the erection of new build-
ings, for a certain barn is pulled down and rebuilt elsewhere^;
In the last (on Sept. 3) 164 perches = 2 706 feet are paid for. This is nearly equal to
the circuit of the College at the present day.]
^ [14 May 1442 "John Grayland Glasier for ye making of ij Armes of ye kingis
to ben sette in the wyndowes of the chirche \js. v'njd
13 Aug. Richard Sevy for emending of diuerse wyndouse casid with Iren for the
haire for to cum in to the chirche vjj."]
^ [Burton's Accounts, 1447 — 48. " Will'"" Withley...pro prostracione, sicatione,
fissura, et factura, xiiij" Talshides apud Snowdenhill infra parcum de Wyndesore de
arboribus domini Regis ibidem crescent' pro combustione calcis pro operibus predictis
ad diuersas vices . Ixxj. "]
■* [i April "for fraught of C j quarter and a-half of Ornel contenyng iij tonne fro
London vn to the College at xvjrf the tonne; in al iiijj."]
** [11 Eeb. "Thomas Gierke for a quarter of Colez for Fremasons for Syment fre
stone w' vi^. "]
^ [r8 Feb. "Marget Water for viij Elmes for grounsell of the long barne to be
remoud for loging at X(/ the pec' vjr viij^/."]
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 389
and the term "quadrant of the Collc<^e " occurs for the first
time \
WilHam L)'ndc was succeeded in the office of Clerk of the
Works by John Vady, by whom the accounts were kept more
systematically. The items are entered one after the other in
broadly spaced lines, with the cost of each article written over
it, and headings denote the nature of the work paid for. Three
of his account-books exist, extending- together from Michaelmas
1443 to Michaelmas 1446 : and for the last year we have the
" particule " and wage-book, as well as the " compotus."
In the first year, under the heading " Cnstus none cdificacionis
Collegia,'' stone from Caen and Mestham (Merstham) is recorded.
The latter includes 4351 feet of ashler, 211 feet of corbel-table,
415 feet of "crestes and ventes," 248 feet of "smaller crests,"
and 23 feet of " nowell " from Maidstone. " Ragg from the
Savoy " occurs this year for the first time in the accounts ^
It consisted of the materials of the walls of the Savoy Palace,
which the King had granted to the College, and which were
pulled down as required.
Timber is brought from Windsor Park, Eygrove and Temple-
wood; planks from Templewood and Wokyngham ; lathes from
Esthamstcde ; and " talwode," a kind of firewood for the use of
the lime-burners, from Langley.
Lead is also bought, and a beam to weigh it with, together
with various articles of ironwork, among which is a payment
for eighteen locks, which shews that certain rooms must have
been ready for occupation ^.
We now meet with a most interesting record. On
30 November, 1443, William Waynflete the Provost, and
William Lynde, the Clerk of the Works, contracted with Robert
^ [4 Mar. " Watkyn Wynwick for ij cast of brede, and vij galons Ale at jd ob. q.
by hym bough for werkemen and labor' dryving the berne in to the quadrant of the
College xij^/. "]
'■* [Vady's Accounts for 1 445 — 6. ' ' Et Johanni Davve pro fodicione cclxvij.
doliatis di' huius Ragg habit' de dono domini Regis de veteribus muris apud Savoy
iuxta london cap' pro huius fodicione cuiuslibet doliat' ac pro cariagio eiusdem vsque
Ripam aque ibidem \]d ob: \ss. ixi/."]
3 [Vady's Roll, 1443 — 4. "[In] Empcione Dj quart' tabularum voc' Estricheborde
et Dec ped' voc' quarterbord... Empcione liiij garb' calabis; xij lb. ferri operati; ij garb'
de Osmondes; xviij plattez ferri pro seris. Empcione vnius incudis pro fabris. Emp-
cione vnius beeme pro ponderacione plumbi et al' ferrament'. Empcione Ixix. M'.CC.
clau' voc' Spikynges; vj M' clau' voc' leednaylles; M' clau* voc' Rufnaylles..."']
390 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Whetelay, the chief carpenter, for all carpentry work about ten
chambers on the east side of the College, a Hall with cloisters
adjoining, and seven towers and turrets ; exclusive of doors,
windows, benches, studies, partitions, and all other necessary fur-
niture for the same, for which a special contract had been made
with him. He was to use the materials in store {dc esUiffur
dictorum openiiii) ; and to be paid £\(^. 4^. od., for the whole
work. The important sentences of the contract, which contain
many curious words, are given in the note. From one expression
used about the towers {pro snblivacionc eariiiideni), we ought
perhaps to conclude that Whetela}' was to construct them,
and therefore that the}' were to be of wood. This interpretation
is however doubtful. The original of this precious document
has disappeared, and its existence would have been unknown
had it not fortunately been rehearsed in the Accounts for 1445 — 6,
when the final payment to the carpenter was made \
Under the heading '^ Reparacio vcteris ecclesie ibidem" we find
that the old Church was being not only repaired, but enlarged.
Nothing definite however is mentioned except the carriage of
two Bells from London, and the placing of them in the Belfry.
The sum spent on this Church in this year was ;^45. 2s. o\d?
The fence round the College {paliciuni circa Collegiiuii)^ the
extent of which had been measured in a previous year, was now
constructed for 1023 yards, of posts and rails brought from the
forests of Cranborne and Templewood, at a cost of ^^"9. \2s. <^d.
For this year we get an interesting notice respecting the
progress of the buildings from an independent source. On
Sunday, 13 October, 1443, Thomas de Bekyngton was con-
secrated Bishop of Bath and Wells, " in the old collegiate
Church of Blessed Mary of Eton," after which, says his Register :
1 [Vady's Particule, 1445 — 46. " Et in denariis solutis Roberto Whetelay capital!
carpentario...pro factma hewyng et fframyng de estuffur' dictorum operum tocius
fframacionis tarn pro x earner is existentibus in parte orientali eiusdem collegii quam
pro Aula et claustr' assequent' ; necnon pro factura vij turrium et turrectorum infra
idem collegium ; ac pro sublivacione earundem et pro scapulacione, squarr' et sarr' el
tabularum maeremii ad idem ; exceptis tamen de istis conuencionibus factura hostiorum
fenestrarum scannorum studiorum parcloses graduum prassarum sperarum latrinarum
et aliorum necessariorum mobilium in predictis cameris et Aula faciendis per conuen-
cionem cum ipso factam in grosso..."]
- [This included \\\']s. m]d. "pro factura vnius ciste ordinal' pro ornamentis ecclesie
ibidem intus poncndis el cuslndiendis.'"]
v.] CHAPEL AM) lU Il.DlNCiS OF ETON. 39I
" He proceeded to the new church of S. Mary, in the same place,
which was not as yet half finished : and there, under a pavilion at an
altar set up exactly at the spot where King Henry the Sixth laid the
first stone, he celebrated his first mass in pontificals. Afterwards he
gave a banquet on the ground floor of the new buildings of the college,
on the north side, where the chambers had not as yet been subdivided
by partitions'."
In the following year (1444 — 1445), the purchase of worked
stone is continued as before. The names, though not always
easy of explanation, are worth recording. We meet with
43 feet of "grastables," 53 feet of "leggementable," 9 "endstones,"
20 feet of " benchtable," 134 feet of " seuerantable," 31 feet of
" scues," 12 feet of "paces." These last are from a quarry
at Maidstone. Flints are brought from Marlowe, Medmenham,
and a quarry beneath Windsor Castle ; sand is dug in Eton
itself. Wainscot and " rigalbordes" " are also bouglit, and
15,000 lathes from Esthamstede. The King gave twenty-eight
loads of timber from Odyham, Wrexham, and Chobham. Fire-
wood came from Langley^, Chippenham, and Windsor. Plaster
of Paris, wax, and rosin, are also mentioned. Subsequent entries
shew that the latter articles were used in the making of cement ^
Under the heading " Reparaciones et custus forinseci" we
find the repairs of the old. Church continued, and the erection
{nova cotistriictid) at the end of it of a house and two rooms
to teach scholars grammar in. A stable and hayhouse for
the College use were removed and rebuilt elsewhere. The fence
was also completed this year, by the erection of gates at a cost
^ ["Quo die idem Thomas post consecrationem 'siiam in nova ecclesia beata^ Marite
ibidem nondum semiconstructa, sub papilione ad altare erectum directe super locum
ubi rex Henricus vj'"^ primum posuit lapidem, primam in pontificalibus celebravit
missam. Et in nova fabrica collegii ibidem ex parte boriali, dum adhuc camerse non
erant condistinctse subtus, tenuit convivium." Correspondence of Bekyngton, i. cxx.
See also Bentley, Excerpta Historica, p. 45, for two royal warrant?, respecting
the pressing of workmen "to the edifiacion of oure collage of oure lady of Eton."
They are undated, but addressed to "the Bisshopp of Bathe oure Chancellor of
Englande."]
^ ["CC di tabularum voc' waynscottis et vij tabularum voc' Kigali."]
•* ["In prostracione fissura et facturaCCC diTalschides apud Langley; xvcarect'de
lopp et cropp de parco de Wyndesorc ;... arbor' vocat' alders de parco de Cippenham."]
* ["j pipp' piastre de paressh ;...xiiij lb cere de poleyn, et xlvij lb. de Rosen.
1445 — 6. xiii. lib cere polyn pro factura de Cymenti vjj; xxiij lib. Rosyn pro factura
huius Cyment' xiiij(/. 1449— 50. [Keys' Accounts.] Et solut' vj'^diemensis Decembr'
Johanni Burrell Ciui London pro xij lb. cere de seipso cmptis jiro cimento inde
fiend' ad oflicium lalliomorum- xjr. viij</.""]
392 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
of £8. i8s. 6cl, a sum which shews that they must have been
of considerable size, and that therefore the fence itself must
have been substantial. Much of the timber purchased had
probably been used in the construction of it \
The weekly average of workmen this year is only sixty-three.
Several new trades are, however, represented, as stonelayers
{positores pctrarnui), plumbers, roofers [tegulatorcs), smiths,
woodcutters {prostratores ineremii), and glaziers {vitriatores).
Bricklayers were employed during thirty-four weeks of the
year, plumbers during fifteen, glaziers during six.
In the following year (1445 — 6) no Caen stone is bought,
but instead we meet with stone from Hudleston in Yorkshire
for the first time. It was not, however, brought direct from the
quarry, but procured from the clerk of the works at Sion.
The new Church {iiova ecclcsid) is now expressly mentioned,
and 5887 feet of stone called " Assheler Rough scapled or
Assheler chapmanware," from the quarries of Maidstone, Far-
leigh, and Boughton, together with 1236 feet of " Seuerant-table,"
^^\ feet of " Scuez," 27 "large stones called Nowelles and 10
smaller," and 8 " Endstones," from the same quarry, are bought
for the construction of the walls. Besides these stones ready
for use, " Rag," " hethston," and flints were used " in the said
walls, and in their foundations." The walls had risen sufficiently
high by winter to require protection, and fourteen loads of straw
are bought from the Abbess of Burnham and others for that
purposed It may therefore have been for them that a substantial
scaffold was needed ; for ibo pieces of scaffold timber are brought
from Templewod and Dynesden, and Thomas Frere is paid for
the making " de les scafolds I" Another proof of the progress of
^ ["Et in diversis custibus... super. ..factura et noua constructione cuiusdam domus
et duarum camerarum ad finem eiusdem infra procinctum dicti Collegii pro scolaribus
gramatice intus informandis, necnon remocione emendacione et groundsillynge duarum
aliarum domorum pro equis et feno dicti Collegii inibi ponendis et custodiendis, cum
viijl. xviijj. ij(/solut' pro factura portarum palicii circa idem Collegium, et xlvj-. jr/pro
factura cuiusdam pun fald iuxta predictum Collegium infra dictum tempus...iiij^'' ij./?
xixj. '\y.d. ob. "]
^ ["Et pro xiij carect' straminis empt' pro coopertura...murorum dicte ecclesie
tempore yemali."]
'^ [All this timber came down the Thames by water, and thence was carried "vsque
logeam [the workmen's yard] et le tembre hawe et vsque muros ccclcsic et collegii."
Accounts for 1445 — 4^-1
V.j CIIAl'KL AND HUILDINGS OF ETON. 393
the work is afforded by the purchase of two cables and other
cords " to raise timber and stone."
The Hall is likewise mentioned. The Kentish quarries
supply 252 feet of "grastable," 164 feet of " seuerant-table,"
6gh, feet of "paces," and 94 feet of smaller paces called "paces
chapman ware " for the walls : and in November the chief
stonemason is sent to London to take the directions of the
Marquis of Suffolk on the design \
Other materials are also paid for, as " hethstone " from
Huchenden, 17 bushels of oystershells for the masons {posi-
torcs), and four quarters of broken pottery, called " Tilesherd."
Among notices of less importance may be cited the purchase
of coals " apud Novum castrum super Tynam."
The completion of some of the chambers is indicated by
the purchase of rings for the doors, iron plates for the locks ^,
and " floryshid " glass for the windows of the Library and
Vice-Provost's chamber. For the former apartment John
Prudde the glazier supplies glass of various colours ^
Extensive alterations and repairs to the old Church were
undertaken during this year and the next. It will be convenient
to relate these together. Between 1445 and 1447 the Chancel
was pulled down and rebuilt on an enlarged scale ; a new
roof was put on to the rest of the Church ; and the interior was
provided with new fittings and more splendid decorations. The
rood-loft and stalls'* were fitted up before the Feast of the
Assumption (15 August) 1446 ; the chancel and nave were paved
with tiles ; 638 feet of " powdred glass," with twelve figures
of prophets, were ordered for thirteen windows in the chancel
(evidently six windows on each side and the east window) ; the
west window was enlarged and filled with sixty feet of glass
' [Accounts for 1445 — 6. "Et in expensis capitalis lathami existentis London pro
avisiamento Marchionis .Suffolk habend' super facturam aule mense Novembr'."]
^ [AccoMXiis, lit SI ipm. The price is charged "xij annulorum ordinal' pro hostiis
camerarum dicti colIegii...pro vj. platis' ferri pro factura serarum."]
^ \Enipcio vitri\ "Et in denariis sohitis Jolianni Prudde vitriatori pro xx pedibus
vitri floryshid ab eo emptis pro fenestris librarie et camere vice prepositi precii pedis
apud dictum collegium \\\]d. In toto cum iijj. sibi solutis pro iij Rotulis vitri de
diuersis coloribus positis in fenestris dicte liberarie xvjj. \\\yl. "]
■* [Empcio necessariontnt] (1445 — 6). "Et Johanni litilton mercer de london pro
C vlnis Canves ab ipso emptis apud london pro factura de le Rodelofte et stallorum
erga festum assumpcionis ex assensu Marchionis Suft"' liij.r. vjt/. "]
394 king's college and eton college. [CHAr.
containing diverse pictures ; and two windows in the screens
[parcloses) that separated off a portion of the Church for the
use of the King and Queen were also glazed \ The whole
cost £26. I \s. I \d. The same accounts record the placing of
figures of S. Hugh and S. Anne, and four shields containing
the arms of S. Edward and of the King and Queen, " in sundiy
windows of the said Church," evidently not part of the former
order ; together with repairs to the said windows ^ The sum
spent on this was £2^. 2s. "jd., or more than the cost of the
new glass for the chancel, which shews both the extent of the
repairs, and the size of the windows. In the following year
(1446 — 7) we find a nearly equal quantity, 640 feet, "worked
with diverse pictures and borders," bought for the chancel by
the King's command, at a cost of £^2. os. 6d., together with
thirty-three feet of " floryshid glasse " for a window " in the
north part of the old Church." Sundry coats of arms are
also renewed ^.
These two purchases of glass were probably for the same
thirteen windows, of which a portion only was glazed in the
first year. By a little ingenuity the size of the windows, and
of the chancel, may be calculated approximately from the
quantity of glass here ordered. The total quantity was 1278 feet.
This, allowing 33 feet for the two openings in the " parcloses,"
leaves 90 feet for each of twelve side windows, and 165 feet for
the east window. Each of the former would therefore have been
^ ['445 — 6. Vady's Accounts.] "Johanni Prudcle capital! vitiiatori domini
Regis pro vj"^ xxxviij pedibus vitri operati vocati powdred glasse cum xij ymaginibus
prophetarum ah ipso emptis pro xiij fenestris dicte cancelle, et ij fenestris de lez
parcloses Regis et Regine ibidem precii pedis viijr/. ob: xxijli. x]s. xyi.
Et eidem pro Ix pedibus vitri cum diuersis picturis ab ipso emptis pro elargacione
fenestre occidentalis dicte cancelle precii pedis xvj^/: iiij //."]
2 [t445 — 46. Vady's Accounts.] "Et eidem pro j ymagine sancti hugonis, j
ymagine vitri sancte Anne, iiij°'' scutis de armis sancti Edwardi ac Regis et Regine
positis in diuersis fenestris dicte ecclesie, ac pro diversis peciis vitri colorati ab eo
emptis pro reparacione diuersarum fenestrarum ibidem x]s. \i\]d : xxvij li . \]s. vij(/. '"]
^[1446 — 7. Burton's Accounts. Empcio vitri.\ "Et in denariis solutis Johanni
Prudde pro vj*^ xl. pedibus di' vitri operati cum diuersis ymaginibus et borduris ab
ipso emptis pro fenestris veteris cancelle de Domini Regis mandato infra dictum
tempus...xxxij li. Vyi. Et eidem. ..pro xxiiij pedibus vitri operati picti vocati florisshed
glasse cum diuersis ymaginibus ab ipso emptis pro quadam fenestra in parte boriali
veteris ecclesie predict' per mandatum dicti domini Regis de nouo vitriat'...Et eidem
pro emcndacione diuersarum fenestrarum et renouacione diversorum armoruni."J
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON, 395
about 12 feet high, by 7I- feet wide, and the latter about 15 feet
high, by 1 1 feet wide. At this period, the side windows would
probably have been of two lights each, and the twelve figures of
the prophets were perhaps intended for the six on the south
side, two for each window. Again, if we allow 8 feet on each
side of the east window, and 4 feet between each two of the
side windows, we shall find that the chancel was about 70 feet
long by 30 feet broad.
During the same time the Belfry was repaired ; a treasury
for the Church plate and vestments was built to the east of the
chancel ; and adjoining the same a building with the obscure
name of " le Croceile," by which a Transept is perhaps meant.
The " Vestibule " of the chancel is also alluded to \
The "Almeshouse" was begun in 1445 — 6, and completed
in the following year. It is described as containing several
rooms, for the poor men, and the college servants. Part was
to serve as a granary. The position and dimensions of this
building are alike unrecorded, but, as it required 16,000 tiles
to cover the roof, it must have been of considerable size ^
In the year extending from Michaelmas 1446, to Michaelmas
1447, we find that Richard Burton succeeded John Vady as Clerk
of the Works. Freestone was bought from Caen, Merstham,
and Kent, but none of the purchases call for special remark.
The Clerk of the Works was absent for fifteen days on a
journey into Derbyshire and Yorkshire to procure lead from
the Peak, and stone from the Hudleston quarry. Timber also
in large quantities was procured from Enfield Chase, whence
it was conveyed to the Tower of London, and so embarked on
the Thames ; from Langley-Marys, Coneham, Esthamsted, and
Kingswood, near Leeds, in Kent.
1 [The following are the principal notices referring to tiie repairs and alterations :
Reparaciones et custus forinseci] 1445 — G. "Super factura framacione et ereccione
cuiusdam Cancelle ibidem de nouo constructe. Factura de le Croceile eidem annexe.
Remocione emendacione et reparacione cuiusdam domuseisdem coniuncte. Remocione
veteris Campanilis ibidem. Deposicione maeremii et murorum veteris ecclesie ibidem."
1446 — 7]. "Pro MMMD Tegul' voc' pauyngtyle...pro emendacione veteris
ecclesie et cancelle." Among the Vadia Carpentariontm ''In flictura [etc.] cuiusdam
domus erecte in orientali parte Chancel' veteris ecclesie ibidem ordinate pro Jocalibus
et ornamentis dicte ecclesie intus ponendis, et pro westibulo eiusdem Cancelle."']
'•^ [The following curious entry occurs in the accounts for 1446 — 7. Empcio necessa-
no>-i//n]. .."Et in emjicione .x. dd motey i)ro superornacionc camiuorum de le Almes-
hous iiji-. iiij(/".]
396 king's college and eton college, [chap.
The enlargement of " The Old Hall " is mentioned in this
year. It was situated on the west side of the College \ No
further allusion is made to it, and therefore we do not know
whether it had been specially built for the use of the College, or
whether some room in a house already standing on the site
had been found large enough for the purpose.
In this year a temporary Chapel, with a tiled roof, was
erected over the High Altar. The Churchyard, moreover, was
protected by a wooden paling.
The next account is for half a year only: from Michaelmas
1447, to Lady-Day 1448. Burton is still Clerk of the Works.
The usual materials are bought, but no purchase of import-
ance is made. Some new work appears to have been begun,
for a purchase of string is recorded for measuring the foun-
dations of the College ^ The foundations of the new Church
are distinctly alluded to. We also find a great image of S.
Catherine brought from London for it, round which a framework
of wood is constructed, probably to protect it^ during the
progress of the building.
We now come to the account of Roger Keys, who was
Clerk of the Works for two years and a half, from Lady-Day
1448, to Michaelmas 1450. Burton, however, was still retained,
to help with advice. During Keys' tenure of office the
greatest activity prevailed ; as is shewn by the money spent,
which amounted in the above time to a total of ^^3,336. is. o^d.
Of this, ^^1,525. I3.y. lo^d. was spent in materials, and
;^i,8io. ys. i\d. in wages.
^ [Burton's Accounts. Vadia Carpciitarioru7n {i\\(i — 47.) "Super factura alterius
domus ibidem erecte in occidental! parte... collegii pro elargacione veteris aule
ibidem. "]
■^ [Ibid. Cariagia per dicml 1447— 48....[cariagium] terre de infra nouam ec-
clesiam il^idem vsque diuersa loca infra procinctum. Et in diuersis cordis et filis voc'
paklynes whitelynes provisis pro mensuracione fundamenti dicti Collegii. Vadia
carpentarioriim, 1446 — 7. pro factura cuiusdam capelle erecte infra nouam ecclesiam
supra summum z\i7ccQ... Vadia tegulatorum...%\x^&^ coopertura cuiusdam domus erecte
infra nouam ecclesiam ibidem supra summum altare...]
^ [Ibid. Cariagia per dietii] "Et in cariagio cuiusdam gi^osse imaginis pro noua
ecclesia de london vsque ibidem ac pro diuersis framis pro conseruatione eiusdem
ordinatis...xxx.r." It is presumed to have represented S. Catherine by an entry in the
Audit-Roll for 1447 — 8, "Et in expensis aurige nostri cum biga collegii london pro
imagine sancle Katerine ibidem acquircnda iij.f. "]
v.] chapp:l and buildings of eton. 397
The purchase of materials contains items similar to those
already quoted \ We now, however, meet with stone from
Taynton, i.e. Teynton, in Oxfordshire, for the first time ; and
in the spring of 1449 (25 February), the King obtained from
Sir John Langton a grant of part of the Hudleston quarr}%
forty-five ells long, by twenty-one ells broad, lying next to the
part belonging to the Dean and Chapter of York ", He cer-
tainly had had the right of quarrying there before, as not
only was stone supplied from that quarry in 1446 — 47, but the
accounts of this year speak of " making afresh the indentures
between the King and John Langton." In December 1448,
Roger Keys went to London to meet Nicholas Close to look
over the accounts of John Welles, who was superintendent
of the quarry [provisor pctrarinn apiid /uid/csdon). One of
his accounts has been preserved, extending from Michaelmas
1450, to Michaelmas 145 1. From this we learn that eight
men were employed in each week, called quarrymen icivientarii),
and " scapelers," who rough-dressed the stone. From the
quarry it was taken to Cawood on the Ouse, whence it was
shipped to London, and so to Eton by the Thames ^ Water
carriage was thus provided for nearly the whole distance. The
cost of a year's quarrying was ;^34. 1 5^". 5^. ; that of carriage
for the same period ^38. os. yd. Half of these expenses was
borne by King's College, Cambridge. The supply of these two
kinds of stone holds henceforth the chief place in the accounts.
That from Teynton was put on board barges at Culham, and so
brought to Eton.
As regards the progress of the new Church we find that in
the spring of 1448 heavy timber was being got ready. Some of
this was for scaffolds, but as some is specially designated "for the
choir," we can hardly assign to it any other destination than the
1 [Let us take the headings of the "Compotus" Roll for 1448 — 49. We there find
stone from Caen, Reygate, Hudleston and Stapleton, Ashler of Kent, Rag, Heth-
stone and flints; timber (wainscot and lath), glass, iron, tiles (housetile, crestes and
pavyngtile), lime, land and sea coal, and cordage.]
^ [The document is in the Muniment Room at Eton.]
•' ["Imprimis lib' Thome Bolland magistro vnius navis voc' le An de Ebor' xiiij
tunn petrarum remanent' super ultimum compotum." Other ships mentioned were
called "le Trinite" and "le Cutbard." This was the usual method of transporting
stone from Hudleston. See The Fabric Rolls of York Minster, ed. .Surtees
Society, passim. '\
398 king's college and eton college. [chap.
roof. In January of the following year the Clerk of the Work-s
i.s sent by the King to Salisbury and Winchester to measure
the choirs and naves of those Cathedrals. He took three
servants with him, and was absent for nine days^ From this
entry it is clear that the plan of the church had not yet been
definitely settled.
In a few weeks after his return (12 March), he went to
London and spent three weeks in making final arrangements
for the supply of stone from Hudleston, and in submitting
to the King a plan for the completion of the College buildings,
which we may presume he had drawn out after his visit to
Winchester. The funds seem to have been running short, for
part of his business was " with the Council of the Duchy of
Lancaster for the obtaining of a better feoffment l"
We will now quote the estimate mentioned in the previous
chapter as forming part of the specifications drawn up for the
College buildings. It is dated 7 February, 1447 — 48, and is a
most important document for the architectural history of Eton,
but one which has not as yet been studied as it deserves to be.
"For the Chauncell of the Nevve Cherch^.
The ordinaunce for the edificacion of the Quere of the kinges College
Roial of oure blessed lady of Eton fro the xij day of Februare the xxvj
yere of the king oure souuerain lordes gracious founder of the said
College vnto the Fast of Saint Michell then next folowing that is to
^ [Keys' Accounts, 1448 — 49. Fro fcrro. "Item solut' xviij die maii Johanni
Syluester pro iiij^^iiij lb. ferri operati pro quadam noua biga facta ad vehendum
meremium magnum pro choro precii lb. \]d: xiij^."]
^ ["Item solut' xxvj'° die Januarii pro expensis magistri Rogeri Keys magistri operis
per dominum Regem destinati ad Sarum et Wynton pro certis ibidem mensurandis
videlicet choros et naues ecclesiarum ibidem etc ; eundo ibidem morando et redeundo
vsque ad Eton per ix dies cum iiij'"' equis et iij seruientibus...xixj. i\v/ob. ""]
'^ [1448 — 49. "Item solut' xij" die Marcii pro expensis magistri operum moran-
tis London cum iij"^'"* famulis et iiij""' equis per iij septimanas pro necessariis operacioni-
bus providendis ; viz. in providendo pro lapidibus de Hudlesdon. Et ad ostendendum
domino Regi portraturam factam super conclusione edificii Collegii. Necnon ad
concludendum cum Johanna Langton pro quadam qnarrera sua apud Hudlesdon. Et
ad communicandum cum consilio feoffamenti ducatus Lancastrie pro meliore feoffa-
mento habendo etc xxvjj. viijif."]
* [These words are added in the paler ink, before mentioned. The division into
paragraphs is made in the original MS. They have been numbered for facility of
reference.]
\.J CHAPEL AND BUILDIxNOS OF ETON. 399
wite by xxxij wekes which quere shall conteyne in length withynne
the wallis Ciij fete' and in wide xxxij fete if hit please the king.
1. First for the wages of xl fremasons werkyng upon the same by
the seid tyme yche of theym taking by the weke .iij.j' Ciiij"^. xij.//.
2. Item for the wages of xij hard hewers, xij leyers ij Smythes iiij
Carpenters yche of theym taking by the day vj^!'; xl laborers yche of
theym taking by the day my/. In al by the seid tyme
CCxxvj.// xiijj". iiij.^/.
3. Item for CCC Tonnes of freeston of huddewesdon and of Caen
to be purved for the seid werkes in the seid tyme price of the tonne with
cariage vnto the seid College vij-. viiy/. C.//.
4. Item for viij M' fete of hewston of kent to be pui-veid for the
seid werkes by the seid tyme price of the .C. with the cariage vnto
the seid College xxijs. m]d. iiij''''. ix.//. y]s. viijc/.
5. Item for .M^. Tonnetights of Ragge hethstones and Flints to be
purveid for the seid werkes by the seid tyme price of the tonnetight
with the cariage vnto the seid College a]s. iiijc/. Cxvj.//. xiiji-. iiij^.
6. Item for m'm' quarters lyme to be purved for the seid werkes
by the seid tyme price of the quarter with the Cariage xi'y/. And in
Cariage of m'm' Cartlode of Sande euery cartlode at yl...c\'u]./i. yjs. viij^'.
7. Item in monee assigned for Iren steel Nailles and iren ware to
be purveid for the making of Barowes Carres Gynnes And for making
Amending and Repairing of pikees shouelles and othere instrumentes of
the seid werkemen by the said tyme of estimacion x. //.
8. Item in monee assigned for Coles for the forge Ropes Barowes
gynnes herdelles scafoldes tymbre withes And othere diuerse thynges for
the seid werkes necessarie with cariage of the seid stuffes fro the water
seid ther and with othere diuerse expenses necessarie by the seid tyme
by estimacion xxx.//.
9. Item for the Wages of the maister of the seid werkes for the
halfe yere withinne the seid tyme — xxv//. — The clerk of the seid Werkes
— vj//. xiijjT. iiiy/. — Richard Burton nowe clerk of the seid werkes assigned
to be attending helping and councelling vnto theym by the seid tyme —
vj//. xiiji-. iiij^/. — John Smyth maister mason — vj //. xiiji-. my/. — Robert
Wheteley maister carpenter — Cs. — ij Purveoures ether of theym taking
for their wages and expenses Cs — in all Ix.//.
10. Item in monee assigned for diuerse expenses to be don by
estimacion uppon the making of the housing which shal close ynne the
quadrant — xl. //. The making of diuerse necessar' and paving in the
Westiare — x.//. Remeving of the kychen and Finisshing of the Oven
and y^ bakehous — x.//. Finisshing and garnesshing of the Almeshouse
— xx//. And also with iiij^^// due vnto diuerse creditours for diuerse
' [Tlie "iij" in t1iis and the "ij" in tlic next dimension are lintli additions.]
400 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Stuffes purved for the seid werkes herafore And not payed which
stuffes ben remaynyng for the seid werkes clx//.
The somme of alle the seid expenses by the seid)
xxxij Wekes (by estimacion) ouere the stuffesV M.iiij'^'''.xiij.//.
purveid (of value D //) and Remaynyng' )
11. For which expenses to be doo ther remaneth of monee in the
hands of y*^ Receyuere of the feffement of the duchie of lancastre of
the assignement made vnto the vse of the edificacion of the seid college
for the termes of thanunciacion of oure lady Anno xxv° and Saint
Michel anno xxvj° passid DCCClx. //'.
12. Item paiable of the seid assignement at the festes of the
Anunc' of oure lady Anno xxvj° and saint michell anno xxvij° nexst
comyng i\il. //.
And so at the seid fest of saint michell annoi
xxvij° shal reymayne due vnto the seid werkes I , •. ,.
for the yere folovvyng ouere the expenses j •'"
aboueseid J
The ordinaunce for the seid werkes fro the seid Fest of saint michell
anno xxvijo vnto the same fest anno xxviij° that is to wete by A hoole
yere :
13. First for the Wages of .Ix. Fremasons by the hole yere yche
of theym taking by the weke iijj-: xxiiij masons of kent called hard
hewers by the hole yere : xij leyers by .xl. wekes : xij carpenters werking
one the Rofe of the seid quere by the hole yere : iij Smythes by the
hole yere : xij Plummers by xiij wekes yche of theym taking by the day
\]d: xxiiij carpenters and carueres werking uppon the stalles by the hole
yere yche of theym taking by the Weke iijj-. myl: With the wages of .xl.
laborers by the hole yere yche of thym taking by the day m]d : In alle
[Mciiij'''''xij.//. \]s. yn]d.
14. Item for the wages of the maister of the said werkes [etc.]^
[ciiij //. xviij J-. iiij^.^
15. Item for m' Tonnetight of Caneston^ huddellesdon ston and
[mestham ston price of tonnetight with the cariage vnto the seid college
by estimacion vji". vj^. : xvi m' Fete of Asshelers of kent price the c with
the cariage xxiji'. iiij^'.] md Tonnetight of Ragges of Kent hethston and
Flynts price of tonnetight with the cariage '\]s \\\]d. : m'm' quarter of
lyme price of the quarter with the cariage xij^/; Cariage of m'm^
cartlodes of Sande at ]d the lode ; cariage of ccc cartlodes of Tymbre
at iiji- the lode ; xl fother of leed price of the fother with the cariage
iiij//. x\\]s. m]d. to be bought and purveid for the seid werkes by the
^ [There is added in brown ink "nil in lapid'." The words in parentheses are also
additions.]
^ [The passage omitted repeats the sums to be paid to tlie principal officers.]
^ ["of Caneston" erased. "Teynton" written over. All between square brackets
crossed out and "Stapilson stone" written over.]
v.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 4OI
seid tyme. And with 1//. in nione assigned for Iren Steel ferment
neyles and Irenware to be purveied for the seid werkes by estimacion
And also with Mi. in mone assigned for coles ropes cables Barovves
Gynnes Carres herdelles scafoldes tymbre and othere diuerse thinges ne-
cessarie to be purveid for the seid werkes by estimacion. And for cariage
of the seid Stuff fro the Water side And othere expenses necessarie
to be doon. In alle by the seid hole yere M.cxxvj.//. xiijjr. \\\yi.
The somme of the seid expenses by)
the whole yere Anno xxvij° /...M'M'.ccccxxiij //. xviijj-. iiijV/.
Recipiend' Anno xxvij".
16. For which expensez to be doon A° xxvij"^ shal remayne of the
assignement made of the feoffment of the duchie of lancastre at the fest
of seint michel Anno xxvij° as hit apereth by the ordinaunce made vnto
the said fest Dcclxvij.//.
1 7. Item of the assignement paiable by the handes of the Receuere
of the feofifement of the seid duchie at the festes of the anunciacion
of oure lady Anno xxvij° and seint michell Anno xxviij° m. //'.
18. Item of monee to be receyued of the kings cofres'
[Dxxxiij // vj J". \\\yf.
19. Item of monee to be receved of the gift of the marchas of
Suffolk Dclxvj. //. xiijx. iiij^.
20. Item of the busshop of Wynchester for the wages of x fre-
masoiis Ixxv. //. xvj.
21. Item of the Busshop of Salesbury of gift vnto the use of the
seid werkes xxxiii //. v].s. \\\yi.
Summa m'.m'.mUxxvj.//. xx.^/*.
And so at the seid fest of seint michell anno
xxviij" shall remayne due vnto the seid werkes
for the yere folowing '. .Dclij. //. \\ys. myP.
It will be seen that this estimate gives the same number of
feet for the dimensions of the Chancel as the Will does ; and
as it is fortunately dated, it not only shews that all tlie arrange-
ments for carrying out the building on that smaller scale had
been made, but that it must have been far advanced when the
document was drawn up; for not only were 12 carpenters and
as many {)lumbers to be set to work on the roof during the
1 [Altered to "ccciiij"". li", with a note: "quia Cli inde expen' in eisdem operibus
anno preced' et liijli. vjj-. viija^ sol pro ten' Hugonis dier ad usum Collegii perquis'."]
^ [Altered to MM. Dccccxxij li. xvj-."]
^ [Altered to "cccciiij"^. xviij'. xvj^ v"*." The document is signed "R. Henricus,"
and in faint writing at the bottom of the pnge the words are added "of the Duk of
Somerset v masons ij yere."]
VOL. I. 26
402 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
year beginning with Michaelmas, 1448, but 24 carpenters and
carvers were to be making the stalls during the same time (§ 13),
which shews that it was expected to be ready for use at
Michaelmas, 1449, or soon after. These stalls were actually
commenced, as we learn from Keys' accounts for 1449 — 50,
where a charge is made for six dozen pounds of candles for the
use of the carpenters who were at work upon them (6 December,
1449); and they must have been nearly finished, for a piece of
shagreen, called ' hound-fisschskyn,' was wanted to polish them\
This document shews also most clearly (§ 10) that the Qua-
drangle of the College was not only in progress, but so nearly
finished that ^^40 was all that was needed to be assigned " to
close it in," i.e. to complete the circuit of it, by the end of 1448;
by which date the kitchen was to be removed, and probably
placed where it is now, near the new Hall ; and the Almshouse,
begun in 1445 — 6, was to be fitted up for use. The materials
are of course the same as we have met with before, but it is
most interesting to know how much was expected to be used
in a given time ; and also to see the forethought, as well as
liberality, that presided over the undertaking.
Returning to the accounts wc find that the old Church is
still being decorated. In 1448 (12 July) John Prowte the glazier
is paid for 81 feet of " floryshed " glass for three windows in the
aisle, or transept ; and for a coat of arms in the Ro}^al closet^.
In September, 1449, an image of the Virgin is brought from
London to be placed above the High Altar, and John Mas-
singham is paid iJ^io for making it, and Robert Hickling £6 for
painting itl
^ [1449 — 50. Keys' Accounts. Enipcio necessai-iorum.'] "Et solut' eodem die
[6 Dec 1449] Henrico Tumour pro vjdd. lb. candelarum empt' ad officium et vsum
carpentariorum circa stall' Chori operant' precii dd. x\]d. vj^."
"Et pro j pelle empt' ad officium carpent' ad stall' chori polliciend' vj(/." What
skin this was we learn from a subsequent entry. "Item solut' xiiij die Februarii
Johanni Wight pro j howndfissch skyn per ipsum empt' ad officium carpenta-
riorum vj</."]
^ [Keys' Accounts, 144S — 49. Pro variis itecessariis. "xij" die Julii ...Johanni
Prowte pro iiij^ "j" ped' de vitro floresshed pro iij fenestris in brachio ecclesie. Et...
pro j scochon pro closetto Regis ibidem ij.r."]
^ [Keys' Compotus Roll, 1448 — 49. "Sol' Johanni Massyngham pro factura
vnius ymaginis beate marie virginis stant' ad summum altare de Eton cum vj li. xiij.r.
imd. sol' Roberto hyklyng pro pictura eiusdem xiij.c iiijr/: pro cariagio eiusdem de
London vsque Kton predict' xvj. li. xiijj. iiij;;'."]
v.] . CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 4O3
The progress made in the erection of the College buildings
at this time is shewn by the glazing of "certain windows in the
chambers of the college'" (13 July, 1448); and by the making
of flues. These were of brass, or bronze, and a workman came
from Wokingham to cast them'^ Rewards are also given " for
diligence in working at the building of the college." A new
kitchen, as directed in the estimate above quoted, was begun ;
but apparently not before August, 1449^ A more important
notice occurs in 1450, when we find the new Hall completed,
or at any rate ready for use. On February 27, John Prudde,
or Prowte, provides 191 feet 4 inches of "storied glass" {vitri
Jiistorialis) for the windows, together with 288 feet of glass,
" flourished with lilies and roses and certain Arms." The price
of the former was lA^d. per foot, of the latter \od. The whole
cost ^^23. 3^. 4^<^\ It is not expressly stated that the new Hall
is meant ; but there can be little doubt that it is, because in
the Audit Roll of the preceding year there is a charge for
making the high table in the new Hall, and providing keys for
the doors. It was evidently in use by Midsummer 1449, when
a charge occurs for the purchase of turpentine and vermilion
to decorate it for the festival^
In 1450 mention is made of a new room about to be erected
" over the tenement assigned and appointed for the stone-
^ [Keys' Accounts, Wages. 13 July, 1448. "Johanni Pedder loc' per quatuor
dies ad vitriand' certas fenestras infra cameras Collegii..."]
- [Ibid. 1448 — 49. Pro variis uecessariis. "Et solut' xxij die marcii [1448]
Rogero landen de Wokyngham loc' ad fundendum xviij lb metalli enei pro fumi-
vectoriis de metallo regis... et eidem pro metallo et fusione xij lb. metalli enei de
metallo suo proprio vijj."]
^ [On ir August 1449, sand is brought "ad nouam coquinam erigendam."]
* [Enipcio vih-i (1449 — 50). "Item solut' xxvij" die mensis Februarii Jolianni
Prudde vitriatori pro Ciiij"'' xi pedibus et iiij""" pollicibus vitri historialis pro Aula
Collegii precii pedis xiiij</. ; xi li. iijj iiij(/. ob. Et eidem pro CCiiij" et viij pedibus
vitri florissat' cum liliis et rosis ac certis armis precii pedis x^. ; xij li. Summa. xxiij li.
iiji'. \\\']d. ob."]
5 [Audit Roll for 1448 — 49. Custiis Ajile] " Et in vna longa Tabula mensali
empt' pro alta Tabula in noua Aula...et pro iij clauibus empt' pro ostiis Aule predicte.
...Et in j lb et di de Turmyntyne et vermelon empt' apud london pro festo natiuitatis
sancti Johannis Baptiste xx(/." It was the custom to have three annual bonfires at
that season, on the eves of Midsummer Day, SS. Peter and Paul, and he Translation
of S. Thomas of Canterburj-, i.e. on 23 June, 28 June, 6 July. Ibid. " Et in DC de
Talwode empt' pro iij bonefyres in festis vigil' natiuitatis sancti Johannis Baptiste,
vigil' Petri et Pauli, et in vigilia Translacionis Sancti Thome martyris."]
26 — 2
404 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
masons." It was to be 60 feet long, and 18 feet broad, and of
a suitable height. The tenement is merely described as " in
Eton," and there is no proof that it was within the College
precincts. It is only alluded to here as shewing the care that
was taken to provide for the comfort of the masons.
During the last ten years of the reign of King Henry the
Sixth John Medehill was clerk of the works. His accounts
therefore extend from Michaelmas, 1450, to Michaelmas, 1460;
but they are unfortunately fragmentary, as the table shews.
For the years 1454 — 5, 1455 — 6, they have entirely disappeared,
and that for 1456 — 7 is very imperfect. Those that have
been preserved shew that the works were proceeding very
slowly, from the small number of workmen employed. This
may be roughly estimated from the sum spent in wages an-
nually. If we take the principal trade, that of the masons, we
shall find by this method of calculation that in 145 1 — 2 there
was a weekly average of only 22 ; and although this rises in
1452 — 3 to 40, it falls in 1453 — 4 to 22 again. In 1457 — 8 it
was 21 ; in 1458 — 9 it was 18; and in 1459 — 60 it was 14.
For these last two years a wage-book has been preserved, which
shews that the weekly average of all trades was only ^t, in the
first year, and 28 in the second. It will be seen also that the
sum spent on materials has dwindled almost to nothing by
comparison with previous years.
A few notices may be gathered respecting the progress of
the building. The only stone purchased is that from Hudles-
ton and Teynton. In April, 145 1, Medehill is absent for seven
days in Kent to select paving-stone for the Kitchen, and to
examine and mark oak timber in Kingswood, near Leeds
Castle'. In 1454 — 5 a repair to the great west window of the
HalP confirms the theory that the stone-work must have been
completed some time previously. In 1457 a skin of vellum
' [Medehill's Accounts, 1450 — 51. Expense forinsece. "Et xij die Aprilis (1451)
pro expensis eiusdem...cum ij^^s equis equitant' per vij dies in partibus Cancie ad
prouidend' ibidem pavyngstone pro coquina Collegii : necnon ad supravidend' et
signand' maeremium quercinum apud kyngeswode iuxta Castrum de ledes omnibus
computatis vj^. ob."]
^ [Audit Roll for 1454 — 55- Ciistus Aide "Et pro reparacione magne fenestre in
parte occidentali aule xxix.r. viij(A" This entry is drawn through, as the sum is
included in a general entry above : " et vitrario pro reparac' fenestre aule."]
V.J CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 405
was bought on which a drawing was to be executed representing
the site and buildings of the College \
There are some extremely important entries in October and
December, 1458, in May, 1459, and in February, 1460, which go
far to prove that the eastern portion at least of the Chapel was
completed by that time. In October and December, 1458, John
Sylvester, the smith, is paid for the ironwork of certain windows
in the new choir; in May, 1459, for the ironwork of apparently
the lower portion of the great east window of the choir ; and
in February, 1460, for the same "for the upper history" of the
same window I
The Audit Roll of 1459 — 60 mentions the Choristers' School,
and the College Cloister, as buildings already in existence. The
former is repaired, and the latter cleaned''.
We have now brought the history of the buildings down to
the last year of the Founder's reign for which any accounts or
other documents have been preserved. Up to this time there
had been expended upon the buildings between i^i 5,000 and
^16,000*, a sum which may be considered to represent at least
;^ 1 50,000 at the present value of money.
In the next chapter we shall narrate the general history of
the buildings to the present time ; after which we shall be in a
position to compare the information derived from the documents
with the buildings themselves.]
' [Medehill's Accounts, 1456 — 7. "Et eodem die (24 March) pro j pelle vitulino
london empt' de quodam vocato Colchopp pro quadam ])ortratura desuper fiend' de
situ et edificacione Collegii ix;;'."]
- [Medehill's Accounts, 1458 — 59. Empcio ferramcntoniin etc. : " Item solut' xj°
die Octobris et xj° die mensis Decembris...Johanni Syluestr' pro M'.CCCC di' et
iij. lb. ferramentorum operat' pro fenestris noui Chori x" \\]s. iiij^/ob."
"Item xxv'" die eiusdem mensis (May 1459) Johanni Syluestr' pro M.DCCC di'.
XXV 11). et di' ferramentorum pro fenestra oriental' Chori noui ...xiij lb. ijj. \yi.''^
Ibid. 1459 — 60. February, 1460. "Item solut' iiij'° die mensis Febr' Johanni
Syluestre Fabro pro M'M'.di'C et xvij lb. de ferramentis operatis pro historia
superiori fenestre orientalis Chori xiiij lb. 'ws. j^/ob."]
3 [Undated Audit Roll, estimated to be of 1459 — 60 by an allusion to the parlia-
ment at Coventry. "Et pro reparatione schole choristarum xx(/. Et pro mundatione
Claustri infra collegium et pro escuracione vawte, xxf^/." This quotation I owe to the
kindness of M'' Maxwell Lyte.]
■* [The different sums out of which this total is composed are given in the Table.
Appendix, I. B.]
406 KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
CHAPTER VI.
[General History of the Chapel and Collegiate Build-
ings OF Eton continued to the present time.
In the preceding chapter the history of the buildings of
Eton was brought down to the last year of the reign of the
Founder. His successor, Edward the Fourth, proposed to annex
Eton to S. George's, Windsor; and actually procured a papal
Bull (13 November, 1463) sanctioning the union \ Moreover, he
not only took away from Eton the greater part of the estates
with which Henry the Sixth had endowed it, but even such
valuables as could be easily removed. It was not until the ninth
or tenth year of his reign that he abandoned this design, and
made restitution of a part at least of the College property. The
accounts record that certain tapestries were then taken down
from the walls they were decorating at Windsor^ ; that vestments,
altar-furniture, and plate, were restored to the Church^; and that
the Bells were hung up again in their ancient belfry, which was
repaired to receive them\ All building work had been of neces-
sity suspended during this disastrous period ; and when resumed,
was carried on in a very different way from that which we have
followed in the previous reign.
The College was in receipt of not more than one third of its
^ [For an account of these events see Lyte's Eton, Chap, iv.]
^ [Audit Roll, I468 — 1469. "Et in Regardo date Valecto garderobe Regis pro
deposicione pannorum de Aixas in Collegio Sancti Georgii v. s."]
^ [Audit Roll, 1470 — 1471. " Et in regardo dato Willelnio Blakborne pro capis,
vestimentis, et pannis Dspuloralibus (?) portatis ad collegium xx s. Et in regardo dato
Willelmo Sebyn pro portacione x caparum london ad collegium xxd." The spoliation
of the College had extended even to the stable : "Et in regardo dato per Magistrum
prepositum vni seruienti domini Regis pro saluacione equorum collegii v. s."]
•* [Ibid. Rcparacioncs. " Et in denariis solutis ... pro reparacione campanilis, et
cariagio et translacione campanarum a Collegio Sancti Georgii ad nostrum Collegium
Ixxiij s. iij d. ... Et in denariis solutis per Magistrum Ricardum Hopton Johanni
Siluester, diuersis carpentariis et seiTatoribus ad reparacionem eiusdem campanilis
liij s. xj d. ob. Et Johanni Lane, Johanni Whight, et Ricardo Reve per xvj dies
circa le davvbyng eiusdem v. s. x d." In this year 5 Bellropes are paid for, whereas
in previous years, as in 1468 — 69, only 3 are mentioned. This proves that not more than
2 Ik'lls were taken away. These extracts shew tii;it the Belfry \va^ of wood, ]ilastercd.]
VI. J CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS Uh' ETON. 407
former income'; and the yearly sum of ^1000 from the revenues
of the duchy of Lancaster, which the Founder had set apart for
the expenses of building, was of course cut off. In this extremity
William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, remembering the trust
committed to him by Henry the Sixth in his Will, not only took
upon himself the direction of the works, but even supplied the
necessary funds ; an act of singular generosity on his part, as he
was at that very time engaged upon his own foundation at
Oxford. The series of Audit Rolls is unfortunately incomplete at
the beginning of this reign, the first perfect roll being that for
the year beginning i January, 1468. In that month we find that
the Provost goes twice to visit the Bishop; and in the following
year he goes again twice; the purpose of his visits being then
expressly mentioned : " in order to begin the works at the
Church;" and, "to obtain money" for the said work. Similar
entries occur in nearly all the subsequent rolls that have been
preserved". The amount of money given is not recorded, nor
the w^ay in which it was spent. Probably the Provost or Bursar
accounted for it directly to the Bishop. No direct information
therefore respecting the progress of the work can be obtained ;
and we are obliged to content ourselves with the fragmentary
indications that can be picked out of the Audit Rolls.
From the entries quoted above it appears that work on the
Church was resumed, or was about to be resumed, in 1469; but
on what part there is no evidence to shew. It probably went
on very slowly at first, and three years elapsed before the King
1 [For six years, ranging between 1466 and 1476, the yearly income did not
average more than ;^384.]
^ [The following are a few of the entries :
I Jan. 1468 — I Jan. 1469, 7—8 Edward IV.] " Et in denariis soliit' pro expensis
M. prepositi ad dominum Winton mense Januarii" (twice). r [an. 1469 — Michs.
1469: 9 Edward IV. " Et in expensis magistri prepositi ad dominum Wynton pro
operibus ecclesie inchoandis xviij s. ij d." Michs. 1469 — Michs. 1470. " Et in expensis
magistri prepositi equitantis per diuersas vices domino Wyntoniensi pro pecuniis
adquirendis pro operibus ecclesie xiij s. vij d. ob." Michs. 1471 — Michs. 1472, 11 —
iz Edward IV. " Et in expensis M. prepositi equitantis london mense marcii [1472]
ad dominum Winton' pro expedicione operum vj s. vj d." ... " Et in expensis M. pre-
positi equitantis at Farnham ad dominum Winton pro pecuniis pro operibus per iij
dies et iij noctes vs. vj d." Michs. 1474— Michs. 1475, 14 — 15 Edward IV. " Et
in expensis magistri prepositi equitantis ad dominum Wynton' apud Waltam existentem
l)ro ipso videndo et pecuniis ab eodem pro operibus querendis xixs. xd. ob. "]
408 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
took sufficient interest in it to allow chalk and flint to be ob-
tained as heretofore from Windsor. The following order, ad-
dressed to the Constable of Windsor Castle and others, is dated
21 March, 1472' :
" Edward by the grace of god king of England and of Fraunce and
lord of Irland To oure Right trusty and welbeloued the lord Earners
cunstable of oure Castell of Wyndesore, oure welbeloued John Framton
clerk of oure Werkes of and in oure said castell, Nicholas key keper of
oure litil pare there, And to all other oure officers and ministres be
longing to the same hering or seing thees oure lettres and to eueri of
them greting. We late you wite, that for asmoche as we desire to se
the firtherance of the werke begonne vpon the chirche of oure blessed
lady of Eton, And vnderstande that the prouost and felaship of oure
college there be not purveyd of chalke and flynt for thaccomplisshe-
ment of the same, haue therfore geuen and graunted vnto them as
moche chalke and flynt to be taken within oure said pare, at alle suche
times as shal please them, as shalbe necessary for the ful bylding of
the said chirche. Wherfore We wol and charge you alle oure said
officers and ministres and eueri of you, that ye suffre the said Provost
and felaship to do the said chalke and flynt to be digged within
oure said pare at their plesurs, and the same to carye aweye by such
places as may be most for their ease. And theese oure lettres shalbe
youre warrant and soufifisant discharge anempst us in that behalue.
Given under oure signet at oure Paloice of Westminster the xxj''
Day of Marche the xij'^ yere of oure Regne."
Three years later (1475 — "J^, the purchase of stone from
Reigate, together with straw and other necessaries for the work
on the Church, is recorded". Brickmakers are sent for from Lon-
don to find suitable earth near Eton for brick-making^; an entry
which shews that some building other than the Church was being
undertaken, and also that the old brick-kiln near Slough was no
longer in use. The Church, or at any rate the Chancel, must
have been nearly finished, for Thomas, the Bishop of Winchester's
glazier, came three times to Eton in the course of the year "to
measure the windows of the new church." The east window is
especially mentioned*. It is probable that this glass was the
1 [This document is preserved among the Muniments of Eton College.]
- [Audit Roll, 15 — 16 Edward IV., March 1475 — March 1476] " Et in Regardis
dat' Johanni Hunt ad prouidend' lapides Regate . vj. s. viij d. ; ... et ... pro provisione
straminis et aliorum ad opera ecclesie per . iij. dies xij d."]
■'' [Ibid. "Et in Regardis datis hominibus le Brekmakerrys venientibus de london
ad inueniend' in campis vicinis terram congruam pro le Breke faciend' iij s. iiij d."]
■* [Ibid. "Et in Regardo dato Thome vitrario domini Wyntoiiiensis venienti ad
capientl' mensuram Fenestrarum none ecclesie. v. s. Et ... eidem Tlicime venienti 2".
VI.] CHAPEL AM) l!l: I LI )I XCS OK ETON. 409
same of which the mending is recorded in 1500 — i, from which
entry we gather that the Annunciation was depicted in the east
window, and on a large scale, for "le lylye potte" alone occupied
thirty-two square feet of glass'. The College authorities visited
the Bishop of Winchester four times this year: on the first occa-
sion they were accompanied by the chief mason, the chief car-
penter, and Walter "the carver"; and on the second by the said
carver only'\ This was doubtless Walter Nicholl of Southwark,
with whom the Bishop had signed a contract in the previous
year (15 August 1475) for a Rodeloft and stalls. Nicholl agreed
to take down at his own expense the Rodeloft, stalls, and desks
in Eton Church, and to erect a new roodloft extending across
the whole breadth of the Choir of the new Church, "with the
Garnysshyng of all the stallez of the Ouere from the cowtre
upward." The west side of the Rodeloft was to be made after
the pattern of that in Winchester College Chapel; the east side
after that in "the Collage of Seint Thomas of Acrez in London."
The Bishop is to supply all materials, pay for all masonry work,
for all labourers, and to provide a workshop and lodging for
"the said Walter and all his servauntis with hym workyng."
The whole is to be finished in two years' time, that is to say,
before the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin in 1477; and
TOO marks [£66. i^s. ^d) is to be paid for it in instalments, with
the addition of two gowns to the carver. From the provision
that Nicholl is to be allowed the use of all such boards "as
war late ordeyned for the Selyng of the said newe Chirche redy
wrought toward the makyng of the said Rode loft and stallez,"
we may infer that the roof had been only just completed ^
It is much to be regretted that the Audit Rolls for the next
three years should have been lost, for they would probably have
told us something about the destruction of the Parish Church of
vice ad capiend' quantitatem fenestrarum . v. s. ... Et...eidem 3\ vice venienti ad
capiend' quantitatem fenestre orientalis et aliarum Fenestrarum vs."]
1 [Audit Roll, 1500 — I. " Et Ricardo herryson vitriatori pro reparacione fenestre
australis ad finem sumnii altaris per xxxvij dies pro plumbo et le sowder vt per billam
xxvj s. iiijd. Et eidem pro reparacione jmaginis beate marie in fenestra orientali
vijs. ... pro reparacione vnius le pane cum le lylye potte in eadem fenestra continent'
xxxij pedes precii pedis iiij d."]
- [Audit Roll for 1475—6.]
■^ [This interestinj; document is ]iiinttHl in the A]iiicn<lix, 1. ('. The original is
in the Muniment Room at Eton.]
410 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Eton, for the removal of the stalhvork from the Choir in 1475 or
1476 would most likely be followed by demolition of the walls\
It is possible that the materials of it, or part of them, were used
up again in the erection of the Ante-chapel of the new Church,
which was commenced at the beginning of 1479, ^or in that year
(8 January) Bishop Waynflete contracted for a supply of stone
from the quarry of Headington near Oxford, to be used in build-
ing his own College and Eton College; and this stone is em-
ployed in the Ante-chapel only. The contract is as follows^:
"Thys indenture made betwene the reuerent fader in god William
Waynflete Byschoppe of Wynchestre uppone the cone part, and William
Orcheyerd mayster of the werke of the seyde reuerent fader in his
college of Mary Mawdelyne at Oxonford vppone that othere parte,
wytnessethe...^
Item the seyde M. W. Mason, hathe graunted and promysyd vnto
the seyde reuerent ffader that he or M. Ric. Berne yn hys name shalle
sette alls so many quarryours, masones, and laborares yn hys grete
quarrey that he fyrmethe of the Kynge yne the parishe of Hedyng-
done besyde Oxonford as he setteth yn his owene quarrey yn the same
parishe pertenynge vnto his College, and the seide quarrey-men, masons,
and laborares, shalle dygge and reyse and scaple the best stone yn the
same quarrey als somyche as shalle be necessare vnto his seyde College
and also vnto the werke that he hathe at Etone, and that fro the date
of thys yndenture vnto the feste of crystemesse nexte commynge '^ * *
In wittenesse hereof y have sette my sealle the viii day of Janeuer
the regne of kynge Edward the iiii"^ xviii."
The stone-work of the Ante-chapel must have been completed
by 1480, for in that year the south door is mentioned''; and the
north door two years later, in 1482 — 83 ^ The roof, however,
was not finished, at least the lead was not put on, before the
1 [The old Church is mentioned only once in the accounts, in 1479 — 80, but in
such a way that it is impossible to decide whether it was still standing or not. "Et
mundatori latrine hospicii collegii ex opposito antique ecclesie."]
- [The contract, preserved in the Muniment Room of Magdalen College, Oxford
(Miscell. Charters, No. 349 (3)), has been most kindly copied for me by the Rev.
W. D. Machray. See also Chandler's Life of Waynflete, Chap, viii.]
^ [Here follows the agreement for the part relating to Magdalen College, the
foundation of which was laid 5 May, 1474-]
■* Will of Thomas Swan (Eton Register, i. fol. 112), who was to be buried "infra
nouam fabricam ecclesie collegiate beate Marie de Eton iuxta Wyndesor' coram altari
cum imagine sancte Katerine proximiori hostio australi." It is dated 20 August, 1479.
^ Audit Roll, 1482 — 83. " Et pro iij asseribus de wansqwatte pro hostio ecclesie
versus partem borialem. "
VI.] CIIAI'EL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 4I I
autumn of 1482, for the contract between the Bishop and John
Woodhouse of Wyncfcld in Derbyshire to supply six fother of
lead is dated 25 July in that year, and it is stipulated that the
lead is to be supplied before 25 August next ensuing\
In the next roll that has been preserved, that for 1479 — 1480,
journeys to the Bishop of Winchester occur as usual"; but no
materials are mentioned except a purchase of timber in Septem-
ber, I48o^ Under the head " Custus ccclcsic," however, a sum of
£\(^. i^s. od. is spent, chiefly in small sums for articles which
indicate the fitting-up of a new building ; such as seventeen
yards of linen for a representation, perhaps on a banner, of the
Assumption; a lenten veil, the painting of which is also paid for;
a canopy over the high altar; mats to lay under the feet of the
clergy in the choir — and the like. A payment under the same
head for fuel for the use of glaziers and stonemasons shews con-
clusively that the new and not the old Church is referred to^
For the next two years no Audit Rolls exist. In that for the
last year of Edward the Fourth, 1483 — 1484, we find one of the
Fellows, William Wyther, riding to the Bishop of Winchester —
"to obtain money," which shews that the Church was not yet
finished. As he had executed similar commissions in preceding
years, he was perhaps overseer of the building operations.
We now come to the decoration of the space above the stalls
in the Choir, or Nave, as the Audit Rolls term it, with paintings
in fresco. The execution of these extended over eight years,
having been apparently begun in 1479 — 80, and finished in
1487 — 88. The first entry is in 1479 — 8o^ for "candles for the
use of the painters working in the College." Some of the paint-
ings were finished by 15 August 1483, for Louis Palmer, who
' [The contract is in the Muniment Room of Magdalen College, Oxford, Miscell.
Charters, No. 20.]
- [His services were acknowledged in the spring of 1480 by a present of a pike and
a trout: Audit Roll, 1479 — 80. " Et de ij s. iiij d. di', pro j magno dentrice dat'
Episcopo Winton' per magistrum prepositum mense februarii ... Et de ij s. ij d pro
j magna truta dat' domino episcopo Winton' ... post festum Pentecost'."]
■* [Various persons are sent "i.\° die septembris ad emend' mera-mium de M.
Ramesay generoso. "]
•* [" Et iij^ iiij(/ in focalibus et carbonibus expensis per vitratores et latamos hoc
anno."]
^ [Audit Roll, 1479 — 80. Empcio nccessarioriiDi pro ccclcsia. "Etiijs. vjd. pro iij
duodenis et dimidia in candelis datis pictoribus isto anno operantibus infra Collegium."]
412 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
was evidently Sacristan, is paid in 1482 — 83^ for sponges "to
clean the pictures in the nave of the Church against the festival
of the Assumption." Another charge for four dozen Paris
candles for the painters and glaziers working in the church"
occurs in 1484 — 85^; and lastly, in 1487 — 1488, under the heading
"Painting of the Church," the colours used are separately entered
and paid for, together with the labour of 'sundry painters,' and at
the end of the account, the name of the principal artist is fortu-
nately given: "and for sundry other colours used out of the
colours belonging to the painter himself, that is, to William
Baker I" The existence of these paintings was unsuspected until
1847, when they were discovered in the course of the extensive
alterations to the Church that were then undertaken. They
shall be described in the words of Mr Lyte*:
"There was originally a double row of paintings on the north and
south walls of the choir, each row being divided longitudinally into
seventeen compartments, alternately wide and narrow. The former
contained historical compositions ; the latter single figures of Saints,
represented as standing in canopied niches. ...Under each of the large
compartments there Avas a Latin inscription, explaining the subject of
the picture, and giving a reference to the book whence its story was
derived. The works most frequently quoted were the ' Legenda Sanc-
torum ' and Vincent of Beauvais' 'Speculum Historiale.'.. The whole
series was intended to exemplify the gracious protection afforded by
the Blessed Virgin, the Patroness of the College, to her votaries in
all ages and countries."
1 [Ibid. 1482—83.]
- [Ibid. 14S4 — 5. "Et pro iiij duodenis candelarum parisiensium liberat' pictori-
bus et vitratoribus laborantibus in ecclesia lioc anno iiij s."]
^ [Audit Roll for 1487 — 88. In the margin, written in the same hand, are the
words " Pictura ecclesie." " Et pro expensis factis circa picturam ecclesie. Inprimis
pro scansiliis factis et planacione tabularum in inferiori parte ecclesie xiij d. Et pro
viij lagenis potell et pynt olei pictor' precii lagene xvj d summa xijs. Et pro j li vernacii
viij d. Et pro x li plumbi albi et rubei aptis ad diuersa tempora ij s. iiij d. Et pro
xj li de colore viridi, anglice, vertagrece x s. x d. Et pro v li de colore fuluo sc. oker
\ij (1. ob. Et pro vli de colore blodio anglice blew orch et blew yonde viij d. Et pro
ij li de colore fuluo anglice generall iij s. Et pro iij quartis de ly vermelon xij d. Et
pro iij quartis de auro puro iiij s vj d. Et pro expensis factis circa empcionem predic-
torum colorum et vecturam iij s. viij d ob. Et pro laboribus diuersorum pictorum in
opere predicto viij li vij s. iiij d. Et pro diuersis aliis coloribus occupatis de coloribus
propriis ipsius pictoris scilicet Willelmi Baker iij s. "]
"* [History of Eton College, p. 89. Compare also the account of Mr G. E. Street,
Ecclcsiologist, viii. 288 ; and a paper in the " lUiilder" for J\dy 31, 1847, ]>. 365. A
list of them, as complete as possible, will be found in the Apjiendix, 1. 1).J
VI.] ClfAPEl. AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 413
The Vestry at least of the old Church remained in use after
the new one was occupied; for its roof was repaired in 1501 — 2,
and it was not pulled down until 15 16 — 17'. In 1503 — 4 a new
wooden fence, consisting of posts and rails, 800 feet lonj^, is
made round the cemetery. It took 32 days to make, and cost
£6. \6s. \d. Wooden stairs to the Ante-chapel'^ were made at
the same time by the same carpenters.
As anything that can throw light ui)on the dates of the
College buildings is valuable, it will be interesting to assemble
together the notices referring to them that are scattered through
the rolls for the reigns of ICdward the h'ourth and Henry the
Seventh; for as it is nearly certain that work during that period
was concentrated upon the Chapel, the buildings referred to
must have been erected previously.
Beginning with the cloister we find that it was cleaned in
1469 — 70, when the"corner next the Hall" was made, or repaired.
The "north door at the end of the cloister" which still exists
{u, fig. 16) is mentioned in 1475 — 6; "the exterior wall of the
cloister," probably the west wall, in 1484 — 5 ; "all the chambers
of the quadrangle" in 1498 — 99; and "the small door in the
upper cloister leading to the Hall" in 1504 — 5, when a plumber
is also paid for repairs done to the roof ^
A room called "the boys' chamber" or "the scholars' cham-
ber" is mentioned early in the reign of Edward IV., when
twelve beds are ordered for it^ and again in 1470 — 71. The
identification of it with "Long Chamber" is rendered certain by
' [Audit Roll, Ifoi — 2. "Et Willelmo lyne laboranti circa tectum antiqui ves-
tiarii per duos dies iuxta vj d. in die xij d." Ibid. r5i6 — 17. Rcparationcs. " Et
Hugoni Lyne laboranti... circa deposicionem plumbi antiqui vestiarii \]s. iijd. Et
Emery soluenti macliinam eiusdem domus et earn deponenti per viij dies iiij s."]
^ [Ibid. 1503 — 4. There are also a number of entries in the rolls respecting the
altars and images in the Church, for which see Lyte's Eton, p. 94.]
•' [Ibid. \\(i() — 70. "Pro mundacione cimeterii et claustri per j diem iiijd...Et
pro factura anguli in claustro iuxta aulam xvjs. xd..." Ibid. 1475 — 6. " Et pro re-
paracione clauis hostii borialis in fine claustri .iij. d....Et Johanni Davy pro reparacione
claustri per iij dies .xij.d. " Ibid. 1484 — 5. "Et Burgeys pro posicione j postis iuxta
muram claustri exteriorem hoc anno iiij d." Ibid. 1498 — 99. " Et duobus mundan-
tibus latrinas omnium camerarum quadranguli ex convencione cum eis facta ix s."
Ibid. 1504 — 5. " Et pro vna claui pro paruo hostio in superiori claustro ducent'
in Aulam per magistrum prepositum ... Et Willelmo lyne plumbario laborant' circa
tectum claustri et in pandoxatria per quatuor dies ... ij s.'"]
■* [Ibid. " Et pro factura xij lectorum in camera puerorum xs. iij d."']
414 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
an entry in the same year, in which it is mentioned in conjunc-
tion with the sewer which still passes under the east end of that
building, though now no longer used as a drain \ An allusion
to this sewer first occurs in 1468 — 69; after which the cleansing
and flushing of it are frequently mentioned '^
In 1485 — 86 a lock and twelve keys for the Library are paid
for, the number being probably that of the officials who were
permitted to use it^.
The "Grammar School" is alluded to in 1482 — 83, when its
windows are mended; and again in 1484 — 85, in conjunction
with the Church and Library \
The completion of the Hall was recorded in the last chapter.
The accounts for 1484 — 85 record the repairs of a vaulted pas-
sage connecting it with the kitchen, in conjunction with which
the Bakehouse and Brewhouse are mentioned. Some " steps
leading up to the Hall," probably those of wood, on the south
side, between it and the kitchen, were made in 1487 — 88. The
vaulted cellar under the Hall is mentioned in 1470 — 7I^ In
1484 — 85 keys are provided for the doors of the Hall, and in the
same year there is a charge for painting flowers round the
hangings, and for mending certain hangings, apparently not the
same as the former ones, which are again repaired in 1485 — 86.
The Bible for use in Hall had also been mentioned in the pre-
vious year".
' [Iliid. 1470 — 71. " Et Johanni Crownale tegulatori et famulis suis per iij sep-
timanas circa reparaciones aule, camere scolarium, et none domus iuxta pandoxatriam
xij s." " Et Johanni lane pro exscuracione volte subteranee et purgacione latrine
puerorum ij s. viij d. " This charge is made again in the following year.]
" [Ibid. r468 — 69. "Johanni Lane pro purgacione volte subteranee." Ibid. [492
— 93. "Item vni laboranti per duos dies circa ripas reparando et obturando foramina
iuxta quoquinam vt purgaretur cloaca per cursum aque vj d."]
•' [Ibid. 1485 — 86. " Et magistro Johanni de castro pro vna sera et xij clauibus
et annulis requisitis pro ostio librarie."]
■* [Ibid. 1482 — 83. " Et Simoni Fort emendant Fenestras in scola gramaticali
viij d." Ibid. 1484 — 85. " pro reparacione ecclesie, librarie, et scole xix. s. vj d."]
■' [Ibid. 1470 — 71. " Et cuidam bekyngton emendant' et reparant' muros in pis-
trino et pandoxatria et in Introitu inter coquinam et aulam ... xij d." Ibid. 1484
— 85. " Et cuidam tegulatori laboranti circa I'eparaciones coclee inter aulam et coqui-
nam iiij d." Ibid. 1487 — 88. " Et pro factura graduum ad avdam et le rayle xxiij d."
Ibid. 1470 — 71. " Et Ricardo Reve per iij dies in volta inferiori sub aula vj d."]
® [Ibid. 1484 — 85. "Etpro verdegrece pro floribus circa linaria aule iiij d. Et
pro iiij clauibus pro hostiis aule pertinentibus viij d. Et pro reparacionibus pannorum
VI.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 415
The wooden fence round the College is rejxiircd in 1482 — 83,
and again in 1499 — 1500, when "the wide western gate next the
high-way" is specially mentioned ^
In 1503 Roger Lupton was made Provost, an office which he
held for 32 years, and which he signalised by extensive building
operations, partly at his own cost, and partly at that of the
College. In 1507 — 8 the kitchen was practically rebuilt. The
work occupied 14 men for more than three weeks. The old
south wall was pulled down, and set up again by Walter
"bryckeman;" and Crownall, whom we have found employed
frequently already, made what is called "the upper kitchen,"
probably the upper story, or lanthorn'^: a work which occupied
him for 43 days. The grates also were set up. In the first year
of the reign of Henry VIII. (1509 — 10) John Jestch-n a mason
— perhaps the clerk of the works — goes to Teynton to get stone
for the cloister. Caen stone is also purchased, and a large quantity
of timber. In 15 10 — ii the Hall-steps are made, and Jestelyn
is paid for a portion of his contract for the Cloister. In the
same year Humphrey Coke makes a design for a building
which seems to be the same, and is paid in advance for executing
part of it^ In 1511 — 12 the Reredos at the High Altar in the
new Church is commenced, but so little is said about it in the
Accounts that it was clearly not paid for by the College. In
15 II — 12 the hinges for the door of the workshop, where the
stone for it was stored, are paid for, and part of it is set up ; in
the next year it is not mentioned; and in 15 13 — H the com-
pletion of it can only be inferred from a charge for pulling down
pendencium in aula hoc anno xxx s. Et pro sulphure pro eisdem pannis ix d." Ibid.
I485 — 86. " Et Reparatori ornamentorum nouorum pendencium in aula ex determi-
nacione socioram xs." Ibid. 1484 — 85. "Et pro reparacione communis biblie
aularis, scilicet ligacione et coopertura ij s. ij d. "]
1 [Audit Roll, I482 — 1483. " Et Burges laboranti ad sustendend' le pales iuxta
altam viam. viii.d." Ibid. I499 — 1500. " Et Willelmo Pastelar pro reparacionibus
factis circa latam portam occidentalem iuxta viam regiam pro. v. diebuset di'. ijs. ixd."]
- [Audit Book, 1507 — 8. " Et Cronall laboranti circa facturam muri superioris
coquine, et growndepynnyng, et circa tegulacionem coquine per xliii dies."]
^ [Ibid. 1510 — II. Custiis forhiseci. " Et Jostlen in partem solucionis de con-
uencione bperum circa claustrum xs. ... Et Humfrido Coke pro figuratione edificii le
platt vj'. viij**. Et eidem pro arris pacti ad idem edificium extruendum vj". viij"*. Et.
eidem...xij li." Another payment was made to him in 1514 — 15. " Humfrido Coke
in parte pro edificacione claustri xiij''. vj^ viij''."]
4i6
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAP.
a partition in front of the altar which had probably been set up
for the convenience of the workmen'.
Fig. 17. Interior of Provost Lupton's Chapel ; from l.ytc's " Eton College."
Mention is also made of the Schoohnaster's chamber; of the
Almshouse, which was on the west side of the College, near the
^ [Ibid. 151 1 — 12. Rcparationcs. " Et pro ij paribus le hengis et hokis ponder-
antibus vij li. precii libre j d. ob. ad noum hostium domus ubi lathomi reposuerunt
lapides noui operis ad frontispicium summi altaris xijd."..."Et pro factura et nouis
circulis iiij vasorum ad asportandum puluerem et rudera circa collocalionem frontispicii
VI.]
CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON.
417
gate; of a room or cnclo.sure called the "gymnasium;" and
of the Playing-fields, which at this time were enclosed, and
could be locked up\
It was at about this time that the Provost built, at his own
cost, the chantry between two of the buttresses on the north side
of the Chapel which has always been called Lupton's Chapel
(figs. 16, 17), and which is proved to have been his work by the
introduction of his arms on one of the bosses of the groined roof,
and of his name in the spandrils of the door in the screen which
separates it from the Church. In
the left-hand spandril is the
initial letter R of his Christian
name, and in the right the sylla-
ble LUP sculptured on a Tun,
in the usual punning style of the
period (fig. 18). The exact date
of the construction of this chantry
is not known, but that it was
finished before 1 5 1 5 may be
safely assumed from a charge for
a spout on tJic nciv Chapel in the Audit Book for that year".
The Accounts for 15 15 — 15 16 have unfortunately been lost;
but in those for 15 16 — 15 17 we meet with the heading ''none
edificationcs" for the first time. Workmen are employed "to take
the tiles ofif an old house where the new building now stands on
the west side of the quadrant:" and again "to pull down the old
houses where the new building now stands^" By quadrant
[qiiadra) there can be no doubt that the Cloister-Court is meant;
and "the new building" is therefore the west side of that Court,
including the gate called Lupton's Tower.
Fig. 18. Rebus of Provost Lupton
from Lyte's " Eton College."
summi altaris xd." ...Ibid, 1514 — 1515. Ciistiis ccclesir. " Et Ricardo Saunders
laboranti circa depositionem partitionis ante sumrmun altarc.xvj d."]
1 [Ibid. 1510 — II. "Pro claue ad clausuram prati lusorii." Ibid. 151 1 — 15 12.
" Et pro pari le gemoys ad cubiculum magistri informatoris xiij d." Ibid. 1514 — 15 15.
"Laboranti circa tectum domus eleniosinarie per xv dies, et gymnasio per ij dies."
Ibid. 1516 — 1517. "Pro le gosfote ad magnam portam occidentalem collegii prope
domum elemosynariam," etc.]
- [Audit Book, 15 14 — 1515. Citstiis ccclesie. " Et Hugoni lyne ... remouendo
vnum le spowte super nouam capellam."]
■' [Audit Book, 1516 — 1517. " Et Se.sy deponenti tegulas veteris domus vbi nunc
VOL. I.
27
41 8 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
From the heading of the first of four wage-books that have
been preserved it appears that the new work began 23 Febru-
ary 1 5 16 — 17', and a note in the same book further records :
" M'". that the second day off march the yere off o''. lorde a thousand
fyve hundred and seventyne the first stone was layd yn the foundacyon
off the west parte off the college wheron ys byldyd M"" provest logyn
the gate and the lyberary."
The names of those who made the design have in this in-
stance been preserved. They were Humphrey Coke, as before,
assisted by Henry Redman and a Mr Vertue, probably the
freemason who contracted in 1505 for the roof of S. George's
Chapel, Windsor. He is again mentioned in 1520 — 21, when
he receives ten shillings for his supervision of the work^
Unfortunately the Audit Books for 1517 — 18, 1518 — 19 are
wanting, and the separate accounts contain merely payments for
wages. From these we find that the work occupied four years,
the last payment being for the fortnight ending 27 December,
1520. The overseer was Nicholas Smale, one of the Fellows.
In 1 5 19 — 20 it was evidently approaching completion, for we find
purchases of stone that would be required for the upper portion
of a building, such as 58 feet of "ventes," 12 feet of "large
crestes," 136 feet of "small crestes;" and ironwork for doors,
as 23 pairs of hingesl In the following year (1520 — 21) the
ironwork for the Great Gate of the new building is minutely
described, and final payments are made to the glazier and
painter, the latter of whom charges for painting the "jambs
{pastes) of the new building and of the great gate." He had
previously been paid for painting figures on the front of the new
work^ The Provost's Lodge however does not appear to have
est noua edificatio in occidentali quadrse (sic) per iiij dies, ijs"' ... " laborantibus circa
depositionem antiquarum domorum ubi nunc est nouum edificium."]
^ ["Prima quindena incipient' die lune 23 die mens' Februarii A", dni M.CCCCC™".
xvj" et A°. Regni Regis henrici Octaui Octauo."]
- [Tighe and Davis, Annals of Windsor, i. 422. Audit Book, 1516 — 17. Custus
Forinscci. " Et in Regardo dato Humfrido Coke vj s viij d. Et in Regardo dato M.
Vertue ad duo tempora xiij s. iiij d. Et in Regardo dato Henrico Redman ad duo
tempora xiij s iiij d. Et in libro papyrico continente formam noui edificii ad quadrum
CoUegii per predictos excogitatum le platte xvd." Ibid. 1520 — 21. " Et sol' vertu
pro superusione noui operis x^"]
* [Ibid. 15 19 — 20. Ciistiis forinseci. " Et pictori Imaginum in Frontispicio noui
edificii."]
Tc/mfp. 41S, 4,9.
'~\
VI.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 419
been occupied for some years. The hangings and carpets for
his bedroom are not provided until 1535 — 36^ and a similar
charge for his hall occurs in 1537 — 38'^
A Tennis Court is alluded to as existing in 1600 — i, but
there is no evidence to shew when it was first built^ or where
it was situated.
The completion of the west side of the Cloister Court was
the last work undertaken during the sixteenth century*. In the
next chapter we will attempt to compare the existing buildings
with the historical information that has been collected, and nar-
rate the further changes that they have separately undergone.
Before doing so, however, it will be well to notice the completion
of the buildings that surround the outer court or School-Yard,
and the space to the north of it called Weston's Yard.
The range of buildings forming part of the west side of the
latter (figs. 1,19), now appropriated to the use of the Head Master,
was begun in 1603 — 4, at the instigation of Sir Henry Savile,
then Provost. The yard was then called "the Stable-}'ard."
The accounts contain very little information about it. One of
the first entries is a payment "to Humfrey Randall for a plott
of grounde in Slowe thereof to make the Bricke," and 80,500
bricks were supplied in the first year. The windows were glazed
in 1605 — 6, in which year it was probably completed, for the
separate heading in the accounts, "New Building," then ceases.
It had therefore taken three years to build, and had cost
^^598. i8s. 4hd. It contained the printing-press set up by Savile
for his own use, together with apartments for the Clerks and
Commensals, granaries, and other offices^
^ [Audit Book, 1535 — ^6. " Et pro xiij virgatis ly dornar iuxta xj d. virga ad faci-
endum carpetts pro fenestris in cubiculo m. prepositi xj s. xj d."]
- [Ibid. 1537 — 38- Under the heading " Custus novi hospitii Domini Prepositi,"
which occurs this year in the accounts, we find a charge " Pro tribus peciis de ly
green et redd seey pro ly hangyngs in aula diet' noui hospitii juxta xvj s. pro pecia
iij li. iiij s ;" and also for "tentare hookes" to hang them on.]
•* [Ibid. 1600 — I. "Item to Giles mending the...Tennys court walls." \h\(\.
160C! — 3. "iij daies tiling the Tennis courte."]
■* [One entry deserves quotation, as shewing the exact size of the bricks then in use.
It occurs in the Bursar's Day-book for 1543 — 44. William Martyn of Stoke contracts
for 100,000 bricks "of a lawful! scantlyng that ys to say ix ynches and di (95) in
length, iiij ynches and dj (44) in bredth, ij ynches and qu (2:^:) yn thyknesse."]
•'' [The following entries refer to this building :
Audit Book, 1608 — 9. " ij newe lockes for the dores in the newe buildinge wlicrc
420 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The School Quadrangle was not completed until the Provost-
ship of D"" Richard Allestree (1665 — 81). During the seven-
teenth century a wall of red brick, about 10 feet high, with an
opening in the centre, which was probably closed by a gate,
extended from the corner of Long Chamber to the Chapel \
This was then replaced by a building in one story, the west
front of which is shewn by Loggan (fig. 19), and the east front
by Hollar, in a print dated 1672^ It was erected at the sole
expense of the Provost^ as recorded upon his Monument in the
Chapel :
nobile sibi monumentum
Are.^ adjacentis latus occidentale
OUOD A fundamentis propriis impensis struxit
ViVUS SIBI STATUIT.
This act of generosity no doubt explains the absence of an)'
allusion to the work in the Audit Books. We are therefore
unable to fix the date of the commencement or completion of it
with absolute exactness. It appears to have been badly con-
structed, and notwithstanding some ineffectual attempts to
repair it, was pulled down in 1689^, and replaced by the present
" Upper School," a building which occupies exactly the same site,
and in size and style closely resembles it'\ This was finished
the printers worke." In this year certain rooms formerly paved with tile are floored.
Ibid. 1609 — 10, "for glasse in a chamber in the newe buildinge where the baker
doth lay his wheate." In the Audit Book for 1628 — 29 the chambers in the new
building "where the corne lyes" are mentioned.]
' [This is shewn in the small view of Eton on the titlepage of Sir Henry Savile's
edition of Chrysostom, published at Eton in 161 3 ; and in the curious coloured repre-
sentation of the same on the monument erected to his memory in Merton College
Chapel, Oxford, after his death in 162 1.]
- [This will be found in Dugdale, Men. Ang. ed. 1673, ?• 195-1
•^ [His biographer, Bishop Fell, speaking of the use he made of the money he
received from his preferments, says "The revenue of Eton had a suitable disposal,
the west side of the outward court of the College being built from the ground and
finish'd at his single expence." Life, prefixed to "Forty Sermons" etc., by Richard
Allestree, D.D. fol. Oxford, 1684. See also Lyte's Eton College, p. 263 sq.]
■* [Audit Book, 1688 — 9. "Imprimis payd M' Butcher for 92 foot of Deale
Timber to tye the Roofe of the New Schoole in the year 1686, but not accounted for
till now ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 02. 08. 00. "J
•'' [A separate Account-book exists, entitled "An account of the Workmanshipp in
pulling downe and rebuilding the New Schoole at Eton College, and of Matterialls
for the same, begun Anno Domini 1689," from which the dates and jiarticulars here
VI.] CHAPEL AND BUILDINGS OF ETON. 42 1
in January 1691, up to which time it had cost ^2286. ()s. i\d.
The f^reater part of this sum was defrayed by subscriptions. The
material was brick, with dressings of Burford stone ; Portland
stone being used for the columns, bases, and capitals. The
architect's name, as usual, is not mentioned, but a M' Matthew
Banckes is emplo\'ed "for Surveying, and Adviseing, and ex-
amining and correcting the workemens accounts\" He may,
therefore, ha\c either given a new design, or pointed out the
way in which the defects of Allestree's construction might be
avoided. The building which intervened between it and the
Chapel was not sufficiently high to interfere with its architectural
features. At the opposite end, however, it abutted against the
old work of the north side of the School-Yard ; part of which
had to be cut away in order to display the cornice, as the ac-
counts shew :
" Item to a Bricklayer 3 dayes in cutting a hole in the wall of the
old Schoole to show the returne of the Cornish and turning an
Arch there 00 . 06 . 00 "
A comparison of the existing structure with Hollar's print
shews that on the side next the School-Yard, instead of the
arches separated by massive piers, with half columns supporting
the stone cornice, there were originally only slender columns.
These would have to bear the weight of the east wall, and of
nearly half the floor, for, as the plan (fig. 16) shews, the width
of the cloister is equal to that of half the building. It is there-
fore no wonder that the construction was found to be defective.
As far as we can judge, the present building closely resembles
that which it replaced. It was probably built on the old founda-
tions, and the window-frames and other materials were used over
again. It is a few feet higher, the walls of the old one having
been level with the top of the parapet of the Chapel-staircase
adjoining it, as Loggan shews (fig. 19) ; whereas those of the
present one rise to a higher level, and are surmounted by an
elaborate stone balustrade.
A separate Library was erected in 1729; but as this work
belongs rather to the history of particular structures than to the
given have been derived. An entry fur carpenters' work " in tlie Writing Schoole
and the Fire-Room for the Scholars" is interesting]
' [He was paid £?>C^ for his work.]
422 king's college AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
general architectural history of Eton College, it will be related
in the next chapter. With this exception no further addition
was made to the College until 1844. A committee had been
formed in 1842, for the purpose of collecting subscriptions to
carry out certain objects, which are thus stated in their circular,
dated 19 May, 1842 :
" It is well known to all Etonians, that the manner in which the
boys on the foundation of Eton College are at present lodged is capable
of great improvement.
This state of things can only be remedied by extensive additions to
the buildings, and alterations in the arrangements connected with the
College..."
They then proceed to solicit subscriptions :
" to execute the work in a satisfactory manner according to the plan
l)roposed by the College, and seen and approved by the Committee.
One principal feature of that plan is a separate apartment for each boy
on the foundation."
The amount collected was upwards o{ £16, ooo\ and in June,
1844, the Prince Consort laid the first stone of the building
situated on the west side of Weston's Yard. It is in three floors
(fig. 34), and includes rooms for the use of the Collegers, with
a School Library at the north end. It was completed in about
two years.]
CHAPTER VII.
[COMFARLSON OF THE EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON COLLEGE
WITH THE Will of King Henry the Sixth, and with
THE Information derived from the Accounts.
The Building Accounts of Eton have shewn us that two
kinds of works were carried on there simultaneously, namely, the
alteration of existing structures in order to adapt them for
temporary occupation, and the erection of others intended to
be permanent. These latter were commenced 3 July, 1441,
in which year the first stone of the Chapel was laid ; but it is
' I For ihc principal subsciilicrs and ctliei- i)arlicular.s see Lyte's Eton Colk'i;c,p. 420. |
\n.] EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON. 423
extremely difficult to draw up an exact chronoloy^y of their
progress, or to fix the dates of the several portions.
Progress must have been made with the Church by October,
1443, when the consecration of Bishop Bckynton took place
within its walls ; and the large purchases of stone, the number of
workmen employed, and the various notices quoted in the pre-
vious chapter indicating the progress made from year to year,
shew that it proceeded without interruption from that time
forward. The estimate drawn up in 1447—48 proves that it
was then near completion — as indeed it well might be after
the labour of seven years continuously expended upon it — ; and
as the Will was signed in March of the same year, we may
presume that the Church then in building was in accordance
with its provisions. A few months afterwards, however, Roger
Keys is sent to Salisbury and Winchester to measure the choirs
and naves of their Cathedrals, after which he delivers to the
King " a plan for the completion of the College." This journey,
taken in connection with the third design (B), which not only
gives an enlarged set of dimensions for the Church — dimensions
which correspond in a very remarkable way with the existing
building — but also distinctly implies a pulling down of walls
already erected in order to erect others outside them, leads us to
the conclusion that the King caused the nearly complete build-
ing to be pulled down, and commenced the erection of a new
one on an enlarged scale, of which, however, he did not live long
enough to complete more than the choir. Further reasons,
justifying this conclusion, will appear as we examine the existing
Church. This we will now proceed to do.
It consists of a choir 150 feet long, by 40 feet broad
(fig. 16), within the walls. On each side there are 8 buttresses,
exclusive of the westernmost, which would have formed a portion
of the eastern wall of the nave, had that portion of the Church
been completed. The east window is of 9 lights, and each of
the 8 side-windows of 5 lights. These dimensions and arrange-
ments correspond exactly with those of the choir of the Church
described in the enlarged design (B), and the floor is raised
about 13 feet above the level of the school-yard and street, as
directed in the Will (fig. 14). It is approached by staircases
at the north and south ends of the Ante-chapel, the general
424 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
appearance of which will be understood from Loggan (fig. 19).
It forms no part of the original design, but is quite independent
of the Church, the west window of which rises above its roof.
Important evidence respecting the date of the different por-
tions of the Church may be derived from an examination of the
nature of the stone of which it is built \ Along the north, south,
and east sides of the choir, the three lowest visible courses of the
plinth are of a coarse dark-coloured shelly oolite, which may be
identified with the Teynton stone of the accounts'^. The main
walls, up to the sills of the windows, and the buttresses as far as
the top of the first stage, are of magnesian limestone from
Hudleston, the "Yorkshire stone" of the accounts. This stone,
mixed to a greater or less extent with Teynton oolite, easily
distinguishable by its brown colour, is further used for the
second stages of the buttresses, and of the towers at the east
end, and for the whole extent of the four westernmost buttresses
on the north side (E, F, G, H, fig. 16). Generally it is used,
throughout the Church, for the bases of the pinnacles {a, fig. 20),
for the upper and lower stages of the set-off immediately below
them (ibid, b, c), and sometimes for the crockets, or a portion
of them. As the supply of it ran short, pieces seem to have
been kept for those situations where a more than usually durable
stone was required. In most places it has stood extremely well,
but occasionally, especially on the south side, has weathered
nearly as badly as the Kentish rag above it. Kentish rag was
used for the second and third stages of the five easternmost
buttresses on the north side ; for the same stages of all the
buttresses on the south side ; and for the spandrils above the
windows. On the south side it has been used for the inner half
of the arch-mold, where it has always failed ; and at the east
' [For the following deteimination of the stone I have to thank my friend G. S.
Drew, Esq., one of the Assistant Masters at Eton College.]
^ [Professor Phillips, Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames, 8vo.
London, 1871, p. 150, refers this stone to the "middle division of the great oolite,"
and says of it, "The composition and structure of the rock are inconstant; when
purely oolitic, with few or no shells, it is usually massive and good freestone. When
shells become plentiful and range themselves in layers (sometimes oblique) [as is the
case at Eton], the stone becomes more fit for rough walling and strong foundations
than house-building. This kind of ' rag-slone ' is like forest marble, and often is
not easily distinguished from that rock."]
VII.]
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
425
end for the same parts of the buttres.ses and towers, and of the
/o 5 0
H-rvn-r-i-n-t-
Fig. 20. Elevation of one bay of Eton College Chapel.
great east window. Teynton stone is generally used for the
crockets, for the drip-mold extending from them round the
426 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
buttresses, and for the outer members of the arch-mold of the
windows^
This arrangement of stones is in the main that directed in the
third design (B). The first courses " vpon the groundes," that is,
above the foundations, are to be of Teynton stone, which in the
upper courses is to be mixed with Yorkshire stone, and no
" Mestham stone " is to be employed. Again, we have seen
that no Teynton stone was brought into College before 1448 ;
and that arrangements for a regular supply of Hudleston stone
were not made until February, 1448 — 49. This latter state-
ment must not be pressed too far, for a certain quantity of it
had been obtained in 1445 — 46 from the clerk of the works at
Sion, and in 1446 — 47 direct from Yorkshire. The date of the
first acquisition of Teynton stone, however, proves that the
existing walls of the Church could not have been begun before
1448 or 1449, that is to say, after the visit of Roger Keys to
Winchester and Salisbury ; while the payments for the iron-
work of the east window prove that at the east end at least the
stone-work must have been completed by 1458 — 1459.
The accounts have further shewn that during the last ten
years of the reign of King Henry the Sixth the works were
carried on with difficulty. Under these circumstances it is pro-
bable that the stones that had been got ready for the Church
erected between 14^ i and 1448 would be used over again. This
supposition will explain the irregularities in the curve of the
arch-mold over the great east window (fig. 21), which have
hitherto been so puzzling, it being clear that they are not due to
a settlement. If however that wide arch was constructed out
of the blocks prepared for, and perhaps once actually laid in,
one of a smaller span, the difficulty vanishes.
It has been frequently stated that evidence of the haste with
which the walls were completed is afforded by a comparison of
a bay of Eton (fig. 20) with a bay of King's (fig. 43). It is
true that the wall at Eton terminates above the window,
without the space that at King's intervenes between the string-
course over the window and the battlement. It is, however,
just eighty feet high from the ground to the crest of the battle-
^ [It must be remembered that modem repairs have concealed much of the original
materials, especially in the Ante-chapel.]
VII.]
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
427
ments, as directed in the Will and in the third design (B) ; and
the buttresses fail to reach the height of lOO feet "fro the clere
grownde vnto the heyest part of the pynnacles" there prescribed,
by 3 feet only. The present pinnacles however have no authority,
being quite modern ; and there is no evidence to shew what
the original design was. It is usually assumed that the but-
tresses were intended to support a roof of stone ; and King's
is again referred to to prove this. The buttresses at Eton, how-
ever, project 10 feet only from the wall at the base, while
those at King's project 17 feet. They are therefore of no
greater strength than would be required for the support of the
Fig. 21. External arch-mold of the east window of Eton College Chapel.
walls, which at Eton rise without a break for nearly 40 feet,
with a mass of solid earth behind them. A roof of stone is
nowhere alluded to, nor is any roof mentioned in the Will ; but
in the estimate of 1447 — 48, § 13, a roof of wood is distinctly
mentioned, upon which 12 carpenters are to be employed for
a whole year ; nor is there any evidence that the change of plan
described in the enlarged design (B) involved any change in this
portion of the building ; and the timber selected by the clerk of
the works in Kent in 145 1 may have been intended for it\
It is extremely difficult, as explained in the last chapter, to
' [In the corresponding directions for King's we shall find that the walls are
directed to be "embatelled, vauted, and chare roofed sufficiently boteraced," and
probably the Founder's intention was U) keej-) the two Iniildings distinct in jilan and
arrangement.]
428 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
discover what Waynflete undertook when work upon the Church
{opera eaiesie) was resumed in 1468. The contract with Walter
Nichol for the rood-loft in 1475, and the journey of the Provost
to Winchester, accompanied by him, the chief carpenter, and the
chief mason, in that year, indicate that at that time they were
engaged upon the fittings. What, however, had been done pre-
viously ? Possibly Waynflete found the western end of the
choir unfinished ; and the large quantity of Hudleston stone
which appears in the upper stages of the four westernmost
buttresses on the north side may perhaps indicate that they
were finished under his direction, for he would naturally use up
the materials at his disposal before providing a fresh supply,
which was not done, so far as we know, until 1479, the date of
the contract for the stone from Headington. None of this stone
has been discovered in the walls of the choir. The Church
seems to have been ready for service by 1480, from the quantity
of furniture ordered in that year.
An examination of the north and south walls of the Ante-
chapel, between the last buttress of the choir and the west wall
of the staircase, shews that in that part they are built generally
of the same materials as the buttresses and walls of the choir,
and that the moldings of the plinth of the choir have been
returned along their face. This is best seen on the north side
(fig. 22), where the space is widest. It may perhaps indicate
that Waynflete's first intention was to construct a nave, but on
a reduced scale, for the aisles would have been only ten feet
wide, instead of twenty feet, and that he afterwards abandoned
the idea for an Ante-chapel on the plan of that at New College,
Oxford. In the course of the alterations in 1847 — 8 a large
arch was discovered in the wall between the Choir and Ante-
chapel, the crown of w^hich rose nearly to the sill of the west
window. This arch was no doubt abandoned when it was
decided to build the present Ante-chapel ; and the buttresses
(B, C) were possibly constructed at the same time.
The walls of the Ante-chapel are of Headington stone\ with
a block from Hudleston or Teynton inserted here and there.
This shews that the supply of those materials was nearly
' [On this stone, used to luiild certain Oxford Colleges, see Professor Phillips, p. 299.]
VII.]
EXISTING HUILDINGS OF ETON.
429
cxliaustod at tlic time that it was bcinj; built ; and that the few
remaining- bh)cks were used to supplement the stone wliich had
been specially provided for the work. This — an oolite — is far
from durable ; and in this particular instance decayed so com-
pletely that a few years ago the Ante-chapel had such a
venerable appearance that it was thought to be the oldest part
of the building. The very existence of the Headington stone
would now be hardly suspected, for it was concealed by a facing
of Bath stone imposed in 1876 — yj.
Fig. 22. Buttress (H, fig. 16' and north wall of the Ante-chapel, Eton College.
The result of this investigation is that the existing Church
was begun about 1448 as the choir of a larger building ; that
the walls, at any rate at the east end, were raised to their
present height before the death of King Henry the Sixth, the
east window being ready for the iron-work in 1458 — 59; and
that the Ante-chapcl alone is cntirel}- the work of Bishop
Waynflete between 1479 and 1482.
The quadrangle which lies to the north of the Chapel, called
the "School-Yard," measures 138 feet from north to south, by 215
feet from east to west. It is bounded on the west by the build-
ing called " Upper School," which, as we liave seen, was con-
430 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
verted into its present appearance between 1689 and 1691 ; on
the east by part of the College buildings shortly to be described;
and on the north by an ancient range of red brick containing
a school-room called " Lower School " and other school-rooms on
the ground-floor, with the dormitory called " Long Chamber "
above. This range stood originally clear of other structures, for
the rooms at its east end, with the walls connecting it with
the range in the centre of which is the Clock-Tower, are modern.
As it is not distinctly referred to in the earlier accounts, it is
impossible to assign to it a precise date, but we have found it
referred to as a completed building in 1468 ; and in style it
closely resembles the north and west sides of the Cloister Court,
which will be shewn to be among the earliest buildings erected
at Eton. It is possible that by the phrase the " new buildings of
the College on the north," on the ground-floor of which Bishop
Bekynton held his banquet in 1443, this range may be meant,
for the writer of that description is clearly describing them as
they stood with reference to the Chapel. It should however be
mentioned that a " new chamber for the College boys " is men-
tioned in 1 506 — 7, and that a " new school " is referred to in
1 5 14 — 15 as having been built some time previous. These
entries may imply either a rebuilding on the old foundations, or
only an extensive repair \
The ground-floor is now divided into two portions by a
through passage (at tux, fig. 16). The arch leading into this
from the staircase (ibid, y) is modern, and the wooden parti-
tions on each side, though ancient, were erected long after the
walls. Access to the first floor is obtained, as formerly, by an
external staircase (ibid. za). The square tower eastward of the
staircase (ibid. A) formerly contained studies on the ground-
floor and first floor, and was perhaps intended for that purpose
from the first. A circular stone stair or "vice," at the east end,
leads to a chamber on the first floor, formerly occupied by the
Usher {ostiariiis) as will be shewn below. At the opposite end
there is a square room entered through a door (ibid, aa) which
seems to be original ; and above it there is a room of the same
' [Audit Book, 1506 — 7. Custiis forinscci. " Et pro vno lampade pro noua camera
puerorum collegii." Ibid. 1514 — 15. " Et Henrico. ..pro antiq' arris tempore edifica-
cionis noue scole xx\"]
VII.]
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
431
* 6s"i&3i^s£^
size, entered from Long Chamber by a similar door. These
were probably the Head Master's chambers \ The windows are
of two kinds. Those towards the quadrangle are of two lights,
pointed, under a square head, exactly like those in Lupton's
work (fig. 23). On the opposite side these windows are found
on the first floor only, and in the square turret eastward of the
staircase. The lower
room is lighted by win-
dows like those in the
Fellows' Buildings,which
will shortly be described.
The doors have simpler
and shallower moldings
than those in the Fel-
lows' Buildings (fig. 25) ;
and their label closely
resembles that of the
pair of doors on the west
side of the cloister (fig.
30). The difference be-
tween the two forms of
window, and the general
appearance of this range,
will be understood from
the view of part of the
north side (fig. 34). On
the south side there is a
set-off at the same height
as on the north, but of
modern brick, instead
of stone as elsewhere.
Above this, a few inches
^^ i 1;-;^ I
1 K
/i' fi" 0
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
2
3
1
4
1
S
Fig. 23. Window in Lupton's Building.
below the windows, there is a line of lead about half-an-inch
thick, extending the whole length of the building ; and at a
distance of 10 feet from the foot of the wall, a line of foundation
was discovered in 1876 (fig. 16). This looks as though an
^ [Ibid. 1552 — 53. Reparationes. "Item to John Kendall for workinge abowte
comynge owt of the Scole M'■^ Chanibre in to the childers chamber... ij.f. j(/.'']
432 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
attempt had been made, when the building was erected, to con-
struct a portion of the cloister directed in the Will. It should be
further noticed that the labels over the doors are more delicate
on this side than on the opposite one, as though not originally
intended to withstand weather.
The inner, or cloister, quadrangle, the central area of which
is 90 feet square, is arranged upon a plan unusual in Colleges.
It has ranges of chambers on the east, north, and west sides, and
the Hall on the south side, behind which are the kitchen, brew-
house, and other offices. The rooms on the ground-floor are
entered from the cloister ; those on the first floor from a
gallery, to which access was originally obtained by means of
a square turret at each internal angle of the quadrangle, con-
taining a spiral stone stair, with a door below and above.
This gallery extends at present along the north and east
sides only, but previous to the erection of the Library in 1726,
was continued along the south side, as Loggan shews (fig.
19), and would doubtless have been continued along the west
side also, had that been completed according to the original
design. Externally, there are large square towers at the angles,
between which, on the west and north sides, are two smaller
towers, spaced at regular intervals. The arrangement and gene-
ral appearance of these buildings will be understood by com-
paring Loggan's view, taken before the present Library was
built, or an upper story added to the east and north sides, with
the external view of those sides taken in 1875 (fig. 24).
The west range, in the centre of which is the gateway called
" Lupton's Tower," through which the Cloisters are entered,
is now wholly devoted to the use of the Provost. Over the
gate, extending the full width of the building, is " Election
Chamber," originally intended for a library ; between it and
the College Hall is the apartment reserved for the Provost of
King's ; and on the other side is " Election Hall" (fig. 38). We
have seen that the latter, with the gate and part at least of the
remaining portion of the range, were built between 15 17 and
1520. The determination of the dates of the remaining portions
is a task of considerable difficulty.
These two quadrangles take the place of the Cloister
and " Quadrant " described in the Will. They are, however
i
VI r.]
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
433
smaller', and are arranged in a wholly different manner, as a re-
ference to the Founder's design (fig. i) will shew at once. The
only portion of the buildings carried out according to the direc-
tions of the Will is the Hall. There can, however, be little doubt
that the Cloister, with the buildings along the east and north
sides, were undertaken at
the very commencement
of the works. The term
"quadrant of the College,"
which implies chambers
arranged in a quadrangu-
lar form around a central
area, is met with in 1442
— 43 ; and in the latter
year ten chambers on the
east side with a Hall
and Cloisters and seven
Towers are contracted for.
These towers may be
identified with the seven
that arc still standing on
the east and north sides
of the College (K, L, M,
N, O, P, O, fig. 16). The
Vice-Provost's chamber
was glazed in 1445 — 46,
and the two ranges were
so nearly completed by
February, 1447 — 48, that
it was computed (accord-
ing to the estimate quoted
in the preceding chapter,
§ 10) that ^40 was all that would be required for "the making of
the housing which shal close ynne the quadrant ; " and in the
following July the windows were glazed, and the chimneys con-
structed. Ten years later (1459 — 60) the Cloister is alluded to
as a completed building.
^ [The area of the Cloister would have contained 32,000 square feet, and the
" Quadrant" 35,650. The School-Yard contains 29,670, and the Cloisters 8,100.]
VOL. I. 28
Fig. 25. Window in the Fellows' Buildings.
434 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Besides these pieces of direct evidence the following con-
siderations are in favour of concluding that these buildings,
together with that which forms the north side of the school-yard,
were erected during the reign of the Founder. First, for what
other purpose could the enormous quantities of bricks brought
into the College from the second year of the works have been
intended .'' Secondly, when Dr Roger Lupton became Provost
in 1503 — 4, the west side of the quadrangle was the only part
unfinished. The other sides therefore must have been built either
by Bishop Waynflete, or by the Founder ; for the College was
too poor to have undertaken so important a work out of its own
resources in the interval between the death of Henry the Sixth
and the accession of Henry the Eighth. There can, however, be
little doubt that Waynflete's work was confined to the Church,
from the numerous entries in the accounts definitely connecting
his name with the resumption of work there ; and from the
obvious consideration that so important an enterprise would
preclude the possibility of his undertaking any other\
A general resemblance between the buildings of Eton and
those of Queens' College, Cambridge (which is known to have
been built between 1448 and 1449), offers additional evidence of
an early date. Red brick with stone dressings, and square
flanking towers, are employed in both^. The plan of Queens',
however, is different, as it was necessary to conform to the usual
plan of Cambridge Colleges. At Eton, moreover, the windows
were treated in a peculiar fashion that was never employed at
Cambridge. They have been much altered at different times,
but their original position and treatment may be easily dis-
covered. The space between each pair of towers, on the exterior
face of the building, had four windows on each of the two floors ;
that nearest the tower on each side being a half-window. These
windows were each divided by a central mullion into four or two
lights, and finished off above by a hood-mold (figs. 25, 26). The
' [Leland (Itinerariuni, ix. 33) says, "At bona redificiorum pars accrevit, ut ego
aliquando a fide dignis didici, et opera et impensis Gulielnii Venflucti episcopi...
Favebat is impensius operi ab Henrico incepto." These " redificia " however need
not be understood to refer to any others than the Church and Ante-chapel.]
'^ [Square towers were also begun on the outside of the building on the east side
of tile Great Court at King's, as has been already shewn.]
VII.] EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON. 435
upper part of one of them in its original state (at R, fig. 16) is
shewn on the next page (fig. 26) with the door from the Cloister
into the Playing-fields, which is also original. All traces of
cusps have now disappeared. The wall between each pair of
windows was originally ornamented with a device or pattern in
brick of a different colour.
Careful examination shews further that both in the angle-
towers, and in those on the face of the building, the vertical
height between the floor and ceiling of the adjoining chamber
was divided into two by an intermediate floor as at present, for
on the face of one of the angle-towers there are remains of two
windows, apparently original, one above the other, on the first
floor. They occupy a space between the strings equal to that
of the great window at the side. There is a similar arrange-
ment in the half-towers, but in them the windows are modern
and their evidence cannot therefore be relied upon, although
it is probable that they occupy the place of original ones.
Moreover, at the sides, both of the angle-towers and of the
half-towers, there are remains of small original windows of a
single light only. The examination of these is very difficult,
on account of the ivy and other creeping plants with which the
walls are now covered. It may be concluded, however, from
finding some of these small windows in the lower part of the
double story, and some in the upper part, that each story was
supplied with one of them on either side\
The Cloister is composed of six four-centered arches on each
of three sides, those of the south side having been removed to
make room for the Library. One of these arches, with its
moldings, is here shewn (fig. 27). The material is Kentish
rag, standing upon plinths of a different stone, more grey in
colour. Between each pair of arches is a shallow buttress,
closely resembling those of the oriel of the Hall at Queens'
College. These buttresses rose originally to the top of the
parapet, as Loggan's view (fig. 19) shews; but at present they
have been cut off at the level of the string-course just above the
' [I have to thank my friend William Burges, Esq., architect, for these details.
The course of the sewer shewn on the plan (fig. 16), coupled with the charge quoted
at p. 411 for cleansing " omnes latrinas quadranguli." indicates that the use of these
towers was the same in ancient as in modern times. ]
28—2
436
KING S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAr.
arches, except on the west side, where they rise to the original
level. It should be remarked that the buttress under the east
window of " Election Chamber" has been cut off just under the
sill (fig. 28), thereby proving that it had previously been intended
to carry up the wall of which it formed part to the same height
as the adjoining portion. The angle-turret also at this corner is
similar to the others, and was not altered when Lupton's work
was built up against it at the beginning of the i6th century. It
Fig. 26. Door leading from the Cloister into the Playing-fields; from Lyte's "Eton College."
is therefore tolerably certain that the cloister and the wall above
it are of one time, and that it was left unfinished on the west
side from lack of funds.
The chambers on the ground-floor are entered from the
cloister through doorways of peculiar construction. They are
in pairs, close together. At the intersection of the hood-molds
there is a piece of foliage, and at their termination the molding
is returned so as to form a square boss. The doors that are
Fig. 28. Interior of the Cloister-Court, Eton College, looking south-west ; shewing part of
Election Hall, Lupton's Tower, and part of the Library.
To face p. 436.
Vol. I.
VII.]
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
437
ornamented in this style, whether double or single, will be found
of great use in determining the age of the walls in which they
occur. There are four double doorways like the one first
figured (fig. 29), marked cd, cf, gJi, ik, on the plan (fig. 16), and
three single ones ; one on the outside at the entrance to the
playing-fields (ibid. //), and two on the inside (ibid. 0, p). In the
west wall there is one double doorway (ibid. /;//, fig. 30), and
one single doorway (ibid. ;//'). These bear a close general resem-
l \ L
J L
Fig. 27. Elevation of the exterior and interior of one of the Arches in the Cloister.
blance to the others in their main features ; but the pier between
the two at //;/ is wider, the moldings are less elaborate, and the
label terminates without the picturesque return so characteristic
of the others. These differences may be taken to indicate a
somewhat later date ; while the general similarity of arrange-
ment shews a desire on the part of those who finished this range
to accommodate their work to the portions already constructed.
We have seen that Provost Lupton began work on the cloister
438 king's college and eton college. [chap.
in 1509 — 10, and that Humphrey Coke was paid for a design in
1 5 10 — II, and for executing it in 15 14 — 15. These doors should
perhaps be assigned to this time, as also the arch leading from
the clock-tower into the cloister (fig. 39). It is of a different
style from the rest of the tower, and is also built of a different
stone, which may possibly be that from Teynton which was got
for the cloister in 1509 — 10.
On ascending to the gallery, which is now approached by a
modern staircase at the north-west angle, we find that the rooms
were entered through doorways arranged like those below. The
details of the stone-work have unfortunately been all destroyed
or hidden behind modern panelling. Both sets retain their
original doors of oak, studded with iron nails, and some have
their ancient iron handles as welP.
We will now examine the Hall. It is 82 feet long by 32
feet broad, and raised upon a vaulted cellar, as directed in the
Will, so that the floor is 8 feet 6 inches above that of the
cloister. It is built of Kentish rag on the south side, next the
brewhouse yard, and is faced with Caen stone on the north side.
There are an oriel and five buttresses on the former side, but
there is neither the one nor the other, nor any trace of them,
on the latter, where the w^all is plain, subdivided by shallow
pilasters, and pierced by four narrow oblong windows close
to the ground. These admit light to the cellar, which is
approached through a lofty pointed doorway (S, fig. 16). Close
to this a steep flight of steps rises to the level of the Hall floor
through a wide pointed arch. The steps are later than the arch,
which has been cut away to receive them. An examination of
the south side shews that the original stone-work terminates at
exactly the same level along the entire wall (fig. 32), the but-
tresses being all abruptly truncated, and the windows cut off at
half their intended height. An examination of these — one of
which is here drawn (fig. 31) — shews that the remaining portion
exactly resembles the lower half of the windows in the adjoining
buildings which have been described above, with the addition of
cusps, which may once have existed in the others also. The
arches over them have been finished in plaster-work, and the
' [One of the doors on the first floor has the College swan-mark engraved upon it,
as though the apartment had been assigned to the swan-herd.]
VII.] EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON. 439
wall above tiic level of the .stone-work is of brick. Evidence
of further alterations, equally unaccountable, is supplied by the
fire-places in the north, south, and east walls, discovered in
1858, They were without chimneys, and had never been used.
There was also a small door (</, fig. 16), communicating with a
staircase leading to the gallery, the door into which is probably
that mentioned in 1504 — 5. It is extremely difficult to as-
sign any reason for this sudden abandonment of the original
design, for the accounts have shewn that the Hall was con-
tracted for in 1443 ; that stone was bought for it in 1445 — 6 ;
and that it was completed in 1450. The view of the south side
in its present condition (fig. 32) shews how the wall which
would have formed part of the Provost's chamber as directed in
the Will was left unfinished. The building that now completes
the south-west angle of the College is probably part of Provost
Lupton's work. The unfinished state in which the Hall was
left is further shewn by an examination of the east end (fig. 33).
The wall in the immediate foreground is that of the pantry
{ab, fig. 16), and parallel to it, at a distance of eighteen feet, is
the easternmost buttress of the Hall, truncated as above de-
scribed. The toothings in the wall which projects forwards —
part of the south wall of the Hall — shew that it was once in-
tended to continue it further towards the east, and so to form a^
room above the pantry. At the opposite, or west end, a staircase
in the thickness of the wall leads to the rooms on the first
floor. The Provost's Lodge was directed in the Will to occupy
this position, and the existence of the staircase, which would
furnish a convenient means of access from the Hall as was usual
in Lodges, shews that this part of the College, of whatever date
it may be, was intended from the first for the use of the Provost.
The conclusion to which the analysis of the accounts at-
tempted in the previous chapter and the examination of the
existing buildings lead us is, that the north and east sides of
the quadrangle were built between 1443 and 1448, and the Hall
between 1443 and 1450 ; in other words, that the quadrangle
was set out of its present size and arrangement during the life-
time of the Founder, and, in fact, was approaching completion
at the very time he signed the Will which prescribed a totally
different arrangement for it. A further difficulty is afforded by
440
KING'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
the Hall, which, as it is of the exact size directed in the Will,
proves that the arrangements therein contained must have been
in contemplation for some years. It may be suggested in
explanation that when the quadrangle was begun in 1443 the
King had not matured his plan for the whole College, and that
the Hall, if commenced, would have been in accordance with an
earlier scheme of which the present cloister is a portion. The
Fig. 29. Double Doorway on the north side of the Cloister; from Lyte's "Eton College.'
present design for the Hall was probably settled in November,
1446, when the clerk of the works went to London to consult
the Marquis of Suffolk about it [super facturani Aulc), and it was
subsequently carried on in accordance with that design, which
was inserted in the Will together with a new scheme for the
whole College. This, we may conjecture, it was then intended
to carry out, the buildings which now exist being pulled down
to make way for it, just as the walls of the Church were pulled
down when the larger plan was decided upon. It will be
observed from the plan that the east side of the quadrangle is
VII.
EXISTING BUILDINGS OF ETON.
441
quite distinct from the Hall, so that the chambers might easily
have been inhabited while it was being built. The deposition of
Henry the Sixth prevented any further attempt to realize the
larger conception, and the quadrangle, long left incomplete,
was finished by Provost Lupton in 1520.]
Fig. 30. Double Doorway on the west side of the Cloister.
CHAPTER Vni.
[History of the separate Buildings of Eton College.
Chapel. Hall. Librar}'. Provost's Lodge, etc.
We will now investigate the history of the separate struc-
tures, beginning with the Chapel, as it will be more convenient
to call it for the future.
442 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Chapel. The reredos erected during the Provostship of
Dr Lupton was soon removed. The accounts for the first year
of the reign of King Edward the Sixth record its destruction,
25 January, 1547 — 48^. From this brief notice, and from an
examination of some fragments that seem to have formed part
of it, discovered in 1876 built into the external pinnacles, it
appears to have consisted of a series of niches of Caen stone,
containing figures. These objectionable images having been
got rid of, the walls were adorned with texts, which in their turn
were obliterated at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary.
The same workmen were employed to paint — probably in
colours — the walls of Lupton's Chapel. The high altar was set
up again in 1557, and a canopy erected over it. Two other
altars, probably those designated "the two Lowe Aulters" in the
accounts for 1553 — 54, were then replaced, and a rood erected^
As soon as Elizabeth came to the throne the high altar was
again destroyed, 9 November, 1559^; and in the beginning of
1560 the frescoes, which had been spared under Edward the
Sixth, were concealed under a coating of whitewash :
"Item to the Barber for wypinge owte the Imagery worke vppon the
walles in the churche vj^ viij'^*."
In the following year a mason was employed to destroy a
stone tabernacle, which had probably been used for the reserva-
1 [Bursar's Account Book, 1547 — 48 : " Sol' laborantibus circa summum altare in
subvertendo et exportando sculptilia vj'. viij'' ." The change in the services is further
illustrated by the sale of the altar-cloths and vestments, some of which were pur-
chased by the Provost and Fellows, and their value entered among the " Recepta."
Lyte's Eton College, p. 130.]
2 [Ibid. 1553 — 54, 24 March. " Paid to John Barbour for blotting out the Scrip-
ture on the chirch walles as aperith by Mr Dobson's bill, x". viij**." Ibid. 1554.
"To John Barboure for peyntinge Docto"" Lupton's Chappell and y" Clocke
diall iij'." "To Thomson the brecke layere for trymminge the ij Lowe Aulters
places xviij"*." Ibid. 1556 — 57. "Item to the Turner of Windesor for making
of twoo Altares [etc.] iij^ Item for a Roode and payntinge therof xlvij". viii**.
Item to Grace for Iron and Iron worke abowte the Roode xiij^ Item for iiij ells of
Lockeram to hange before the Roode and the payintinge iij". Item to Grace for 7<^.
di'. and xij". of Iron bestowed in makinge faste the seelinge at the hye altare
iuxta ij^. the li. xxxj^ ij'*. Item to Blunte Tyler makinge the hye altare and mend-
inge other altares iiij'. vj**." For the restoration of some of the vestments that had
been sold, and the purchase of new ones, see Lyte's Eton College, p. 139.]
^ [Ibid. 1559 — 60. "In primis to a mayson pullynge downe the High aulter
• 9" . Novembris xij^". "] "* [Ibid. 1560—61.]
VIII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. CHAPEL. 443
tion of the Sacrament, in the body, that is, in the nave, of the
Church; and also to obHterate the colours on Dr Lupton's
Chapel \ The rood-loft however was allowed to remain for ten
years longer, when it shared the same fate. The following
extracts describe the destruction of it, and of the other images
that had survived the zeal of previous iconoclasts'^:
" It"^ to Feild y*" Carpenter for iij Dayes and to his man for vj dayes
takinge Downe y^ Roode loft iuxta vij*^. and viij'^ vij^"
"If" to Richard Harbarde Carpenter for iij dayes iuxta xij"^. and to
his two servants y*= same tyme iuxta xvj*^. y^ daye abowt y*^ sayde
worke ix^ iiij'^."
" It"* to Mustian for iij Dayes and a halfe w' his ij Prentizes Joyn-
inge y^ Weinscott in the Churche at xij'^. and xx*^. the daye ...ix^ iiij'^."
" It™ to Glover and his Laborer for ij dayes repairing and wasshinge
y'^ walles where y'^ rood loft stoode and pavinge y'^ same place w"* gret
stone and bricke .iij^ iiij'^."
" To Glover and his Laborer for two dales brekinge downe Images,
and lillinge there places w'" stone and plaister iuxta xx'^ iij^ iiij'^."
The altered condition of the Church after this may be
gathered from the mention of "pues" in 1571 — 72, and of a
sounding-board to the pulpit in 1578 — 79^
For the next few years we find notices for repairs only.
In 1605 — 6 some larger work was contemplated, as the following
entry shews*:
"Item given to William Gaston and Thomas Collens the kinges
Carpenters comyng from London to viewe the chauncell ij dales by
consent xK"
They w^ere probably asked to advise respecting the condition
of the windows, for in the following spring the fitting of them
with wooden bars was commenced^, and continued yearly for
several years. The glass was new leaded, and a new lead roof
was put on. It may be conjectured that the last fragments of
the stained glass, if any still existed, were removed at this time.
The east window was not repaired until 1625 — 26, when it was
^ [Bursar's Account Book, 1561 — 62. "In primis to filde the Mason forpullynge
downe a Tabarnacle of stone in y" bodie of the Churche v'. Item for whitinge
Doctor Lupton's chapell, vj'^."]
2 [Ibid. 1569-70.]
3 [Ibid. 1571 — 72. " Item to Harrye Woodell for... worke in the churche abowt
the pues." Ibid. 1578 — 79. "Item to Robert Cotton for makinge the hed over the
pulpet in the churche xj dayes, vjs."]
■» [Ibid. 1605—6. Teiitplitm.\ ^ [Ibid. 1606—7.]
444
KING S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
filled with ■' paynted glass;" but as the whole repair cost only
£4. 2s. od., the glass could not have been very elaborate\
An Organ, with what is called a "penthouse" over it, was set
up in 1613 — 14. It was necessary to hew the wall away to let
it in, and it was under a window, which was mended at the same
time ; but nothing is said to tell us where it was placed. A
more important alteration is recorded in the following note,
written in a contemporary hand at the beginning of a Hebrew
Bible in the Fellows' Library^:
J^_
r~ciiim.
Fig. 31. Window in the south side of the Hall.
"Anno Domini 1625.
Thomas Wever, Fellow of Eton, erected and built in the Colle-
giate Church ther, One great frame of Tymber under y^ great Arch in
the west end of the s'^ Church, carved w* the armes of King Henerie
the Sixt of Famous memorie, Fownder of the two Colledges y^ one in
Eton and the other in Cambridg; w"* y^ armes of Queene Elizabeth
(a second Fownder and preserver of Colledges by enacting y^ Statute of
Provision) The Armes of y*^ two Universities, and y*= armes of y^ Coll :
^ [Bursar's Account Book, 1625—26. Templum. "To the Glasier repayreinge
the east wyndowe in the Churche beinge much in decay and for y* supplyeinge of
paynted glasse there ut per billam iiij li. ijs. "]
^ Bomberg's Pentateuch, Shelf D. c. 9.
Fig. 32. South side of the Hall and adjoining buildings, Eton College, taken alter the restoration
begun in 1S58; from Lyte's " Eton College."
To face p. 444.
' Vol. I.
VIII.]
SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. CHAPEL
445
of Eton, and y^ Kings Coll: in Cambridge, and diverse other Armes.
He gave a Communion Cupp guildcd, worth xx markes, and sett up
a Communion Table : He sett up Seates for y'^ Oppidalls, and the great
Pew under ye Pulpitt for the use of y*^ Fellowes, Scholm'' and their
Families ; He gave fowre strong Formes to stand in y^ lies of y*^ Church
for the Townemen to sitt on : He gave two deskes graven w'" y^ Coll :
armes for y'' Fellowes to read Prayers : He adorned the deskes for y^
Clerks : He translated y^ Vestrie, built y*" Portall : He repayred y^ seat
in D'' Lupton's Chappell and sett up a presse ther to laye up y*^ Songe
Fig. 33. Exterior of the east end of the Hall.
books : He rcpared ye Seates and pewes on y'^ North and South sides of
y^ Church : besides diverse other things : The CoUedg alowed him
towards y^ work six Loads of rough Tymber. Anno domini 1625.
Laus Deo."
As this work was put up at the sole expense of Mr Weaver,
there are but few entries respecting it in the accounts. It had
been completed apparently before Michaelmas, 1623, for in the
446 king's college and eton college. [chap.
accounts for 1623 — 24 we find a charge of £4 "for paynteing
and guilding the new worke and the pullpitt in the Church." A
portion of it, probably the screen under the chancel arch, was
surmounted by a gilt cross ; and the seats for the Provost and
Vice-Provost were sufficiently massive to have windows in them'.
The rails round the communion-table, which are mentioned in
1631 — 32, were probably part of Weaver's work''*.
The flight of stone stairs which now leads up to the south
door of the Ante-chapel was built in 1624 — 25, to replace one of
wood ; those leading out of the school-yard to the north door
were rebuilt in 1694 — 95 ^ In Hollar's print (1672) they are
.shewn with a lean-to roof over them.
The exterior of the Church must have become much decayed
by 1630, from a charge for " cuttinge out the trees and shrubbs
which grew uppon the pinnikles and walls, and surveyinge the
windowes to see what decays were about the stoneworke*." The
defects were remedied by ordinary repairs, until the end of the
century, when a thorough restoration of the outside and a re-
arrangement of the inside was undertaken. The former work
was paid for in 1698 — 99. It included a new roof, and a com-
plete repair of the pinnacles, the cost of which was defrayed
by the College. The Provost and Fellows next turned their
attention to the interior, and drew up the following statement :
^ [Bursar's Account Book, 1623 — 24. " To the paynter of Windesor for giultinge
the Cross vpon the new worke in the Church vjd."
Ibid. 1624 — 25. Tcmplum. "To the Joyner for a new deske in M'' Vicepro's
seate and for alteringe the waynescott wyndowes in the Provosts and viceprovosts
seates and for two foote stooles there vj s. viij d." "To the paynter for payntinge the
wyndowes in the Provosts and vice provosts seates and the desk before the vice-
provost vjs." See also Lyte's Eton, p. 225. It was objected to Weaver at Laud's
Visitation in 1634 that he had made a sawpit in the Churchyard ; and had sliortened
morning prayer "one holy day to pull doune a tree." Fourth Report of Hist.
M.SS. Commiss. pp. 147, 8. For Weaver's work at King's College see p. 519-]
- [Ibid. 1631 — 32. "New paintynge the pale about the Communyon table." Mr
Lyte records that these rails were removed to Burnham Church in 1 700.]
■* [Ibid. 1624 — 25. After the charges for Purbeck stone, probably for the steps,
and "Oxford stone to make the crest for the wall," we find: "To two laborers
one day takeinge downe the wooden stayers to the church, and providinge the place
for the newe Staires there, xxjd. " Ibid. 1694 — 95. "Item payd M"" Clarke the
Mason for y^ Staires on y« North side of y'= Chappell [etc.] ;i^90. 12. 09." The iron
rail was put up in 1743 — 44. Audit Book.]
■* [Ibid. 1630--31.]
VIII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. CIIAPKL. 447
"Eton College Novemb'' 20th 1699.
The Provost and Fellowes of Eton College having this year ex-
pended ;^i8oo in repairing the Top and outside of their College
Chapell, and covering it with a new, Strong, and very handsome roof;
And considering further that it conduceth highly to the Honour of God
and the benefit of Religion, that the Publick worship of God should be
performed, with as much decency as ])ossible, where so great a number
of Children, both of the Nobility and Gentry, have their Education ; do
intend, God willing, to proceed the next year, to the Beautyfying and
Enlarging the Choir of it, that so all the Children of the Schole may
appear under one View; and likewise that they, and all the people of the
Parish, may be so conveniently seated, as to hear with ease all the
publick Offices of the Church, which at present by reason of their
number, and the ill disposition of the place, they cannot possibly do.
The Charge of this (as it is computed by the College Surveyor)
being like to amount to ;^3ooo at least, is much greater than the College
is able to bear : And therefore 'tis humbly hoped and desired, that such
of the Nobility, Gentry, and Clergy, who either have formerly had their
Education in this Schole, or do at present belong to it, and other pious
and well disposed persons, whom God hath blessed with plentifull
Estates, will contribute their charitable Assistance towards the carrying
on of this good work ; which, as we conceive, tends to the honour of
Almighty God, the Advantage of his true Religion, and the publick
benefit both of Church and State.
It was then agreed by the Provost and Fellowes of Eton College
to proceed forthwith to the Enlarging and Beautyfying, the Choir of
their College Chapell, according to the Modell designed by Mr Banks
their Surveyor ; and for the more Effectuall Encouragement of this good
work, they, together with the Masters of the Schole, did promise to pay
the severall Summs Subscribed with their Names'."
The work of " wainscotting the Chapell " was proceeded with
in the following year. The design of this part was apparently
left in a great measure to " M"" Hopson the Joyner," but
" M'' Banks the Surveyor " gave advice throughout. Timber
for the Organ-loft was bought during the same year, but the
Organ was not set up until i/oil The work occupied three
years, and cost ;^54i8. 2s. id. The style of the internal deco-
rations of the Church will be understood from the accom-
1 [The whole amount subscribed was £^2^2. ^s. 6d., of which the Provost, Henry
Godolphin, gave ;i^iooo, the rest being made up by the subscriptions of the Fellows,
the Masters, and old Etonians.]
" [Audit Book, 1699 — 1700. " Payd M"" Hopson the Joyner this year an Ace',
or Wainscotting the Chappell...^8io. o. o. It™, more to him for y'= Modele of y"
Chappell £2^- o. o." Ibid. 1700 — i. " Item for a Buck to treat y* Choire upon y*^
first Tryall of tlie Organ £^. 10. o.'"]
448
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAr.
panying woodcut (fig. 35). The organ-screen was not placed
directly under the Chancel-arch, but crossed the Church opposite
to the second window. A flight of five steps led up to it. It
was a handsome classical composition about 25 feet in depth.
On the west side lofty fluted columns supported an entablature,
which was carried round the bay westward of the screen, and
also round the Chancel-arch. A classical character was further
given to the latter, by the addition of some heavy moldings, and
of two columns applied to the piers. The extent of this screen
^-■^^7
F'g- 34-
North side of the range containing " Long Chamber," from Weston's Yard ;
from Lyte's "Eton College."
is shewn, by shading, on the plan (fig. 16). In the choir, the
pulpit occupied a prominent position in the centre of the south
side. The north and south walls were panelled right up to the
east end, so that the stone-work and even the entrance to
Lupton's Chapel was concealed. At the east end the altar was
placed under a lofty classical baldacchino, adorned with urns,
the pediment of which obstructed a considerable portion of the
Viri.] SEPARATE I5UILI)IN(;S OF ETON. ( IIAI'EL. 449
east window\ The roof was plastered on the inside, probably to
give the appearance of stone-work, and painted white.
The Ante-chapel was decorated in 1769, in consequence of
the following College Order (18 March):
"Agreed to repair and beautify the Ante-chappel with Stucco- Work
agreably to a Plan and Estimate delivered in by Edw^. Bowers."
Fig. 35. Interior of the Chapel, looking west, as it appeared in i8x6 reduced from a drawing
by Mackenzie in Ackermann's Eton; from Lyte's ''Eton College."
^ [These details are derived from a study of a plate by Pugin, in Ackermann's
Eton, p. 33. It represents the west side of the Organ-screen, through the door of
which the altar-piece is seen. See also Lyte, p. 429. There is a tradition that
Sir C. Wren was employed upon these works, but his name does not occur in any of
the accounts; and a similar tradition, ascribing to him the Library, built in 1726, is
clearly erroneous, as he retired from public life in 1717.]
VOL. L 29
450 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
These arrangements remained unaltered until 1842, when
the reredos was removed and the original stone panelling at the
east end discovered. A new altar, altar-rails, and pulpit, all of
stone, and Gothic in design, were provided from the designs of
Mr Shaw\ In 1844 a subscription was set on foot among the
boys to fill the east window with stained glass. The work was
entrusted to Mr Thomas Willemcnt, then a leading man in his
profession. As money came in, portions were executed and put
up, but the whole was not completed until 1849. The eastern-
most windows on the north and south sides were filled with
similar glass in 1846, that on the north side being given by the
Assistant Masters, and that on the south side by the Rev. W. A.
Carter". While this work was proceeding, it was resolved to
undertake more extensive changes. It was proposed, to quote
a circular issued at the time to solicit subscriptions,
" to enlarge the Choir to its original size, to make suitable provision for
the encreased number of the Scholars, as well as to obtain better accom-
modation for the resident families and strangers. It is intended to
erect Gothic stalls and a new Screen ; and, if possible, to amend or
remove the present Roof"
A competition of architects was invited, at the beginning of
1845, and Mr Deeson was selected. It was at first intended
to roof the building in stone^; but this scheme was given up
as dangerous, and the work on the roof was limited to a re-
moval of the paint and plaster, and the addition of some
very ugly and obtrusive cusping to the principals (fig. 2i^).
The contract was signed 3 April, 1847, and the work com-
menced at once. The old panelling and seats having been
cleared away and the walls cleaned, the frescoes were dis-
covered under the whitewash applied in 1560, in a tolerable
state of preservation. The upper portion of them was unfortu-
nately almost entirely destroyed by the workmen, but the lower
range was preserved, and still exists, behind the modern wood-
1 [Minute Book, 14 March, 1842. A view of the east end of the Church in this
state is given in " Memorials of Eton College" by C. W. Radcliffe, fol. Eton, 1844.]
" [Thanks to the Boys for the window were read by the Provost before Speeches in
Upper School on Election Saturday, 1849. It cost more than ;i^2ooo. Each of the
side-windows cost ;^8oo. The donors were thanked for tlieni i8 December, 1846.
College Minute Book.]
■' [See "The Builder," 4 October, 1S45.]
L"
I J - 1 J I i
Fig. 36. Interior of the Chapel, Eton College, looking east, shewing the changes begun in iS.(7
from Lyte's "Eton College."
To face p. 450.
Vol. I.
VIII.] SErARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. HALL. 45 1
work, of which the style and arrangement will be sufficiently
understood from the wood-cut (fig. 36). The canopies were the
gifts of various donors, and were put up in 1849 — 50) after the
necessary works had been completed \ The pavement of black
and white marble was taken up, and replaced by stone flags,
an attempt being made to reproduce the ancient levels. The
cost was i^20,ooo, most of which was defrayed by subscription.
The Organ was placed at first on the floor at the west end,
in the Antc-chapcl ; but this position having been found un-
suitable, it was removed to the south side of the choir, opposite
to the north door. Lastly, in 1869, it was determined to place it
under the chancel arch, which in consequence has been blocked
by the heavy framework required to support it. The Ante-
chapcl was restored in 1852^.
The exterior of the Church was not taken in hand until 1 876,
when the pinnacles were taken down and rebuilt under the
direction of Mr Woodyer, Architect. The parapet and battle-
ments were thoroughly repaired at the same time ; and the
Ante-chapel was faced with Bath stone.
Hall. It has been already mentioned that the history of
the Hall is extremely obscure. The north and south sides
were panelled in I547^ by which time the idea of using the
original fireplaces must have been definitely abandoned. The
style of the older portions of the existing woodwork shews that
it has not been materially altered since it was first put up. The
screen, the erection of which is not recorded, was painted in
1532 — 33 ; and in 1601 — 2 an ornamental composition in wain-
scot, surmounted by a pediment, was erected over the Fellows'
table, but the dimensions shew that it did not extend across
the entire width of the Hall*. Soon afterwards, in 1613— 14,
1 [College Minute Book, 31 Oct. i<S4S. "Agreed that M"" Luxmoore be au-
thorized to contract with M'' Rattee for the erection of three Canopies in the College
Chapel at a cost of^42 for each Canopy."] - [Ibid. 14 April, 1852.]
3 [Bursar's Account Book, called Visus Conipiiti, 1547 — 48. 10 Oct. "Solut' pro
celatura aula; dominico Richardson et Matheo hormans pro .80. virgis ly meter J oynte
iuxta xxd. vjli xiijs. iiijd. Solut' eisdem pro 100 virgis ly square Joynte ex vtroque
latere aulse iuxta xiiij''. vli. xvjs. vjd."]
^ [Audit Book, 1532 — 33. Ctistiis aide. " Et Joanni Cruse i)ictori pro colora-
cione ly skrene, iij*. iiijd." Ibid. 1601 — 2. " Item to John Hill Joyner for xiiij
yeardes of wanscott over the high talile in the Colledge hall at ij\ vj''. the yeard
29 — 2
452 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the west wall was adorned with two pieces of tapestry, placed
side by side, representing the Flight into Egypt, and Christ
among the Doctors, These were partly bought out of a legacy
of Adam Robyns, Fellow, partly paid for by the College \
They were destroyed by an accidental fire in 1875.
The east window of the Hall is alluded to in 1542 — 43, when
some coats of arms were put up in it, and the west window in
1544 — 45, when the stained glass was repaired. In 1606 — 7 a
" newe windowe" is mentioned. The dimensions, and the
number of lights, which are minutely stated, with the fact that
it required a scaffold, shew that it was probably in the east or
west gable". The west window is shewn by Loggan as of four
lights ; but in later views both it and the east window appear
of three only, the central one being higher and wider than the
lateral ones, with a semicircular head^ No special record has
been preserved of the alteration ; but as the style is of the
1 8th century we shall probably not be wrong in referring it to
1719 — 20, when we find a College Order for "y*" Repairing of
y*" Hall according to M^ Rowland's model*." The red brick
parapets, with stone dressings, are part of the same work.
The Hall was paved, and a flight of stairs leading up to it
was made, in 1690. These are probably those now in use.
35^ ; and for a border aboute the same wanscott being vij yeardes at iij". the yearde
xxj' ; and for a periment in the middest of the same wanscott xx" iijli xviijs."]
^ [Ibid. 1613 — 14. "If", paide to M'' Edmund Travers of London marchaunt
vltra xxx'" paide to him the last yeare for ij peeces of ffyne tapestrie of silke
Imagrie geven by M"" Robyns will, the one peece conteyning viij flemish els in length,
and iiij and a halfe in depth, the other peece vij els in length, and the same in
depth with the other, vt per billam, xliij". in full payments of the same tapestrie ;
towardes which charges receaved xij". more then Mr Robyns legacie being only iij^"'*
and so paide clere in full payment xxxj li."]
- [Audit Book, 1606 — 7. " Item to Freland for vj daies breaking the wall for
the newe Windowe in the hall and carying oute of Rubbishe at x'^. a dale, v'
Item to Thomas Jordaine free mason for making the newe Windowe in the hall of
Berestone with haunce heads and a Table over it conteyning iiij lightes the vnder
lightes conteyning iij foote and a halfe in height and xviij ynches wide, The upper
lightes ij foote and a halfe in height and xviij ynches wide at xxx^ the light and v
daies worke in setting vpp the same vt per billam, vj". To Freland laborer ij daies
and a halfe taking downe the scaffolde...."]
^ [Ackermann's Eton ; Radcliffe's Memorials of Eton College.]
^ [College Minute Book, 31 December, 1719. The Audit Book for 1719 — 20
shews that more than ^1300 was spent in Repairs that year.]
tig. 37. Interior of the Hall, Eton College, looking west, shewing the changes begun in 18
from Lyte's "Eton College."
To face p. 453.
Vol. 1.
VIII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. LIBRARY. 453
They project five feet into the cloister, and the mutilation of
the moldings of the arch above them was perhaps perpetrated
at the same time, in order to obtain the height considered
necessary for their accommodation. A new vault was made to
the cellar in the same year\
In 1858 a thorough repair and decoration of the Hall was
commenced. A new roof was constructed, but on the main lines
of the original design, as a comparison of the Hall in its present
state (fig. 37) with any of the older views of the interior will
shew. A louvre, ornamented with a profusion of vveather-cocks
(fig. 32), replaced the older one, of Renaissance character (fig. 2),
probably part of Rowland's work in 1720. A large perpen-
dicular window was inserted in the west wall, and fitted with
glass by Hardman. The three fire-places, the discovery of
which was mentioned in the last chapter, were brought into use.
The old panelling was cleaned and repaired, a new screen was
placed at the east end, and some elaborate panelwork, sur-
mounted by a richly-carved cornice, and bearing the arms of
the successive Provosts, at the opposite end, under the new
window. The cost was in the main defrayed by the Rev.
John Wilder, Fellow.
Kitchen. The exterior of this will be understood from the
view of its east side (fig. 2) taken in the last century, before the
stream that then flowed under it had been diverted. The
accounts for 1507 — 8 recount an extensive repair, amounting
almost to a reconstruction ; but since that time it has probably
been but little altered ; and the communication between it and
the Hall remains in its old state. Westward of it are the Brew-
house and Bakehouse, which were built, as shewn in the wood-
cut, in 1 7 14. Their present appearance is slightly different, as
they were gutted by an accidental fire, 2 December, 1875, and
rebuilt at the beginning of the following year'.
Library. The bcwks belonging to the College were at first
placed in the vestry on the north side of the Church, and the
charges for them are entered among the other Church accounts ^
1 [Audit Book, 1690—91. " Payd M"" Clarke the Mason for making the staires
into the Hall, for paving the Hall, and for other Worke.. ^132. 9. o."]
2 [Reparation Book, 1713 — 14. College Minute-Book, 15 December, 1875.]
■' [The Audit Book for 1520 — 11 contains a long and interesting account of the
454 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
until the erection of Lupton's Tower, where, as we have seen,
the room on the first floor over the Gate, now called Election
Chamber, was built for a Library, and the books were moved
into it as soon as it was completed. In 1596 — 7, the year of the
election of Sir Henry Savile to the Provostship, the library was
moved to a room on the ground floor under the east end of Long
Chamber^ The position of it is exactly described in the follow-
ing extracts from the accounts :
i6ii — 12. "Item paide to John Freland laborer working ij dales
and a halfe in June taking vpp the olde hordes and ioysts in the
Chamber betvvene the Scheie and the librarie and laying the same in the
Store howse xx^."
1634 — 35. "To the plumer mending and takeing downe the long
spoute betweene the librarie and M"". Provost's kitchin and making and
placeing a new one there 4°^" daies iiij^"
1678 — 79. "Allowed to M''. Roderick for the finishing of his
Chamber in the Old Library under y^ Long Chamber 20. o. o."
It was again moved in 1675 — /G', when a charge occurs " for
makeing y*^ Roome in y'^ Gallery fitt to receive y^ College
Liberary and for removeinge and placeinge y" Bookes there."
The " roome " was the southern division of the Gallery over the
Cloisters, as we learn from Loggan (fig. 19).
In 1720 it was " Resolved to build a new Library at y*^ East
end of y*^ Chappel, and to solicit Benefactions for y^ same.^"
The proposed structure, of which the plans and specifications
have been preserved, was octagonal, surmounted by a dome.
A cloister, with masonry of the Doric order, out of which the
Library would have been entered, was to have extended from the
S.W. corner of the Fellows' Buildings to the Chapel.
This design having been abandoned, the Provost and Fellows
binding and chaining of the books, which were at that time still in the Church. This
will be quoted in the chapter on " Libraries."]
' [Audit Book, 1596 — 97. "To Plumer, ridding the haye out of the liberarie ii
(layes Item to John Joyner gohig to Oxford to 'view the liberary there, iij^ vj''.
Ibid. 1598 — 99. Item to Frances Skydmore for working iiij daies aboute the pales by
Mr Provost lodging in the Churchyeard and v daies to sett vpp newe pales by
the librarie in the Stableyerdc.xs. viijd. [To the Plumber] for altering VI spowtes
and ther currants on the north side of the Colledge and the spoutes and currant
over the librarie dore xvij daies xviis."]
^ [It had probably outgrown the space available for books, the purchases being
numerous in each year, as the Audit Books shew.]
'■* [College Minute-Book, 20 Dec. 1720.]
VIII. I SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. LODGE. 455
agreed, 20 December, 1725, "to proceed to y« building of a new
Library According to M\ Rowland's Plan\" He was therefore
the Architect, and as such received ^^50 in 1726 for "surveying."
A room was hired in Eton to put the books in while the work
was proceeding, which was not finished until 1729, as is proved
by a charge in the accounts for that year for "washing, dusting
and cleaning y^ Library and carrying in y"" Books," " Mr Moore
the Joiner" was paid ;^4S5 for the woodwork in 1728, and in
1729 Mr Rowland received ^^"50 "for surveying y'^* Inside Works
of y^ Library." No attempt was made to accommodate the
style to that of the surrounding buildings, as the view of
the south-west corner of the court (fig. 28) shews.
Provost's Lodge. The founder assigned to the Provost,
by the 36th Statute, " the chambers to the west of the Hall,
together with the Parlour in the same part of the College."
This accommodation, however, was not provided until 15 17.
Before this time, there is a tradition that the Provosts had
occupied the rooms at the west end of the north side of the
Cloister-court ; and from the terms of the contemporaneous
record of Provost Lupton's work, quoted in the last chapter,
it is possible that some portion of the west side may have been
erected before his time. The large Hall, built b}' him, now
called " Election Hall," was intended for the use of the Provost,
and is alwa3's spoken of as " Mr Provost's Hall." In the reign
of Edward VI., during the Provostship of Sir Thomas Smith,
the Lodge was increased by " our master's new seller," " new
kitchen," and "a chamber over our master's new seller^" These
rooms may very possibly be represented by those between the
Lodge and Long Chamber. The small enclosure shewn by
Loggan (fig. 19) to the north of that range is " M"". Provost
kytchen yearde," mentioned in 1597 — 98. "Our Master's gal-
lery" is first alluded to in 1548 — 49, and afterwards frequently
occurs in the accounts, with his "lower gallery next his garden."
These occupied the building extending northward from the
Lodge, as shewn by Loggan, on the site of which there now
stands a more modern building, erected in 1765 — 66, containing
^ [Ibid. 1725. The cost was in part defrayed by subscription, Provost Godolphiii
giving ;^200.]
'■' [Audit Book, 1550 — ^i.J
456
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
BREWHOUSE. YARD
Scale of feet.
Kig. j8. ri.iii of the first flour of the Provost's Lodge, Eton College
VIII.] SKI'AUATK r.lIILDTNGS OF ETON. CLOISTKKS. 457
two drawing-rooms on the first floor, and below, two sitting-
rooms, formerly called " the garden-parlours." The staircase, by
which the Lodge is now approached from the north-west corner
Kig. 39. Archway of Entrance lo Lupton's Tower, with the Cloister beyond; from Lyte's
" Eton College."
of the Cloister, was made, or extensively repaired, in 1618*.
The present entrance from Weston's Yard was made in 1844.
The Provost's Hall was provided with a new roof in 1691,
^ [Audit Book, 161 7 — 18. Payments are made "for 2000 of Ijricke to mend the
staircase from the cloyster to IVI"" Prowost's lodging ;" for "XLV foote of tymber " and
" xxxiiij foot of oken hordes " for the same use ; and lastly to a mason ' ' for cutting
the wall for entering the water-tables over M-" Provost's staire-case." The mention of
"new-casting the old lead" shews that some staircase existed there previously.]
458 king's college and eton college. [chap.
when it is expressly stated that the walls were raised. A com-
parison, however, of Loggan's print with the existing structure
shews that the increase in height could not have been great\
The room has not since been altered, except that it has been
diminished in length by the erection of a stud partition, so as
to cut off a room, lO feet wide, from the south end. The
original screen still remains at the opposite end. The present
dining-room, which occupies the space between this Hall and
the garden, is probably the Great Parlour {i/iagna parlnrd) of
the Lodge, mentioned in early deeds ; and is certainly the
" dyning Roome next the gallerie" which was floored in 1608 — 9.
It was wainscoted in 1624 — 25, if it may be identified with the
" sommer dyneinge roome in M"". Provost's lodginge," and the
style of the panelling suits that period. Sash-windows were
introduced in 1689 — 90"^ The rooms beyond Election Chamber,
from which, as before stated, a staircase leads down to the Hall,
are now part of the Lodge. The partitions are modern, and
it is impossible to recover the original arrangement. On the
plan of the first floor (fig. 38) the older walls have been coloured
black ; Lupton's work of a lighter shade ; modern walls and
partitions are shewn by double lines. The extent of the ground
floor is shewn by shading on the general plan (fig. 16).
Cloister-Court. — No change worthy of record took place
in this part of the College for more than two centuries after
the death of the Founder. The rooms indeed are rarely men-
tioned, probably because the necessary repairs were executed
by the occupants. The Gallery, on the other hand, belonged
to the College, and is frequently mentioned in the accounts.
We meet with a charge for " makinge dores for the gallerie
stayers," apparently for the first time, in 1571 — 72; "three
greate lanthornes" are bought for the galleries in 1576—77;
in 1678 — 79 they were boarded, and their windows were glazed.
The present panelling dates from 1747^
1 [Ibid. 1690 — 91. " Payd M"" Grifhn for Carpenters worke about the making
a new Roofe for the Provost's Hall;" "for Bricklayers' worke in raising the walls
of the Provost's Hall;" "to Cooper the Joyner for worke done in the Provost's
hall, and in the passage to the Great Dining Roome, and for Doores," etc.]
- [Ibid. 16S9 — 9c, " Payd a bill for Shashes for M'". Provost's Dining-Roome."]
■' (Audit Rook, I ('178 — 79. " Paid Dr Cradock for boarding and glaseing the
(lalleries, ^80." Minute liook, ,5 April, 1747. "Agreed to Wainscot y'' Stair-Case
VIII.] SKPARATK I'.UILDINGS OF ETON. LONG CHAMBER. 459
The dwarf walls, surmounted by an iron railing (figs. 28, 39),
which now extend from pier to pier in the Cloister, and prevent
access to the central space, called in the last century "The Green
YardV were erected in 1724 — 25.
It was decided to add a second or upper story to the north
and east sides in 1758, as explained in the following minute:
19 December, 1758. "Whereas it appears, from a Survey of the
'Roof of Eton College made by Stift Leadbetter dated in Aug' 1758,
and a Report made by him to the Rev'', the Provost and Fellows on
the said Survey, That the Lead-Work to the said Roof is much decay'd
in several Places so as to render it necessary that a part of it should be
taken up, new-cast, and relaid ; And upon examining the state of the
Timbers of the said roof One main Beam was found to be so decay'd
that there was great Danger of it's falling, and as the Timbers are
Chesnutt there is great Reason to Believe after so many years wear that
most or all of them may be in the same ruinous Condition; the Expence
of which including Coping and other necessary Repairs to the Battle-
ments &c. will at the lowest Calculation excede the Sum of One Thou-
sand Pounds ; And whereas the Chambers which are at present allotted
for the Reception of the Members of the Society have been found by
Experience to be very inconvenient for the Accommodation of their
respective Families ;
" The Provost and Fellows have upon mature Deliberation thought
proper to order an Attic Story to be erected over two sides of the
College the better to accommodate the Members, and for that Purpose
have enter'd into Contract with M"" Leadbetter as follows viz. :
"That the Expence of Materials and Labor of all kinds to Com-
plete the said Attic Story as describ'd and drawn in a Plan and Proposal
giv'n in the 9* of Dec"". 1758 shall not exceed the sum of One Thou-
sand Nine Hundred and Forty Pounds.
" That the works shall be begun in the Beginning of Feb : next
1759. The whole to be cover'd in before the 10"* of Nov"" in the said
Year.
" That the Inside Work and Painting shall be finish'd on or before
the 31^' Day of Ocf. which shall be in the Year 1760, the year
following"."
The work began in March, 1759, and the last payment was
made in 1762. On the exterior the material is red brick, which,
notwithstanding the windows are modern sashes, has been
leading up to y*^ Gallery by ye Provost's Lodge, and down to y'' Hall, by y" Library,
and likewise to paint y" Gallery."]
1 [Audit Book, 1729 — 30.]
- [Ibid. 1759 — 60. The contractor was allowed, says Mr Ilugget (MSS. Sloane,
4839), "all y" Lead \v"' w"^'' y'- College was then cuver'd (a vast weighl) and all y"
other materials. "I
460
KING S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE,
[chap.
skilfully arranged, by the help of stone dressings and other
devices, so as to harmonize with the older work below it. On
the inside, however, the treatment has not been so fortunate.
The orio"inal buttresses were cut off at the level of the set-off
Fig. 40. Lower School, looking east; from Lyte's " Eton College."
above the arches, and the old walls of the first story were cased
with Portland cement in order to bring them into harmony with
the stone-work^ of the new story above; while the modern sash-
windows contrast badly with the older ones of four lights belong-
ing to the gallery. The angle towers were raised at the same
time, but the original proportions were observed, and both
brick-work and windows correspond well with the older work.
The facade of the western range has been carefully preserved
in its original condition, as may be seen by comparing Loggan
^ [This was an afterthought. Tlie contractor received "for casing the Attick
story of the inner court with stone, not inchided in liis Estimate," £100. Audit
Book, 1762.]
VIII.] SKrARATK BUILDINGS OF ETON. UPPER SCIICJOI- 461
(fig. 19) with the building as it is at present. In 1765 the
clock was placed in its present position over the great window,
a small window of three lights being removed for its accommo-
dation \ The original clock-house was between the two eastern-
most buttresses on the north side of the chapelt When the
Fig. 41. Upper School, looking north; from Lyte's "Eton College."
clock was removed to Lupton's Tower the wooden pinnacles
were added to the turrets, and the clock-bells were suspended
in them. The chimneys were of molded brick and afforded
excellent specimens of the treatment of that material. Un-
fortunately most of them have now suffered from restoration I
Long Chamber and School Buildings. The range
which bounds the School Yard on the north is called Long
Chamber, from the principal room in it, which formerly extended
alone the first floor for the whole distance between the Head
^ [Minute Book, 26 April, 1765.] ^ [See Hollar's print, 1672.]
■* [Some of the best have been figured by Britton, Architectural Antiquities, ii.
462 KING'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Master's chamber at the west end, and the Lower Master's at
the east end'- — a length of about 166 feet. The present sub-
divisions were made for the most part in 1845, when the
" usher's chamber " was restored to its original destination by
the appointment of a master to reside in College. The oriel
window, looking into the School Yard, was then made.
The room under Long Chamber, at the west end, is called
Lower School, and until Upper School was built, as related in
the last chapter, was the only School-room. The double row of
massive pillars that extends down the middle (fig. 40) was
put up by Sir Henry Wotton (Provost 1624 — 39), whose bio-
grapher records :
" He was a constant cherisher of those youths in that school, in
whom he found either diligence, or a genius for learning. For their
encouragement, he was (beside many other things) at the charge of
setting up in it two rows of pillars, on which he caused to be drawn
the pictures of divers of the most famous Greek and Latin historians,
poets, and orators ; persuading them not to neglect rhetoric, because
Almighty God has left mankind affections to be wrought upon^"
It is probable, however, that a desire to support the floor of
Long Chamber had something to do with this alteration. The
room has been hardly, if at all, changed in appearance since
Wotton's time ; but a portion of the west end has been par-
titioned off", so as to form a separate school-room. This range
was once ornamented with a sun-dial^
Upper School (fig. 41) has probably been but little altered
' [In the Audit Book for 160S — 9 mention is made of " M"" Scholemaster's
chamber," "M"' Scholemaster's lower chamber," and " M'' Ussher's chamber."
The position of the rooms is proved by the following extract from the Minute Book,
j8 March, 1661 : "that. ..all the King's schollers and choristers shall ly in the Long
Chamber and that the Scholemaster and Usher shall lodge in their Chambers at the
ends of the Long Chamber to preuent disorders which may otherwise happen in the
said Chamber." Again, in the complaint made by the Provost in 1563 respecting
the conduct of the French Ambassador's servants, we find the words, "wheras their
kichen ys under the usshers chambre," etc., which shews that the said chamber was
not on the ground floor. See Lyte's Eton College, pp. 178, 258. Compare also
the Audit Book for 1680 — 81, " for new leading the whole Roofe of the Long Chamber
and y" Usher's Chamber."]
^ [Lyte's Eton College, p. 224. Life of Sir H. Wotton, by Isaak Walton.]
^ [Audit Book, 1679 — ^°- " ^^^ painting the dyall vpon the Long Chamber Wall."
Ibid. 1683 — 84. " For painting the dyall over the Old School."]
VIII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF ETON. PLAYING FIELDS. 463
since i694\ The scries of marble busts of eminent Etonians
which are now placed between the windows was begun through
the influence of Provost Hodgson (Provost 1840 — 1853).
Between this building and the road, occupying part of what
is now called "Long Walk," the Stable stood (fig. 19). This
was removed in 1722" to a more suitable position at the corner
between Weston's Yard and the Playing Fields (fig. i) ; and
the space between the tower at the N.W. angle of the Master's
chamber and the road is now occupied by a Lodge for the use
of the Head Master's servant, erected in 1844 from the design
of John Shaw, architect. The arch through which Weston's
Yard is now entered from the Slough Road then replaced that
shewn by Loggan (fig. 19). The wall bounding the " Long
Walk" in front of Upper School was coped with stone in 1753,
and the lime trees were planted in the following year^.
The School Yard, frequently called the Church-Yard in the
earlier accounts'*, was brought into its present appearance early
in the last century. In Loggan's time it appears to have been
laid out in grass-plots crossed by gravel-walks. In 1706 it
was paved, and the spouts were " brought down into the drains,"
at an outlay of more than .1^600^ The bronze statue of King
Henry the Sixth was erected in 17 19, at the expense of Provost
Godolphin (Provost 1695 — 1732).
Playing Fields. The " Wharf in Playingeleys," which was
situated just beyond Sheeps-bridge, was made® in 1557. It
occupied a considerable space along the river side, and had a
house and meadow attached to it. It existed until 1840, when
it was demolished, and the ground added to the Lower Shooting
Fields. The Bridge called " Sheeps-Bridge" between the two
divisions of the Playing Fields was made in 1563 — 64', proba-
bly to replace an older one of wood.
^ [The view in Ackermann's Eton, taken about 1816, does not differ materially
from that here given.] ^ [Audit Book, 1722 — 23.]
^ [College Minute Book, 20 December, 1753-]
•* [Audit Book, 1583 — 4 : "Item to Iloldcrnes and other laborers digginge and
carying of the earthe and levellinge of the groundes in the churcheyarde betweene
the churche and the schoole ut per billam xj^ viij''."]
5 [Audit Book, 1706—7.] « [Ibid. 1557—68.]
'' [Ibid. 1563 — 64. "To Thomas Frankleyn and his princtice for .v. dayes
workinge on the newe bridge into the shotinge fildes vj\ vj''.'" Tlie other Bridge,
464 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The Playing Fields were first laid out and planted, so far as
we can ascertain, in 1583 — 84, when the following entries occur :
" Item paid for dyvers younge Elmes, Asshes, and other Trees and
to dyvers workmen for plantinge and settinge of them aboute the
playinge fildes and other places of the College groundes ut per
billam xxxiij^ x''."
"... ij dayes and a halfe makinge the benches in the playinge
fildes."
The work was continued in 1588 — 89 :
" It™ paide for Ix yonge elmes and setting of them in the Church
yearde', the playing leaze and shooting fildes x^"
The present trees are probably those of which the planting
began in 1685—86^:
"To John Godfrey and other Labourers for grubbing up of old
Elme and Ash Trees in the playing Feilds, and for planting young
Elmes in the roome of them, and other worke about the same ;
and for ditching and making good the Fences in the Tymber hall
where the Trees were felled to make Tables in the hall... 11 . 05 . 11,"
"It payd John Hill for 70 young Elmes planted in the Playing
Feilds at 12^. a peece 3''. 10^; and for work about the same... 06 .16. 06."
The garden attached to the Provost's Lodge is still of the
extent shewn in Loggan, and is bounded by the walls of red
brick shewn by him. The Fellows' Garden, on the opposite
side of the pathway leading from the Cloisters to the Playing
Fields, is also bounded by old walls on the north and west
sides ; but the Dove-house, at the eastern end, was pulled down
in 175 1, and in the two following years the improvement of the
garden was under consideration ^ Loggan shews a large build-
ing on the south side, with a smaller garden behind it. This
is probably the " woodhouse between the gardens" mentioned
in the Audit Book for 1616 — 17. The smaller garden has
since been increased to a width equal to that of the east front
of the Fellows' building]
now called Fifteen Arch Bridge, had originally 14 narrow arches of brick, and i of
stone, over the stream. The 6 centre arches were destroyed by the flood of 1809, and
were replaced by 3 only. The present Bridge dates from 1833. See Radcliffe's Eton.]
^ [Before Upper School was built, Long Walk was probably regarded as part of
the Church-Yard.]
" [Audit Book, 1685 — 86. The work was continued in 1689 — 90.]
^ [College Minute Book, 20 December, 1751. Ibid. 20 Dec. 1752. 20 Dec. 1753.]
rx.] HISTORY OF KINTG'S COLLEGE CHAI'KL. 465
CHAPTER IX.
History of King's College Ciialel.
The Chapel is the only portion of the design for King's
College that was carried out ; and this, so far from having been
completed during the reign of King Henry the Sixth, was not
ready for use for at least half a century after his death. The
contemporary building-accounts having been destroyed, with
the exception of one volume extending over a little less than
a year (28 May, 1508 — 18 March, 1509) at the end of the reign
of King Henry the Seventh, the task of ascertaining the pro-
gress of the work is very difficult.
The first stone is said to have been laid at the Altar by the
King in person, on S. James' Day (25 July), 1446. A record
of the event has been preserved in the following verses. They
closely resemble those relating to the Old Court quoted in
Chapter H., and were possibly written by the same person' :
" Altaris petram quam Rex superedificauit
Henricus . vj.'"^ hie sacrificando dicauit
Annis . M . cccc. sexto quater . x . d.
Regis et . h . regni quarto iungendo viceno
In festo sancti Jacobi sanctam stabiliuit
Hie vnctam petram Regia sacra manus
Ex orientali medio si bis septem peditimtim
Mensurare velis inuenies lapidem.
Astiterant Regi tunc pontifices in honorem
Actus solennis Regis et ecclesie."
' [They are on the same page of the Register of Papal Bulls as the former, written
in a contemporary, but different, hand. A marginal note adds " Fundacio novse
Ecclesiffi R. H. VI. xxiiii, festo Sancti Jacobi, A". Dni 1446." The foundation or
" groundes " of the Chapel at Eton were in like manner directed to " be so taken that
the first stone lye in the middle of the high altare. " Cole describes an unsuccessful
search for the foundation-stone (MSS. Cole, xiii. 5): "About 1770, when they dug
the Foundations of the new Altar, they searched veiy minutely for this Stone, ac-
cording to this Direction : but to no Purpose. I was thei^e with the Vice Provost and
M"" Essex the Architect more than once."]
VOL. J. 30
466 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
In the same year, on All Souls' Day (2 November), the
Cemetery was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester^
A few months previously (4 March, 1446), the King had
granted to the College a quarry in Thefdale, or Thevesdale, in
the lordship of Heselwode near Tadcaster in Yorkshire. This
he had obtained from Henry Vavasour, together with the right
of carriage over his estate to the River Wharfe, so that the stone
could be conveyed by water to Cambridge. The supply from
Thefdale continued for about three years, when arrangements
were made (25 February, 1449) for using the neighbouring
quarry of Hudleston, as related in Chapter V.^ If these dates
are correct it is curious that Henry VI. should have directed
that the payment of ^looo from the revenues of the Duchy of
Lancaster should not begin before Michaelmas, 1447^-
The first overseer of the works ijiiagistcr opcriini) was John
Langton, whose name has already been met with so frequently
in connection with the foundation of the College. This is known
^ ["Anno eodem videlicet millesimo quadringentesimo quadragesimo sexto Et
regni Regis Henrici sexti Collegii sui Regalis vicesimo quinto Fundatoris eiusdem
graciosissimi in Festo et die Animarum sanctificatum erat Cimitorium per dominum
Willelmum Wyntoniensem Episcopum." Register of Bulls, ut supra. Baker has
preserved a letter (MSS. xxxvi. 9) "Ex Cartulario Abb. S. Edmundi," addressed by
Hen. VL to the Abbot of Bury S. Edmund's, in which he states that he had intended
to have laid the stone himself, but being pi^evented by the prevalence of contagious
disease in Cambridge, proposed to send the Marquis of Suffolk as his proxy, to perform
the ceremony on Michaelmas Day. The letter is dated only 17 Sept., but by internal
evidence has been referred to 1447. Cooper's Annals, i. 198. On the other hand the
Will is explicit: "primevum lapidem Ecclesie ejusdem Collegii... propriis manibus
nuper posuerimus." Mr Betham thinks that the letter refers to the Chapel of the first
foundation, which stood, as he says, west of Cow-lane.]
^ [The grant is among the muniments of King's College. Henry Vavasour came to
Cambridge on Feb. 10, 145 x, and was regaled with wine and fish. Mundum-Book,
1450 — 51, Sohiciones forinsece. "Item in vno dentriculo et stinco dat' H. Vavasour
in die sancte scolastice virginis [Feb. 10] ad mandatum viceprepositi ij s. Item in le
potell de rubio vino et alio dulcis vini dat' Henrico Vavasour xxiij die mensis
march xiij d." Thefdale Quarry, called also "Jackdaw Crag," or " Petres Post," is
about \\ miles S.W. of Tadcaster. Hudleston Quarry is about a mile W. of Sher-
burn. They are both in the Lower Magnesian Limestone. Thefdale supplied the
stone for part of York Minster. (History of the Metropolitan Church of S. Peter,
York, by John Browne, 2 vols. 4°. London, 1847, pp. 13, 47, 48. Fabric Rolls
of York Minster, ed. Surtees Society, passim.) From the vicinity of Tadcaster
the Roman masons took stone for the walls of Eburacum. Phillips, Yorkshire,
p. 83.]
■* See Chapter IV. p. 353.
IX.] IIIS'I'ORV OK KIXC'S COIJ-ECE CHAPKL. 467
from a short list of benefactors contained in the earliest
College Register' ; from a passage in the " Memoriale " of Dr
Robert Wodclarke (Provost, 1452 — 79Y \ and from an affidavit
made 2 May, 1465, a question having arisen respecting Lang-
ton's debts, by William Millington, who had been Provost from
the foundation to 1447, to the effect that Langton was in no way
connected with the College, but that he "purveied Bookes,
Vestimentes, Belles, and other ornamente-s to the Kinges Col-
lege aforesaide...of the pure almous of King Henry first Foun-
der vnto the same College." A memorandum, undated, but
apparently drawn up at the same time, and possibly by the
same person, describes his functions in detail :
"Be it in mynde that Maister John Langton late the Bysshop of
Saint Davis occupied fowre thyngez perteynyng to y*^ Kyngez College
Roial of our Lady and Seint Nicholas of Cambrige by the Kyngs
especial commandment.
Firste y^ oversight of y^ werkes of the said College fro y*^ begynnyng
to y^ xu''' day of March the yere of his reigne xxv. [1447]
Secunde he paid and ouersawe all y"^ expenses and receyved all y*^
Lyvelode of ye seide College vnto ye Feste of Candlemess ye yere of
his reigne xxiiij. [1446]
Therde he occupied ye ouersight of all ye stuffe which longed vnto
y*^ Chirch of ye seide College as Bokes vestimints and such others.
Fourth he occupied all y'^ ground y' longeth to ye procinct of ye
College purchased for the inlargyng of ye same'"'."
^ [The passage, apparently copied by a careless scribe, is as follows: "Magister
Johannes Langton quondam Cancellarius Vniuersitatis Cantebr' Capellanus Regius Et
postea dei gracia Meneuensis Episcopus qui per instancias suas et labores .speciales
Collegii Regalis supradicti in Vniuersitate predicta per graciam graciocissimi Funda-
toris predict! fundari procurauit et possessionibus spiritualibus et tcmporalibus quam
plurimis celsitudini Regie [congruis?] dotari laborauit. Magisterque operum ibidem
existentium [fuit ?]. Ecclesiam inibi collegiatam tarn libris quam iocalibus et vesti-
mentis pretiosis [ornari ?] procurauit." He was Master of Pembroke, 1428 — 1447, and
Chancellor of the University, 1436 — 1443.]
"^ [The author is speaking of the Building Accounts of King's, which, he says,
were always kept separate from the College Accounts ; and enumerates the overseers
and clerks of the works in the following order : " tempore magistri Johannis Langton,
tempore magistri Willelmi Myllyngton ad tunc prepositi, ac etiam tempore magistri
Nicholai Cloos, ac tempore magistri Roberti Wodelarke ; et per clericos operum
viz : Willclmum Roskyn Thomam Dekyn defunctos, et Johannem Caunterbury adhuc
superstitem ; et pro temporibus predictorum magistrorum et clericorum operum et
compotos annorum omnium separales."]
•' [Muniments of King's College. The account goes on to set fortli Langton's debt?
to Uie College, and ends by shewing tliat he owed ;^244. \~^s. id. besides ;^7r. i8.r.
30—2
468 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The statement here made that Langton resigned his office
in the spring of 1447 is confirmed by the fact that he was con-
secrated Bishop of S. David's 7 May following, " in the chapel,"
by which the Old Chapel belonging to the first foundation is
usually understood \ We have seen, however, that Bekyngton
was consecrated in Eton College Chapel under a temporary
pavilion, when the works could not have progressed far ; and
Langton stood in such a position towards King's that he might
well have been treated with equal distinction.
The next overseer, according to Wodelarke, was William
Millington, who was then Provost. About his tenure of office
we know nothing except the bare fact that he held it, which
is here stated on Wodelarke's sole authority.
He was succeeded by Nicholas Close, one of the six original
Fellows. Tradition has assigned to him the honour of having
been the architect of the building, probably because he re-
ceived a grant of arms from Henry the Sixth " for the laudable
services rendered by him in many diverse ways both in the
works of the building of our College Royal, and in other
matters." There is, however, no evidence that he had more to
do with the building than Langton, to whom the honour of
having been the architect might with equal justice be assigned ;
or than Roger Keys, with whom we have found him associated
(p. 397), and who received a similar grant of arms, had had with
that of Eton. Close was made Bishop of Carlisle in 1449 — 50
(14 March), and in 1452 (31 August) was translated to Lichfield,
where he died before the end of October in the same year.
He must therefore have ceased to be connected with the works
at the beginning of 1450'^
due to the diaper for livery. The account is neither dated nor signed ; but indorsed,
"Clarus pes debit') Colleg, Regali."]
M. J. Langton ) fe' ^ J
^ [Godwin, De Prresuhbus Anglioe, quotes "Registrum Alnwick Ep. Line.
Provisus ab Eugenio Papa 10 Kal. Feb. 1446. Consecratus in Capella novi Collegi
Regalis Cantabrigiae 7 Mail, 1447." He died on the fifteenth day after his consecration.]
^ [The grants of arms to Keys and Close are printed by Bentley, Excerpta
Historica. Nicholas Close was a native of Westmoreland ("de Com Westm' et
de villa de Drybek," to quote the contemporary list of Fellows). He was perhaps
Bursar in 1448 — 49, for in the " Mundum-Book " for that year he accompanied the
Provost on journeys of business : "Inexpensis prepositi, Magistri Nicholai Cloos, et
seruiencium suorum, et equorum, per xj dies london de mense Julii iiij" ij^ ix'*. Item
IX.] HISTORY OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 469
His successor Robert Wodelarke, also one of the six original
Fellows, was appointed by Royal Letters Patent, 12 December,
1452*. The document styles him "overseer of the works of the
royal college," and gives him the right of nominating the clerk
of the said works. He retained the office, as he says, " until
the works were completed,^" by which he probably means, until
they were stopped by the deposition of Henry the Sixth. It
appears that he was afterwards accused of having embezzled a
portion of the funds entrusted to him. We do not know that
these calumnies took the form of a definite charge, or what steps
he took to refute them during his life. In order, however, to set
himself right w^th posterity, he privately drew up a short defence
of his conduct, which he left in the possession of S. Catharine's
College. It is not only a curious piece of biography, but a
graphic picture of the confusion of the time. The following
passages are the most important for our purpose^ :
" Furthermore, when Henry the Sixth, Founder of the College, was
taken prisoner by the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick*, they pledged
their word to him, in order to gain his good-will, that they would hasten
the completion of his Church and other building operations in Cam-
bridge ; and they ordered me to use all possible despatch in getting
together, by the help of royal letters patent, as many stonemasons and
workmen of other trades as I could, with the view of carrying on his
buildings at Cambridge, and especially his Collegiate Church, so that
all the workmen might reach Cambridge at the same time.
in expensis prepositi, Magistri Nicholai Cloos, seruiencium, et equorum, equitand' et
expectand' london pro acquisicione possessionum de Wawens Wotton et excambiis
cum aula trinitatis iiij" x'' xj"* ob" and in the fragment of a still earlier account, which
probably belongs to 1443, we find him similarly engaged : "' Item allocat' Magislro
Nicolao Closse et aliis pro equis conductis ad quenden etc, diuersis vicibus ij ."
He was Doctor of Divinity, Archdeacon of Colchester, and in 1450 Chancellor of the
University. It is interesting to find that his affection for his College did not terminate
with his residence in it, but that he sent a present of plate from Carlisle, and subse-
quently either gave or bequeathed his Library : Mundum-Book, 1449 — 50. Sohtciones
forinsece. "Item vni vectori pro Cariagio Jocalium ex dono Episcopi Carliolensis
erga festum Natiuitatis domini anno predicto ij'. ij''." Ibid. 1453 — 54. Expense
■ necessarie. " Item Johanni Parkar de Shelford pro cariagio librorum et aliarum
rerum que quondam fuerant Episcopi Couentrensis et lychfyldtensis pro collegio
ix". viij''."] ^ [Patent, 31 Hen. VI., p. i, m. 15.]
- [The words used are "usque ad consummationem eorundem operum."]
^ [" Memoriale," fol. 50. 6. The Latin of the original is so crabbed, that it has been
found impossible in many places to attempt more than to give a general idea of the
meaning intended to be conveyed.]
•* [.\t the battle of S. Albans, fought 23 May, I45.5-]
470 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
They engaged that one thousand pounds should be paid over to me
in each year, without delay or hindrance ; that provided the works went
on, money should not fail ; a compact to which the King had much
pleasure in assenting. At first these honourable gentlemen fulfilled
their promises with much friendship, and with a due regard to their
honour and their plighted word, aided therein by the Receiver General
of the Duchy of Lancaster, who had received the King's command to
make payments out of the issues and revenues collected by him in
virtue of his office, without deception or delay, setting aside all other
claims upon him, and to draw up agreements between himself and the
overseer of the works, so as to carry them forward with the utmost
expedition.
By this means money came in occasionally, but to no great
amount. Before long, however, fresh disturbances broke out in the
kingdom, to put down which, after funds had been collected, royal letters
were sent to all the subordinate receivers of the duchy, charging them
most strictly, under pain of losing their places, to forward all the money
they had collected to the King and his Council at London. The
Receiver General was therefore unable to pay the sum stipulated for by
his formal agreement. In consequence the charge for all payments for
wages to stonemasons and other workmen, and even to every single
carpenter, was thrown upon me, Robert VVodelarke. When it became
evident that I should be unable to satisfy their claims, I undertook to
pay them out of my private means, and other funds borrowed for the
purpose. I succeeded in defraying a considerable portion of their
claims out of my own funds, as my actions will shew when investi-
gated one by one, respecting which I shall be ready at all times and
on all occasions to answer any questions that may be put to me.
When I found that I was never likely to obtain redress (repayment), I
sent for Thomas Betts, who was auditor both of the College accounts
and also of the Building accounts, which had always been kept separate
from the others; and when the items of expenses and receipts were
cast up it was discovered — and so adjudicated by the auditor — that
the payments exceeded the receipts by ^228. 10. 4."
Thi.s is all the information that can be collected respecting
the works during the reign of the Founder, with the exception
of the names of three clerks of the works, given by Wodelarke
in the following order : William Roskyn, Thomas Dekyn, John
Canterbury. The latter was still in office in 1460, for a draft
account for that year has been preserved, containing a number
of payments made to or through him^ None of them, however,
enable us to determine what particular part of the work was
being carried on, or how far it had advanced. Moreover, it
is probable that it was often interrupted through want of
funds, for the yearly pension of ^icoo from the Duchy of
' [College Accounts, N^ol. ii.]
IX.l HISTORY OF KING'S COLLEGE CIIAl'EL. 47 1
Lancaster was never paid regularly, even at the beginning.
The Mundum-Books for 1448, 1449, 1450, 145 1 shew that in
four years only ;^I077. ss. ^d. was received'.
It has usually been assumed that after the death of Henry
the Sixth the works stopped entirely for about twenty years.
A few notices may, however, be selected from the accounts,
shewing that the College not only did its best to preserve the
portion already built from damage, but even attempted to
carry on the works. In 146'/ the " towers of the new Church"
were covered in (23 October), probably to protect them from
frost during winter; in the following February a quantity of
"large stones" was brought into College"; in 1469 a payment
for a lock, key, and two bolts for a door to " a new Chapel in
the Church" indicates that one chapel at least was complete'';
in 1470 "the Provost's Chapel in the new Church" appears to
be actually in use, from a charge for repairing the hangings* ;
in 1472 "le Masons logge" was built, or rebuilt, for it had been
mentioned five years before, and this entry may indicate a
resumption of work, especially when taken in connection with
payments to a plumber for "sawderyng over the Choir and
Chapels in the new building." In this year the towers and
buttresses were again covered in\
1 [The details of this sum are as follows : Pension for 1447—48, the first year
for which it was due (p. 466) (^400 paid in that year, and £^gg. igs. 8d. in 1448 — 49
as arrears of the preceding year), ^699. 19J. 8(/. : Pension for 1448 — 49 (;^i85 paid
in that year: £116. i^s. 4^/. in 1449—50, as arrears of the preceding year; and
;^75. los. 5^. in 1450 — 51 on the same account), ;^377. y. 9'^-]
- [Mundum-Book, 1466— 67. CusUts noui edificii. " Item sol' Johanni Shorter xxiij
die Oct. laborant' circa cooperturam turrium in noua ecclesia vt patet per quaternum
M. Gierke ij d." Ibid. Expense necessaru: "Item sol' vj operariis laborant' per x dies
circa cariagium magnorum lapidum a ripa aque vsque in collegium, cuilibet per diem
j d. Item sol' Johanni Higney pro cariaglo lapidum magnorum a le grene in
Collegium per xvi dies mense Februario xixs. iiijtl. Item sol' George pauperi
scolari pro cariagio lapidum a le grene iiij d."j
^ [Ibid. 1468 — 69. Ciisttcs noui edificii. " Item sol' Thome lokyer'. xv. die marcij
pro vna sera et claue xij^. Et pro ij. boltez ferrijs pro noua Capella Ecclesie iiij''..."]
•* [Ibid. 1469—70. Ciistus eccksic. " Item sol' viij° die mail pro Steyned Clothis
Renouatis pro Capella magistri Prepositi in noua ecclesia vj''. "J
5 [Ibid. 1472 — 73. Ciistiis noui edificii. " Item sol' Willo Plummer pro labore
suo in Sowderyng supra Chorum et supra Capellas in nouo edificio per vj dies ; et
pro iiij lb. sowdre de eodem empt' ij s. Item sol' Johanni Clerk de Coton et
seruenti suo in coperiendo Turres et Butteras in noua Ecclesia per ij dies xviij''.
Item sol' Watkyn Carpentario pro labore suo per .ij. dies in erigendo le masons
logge cum dauid Carpentario per .x. dies et di' v'. iiij''. "J
472 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP,
In 1477 (16 — 17 Edward IV.) an attempt was made to
continue the work on a larger scale, and various small sub-
scriptions, amounting in all to ;^io. igs. 4<:/., were collected from
the Fellows. The College must, however, have had other re-
sources, for the sums expended amounted in all to ^y/. is. yd.
Stone was bought from Peterborough, and from Clipsham in
Rutlandshire ; and John Bell, stonemason, was sent to Hun-
tingdon to make further purchases. The most important entry,
however, is for the iron work " for the first window on the north
side of the new church \" The quantity purchased shews that
a window in the Choir is meant ; and implies that the stone-
work was completed. A window in one of the chapels was
glazed at the same time. Scaffold timber also was purchased.
A payment to the head stonemason " by way of reward " seems
to indicate that a staff of masons was now at work. It is most
unfortunate that the accounts for the years immediately pre-
ceding and succeeding this should not have been preserved.
Three years afterwards the works were proceeding with
greater activity. The King had appointed Walter Field, who
succeeded Wodelarke as Provost, 15 October, 1479, overseer,
and had promised looo marks (£666. i^s. 4.^.) to be paid in
3 years'''. The clerk of the works was Thomas Clyfif. P'rom a
draft of Field's accounts, which extend from 10 January, 1480,
to 14 June, 1483, or over 3 years and 155 days, we find that the
receipts were iJ'1240. This sum includes ^,"1113. 6s. 8d. from
^ [Ibid. 1476 — 77. Expense facte circa fabrieam none Ecclesie (a heading which
occurs for the first time in this year). "Item sol' Margarete hyll xvj" die Jmiii in
partem soUicionis bille sue pro ferro pro prima fenestra ex boriali parte noue Ecclesie
xx"." The full price was £\i. \os. i\d.'\
'^ [Field was Warden of S. Elizabeth's College, Winchester, and Chaplain to
Edward IV. The College spent £66. \^s. \d. (100 marks) in bribes to get this sum
paid earlier than had been arranged. At the end of Field's Account (in the Muniment
Room of King's College) is the following entry: " Regardo dato Egidio Dawbeney
armigero pro Corpore Regis predicti, et Johanni Bignell Armigero, pro accelaracione
M. marcarum de dono Regis Edwardi quarti in tribus Annis habend' Ixvj" xiij^ iiij**."
We find also that £^0, not brought to account by Field, was sent in December, 1482,
Mundum-Book, 1482 — 3 ; Feoda et Regarda. "Item in Regardis quibusdam pro salua
cariacione Recept' de domino Rege ab Eltham london mense decembris viij"*. Item
in Regardis datis in solucione, .l.li. receptis de Domino Camerario pro operibus
vj'. viij'i." Edward IV. visited Cambridge at Whitsuntide (26 May — 2 June) 1481.
lie dined in College and attended service in Chapel. College Accounts. Vol. 6.]
IX.] HISTORY OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 473
the King ; i^ioo from Thomas Rotherham, then Bishop of Lin-
coln and Chancellor of England, one of the six original Fellows ;
and £26. I IS. 4(1 for iron (pro fcrro cmpto), the value of which
was apparently realized. The expenditure was £i2()6. \s. 8d.,
but it is not stated how the deficit was met. Besides Field's
accounts a book has been preserved headed "Anno xx"'° pro
operibus Regiis," and another for the timber cut at Asshdon
Halys. We have therefore materials for forming some estimate
of the progress made during two years and a half. We find
that a great scaffold was set up ; that stone in large quantities,
costing £362. 3J-. lod., was brought from Weldon, Hasilborough,
and other places, and timber from Asshdon, Thaksted, Wey-
bridge, and Canfyld Park' ; and that on the lOth July, 1480,
the first of the two years above-mentioned, letters patent
were issued to John Sturgeon and Martin Prentice'^, directing
them to provide for the conveyance by land and water to the
College of the timber lately bought by the King from the
Abbot of Walden. It is expressly stated that part of this
timber was intended for a scaffold " in the new Church^" In
the same year, Simon Kendal and Andrew Hacon, smiths, were
employed to make the iron-work for the second window on
the north side ; and for the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth
on the south side. The purchase of a key for the door of the
third chapel on the south side implies that it was roofed in*.
King Richard the Third evidently intended to carry
on the works with greater energy than his predecessor. On
28 August, 1484, he renewed the letters patent to John
Sturgeon^, desiring that "the building should go on with all
possible despatch;" and directing him to press workmen of all
trades, provide all manner of materials, and commit to prison
all who should oppose or delay him. He was perhaps dissa-
tisfied with the progress of the works, which had been resumed
in May previous, as we learn from an account drawn up by
Thomas Cliff, who w^as still clerk of the works, extending over
1 [Weldon is in Northamptonshire; Ashdon, Thaksted, and Cancfield in Essex.]
^ [Patent, 20 Edward IV. p. i, m. 22.]
3 [In a timber account dated 7 October, 1480, we find "Ad Scaffold in nova
Ecclesia, xxviij pecie." "Ad domum lathamorum, xiij pecie" etc.]
* ["pro clave pro ostio capelle iij*^'^ ex parte australi."]
'' [Patent, 2 Richard III. p. i, m. 145-]
474 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
about seven months (22 May to 24 December, 1484). During
this time £']A^^. los. c)\d. had been spent, of which £700 seems
to have been provided by the King. The money was spent
chiefly on wages, with some purchases, as before, of stone,
timber, and other materials. The most interesting item is the
purchase of glass for the great east window, the window next to
it on the north, and the half window next to it on the south\
The King sent down his own glazier and plumber to execute
the work, and the College provided fish, capons, pigeons, rabbits,
and veal for their entertainment".
The following curious letter, of which a draft has been pre-
served on the back of an account, shews that these roj^al efforts
were seconded by private generosity. The writer is the Provost,
Walter Field, who had been overseer of the works in the previous
reign, an office he was perhaps still holding, and his corre-
spondent is the father of one of the scholars :
" Right worshipfuU Sir, aftir due recomendacion and speciall thankes
bothe for my selfe and myne ; and wher it hathe plesed you of your
specialle deuocion to make a wyndow within the quere of the kynges
College to the worship of god oure Lady and saynt Nicholas into your
perpetuall memoriall for the whiche ye shall haue your rewarde of god
and oure specialle prayers perpetually for the same. I certifie you that
the X marc' the which ye sent me for your masons for the saide wyndow
is spent desiryng you hertly that at your plesour ye wille sende at this
tyme suche siluer by my trusty servant Thomas Clyff brynger of this for
the perfection of the same as shalle now plese you beseching you that
I may be recommended to my maistres your wife. And Jamys your
son farith wele blessed be god and besecheth you of your blessyng.
And our lorde god haue you both in his blessed keping. Writyn at
Cambrige the [xv corrected to] xix. day of June
Your verrey bedeman the
provost of the kynges College ^"
Part of the Church, probably one or more of the side chapels,
had certainly been roofed in by this time, from the mention of
them in a plumber's account ; and a charge for putting up
1 [Cliff's Accounts. [In empcione] "vitri pro magna fenestra orientali none
ecclesie, vna fenestra ex parte boriali, et dimidia fenestra ex parte australi xxxiij li. "]
' [Mundum-Book, 1483 — 84. "Item sol' Johanni Penne iiii'° die Oct' pro iiii"''
Caponibus et vi columbellis dentrice et aliis piscibus. Et pro Cuniculis et came
vitulino pro plumbario et vitriario domini Regis ad diuersas vices emptis iiij'. xj''. "]
^ [College Accounts, Vol. v. The only scholar named James from the foundation to
this time is James Denton. He was elected from Eton in i486. The letter must there-
fore have been written after that date. He became Canon of Windsor in 1509, where,
among other benefactions, he built the hundred steps. Cooper's Athenas, i. 45.]
IX.] HISTORY OF KINC'S COLLEGE ClLVrEL. 4/5
the arms of King Henry the Sixth, with his supporters, the
Antelopes', impHcs the completion of one of their windows.
The deatli of Richard the Third stopped the work for twenty-
four years ; and it was not resumed by Henry the Seventh until
the year before his death, when (28 May) the first of a series of
account-books that once existed begins. It is the only one that
has been preserved, and unfortunately is somewhat imperfect.
Our knowledge of these books is derived from a list drawn up
in 1529 (20 February) by Edward Fox (Provost 1528 — 1538) of
all the account-books delivered to him by Thomas Larke', the
surveyor. According to this list, the first extended originally
from 28 May, 1508 to 15 April, 1509, that is, over forty-six
weeks or twenty-three fortnights, by which periods of time the
wages are reckoned. On the last date the account was audited,
and it was computed that the Provost had still in his hands
;^227. gs. 6d. The last fortnight for which the accounts are
complete is that ending 18 March, 1509, up to which date
-^1357- 5-f- Zh^- ^^^^ been spent. If we calculate the expendi-
ture for the two fortnights that have been lost on the average of
the last five that have been preserved, we shall find that the sum
given must have amounted to nearly ^1700. A study of the
accounts shews that a staff of about 140 workmen was employed,
varying of course slightly in number in each fortnight. Let
us take, as an example, the fortnight from 23 July to 16 August,
1508. The expenses were paid by the Provost, Richard Hatton,
and as no separate overseer of the works is mentioned, he pro-
bably held the office at that time. The master mason was John.
Wastell, the " comptroller," William Swayne. These were paid
quarterly at the rate of ^^13. 6s. 2,d. yearly. There were 3
"warders," 8 "setters," 4 "intaylcrs," 89 masons, i "rough
layer," 2 carpenters, 2 sawers, 41 labourers, making a total
of 1 50. The warders and " setters " received ^s. 8d. each per
week ; the "intaylers" and masons, t,s. A,d.\ the "rough layers,"
carpenters, and sawyers, 6d. per day ; and the labourers, A,d.
' [1485. 28 Dec"". "Item sol' Wynter Glasier...pro vno le pane cum le Anteloppes
in noua Ecclesia xxii." 1485-86. 24 Jan. "Item sol' vni plummer...laboianti per iiij"""
dies circa reparacionem Ecclesie et librarie et circa Capellas none Ecclesie vij^ vj''."]
■-' [Archdeacon successively of Sudbury and Norwich and Master of Trinity Hall
(1520—25).]
476 king's college and eton college. [chap.
The purchases of materials consisted of large quantities of
stone from Weldon, Clipsham, and Yorkshire; and of timber
from the localities recorded above. From the fact that only
2 carpenters were employed as against 89 masons, we may
conclude that this timber was laid up to season, and that the
stone-work was being carried on as fast as possible.
On 24 March 1509 the King conveyed a further sum of
^2^5000 to the College, on the conditions set forth in the follow-
ing deed. From the terms in which the work then proceeding
is mentioned, it is clear that the sum previously spent was
independent of that now given.
'•This Indenture made the last day of March the xxiiij' yere of the
Reigne of the most cristan Prince cure soueraigne naturall liege lorde
Henry the vij'^ king of England and of Fraunce and lorde of Ireland,
betwene the same our soueraigne lorde on thone partye, And Richard
Hatton Gierke, Provost of the College of our blissed lady and seint
Nicholas called the kinges College otherwise the new College in Cam-
brige in the countie of Cambrige and the scolers of the same College on
thodre partye, witnessith
That where our said soueraigne lorde is noble Progenitours is and
vncle of blissed memorye king Henry the sext founded and en-
dowed the said College and in the same beganne a greate Churche and
a large for diuine seruice to be said and doone therin by the Provost
and scolers of the same which Churche as yet restith vnperfited and
not finisshed litle or no thinge wrought or done therupon sens the de-
ceasse of his saide Vncle, but that now of late our saide soueraigne lorde
of vertuous disposicion for the wealle of his soule and the singuler truste
he hath to the Prayers of his said blissed Vncle for the greate holynes
and vertue that he was of in his life, Oure saide soueraigne lorde at his
awne propre costes and charges hath fremasons and other werkemen in
greate noumbre dayly werkinge and laboring of and vpon the bilding and
making of the saide Churche and so intendith by the grace of Almighty
godd incessauntly to persever and contenue till it be fully fynisshed
and accomplisshed after like fourme and entent as it was ordered and
devised by his saide vncle, And because the same shuld be surely doon
and executed in maner and fourme aforeseid. And that his highnes
calleth to his gracious remembrance that therby shuld not be onely
a notable Acte and a meritorious werke perfited, whiche els were like to
grow to desolacion and never to haue ben done and accomplisshed, but
also diuine seruice there hereafter mayntened and supported to thonour
and laude of almighty god thencrese of Cunnyng and doctrine of his
lawes in Edifiyng and encrese of our faithe ; And for that that deed of
^ [In the copy of this deed in the Registei- of King's College, i. fol. 217 b, April
is written by mistake for March. In the Will of King Llenry VII., where part of it
is quoted, it is stated to have been drawn up "at Richemount the last daye of Marche
the XXlin yere of our Reigne." The King died 21 April, 1509.]
IX.] HISTORY OF king's COLLEGE CHAPEL. 477
charite done in life of man and wilfull dei)arture and refusall from the
possession and proprete of goodes to suche and . other gode vses and
intentes be moche more meritorious and avaieleable for the wealle of
mannys soule then to be done after deth, And for the sure pcrfourmance
and finisshing of the premisses and the more redy i)aymcnt of the money
necessarie in that behalue, his said highnes hath deliuered and by thies
presentes indentures deliuereth the day of the making herof vnto the
saide Provost and scolers the somme of fyve thousand poundes of good
and lawfull money of England whiche fyve thousand poundes they
knowlege theymselfe to haue receyued the day of the date of thies
Indentures the proprete wherof his highnes clerely vtterly and absolutely
forsaketh refuseth and renounceth for euermore. And the said somme
of V. M'. li Oure saide soueraigne lorde geveth and graunteth to the
saide Provost and scolers to the oonly vses and intentes heraftre ensuyng
that is to saye that the same v. M'. li and euery parcell therof shalbe
truly spent ordered and employed by the saide Provost and other Pro-
vostes of the said College for the tyme being to and for the bilding and
finisshing of the saide Churche.
And the saide Provost and Scolers covenaunteth and graunteth
and bindeth theym and their successours by thies presentes to our saide
soueraigne lorde And his Executoures that the said v. M^. li and euery
parcell therof with all diligence and spede shalbe truly employed and
spent for and aboute the costes charges and expenses of the making and
finisshinge of the saide Churche as far as the somme shall extend vnto,
by and aftre the ouersight, aduise, and comptrollement of suche per-
sones as therunto shalbe assigned and appoynted by our saide soue-
raigne lorde in his life, And aftre his deceasse by his Executours.
And for the sauegarde and sure kepinge of the same somme of
V. m'. li in the mean season, and to the tyme it shalbe so expended,
a stronge Chest bounden with Iron having iiij lockes and iiij keyes to
shete and open the same, shalbe prouided by the saide Provost and
scolers and sett in the Tresaure house of the saide College wherin
shalbe put and remayne the saide somme of . v. m'. li. And of the same
iiij keyes oon of theym to be in thandes and keping of the saide Provost
of the same College. A nother key in the keping of the Vicechaunceler
of the saide Vniuersite for the tyme being. The thirde key in the
keping of theldest Purser of the saide College for the tyme being. And
the fourth key in thandes and keping of the Master and ouerseer of the
werkes of the saide Churche for the tyme being. Thies foure persones
their deputies or assignes in that behalue with the saide keyes to be to
giddre at euery openyng and shitting of the saide Chest and at suche
tyme as often and when ony parte of the saide somme of . v. m'. li .
shalbe taken out of the same for the vse and intente aforeseide.
And ouerthat the saide Provost and scolers covenaunteth and
bindeth theym and their successours by thies presentes that the same
somme of . v. m^. H and euery parcell therof shalbe truly and with dili-
gence employed spent and bestowed for, aboute, and vpon, the werkes
and charges of the bilding of the saide Churche from tyme to tyme by
thaduise comptrollement and ouersight of the persones aforesaide with
out discontennuyng or cesing of the saide werkes or ony parte of theym
4/8 king's college and eton college. [chap.
till they be fully perfourmed finisshed and accomplisshed as fer as the
saide somme of money of v. m'. li woll extend vnto.
And that the saide Provost and his successours for the tyme being
shalbe accomptable and yeve a true accompte and rekenyng with out
concelement of themploying, expensis, and bestowing, of the saide
somme of v. m'. li vpon the werkes of the saide Churche and other the
premisses to oure saide soueraigne lorde in his life and of suche par-
celles therof to his Executours as after his deceasse shall rest vnbestowed
and employed and before that not accompted, As often and whensoeuer
he or they shall call him or his successours therunto.
And in case the saide v. m'. li shalnot suffice for thole perfourmance
and accomplisshement of the saide building and werkes and euery parcell
of theym, and that they be not perfitely Finisshed by oure saide soue-
raigne lorde in his life, That than his Executours after his deceasse ffrom
tyme to tyme as necessite requireth shall deliuer to the saide Provost
for the tyme being asmuche money ouer and aboue the saide v. m''. li
as shall suffice for the perfite finisshing and perfourmynge of the same
werkes and euery parte of theim in maner and fourme abouesaide. And
the saide Provost and scolers covenaunteth and graunteth and bindeth
theym and their successours by thies presentes to oure saide soueraigne
lorde and his Executours that the saide money and euery parcell therof
so to theim deliuered by his saide Executours as aforesaide shalbe truely
with all diligence employed and bestowed for, aboute, and vpon, the
werkes and bildinge of the saide Churche from tyme to tyine by thaduise
comptrollement and ouersight of his saide Executours or suche other
as they or the more part of theim shall depute and assigne to the same
without desisting or discontennuyng the bilding of the saide werkes in
ony wise till they and euery parcell of theym be fully and perfitely
accomplisshed and perfourmed in maner and fourme aforesaide. And
that the saide Provost and his successours for the tyme beinge shalbe
accomptable and yeve a true accompte and rekenyng without concele-
ment vnto the saide Executours or the more parte of theim how and in
what maner the same money and euery parcell therof is spent emplowed
and bestowed vpon the same werkes and bildinge when and as often
the saide Executours or the moste parte of theim shall call the saide
Provost or any his successours therunto.
In witnesse wherof to the one part of thies Indentures with the
saide Provost and scolers remaynynge the king oure saide soueraigne
lorde hathe caused his priuate scale to be putt. And to the other
parte of the same Indentures, remaynyng with oure saide soueraigne
lorde, the foresaide Provost and scolers haue putt their Comon Scale the
day and yere abouesaide."
This money was probably all spent by the beginning of
1 5 12, when the King's executors made over to the Provost and
scholars (8 February 151 1 — 12) a second sum of ^^5000, on
condition that they
" shal as hastily as they can or may resonabyll without delaye vawte
the chirch of the said college after the fourme of a platte therfor devised
and subscribed with the handes of the said executours ; Ande cause
IX.] HISTORY OF KING's COLLEGE CHAPEL. 479
clo\vl)le deskes to be made in the (jwere of tlie said chircli ; glasc al the
windowes in the same chirch with such Images, storis, armys, bagis,
and other devises as it shalbe devised by the said executours : And also
clerly and holy fynyshe perfourme and end al the warkes that is not yet
doon in the said chirche in al thinges aswel within as withowt."
These additional funds enabled the College to draw up
contracts for the completion of the building'. They pro-
vide for the erection of the great stone vault ; the vaults
of the porches and sixteen of the chapels; the finials of
the buttresses ; and the four corner towers. The first in
order of time is that for the stone vault (A). The parties
to it are Robert Hacumblen, Provost, and Thomas Larke
"surveyour of the kynges workes " on the one side, and John
Wastell, master mason, and Harry Semerk, one of the wardens
of the masons, on the other. It is not dated, being a draft only,
but it was certainly drawn up between 22 April and 7 June, 15 12,
when a deed (B) was executed between Wastell and Semerk,
by which it was agreed that Wastell should have the sole
profit, and bear the whole charge. The material was to be stone
from Weldon, and it is stipulated that this, together with all
other things required for the work, and the wages of the work-
men, are to be provided by Wastell and Semerk. They are
to be paid at the rate of £100 for each " severy," which would
make a total of ;^I200; and they undertake to complete the
whole in three years " after the tyme of their begynnyng vppon
the same." Further, they are to be allowed the use of certain
ropes and saws belonging to the College, and of a scaffold that
was apparently standing in the Church; for although they agree
to provide scaffolding, it is expressly stipulated that at the
end of the work they are to be allowed the timber of "two
seuerys of the said grete scaffold to their own vse and profight"
— a condition that would have been meaningless had it been
their own already.
The second contract (C), with Wastell alone, is dated 4
January 1512 — 13. By this Wastell agrees to make the " fyny-
alls," that is, the pinnacles, of all the buttresses, 21 in number,
"acordyng to the plattes conceyvcd and made for the same,
and acordyng to the fynyall of oon buttrasse which is wrought
and sett vpp : except that all thies new fynyalles shalbe made
^ They are printed in the Appendix, No. IL, from originals in the Muniment
Room of Knig's College. They are marked A, B, C, etc. for facility of reference.
48o king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
sumwhat larger in certayn places acordyng to the mooldes for
the same conceyvid and made." He further undertakes to build
one tower at the north-west corner of the Church, as a pattern.
He is to use Weldon stone for the finials and tower ; to employ
sixty freemasons, as soon as he can obtain so many, and to
complete the work by Lady Day next ensuing ; for which he
is to receive £ioo for the tower, and at the rate of £6. 13J. 4^.
for each pinnacle. The tower was rapidly completed, and gave
satisfaction, for a third contract (E) was drawn up with Wastell,
4 March 15 12 — 13, for the remaining three towers, which were
to be "wele and workmanly wrought, made, and set vp after
the best handelyng and fourme of good workmanship acordyng
to oon towre at the iiij'^ corner, that is to say at the North
West ende of the seid Church which is now redy wrought."
A fourth contract (F) was drawn up with the same mason,
4 August, 1 5 13, by which he agreed to vault two porches, seven
chapels in the body of the Church, that is, in the nave ; nine
chapels " behynd the quere " which are to be " of a more course
worke ; " and to set up all the battlements of the said porches
and chapels. It is expressly mentioned that the designs for
all the vaults had been previously submitted to the executors
of Henry the Seventh, signed by them, and deposited with the
surveyor. The stone used for the vaults of the porches was
to be from Hampole^ in Yorkshire, for those of the chapels
from Weldon. The work was to be completed by the following
Midsummer (24 June, 15 14): and Wastell was to receive
£2^. OS. od. for the vault of each porch, ;^20 for each of the
seven chapels, and i^i2 for each of the nine.
A further deed (D) between Larke and Wastell, dated
24 January 15 12 — 13, provided that a record should be kept
of all moneys paid, and of the value of all materials delivered
to the latter. During the fifteen months over which the docu-
ment extends (28 January 15 13 — 12 May 15 14) Wastell received
^1172. 8s. 3c/.; and as the finials of the buttresses and the
corbel-tables of the chapels are definitely mentioned, we may
be certain that they were in progress ; but there is no evidence
to shew what other work had been undertaken.
^ [Hampole is a small village about four miles N.W. of Doncaster, standing on
Lower Magnesian Limestone. There are numerous old quarries in the neighbourhood.]
IX.
HISTORY OF king's COLLEGE CHAPEL.
481
The cost of the several portions contracted for with Wastell
is as follows :
The great vault
Four turrets .
Twenty-one pinnacles .
The vaults of two porches
seven chapels
nine chapels
The battlements of all the chapels
/[ 1 200.
0.
0
400,
0.
0
140.
0.
0
50-
0.
0
140.
0.
0
108.
0.
0
100.
0.
0
21^8.
This sum, however, fell far short of that actually spent. The
account-books before mentioned, which extend from 28 May,
1508, to 29 July, 15 15, when we may conclude that the Chapel
was finished exclusive of fittings, though imperfectly summed,
shew an expenditure of more than iJ"8ooo; and a separate paper
(G), in a contemporary hand, on which the expenditure of each
year is set down, makes the total amount to ^^"10,326. 3^'. (^d.
The cost of the Chapel up to this time cannot therefore be
accurately determined, but we have evidence that at least
i^ 1 60,000, at the present value of money, had been spent upon
it, as follows :
Receipts from the Duchy of Lan-
caster (1448, 1449' i45o> 145 0
Spent in the reign of Edward IV.
Richard IIL
Henry VII.
Henrv VIII.
77. I.
196. I.
7)
81
.,1077-
^
,-)•
5
1373-
3-
5
746.
10.
9^
1700.
0.
0
0,026.
3-
9
14,923. I. 4i
The stone-work of the Chapel had been completed as we
have seen in 15 15 ; but no provision had been made for fittings
of any kind. It is probably to this date that we should
assign the following petition and estimate, both undated ;
"To the King our soveraign Lord.
In most humble wise shewyng beseches your Highness your
contynual and perpetual Oratours the provost and scolars of your College
of Cambrige that whereas the Prince of most noble renowne your
derrest Fadre King Harry the VIL'^ graunted and be his last wyll willed
that the Church of the seid College which his blissed uncle King Herry
the VP^ beganne to bild shuld be performed att his cost and charge ;
VOL. I.
31
482
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
Whereupon it pleased his said highness that he be his lyf daies and
also his executours sith his deth have ben at gret cost and charge so
that the said werk is now almost performed and accomplished, except
the pavyng, and stallyng and glasyng of the same which is not done for
lak of money ; It may therfore please your said Highness the premisses
tendrely considered in a way of charite to commaund and cause the
said executors of your said most noble Fadre to see the said church
fully performed and accomplyshed in pavyng stallyng and glasyng
according to the said last wyll and your said Oratours shall continually
pray God for preservacion of your most noble and roial astate long
prosperously to endure."
" Cambrege. Here ensue all maner charges esteemed to be suffi-
cient to perfourme the buylding of the great churche of the Kinges
Colleage at Cambrege.
Ston-
werke
Imagery
Paving
Ston and
workeman-
ship
xliij li.
Twoo Images of Kinges at the"
west dorre in two tabernacles made
for the same, Eyther of viij foote
high. Fowre at the sowth and
north doorres of the saide Churche.
Eyther of vj foote high And xlviij
Images within the saide Churche
Every of them of three foote high.
Amounting in all to Clxxij foote.
At v^ the fote, esteamed in worke-
manshipp which amounteth vnto J
xl ton of Yorkshire ston is es-"]
temed to be sufficient for all the I
saide Images. At vj Shillinges |
I- viijd. the toon -^
r Paving of the church floore with -]
marble or Ragge of Kent amount- |
yng by estymacion vnto xij"" ix'^ |
Ixxiiij fote at xij'^ the foote in stoon I
and workemanship cometh to j
Item for paving of twenty cha-""
pelles and two porches euery of |
them conteynyng c.c.lx fote. A- |
mountyng in all m'm'm'm'.c.c.c.c. at I
l_ the same price j
r of the high Aulter by estimacion "j
I C.s. Item Ston and workemanship |
I of xvi other Aulters, Every of them | xxwij li.
I at xP by like estimacion Amounteth
Lin all vnto -1
Summa Dcccc.lxij li. viijd.
XIIJ ll. Vl*.
[viij''.
vj<^.\lviij li.
[xiiij^
ccxx li.
Ivi li. vj».
[viij"!.
DCCCC.v.
[li xiiij"'.
IX.]
HISTORY OF KINGS COLLEGE CHAPEL.
4«:
Dorres
Stalks
Rodelofte
For the workemanship of the gret "
west doorre of the saide churche vi
li. The sowth and north gret doorres,
Eyther at C^ x li. two dorres entring
into the Revestries eyther at iiij li.
viij li. vi dorres for particions of the
saide Revestries euery of them at
xP. xij li. fowre small doorres be-
twen the saide chapelles Every of
them at xiij^ iiij'^. Iiij*. iiij'i. And
fowre doorres at the fowre corners
within the saide churche at xx^ the
pece iiij li. And soo the workeman-
ship of all the saide dorres amounteth
vnto
Item waynscot for all the saide
dorres is estemed at C and di' At
L vj li. the C besides the cariage ix li. _
Item for the workemanship in"
karving and ioynyng for x hedstalles
with their tabernacles of them, That
is to say v stalles vppon the oon
side of the quere, And other v on
the other side, with a pulpyt over
the doorre at the coniyng in to the
same quere. And also for Ixiiij
principal Stalles with their taber-
nacles in the vpper degrees. That
is to saye xxxij of them on the oon
side of the quere, and other xxxij
on the other side. And for Ivj
Stalles in the lower degrees with
the foredeskes for the same. That
is to saye xxviij of them on the oon
side of the saide quere, and other
xxviij on thother side. The costes
and charges of all which werkes and
ordynances to be made according
to a plat therof set owte and devised
wol amounte by estimacyon vnto
- the somme of
And for the workemanship ini
karving and ioynyng of the roode
lofte with Imagery, tabernacles,
dorres Stayers, and euery other of
concernyng the same werkes
to be made accordyng to the plat
therof dyvysed woll extende by
L estymacion vnto
Ij li. xiij'.
[iiij"
c.
MCCC.iiij''^
[v li
31—2
484
KING S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAP.
Tymbre
Waynscot to be enployed vpon-]
the saide Stalles and Rodelofte wol |
amounte by estymacyon vnto m'. |
m' li at vi H. the C. besides the car- I
iage. -J
Iron worke and other small ne-
cessaries concerning the same, as
copper to hang the misericord es
with glewe nayles broddes and
. Stayes be estemed to amounte to
Remayneth in store of former n
provision ynowgh redy spoyled to I
perfom-me all the saide Stalles and
. Rodelofte J
Cxx li.
xiij li. vi».
[viij'i.
.Smithes
werke.
Payn-
ters
werke
r Iron wc.rke V For all the dorres above rehersed ~| xxviii. xiij\ ~| .\
L '"id Lockes |_ \vole amoiuite by estymacion vnto J f""'*- J
xvi li. xiij'.
[iiijti.
Gillding and
paintyig
Necessary
expenses
The gildyng and payntyng of the -,
great vawte devided in xij seuer-
eyes euery seuerey at xxvi li. xiii^
^iiii'^i. ' -
Appending vpon the premisses as
wages, rewardes, and costes of Sur-
veyours, Clerkes and purveyours like
togyve their labours and attendaunces
vpon the saide werkes by the space
of thre yeres or more yet to comme,
Cariages, portages, and other ex-
penses necessary not as yet in re-
membrance wole amownte by esty-
umacion above
CCC.xx li
CCC.xx li.
cc. li.
cc. li
The works here enumerated would have cost ;^2893. 14^-. od.
The estimate is a rough one, and not always either accurate or
consistent, but it is interesting on account of the richness of
decoration suggested for the worthy completion of the Chapel.
The document must be subsequent in date to the scheme for
filling the windows with stained glass, as they are not men-
tioned in it.
In the next chapter we will compare the building as it
exists at present with the design and with the history ; and
subsequently trace the history of the stained glass and the
wood -work.
COMPARISON OF KING'S C0LLE(;E CllAPKl,. 4(S-
CHAPTER X.
Comparison of King's College Chapel with the Will
OF King Henry the Sixth, and with the infor-
mation DERIVED from THE ACCOUNTS.
The dimensions of the ground-plan of King's College Chapel
correspond almost exactly with those assigned to it in the Will.
The width, taken as at Eton " within the respondes," is just
40 feet, and the length 289 feet, of which the Ante-chapel oc-
cupies 120 feet, and the rood-loft 14 feet, as directed. The
Will further prescribes a height of 90 feet for "the walls" without
further particulars being given. At Eton the corresponding
measurement is given " vnto the crestis of the batelment," and
it ought perhaps to be so taken here. The walls are actually
(fig. 43) 83 feet high to the commencement of the battlements,
which are 1 1 feet high ; so that the total height is 94 feet.
In the interior, from the floor to the central point of the vault,
the height is 80 feet\ The east and west windows are each of
nine lights, and the side-windows of five lights'.
The spaces between the buttresses, on both sides of the
Church, are occupied by chapels, which, in the Will, are directed
to be so placed in the "body" or Ante-chapel only^ The two
^ [This measurement is given on the authority of Mackenzie. See p. 492.]
- [The Will directs that the east window shall be "of .xj. dales," and the west
window "of .i.v. dales." It is possible that the copyist may have transposed the
numerals in the former case.]
■* [A similar ground-plan had already been employed in the Cathedral of Albi,
begun 1382, completed 1397, consecrated 1480. It "consists of an oblong terminated
by an apse, and completely surrounded by Chapels... These Chapels are taken between
the vast buttresses which support the great vault. Above the Chapels are chambers
communicating with each other by small doorways cut in the buttresses, and forming
a gallery all round the church." The length, exclusive of E. chapels and W. tower,
is 290 feet, span of roof 60 feet, height, from pavement to keystone of vault, 95 feet.
The Church of the Cordeliers at Toulouse, erected in 13th century, resembles King's
even more closely, for the chapels have no upper story, and the buttresses rise above
their roofs. The Church of the Jacobins, in the same town, is also similar. It was
begun 1229, completed 1336, consecrated 1385. The Church of S. Catherine at
Oppenheim, near Worms (built 1262 — 1317, consecrated 1322), has chapels "made by
enclosing the space between the buttresses with a wall flush with their outer line; the
space comprised being covered in with slabs at the level of the sills of the aisle
486 king's college and eton college. [chap.
easternmost, at least, on each side, were plainly intended for
vestries, and take the place of the vestry on the north side
directed in the Will ; for they not only occupy the usual position
of those offices, but are entered from the Presbytery through
richly molded doors (HH, fig. 42). The Will assigns an altar
to each chapel ; a direction which, however, was but partially
complied with. The westernmost of the two vestries on the
north side (ibid. N) is the chantry and burial-place of Dr
William Towne, one of the original Scholars, who died 1 1 March,
1496. It once contained an altar, at which, by his Will, mass
was to be said for the repose of his soul by one of the Fellows,
to whom an annual stipend of four marks was to be paid. Two
other chapels on this side (ibid. V., IX.) have altars, as the plan
shews, but it is not known that they commemorate special
persons. On the south side the second chapel from the west
(ibid. XI.) is the chantry of Dr Robert Hacomblen (Provost
1509 — 2Sy ; that next to it (ibid. XII.) of Dr Robert Brassie
(Provost 1556 — 58)'^; and the easternmost (ibid. XVIII.) of John
Argentein (Provost 1501— 7). There were altars in each of
these, but none, so far as we know, in any of the others.
The white magnesian limestone from Thefdale or Hudleston
is most useful, as at Eton, in determining the portion of the
building erected during the reign of Henry the Sixth ; for after
his deposition the regular supply of stone from Yorkshire ceased,
and an oolite from Northamptonshire or Rutlandshire replaced
it. The white stone is used for the plinth and basement molds
(ad, fig. 43) except in the westernmost bay on the south side
{abed, fig. 42) where the west side of the quadrangle would have
abutted against the chapel ; for the towers at the west end,
to a height of about 8 feet in the northern tower, and 6 feet
windows, and thrown open to the nave with a double arch." For further details of
these churches, see "The Study-Book of Mediaeval Architecture and Art," by
T. \V. King, 4to. London, 1858.]
' [His will, dated i\ October, 1528, says: "And I will that my body be buried
in the myddill Chapel within the body of the new churche of the saide college on
the south side whiche I have honored att myne owne propre costes and charge."]
" [His will, dated 27 July, 1558, says: "I wyll my bodye to be buryed in the
middes of the sowth chappell next beneythe the Roodeloft in the kynges Colledge
Churche. ..Item I wyll y' v" be bestoed vppon the aforesayd chappell in the kynges
colledge yf I be ther buryed and yf I do not bcstowe the sayd summ or part therof
vppon the ornament of the sayd chappell in my tymc. "]
X.] COMl'ARISOX OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 487
in the southern ; and for the west wall to a similar height on
each side of the great west door. The east wall and towers are
built of it, but it rises only a little higher than the springing
of the arch of the east window. In the north and south walls
it never rises high enough to bear the roof, the highest level
being the string above and touching the hood-molds of the
windows (fig. 43, c). This level it attains in the two easternmost
buttresses on the north side, but in the westernmost of these
it is mixed with other stone. In the third and fourth buttresses
it terminates with the second division of the set-off between
the second and third stages (ibid, d) ; in the fifth it terminates
four courses below the commencement of the same set-off;
and in the sixth at the level of the parapet over the side-
chapels. Eastward of this buttress it is used for the walls of
the side-chapels ; but westward of it it does not rise higher than
the sills of their windows. On the south side it does not rise
so high as on the north. In the first and second buttresses it
terminates near the beginning of the third stage; in the third and
fourth at the second division of the set-off between the second
and third stages, as on the north side ; in the fifth, sixth, and
seventh just above the first stage, at the same level in all three ;
and in the eighth about half way up the first stage. As far
as this point the w^alls of the side-chapels are built of it. In
the interior it is used for the lowest courses of the walls sepa-
rating the chapels of the Ante-chapel, and for the bases of the
piers. It is used in a similar way for the east and west walls
of the chapels along the south side of the choir ; but on the
north side these walls have generally been faced with Weldon
stone, and Hudleston stone appears only occasionally. It is,
however, quite clear from this examination that the whole
Church was set out at the beginning, in close correspondence
with the dimensions assigned to it in the Will ; and the presence
of the white stone in the walls of the side-chapels on the north
and south sides of the choir proves that their erection was not
an afterthought, but a change of plan adopted from the first.
Above the magnesian limestone we find stone from Weldon
and Clipsham employed throughout, except for the vaults of
the north and south porches, which are built, according to the
contract, of a magnesian limestone from Hampole in Yorkshire,
488
KING'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
10 5 O
Fig. 4 3- Elevation of the fifth severy of King's College Chapel, shewing the sixth and
seventh buttresses on the north side (fig. 42).
X.] COMPARISON OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 489
more yellow in colour than that from the former locality. The
west door-case, though not mentioned in any existing contract,
appears to be of the same yellow stone.
Evidence of the progress of the Chapel may be derived from
the directions respecting burials contained in the Wills of
Fellows and others\ Thus William Warmynster, Fellow
(13 October, 1457), leaves his body to be buried "in the grave-
yard of the College, so that his head shall lie close to the cross
in the middle of the said graveyard, on the east side of the
said cross;" and John Goldsmyth, Fellow (11 October, 1457),
Nicholas Walhop, Scholar (3 May, 1458), and Godwin Catesby,
Fellow (31 May, 1458), leave directions for their burial "in the
graveyard of the College." But at the end of 1458 burials
begin to take place in the Chapel. John Stok, servant to the
Provost (12 December, 1458), desires to be buried "in the nave
of the new Church;" William Skelton (12 August, 1471) "in the
new Church;" William Boston (5 January, 1473) " i^"^ ^ Chapel
on the south side of the new Collegiate Church";" John Savage,
Conduct (8 May, 1474), "within the walls [fabricani) of the new
Church of the College;" and Richard Stevyns, Fellow and Vice-
Provost (20 February, 1505), "in the quire of the new Church."
Some observations leading to the conclusion that the five
eastern severies were completed some time before the rest are
found in Maiden's " Account of King's College Chapel," pub-
lished in 1769'':
^ [These are copied in the College Ledger-Book, Vol. i.]
^ [This chapel seems to have been paved by this time from the following: IMundum-
Book, 1476 — 77. Expense necessarie. "Item sol' pro reparacione pauimenti sepulture
.M. Boston, viz. In cake adust', zabulo, ac labore Willelmi Martyn et filii suL-.x^j**'']
^ ["An Account of King's College-Chapel in Cambridge;" ... By Henry Maiden,
Chapel-Clerk. 8vo. Cambridge, 1769. Cole says (MSS. i. 105) "Henry Maiden,
Chapel Clerk, died Wedn. Aug. 23, 1769, after having been in that Office near
30 years: first Boy to Mr Wade the College Butler. M"" James wrote the Book for
him, he being an illiterate and drunken Fellow." Thomas James, afterwards Tutor of
King's College, and Headmaster of Rugby, was admitted Scholar 1766, A.B. 1771.
The portrait of Maiden, which serves as a frontispiece, was etched by Thomas Orde,
afterwards Orde-Powlett, Lord Bolton, admitted 1765, A.B. 1770. The book
(which the preface informs us was published to relieve the distresses of Maiden and
his family) appears from this to have been really got up by two charitable under-
graduates, which may account for the numerous mistakes in it. The history of the
progress of the works (pp. 17 — 23), from a note to which the following extracts are
quoted, was undoubtedly written by the Rev. E. Betham, Fellow, for it is to be found
in nearly the same words in one of his MS. volumes in the College Library.]
490 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP
" Within the long entry, above the Choir, on the North side of the
stone-roof, and on the outer wall, may be perceived Toothings, where
the Building was formerly joined.
Nearly in a line with these Toothings, between the two roofs, runs
a principal beam ; on which one may (by the assistance of candle-
light) discover the remains of moss, which once spread about that part
of it, which faces the West. This side of the beam bears a very dif-
ferent appearance from all the others about the roof; for it looks as
if it had been a long time exposed to the weather. This is the fifteenth
beam from the West end."
A similar observation is made by Essex, who was at work
on the Chapel in I77i\ At the present time the moss has
disappeared, but the west side of the beam in question, which
is opposite to the fifth buttress, is in quite a different state from
any of the others, or from the opposite side of the same beam,
being much worn and decayed, as if from long exposure to
the weather. The " toothings " are still to be seen in the middle
of the seventh severy, counting from the west {e, fig. 42).
Again, we have seen that scafifold-timber was bought in
1477 ; that between 1480 and 1483 a large quantity of the
same was given by Edward the Fourth, together wath stone
from Wcldon ; and that the fitting of the iron-work to the
windows at the east end of the choir was proceeding from 1477
to 1484, when the east window, with one window on each side
next to it, was glazed with white glass. From this we learn
the important fact that the pattern of the tracery of these three
windows is not later than the reign of Richard the Third.
Some of the eastern severies must certainly have been roofed
with timber at this time ; and the roof may have extended as
far as the beam noticed by Maiden and Essex, for we have
seen that the iron-work of the seven easternmost windows on the
south side was provided in 1480, which implies that the stone-work
was then in a forward state. On the north side we are without
evidence about the iron-work of the v.andows except for the two
easternmost, that for the second of which was ordered at the
same time as that for those on the south ; but it is evident that
progress had not been so rapid as on the opposite side, for
1 ["It is easey to see how far the work was carryd on and covered in, there being
a little variation in the work of the windowes and in the timbers of y'^ Roof; the
timbers of the last principals to the west being long exposed to y° weather had con-
tracted a Moss which yet continues." Add. MSS. Mus. Brit. p. 13.]
X.] COMPARISON OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 49 1
the white stone does not rise to so high a level. On the whole,
therefore, there seems good reason for concluding that the five
eastern severies were roofed in 1484, and the walls immediately
to the west of them raised to a nearly equal height, on the
south side at least, at the same time. These five severies con-
stitute nearly half the Chapel ; but the appearance of the whole
would have been sufficiently incomplete to warrant the state-
ment made by Henry the Seventh in 1509 : "the churche as yet
restith vnperfited and not finisshed, litlc or no thinge wrought
or done therupon sens the deceasse of his uncled"
When Henry the Seventh commenced work on the Chapel
in May 1508 he probably merely continued the walls and
buttresses left incomplete by his predecessors, without changing
the style or the ornamentation. The date 1 508 — 9 may there-
fore be assigned to the western half of the seventh severy, and
to the greater part of the sixth severy. On the western side of
the latter, however, a marked change in the architecture com-
mences. The eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh buttresses on
the south side, and the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh
on the north side, are ornamented with heraldic devices'^ crowns,
roses, and portcullises, while on the set-offs separating the stages,
are dragons, greyhounds, and antelopes, bearing shields (fig. 43).
The former are his supporters, the latter those of Henry the
Sixth. These heraldic emblems, supporting the royal arms, are
profusely employed in the interior, where additional evidence
that the work had progressed farther on the south side than on
^ [Dr Caius records (Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 69) that half the Chapel had been com-
pleted before Henry the Seventh undertook to finish it, but he is certainly wrong in
referring the whole of the previous work to Henry the Sixth. The text is corrupt,
but the sense is perfectly clear. "Intra eius Collegii septa magnificentissimum
etiam et Regale teniplum cum pedamentis, ex quadrato lapide, idem Ilenricus sextus
ex fundamentis posuit, homo ad omnem pietatem natus, et ad magnam perfectionis
partem, id est, a summo altari ad dimidiam longitudinem perduxit. Sed cum aduersa
in exitu fortuna fuit quod reliquum erat absoluit perpetua memoria dignus Henr. 7,
et operam suam, vt ex asperitate contigui muri adhuc extantis [apparet], partem
omnem, Anglioe insignibus decorauit, et a costera parte distinxit."]
" [See Mr Evans' essay on The Heraldry of King's College Chapel, Appendix
n. The constant repetition of the same heraldic device is one of the characteristics of
the Renaissance. It maybe observed at the Chateau de Chambord (begun 1526),
where the panels of the vault of the four great halls are all decorated with an p and a
Salamander, the crest of Francis I., alternately.]
492 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
the north before the change took place is afiforded by a study of
the niches that ornament the window-jambs. In the Ante-chapel
there is an upper and a lower row; in the choir an upper row
only, of less elaborate design. At the jambs corresponding with
the seventh buttress however, those between the fifth and sixth
windows, counting from the west (fig. 42), the rule is inter-
rupted on both sides of the Chapel. On the north side the
two upper niches are of the design used in the Ante-chapel, on
the south side of that used in the choir. This shews that it
had been intended originally to prolong the series used in the
choir along the Ante-chapel ; and that this design had been
carried out on the south side as far as the end of the seventh
buttress (the last on that side that is without the heraldic devices
above mentioned) before the character of the work was altered.
On the north side also the change in the type of niche' is co-
extensive with the use of the heraldic devices on the exterior.
This western portion was, in part at least, executed before
February 151 1 — 12, for the agreement respecting the second sum
of ^5000 then given enumerates as works to be executed the
vault, the fittings, and the glass, as though the walls were finished ;
and the contracts drawn up immediately afterwards are all, with
the exception of ^^400 spent on the towers, for the vaults of
the nave, chapels, and porches, or for the portions of the
stone-work directly appertaining to them, as the pinnacles of
the buttresses, and the battlements of the chapels \ It is pos-
sible that this departure from the original design may have
been sanctioned by the King himself, but considering the almost
superstitious reverence with which he regarded his uncle, it
seems unlikely that he would think right to alter his work".
His executors, on the other hand, uninfluenced by such con-
siderations, would be anxious to exhibit the way in which they
had discharged their trust, and therefore publicly marked off
the portion erected by themselves, as Dr Caius records, by the
introduction of these emblems. In attempting to date the
different portions of the Chapel, however, it should be re-
membered that though the total amount of the contracts drawn
up in 1 5 12 — 13 was ^2138, the expenditure for the four years
^ [No special contract for the upper battlements has been preserved.]
- [Stanley's Memorials of Westmmster, ed. 1876, p. 146. Carter, p. 20.]
X.]
COMPARISON OF KING S COLLEGE CHAPEL.
493
preceding July 15 15 was £46^4. 2s. ii^d. It is clear therefore
that the Chapel could not have been as complete in 151 1 — 12
as the language of the King's executors would at first lead us to
believe; and the words "perfourme and end al the warkes that is
Fig. 44. Vault of the easternmost chapel, north side.
not yet doon in the said chirchc" probably indicate an unfinished
condition of the walls. The petition to Henry the Eighth
quoted in the last chapter proves that the money was all spent
upon stone-work of some kind.
The gradual and intermitted progress of the building is
Fig. 45. Impost mold of chapel v., north side.
Fig. 46. The same, altered.
494 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
very clearly seen by studying the vaulting employed in dif-
ferent portions of it. The great vault, which was contracted
for in 1 5 12, and probably completed by 15 15, is a remarkably
fine specimen of a fan-vault. We may however safely affirm,
even without examination of the building, that the architect
employed by Henry the Sixth could not have intended to
design a vault of this description ; for although fan-vaulting
had been employed, on a small scale, at Gloucester', and else-
where, before the foundation of this Chapel, no large specimen
of it appears until long afterwards. The vault employed for
large spaces in the middle of the fifteenth century was that for
which the name of " Lierne " or " Stellar " vault has been pro-
posed, and we shall see that vaults of this description were
originally intended in the diff'erent parts of this building.
The two easternmost side-chapels (l., II. , fig. 42) on the
north side have lierne vaults (fig. 44), which are probably
among the earliest works executed ; and these chapels ought
perhaps to be identified with those referred to above as com-
pleted in 1469 and 1470. Moreover, it was intended to vault
the two westward of them (ill., IV.) in a similar manner, for the
molds of the continuous imposts in the angles of all four are
identical. The work however was arrested before the vaults
were made, and we find a simple rib-and-panel vault of a
difi"erent stone and in a later style imposed upon the earlier
and more elaborate molds. The next chapel (v.) has a similar
vault, but different molds (fig. 45), plainer in design, and con-
forming exactly to the ribs of the vault. These vaults and
molds are found in the six chapels that flank the choir on the
south side (XIIL- — -XVIII.) ; and it was clearly intended to vault
all the others in the same style, for although their molds are at
present of a different pattern (fig. 46), carrying fan-vaults (fig. 47),
examination shews that in every case they have been formed
1 [The fan-vault of the Cloisters at Gloucester is dated 1381 — 141-2 ; of the Inner
Porches at the same place 1420— 1437; of All Souls, and S. John's, Oxford, 1437 —
1444. See "Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages," by Prof. Willis.
Trans. Inst. Brit. Arch., 1840. The roof of King's has been the subject of a special
monograph, "Observations on the Construction of the Roof of King's College Chapel,
Cambridge," by F. Mackenzie, 4to. Lond., 1840. The excellent plate in Ackermann,
shewing the construction of the vault, is by the same. The drawings in Britton's
Architectural Antiquities are by William Wilkins. See also "Mathematical Principles
of Mechanical Philosophy," by J. II. Pratt. 8vo. Camb. 1836.]
X.] COMPARISON OF KING'S COLLEGK CHAPEL. 495
by cutting out those members {a, b, fig, 45) which could not be
accommodated to the fan-vaults which they have to carry. This
system of alteration has been done so neatly in some cases, that
it is difficult to detect it ; but in others the superfluous member
has been chipped off hastily, and the surface left rough. This
examination of the chapels leads to the following conclusions;
first, that it was originally intended to vault them with lierne
vaults, of which two only were executed and two others con-
templated before the works were interrupted ; secondly, that
after the resumption of work, rib-and-panel vaults were sub-
stituted for them ; and lastly, that when Wastell contracted to
vault sixteen chapels in 15 12, he changed the style into fan-
vaulting in chapels vi. — IX. on the north side, and X. — Xll. on
the south side ; while the older design, described in the contract
as " of more course werke," was carried out in the remainder.
Further evidence of alteration is afforded by an examination
of the piers that support the great vault, which, as mentioned
above, are of Hudleston stone, up to a certain height, and may
therefore be referred to the Founder's time. In the profile of one
of them here given (fig. 48), the outermost members, a, b, c, sup-
port the arch that spans the Church ; d is the arch applied to
the side wall ; and c the shaft from which the fan springs. The
remaining member f is unemployed ; and in the choir, the
portion containing it, here bounded by a dotted line, has been
cut out, and the surface left plain. Had the original design
been carried out, we should probably have had a vault similar
to that already noticed in the side-chapels (fig. 44). We learn
from the contract that the design for the vault actually exe-
cuted was submitted to the " lordes executours " of King Henry
the Seventh, approved and signed by them.
We have seen that with regard to the pinnacles and towers
Wastell was commissioned to set up one of each as a pattern,
before the design was finally settled. The tower, as first set
up, appears to have given satisfaction, but the pinnacles were
to be enlarged in certain places. They have since been so
frequently and so thoroughly repaired that it is impossible to
trace the difference between the pattern and those constructed
afterwards.
The contracts (C, E) respecting the towers enumerate every
principal part of the composition, except the upper stage with
496
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[CHAr.
the ogee cap, which is not specially mentioned. We will now
attempt to elucidate the terms of the contract with the help
of the drawing of the Tower at the S.E. angle (fig. 49) ^ Each
Fig. 47. Fan-vault, used in chapels vi. — xii.
Fig. 4S. Profile of one of the vaulting-piers in the Ante-chapel.
' [This explanation i.s derived from Professor Willis' " Architectural Nomenclature
of the Middle Ages," § 14, 7(S, Sy, where this contract is discussed.]
Fig. 49. Tower at the south-east angle of King's College Chapel.
To face p. 497. ^^^- ^'
X.] COMPARISON OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL.
497
of the eight sides of the tower has at its angle a "fynyallc,"
or shaft terminated by a pinnacle, finished on each of its four
sides with a " ryfant gablctte^" that is, as the figure shews, a
small gable, the outline of which is an ogee arch. The sides of
the tower are divided into two stories, each exhibiting a series
of quatrefoiled openings or " quatcrs',' so arranged that the lines
between them intersect each other at a right angle. They are
therefore described in the contract as " crossc-qitaters ;" and it
will be observed that they merely pierce the panel in which
they occur, and do not destroy its character as a blank panel or
"orb!' Each side is finished above between the pinnacles with
an indented parapet, '' batelvientesr The upper stage with its
ogee cap was not contemplated in the first contract (C), unless
it be included in the last clause, "euery other thyng be-
longyng to the same." The second contract (E), however,
includes ''badges" among the specified ornaments. These can
only apply to the Tudor badges, a rose or portcullis surmounted
by a crown, which occur on each division of the upper part.
The stone-work was probably completed by the end of July
1 5 15, having been 69 years in building, but as it will be shewn
in the next chapter that the glazing of the windows may be
dated 1526— 153 1, and the stall-work 1532—1536, it is unlikely
that the Chapel was used for service before those works were
completed. Again, the old Chapel did not fall down until
1536 — 17, and Dr Caius connects that event with the comple-
tion of the new one in language which, although it cannot be
interpreted literally, yet conveys the impression that the latter
was not used so long as the former was in existence^
1 [Professor Willis (Arch. Nom. I.e.) prints this word "rysant," and connects it
with the French "ressant." The word as written, however, is clearly "ryfant."]
^ [Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 69. "Post quern fenestris clausit, intercepto diuisit,
pauamento marmorato magna ex parte strauit et portis clausit eius filius at rex noster
Henricus ftelicissimse memoriae octauus, vt sit ad orationes receptus, cum vetus sacel-
lum, humile et angustum, quod paulo vltra portam minorem veteris collegii positum
fuit, vt ex eius reliquiis adhuc extantibus scire licet, corruerat, nullo prorsus Iseso, etsi
statim a vesperis eius diei casus ille fuerit." The date of the fall of the old Chapel is
certainly 1536—37, from a charge in the JSlundum-Book of that year for removing
the materials ; and the date of the completion of the Roodscreen [interccptuni) cannot
be later than 1536, from the connection of Anne Boleyn with it. Dr Caius is there-
fore inaccurate in saying that Henry the Eighth executed this and other works "in
VOL. I. 32
498 king's college and eton college. [chap.
CHAPTER XL
History of King's College Chapel, continued to the
present time.
History of the Glass, Stalls, and Panelling.
[The second agreement between the executors of King Henry
the Seventh and the College expressly stipulates for the erection
of stalls in the choir, and for the glazing of the windows
"with such images, storis, armys, bagis, and other devises" as
the said executors shall approve \
We will first investigate the history of the latter ; for it is so
evident that the building was designed for the exhibition of
pictures in glass on a grand scale that their history is connected
with the general architectural history more closely than that of
glass usually is with that of the buildings in which it occurs.
The work appears to have been put in hand as soon as the
roof was completed, for we find the following memorandum of
a payment of ^loo to Barnard Flower, the King's glazier, on
30 November, 1515 :
" This bill written the last day of November in the vij.'^ yere of the
reign of o"" soverain Lord Kyng Henry the viij.'^ witnesseth that M^
Thomas Larke prest surveior of the Kinges werkes in Cambridge have
order that there might be a retreat for prayer after the old Chapel had fallen down. "
As however the two events probably happened in the same year, it is easy to
imagine that they would afterwards be connected in the relation of cause and effect.
The heading Rcparationcs facte circa nouum Tciiiplum occurs first in the Mundum-
Book for 1 54 1 — 42 ; after which year it appears together with the older heading,
Custus Ecclcsic, under which the cost of the service is set down ; but as the accounts
for 1537 — ^38, 1.S38 — 39, 1.S39 — 4°' I54°~4' ^'"^ wanting, it is impossible to decide
from this source the year of the completion of the building.]
1 [These directions are almost identical with those in the Will of King Henry the
Seventh relating to his Chapel at Westminster: " But also that the said Chapell be
desked, and the windowes of our said Chapell be glazed with stores, ymagies, armes,
bagies and cognoisaunces, as is by vs redily diuised, and in picture deliuered to the
Priour of sainct Bartilmews beside Smythfeld, Maistre of the workes of our said
Chapell ; and that the walles, doores, windows, Archies and vaults and ymages of the
same our Chapell, within and without, be painted garnished and adorned with our
armes, bagies, cognisaunces, and other conuenient painteng in as goodly and riche
maner as suche a work requireth, and as to a kinges werk apperteigneth."]
xr.] ktxg's college cilvpel. statned glass. 499
receaved of M"". Robert Hacumblen provost of the Kinges Colleage
there one hundreth poundes sterhng to be deUvered unto Barnard
Flower the Kinges Glasier in way of prest towardes the glaising of the
great Churche there in such forme and condition as my Lord of Win-
chester shal devise and comande to be doon.
In witnes whereof I the saide M"". Thomas Larke have subscribed
this bill w^ niyn own hande the day and yere above writen
Summa .C. li."
The same sum was paid to him, 12 Pcbruary, 15 16 — ly^.
The Bishop of Winchester, Richard Fox, to whom, the direction
of the work was entrusted, had been secretary to Henry VII.^,
and is named in his Will as one of his executors. Hence it is
probable that the design for the windows had been approved by
the King, and was to be carried out according to his intentions.
The contract with Flower has been lost, and there is no direct
documentary evidence to shew how much he had engaged to
do, or what portions he had completed before his death, which
apparently took place at the end of 1525, or the beginning of
1526, for we find that in the latter year two contracts (H, I),
dated 30 April and 3 May respectively, were entered into with
six other glaziers, who undertake between them to glaze twenty-
two windows in the Chapel, of which the east window is to be
one, and the west window another, " accordyngly and after suche
manor as oon Barnard Flower Glasyer late deceessed by inden-
ture stode bounde to doo ;" and further to place in the windows
" at their owne propre costes and charges alle the glasse that
nowe is there redy wroughte for the seid wyndowes." These
stipulations lead to the conclusion that Barnard Flower had
finished at least four complete windows before his deaths
^ [I owe these memoranda to the kindness of my friend J. T. P. Carter, Esq.,
formerly Fellow of King's College, who found them among the Muniments.]
^ [He was made Bishop of Exeter 1487, translated to Bath and Wells 1491 — 2,
to Durham 14941 and to Winchester 1501. He died 1528. There is a tradition that
Edward Fox (Provost 1528 — 1538) persuaded Henry VIII. to supply funds for
glazing the windows. Harwood, Alumni Etonenses, p. 38. MSS. Cole i. 93. May
there not, however, be a confusion between two men of the same names? for the
contracts were drawn up in May 1526, two years before Edward Fox became Provost.
If this suggestion be accepted, the windows, as well as the vault etc., were paid for
by Henry VII. Another tradition defrays the cost of the windows out of a fine levied
on Richard Nix, Bishop of Norwich, 1501 — 1536. Blomefield's Norfolk, ii. 386.]
•'' [The merchant's mark in II. N. side, and the date 150 17 (r=;i7) in VI., make
it pr()])able that these are two of Flower's four windows.]
32—2
500 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The first contract, the parties to which are, for the College,
Robert Hacomblen, Provost ; William Holgill, Master of the
Hospital of St John by the Savoy in London ; and Thomas
Larke, Archdeacon of Norwich ; further stipulates that the
glaziers, Galyon Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve, and
James Nicholson, all resident in London, shall finish six windows
within twelve months, twelve more within four years, and, with
regard to the remaining four, supply designs for them to Francis
Williamson, and Symon Symondes, glaziers resident in London,
like the others, who undertake, by the second of the two con-
tracts mentioned above, to supply two windows within two years,
and two others within three years, so that all the windows would
have been finished by May, 1531. Of these latter windows,
two are to be on one side of the Chapel, and two on the other,
but nothing is said about the position of the rest, nor about the
subjects of any, except in the most general terms, namely, that
they are to represent "the story of the olde lawe and of the
newe lawe, after the fourme, maner, goodnes, curyousytie, and
clenlynes in euery poynt of the glasse wyndowes of the kynges
newe Chapell at Westmynster." These windows being thus
referred to as a standard, it seems probable that the selection of
subjects made for them would be followed at King's ; so that in
our windows we may have a copy more or less close, of glass
which was once famous, but has now perished so completely
that its very existence would hardly be known except for this
reference to it. It has been further suggested that the executors
would most likely employ the same artists for both Chapels\
There are twenty-six windows ; namely, the east window,
the west window, twelve on the north side, and twelve on the
south side, the easternmost of which was a half-window (fig. 15),
at the time of the glazing. The plan is the same in all the side
^ [See a paper on "King's College Chapel Windows," by Rev. W. J. Bolton,
Arch. Journal, xii. 153, another by G. Scharf, Jun., F.S.A., ibid. xiii. 43, and "His-
torical and Architectural Account of King Henry the Seventh's Chapel," p. 45, in
Neale's "Westminster," 1 vols. 4to. 1818. Both the glaziers in the second indenture
were Dutchmen or Flemings, as will be seen from their signatures. Of those in the
first Nicholson appears as doing work at Great S. Mary's in 1519 (Sandars and
Venables ; Historical Notes, etc., Camb. Antiq. Soc. 8vo. Publ. No. x. p. 18). He
is probably identical with the "James Nycolson in Southwarke in Saint Thomas
hospitale," who is found in 1536 — 38 printing the English Bible and other books
connected with the Reformation.]
XI.] king's college chapel. sTx\ined glass. 501
windows (fig. 43). There is elaborate tracery in the head, the
pattern of which never varies, except that in the two eastern-
most windows on each side, all four of which are exactly alike,
it differs slightly from that of the remaining twenty. The lights,
of which there are nine in the east and west windows, and five
in each of the side windows, are divided horizontally by a
transom into an upper and lower portion.
For purposes of decoration these spaces are treated as fol-
lows. The tracery is filled with heraldic devices \ The space
below, in the east window, contains six pictures, each occupying
three lights. In each of the side windows there are four pic-
tures, each occupying the two side-lights above and below the
transom ; while the central light contains in each of the same
subdivisions two figures called Messengers, because they bear
scrolls, or tablets, or some other device, for the exhibition of
a legend descriptive of the pictures at the sides.
As a general rule the pictures in the lower tier follow each
other in regular sequence. The series begins with the Birth of
the Virgin in the westernmost window on the north side, and
proceeds through the principal events of our Lord's Life to the
Crucifixion in the east window, which is followed, on the south
side, by the subsequent events recorded in the Gospels, of which
the last depicted is the Ascension in the sixth window. It next
enters upon the history of the Apostles, as recorded in the
Acts, which occupies the fifth, fourth, and third windows ; and,
lastly, resumes the legendary history of the Virgin in the second
and first. The west window would probably have contained
the Last Judgment, but, so far as we can ascertain, it was not
filled with stained glass in ancient times. The pictures in the
upper tier are not in any regular sequence, but are selected out
of the Old Testament, the Apocrypha, or legendary history,
because they correspond with the former on the principle of
type and antitype. There are certain exceptions to this ar-
rangement, as in the first window, in the east window, and in
those illustrating the Acts ; but the general arrangement is as
above stated.
The following list gives the subjects of each window in their
proper order, with their legends, so far as they can be deciphered.
^ [For these see Mr Evans' Essay in the Appendix.]
502
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
In those windows where the order of type and antitype is ob-
served, the description of
the upper picture is given
immediately after that of
the lower. In order to ren-
der the enumeration com-
plete, the description of the
west window, the glass of
which was not finished until
1879, has been added to the
rest. The numbers affixed
shew the position of the pic-
tures and the messengers,
by reference to the accom-
j . Fig. 50. Diagram to shew the arrangement of the
panymg diagram. subjects in the windows.
North Side, Window I.
Joachim's offering refused by the High Priest .....
*^* Instead of the text belonging to this picture is a duplicate of (4) below
Joachim with the Shepherds ........
*^* Instead of the text belonging to this picture is a duplicate of (3) below
Joachim and Anna at the Golden Gate of the Temple ....
Atigc'lus ....
Birth of the Virgin ..........
... pcperit Anna Mai-iam beiicdktani .......
North Side, Window II.
Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple ....
Maria domino ohlata est hi templo .....
Presentation of the golden tablet (found by fishermen in the sand) in the
Temple of the Sun .......
Mensa aurea [in zadit/o} ohlata est in tcuiplo
Marriage of Joseph and Mary ......
Hie Virgo Alaria despons' Joseph ......
Marriage of Tobit and Sara ......
I/ie Sara desponsatur Thobie )ii\inori'\ ....
*^* In this window only there is a small compartment at the bottom of each light,
containing a half figure of a man or angel bearing a legend, as follows, counting
from west to east :
Lower Lights, i. Prinio libra Regiini Hi [Samuel offered to the LordJ.
2 — 5. Legends gone or illegible.
Upper Lights, i. P/ester Hi". (On a shield is a mark, probably Flower's.)
2. Yepte [Jephthah] obtulit filiam suam domino.
XI.] king's college chapel, stained glass. 503
3. Ego sum alpha ct omega.
4. Blank.
5. Regina Pcrsaritm contc»iplabatur.
North Side, Window HI.
The Annunciation ............ I
En Bethkem terra Juda, nan eris minima {int^er prin\cipes\ [Mattli. ii. 6] . 4
Eve tempted by the Serpent. ......... 5
Pracepit Deus nobis [ne comed^crcmus \et ne\ tangeremiis \ill\ud. [Gen. iii. 3] 8
The Nativity 2
Nattis est Jesus in Bcthleem yude regnanle Herode. [Matth. ii. i] .3
Moses and the Burning Bush ......... 6
\App\aruit \ei Dominu^s injlamma ignis de medio r\tibi\. [E.xod. iii. 2] .7
North Side, Window IV.
The Circumcision ............ i
Itnpleti sunt dies octo lit arandereiiir [sic] pucr. [Luke ii. 2 ! ] . . . .4
The Circumcision of Isaac .......... 5
Vocavitque Abraham nomen filii sui qtiem genuit ei Sa}-a Isaac et circumcidit
eum octavo die. [Gen. xxi. 3, 4] . . . . . . . .8
The Adoration of the Magi ........... 2
^Aper^is thesauris suis obtulerunt ei munera. [Matth. ii. 11] . . . 3
The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon ........ 6
Dedit regi centum viginti tal\cnta\ atiri ef ... 3 Pegu in. [3 Reg. x. 10 =
I Kings X. 10] .... ....... .7
North Side, Window V.
The Purification of the Virgin .......... i
Adduxenuit ilbun in [Hieruslalem itt sisterent eum domino tit scriptum est in lege
domini. [Luke ii. 22. 23] . . . . . . . . . .4
The Purification of Women under the Law ....... 5
Sanct^fica'\ m\ihi'\ ... [Exod. xiii. 2] . . . . . . . .8
The Flight into Egypt 2
Surge et accipite puerum ef matre/n eiiis et fuge in yEg}ptu>it, et esto ibi vsqiie . . .
[Matth. ii. 13] 3
Jacob's Flight from Esau . . . . . . . . . . .6
[Ecce Esau frate/'l tuns miii\atur ut'\occ\id'\at te. [Gen. xxvii. 42J . . . 7
North Side, Window VI.
The Idols of Egypt falling down before the Infant Jesus ..... i
Dominus ascendet super nubem levem et ingredietur [Aigyptum, et commovebutttur
simulacra yEgypti a facie eius] Es ... [Isaiah xix. i] (On a block is the date
15017,1.6. 1517) 4
The Golden Calf ............ 5
Iratusquevalde projecit de manu tabulas et confregit cas. [Exod. xxxii. 19] . 7
The Massacre of the Innocents .......... 2
\Et missis] satellitibus [inferfccit] omnes pueros [qui crant in Bethleem'] Ma'. 2".
[Matth. ii. 16] 3
The Massacre of the seed royal by Athaliah. [4 P.eg. xi. 2 = 2 Kings xi. 2] . 6
Legend illegible ............ 8
504
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
North Side, Window VIL
The Baptism of Christ ........... i
Bap\tizatus aiiicinl Iks confcstim asccndit d\c aqii\a ct ecce apcrti sunt ci cell et
vidit ... [Matth. iii. 13] . . . . . . . . . .4
Naaman washing in Jordan .......... 5
Naaman lepivstis scpties \lavit in jfordane] ct inundatns est. [4 Reg. v. 14 =
1 Kings V. 14] . . . . . . . . . . .7
The Temptation of Christ ........... 2
Et accedcjis tentator dixit ei, Si filius Dei \es\ die lit \lapi\ics isti pan\es fiant\
[Matth. iv. 3] 3
Esau tempted to sell his birthright ........ 6
\^Ait\ yacob Jitra \_ergo mihi. ynravit ei Esau ct vcndidit priiiiogenitd].
[Gen. XXV. 33] ............ 8
North Side, Window VIIL
The Raising of Lazarus . .
Laza7-e veniforas et p7'odiit qtd fuerat mortuus. [Joh. xi. 43, 44]
Elisha raising the Shunammite's Son .......
Tolle jiliiim tuum Venit ilia et corrnit ad pedes cius et tulit filiuiii suuui d
eg7-essa est. [4 Reg. iv. 36, 37 = 2 Kings iv. 36] ....
The Entry of Christ into Jerusalem ........
Ecce rex tims venit mansuetus sedens super asinain. [Joh. xii. 15J
David with the Head of Goliath ........
\Assumens aiitetn'] David caput Philistinuin attulit illiid in Jerusalem
[i Reg. xvii. 52=1 Sam. xvii. 54] .......
North Side, Window IX.
The Last Supper ..........
Desiderio desidcravi hoc pascha coinedcre vobiscmn antequain patiar. Ltu
[Luke xxii. 15] ......••
The Manna in the Wilderness
Panem de ccclo prastitit eis Sapiencie 16. [Wisd. xvi. 20]
The Agony in the Garden .....•■
Pater si vis transfer. Luce 21. [Luke xxii. 42]
The Fall of the Rebel Angels
Si ceciderint in terrain a semetipsis non resurgent. Barn. 8. [Baruch vi. 26]
North Side, Window X.
The Betrayal of Christ
Dixit ave Rabbi et osculatus est cunt. [Matth. xxvi. 49]
Cain killing Abel ......•■
Consurrexit Cairn adversus fratre/ii. Gen. 4°. [Gen. iv. Xj
Christ blindfolded and mocked .......
Velavertmt eu7n et percutiebant facicm cius. Lu. 22. [Luke xxii. 64]
Shimei cursing David ........
Egredere, cgredere, vir sanguinum et vir Belial. 2 Regu/?i 10. [2
= 2 Sam. xvi. 7] .....■• •
Res;, xvi.
XI.] king's college chapel, stained glass. 505
North Side, Window XI.
Christ before the High Priest .......... i
yohanncs ca. xviii. Si iiialitm locit/iis sum tcsti\ino7titiin fcrhibe de'] vialo.
Qoh. xviii. 23] ............ 4
Jeremiah imprisoned ........... 5
Irati priiicipes contra Jcrcmiam ccesiiin aim miscritnt in carccrcm. llw. 37.
[Jer. xxxvii. 14] 7
Christ mocked before Herod .......... 2
Ve qui diciiis malum bonuin d bontim maluni. Vsaie v. [Is. v. 20] . . .3
Noah mocked by Ham . . . . . . . .6
Bibensque vinuminebriatiis est ct niidatus. Genesis \<i)\. [Gen. ix. 21J. . 8
North Side, Window XII.
The Flagellation of Christ ........... i
Tunc ergo appreliendit Pilatns Jesum et flagellavit. S.yoanncui 19 [Joh. xix. i] . 4
Job vexed by Satan ........... 5
Domimis dedit^ domiiius abstiiUt, sit noDien domini benedictum. [Job i. 21] . 7
Christ crowned with thorns .......... 2
Et milites plectentes co7-onam de spinis imposueriint capiti eiiis. [John xix. 2] . 3
Solomon crowned ........... 6
Egredimini et videtc filicc Sion regem Salomonem. [Cant. iii. n] . . .8
East Window.
Ecce Homo lower north triplet.
Pilate washing his hands lower centre triplet.
Christ bearing the Cross lower south triplet.
Christ nailed to the Cross upper north triplet.
The Cnicifixion (In the mouth of the Centurion : Vere fiiius
dei erat ilk. [Matth. xxvii. 54]) upper centre triplet.
The Deposition upper south triplet.
South Side, Window XII.
Moses and the brazen Serpent ........ 5 — 8
* ^* The upper^portion (5 — 8) of this window formerly contained what is now
below (I — 4). After the removal of the old glass into the lower lights in
1 84 1, the upper half was filled in 1845 with new glass, forming a single
picture intended to serve as a type to the Crucifixion in the upper centre of
the East Window.
Christ bewailed .......-■•••• '^
Quin et tua7n ipsi7ts anit/iam penetrabit gladiiis Luce 2 Capitu. [Luke ii. 35] . 4
Naomi and her Daughters-in-law ........ i
Ne vocetis me Noemi. Ruth prime. [Ruth i. 20] . . . • • 3
South Side, Window XI.
The Entombment .......••••
Posuit illud in monumento szio novo. J\Iathe2-j. [Malth. xxvii. 60] . . -3
The casting of Joseph into the Pit 5
Et tiiittamus cum in cistcrnam veterem qiue est in solitudinc. Genes. 37
[Gen. xxxvii. 22]
5o6
KINCx'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The Release of the Spirits from Prison
Aduenisti desideratus Sahiator immdi. August in
The Exodus , . .......••
Eduxit ysrahcl dc egipto per tiirmas siias, exodi. 12". [Exod. xii. 51]
South Side, Window X.
The Resurrection ........-•
Revoluit lapidem et scdcbat super eutn. Mate 28. [ALitth. xxviii. 2]
Jonah cast up by the Whale ......
Evomuit yona7n in aridatn J one 2". [Jonah ii. 1 1]
Christ appearing to the Virgin
Salve parens enixa est piierpera regeiii qui caelum terranujue regit
Tobias returning to his mother
Et ilico cognovit venientemfilium suum. Tobie Ca. [Tobit xi. 6]
South Side, Window IX.
The three Maries at the empty Sepulchre
Et valde mane a prima die Sab. veneriint ad nionumentum orto sole. Mar. 16
[Mark xvi. 2]
Reuben seeking Joseph, finds the Pit empty .
{jReversuslque Ruben ad eisternam non^ invenit pucruin. Ge. 37. [Gen
xxxvii. 29] ........
Christ recognized by Mary Magdalen
HcEC cum dixisslet'X conversa est retrorsum et vidit Jesum stantem. [Joh.
14]
Darius finding Daniel alive in the Lions' Den
Venit autem rex die ... [pla]uge//s Daniele Dauiele^
South Side, Window VIII.
Christ appearing to two Disciples on the way to Emmaus i
* ^ Instead of the text belonging to this picture (Luke xxiv. 13) there is a dupli-
cate of (4) in the Fifth Window ; Viri Judei, etc 3
The Angel appearing to Habakkuk 5
*^* Instead of the text belonging to this picture (Dan. xiv. 33) there is a
duplicate of (3) in the Fifth Window ; Petrus autem dixit, etc. . . .7
The Supper at Emmaus ........... 2
*^* Instead of the text belonging to this picture (Luke xxiv. 30), is that referring
to (2) in the Fifth Window: ^^ Quid utique eonvenit vobis tentare spiritum
Domini. Act. 5." [Acts v. 9] 4
Habakkuk feeding Daniel .......... 6
*^* Instead of the text belonging to this picture (Dan. xiv. 36) is a duplicate
of (8) in the Fifth Window : Et dimiseriinf, etc. . . . . .8
South Side, Window VTI.
The Incredulity of S. Thomas .......... i
Pax vobiscum ; delnde dixit Thome infer digitum tuuDi hue et vide /nanus meas.
Johan. 20. Ca. [Joh. xx. 27] . . . . . . . .4
The Return of the Prodigal Son ......... 5
Pater pcccavi in cwlum ct coram te. Luce. 15 Ca. [Luke xv. 21] . .8
' The text in the Vulgate is "Tunc rex primo diluculo consurgens, festinus ad lacum leonum
perrexit : appropinquansque lacui, Danielem voce lachrymabili inclamavit, et aiifatus est eum : Daniel
serve Dei viventis," etc. Dan. vi. 19, 20.
XI.] king's COI.LECiE CHAPEL. STAINED GLASS. 507
Christ blessing the Apostles .......... 2
Pax vobiscuin ; ct cum luce dixissct ostcudit c/s inauiis ct latits. yohaii. 20.
[John x.x. 20] .............,;
Joseph welcoming Jacoli .......... 6
Dixit J acop ad y oseph ; faiii Lctits iiioriar quia vidi Jacicm tiiaiii. Gc. 46 Ca.
[Gen. xlvi. 30] ........... 7
South Sidk, Window VI.
The Ascension ............. i
Quis est iste qui veiiit de Edom tiiictis vestibus. Esai 63. [Is. l.xiii. 1 ] . .3
Elijah carried up to Heaven . . . . . . . . .5
Cum que transissent, Helias \ilixit\ ad Ileliscum. 4" Regum. [4 Reg. ii. ij —
1 Kings ii. 9] . . . . . .4
The Descent of the Holy Spirit .......... 2
Spiritus Domini rtplcvit orbem tcrrarum. Sa.\_pri\mo. [Wi.sd. i. 7] . . .7
Moses receives the Tables of the Law ........ 6
Videns aiitem populus quod Dioramfaceret Moyses. Exod. 32". <ra//V". [Exod.
xxxii. i] ............. 8
South Side, Window V.
S. Peter preaching on the Day of Pentecost ....... i
Viri "Judci et qui habitatis Hirlm uJiivcrsi hoc vobis iiotum sit. Act. 2". [Ads
ii- 14] 4
*^* This messenger and text occur in duplicate, misplaced, in the Eiglith
Window (3).
S. Peter and S. John heal the Lame Man at the Beautiful Gate of the Temple . 5
Petriis autem dixit, argeutum et auru>?t non est mihi quod autem habeo hoc tibi do.
3 Ca. [Acts iii. 6] . . . . . . . . . . . .3
*^^* This messenger and text occur in duplicate, misjilaced, in the Eighth
Window (7).
Ananias struck dead ............ 2
*^* The messenger and text belonging to this picture, '•''Quid utique convenit vobis
tentare spiritum Domini. Act. 5 " [Acts v. 9], occur only in the Eighth Window (4).
The Arrest of S. Peter and S. John 6
Adveniens autem princeps sacerdotum ct omncs qui cum co eraitt convocavcritnt
\conciliu7n\. Act. 5. [Acts v. 21]. . . . . . . . .7
*^* No. 8 in this window is a messenger with the text, ".£'^ dimiserunt cos et illi
quidcm ibant gaudentes a conspectu coticiliV [Acts v. 40, 41], which occurs in
duplicate in the Eighth Window (8). There is no picture belonging to the text,
and tlie repetition of the texts in this window and in the Eighth Window shews
that there must have been confusion from the beginning.
South Side, Window \\.
The Conversion of S. Paul ........... 5
Et subito circumfzdsit eitm lux de calo. Et cadcns in tcrrai)i audivit vocem dicen-
tem Saule quarc per\scqiteris me\. [Acts ix. 3, 4] ...... 8
S. Paul disputing with Jews at Damascus ........ 6
Fuit autem Saulus cum discipulis qui erant Damasci per dies aliquot. [Acts ix. 19] 7
S. Paul and S. Barnabas worshipped at Lystra ....... i
Sacerdos autem Jovis qui erat ante civitatem illorum tauros et coronas ad vcstibulos
\afferens cum populis volebat sacrificare\. Act. 14. [Acts xiv. 12] . . .3
5o8
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
S. Paul stoned at Lystra ........... 2
Siipei'venerujtt atitcin qitidam ah Aiitiochia ct Icoiiio \yiid(ci\ qui cum pcrsiiasisscnt
...PauliDii. Act. 14. [Acts xiv. 18]^ ........ 4
South Side, Window IIL
S. Paul setting out from Philippi ......... i
Cum soluisseinus igitiir a Troade recto cinsii vciiiiuiis Samothraccn. Act. 16.
[Acts xvi. 11] . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
S. Paul casting out a Spirit of Divination ........ 5
Prcecipio tibi in nomme Jesii Christi exire ab ca. [Acts xvi. iS] .... 7
S. Paul before the Chief Captain ......... 2
Et apprehendentes Pauluni tralicbant eztni extra tciiiphtni. [Acts xxi. 30] . . 8
S. Paul before Nero ............ 6
Pcriuisstim est Paitlo niaucrc sibiinet cum custodicutc se milite. Act. 28. [Acts
xxviii. 16] ............. 3
South Side, Window IL
The Death of the Virgin
A ?ncsse7tger, text illegible ......
The Death of Tobias. [Tobit xiv. 5] .
A messenger, text illegible .....
The Burial of the Virgin
Sepelivit... .........
The Burial of Jacob ......
Sepelivit yacop... [Gen. 1. 13I .
South Side, Window L
The Assumption of the Virgin .....
A messenger, text illegible ......
The Translation of Enoch .....
A messenger, scroll blank .....
The Coronation of the Virgin .....
A messenger, scroll blank ......
Solomon receiving his mother Bathsheba
A messenger, scroll blank .....
West Window.
Christ on the Throne of Judgment . . . . ; upper centre triplet.
Apostles and other Saints in the Hall of Judgment . . uj^per south triplet,
do. do. . . upper north triplet.
The base of the Throne, with .S. Michael between two otlier Angels bearing scrolls ;
the one on the south with yudicabit orbem terns in aqiiitate et populos in veritate sua
[Ps. xcv. 13]; the one on the north with Deus in jttdiciiun pro omni errato sive
bonum sive malum ill ud sit {YLccics. xii. 14] . . . lower centre triplet.
Angels with the Blessed (with the scroll Venite benedicti Patris iiiei [Matth. xxv. 34]).
among whom is King Henry VL holding up the Chapel . lower south triplet.
Angels with the Damned (with the scroll Discedite a me malcdicti [iMatth. xxv.
41]) .......... lower north triplet.
' The text in the Vulgate is " Supervenerunt autem quidam ab Antiochia et Iconio Judei: et
persuasis turbis, lapidantesque Pauluin, traxerunt extra civitatem, existimantes eum mortuum esse."
XI.] king's college chapel, stained glass. 509
In attempting to determine the source whence these pictures
were derived, it should be remembered that from the middle of
the 15th century numerous scries of illustrations representing
the Life and Passion of Christ were produced, and that from 1480
onwards hardly a year passed without the appearance of one
or more printed books, of which these are a principal feature.
The number of scenes taken for illustration varies in each
instance, but all are conspicuous for a marvellous similarity,
almost uniformity, of treatment. In the fuller series we find
the History of the Blessed Virgin, as well as the Life of Christ ;
and the whole is illustrated by what are called " prefigurations "
of each subject, taken from sacred, and sometimes even from
secular or legendary history. The most universally popular of
'the earlier productions were designed in Holland, but, by the
time with which we are concerned, Albert Dlirer had drawn his
famous scries at Nuremberg. This work, by a master of far
greater power than his nameless predecessors, has become so
familiar to everybody that Dlirer is at once claimed as the
originator of any series containing the same subjects treated in
the traditional way. There is, however, no ground whatever for
supposing that his designs were followed in these windows.
We will next investigate the subsequent history of the win-
dows. For the first few years after their completion we meet
with charges for ordinary repairs only, as in 1541 — 42, when the
west window was fitted with iron bars ; and in 1570 — 71, when
a small portion of glass was taken to London to be mended'.
In 1 591 — 92 the north-west window required a thorough repair,
both of stone and glass. Workmen were sent for from Weldon ^
' [Mundum-Book 1541 — 42, Reparationes facte circa nomim teniphtm. "Item
Yong vitriario pro emendacione magne fenestra occidentalis, et infigenti in parte
interiori yern barrys ad conseruandum vitrum contra impetum venti xli^" Then
follow the charges for the bars, amounting in all to £6. 7^. o^. Ibid. 1570 — 71,
"for carying twoe paynes of the churche glasse to London and home agayne iij''. iiijd.
Item for certayne glasse newe mendid at London xx^ iij*."]
^ [Ibid. 1591 — 92. "Item solut' pro faciendo le scaffold, et pro vectura meremii
pro eodem a Barnwell pro fenestra novi Templi Aquilonoccidentali supervidenda.
v^. x*. Item proficiscenti Weldonam Northamtonie pro conducendis Lapicidariis
pro reparanda eadem fenestra versus Aulam Clare xvjd. Item pro le molde pro
formandis lapidibus xviijd. Item solut' vitriatori pro vitro eiusdem fenestre
reparand' et reponend' iijli. xv". Item solut' fabro ferrario pro ferro rcparando et
novo ferro pro eadem fenestra iijli. xviijs. vijd."]
5lO king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
to undertake the former; and the glass was taken out, repaired,
and new iron-work provided. The whole cost £"^6. i%s. '^d.
This window was again repaired in 1616 — 17, when the glass was
again taken down. During the first quarter of the seventeenth
century we meet with frequent charges for repairing and relead-
ing the glass of all the windows, and for renewing the stone
mullions. The following entries may be quoted as specimens :
1611 — 12. " Solut' Gray pro .128. holes de wrought glasse ad
3^ 4^. le hole circa fenestras novi templi xx". vj^ viij'^.
Sol' Simpson pro 376 foot de new lead circa idem opus..xviij li. xvj^
Solut' eidem pro expensis in itinere ad petend' artifices in Comitat'
Warwic' xij^"
1613 — 14. "Solut' Johanni Sims le mason pro reparandis les mu-
niells in diuersis fenestris Novi Templi xx''. "
The confusion that is to be observed in much of the glass,
which has evidently not only been taken down and reloaded,
but put up again by ignorant hands; and the condition of three
windows in particular, namely, the first on the north side, and
the first and second on the south side, in which the subjects have
been so grievously mutilated that they can only be made out after
much careful study, has often been ascribed to wilful damage
done during the Civil War, or to the zeal of some members of
the College, who in order to preserve the glass, hastily removed
and concealed it. This tradition has been preserved by Cole*:
" The large W. window is not painted like y^ rest, but plain, as it
always was as I conceive, to throw a light into y*^ Chapel w'^^ y^ fine
colours of all y^ rest w"^ too much obscure if it was not for this being left
as it is : Tho' there is a Tradition, but upon w' foundation built I cannot
say, y' this was broken by y*^ Soldiers in the Rebellion, upon w*^*^ y*^ rest
were taken down and hid under y"^ N. [S?] side of y*^ Organ Loft: it is
true there is such a place w'*^ a door into it close by y"" Door of y"^
Provosts Stall... and big enough to hold y"". but I am well informed
y' they never were removed, except to be mended, since their i^' put-
ting up : but it was a wonder being so very beautifull and regular [a]
set of Scripture History y' they were spared by these Enemies to all
Beauty and Regularity."
It will therefore be a peculiarly interesting task to examine
the condition of the College at that period, and especially during
the winter of 1643 — 44, when the forces commanded by the
Earl of Manchester occupied Cambridge. The series of Mun-
dum-Books for this period is fortunately complete, and we are
1 [MSS. Cole, i. 103.]
XI.] king's college chapel, stained glass. 511
therefore in possession of a contemporaneous record of passing
events which in most other Colleges does not exist. Before
citing extracts from them, however, we will quote the following
passage from the Querela Cantabrigiensis, which has generally
been accepted as true :
" Nor was it any whit strange to find whole Bands of Soldiers
training and exercising in the Royal Chappel of King Henry the sixth :
Nay even the Commanders themselves (being commanded to shew
their new Major General {Crawford) how well they understood their
trade) chose that place to train in (whether in policy to conceal their
Mistery, or out of fear to betray their ignorance, or on purpose to shew
their Soldiers how little God's house was to be regarded, let the World
conjecture). And one who calls himself John Doiosing, and by vertue
of a pretended Commission goes about the Country like a Bedlam
breaking glass windows, having battered and beaten down all our
painted glass, not only in our Chappels, but (contrary to Order) in our
pubHck Schools, College-Halls, Libraries, and Chambers, mistaking
perhaps the Liberal Arts for Saints (which they intend in time to pull
down too) and having (against an Order) defaced and digged up the
floors of our Chappels, many of which had lain so for two or three
hundred years together, not regarding the dust of our founders and
predecessors, who likely were Buried there ; compelled us by armed
Soldiers to pay forty shillings a College for not mending what he had
* spoiled and defaced, or forthwith to go to Prison'."
The intentions of Dowsing towards King's are recorded in
the following memorandum in his Diary, under the date 26 De-
cember, 1643. The language is obscure, but the reference to the
stained glass is obvious :
" King's Colleg. Decemb. 26.
Steps to be taken and i thousand Superstitious Pictures ye layder
of Christ & theves to goe upon many Crosses Jesus write on them"."
Dowsing appears to have visited the College between Lady
Day and Midsummer 1644, for during that period we find the
following payment to him — "Solut' magistro Dowzing ;^o. 6. S,"''
a gratuity which may perhaps explain his forbearance.
The accounts shew that soldiers were quartered in the
College, but there is no evidence that they caused any serious
' {"' Qitcrcla Cantabrigiensis : or A Remonstrance by way of Apologie for the
banished Members of the late flourishing University of Cambridge. By some of the
said Sufferers.'''' 8vo. London, 1685. Dowsing's Christian name was WilHam, not
John.] ■
- [Cooper's Annals, iii. 365.]
•' [Mundum-Book, 1643 — 44, Feoda ct Regarda. (Termino Anmmciacionis.)]
512 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
inconvenience\ The only two entries that prove damage or
disturbance on their part are the following :
1643. Mids. — Mich. "Item solut' pro reparandis
ostiis at Fenestris Columbarii a militibus effract' o o 10
Item solut' pro 2 deale boardes circa idem o i 8""
1644. Mich.- — Christmas. " Elargit' militibus cum
tumultuarent in Sacello o 10 o""'
In fact, the general impression produced by a careful study
of the accounts is that the usual life of the College was not
interrupted ; the income did not suffer; the usual number of
Fellows and Scholars was in residence; while the allusions to
disturbances in the kingdom are few and far between.
The glass in the Chapel was repaired as usual. We find :
"Christmas 1642 — -Lady Day 1643. Item solut' Har-
wood vitreario {sic) et tribus laboratoribus pro le taking
downe some glass in le Chappell o 5 6
Lady-Day 1643 — Mids. 1643. Item. ..pro opere
vnius diei et dimid' in taking downe more glass in
theast window 076
Solut' Harrow pro .51. foote of glass newe leaded
in le East window of the Chappell ad i^ le foote 2 11 o
Item solut' eidem pro 2 holes mending ibidem, ad
2^ 6^* the hole 050
Mich. — Christmas 1644. Solut' R. Harrow Le Glasier
pro reparandis fenestris bibliothecce i 2 9
Mids. — Mich. 1645. Solut' Harrow vitriario pro
reparanda fenestra in Sacello Viceprepositi 4 3 4
18 Feb. — 24 Mar. 1650. Sol'. ..Roberto Harrow. ..pro
opere in reparandis fenestris Sacelli 21 13 o"
There is nothing in these extracts to indicate anything more
than reasonable wear and tear; nor do we find that the wood-
work or stone-work fared worse than the glass. The following
entries may be taken as representing the full extent of the mis-
chief done, for it will be observed that the last, respecting the
1 [The charges respecting their lodging begin at Lady Day, 1644. Mundum-Book
1643 — 44, Expense necessarie. Term. Annun. " .Sohit Hibble pro le setting vp 2
bedsteds in the Pentionary pro Militibus. o. o. 9. Solut' uxori militis for keeping
the sick souldier, o. 2. o. Solut' patri militis, o. i. o. Solut' pro Turfes et portagio
Carbon' pro Militibus, o. 3. o. Solut' pro borrowing sheets pro militibus o. i. 6.
Feoda et Regarda, Solut' in sustentationem Militis segrotantis in CoUegio, i. 13. o."
Ibid. Expcns. nccess. (Mids. — Mich. 1644). "Solut' diversis mulieribus pro washing
et lending sheets et making bedds pro Militibus, o. 9. 6."]
^ [Ibid. 1642 — 43. Expense necessarie. Term. Bapt.]
' [Ibid. 1644 — 45- Feoda et Regarda. Term. Mich. 1644.]
xi.l king's college chapel, stained glass. 513
repairs that were necessary in the Chapel, was set down at the
Restoration, when we may be sure that tlie case against the
Puritans would be stated as strongly as possible. The removal
of the organ, to which may be added the suppression of the
Choral Service, was in consequence of an order of the House of
Commons, and applied to the whole kingdom.
"Christmas 1642 — Lady Day 1643. Solut' Magistro
Gennynge pro taking dovvne le Organ 2 o o
Item solut' le Joyner et diversis laborantibus circa idem
vt patet' I I o'
Mids.— Mich. 1644. Solut' Ashley pro taking downe
the Orgaine case o 3 o
26 January, 1650 — 51. Sor...Georgio Ashley pro
reformandis scutis in Sacello 060
1651 — 52. Sol' Georgio Woodroofe pro opere suo et
servorum circa le Roodloft et in reparandis lis quae con-
fracta sunt tempore Commission' o 13 o
Sol' eidem pro consimili o 5 o
Sol' Thomse Parker pro 400 le paving tyles pro sa-
cello vna cum arena calce et aliis vt patet per billam 12 7 6
Sol' Thoma; Grumball pro opere suo circa orientalem
partem Sacelli o 10 4
Mich. — Christmas 1652. Sol' Johanni Adams pro
Meremio et pro opere suo et servorum circa le Rood-loft
in Sacello 3 4 7
Mids. — Mich. 1660. Sol' sub adventum Regis pro
restaurando in regiis Insignibus apud Sacellum S'^. Leones
Vnicorniumque cornua, et pro magnam Chori portam
emendando ; vt per billam patet Cornelii Austen o 12 o"
We will now return to the windows, upon which we find that
no serious work was undertaken until 1657, when the glazier
who has been so often employed before was engaged to reload
them, and to fit them with iron bars. The work began i June,
1657, and was continued until 16 October. It was resumed
16 May, 1658, and was continued until 16 October as before, by
which time the most important portions were probably completed,
for in the next year (1659) the west window, and the windows in
the Library, i.e. in the chapels on the south side, are the only
windows mentioned, and the sum spent is not large enough to
include any others. In subsequent years special repairs only are
paid for. The sum spent on this work, which was not con-
cluded until 1664, was ^^178. i8s. gd. We can hardly suppose
' [Ibid. 1642—43. Reparationes novi Tciiipli.\
VOL. T. Zl
514 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
that it could have been rendered necessary by damage done
thirteen years before ; for other important repairs of the Chapel
had been undertaken in the interval', and had the windows been
injured, it is unlikely that they would have been left to the last".
Similar repairs occur occasionally until 1690, after which date
the glass was suffered to rest until 171 1 — 12, when "Burges the
Glasier" receives ^^131. 3^. 3^. "for mending all the Chappel
windowes;" and in 1720 — 21,^^212 for similar work. In 1725 —
26 a systematic repair was commenced, and continued yearly
until 1729 — 30, when a workman named Belcher, who had
apparently succeeded Burges, was paid "in full for Chappell
windows." In these six years he received ;^523. 14^'. 8^:/. Another
repair, still more thorough than the last, began in 1757, and was
not concluded until the summer of 1765. During those eight
years nearly £1600 was spent, chiefly in payments to Tomson
the stonemason, by whom the mullions and tracery were re-
paired and extensively renewed. The glass was releaded, with
new iron-work, and numerous charges for the purchase of coloured
glass prove that it was also mended. The Accounts shew that
every one of the windows was treated in this way, not in regular
order, but probably according to the amount of dilapidation
in each easel
The subsequent history of the windows will not detain us
long. The idea of completing the series by opening the lower
half of the twelfth window on the south side, and filling it
with stained glass, had been first considered in 18 12, when a
proposal was made to purchase some glass — apparently old — at
' fin 1644 the lead roof was repaired; in 1645 — 46 Grumbald, Salathiel Ireland,
and other masons are at work on "le pinicle Novi Templi;" and in 1646 — 47 on
the battlements, from 8 Sept. to 16 Oct., when the lead roof was again repaired.]
- [The following are a few of the entries referring to this work. In 1657 (i June)
workmen are engaged "circa reflciendas fenestras." On 23 June, 1657, we find
"Sol' Johanni Harrow vitriario pro 271 ped' plumbi et pro vitro, ;£'j. i. 6."
In 1658 (14 August) "Sol' Willelmo Graves pro 76 vectibus ferreis quorum pondus
144 libb' £2. 14. o. ;" and on 4 Sept. "Sol' Ricardo Ambler Lapicidas pro suo
opere et operariis circa reparacionem fenestrarum, item pro saxo ^3. S. 4." In
1659 — 6° (Mich. — Christmas 1659) "Sol' Guil' Coatman Lapicida; pro 30 pedibus
Saxi ad reparand' in Sacello diversas fenestrarum Columellas i. 16. o."]
•' [The order was as follows (N. S. denoting North and South side respectively):
1756—7, N. I. III.: 1757 — 8, S. II. IV. : 1758—9, N. II. V. : 1759—60, N. XI.
S. XI. XII. East Window: 1760 — 61, N. Xii. X. S. X. : 1761 — 62, S. VI. — IX. :
1762 — 3, N. VI. — IX.: 1763 — 4, S. 111. V. N. IV. : 1764 — 5, S. i. West Window.]
XI.] king's college CIIAl'EL. STAINED GLASS. 515
an outlay of ^^700. This price appeared to be excessive, and
the purchase was dccHncd. Nothing further was attempted
until 1819, when an estimate for "making perfect the South East
end of the Chapel "was obtained'. In 1826 a design for glass
was ordered^; and in 1827 a College Order directed that the
stone-work should be changed from what is shewn by Loggan
(fife- 15) to its present appearance:
"24 March 1827. Agreed that the Chapel Window be altered and
faced with Ashlar according to the Estimate, at an Expence of Four
hundred and seventy two Pounds fifteen shillings and seven pence ; and
also the window of the side Chapel and parapet and Buttress, at an
expence of three hundred and two pounds five shillings and five pence ;
to be paid for out of M"" Davidson's money."
The design ordered in 1826 was evidently unsatisfactory;
and no further work upon the windows is recorded until 1841,
when Mr J. P. Hedgeland was engaged to clean and repair
them. It was first agreed (24 May, 1841) that he should "take
down and repair a single centre compartment." The experiment
gave satisfaction, for a few months afterwards we find :
"2 Nov. 1 84 1. Agreed that Mr Hedgeland be employed to repair
and place in the situation suggested by him the half Window on the
south side of the Chapel on the terms specified in his letter."
This marks the period when the glass \\hich had originally
filled the upper, was transferred to the lower, lights ; but Mr
Hedgeland was not commissioned to supply new glass for the
vacant half of the window until 1845 1
^ [College Orders: 6 Nov. 1812 ; 22 March, 1813 ; 30 August, 1819.]
- [" 14 Nov. 1826. Agreed that M'' Chalons be requested to make a design for the
Chapel window at an expence of Fifty pounds, and that the subject is to correspond
with the upper part of the Window, and to be approved by the College."]
•' [College Order, 2 July, 1845. "Agreed that M'' Hedgland be employed to fill
up the vacant half Window at the South-East end of the Chapel with stained Glass
representing the Brazen Serpent in the Wilderness after Rubens, at a Cost of four
hundred and fifty guineas, including the expence of putting up ; and that the charge
be defrayed by appropriating to that purpose two hundred and fifty pounds, the
residue of a thousand pounds given by M'" Davidson with permission so to apply
a portion of it ; and that the remaining sum of Two hundred and twenty-two pounds
ten shillings be paid by a contribution to that amount which has been offered to the
College by the Provost." The Rev. Joseph Davidson (A.M. 1774) had given ;i{^iooo
to the College, 9 Nov. 1825, to be appropriated as they thought proper. It was then
agreed that the interest " arising from it and from such other sums as from time to
time shall be added to it be appropriated to the repairs of the Chapel." It was in-
5l6 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
In 1842 the systematic cleaning of the windows was begun,
under the direction of the same artist, and continued from year
to year, until 1849, by which time ten windows had been cleaned,
exclusive of the half window\ The operation, as conducted by
Mr Hedgeland, was not confined to the mere removal of dirt,
and renewal of lead-work, but included a reproduction of the
shading that had been destroyed by age, and in many instances
the substitution of new glass for old. Objections to this mode
of treatment were raised from time to time, but without effect,
until a writer in "The Guardian" newspaper drew public at-
tention to the "work of destruction going on"." Mr Hedgeland
published an answer in the same journal ; and a long corre-
spondence ensued between him and the College, in which he
attempted to justify the course he had pursued. Experts were .
consulted, and notwithstanding some difference of opinion, it
was finally decided that the work should not proceed.
The offer to fill the west window with stained glass was
made by Francis Edmund Stacey, M.A., formerly Fellow, 9 Feb-
ruary, 1869. The design, by Messrs Clayton and Bell, was
accepted 22 October, 1872; but the glass was not completed
until 1879, when, 22 April, the conclusion of the work was
celebrated by a special service.
Woodwork. The Will of King Henry the Sixth provides
for a Roodloft 14 feet broad, and as wide as the Chapel, with
36 stalls on each side, for 70 Fellows and 10 Conducts. They
are to occupy 90 feet, measured from the Provost's stall to the
.step called " gradus chori " (D, fig. 42). A lower range of stalls
tended to call it " Mr Davidson's Chapel Fund," but afterwards, at Mr Davidson's
own request, it was agreed (15 Nov.) that his name should not be prefixed to it. He
g?ve a further sum of £1200 to this fund 6 Jan. 1826, and ;i^iooo 18 Oct., "with
liberty to apply the same or so much of it as may be necessary for a stained Glass
Window on the South side of the Chapel near the Provost's old Lodge."]
^ [They were windows viii. — xii. on the north side, and vii. — xi. on the south
side. The average cost of the restoration was nearly ^/^^oo for each vs'hole window.
One of the College Orders is worth quoting, as shewing the way in which the glass
had been displaced on some previous occasion. 2 June, 1845. "Agreed that Mr
Hedgeland be employed to repair, on the terms for which he has already contracted
to restore two other windows, the tenth window on the North side of the Chapel,
as some of the glass in the eleventh window on that side has been misplaced, it
evidently appearing that it originally belonged to the tenth window."]
- [See The Guardian, 7 Nov. and 21 Nov., 1849. J
XI.] king's college chapel, woodwork. 517
i.s not mentioned, and, from the word.s of the 45th Statute, '' De
inodo standi in choro^' wa.s not intended. It is there directed that
if di.stingui.shed .strangers should be present, and so the number
of stalls be in.sufficient, then the Fellows are to stand " in front
of the stalls in the choir." Nor is the number of stalls to be
placed against the Screen specified in the Will, but, if we suppose
that 4 on each side were intended, we shall obtain a total
of 80 stalls, the exact number required. The estimate quoted
in the ninth chapter goes into the matter with far greater detail.
It specifies on each side of the Chapel 5 " headstalls," — that is,
stalls set against the screen ; 32 principal stalls with tabernacles
(canopies) over them ; and 28 lower stalls with desks ; making a
total of 130 stalls. The total cost of stalls and roodloft, ex-
clusive of the value of the timber, which, as being in stock, is not
calculated, is to be £1333. Os. 8d., equivalent to about ^16,000
at the present day. As ;^iooo is assigned to the stalls, and
only i^ico to the roodloft, we may infer that it was intended
that the former should be richly ornamented, and the latter
comparatively plain. The number of stalls is now less by 12
than that described in the estimate. There are only 4 " head-
stalls " on each side, 30 principal stalls, and 25 lower stalls,
making a total of 118. The screen, or roodloft, is exactly 14
feet deep, as directed in the Will ; but the distance of 90 feet
now includes the roodloft, instead of representing the length of
the stalls only.
The accounts for the reign of King Henry the Eighth are
unfortunately imperfect, and contain no reference to either screen
or stalls. We must therefore content ourselves with internal
evidence for their date. Among the ornaments on the screen
are the arms, badge, and initials of Anne Boleyn, with the
rose, fleur-de-lis, and portcullis. This leads us to conclude that
it was executed when her influence was at its height, namely,
between 1531 and 1535. We have seen that the glass, finished
in 1 53 1, represents wholly the work of the executors of Henry
VII. With the woodwork that of Henry VIII. commences\
The general plan of the screen, which, to judge by the style,
1 [Anne Boleyn was married to Henry VIII. 14 November, 1532; and beheaded
19 May, 1536. For some reason that I have not been able to discover, the .Screen
is sometimes said to have been set up in 1534. Cambridge Portfolio, p. 434.]
5l8 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
was executed by foreign, perhaps by Italian artists, will be
understood from the drawing of one compartment of the west
side (fig. 51). The compartment selected is that next the centre
on the north. The upper part projects 3 feet beyond the lower,
and the curved panelwork, with which the under surface of the
projecting portion is ceiled, is elaborately ornamented. This
portion was found to be too delicate to be shewn successfully in
a drawing on so small a scale, especially in shadow, and the
details of it have therefore been omitted. The general treatment
of the ornamentation is the same throughout, but most of the
arabesques and bands of foliage are different, exhibiting the
most exquisite variety in their details. There is no evidence
that a Rood was ever set up upon it.
The erection of an organ on the roodloft dates from 1606,
when we find a separate account at the end of the Mundum-
Book for the year, headed, " The Charges about the Organs."
From this we learn that the maker's name was Dallam \ He
came to Cambridge with his men, and began to work 22 June,
1605. The materials were all brought in the rough and made
up on the spot. The price of each article, such as tin, lead,
ebony, box-wood, ash-wood, leather, etc., " bought in divers
places of the Citie," is set down separately. The men were
paid for 58 weeks' work, ending 7 August, 1606, when we may
suppose that the Organ was ready for use, although further
charges occur in subsequent years". The cost was £'^'J\. ijs. id.
The following items, having reference to the case of the organ,
are the most important for our purpose :
1 [Mr Carter suggests that this was Thomas Dallam, who made an organ for
Worcester Cathedral in 161 3, and that he was probably the father of the three
celebrated organ-builders of the same name. See Dr Rimbault, History of the Organ,
in "The Organ," by E. J. Hopkins, 8vo. London, 1855, for notices of these and the
other builders mentioned. The separate account referred to above, has been printed
by the Rev. T. Brocklebank, M.A., Fellow, in the Ecclesiologist for 1859. The
Organ used previously had been sold by order of Queen Elizabeth's Commission-
ers, as Provost Goad (Provost 1569 — 1610) states in his answer to the complaints
made against him. Heywood and Wright, p. ^33. Mundum-Book, 1570 — 71.
Receptio forinseca. "Item pro Organis C.s." "Item rec' for thold organ pipes
xlv^ X''."]
2 [Dallam and his men spent 8 weeks in Cambridge, in 1613 — 14, in which year
Andrew Chapman also, who had wainscoted the Hall of Trinity College in 1604, did
M'ork to the Organ. ]
Fig. 51. One bay of the west side of the Roodloft, or Organ-screen,
in King's College Chapel.
To face f. 518.
Vol. I.
XL] king's college chapel, woodwokk. 519
"Item payd to the Carpenter for the frame of tymber whereon the
organs xvj''.
Item to Chapman the Joyner for 82 yards of waynscott about the
sayd frame at 5\ the yard •. xx''. x^.
Item ])ayd to Hartop the Joyner for wages for him and liis men for
10 monethes ad iS"" le weeke xxxvi''.
Item payd to the Carver for the Kings Amies standing upon the
chayre organ iij'' .
Item to him for the Scutchins of this Colledge and Eton Armes xxx^
Item to him for 2 figures or pictures that stand in the greate
Organ xxx^
Item payd for ix<=. of leafe gould at 7^ 6'^. le c iij''. vij\ vj''.
Item payd to Knockle the Limber for laying the sayd gould etc
vpon the pypes, Armes, and scutchins of the Chayre Organ iiij".
Item payd to him for imbossing and strawing with bice the 2 greater
pypes of the chayre organ xxvj^ viij'^.
Item to him for gould and gilding the crownes of the sayd
Organ xxvjl viij'^."
The organ and case set up by Chapman and Hartop were
taken down, as we ha\'e seen, during the Civil War ; but we are
not told whether they were then broken to pieces, or merely re-
moved from their former position. When the choral service was
resumed at the end of 1660, there was clearly no organ in the
Chapel that could be used, for a chamber-organ belonging to
Loosemore the organist was brought in and tried, but without
success \ In the same year a carpenter, John Adams, was paid
for work on the Organ. This was probably in connection with
a new"chaire-organ," for which ^200 was paid in 1661'. In 1668
Thamar, an organ-builder of Peterborough, was employed to
mend the Organ, and on 4 May, 1674, he received a first
instalment " for setting uja a loftier Organ in the Chapel I"
This was completed in 1676 — 'j'j at a cost of ^130. Ten
years later Rene Harris commenced to build a new Organ,
which was completed at the beginning of 1688, at a cost
' [Mundum-Book, 1660 — 61. Custiis ecclesic. Mich. — Christmas. " Sol' Lancelote
Pease pro removendo Organo Magistri Loosemore et erigendo in Ecclesice Choro
£1 . 15 . o. Sol' eidem pro organ' iterum removend' in Cubiculum Magistri
Loosemore £\ . 15.0.'']
" [Ibid. Lady Day — Mids. ".Sol' Joanni Adams pro diuersis circa Organum et pro
opera sua cum servis et aliis necessariis...;^"i4 . 15 . o." Mids. — Mich. "Sol' Lance-
loto Pease pro le Chaire Organ ;^2oo .0.0. '"]
^ [Ibid. 1673 — 4. Citstiis ecclesie. " .Solut' (Mali 4'".) Thoma: Thamar pro prima
solutione Centum et Triginta librarum erga Ercctionem altioris Organi in Sacello
nostro £},2 . 10 . o. "]
520 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
of ;^35o\ This Organ must be that shewn by Loggan, in his
view of the interior of the Chapel. The two angels with
trumpets that he figures on the outer towers were subse-
quently replaced by gothic pinnacles. This had been done
before Cole's time, who wrote in 1742'"':
" Over each side of y^ Choir Door towards y^ Choir are y*' Coats of
Arms of this and Eton College in sheilds neatly carved ancl blasoned ;
and directly over it stand y'' Organs. The small Chair Organ hangs
somewhat over y'^ Door into y^ Choir, and is elegantly carved ab' y^
mouldings and wainscote part, w''' beautiful gilt and painted Pipes
adorned w'*^ y^ 2 aforesaid College Arms and other devices, as Portcul-
hces, Fleurs de Lis, Roses, all crowned. Over y'^ middle part of this
Organ, w'^'^ is y*^ lowest, are y'^ College Arms ag" carved, and over y^ 2
side parts where y^ Pipes are much larger, are 2 large Royal Crowns.
This Chair Organ was put up ab' y^ year 1661, and cost ab^ 20op'^. and
is a mighty neat one ; this stands just before y^ great Organ, y^ Pipes
of w*^'' on this side are neither gilt nor painted, but quite plain : over y^
lower middle part of it are y^ Royal Arms supported by a Lion and
Unicorn, Garter round y"" and crowned ; and over y'' 2 large side parts
of it are 2 very large Imi)erial Crowns : The Wainscote of it is hand-
somely carved and adorned by several small Images in Niches ab' it.
Over y^ middle part fronting y^ Antichapel is an Image of King David
playing on his Harp, and on each side of him over y'^ larger Pipes of y^
Organ are 2 Gothic carved Pyramids : y^ Pipes on this side are painted,
gilt, and adorned as those of y'^ Chair Organ. These Organs were put
up ag", after they had been demolished by y" Puritans in 1643, i^^ 1661 ;
and tho' they are not y<^ best of the sort, yet they are not by any means
y*^ worst."
In 1774 it was agreed "to paint the Upper Range of the
Eastern Front of the Organ and repair the other parts," and
subsequently " that the rest of the Organ be new painted agree-
ably to that Range that has been painted already." These
decisions shew that the east side of the great organ was then
for the first time decorated so as to correspond with the chaire-
organ^ This organ remained until 1803, when John Avery re-
1 [The first payment to him was made at Michaelmas 1686, and the last at Lady
Day 1688. Ibid. 1687 — 88. Ciistus ecclesie. Christmas 1687 — Lady Day i6S8.
'■ Solut' Magistro Harris pro vltima soliitione ^3.SO in plenum pro novo Organo in
novo Templo nuper erecto £^0 .0.0." It was increased by the addition of new
stops in subsequent years ; init as we are concerned with the external appearance
of the Organ, rather than with its excellence as a musical instrument, these improve-
ments need not be further alluded to.] - [MSS. Cole, i. 100.]
=* [College Orders, 1 May, 23 Sept. 1774. Mundum-Book, 1773 — 74, Custits
ecclesie. "Paid Joseph Freeman for painting the Organ ;i^45. "]
XL] king's college chatel. woodwork. 521
constructed and enlarged it\ The pipes were then plain gilt. In
1859 Messrs Hill of London again enlarged it, and more than
doubled the case in depth from east to west ; but they were
careful to preserve the ancient appearance of the fronts. At
this time the pinnacles were replaced by angels imitated from
those shewn by Loggan".
The stalls having been completed, but without the canopies,
in the reign of Henry VHI. the walls above them were probably
covered with hangings, as we see by the hooks which remain
under the string below the windows. No attempt was made to
complete the stall-work until the reign of Charles I., when
Thomas Weaver, whose work at Eton in 1625 has been already
recorded, gave the large coats of arms carved in elmwood which
form the back of the stalls under the canopies, together with
the pilasters which form the framework. The following entries
give all the information that can now be obtained respecting
this gift, and shew that it was brought by Weaver in person,
early in 1633 ^:
" Item aurigis Magistri Weaver in comportand' le
wainscot pro novo Templo 050
Item Michaeli Rose servo Magistri Weaver 2 6
Item fabro eiusdem 10 o
Item eiusdem pauperi scholari 5 o
Item eiusdem sculptori i o o
Item pro recepcione Magistri Weaver extra aulam com-) , ,.
munem eique in opere novi Templi servientium J ^ ^4
In 1636 Woodroffe the carver, whom we have found em-
ployed at Clare Hall and elsewhere, made the gates of the
screen that are still in use \ The date, and the arms of
' [Avery's work cost £S^g. 15. 6. It was apparently badly done, and incomplete,
for it was agreed 17 June, 1805, to "take Measures to get the Organ put in a proper
State;" and in 1809 — 10 we find "Paid Mr Elliot Organ-Maker for repairing and
com pleating the Organ left unfinished by Avery ^^36."]
- [The screen is still described as a " Rood-loft " in the accounts for 1652 — 53.
In those for 1660 — 61 the term "Organ Loft" first occurs.]
•* [Mundum-Book, 1632 — 33, /vw/a d'ify?d;fi7;vi'rt Termino Annunciacionis. A further
charge occurs in 1635 (ibid. 1635 — 36), Custus ecdesie Termino Michaelis "Item le
Joyner pro opere, glew, et boards circa le wainscot Magistri Weaver in novo Templo,
vltra IO^ ab eodem recept' ad idem opus o . 16 . o. "]
^ [Ibid. 1635 — 36? i^ep- Ncmi Templi. Term. Annun. "Item Magistro Woodrolf (j/r)
le Joyner pro novis valvis Chori 32 . o . o. Solut' Day fabro ferrario pro iron work
circa easdem 6.6.0. Item Magistro Knuckle pro eisdem pingendis o . 2 . o. "J
522 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Charles I., are carved upon them. It should be remarked that
doors are included in the estimate already quoted ; and there is
evidence that doors of some sort existed before the erection of
the present ones \ Woodrofife's work is a clever, though inferior,
imitation of the style of the sixteenth century.
The canopies over the stalls were executed between 1675
and 1678 by Cornelius Austin, who wainscoted the Com-
bination Room at Clare Hall in 1689. He received for each
stall "fine pounds, and fine pounds for the ioyning«the olde
wanscott on bothe sides," making a total of ^^305, which
was defrayed by subscription, the principal contributors being
Mr Barnabas Oley of Clare Hall, who gave ^100, and Mr Thomas
Crouch of Trinity Hall, formerly Fellow, who gave ^^50"^ An
attempt has been made to imitate the style of the screen in these
stalls, but with moderate success, and the joining of the mold
of the cornice to that of the older work is particularly clumsy.
The north and south doors, and the doors leading from the
choir into the north and south vestries are, to judge from the
style, of the same date as the screen. Those of the chapels
flanking the Ante-chapel are earlier, and were probably added as
soon as the stone-work was completed. That of Provost Hacum-
blen's chapel is, we may presume, of the same date as the wood-
work of the interior, which, as we have seen (p. 487), was put
up in the iirst quarter of the sixteenth century.
Altar and Ritual Arrangements. The Founder did
not leave precise directions, as he did for Eton, respecting
the High Altar, and efforts to discover the foundation-stone,
over which it is likely to have been placed, have been unsuccess-
ful, as mentioned above (p. 465). Having regard, however,
to the position of the doors into the vestries, and the obvious
convenience of a space between the altar and the east wall, the
position occupied by altar and reredos until 1774 (EE, fig. 42)
may represent the original arrangement.
^ [Ibid. 1633—34, Ciistits ccch'sie, "Sol Magistro Eusde:i pro a lock pro le quire
dore 0.1.8."]
- [This account is derived from the "Particular Book" of King's College for
1675—6 and following years. The list of subscriptions and the payments to Austin
were kept separate from the rest of the College Accounts, and are headed "An
account of tlie making the Stalls in the Chapel." For the arms see Mr Evans' Essay.]
XI.] king's college chapel, .\ltar. 523
The arrival of an altar is recorded in 1544 — 45, and from the
care that was taken to bring it safely to Cambridge, with the
charges for decoration, we may conclude that it was the original
High Altar, richly carved and ornamented :
"Item per manus M. Lyne pro cariagio Altaris a dome M. Butt ad
garderobam, et a garderoba ad bisshopgatt ij^ x'^. Et pro Nayll,
quarters, et borde ad faciendum le case pro salua vectura eiusdem
ix^ viij'' ; et pro stramine et corde (sic) ad legend' diet' case v'^ ; et pro
pabulo equorum londini et in exspensis ad Canteb. v^ viij^^-.-xviij^ vij*^.
Item pro cariagio dicti Altaris a londino ad Canteb. vltra xx^ dat'
per M. l]utt vj^. viij^.
Item M. Antonio pro celatura iiij Imaginum viij^
Item eidem pro C doble gold viij-^
Item eidem pro celatura vnius columne v^
Item eidem pro labore suo a londino ad Canteb xxv]\
Item Kelley pro gildyng iiij Images x^ iiij"^. ' "
This altar was destroyed, like that at Eton, under Edward VI.,
set up again under Mary, and finally destroyed in the first year
of Elizabeth. The commandments were set up over what the
accounts still style "High Altar" in 1560 — 61. A pulpit was
provided in 1570 — 71, a sounding-board in 1587 — 88, and an
hour-glass in 1589 — 90.
In 1633, the year in which Mr Weaver's wainscot was added
to the stalls, Woodroffe began to erect a Screen across the east
end, which appears to have been completed by Lady Day 1634:
" 1633, Mids. — Mich. Sol' Woodrof le Joyner pro
timberad conticiend' le skreen in parte orientali noviTempli 20 o o "
Solut' Woodroof (sic) le Joyner in part pro le Screene 60 o o'
1633 — 4. Solut' Magistro Tolly le Upholster pro :
41 : virgis de blew perpetuana ad : 2^ 6''. le virg' pro
hanging le screen in novo templo vna cum portagio 5 14 8'
Item Tomson et Brent free masons pro reparand' les
steps in orientali parte novi Templi vt patet o 18 2
Item Woodrof pro le screen in novo Templo vltra :
80'' : prius solut' pro eodem 20 o o
Item eidem pro le floare and rayles circa mensam
sacram 30 o o*
1635. Solut' magistro Harvie mercatori pro le damask
in parte orientali novi templi vt patet 73 7 6
Item Woodrof le ioyner pro setting up les hangings
1 [Mundum-Book, 1544 — 45. Ciistiis novi ti'i)ipli.\
- [Ibid. 1632 — 33, Kcparacioncs novi Templi (Termino Baptiste).]
^ [Ibid. 1633 — 34 (Termino Michaelis).] •* [Ibid. (Termino Natalis Domini). J
" [Ibid. (Termino Annunciacionis).]
524 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
in parte orientali novi templi o 2 o
Item magistro Tolly le Vpholster pro conficiend' les
hangings et footstooles in novo Templo vt patet 7 o o'"
There are further charges for a bason, candlesticks, service-
books and " a purple velvet Communion Cloth with silk and
gold fringes," partly paid for by the Provost, Dr Collins, in
1629^. A century previous Dr Robert Hacumblen (Provost
1509 — 1528) had given the brass lectern which is still in use.
Cole writes of it thus :
" Directly in y^ middle of y^ Choir, betw" y^ Choiristers Seats, stands
y^ noble brass Desk, w'^'^ turns on a Pillar y^ bottom part of w* rests
upon 4 Lions seiant ; on y^ Top of y^ Pillar stands a small Image of y^
good King Henry 6. w'*^ a Sceptre in one hand and Monde in y*^ other,
crowned, and a Dragon at his Feet. On one side of y*^ Desk is
Robertas, and on y'^ other Hacumblen, betw" y^ Rose in y^ middle of w'^'^
are y^ College Arms. In y*^ Winter Season 2 brass branches'' [added
1667 — 68] are affixed to y*^ Pillar to receive a couple of large wax Tapers
to light y'^ Singing Man and Conduct to read y*^ i^' and 2^ Lesson,
whereof y'= i^' is read by y'^ one, and y*^ 2^ by y<^ other, on y*^ different
sides of it. This... stands on an eminence of 2 marble Steps. Im-
mediately before y^ on Litany Days stands y*^ Desk covered w'*^ Scarlet
on wh<^^ y^ Litany is chanted."
This lectern was removed in 1774 to the Library, where it
remained until 1854, when it was cleaned at the expense of one
of the Fellows, and restored to its ancient position*.
^ [Ibid. 1634 — 35. C/^.f//« tr^/d'jzV (Termino Annunciacionis).]
- [Ibid. 1628 — 29. Ciisttis ecclesie. Term. Bapt. "Item pro a purple velvet
Communion Cloth with silk and gold fringes, etc, in toto cum portagio 27". 6\ S**;
reliquam partem sumptus exhibente doctore Collins Prreposito, vltra recept' olim a
doctore Singleton et iam primo allocat' £\o . o ■ o." At this period the use of incense
was not uncommon : Ibid. 1624 — 25, Crcstits ecclesie, "Item pro perfumes in die solen-
nis jejunii viij^/." Ibid. 1636 — 37, " Solut' pro thymiamate in festo Annuntiationis
0.0.4."; '637 — 3^' "Item pro thymiamate in adventu Cancellarii 0.0.8":
and again after the Restoration, Ibid. 1665 — 66, "Sol' pro thure ad fumigandum
sacellum o . i . i. 1673 — 74, Sol pro thure 0.0. 6."]
^ [Particular Book, 1667 — 68. Custus ecclesie. "Solut' Johanni Wardell pro
duobus Candelabris pro le Brasen Desk ex asre fusis et elaboratis ^04 . 10 . 00."]
^ [College Orders, 2 May, 1774; 21 Jan. 1854. Cole says of the removal (ibid,
p. 102) : " This noble Brass Desk, which stood on 2 Marble Steps in the middle of the
Chapel, was removed in 1774, when the new Altar Peice was erected. I make no
doubt, for I don't know it, but the Litany Desk is also sent packing, in this Age of
Philosophy, Reason, and Infidelity: for that is at the Bottom. Not that I think these
thmgs essential : l)ut the way to demolish the grand Fabric is to weaken the Founda-
tions." A rough coloured sketch by Cole shews that the steps were hexagonal. There
is an excellent drawing on stone of the lectern in the Cambridge Portfolio, p. 434.]
XI.] king's college chapel, altar. 525
After the Restoration Cornelius Austin was employed (in
1662 — 6^) to put up some new panel-work behind the screen,
and to mend the altar ; but the position of the screen was not
chang-ed. New hangings of damask, and silk curtains round the
altar, were also provided at this time \ The panel-work between
the stalls and the screen was the work of Cornelius Austin in
1678 — 79. It cost £iiSy which, like the price of the canopies
for the stalls, was defrayed by subscription ".
No further alterations occur until the end of the i8th century ;
and as the work done at the Restoration was decorative rather
than constructive, the following description, written by Cole in
1742^ practically describes the reredos of 1633 :
" The High Altar is not erected immediately under y'^ E. Wall or
Window, but at a pretty distance from it, ag""' a fine Wainscote Screen
for y' purpose w'-"'^ runs quite across y^ Chapel from y*^ division of y^ i'"^.
and 2"*^. Window, w*^*^ has a kind of Canopy over it adorned with fine
carv'd work ; and in y*^ middle directly over y*^ Altar are y^ Arms of y^
College royally crowned, and on each side of it 4 Fleurs de Lis de
Florence crowned also. On each side of y^ Rails is a Door finely
carved to enter y^ afores'^ void space* ; and over y^ S. one are y*^ Arms of
King James y^ i^'. ...Over y*^ S [N?] Door are y^ Arms of K. Henry y«. 6.
crowned, and supported by 2 Antilopes. These are elegantly carved as
is all w' is ab' y^ Screen of y'^ Altar. Under both these Arms on y^
Doors is carved H.R. with Portcullices, etc. The back of y^ Altar is
hung w''^ a rich silk Damask of Purple and Crimson, w'*^ a Fringe of y^
same quite as far as y'' Rails reach. The Furniture of y*^ Altar is of y^
same Stuff, viz : Covering, Cushions, and large kneeling Stools on both
sides ; tho' it is always covered ag" w'*^ a fine white Damask Linnen cloth.
On an Eminence on y*^ Altar ag^' y^ Screen, w*^*^ is also covered like y^
Altar itself, stands y*= noble embossed Silver Dish given by S'' Thomas
Page, and w'^'' has y® representation on it curiously wrought of ye Lord's
Supper, and on each side of it stand y*^ two magnificent Silver Candle-
stic's* given by y*^ same Person also, as was y^ small Filligree work'd
^ [Ibid. 1662 — 63. Ciistiis ecclesie. Termino Michaelis. "Sol' Cornelio Austin
pro repagulis in parte orient' sacelli : et pro novo tabulato intra septum ibidem, et pro
reparando Altaic... ;^24 . 12.0. Solut' pro 3S virgis le damasque ad i6^ 4''. per
virgam £,^1 .7.0. Sol' Magistro Shuter pro 1 pulvinis et pro conficind' et deap-
tandis auleis sericis cseterisque ornamentis circa Altare;^5 . o . o."]
2 [Particular Book, 1678—79, 1680—81.] 3 [MSS. Cole, i. 94.]
* [Cole had described this " void space" (p. 92) as "peculiarly appropriated for y"
Interment of the Senior Fellows, as y'' Antichapel is for that of y° Juniors, etc, the
Choir not being suffered to be broke open by reason of y'= curious marble Floor."]
^ [The dish and candlesticks had been given in 1668 — 69, the paten in 1673. The
candlesticks were stolen on the night of 13 July, 1749, by Mary Stubbs, a tramp. She
was taken in Soutlnvark shortly afterwards, tried, convicted, and "transported to the
526 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
silver Paten w*^^ stands under y^ afores'^ Dish, on y^ Altar... A fine
purple silk elbow Chair stands on y^ N. side of y^ Altar for y^ Provost
when he officiates. The silver gilt large Hasps* for y*^ 2 large Books
on y^ Altar, and w'-'^ are bound in Crimson Velvet, have on y™ Crowns
and Sceptres, and Harps and Thistles crowned. The Altar stands on
an Eminence of one Step above y*^ rest all round, and rail'd in ab' it
with neat wainscote Rails, and round y"^ on y'= outside, blew Cloth
Cushions to kneel on."
The idea of replacing this altar-piece, which another writer
describes as "decent, thotigh not grand^" by a more magnificent
structure, appears to have originated with Dr Charles Roderick
(Provost 1689 — 1712), who gave ^^"150 for this purpose in 1707'',
which was increased by a bequest of ^^50 from his widow,
and of ;^3o from Dr William Fleetwood, Fellow, who died 1723,
having been Bishop successively of S. Asaph and Ely. These
sums, however, were insufficient to defray the cost of so important
a work, and nothing was done until the munificent legacy of
John Hungcrford, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, was received. He
bequeathed two-thirds of his estate to the College 29 May, 1729,
to be paid to them after the death of his widow, and then "to
be invested and laid out as his worthy and learned friend
Dr Snape the then Provost should direct." Dr Snape (Provost
1719 — 43), by deed dated 13 November, 1742, appointed, among
other provisions, that so much should be laid out upon an altar-
piece as would make the above sums up to ;!^iooo. The College
obtained possession of the property 1758^59. After dis-
charging the rest of Dr Snape's appointments, there remained
iJ^i209. 6s. ^d. for the altar-piece. It was commenced in
1770 — 71, under the superintendence of Mr Essex. The wood-
work was executed by Messrs Cotton and Humfrey, the stone-
work by Messrs Jeffs and Bentley. It was not finished until
plantations in the West Indies." Most of the silver was recovered. The new candle-
sticks, bought 1750, were made as near as could be to the pattern of the old. They
were stolen, 1816 — 17. The present pair was given by Edward Balston, U.D.,
formerly Fellow, 1850.]
^ [These hasps had been bought in 1662 — 63. Citsiits ecclesie. " Sol' Magistro
Vobin aurifabro pro 2 novis offendicibus argenteis crelatis et deauratis pro libro novae
Liturgi£e...;,^5 . jo . o." The books are now in the College Library.]
- [Maiden, p. 35.]
■' [At the end of the account headed "New Building Rents," for 1706 — 7, is the
following note : "I acknowledge to have in my hands one hundred and fifty pounds,
being Mr Provosts gift towards adorning y" Altar. T. Evans." [Bursar.]
XI.] king's college chapel, altar, 527
1775 — 'j6, when a payment of £'^0 to Mr Essex "for superin-
tending the new Altar" marks the conckision of the work'.
The whole cost was ^^1652. 9^. 3^. The picture over the Altar
was to have been a " Mater Dolorosa," by Romney, presented
by Mr Thomas Ordc ; but, before it was finished, the College
accepted, in 1780, from Frederick, Earl of Carlisle, a "Deposi-
tion," ascribed to Daniele da Volterra, which still hangs over
the Altar'.
The work done by Essex comprised a new altar and rails, with
oak panelling extending round the open space eastward of the
former screen, and two stone niches let into the wall north and
south of the east window. Before his design was accepted,
Sir James Burrough had furnished an " Estimate of the charge
of building a new Altar piece according to the Plan designed
by him." This plan has unfortunately been lost, but we learn
from the items of the estimate that it included a " new marble
Pavement," 31 "pannels of Wall-work," and 4 "towers and
turrets." This composition, which was estimated to cost up-
wards of i^7i8, would doubtless have been executed in stone
or marble, and would have been classical in style I Essex
has tried to imitate the original architecture of the Chapel*.
^ [These details are taken from the Mundum-Books for the years mentioned. The
Chapel was formally re-opened Thursday, 23 March, 1775, having been closed for 11
months. Cam. Chron. 25 March. All the workmen were inhabitants of Cambridge.
The history of the Altar is thus stated on Mr Hungerford's monument, placed in
Provost Hacumblen's chapel in 1775. "Ad costera eius [capelle] omamenta Altare
etiam nunquam non antea per trecentos ferme annos desideratum aliquando tandem
accessit ex coUatitiis donationibus Caroli Roderick prepositi eiusque viduse Dorothese ;
Gulielmi Fleetwood Asaphensis primo deinde Eliensis episcopi loannis Sumner
prepositi et prce aliis longe... loannis Hungerford."]
- [Mundum-Book, 1780 — 8r. Expens. neccss. Term. Mic. 17S0. " For carriage
of the Picture given to the College by the Earl of Carlisle. ^5. 7. 6." Romney was
bitterly disappointed, and did not care to finish his picture. Life, by Rev. John
Romney, 4to. London, 1830. Four studies for it are among the collection of his
drawings in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Nos. 47 — 50.]
^ [A copy of this estimate, undated, without the plan, is in the Muniment Room.
The celebrated architects, Robert and James Adam, had also furnished designs :
Mundum-Book, 1768—69 : "Paid 27 Oct. 1769 to Mr Robert and James Adams for
two Designs for an Altar Piece for the Chappell 79 • 2 , o."]
■* [Before we leave this part of the Chapel it is worth recording that on Wednesday,
4 May, 1763, nine Spanish standards taken at Manilla in 1762 by Brigadier General
Draper, formerly Fellow, were carried in procession to the Chapel by the Scholars of
the College. A Te Deum was sung, and the Rev. William Barford, Fellow, and
528 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Will.
Actual.
ft. in.
ft. in.
4 o
2 2
I 6
O lO
3
2 loh
Pavement. The direction.s contained in the Will respecting
the levels of different parts of the Church have been already
given. In order to shew clearly the deviations from them that
exist at present, the two sets of measurements are here placed in
parallel columns :
Floor of Ante-chapel above Court
,, Choir ,, Antechapel
,, Altar Platform ,, Choir
Total 8 6 5 loi
These totals shew in the first place that it was intended to
raise the floor of the Ante-chapel 22 inches higher than it is at
present. The difference is not due to a change in the level of
the court without, for the steps leading from the porches into
the Ante-chapel are original. The change in the height of the
choir floor was probably made when the roodloft was erected,
and may perhaps be due to the height of that structure, which
rises rather above the sills of the windows. The present altar-
platform, on the other hand, is very little lower than the
directed height above the choir, and the researches of Sir G.
G. Scott in 1866 shewed that the pavement of the eastern bay
had originally been at about the same leveP.
Dr Caius records a marble pavement among the benefactions
of Henry the Eighth. He does not mention in what part of the
Chapel it was laid, but it must certainly have been in the choir,
and perhaps extended as far as the altar. It certainly did not
extend beyond it, for when the eastern bay was paved in 161 1
— 12 ^ it was with tiles only. The present pavement was laid
Public Orator, made a Latin oration. The colours were first placed on each side of
the Altar rails, but afterwards were hung up upon the Organ-screen. They are now
in one of the south chapels. Cooper's Annals, iv. 327. Maiden, p. 34. Mundum-
Book, 1762—63. Fcoi/a et Regarda. Term. Bapt. 1763. "Elargif Militi Misso a
Gulielmo Draper Tribuno nuper hujus Collegii Socio cum Signis Hispan' ab Ipso
Manilse Captis et Novo Templo affixis Jussu Regio 5 . 5. o. " The old rails are now
in the church at Milton, near Cambridge, to which they were given by the Provost in
1774. Hist, of the Parish of Milton, by W. K. Clay. Camb. Antiq. Soc. 8vo.
Publ. XI.] ^ [Carter, Appendix A.]
^ [Mundum-Book, 161 1 — 12. Reparacioncsnovi Teinpli. " Sol' Symes le Mason pro
le new footpace Saxi albi in orientali fine templi ad 12''. le Foot xvij". Solut' Wright
et Crosland et tribus laborantibus in paving le East end ad 3^ 4''. le C. iiij". iij'*. iiij''.
Solut' Ayres de Ely pro 25"^. de white paving tile ad I2^ le C. xv''."]
XI. I king's college chapel, pavemknt. 529
in 1702^ with the exception of that in the eastern bay, which
is part of the work done in 1775.
The narrative of the reception of Queen EHzabeth in 1564
records that " the place between the north, south, and west doors
of the Church was strawed with rushes being not paved'"'." Tliis
implies that the rest of the Ante-chapel was paved in some way.
In 1614 — 15, when the present west door was made, a strip of
pavement was laid across the unpaved part, as the following
entries shew :
"Solut' Rule pro le ironwork of the new west dore in y*" Chappell vt
per billam patet vj''. x'f. j"^.
Solut' Hen. Man pro occidentali porta novi Templi...xxij''. vj^ viij^.
Solut' for laying .90. foot of marble in the Chappelb
et pro .220. foot of Cliff ragg and laying it in the sameV ix'' xiij^ vj''.
place )
Solut' Hen. Thorp free mason for p' of the marl)le layd in the
Chappell and vnpaid for iij''."'"
The width of the west door being 10 feet, the 310 feet then
paid for would have extended eastwards for 3 1 feet, or as far as
a line drawn across the Chapel westward of the north and south
doors. This marks the limit of the part previously paved, which
was re-paved after 1702 with the discarded pavement of the
choir, as we learn from Cole's description written in 1742'*:
" You ascend 2 Steps in y^ Anti-Chapel to come up to y Door of
the Choir, w^^^ is entirely paved very beautifully from these Steps quite
to y*" Screen of y^ Altar w''^ black and white marble squares in a regular
Figure. This was thus paved ab' 1690 [in 1702]; the Pavement of
y*" Anti-Chapel, w* is of an English grey marble, being there before ;
■\vch however did not serve to pave it all ; for on both sides below
y^ 2 Doors is only laid w'*^ Brick on each side of a broad stone pave-
ment of y" breadth of y^ great W. Door, w'^'^ reaches from that to y'^
rest of y^ old part W^*^ came out of y^ Choir."
While the work at the east end of the Chapel, begun in 1770,
was going on, it was determined to lay out a legacy of ;^300
bequeathed by the Rev. John Heath in paving the Ante-chapel.
1 [.\rundum-l!()()k, 1701 — 2. (Term. Annunt.) ".Solut' pro novo pavimento ex
consensu collegii ;^300 . o . o."]
- [Nichols' Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, Ed. 1823, p. i ■;().]
^ [Mundmn-Book, 1614 — 15. Reparationes novi Templi (Term. Nat.). It was
repaued in 1631. Ibid. 1630 — 31 (Term. Bapt.), "Item pro strato pavimento
in inferiore parte sacelli £<) .6.3."] ■* [MSS. Cole, i. 102.]
VOL. 1. 34
530 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
The work was ordered to be begun 23 February, 1774; but
before it had advanced far, or perhaps even before it had been
begun, Lord Godolphin, who is said to have come accidentally
into the Chapel while the alterations were going on\ gave i^400
towards the same work. His donation is commemorated in the
following College Order, dated 23 September, 1774:
" The Provost having read a letter from the Lord Godolphin de-
claring his Litention to give the College 400^ for defraying the Ex-
pence of the new pavement in the Ante Chapell, His Lordship's Favour
was received by the Members present with great Thankfulness, and
the Provost was desired to Express their grateful Sense of it Imme-
diately, reserving the more Solemn acknowledgement of it to the future
meeting of the Society at their Sealing"."
It was accordingly paved in that year with Portland stone^.
Exterior : Repairs and Alterations. — As a general
rule the stone-work has weathered extremely well, and it is
only in particular places that repairs have been necessary
from decay of the material. The battlements, pinnacles, and
towers, being the most exposed portions of the building, have
suffered occasionally from wind and weather ; and repairs
have in consequence been executed from the end of the six-
teenth century, before which date none appear to have been
required, down to the present time. The dates and particulars
of a few done in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, of
which none seem to have been important, are given in the note*.
^ [This rests on the authority of Cole (MSS. i. 84) : "The present Lord Godolphin,
who was educated in Queen's College in Oxford, coming accidentally into the Chapel
in the Summer 1775, while the Alterations were going on, generously gave the College
;^400 towards new paving the Anti-Chapel. This, Mr Betham told me at Eton in
November following, was his Lordship's own Designation of his Benefaction."
Francis, Lord Godolphin of Helston, youngest son of Henry Godolphin, Provost of
Eton, succeeded his cousin in the Baronetcy 1766, died circa 1785.]
^ [The formal letter of thanks was sent 23 November. The previous Orders are
as follows. " 20 March, 1773. Agreed that the legacy of ;i^30o left by the late
M'' Heath to the College be applyed towards paving the Ante Chappell." (Was not
so applied, L**. Godolphin having given ;^400 for that work.) MS. note. " 23 Feb.
1774. Agreed that the Ante Chapell be paved."]
^ [Mundum-Book, 1773 — 74. Chest Account. \
* [Mundum-Book, 1579—80. Reparaciones novi Templi. "Solut' Humphrie the
mason for setting fast the pinnacle in the east end of the chappel iij^ iiij*. Item ... for
repairing the ij west pinacles of the Chappel iiij li." Ibid. 1591 — 92. "Item solut'
Lapidario pro opere 1 1 dierum in reparando le pinacle in novo templo et horologio
XI.] king's COLLKGK CIIAPKl.. EXTERIOR. 531
By the middle of the eighteenth century, however, a more tho-
rough repair had evidently become necessary ; for just before that
done to the windows, as related above, we find the four towers
and the battlements taken in hand. The work lasted from 1754
to 1757, and cost upwards of ^^"400^ In 181 1 it was agreed
(2 October) " that tlic Battlements and Icadwork of the Chapel
be repaired under the direction of Mr Wilkins, Architect." This
work occupied two years. In 1875 — ^6 seven pinnacles on the
north side and seven on the south side were renewed, together
with the battlements of the seventh and eighth bays on the
south side.
The repairs to the roof, both of Chapel and vestries, have of
necessity been frequent and extensive. Those that concern the
lead-work only, of which the first took place in 1570, need not be
farther mentioned. The wooden beams, also, were repaired from
time to time until i860, when it was decided (10 September) to
obtain "the advice of a competent architect upon the state of
the Chapel roof." Sir G. G. Scott was accordingly consulted,
and in consequence of his report, read 1 5 October, which pointed
out that the timber was worm-eaten and affected by dry-rot, a
thorough renewal of the lead-work and timber, with the addition
of iron tie-rods, was commenced in the following spring, and
completed at the end of 1863, four bays being undertaken in
each year. The total cost was ^^27 15. Before leaving this part
of the Chapel it should be mentioned that the leaden water-
pipes discharged their contents on to the roofs of the vestries
and thence through open spouts on to the ground, as shewn by
super altero pinaculo xv^" Ibid. 1606 — 7. "Item solut' Symes variis reparandis
{sic) circa le Chappell stone woorke xxj li. xixs. ij d." Ibid. 1612 — 13. "Solut'
Gray et Simson pro reparandis fenestris novi templi xlviij li. xixs. iiij d." Ibid.
1622 — 23. "Item Georgio Tomson et Ashly pro .3. diebus aileri pro .j. die dim'
circa le searching et cramping the Chappell pinnacles ix'." In 1624— 25, 1629 — 30,
similar entries occur. Ibid. 1634 — 35. "Solut' Georgio Tompson le stonemason pro
cramping le small pinnacles in y* fower turretts of the Chappell. 2. o. o." Ibid.
1636—37. "Sol' Johanni Westly et Georgio Tomson pro lapidibus quadratis, ferra-
mentis, plumbo, asseribus, machinis, ceterisque requisitis, luin etiam pro opere in
reparandis les battlements et pinnacles novi Templi. 50. 10. o." Ibid. 1661 — 62.
A similar repair to the battlements at the W. end with Ketton stone. Ibid. 1669
— 70. The towers at the same end repaired by Robert Gruinl)all.]
^ [Earl Stanhope (History of England, etc.) states that in the great storm of
26 — 27 November, 1703, the Chapel "lost many of its pinnacles, and had some of its
painted glass dashed in." This is not confirmed by any entry in the accounts.]
34—2
532 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Loggan, until 1798, when it was agreed that those on the north
side should be carried down into drains, under the superintendence
of Mr Wilkins. The same was ordered for the south side in i8o2\
The battlements of the north and south porches were repaired
in 1752 — 53; and again more extensively in 1785 — 87. In the
former year £11^ was paid "for repairing Arms etc. over the
south porch;" and in the latter ^^162 for similar work to the
north porch. The amount paid implies a considerable decay of
the stonework. The west porch, built of the same materials as
the other two, had become so much decayed during the first half
of the present century, that in 1875 its repair was entrusted to
Sir G. G. Scott, under whose direction the ornaments in the
jamb were skilfully restored by taking casts in plaster of those
that had suffered least, which served as models for the others ^
The sundial on the eastern pier of the south porch was painted,
apparently to replace an older one, in 1578, a date which it still
bears ^ together with the motto, " Wt Jiora sic fugit vita," which
appears to be original. The exterior of the easternmost bay of
the south side preserved the appearance shewn by Loggan
(fig. 15) until 1828, when the contractor for the new buildings
was paid ^750 "for repairing and compleating the South East
Window of the Chapel."
The Mundum-Books contain frequent references to a clock
and clock-house. The clock was originally affixed to the Belfry",
but in the i6th century a separate clock-house occupied the space
between the last chapel on the north side, and the north-east
tower (fig. 54). In a large drawing of the Chapel, preserved in the
British Museum ^ which appears to have been made in the reign
of Henry the Eighth, it is shewn as a wooden building, with
' [College Orders, 27 June, 1798; 7 July, 1S02. Mundum-Bdok, 179S — 99. AV-
parationes Novi Templi. "Paid Wilkin {sic) for superintending the making of drains
and fixing of Lead pipes to the Chapel 6. 6. o. "']
" [College Order, 2 February, 1875. The iron gale and railing in front of the
W. door was ordered 4 March, 1817 : those at the entrance to the N. and S. porches,
20 March, 182 1.]
■* [Mundum-Book, 1578 — 79. Expens. ncccss. " Item Corbet for newe painting
the diall on the southe side of the Churche ijs." Charges for repainting it occur
frequently in subsequent years.]
■* [Ibid. 1472 — 73. "Item sol' pro sera et claue pro domo Orilogii in Campa-
nili.,.."]
•"' [MSS. Cotton, Aug. I. i. 2. It is on paper, 50 inches long by 25 inches broad,
XI.]
KINGS COLLEGE C1L\1'EL. EXTERIOR.
533
a tiled roof resting on the string below the twelfth window. The
face of the clock is gilt, and surmounted by a long tapering
spire rising as high as the second stage of the adjacent tower.
The position was probably selected because the entrance to the
College from Trumpington Street was originally at the north-
Fig. 52. Part of the south front of the Old C')urt of King's College, shewing the entrance from
the Chapel-yard, and the Porter's Lodge ; reduced from Loggan's view of the west front of the
Chapel.
carefully drawn in pen-and-ink, but hy a person ignorant of perspective. The roof
and spouts, and a piece of wall with trees at each end, are coloured. The spectator is
supposed to be looking at the Chapel from the X. E. corner. The details are fairly
accurate, but some were certainly added from memory, for heraldic emblems, Port-
cullis, Rose, Fleur-de-lys, are placed on the first stage of all the buttresses ; and sup-
porters on the second stage only of the five westernmost buttresses, those on the third
stage being omitted. At the top, in large letters, are the words "Capella beate
Marie in collegio regali Cantabrigie.'"J
534
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
east corner of the University Library (fig. 58), and the Porter's
Lodge at the south-west comer, between the Schools of Law
and Arts (figs. 4, 52). The clock and clock-house remained
until 18 17, when it was taken down and the windows repaired'.
CHAPTER XII.
History of the Separate Buildings of King's College.
Attempts to provide additional accommodation.
Works of Gibbs and Wilkins.
The history of the foundation of the Old Court was related
in the second chapter. The buildings there described continued
in use until the erection of the south side of the New Court by
Wilkins (1823 — 27), and though they were pulled down soon
afterwards, we must do our best to recover the points in their
history that are worth preserving.
Chapel. — It has been shewn (p. 497) that the new Chapel
was not ready for use until 1536 — 37, nearly a century after the
foundation of the College. The accounts however prove that a
Chapel existed from the beginning, the expenses of which are set
down yearly under a separate heading, and a precise indication
of its position has been preserved by Dr Caius^ who relates that
Henry the Eighth fitted up the new Chapel
"in order to provide a retreat for prayer, after the old chapel, a mean
and inconvenient building, had fallen down, without injury to any one,
although the accident happened just after vespers. It stood at a litde
distance outside the smaller gate of the old college, as may be learnt
from the remains of it that are still in existence."
1 [College Order, 28 Oct. 181 7. "Agreed that the Clock and Penthouse be taken
down and sold, and the Windows in that part of the Chapel be replaced in Statu
ciuo." Through the Penthouse there was a private way into the Lodge (G, fig. 42),
mentioned in the narrative of Queen Elizabeth's visit, quoted above. Cole also says,
"At the end of this [N.E.] Chapel up a few steps is a way to y" Clock;" and again,
speaking of the burial of the Provost's daughter, 26 March, 1744, " She was... brought
out of y'' Lodge into y" Chapel... thro' y® Door by y" Clock."]
^ [The original of this passage was quoted above, p. 497. The two Chapels are
sometimes mentioned together: Mundum-Book, 1515 — 16. Expens. ncccss. "Item
])ro mundacione exteriorum partium noue ecclesie et capelle. iiij d."]
XII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OE KIXG's. CHAPEL
535
The smaller gate {porta minor) may be identified with that
on the south side at the end of the passage called "Cow-lane"
(fig. 52), and the Chapel therefore stood between the south side of
Old Court and the north side of the new Chapel. The accident
above mentioned took place in 1536 or 1537, for in the Mundum-
Book ending at Michaelmas in the latter year we find as many
as 64 workmen employed " to pull down the stone walls and the
roof of the old chapel, to take up the pavement, and to carry
lead, glass, iron, timber, stones, and rubbish out of the aforesaid
chapel into sundry places within the College precincts ^"
There is no evidence by which we can form any idea of its
size. By collecting together various entries scattered through
the accounts, the most important of which are given below^, we
can discover that it consisted of chancel, nave, and ante-chapel
{vestibnlnui)-. that it had a door at the west end, and east and
west windows. Stalls in the choir, a rood-loft, and altars of S.
Mary and S. Nicholas are also mentioned. It was richly fitted
up, and the services were performed with much pomp of ritual,
from numerous allusions to plate, hangings, relics, service-books,
vestments, choristers, and large and small organs^
^ [Mundum-Book, 1536 — 37. Rcparaciones. The men are employed "tam circa
subuercionem murorum lapidiorum tecti et pavimenti veteris capelle ... quam pro
vectura et asportacione plumbi, vitri, ferri, meremii, lapidum et Rubbishe e dicta
capella ad diuersa loca infra procinctum collegii."]
- [AIundum-Book, 1448 — 49. Ciistits eccles'ie. "Item in vno par' Candelabr' de
laton empt' de Johanne Birde Eondon viij li. " 1450—51. Ibid. " Item in Repara-
cione magnonim Organorum facta per Vice preposituni in festo Exaltacionis Sancte
Crucis v-\" 1473 — 74. Expense necessarie. "Item sol' pro sculptura vnius lapidis
super quo stat Imago sancti Nicholai in Ecclesia xvj d : " and at the end of the
Account for the year : " M'' M. Langley pro pede Sancti Johannis iiij li. x^ viij d."
1476—77. Custus ecclesie. "Item sol' pro ij pi.xid' pro Altaribus beate Marie et
sancti Nicholai xviij d." 1489 — 90. Custus noui edijicii. "Item sol' ... carpentario
laborant' per iiij" dies circa stallos in choro XX d." 1503 — 4. Custus ecclesie. "Item
pro cirpis pro capella in the Rodeloft jd." 1458 — 59. Ibid. "In primis sol'
Johanni Bartilmew mense Nouembris pro canvasse empt' per ipsum pro vestibulo
vj'. viij'*." 1473 — 74. Ibid. "Item sol' pro lucerna empt' pro vestibulo ijd. "
1476 — 77. Expense necessarie. " Item sol' ... pro . ij . mattes emptis pro altaribus in
naui ecclesie ijd. ob." 1536 — 37. Ibid. "Item sol' septimo die Septembris
Georgio Sherman pro lotione ly hangyns veteris templi ij s. iiij d." 1492 — 93.
Custus noui edijicii. " Pro reparacione fenestre vitrie occidentalis in capella collegii
vj d." 1536 — 37. Rcparaciones. " Item...pro emendacione fenestrarum in sacrario
veteris ecclesie et magne fenestre versus orientem cum vitro pro eisdem xixd." Ibid.
1509 — 10. Rcparaciones. "Item W. Buxton reparanti hostium occideutale ecclesie
536 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
Hall. — It is impossible to ascertain the style or size of the
original Hall, but it was evidently much smaller than it after-
wards became, from a payment in 15 10 for painting " le border,"
which was not more than 99 feet in length \ It had no doubt
been hastily built, in expectation of the speedy erection of the
larger College, and Dr Caius, who wrote in 1573, speaks of it
as " antiquated " {veins). The picturesque porch (fig. 6) belonged
to this older building, and was erected in July, 148 l It had
then a tiled roof". In 1562 the Hall was extensively repaired,
or rather rebuilt of substantial materials, for the conventual
buildings of Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire had been
purchased and pulled down in the previous year, and the stone
brought to Cambridge'", The destination of it is indicated by a
separate heading in the Accounts, " Repairs to the Hall." The
work cost £121. 13J. lod., equal to about ^1200 at present.
In 1634 another extensive repair took place, at a cost of
^233. "js. 2d. besides ;£'20 given by the Provost, but no particulars
are given*. The plan taken about 1635 (fig. 4) shews that the
Hall was then 50 long by 25 feet broad, with an oriel on the
south side; and Storer's view (fig. 6) shew^s two other windows on
that side, plain oblong openings, subdivided by a mullion and
transom, which may belong either to 1562 or 1634. In the
beginning of 1706 it was again repaired, at a cost of ;^505. ijs. \d.
This charge was partly for a roof, from a payment of ^218. \2s.
viij d." .See also the elaborate inventories of vestments and furniture, the first of
which was taken in August, 1453, printed by Rev. G. Williams, M.A., Fellow, in
The Ecclesiologist, Vols. xx. xxi. It was in this Chapel that Henry the Seventh
kept S. George's Day, 1506. Ashmole, Hist, of the Garter, Ed. 1^72, p. 487,
speaking of the "large Paper Scutcheons" used when "the celebrations of S. George's
Day were kept at any other place besides Windsor Castle," says, "We have not met
with any memorial of this usage that reacheth higher than an. 21. H. 7, when the
Soveraign holding the day of S. George at Cambridge King's Colledge Chapel was
furnished with Scutcheons of the Knights Companions Arms."]
^ [Mundum-Book, 1510 — 11. Expens. ucccss. " Item Johanni Nede pingenti le
border in Aula continen' xxxiij virg' ad iij d virg' viij s. iiijd."]
- [College Accounts, Vol. 6, 1480 — 81. "Item sol' magistro Collegii Corporis
Christi xj die Julii pro M. Tyle pro le porche prope Aulam Collegii vj s. viij d."]
^ [Mundum-Book, 1560—61. Expens. iiccess. "Item sol' ... pro destructione
totius conventi de !e freestone empt' apud Ramsey liij s. iiijd." The next heading
is " Reparationes facte circa magnam Aulam ... in Anno domini 1562."]
"* [Ibid. 1633 — 34. Jiepai'acioncs (HQxm. Bapt.). "Item solut' in reparacionibus
circa Aulam communem hoc anno, vt patet per billas, vltra xx li. elargit' per ma-
gistrum pr?epositum versus easdem ;i^233. 7. 2."]
XII.] SF.rARATE BUILDINGS OF king's. COMBINATION ROOM. 537
to the carpenter. In Michaelmas Term of 1709, it was seriously
damaged by a fire, which probably destroyed the roof put on
three years before ^
Combination Room. — A parlour {paHura) is alluded to in
the early accounts ; those for 1592 — 93 contain the charges for
the erection of a new Combination Room or Parlour {conclave),
together with some new chambers and studies. The material
employed was principally brick. The position is not men-
tioned, but it would of course be as near the Hall as possible,
and is perhaps the original destination of the first floor of
the picturesque building west of it (fig. 6), from the mention of
a staircase and a window. In the following year the floor
was paved with tile, and furniture ordered, \\hich was at that
time of the simplest description. From the Inventory of 1598
we learn that "the newe parlor," "all seeled with wa}-nscott,"
had " iron casements " and " ij long curten rodds with ij greene
say curtens for the wyndowes," and was provided with " a courte
cubborde of waynscott," " a fayre long table " and " formes "
of the same, and " a plate candlestick."
Library. — Numerous charges in the IVIundum-Book for 1448
for the purchase and chaining of books prove that a Library
was even then in existence ; and the apartment was of sufficient
importance to be shewn to Henry the Sixth, from a charge for
strewing it with rushes in expectation of a visit from him'.
From the fact that the only volume now remaining of those
mentioned in the catalogue of 1452 belonged to Humphrey,
Duke of Gloucester, it is not improbable that the King furnished
the College Library with many of the Duke's books, obtained
after his death at Bury in 1447. ^^o precise record of its situa-
tion has been preserved ; we learn, however, from a catalogue of
its contents in the College Register that the door was at the
east end, and that it contained sixteen compartments^ Again,
1 [There is a separate heading in the Mimdum-Book, 1709 — ro, Term. Mich. 1709.
" Reparationes Aulre communis semustce et expensoe in Igne extingiiendo." This
heading is repeated in the two next years. The sum spent was £^^o. \os. ()d., but
this did not cover the whole outlay, see below, p. 557-]
^ [Ibid. 1448 — 49. EtnpcioiiesnecessaHorttin. "Item in Cirpis emptis pro libraria
erga aduentum Regis xd."]
^ [College Register, containing a number of inventories, made in 14.=; 2. The
Catalogue begins, "ad hostium eiusdem ex parte orientali," and the " distinctiones '"
or compartments, are numbered A — Q.]
538 king's collf.ge and eton college. [chap.
when the books were moved into the new library, it was turned
into two rooms for Fellows \ It was therefore about forty-five
feet long, judging from the dimensions of the plan (fig. 4), and
the position of the door at the east end leads to the conclusion
that it must have been either on the first or second floor of the
south side of the Old Court. The view of the exterior of that
side (fig. 7) shews four windows close together on the second
floor, which look as if they might have belonged to it, and this
conjecture is supported by a charge for " mending the Icddes
over the librarie chambers" in 1578 — 79.
The vestries on the south side of the choir of the Chapel were
used as a Library from 1570, until the new Library was built by
Wilkins. They were fitted up for this purpose at the expense of
Dr Roger Goade (Provost 1569 — 1610), as he has himself re-
corded in his defence, endorsed May 1576, against the accusa-
tions preferred against him by the Fellows, under the head
" what hath been done since my tyme to the furtherance of
learning in the Colledge : "
"I have caused a fayre newe Lybrarye to be made and furnished
with Bookes, specially of Divinitye, both of ould and new wryters :
whereas, before my tyme, the Library was utterly spoyled, and this cost
upon the new Librarye without any charge in the Colledge accompts^"
No details therefore respecting the original fittings are to be
found in the accounts for that year. In 1609—10 Woodroffe,
the joiner, who afterwards made the screen in the Chapel,
fitted up some new bookcases ; and in 1613 — 14 further altera-
tions were contemplated, from a payment for a " platt of the
libraryV In 1659 Mr Nicholas Hobart, formerly Fellow, be-
queathed ^100 to the college, of which part, according to the
directions in his Will, was expended on the Library :
'•For y^ new Stalls in y'^ Library, markt with N. H. 38 . 01 . 08."
Li 1677 — 78 new classes were made by Cornelius Austin,
and in 1680, a bequest of ^^40 from Thomas Crouch, formerly
Fellow, was laid out in the same way* :
1 [Mundiim-Book, 1570 — 71. The expense is given "for coniierting thould
Library vnto twoo cliambers for Fellowes. "]
2 [Heywood and Wriglit, p 229, from MSS. Baker iv. 10, MS.S. Harl. 7031.]
* [Mundum-Book, 161 3 — 14. Fcoda et Kcgarda. " Sohil' Thorp pro le drawing
of the platt of the Library xxx'."]
■* [These and the preceding details are from separate accounts at tlie end of
XII.] SKPARATE BUII, DINGS OF KIXG's. I.II'-KARV. 539
" Payd to Cornelius Austine (May y^ 20''^ 1680) lor
M"" Thomas Crowch his new classes in the College
Library the sum of 33 . 00 . 00
Payd to John Castle for y*^ iron wcrke ther 03 . 1 1 . 00
Payd to the Herald Painter for painting y*-* Amies ... 02 . 14 . 06."
The Library i.s thus described by Cole in 1744' :
"Out of this [Provost Brassie's vestry, fig. 42 xii] you descend a
Step into y^ 6'^ Chapel [ibid, xiii], w<^^ is y^ i"*' of those y' compose y*"
Library for y^ Society. It is floored with Deal as are all y'^ rest w'^'^
compose y'^ Library, w"^*^ includes what remains, except y^ last, w'^^ serves
for y"^ keeping of y^ Archives, and writings of y*^ College.
The Books in this Chapel were for y'^ most part given by
Tho^ Crouch formerly Fellow.... The Classes for y'^ Books in this
Library are all of Norway Oak elegantly fitted up and neatly carved;
5 of w'^^ are in each Chapel, viz : 2 at y^ extremities, w'^'^ are but
half one's, and 3 in y'^ body, of w'^'^ y*^ middlemost is much loftier
y" y^ rest. Over each of these classes, both in Front and at y^ ends
are the Arms and Crest of y*^ Donor, w'^ y'^ Initial Letters of his name
in Gold Capitals several Times, thus T. C... At y*^ end of y^ great
middle Class is this Inscription in gold Letters on a black ground :
Legavit
Thomas Crowch
1680.
The 5'^ Chapel [ibid, xiv] is fitted up in y'^ same manner as y^
6'*^ saving y^ Arms of Crouch over ye Classes ; and has no painted
Glass nor Monuments. The 4'^ Chapel [ibid, xv] or Vestry is fitted
up in y^ same elegant manner as the two precedent ones, and has y^
Arms and Crest of Hobart over y'^ Classes exactly as those of Crouch
in y*^ 6^"^ Chapel. ... At y'^ end of y^ biggest middle Class is wrote in
gold Letters :
Legavit
NicoLAus Hobart.
1659.
and several times, as y^ arms and Crest also, N.H — On y*^ N. side
of y^ Wall of this Chapel is a great Gothic x^rch, but for what use
designed, I can't conceive, for there is no entrance that way into y^
Choir, nor ever could be by reason of y^ Stalls, which stand against this
part of y^ Wall on y^ other side. It is however filled up with a neat
wainscot Cabinet w'*^ Glass Doors for y*^ MSS and other curious Books
the Particular Book for 1659; 1678; 1679. The arms of Hobart and Crouch are
described in Mr Evans' Essay in the Appendix. Crouch is buried in chapel vi.
His epitaph, '■^ Aperict Dens titmulos et cducel N^os de sepulckris. Qiialis cram,
dies isthccc cum Venerit scies.^\ is commented on in the Spectator, No. 518. Beneath
the inscription are the words " Term crcditiis die 30 Atigiisti Annoq' a nato Domino
1679."] 1 L^^l^-"^- ^'ole i. S9.]
540 king's college and eton college. [chap.
w'^'^ are safer here than in any other part of y^ Library. On y^ same
side and close to y^ Door as you enter into y*" 3'' Vestry [ibid, xvi] is
a VVainscote Box w'*^ a Glass Door, in w^^^ stands y^ Sceleton of a Male-
factor executed at y*^ Castle of Cambridge'.... The 3<^ Vestry is exactly
like y'' last saving y^ xArch in y*^ N. Wall and serves for a Library. The
2"^ Vestry [ibid, xvii] is like y^ rest w'^'^ serve for y'^ Library, and is the
last w<^h is appropriated for that use.... The 9'^ and last Chapel from
y^ West, or y^ i^' from y^ East, is now made use on as a place for y^
Archives of y^ College, and is always safely locked up. It has lately
had a new Door to it, and has had Cabinets and Chests of Drawers set
all around it for y^ writings of y^ College to be placed in.... There are
Maps and other Pictures hanging ag"-' y*= N. walls of y*" 6 last Chapels of
this side I have last described, but being not very extraordinary shall
take no further notice of y""."
The bookcases against the east and west walls of the three
chapels above described are still in existence. They are all
exactly similar in design, with trifling differences in ornamenta-
tion, and are extremely interesting specimens of the style of
bookcase in use at that period, preserving traces of the ancient
system of bars, locks, and chains. One of those in chapel XIV.
will be figured and fully described in the chapter on College
Libraries. It is one of the set put up with Hobart's bequest.
Those in chapel XIV. may be dated 1677 — y8 ; and those in
chapel XIII. 1680. The other bookcases were partly removed
to the Provost's Lodge in 185 I, partly used to make additional
seats in the Chapel, eastward of the stalls^
Provost's Lodge. The loth Statute directs that a distinct
and separate dwelling-house [mansuiii] is to be assigned to the
Provost, in order that his diverse occupations in the despatch
of College business may not interrupt the Fellows and Scholars.
The same statute further prescribes that a suitable retinue
{familid) is to be maintained for him, consisting of one gentle-
man, three valets, and two grooms''; that he is to receive a
' [In the omitted passage Cole points out that the three easternmost chapels on
each side were evidently intended for vestries from the first, from the position of the
doors, which leaves no room for an altar in any except the two last.]
'•* [College Orders, 18 January, 21 l-'ebruary, 1851.]
•* [Commiss. Doc'*, ii. 517. " Familiam secum habeat condecentem, necessariam,
utilem, et honestam, videlicet ad minus unum generosum, tres valectos, et duos
garsones, deservientes eidem debite sicut decet." Notwithstanding these provisions
the Founder's Will places the Lodge at the corner of the quadrangle (fig. 3). A
XII.] SKl'ARATK llUl LDIXClS OF KINC'S. PROVOST'S l.ODCK. 54I
yearly stipend of one hundred pounds, besides furniture, kitchen
utensils, horses, and stable requisites ; and that it shall be part
of his dutv to receive strangers, the cost of whose entertammcnt
, ENTRANCE TO KING'S
SCHOOL STREET ^,
1
^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
Fig, 53. Ground-plan of part of the Provosfs Lodge, reduced from the plan of Clare Hall,
made about 1635 (fig. 4).
is to be defrayed by the College. This unusual arrangement
was carried out from the beginning, for in the accounts for
portion of it however extended westward, beyond the lindts of the quadrangle, and
the Provost could easily have had a private entrance. ]
542 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
1448 — 49 the entertainment of the Provost of Eton in the
Provost's Lodge is charged for ; and an inventory of its con-
tents taken 3 July, 1452, only eleven years after the foundation
of the College, enumerates a hall, parlour, chamber over the
parlour, kitchen, little parlour at the gate, closet chamber, and
provost's chamber, besides stables, pantry and buttery, to which
a private chapel or oratory was soon after added \
The Lodge had been built on the ground between the Chapel
and Trumpington Street before 1450, for at Michaelmas in that
year the Prioress of Swaffham Bulbeck gives an acquittance for
a rent due " for the Provost's kitchen, v.-hich formerly was the
bake-house of Thomas Fordham'^" His house, at the corner of
Piron Lane, had been acquired in 1443 (p. 337), and it is probable
that the Lodge was commenced soon after that date. It is shewn
in this position by Hammond in 1592 (fig. 57) ; a ground-plan of
part of it is given in the plan of 1635 (fig. 53) ; a block-plan on
a very small scale by Loggan (fig. 58), with a distant view of
one of its gables and of its south wing (fig. 56) ; and lastly
several plans, taken between 1786 and 1797, are preserved in
the College, from which an attempt has been made to lay down
a ground-plan of the whole, with its relation to neighbouring
streets and buildings (fig. 54^ By comparing these authorities
with the accounts, we shall be able to recover as much of the
original arrangement as is necessary for our purpose, and to
shew that the later building is only an extension of that
alluded to in 1448 — 49 as already in existence.
The earlier portion of the series of Mundum-Books is unfor-
tunately imperfect ; but payments for building-work done at the
Lodge between 1452 and 1536, when an important extension of
it took place, can be extracted from them^, proving that during
^ [Mundum-Book, 1469 — 70. Expcns. iicccss. "Item pro renouacione cuiusdam
Tabule beate Marie stantis super Altare infra mansionem M' prepositi xij d." This
inventory, with others taken in the 17th century, and copious extracts from the
Mundum-Books, has been printed in the Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communi-
cations, 1879-80, No. XIX. Very few passages therefore will be quoted in these notes.]
■^ [Muniments of King's College, A. 108.]
^ [These extracts, unimportant in themselves, have been given at length in the
paper referred to above. In 1469 — 70 the "coquina," "parua parlura" and "camera
magistri prepositi " ai^e mentioned; in 1473 — 74 " le skrene pro parlura mansionis
magistri prepositi;" and in 1482 — 83 the "interior camera," probably the "Closet
Chamber " of the inventory.]
XII.] SErARATE BUIT-DIXGS OF KING'S. PROVOST'S LODGE. 543
that period it wa.s being repaired, but not reconstructed on a new
site. In 1536 however, workmen are employed "to pull down
certain old rooms in the Provost's dwelling-house that had
become ruinous;" and to build "one large room and a gallery,
and to repair the rest of the house against the king's arrival*."
The mention of stone brought from the quarry at Weldon, and
from other places ; the large sum, ^140, equal to at least ;^I400
at the present day, spent upon a portion only of the work ; and
the length of time it occupied, for it was still proceeding in 1542
— 43, the next year for which the Mundum-Book has been
preserved''', all indicate that it must have been both substantial
and extensive. In 1546 the porch (fig. 53) is mentioned for the
first time ; and we learn that it had a room over it, as was so
frequently the case in manor-houses of that period^. At the
beginning of the reign of Elizabeth the decoration of the rooms
built in the previous reign was undertaken. In 1560 — 62 we
find charges for " vvaynescottynge the new studye," and "the
great dynynge chambre " in the Lodge ; for canvass " to make a
border for the new haull," and for " the new chamber by the new
haull ; " for " iiij peces of Norwyche sayes to hange the new
haull and the chamber next vnto yt ; " and for "a crcast of
waynscot " in the same two rooms'". In 1592 — 93 a charge for
"seeling Ic ould Hall" occurs, which proves that part, at least, of
the old Lodge had been retained.
The gallery may be identified with the long building in two
floors forming the south wing of the Lodge (figs. 53, 56), after-
wards replaced by the " Brick Building;" and the hall with part
1 [Mundum-Book, 1536 — 37. RcparacioJics. "Item sor...laborantibus in man-
sione domini prepositi pro vna magna camera et galeria do novo erigen' et ceteris
reparandis in adventum domini Regis ; et pro freeston de quarrura de Welldon et
aliis lapidibus emptis a...fratribus Carmelitanis ; necnon pro lateribus, tegulis, asseri-
bus, clavis, zabulo, calce adusto, etc., pro eodem opere, vt jjatet per quaternum
pecuniarum in parte solucionis de vij^^li iiij'"'li."]
^ [Under a new heading "Custus noui edificii infra mansionem M' Prepositi"
similar expenses to those last quoted occur, and ;i^89. os. i\d. is spent.]
■* [Ibid. 1546 — 47. Expcns. necess. "Item xx"" decembris Rogero Yong vitriario
pro 85 pedibus normandy glase pro superiore porticu in mansione d' prepositi... et 56
pedibus de burgon glase pro inferiori [etc.] liiij s. xj d."]
^ [Ibid. 1562 — 63. " Item sol' for a creast of waynscot in nova aula in mansione
magistri prepositi longitudine continens centum pedes ad vj d pro pede liiij s. vjd. "
"For a creast of waynscot in the chamber next to the newe liaull conteyning iiij "^vj
foote ad vj d pro pede xliij s."']
S3SnOI-l \ 3037703 S,ONI>l
J33illS lOOHOS
U^
ov^'
►-
to
(t
LU
O
ct
a.
Q.
Fig. S4- Ground-plan of the Provost's Lodge, with the adjoining streets and buildings.
XII.] SEPARATE lUJTLDINCS OF king's. T'ROVOST'S LODGE. 545
of a large building, with a high-pitched roof, also in two floors,
extending from the north end of the gallery to Trumpington
Street. These portions of the Lodge were used for the enter-
tainment of Queen Elizabeth in 1564. The narrative of her
visit says " The Guard Chamber was the Lower Hall of the
Provost's Place ; the Chamber of Presence, the Lodging over
that ; the Gallery and other Chambers served for the Queen's
Lodging." The inventory of 1660 enumerates "The Great
Hall " as well as "The Waynscot Hall ; " and the term " Neyther
Hall " also occurs in the accounts. Again, the quantity of
crest used, viz. 100 feet, corresponds with the dimensions of the
room on the ground-floor, afterwards subdivided into "ante-
room" and "dining-room," or of that over it, due allowance
having been made for windows, doors, and fireplace^; but the
position to be assigned to "the chamber next to the hall," which
was nearly as large as the former, for it required 80 feet of crest
to go round it, is a matter of much greater difficulty, unless we
may be permitted to place it on the upper floor. The porch,
which existed until 1802, was nearly opposite to the centre of
the east end of the Chapel. The older portion of the Lodge
stood north of this, where a large room, subdivided into " vesti-
bule " and " Servants' Hall," probably represents the old hall,
over which was the "Audit-room," wainscoted in 1648 — 49 by
Richard Chapman. No other changes worth recording took
place until the end of the following century. Carter, writing in
1753, remarks that
"The Provost's Lodge, tho' it makes not so grand an out-side
Appearance as some do, yet within, few exceed it for grandeur and
convenient Apartments"."
We next arrive at the transaction mentioned at the end of
' [The total length of the 4 walls is 129 feet ; but if we deduct 18 ft. for 3 windows
(the number probably before the room was divided), 7 ft. for the west window, 8 ft.
for 1 doors, and 5 ft. for the fire-place, = 38 ft., we obtain a total of 91 ft., to which 8 ft.
may be added for the jambs of the 4 windows, over which the wainscot would of
course extend. This makes 99 ft., which is so nearly the number of feet of crest
paid for, that we may be certain tiiat tlie identification of the Hall with this part
of the Lodge is correct.]
" [Carter's Cambridge, p. 162. The Provost's principal garden was always the
same (fig. 3). Besides this, he had a small garden west of the north wing of his Lodge
enclo.sed by a wall, as shewn by Loggan (fig. 58).]
VOL. T. 35
546 king's college and eton college. [chap.
Chapter III., which must be briefly noticed here, so far as it
affected the Lodge. In 1769 the College had sold to the
University for £ig20 eleven houses at the north-east corner of
the site, abutting against the northern and eastern wings of the
Lodge, between Trumpington Street and S. Mary's Lane\ at
the west end of which the entrance to the College from the street
then was; and in 1786 a second application was made for the
ground on which part of the north wing of the Lodge stood.
This request was communicated by the Vice-Chancellor on
February 22, and at a meeting held 22 April following the
Provost and Fellows drew up a minute stating " that they are
willing and disposed to accommodate the University with all the
particulars as stated and desired." At the same time they inti-
mated that they expected to receive in exchange a quantity of
ground equal in superficial extent to that taken from them. On
December 26 " Articles of agreement " were drawn up, by which
King's College agreed (1) to convey the ground required at
their own cost within one year, provided the University should
erect a certain wall between the two properties within the same
time ; (2) " for promoting the said Design and enabling the
Provost to give up so considerable a part of his Lodge," to annex
"their Brick Building at the South-East End of their Chappel,"
with the ground behind it, to the Lodge; (3) to put the Univer-
sity in possession of the wing of the Lodge standing on the
ground required within three years, or sooner if possible. The
University agreed (i) to give to the College ground equal in
extent to that which should be conveyed to them, or to pay in
ready money the sum which the deficiency should be fairly
judged to be worth by two surveyors ; (2) to pull down the
houses heretofore conveyed to them, and to erect a brick wall,
fourteen inches thick and twelve feet high, between their property
and that of the College ; (3) to leave a passage twelve feet wide
between the College property and the intended building ; and
(4) in consideration of the expense of altering the Lodge, to pay
to the College ;^ii50 in two sums, viz. ^^"650 before Michaelmas
1787 or sooner if necessary, and ;^5oo before Michaelmas 1788^
^ [The conveyance is dated 8 November. The houses extended for 102 feet
along S. Mary's Lane and for 144 feet along Trumpington Street.]
■^ [The payment of this sum was authorized by Grace 31 October, 1786 ; and at
XII.] SEPARATE BUILDINGS OF KING'S. PROVOSX'S LODGE. 547
This agreement was faithfully carried out by both parties.
The details will be better understood from the plan (fig. 54) than
from any description. The " J>rick Building" was added to the
south wing of the Lodge ; the portion of the north wing that
stood north of the line AB, which marks the southern limit of
the ground ceded by King's College, was pulled down, and the
remainder replaced by a square building (fig. 55), in part erected
over the site of the houses sold in 1769. A piece of this site
(BCDEFGHI) became the property of the College, in exchange
for the piece (IKLMNOPA) which they gave up ; and lastly, a
brick wall of the covenanted height was built by the University
along the line AB, as shewn in the woodcut (fig. 55).
No formal conveyance had however been executed ; and by
the time that these preliminaries had been completed, the idea
of erecting the proposed building had been abandoned by the
University. The College therefore demurred to the exchange,
as having been authorized and justified only in virtue of an Act
of Parliament (6 George I.) for enlarging the Public Library^;
and no further steps appear to have been taken until the begin-
ning of 1797, when the University tried to obtain a piece
westward of their former acquisition (fig. 54), by which they
would have become possessed of all the ground eastward of a
line drawn in extension of the front of the University Library,
This proposal, however, the College declined by an unanimous
vote (13 May); and the University soon after agreed to erect a
dwarf wall and iron railing (OAPR) at the eastern extremity of
the same time the Syndics obtained leave to pull down the houses purchased in 1769.
It was determined by King's College, 10 November, 1786, "that the said sum of
;^ii50 be applied to the annexing the said Brick Building, and fitting it up in a
proper manner fur the accommodation of the Provost and his family... but so
that the College be not charged with any additional expence." The building thus
denominated is first mentioned in the "Particular Book" for 1693 — 94. It then
consisted of i" and 2'^ chamber "over M"" Provost's Kitchin," and i"', 2^ and 3*
chamber "over the Schoole," probably the Choristers' School. At some subsequent
period it was wholly occupied by chambers, which after the completion of the Gibbs
building were no longer required.]
^ [This appears from a minute, in the Registry of the University, drawni up and
signed by Dr William Cooke, Provost, dated 10 December, 1791- The same
minute states that the Provost had given up "no fewer than six rooms, and
conveniences of various sorts upon the Ground-floor, and four rooms or Bed-
chambers above, together with the great Audit-room of the College of 38 feet
by 18^ feet, and two staircases."]
35—2
548
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
the ground between King's College Chapel and the University
Library^ Lastly, by deed of exchange, 31 October, 1798, it was
agreed that the passage between the two properties, at the end
of which was the new entrance into King's College, should be
20 feet wide, instead of 12 feet, as originally suggested ; and the.
University, whose property this strip of ground became, bound
themselves not to lay it open for horses or carriages, or to erect
any building upon it.
Fig. 55. View of the Provost's Lodge, taken in 1798, from the north-east.
It was probably in consequence of this agreement that this
passage became the property of King's College after the old
lodge had been destroyed, and the new gate made, 1824 — 1829.
A Grace of the Senate 24 April, 1833, authorized the removal of
part of the railings of Senate House Yard which had been set
up in 1 791 to their present curved line, so as to join the new
line of railings set up by King's College in 1832 — 33^.]
Church of S. John Baptlst. The position of this Church,
usually called the Church of S. John Zachary, has been already
^ [Syndics to carry out this plan were appointed 7 July, 1797, King's College
having agreed (10 June) to contribute towards it ^^loo due to them from the
University for 300 superficial feet of ground in excess of the quantity received.
The whole cost was not to exceed ;[^230.]
^ [These railings cost ;,^i 395. ly. 10.5^/.]
XII.] SRPARATK BUILDINCS OF KINC.'S. CHURCH OF S. JOHN. 549
discussed (p. 340). Some points however in its further history-
demand a brief notice'. It should be premised that the acquisi-
tion of the enlarged site of King's College had absorbed nearly
the whole of the parish, with the exception of the colleges of
Clare Hall and Trinity Hall, which had been accustomed to use
the Church for their devotions, and the graveyard for the burial
of their dead". They would manifestly therefore be much
inconvenienced by the loss of it. Clare Hall however docs not
appear to have taken any independent action in the matter ;
Trinity Hall, on the other hand, which had also sold a consider-
able quantity of land to the King, as has been already related,
and had thus established a claim to the royal favour, lost no
time in trying to obtain compensation. Three years before the
grant of the advowson to King's College in the charter confirmed
16 March, 1446, it was agreed by formal indenture, dated 8 June,
1443, between Simon Dallyng, Master of Trinity Hall, and John
Langton, then Chancellor of the University, that the latter should
do his best to obtain for the former the appropriation of S.
Edward's Church, together with other privileges, for which good
offices " anone after the said Appropriacion is made," he was to
receive 100 marks sterling. At that time the advowsons of both
churches belonged to Barnwell Priory. Three years elapsed
before the appropriation was effected, but it was at last con-
firmed to Trinity Hall by the King in letters patent, i March,
1446^, "in consideration of the innumerable acts of kindness and
goodwill that the Master, Fellows, and Scholars of Trinity Hall
have shewn to our royal college in various ways, and still are
shewing daily." Moreover, on 10 November following, the
Bishop of Ely declared the two parishes united and appro-
priated to Trinity Hall, King's College, so far as we know,
offering no objection.
The destruction of the parish church however weighed upon
the King's conscience, and from the first he intended to rebuild
i [The history of this Church has been fully related in a paper printed in the
Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications, 1879 — 80, No. xx., in the
appendix to which all the documents referring to It have been printed.]
^ [See above, pp. 80, 220.]
•* [It is curious to observe that though Henry VI. granted the Vicarage of
S. John's to King's College in 1446, he did not obtain it from Trinity Hall until
2y June, 1448, togetlier with the Vicarage of S. Edward.]
550 king's college and eton college. [chap.
it elsewhere, as we learn from a passage towards the close of his
Will already quoted (p. 3/8). It is commonly supposed that
the intention was abandoned ; but this is by no means the case.
By letters patent, dated 20 June, 1453, he declares that "whereas
the church had been completely destroyed through the erection
of our college on its site, and another church in honour of S.
John Baptist had been newly built at our own cost near to our
aforesaid college V' the new church is made a parish church, and
a yearly stipend of ten pounds is assigned to the Rector.
Further, by a second document, issued on the same day, the
advowson of this new church is granted to the Provost and
Scholars of King's College^
A distinct record of its position has been preserved by
Dr Caius in the following passage, in which he is evidently
describing the rebuilt church, and not the original one :
" He [King Henry the Sixth] increased the site of his College by
taking into it the Church and churchyard of St John Zachary, which
was opposite, on the south, to the west garden of Gonville and Caius
College, from which it was separated only by a thoroughfare. This site
is occupied, at the present day, by the old and only Hall of King's
College^"
By the " west garden " {Jiortus occidcntalis) Dr Caius evidently
meant the Master's Garden, at the south-west corner of the site,
as the plan of Caius College shews. The Church therefore
^ [Patent, 31 Hen. VL, p. 2, m. 5. The words used are '•Cum nuper...(|uoddam
Collegium infra parochiam olim Sancti Johannis Baptiste...ereximus et fundauimus
eciam in loco ubi dicta olim ecclesia parochialis sancti Johannis Baptiste fuerat edifi-
cata, propriaque olim ecclesia per edificacionem et construccionem dicti Collegii et
domorum eiusdeni funditus exstitit demolita, Ac aliam ecclesiam in honore Sancti
Johannis Baptiste prope et iuxta Collegium predictuni de nouo construi et editicaii
fecimus nostris sumptibus et expensis."]
^ At the end of the copy of these letters patent in Bishop Bourchier's Register
(IVISS. Baker, xxx. 19b) there is the following note, as though the provisions had never
been carried out: " Occurrit in Registro Bourchier, sed linea transversa obducitur."
■* Hist. Cantab. Acad. i. 67. When the foundations of the north wing of the new
Library were dug, the traces of a building resembling a church were actually found on
this spot, and immediately attributed to the old church of S. John. [Cole, who
carefully collected College traditions, says (MSS. 1. 68), " This Church of S. John
Zachary stood in y"^ place where our present Refectory in y° old Court stands." The
position suggested in the text is supported by the following entry; Mundum-Book
1468 — 69. Custus noui Edificii. "Et pro le howke pro magna porta iuxta Ecclesiam
Sancti Johannis pond' xiiij lib', x^. Item sol' cuidam lathamo pro labore sue circa
reparacionem magne porte prope Ecclesiam Sancti Johannis Paptiste vj''. '"]
XII.] SEPARATE BUILDINCJS OF KINd'S. CHURCH OF S. JOIIM. 55 I
Stood on the north side of the Old Court of King's College, not
necessarily wholly on the site of the Hall, but on the ground
westward of it, between it and Milne Street.
[A further proof that the Church was rebuilt, and used for
service down to the end of the fifteenth century at least, is
afforded by the inventories of altar-furniture and vestments
preserved in King's College that have been already referred to,
and by the Mundum-Books. In the earliest of the former,
written in August, 1452, articles belonging to S. John's Church
are enumerated among those belonging to the College^; while in
the latter entries occur which shew that the Church was repaired
from time to time at the expense of the College ; that it con-
sisted of nave and choir, that it had a " rode loft," and that the
walls were hung with tapestry, bought in 1488 — 89". This is
the last entry respecting it. It is probable that it gradually
became ruinous, and fell down, as the old Chapel did, for Dr
Caius, whose history was published in 1574, speaks of it in the
past tense. If the extensive repair of the Hall in 1562 included
an extension, we may conclude that the Church had fallen down
before that date, and that part of the site had been occupied by
the enlarged Hall. It must from the first have been nearly
useless as a parish church, for Trinity Hall and Clare Hall
had provided accommodation for their members in S. Edward's
Church, which the rest of the parishioners of S. John's, after the
formal union of the two parishes, were equally entitled to use.
Plans for completing the College. The site provided
by the Founder for the enlarged College, described in Chapter
III., appears to have been taken possession of soon after its
acquisition, the lanes closed, and the houses pulled down,
doubtless with the intention of at once proceeding with the
buildings. The only portion begun, however, was the eastern
^ ["Item vj ferial aulter clothes of grene tartren rayed and iij pair cortej'ns of
grene tartren the wheche were delyvered Rosky for to be occupied in seint Johns
chirch." " Item ther is vij corporasses whereof ther beth v in ye vesliarie and one at
london and an other in seint Johnes chirche. "]
2 [These entries, together with a long account for a substantial repair executed
in 1480 — 81, and headed " Soluciones facte pro Ecclesia Sancti Johannis " have been
printed in the paper above mentioned.]
552
KINGS COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
range of the quadrangle, of which the staircase turret abutting
against the Chapel has been already described (fig. 15). The
outer wall, moreover, had been raised to a considerable height,
as we learn from Loggan (fig. 56), from the plan of 1635 (fig. 53),
and from Cole's description written in 1742 :
"The S.E. Turret [of the Chapel] is left rough on purpose to joyn
y*^ intended Quadrangle w'-'^ on this side was began as may easily be
discerned by a good part w'^*^ remains still adjoyning to y*" Chapel, and
by all y^ intended Chimneys w'^^ make now y'=^ Wall of y*^ Miter Tavern
belonging to this College. Part of y*^ Remains adjoyning to y*^ afore-
said I'urret were within these 10 y""^ pulled down to make a view into
y^ Feilds on y'^ Back of y'^ Provosts Study Window."
'm&$§:i:<^;^.
Fig. 56. Part of the east side of the great court of King's College, shewing the " Clerks" Lodgings"
(D) : the foundations of the intended east range of building (E) : and part of the Provost's
Lodge (F) : reduced from Loggan.
The Mitre Tavern was in Trumpington Street, near the
south-east corner of the quadrangle, whence we may conclude
that the wall on the east side had been begun for nearly the
whole of its intended length, as shewn by Hammond (fig. 57) \
^ [By "chimneys" Cole of course means the square towers which Professor Willis
believes were intended for closets. The position of the Mitre Tavern is known
from an account of the Perambulation of S. Edward's Parish preserved by Warren
(App. cxvi). "Then thro' S' Edward's Lane and along Trumpington Street to
XII.
PLANS FOR COMI'I,ETING KINGS COLLEGE,
553
It has also been shewn (p. 489) that the Cloister Cemetery
west of the Chapel was undoubtedly consecrated, and used for
about thirty years, until the Chapel was sufficiently far advanced
to admit of burials within the precincts. There is however no
evidence th^t cither the cloister or the belfry were ever begun.
A drawing, said to be a design for the latter, is preserved in the
British Museum'. It shews a lofty structure in four stages, of
the same area, and of nearly the same height. Each stage has a
window of four lights, divided bv a transom. The heads of the
Fig. 57. King's College, reduced from Hammond's Map of Cambridge, 1592.
Wilkinson *y^ Painter's House. Then cross y'^ Street to y"^ Mitre. Then thro' y'^
Mitre to y« Back-gate. Then to y" White-Horse-back-gate." The back- gate of the
White Horse was in King's Lane (fig. 2), and therefore the Mitre must have been
just north of Cory's House in Triimpington Street ]
^ [MSS. Cotton, Aug. I. i. 3. It is on paper, and measures ;,'iin.x 15 in. It is
very carefully drawn, tinted in grey of different shades, and lettered in a late hand
"Campanile Collegii Regalis Cantebrigice."]
554 king's college and eton college. [chap.
windows in the three lowest stages are rather acutely pointed,
while that in the uppermost is much depressed. At each angle
there is an octagonal turret, rising considerably higher than the
roof, and terminating in a spire of great height, round the base
of which there is a battlement and eight pinnacles. , The sides of
these turrets are ornamented by sixteen rows of panels, sepa-
rated by suits of moldings. The panels are exactly alike, each
being treated as a window of two lights, with meagre tracery
above. The sameness of this design, together with the want of
variety of outline and ornamentation generally in all parts of
the composition, indicates a late style, and proves that it cannot
have the authority of the Founder. It may possibly have been
made for Henry the Seventh, for it recalls to a certain extent
the exterior of his chapel at Westminster.
The idea of completing the College according to the Will of
the Founder was never lost sight of, but want of funds prevented
any serious effort to execute it until the beginning of the
eighteenth century. Meanwhile various attempts were made to
procure additional accommodation. In 1571 we find ^30 spent
on " raising the tower of stone next the kytchin higher and
conuerting thould Library into twoo chambers for Fellows \"
This is the tower at the north-west corner of the Old Court
(fig. 5), the top of which, as there shewn, is modern, and the
raising of it may have included the construction of the upper
story of the building immediately to the south of it, which is
evidently of a date long subsequent to the floor beneath. In
1574 the Hall of S. Austin's Hostel, the position of which has
been already indicated, was fitted up as rooms for Fellow-Com-
moners, afterwards spoken of collectively as "The Pensionary''*;"
and in 1579 "the chambers in the tenise courte" are mentioned,
1 [Note at end of Mundum-Book for 12—13 Elizabeth 1570 — 71.]
■^ [Ibid. 1573 — 74. A marginal note to the heading Reparationcs apud Ca7ita-
brigiam records "Hoc An° nova tenementa et cubicula commensalium erant tedifi-
cata:" and at the end of the account there is the following, "Charges extraordinary
this yeere, vt patet: viz. The iiij tenementis new biiylded in S' Augustihes hostle, in
the place of the oulde stables fallen down. The pentioners Chambres made of the
ould hall." Ibid. 1574—75. "Item pro timber and bourdes for the pensioners
chambers made in S' Austen hostell hall x''." The "Orders for Pentioners" made
5 Oct. 157S (Lib. Protoc. Vol. I.) direct "the noumber to bee according to their
chambers provided, or at the moste not to bee above xij at one time," so that we need
not look for any extensive accommodation.]
Xir.] PLANS FOR COArPLETIXG KING'S COLLEGE. 555
but there are no means of ascertaining when they had been
made, or where the Tennis-court stood'.
There were also some sets of rooms in certain houses on the
east side of the College next the Lodge, which are shewn by
Loggan (fig. 56), and are called by him "The Clerks' Lodgings"
{clericoruni cubicula). His ground-plan (fig. 58) shews that they
formed two sides of a small court, which must be that called
"the conductes court" {curia condiictoriini) in the accounts, as
contrasted with the College court {curia collegii). They are
mentioned in 1466 — 6"] as already in existence, and had pro-
bably been made by altering some of the houses already stand-
ing on that part of the site".
In 1602—3 we find a person named Simons paid for his
pains " in drawing ie Platforme of the College^" This is in all
probability Ralph Simons, the celebrated architect, to whose
skill the Great Court of Trinity College, and the Second Court
of S. John's College, are due ; and who was also employed
to build Sidney College and reconstruct Emmanuel College.
Nothing, however, was done at that time ; but the intention
of building at no distant date is referred to in the controversy
with Clare College in 1636, and again in a letter from Lord
Dartmouth to the College, 14 March, 1685 — 6, as fellows'*:
" I cannot but remind you, how long a time it is since I was
acquainted of your good Disposition to attempt something towards
y*^ Building of our College (to which you have been sufficiently animated
by y^ Example and Success of Colleges of much less Consideration
^ [Ibid. 1579 — 80. Rcparaciones. "Item Johanni Hind for woorkinge on the
chambers in the tenise courte iij^" Ibid. 1581 — 82, the "dore at the entraunce of
the tenis courte yard " is mentioned. The tennis court was apparently pulled down
in 1594 — 95. Ibid. " Item pro reponend' le tenis courte tymber in the storehowse."]
- [Ibid. 1466 — 67. Ctistiis ninii cdificii. "Item sol' plumbario pro labore suo circa
reparacionem aqueductorum infra Curiam Conductorum per iij. dies xjd." Ibid.
1489 — 90, "Item sol' Willelmo Tyler pro tegulacione in Curia Conductorum et in
diuersis locis infra curiam Collegii." Ibid. 1563 — 64, "for tylynge IM"" Provost's
kytchyn and other places needfull abowt the conductes court viijs." Particular-Book,
1623 — 24, Reparaciones. " Pro 4 bigatis of grate pauing stones pro plateis iuxta man-
sionem et cameras clericoruni." Ibid. 1621 — 22. Reparaciones. "Item Wilson le
mason ... circa le paving the street before the Clerks Lodgings i.\^ iiij''.'"]
^ [Ibid. 1602 — 3. Feoda et Regarda. " Solut' Simons pro opere in drawing le
Platforme of the College viij'."]
* [This letter, and those of Provost Adams, to be shortly referred to, are in the
Muniment Room of King's College.]
556 king's college and eton college. [chap.
and Interest than your own); and I must begg leave to recommend
once more to you y'^ vigorous Prosecution of so noble and pious
a Design. I shou'd think it a great Addition to y*^ Happiness of my
Life to see a Work so necessary for your own Convenience and so much
for the Honour of our whole University to go forward in His Majesty's
Reign.
Begin therefore a Found amongst your selves, either by cutting
down Timber (w'''' cannot be dispos'd of to a better Use) or what other
Ways your Prudence shall think best ; And if you shall think fitt to lett
me know your Proceedings, when this Design shall be reduc'd to some
Method and Ripeness, I will not be wanting on my own Part, and
to recommend both it and your selves to his Majesty's gracious
Patronage."
This sensible advice was not however acted upon until Dr
John Adams became Provost {171 2 — 17 19). His letters prove
that from the very commencement of his tenure of the Provost-
ship he devoted himself to the energetic prosecution of the
building scheme. The Mundum-Book of 1713 — 14 shews the
commencement of a Building-Fund \ arising out of the sale of
timber, which at the audit of 17 16 had nearly reached the sum
of ;^3000. Meanwhile the Provost was engaged in soliciting
subscriptions, and in trying to obtain an audience of Queen
Anne, at which he proposed to lay his "papers and Designs"
before her. The following extracts from one of his letters to the
senior Bursar, written probably in the winter of 17 12 — 13, shew
how deeply he was interested in the matter, and how sanguine
he was of success. At the beginning of it he is evidently
alluding to the formation of the Building-Fund :
"The College is very much Obligd to you for your Pain and Con-
duct, and I am sure I shall ever thinke my selfe so ; I do not question
but that we shall begin in a little time and shall find Encouragement
from the Queen to go on, now we shall be able to answer that Question
which has so often been thrown in my Way, ' What can you do for
yourselves?' I have prospect of assistance from private Hands v/hich
I did not Expect. ...Notwithstanding this ill Winter thro the Queens
Sickness and the great Business the ministry is ingagd in... I have
watcht opportunitys so Successfully as to get some Ground in o'' Great
Affair, and do not doubt but I shal see some very good Effects of their
Promises in a few months, tho I am often forct to draw back for fear of
pressing too far."
1 [The first entry is set down as follows, with the heading: '' rccunia Collegia
Instaiirando designata. Dec. 17. 17 14. Rec*. three Hundred and thirty pound
arising out of y*' Timber of Toft Monks Man'" and designed to be applied to y^ building
of y** College. J. Hayley" (Sen. Bursar).]
XFI.J PT.ANS FOR COiMPLETING KTNC.'s COIJJCC ;!•:. 557
The following resolution, adopted by the College, 8 May,
1 7 14, and signed by eighteen Fellows as well as by the Pro-
vost, shews liow his enthusiasm had animated the Society :
"Whereas it was Agreed by the Provost and Fellows of the King's
College of our blessed Lady and S' Nicholas of Cambridge, that the
timber in Toft Monks wood in the County of Norfolk should be sold
towards the building some Part of the said College in or about the
place where their Royall Founder first design'd it, and the said timber
has been sold for two thousand three hundred and ten j)oun(]s which,
(together with what remain'd of what was sold before for repairing the
Hall and rebuilding what was burnt downe viz: three hundred and
thirtie pounds) amounts in the whole to two thousand six hundred and
forty pounds.
We whose names are under written do most solemnly promise
that we will never by any means directly or indirectly propose or pro-
mote the applying the said mony or any part thereof to any other use
or purpose then the above mentioned, and if any member of y^ said
College shall be so wicked as to propose or promote t]?e dividing or
applying to any other use or purpose whatsoever (unles in case of fire
which God forbid) either the said mony or any other that shall rise from
the selling of timber which shall be found upon any of the College
Estates We will discover and oppose him to the utm.ost of our power.
Furthermore We do also most solemnly promise that we will put
out the said mony as fast as it shall be paid in and can conueniently be
done to be improved by interest upon the best and safest fund or funds
till it shall increase to such a summe as together with the Gifts of such
Benefactours as it shall please God to raise up to promote this necessary
and good designe shall be thought sufficient to begin it.
Wittness our hands the eighth day of May in the thirteenth year
of the reign of our soueraign Pady Anne by the Grace of God of Great
Brittain, France, and Ireland Queene defender of the faith etc.
Annoque Domini 17 14."
The work of collecting funds had not prevented the Provost
from taking steps to obtain a suitable plan for the proposed
buildings. On 22 March, 17 13, he had an interview with Sir
Christopher Wren at the house of Mr Nicholas Hawkesmore,
one of Wren's pupils, and an architect of some reputation. From
the terms in which Hawkesmore is spoken of by the Provost
in the notes he fortunately preserved of the interview, it is clear
that he had been already consulted, and had prepared a plan
and models of the proposed building. The following extracts
are the most material for our purpose :
"March 17 12 — 13. To M"" Hawkmores (jvV) at Kensington i7''\
To M'' Batemans Sunday 22. To M"" Hawkesmores again y'' same
558 king's college and eton college. [chap.
day 2 2 : met S'' Christ. Wren and M"" Wren there. M"" Wren said some
of o"" People had reported y^ Project of Building would come to nothing.
Obser : That the Stone should be hewd out of the Quarry 1 2 month
before it be usd, and cut in proper Peices. That there are excellent
Bricks to be had about Ely of a White Sort, w'^'' he once thought of
sending for for S' Pauls. That Chinch will fill up very well
Saturday . 28* March . at Kensington with AP Hawks[more]. He
shewd me y'^ upright model. I did not like the jetting out of y^ Pillars
of y^ Portal nor number of them ; desird they might be but four, and
clapt close to y*^ Rest of the Building. I thinke Pilasters would still do
better. He had made y*^ Studys and Bed parts to be towards y^ Quad-
rangle. I thought them better towards y^ River and orderd them to
be so. I desird this wing might be set more backward to give a full
veiw of y*^ Chappel. Agreed to. I told him y'^ hight would be Majes-
tick of its selfe and in its plainness more answerable to y^ Chappel :
and desird all Ornaments might be avoided ; this too y'^ Rather because
something of that Nature is in the Founders Will. The main Objection
against Removing the Western Wing backward was y^ want of Roome
towards y*^ street for Removing y*^ Part proportionably ; but this I sayd
might be don* if y« Lodgings there were Single, w'^'' they may well be,
when the others are built, the Number of Chambers amounting to more
(if two in a Chamber) than the Coll. will have occasion for. The most
Expensive part will be y^ Cloyster but it is y^ hardest for M"" Hawks-
more to Part withal."
Hawksmore's ground-plan — or rather a rough pen-and-ink
sketch of it — is in the British Museum\ The court to the south
of the Chapel measures 275 feet from north to south, by 300 feet
from east to west. The former dimension is the same as that of
the present court, the latter is 32 feet longer. This is due to the
fact that he had adopted the Provost's suggestion and set the
western building back so as to be quite clear of the Chapel.
The eastern and western ranges are occupied by chambers ; the
southern by the Hall, at the western end, east of which are
the kitchen and offices, with a through passage into a yard
behind. At the west end of the Chapel there was to be a
" Portico or Vestibulum " through which the cloister would be
entered. This was to measure 100 feet in width by 225 in
length, and to be set exactly symmetrically with reference to the
Chapel. On its west side was to be the bell-tower, as directed
by the Founder ; and between it and the river the gardens for
the senior and junior Fellows. A new way was to be made in
a direct line from the end of Old King's Lane to the river. On
' [King's Library viii. 5? i5.]
XII.] FLANS FOR COMri,ETING KING'S COLLEGE. 550
the south side of this the brewhousc and stables were to be
placed, and on the north side the Provost's Lodge, standing in
a large garden, bounded on the north by a wall which was
a prolongation of the south side of the court. Between this and
the cloister was a lawn, extending to the river, with a bridge in
the centre ; and there was another bridge between the two
gardens.
The models are in King's College Library. The letters
of Dr Adams indicate that though they were made under
the direction of Mr Hawkesmore they were sanctioned by Sir
Christopher Wren\ They represent the buildings on the east
and west sides of the court respectively. The former has a
large archway of entrance from the street in the centre ; the
latter a central block projecting some distance beyond the
general line of the building, and a smaller archway leading to
the grounds beyond. Both have a cloister along the side next
the court. The rooms are arranged in three floors, and there
are four rooms on each floor on each side of the archway. Each
set consists of one large room with two smaller rooms behind.
On the upper floor only these have a staircase between them, so
that four small rooms are contained in the height of the large
one. Thus two persons could occupy the large room and yet
each have a bedroom and study to himself These studies are
lighted by small oblong windows looking into the court^. The
central portico is adorned with six disengaged columns, sup-
ported on masses of rustic-work, so high that the bases of the
columns are on the level of the first floor. The bad effect of
these quite justifies the Provost's condemnation of them.
We do not know why this plan was not adopted. The death
of Queen Anne (i August, 17 14) and the failure of an attempt
on the part of the Provost to interest her successor in his
scheme may have induced delay, and his own death at the
beginning of 17 19 perhaps discouraged the College from any
immediate attempt to continue a design which had depended so
' [In a letter dated 9 Sept. 1713 the Provost writes, " I have sent for the two models
which I have ready made at Sir Christopher Wren's:" and again, 21 Jan. 17 14,
"M'' Hawksmore has sent me in an account of the Cliargc of the Two Models."]
- [This was the arrangement to which the Provost objected. His suggestion was
adopted in the Gibbs Building, where the bedrooms do face the river.J
56o king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
much upon his individual energy. However this may be, the work
was not begun until 25 March, 1724, though the College Orders
shew that it had been in contemplation for nearly two years ;
for at the beginning of 1723 (10 January) it was agreed to pay
fifty guineas to the architect, James Gibbs, "for his journeys,
designing and drawing plans, surveying and laying out the
ground for the intended building;" and on 14 January in the
same year it was resolved " that the west side of the intended
new College be begun to be built." The reasons for discarding
Hawkesmore and choosing Gibbs are not stated: According to
the new plan the buildings were all to be arranged round
a quadrangle, which was to measure from east to west 240 feet,
the exact length of the side-chapels, and 282 feet from north to
south. Each side of this quadrangle was to consist of a detached
and independent mass of building, a space of twenty-two feet
being left free at each angle. The style adopted was the Italian
then in fashion, and the whole design would have been an
excellent specimen of it, as the plates of what was intended and
the portion built testify. The architect thus describes the
portion erected, and the arrangements for the rest of the design :
" It is built of Portland Stone, and is detach'd from the Chapell as
being a ditferent kind of Building, and also to prevent damage by any
accident of Fire. The Court could not be larger than is express'd in
the Plan, because I found, upon measuring the Ground, that the South-
East Corner of the intended East Side of the Building came upon
TrinnpiiigfoJi Street. This College, as design'd, will consist of Four
Sides, {viz.) The Chapell, a beautiful! Building of the Gothick Tast, but
the Finest I ever saw ; opposite to which is propos'd the Hall, with
a Portico. On one side of the Hall is to be the Provost's Lodge, with
proper Apartments : On the other side are the Buttry, Kitchin and
Cellars, with Rooms over them for Servitors. In the West Side fronting
the River, now built, are 24 Apartments, each consisting of three Rooms
and a vaulted Cellar. The East Side is to contain the like number of
Apartments \"
The western building was to have been adorned with
statuary, but this was probably given up from lack of funds.
There was to have been a recumbent figure on each side of the
pediments of the portico, and a statue on each of the dwarf piers
^ ["A Book of Architecture, containing Designs of Buildings and Ornaments."
By James Gihl)S. Fol. London, 1727. Plates xxxii. — xxxv.j
XII.] PLANS FOR COMI'l.i: IINC Kl\(;'s ('( Jl.I.l.c.iK. 561
subdividing the balustrade. The Hall-porlico would have been
supported on eight Corinthian columns of noble proj^ortions.
The following statement of the reasons which induced the
College to begin when they did, and a description of the cere-
mony of laying the first stone, were published by Mr Gregory
Doughty, one of the senior Fellows, as an appendix to the
sermon he preached on the occasion in the Chapel':
"They are induc'd to take it [the new design] in hand at this time,
by the following Considerations.
ist As they are enabled to proceed in it to some Degree, by
being possess'd of a considerable Sum of their own, which was appro-
priated to that Use some Years ago, and is now imi)rov'(l to about 4000
Pounds : which Instance of a publick Spirit, besides the Readiness of
the respective Members to contribute farther, according to their several
Abilides, 'tis hop'd will recommend their Undertaking to .such as are
generous and well dispos'd.
2d/j'. As some very great and eminent Personages, who had their
Education in this College, have been pleas'd to give Assurances of
being liberal Benefactors: whose noble Example, and powerful Influence
gives life to the Design, and may be the probable Occasion of greater
Success, than They could otherwise Have expected.
3^//y. As the Members of the Sister College have been hearty
Encouragers and liberal Promoters of this Work, l)Oth in their corporate
and personal Capacities'.
Lastly, Experience having shewn that many Benefactions have
been lost by the Delay of this Undertaking : whilst such as wish'd and
intended -well to it, and only waited to see it set on Foot, have from
time to time been snatch'd away, and their good Intentions prov'd
abortive ; it was judg'd advisable to give a fairer Opportunity to such,
as may now, or hereafter, have the like favourable Disposition ; of
lending their Assistance not to an airy Scheme, but to a real Work,
actually begun, and prosecuted with P^arnestness and Vigour.
Accordingly (the Ground having been first laid out, and the founda-
tion dug for the Westside of the Square, pursuant to a Plan design 'd by
M'' Gibbs) on the 25th Day of March last, being the Anniversary of
commemorating the Founder, and tlie University being met, as usual at
' ["A Sermon preacli'd before the University of Camhridf^e in King's College
Chapel on the 25"' of March 1724. By Clregory Doughty, MA. To which is added
some Accoimt of this New Design, with a Plan of the Intended Building, and the
Inscription upon the First Stone. 4to. Cambridge, 1724." The sermon wa= pro-
bably issued in this form for the purpose of obtaining subscriptions.]
* [College Order, 10 January, 1723. "And it was then agreed to and desired of
M"" Provost that he would be pleased by letter to the Provost and Fellows of Eton
College to return the thanks of this College for their Contributing the summe of one
hundred pounds towards the intended Building, and kindly promising further to
encourage and promote the same. "J
VOL. I. S6
562 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAr.
Kings College Chapel; after the Sermon, and an Anthem compos'd on
the Occasion"; The Provost^ accompanied by the Noblemen, Heads of
Colleges, Doctors, and other Members of the University, proceeding to
the Corner of the Foundation, next the Chapel, where the first Stone
was to be laid, bespoke Success to the Undertaking in the Form which
follows, with such Actions, at proper Intervals, as the Words themselves
express, or are customary in such Kinds of Ceremony.
Quod cedat in honorem Dei, in perenniorem Henrici nostri Memoriam, in Rei
Literariae Incrementum, in hujus AcademicC Decus, et Regni Britannici Splendorem,
Novi CoUegii Fundamenta jaceie sic aggredior. Nanatiunculam hanc ^Eri incisam
serce commendo Posteritati, et \\siz substerno Numismata, Aurea, Argentea, ^rea.
Faxit Deus optimus maximus ut diu intermissum opus, nunc denuo susceptum, jugiter
procedat, et ad felicem perducatur Exitum ; utque vobis omnibus qui favente et bene-
volo hie adestis Animo (quo Vos omnes, Academic!, quin affecti hue veniatis, nulhis
dubito) nostris similes exoriantur Patroni, pari Nitore assurgant Moenia."
The inscription on the stone is given by the same authority :
"QUI ANTIQUITATIS OLIM STUDIOSUS,
DUM RUDERA PERSCRUTABITUR,
HANC LAMINAM SAXO INCLUSAM FORTE ERUET,
SCIAT HUNC LAPIDEM,
TEMPORIBUS HENRICI SEXTI
HUJUS COLLEGII FABRIC-E DESTINATUM :
UBI VERO PRIMUM RES TURBID.^,
DEIN MORS ATROCISSIMA
OPTIMI ILLIUS PRINCIPIS
OPERI INCHOATO LONGAM INJECISSENT MORAM;
EXINDE IN ADJACENTI AREA,
PER TERTIUM JAM FERE SECULUM,
(SI QUA TRADITIONI FIDES)
(^)UA HIATUS LAMELLAM EXCIPIT,
SEMI-SERRATUM JACUISSE.
NUNC DEMUM XXV° DIE MARTII
ANNO SALUTIS HUMANE MDCCXXIV.
REGNI AUTEM EXCELLENTISSIMI REGIS
GEORGII. X".
NOVIS AUSPICIIS REDINTEGRATO OPERE,
(^)UI IN PRIORE STRUCTURA NULLUM INVENERAT SITUM,
AB HOC EXORDIUM SUMPSISSE
OCCIDENTALE MAGNI ATRII LATUS.
()UID IPSUM COLLEGIUM HUIC OPERI CONTULERIT,
QUIBUS SUBSIDIES ADJUTUM,
QUOSVE HABUERIT FAUTORES,
TAM SOLENNIS COMMEMORATIO,
QUAM MONUMENTA LITERARIA,
HOC ^RE PERENNIORA,
rOSTERIS NOTUM FACIENT."
' [The antliL-ni, l)y Thos. Tudway, Mus. Doc, was from Ecclesiaslicus, xxxix.]
XIl.l PLANS FOR COMPLETING KING'S COLLEGE. 563
The tradition about the stone has been preserved by Cole^ :
" When y'^ News came of y^ Founders Deposition y^^ Labourers who
were sawing y*^ stone in halves and not having finished it, imagining
that there would be no further proceeding in y^ design by his Successors
left of y''' work and y^ Stone remaining half sawed in two. This was
always y*^ Story ab' y*" Stone w'^^ I myself have seen before any design
of making y^ use of it vv'^'^ was afterwards thought on ; and a Cut of y'
Stone is in y« Print of this Chapel engraved by David Loggan : in y"-*
cleft part was y<= Plate and Inscription, w"' ye different Coins put."
Though the foundation had been laid, as we have seen,
25 March, 1724, the contract with Christopher Cass, citizen and
mason of London, for "the materialls to be found and provided,
and the Masonry work to be done and performed," is dated
5 October in the same year. The building was ready to receive
the woodwork by the beginning of 1729, by which time the
funds had also been exhausted, as the terms of the following
Order shew :
" Aprill y^ 2"^: 1729. At a Congregation ... agreed to proceed in
Covering flooring sashing staircasing of the new Building and to con-
tract with the severall workmen for that purpose according to Estimates
upon Creditt at four p. Cent till the Principall is ])aid."
This further work occupied exactly two years, for it was not
until April 1731 that the wainscoting and fitting up was
ordered, subject to the approval of Mr Gibbs, who undertook to
have it done " as chepe as the nature of the worke will allowl"
The total cost of the building from 1724 to 30 October, 1749,
was ^11,539; and the interest of loans amounted to nearly
^^1300 more. The debt was not di.scharged until 1758 — 59,
when the College came into possession of two-thirds of the
estate of John Hungerford, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn, as related
above (p. 526). This enabled them not only to pay off the debt,
but further to remunerate the Architect''.
1 [MSS. Cole, i. no.]
'^ [College Orders, 8 April and 10 A\m\ ; Letter of Mr Gibbs to the Senior Bursar,
22 April, 1 73 1. In 1727 it had been coniemplated to obtain the Visitor's consent
"to sell the Bells towards covering the Building," and on the same day (11 April),
it was agreed "to sell the Trees in the Chappie Yard and Grove and Crouches for
the same purpose."]
=* [Dr Snape's appointment contanied the following clause: "To James Gibbs
Esq^ over and above ^145. 10 s. o which he had before received, the further sum of
^^154. 10. o for drawing plans," etc. ; and, after other matters had been provided for,
36-2
564 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
No attempt to complete the quadrangle was made until
1822, by which time a sufficient sum had accumulated, derived
principally from sales of timber. The design left by Gibbs
was abandoned, and a competition of architects was invited
(22 March) by advertisement in the principal newspapers \
The competitors were at first requested to send in their designs
on 10 October following; but on 14 June the time was
extended by a second advertisement to 1 January, 1823, with
an offer of prizes of i^jQO, i^200, i^ioo, for the three best
designs. The anxiety of the College to commence building
without delay was shewn by notice being given on 7 October
to the tenants of the houses in Trumpington Street to vacate
them by 10 October, 1823.
On 25 March, 1823, the first prize was adjudged to the
author of a design with the motto Pentalpha (William Wilkins) ;
the second to that of one with the motto Hce iniJii simt aj'ics
(Mr Inman) ; the third to that of one with the motto In hoc
sigJio vinces (Mr Lapidge). The successful design was presently
submitted to " a committee of Architects consisting of Messrs
Wilkins, Jeftery, Wyatt, and Nash, with a view to their sug-
gesting alterations and improvement.?," after which the follow-
ing order was made :
"30 June, 1823. Agreed that Mr Wilkins's Plan as amended be
adopted, with the following exceptions in conformity with the sug-
gestions of Messrs Nash and Wyatt.
Agreed that there be two Lanthorns over the Hall instead of one.
Agreed that the two Pediments forming the central compartments
on the right and left of the Gateway be omitted, and that the perforated
Battlements both within and without the Screen should be similar to
those of the low Chapels.
Agreed that Mr Wilkins be appointed Architect, and desired to
furnish working plans and specifications in order to enable contractors
to give tenders."
"The rest and residue ... towards discharging the debts owing by the said College on
account of the said building." On this latter head ^^1654. i8.c od. was spent.]
' [22 March, 1822. " Agreed that the following advertisement be inserted in the
Courier, Morning Post, (Hobe, Morning Herald, Times, Morning Chronicle, and
New Times for one week ; ' Architects who may be disposed to furnish Plans and
Elevations for the new Buildings of King's College, Cambridge, are requested to send
the .same with their names sealed up on the loth of October ne.\t, to Mr Gee. Solicitor,
Cambridge, who will show the Ground-plan, etc., etc.'"]
XII.] PLAN'S FOR coMi'i.irriNr; kixg's coij.kci-. 565
At the end of 1833' the ground was cleared, and in the
spring of 1824 a contract was entered into with Messrs Stannard
of Norwich for the erection of the proposed buildings at an
estimated cost of ;^73.ooo.
The plan, as tiien adopted, differed in several important
particulars from that afterwards executed. There was to have
been a cloister behind the screen, which would thus have formed
an independent mass of building, separated from the Chapel
on the north, and the hall-range on the south, by gateways ;
a second Fellows' garden would have occupied the angle
between Trumpington Street and the new King's Lane ; the
Library would have stood at right angles to the Hall at its
east end ; and lastly, the Provost's Lodge would have been
separated from the remainder of the range by a cloister,
occupying the site of the present Librar}\ The most extra-
ordinary part of the scheme was a decision to alter the Gibbs
building, so as to make it correspond, as far as possible, with
that which it was proposed to execute. On the same day
that the plan of Mr Wilkins was finally adopted, we find that
the following orders were made :
" Agreed that when the above Contract shall be completely
executed, the Provost be hereby authorized to enter into another
Contract with any person or persons he may think fit to Gothicise
Gibbs's Build inaj, according to the plan original] v proposed by Mr
Wilkins.
Agreed that after Gibbs's Building shall have been Gothicised,
the Provost be further authorised to Contract as aforesaid for the
addition of Cloisters behind the Screen agreeable to the same plan."
No formal ceremony of laying the first stone took place.
The excavations for the foundations were begun 19 April,
and the Hall 11 July, 1824''. The whole was completed in
about four years at a cost of rather more than i^ioo.ooo".
1 [College Order, 14 November, 1823.]
* [These dates are derived from the Cambridge Chronicle of 23 April and
16 July, 1824.]
•* [The exact total, including all extras, was /'ioi,02i. is. lit/. The princijial
items were: Contractor, ^^84,254. ^s. 4^/. ; ditto for extras, ;^2 0oo ; Lanthorns for
Hall, ;if 1475. 17^-. ; Clerk of Works, £610. 12s.; Architect, ,<!'4Sio; New Stables,
^1909; New Almshouses, £^-i^- 15^-; Sundries, ;/^4,i<S8. 14.^. "ji/. ; Painter,
^1227. The following inscription in tlie new kitchen gives tlie exact date of com-
pletion : '"The 1 dinner dressed in tliis kitclien by T. I.aurance l^'eb. 27. i82iS."']
566 king's college and eton college. [chap.
After the acquisition of Mr Cory's house in 1870, as related
in Chapter III., a range of building in continuation of the east
front of Wilkins' work was erected from the design of Sir G.
G. Scott at a cost of ^^6000. In 1873 the houses on the south
side of King's Lane were fitted up as rooms for undergraduates,
and the offices behind the Hall were transferred to the same side
of the lane, and connected with the College by a sub-way.
Grounds, Bridge, Gardens, etc. Having now traced
the steps by which the College buildings w^ere brought to their
present state, we must briefly describe the use that had been
made of the ground on both sides of the river during the three
centuries between its acquisition and the commencement of the
Gibbs building in 1724, with the subsequent alterations down to
the present time. The authorities for this are chiefly the maps
of Hammond and Loggan. The former (fig. 57) is a birds-eye
view, dated 1592 ; the latter (fig. 58) a ground-plan, dated 1688.
When the former was taken the ground on the right bank of
the Cam was quite open and unoccupied, except by three build-
ings near the middle of the south side, and two enclosures on
the west side, close to the river. The whole of this ground was
called the " Church yard " or the " Chapel yard," and the portion
nearest the river " le grene." It was mentioned above that there
is evidence that it was cleared of buildings soon after its acquisi-
tion, and we shall find that some of the arrangements about to
be described were undertaken without delay (p. 333). The wall
along the river bank is mentioned as already in existence in
I466\ and in the following year that on the south side between
the College and S. Austin's Hostel was built. The court, as
thus set out, was of about the same size as at present, as the
ground-plans (fig. 3) of the original and the present site shew.
It had three gates of entrance ; (i) Friars-gate, at the end of
the part of Milne Street now called Queens' Lane ; (2) a gate at
the end of School Street ; (3) a gate at the end of the other part
of Milne Street now called Trinity Hall Lane. None of these,
so far as we know, were interesting architecturally except the
first, which was a rather lofty gothic arch, under a tiled pent-
^ [Ibid. 1466 — 67. Ciistiis novi cdificii. " Item Johanni Fyne de Coton pro... co-
opeitura murorum prope le Ee." " Le Ee," or " Le Ree," is the old name for the
Cam.]
XII.] GROUNDS, BRIDGE, (GARDENS, ETC., OF KING'S COLLEGE. 567
house sufficiently large to be called "le Fryersgathouse " in 1692'.
No walks leading across the court arc shewn by Mammond, nor
any trees, except near Clare 1 lall. The court was not regularly
planted with trees until the spring of 1580'", and they had perhaps
not grown sufficiently high when his plan was taken to be worth
noticing. By 1688 those on each side of the path leading from
Friars-gate to the Chapel had grown into a stately avenue (figs.
56, 58), and there was also a row round the south and east sides
of the court. These were cut down in 1823 when the new build-
ings were begun. They were then as high as those in front of
S. Catharine's Hall are now; and rooks used to build in them'.
The walks were laid out when the trees were planted in 1580.
The building shewn by Hammond next to Friars-gate is the
Stable. An extensive repair of it, under a separate heading, is
recorded in 1507 — 8, and in many subsequent years. In 1688 it,
and other offices, among which were probably the Brewery and
the Slaughterhouse, had extended along the wall of Cholles-
lane as far as the river (fig. 58), where they remained until 1823.
The bridge over the Cam was built in the position directed
by the Founder as early as 1472 — J^, and frequently rebuilt in
^ [A view of this gate is given by Dyer, Histoiy of tlie University, 8vo. Lond.
1814, II. 166. The determination of the different names of gates that occur in
the accounts is veiy difficult. That of (i), by which it was known down to our own
time, first occurs in tlie Mundum-Book, 1574—75. Keparaciones. "Item pro sera
to the Fryers gate x''." Before this time it is called "porta australis," ibid.
I465 — 66; "magna porta prope stabulum," 146S — 69; and "porta iuxta hospicium
Sancti Augustini," 1496 — 97. We find (2) called "porta orientalis" in 1473 — 74,
and afterwards it may perhaps be identified with the "porta elemosinaria," or "Almes-
gate." Both names occur frequently, and the above explanation is suggested by
the following entries. Mundum-Book, 1509 — 10, Expens. necess. "pro vna sera
pendula pro porta elemosinaria," and ibid. Reparacioncs. "vni emendanti muros in
vna domo elemosinaria in venella ij**." It is known that the Almshouses were in
School Street. The original position of (3) is shewn in the plan (fig. 3). It was
not placed in its present position until 1^51, when Thomas Grumball and others are
paid for stone-work and iron-work "circa nouum ostium versus Aulam Clarensem."
A new iron gate, costing £a. ds. 6d., was put up 1767 — 68.]
- [Mundum-Book, 1579 — 80. Term. Annunc. Reparacioncs. " Item Westlie pro
200 ashes and for setting them in the churchyard ad ij d. peece x. li." There are
many subsequent charges for planting. The trees mentioned are walnut and elm.]
^ [These details were communicated by the present Provost. Numerous entries
shew the trouble given by birds building in the trees about the court : e.g. 1668 — 69.
Expens. ncccss. " Solut' pro nitro grandineque sclopetanea ad arcend' volucres a
nidificando in le Chappie yard, 00 . 02 . oS."']
568
king's college and ETON COLLEGE.
[chap.
the same place'. The stone bridge of two arches shewn in the
illustration (fig. 59) was erected in 1627, when George Tompson.
freemason, agreed to take down " the great old wooden bridge,"
and build a new one "of the best and most durable freestone'."
fhiltiV y<i'r?
Hi f
Fig. 58. Ground-plan of King's College, from Loggan's plan of Cambridge.
' [In [593 a woi-kman named Peere was paid for two designs for a bridge, wliicli
v\:is shortly afterwards hinlt of wood on stone foundations.]
- [Tl.e contract, dnted lo July, 1627, is in the College Muniment Rcxun. '1 lie
XII.j C.ROUNDS, BRlUt;K, GAKDKNS, ETC., OF KING'S COIAA-A'.E. 569
At the east end of the bridge there was a lofty arch, closed by a
gate, and surmounted by a tiled coping. A broad walk ran
eastward from the bridge to the " clerkes' lodgings " on the other
side of the court, planted on each side with trees as far as the
avenue between Friars'-gate and the chapel.
Between the bridge and Clare Hall was the Senior Fellows'
garden. It was at first called the " little garden " (parvus ortus)
to distinguish it from the larger garden west of the Cam ; and
was originally divided into two (fig. 57), one of which was called
Fig. 59. View of the old Bridge of King's College, reduced from an engraving of a drawing
hy P. S. Laniborn, made about 1790.
" the inner garden " {hortiis interior) ; and afterwards into garden
and bowling-green, first mentioned in 1658 (fig. 58). In the
former, overhanging the river, was a " gallery," such as we have
found in the Fellows' garden at Corpus Christi College (p. 260),
first built in 1468 — 69'. It is doubtless the building shewn next
drawing, from an engraving of whicli the woodcut has been reduced, is in the British
Museum, King's Library, Vili. :S.J
' [Mundum-Book 1468—69. Ciis/us iioiti cdifuii. "Item sol' pro meremio et
asseribus cniptis in Nundinis Stirbrigge pro stacione su[)cr aquani iu.xta paruuiii
570 king's college and eton college. [chap.
the river by Hammond and Loggan. The garden was rendered
private by a high wall along its south and east sides, built 1578
— 79. Access to the river was provided by a water-gate, with
stairs leading down to it ; and stone seats, shaded by a vine
stretched on a frame, are also mentioned'. A second avenue,
made 1589, led from the Seniors' Garden to the south-east
corner of Clare Hall, passing close by the Belfry (fig. 58).
The enclosure opposite to the bowling-green (fig. 57) may
be identified with the "Juniors' Garden^" on erecting the walls
of which a legacy of £^0, bequeathed by Barnabas Oley, M.A.,
Fellow of Clare Hall, was spent in 1689^ The small building
on the bank of the river beyond it (fig. 57), may possibly be the
swan-house, but this must be a matter of conjecture.
The ground on the west side of the river was bounded by
running water on the south and west sides, as at present, and it
was crossed by an avenue, raised on a causeway of considerable
height, as the relics of it still remaining shew. It started from
the bridge, and ran in a direction rather north of due west, until
it reached the ditch along the west border, over which there was
a wooden bridge with a gate, called " Field-gate." There were
also watercourses on each side of the avenue, made probably by
the excavation of the earth required for raising the causeway,
crossed at their east end by bridges leading into the "meadow"
and "grove," as Loggan styles these two spaces (fig. 58). The
former, part of Butt-close, was used for the pasturage of the
College horses, and was sometimes called " the geldinges close ^"
The latter, which in the 17th century was called "Laundress
Ortum CoUegii xijs. vjd." Ibid. 1478—79. "Item .sor...la'.)oranti per .iij. dies
in galeria super Aquam ix. d." Ibid. 1518 — 19. "Item pro conductione cimbe ad
reparationem de le galery vj.d." Ibid. 1576—77. "New making tlie Fellowes
gallery ouer the water."]
^ [Ibid. 1582 — 83. Rcparacioncs. " Item... in mending the groundsill of the vine
and the seates of the Seniors garden." Ibid. 1594—95- Charges occur for " le water-
howse gates in horto sociorum " and "in making the stayers downe to the water-gates."
See the description of this and the other gardens. History of Clare Hall, p. 118.]
- [It is frequently mentioned by this name in the accounts. Ibid. 1626 — 27.
Expcns. ncccss. "Sol'... pro ligno sustinente vineam in horto Juniorum oi . 07 . 00."]
^ [Mundum-Book, 1688—89. Reparacioncs. Term Eapt. " Solut'... pro erigendo
Muro lateritio in le Chappell Yard preeter 50 Libras solut' per Executorem Magistri
Oley socii Aulre Clarensis Legatas sociis junioribus ;^77 . 09 . 05."]
^ [Ibid. 1583—84. "For. ..ditching about the geldinges close and the laundresse
yard iij^"^
XII.] tlROUNDS, BRIDGE, GARDENS, ETC., OF KING'S COLLEGE. 57 1
Yard," was termed " le pond-yard " in early times, because about
one-third of it was occupied by a pond, containing an island, on
which there was a house in 1592 ; but by 1688 this had been
taken down, and the ground laid out as a garden or orchard for
recreation as well as use. The whole of this piece of land may
be identified with the "new garden" laid out in 1450 ; and with
the " large garden," from a charge " for cleaning the ponds in the
large garden" in 1472 — 73\ Part of it was laid out as a hop-
yard'"*, and it also contained the Pigeon-house'^ In Loggan's
time a strip along the eastern border had been formed into a
separate island. The walk on the west side was called " Crouche"
in 1707 — 8, and the walks generally are afterwards spoken of as
" le crouches."
This arrangement of the grounds still existed in 1763, when
we find the following description of them :
"There are several Gardens and Orchards belonging to this College;
and, besides the River that runs thro' them, there are some Moats and
Canals, with thick shady Groves of Elms, which render the Avenues to
the College exceeding pleasant : and no Place is capable of greater
Improvement, by cutting Vistas through the Grove, and laying out the
Waste Ground about it into regular Walks and Canals : all which is
designed to be done (when the remaining Part of the great Square is
finished) according to the Plan given by the late ingenious JSP Bridg-
We do not know what Mr Bridgman proposed to do ; but in
1 741 "the Ingenious Mr Essex" published a "Prospect" in which
he proposed to lay out four grass-plots of equal size in the quad-
rangle, separated by broad gravel walks ; and two similar grass-
plots between the new building and the river. The bridge was
to be moved to its present position, and the ground beyond to
be planted with trees in regular lines, round a rectangular lake
or basin communicating with the Cam. A circular temple, with
^ [Ibid. 1472 — 73. Reparaciones. '• Item sol' ij. fossoribus pro mundacione
Stagnorum in magno orto CoUegii iiij''." Ibid. 1639 — 40. Expcns. iiecess. " Pro
uoua sella in y'' Laundresse yard in vsum Seniorum, £,\ • 17 • 3-"]
- [Ibid. 1581 — 82. Expens. necess. "Item laborantibus in digging and leveling
le grownd de hopyard in the Launderes yard xxxiij^ iij''."]
■* [At the end of the Mundum-Book, 1570 — 71. "Charges extraordinary this
yeere, viz. The Dovehouse new buylt in the Laundresyard about 50 li." It is curious
that so accurate a draughtsman as Loggan should not shew its position.]
•* [Cantabrigia Depicta, Camb. 1763. It had been agreed to consult Mr Bridgman
20 December, 1720.]
572 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [CHAP.
a domical roof, was to be built on a central eminence westward
of the lakeS This ambitious design, which, it must be admitted,
is not devoid of a certain beauty, was not accepted ; but in
August, 1749, a new walk was commenced along the west bank
of the river, which was planted on both sides with limes in the
following year, and turfed in 175 1. While this work was pro-
ceeding a new walk was made along the south side of the court
down to the river''^ ; and in 1753 "the upper part of the Chappell
Yard," by which the portion eastward of the Gibbs building must
be meant, was laid down as a lawn, though not for the first time,
to judge from Loggan's print of the south side of the Chapel
(fig. 15)^. In 1 77 1 it was contemplated to improve the ground
west of the Gibbs building, by taking down the walls along the
river-side and levelling the ground, under the direction of Mr
Essex*. Part of this scheme was carried out in the following
year ; when the garden walls were removed, the trees cut down,
and the whole space laid out as a lawn^. In 1775 — J^ the walls
along the river were lowered, and in the next year the stone
gateway at the east end of the bridge was replaced by iron
gates". The bridge built in 1627 remained until the beginning
^ [An engraving of this scheme was pubHshed in 1741. The original is in King's
College Provost's Lodge.]
- [This work, styled "novum ambulacrum ex australi parte in le Chapell Yard,"
lasted from 28 January, 1750, to 6 March, 1753.]
•* [College Order, 26 May, 1753. "Agreed to lay out and turfe the upper part
of the Chappell Yard so soon as conveniently may be." A lawn is first mentioned
in 1674 — 75. Expe>is. access. " .Solut' pro vehiculo spinarum ad defendendum novas
arbores et viridar' recens factum in le Chappell Yard."]
■* ["Minutes of a Congregation in the late Mr Provost Sumner's hand writing,"
dated 15 November, 1771]
^ [College Orders, 10 April, 14 April, 1772. The extent of the work done in
177 f — 72 is shewn by the cost charged Term. Bapt. 1772, which amounted to
^201. 8j. ()d. The garden walls were taken down in December, 1772. The ground
on the north side of the Chapel was levelled at the same time.]
•i [Mundum-Book, 1775 — 76. Expciis. ncccss. "Paid Cotton and LIumfrey for
work done at the river 61 . 15. 6." Ibid. 1776 — 7. "Paid Fuller for the Iron
gates at the Bridge IZ • Z • 9-" "11''^ appearance of the ground after these alterations
is shewn in a large print by Harraden, published 12 October, 1797. There were
then no water-courses N. and S. of the avenue. It had been agreed, 16 Jan. 1795,
that one of these, described as "the Ditch running from the River to Clare Hall
piece," should be filled up; and perhaps the pond and islands were done away with
at the same time, for neither are shewn in the plan of Cambridge by Custance, dntc<l
■7V7-1
XII.] GROUNDS, BRIDGE, GARDENS, ETC., OF KING'S COLLEGE. 573
of the present century. In 1807 the rebuilding of it in the same
place was contemplated, but nothing was done at that time. In
1815 a "Bridge Fund" was commenced; and in 1818 the state
of the old bridge rendered it necessary that the work should be
undertaken without delay, as the following orders shew:
27 May, 1818. "Agreed that the Bridge, being deemed by Rennie
the Surveyor in such a ruinous state that in all probability it will soon
fall into the River and impede the Navigation, be taken down and
a new Bridge built of Stone.
Agreed that the Viceprovost Mess''^ Hinde and Leycester be
commissioned to employ a surveyor who may point out the situation in
which it will be most advisable to erect the new Bridge, give an esti-
mate of the expence and furnish a plan or plans to be submitted to the
College for selection, and that the same Gentleman do take means to
ascertain the probable expence of sloping the Lawn to the River."
It was decided (26 June) to employ Mr Francis Braidwood,
who offered " to build a new Stone Bridge of Fifeshire Stone for
the sum of ;^2050." The design was to be furnished by Mr
Wilkins ; and the bridge was about to be begun, if not actually
begun, in the old position, when at the suggestion of the Rev.
Charles Simeon, M.A., Fellow, it was agreed to change the
position to near the south-west corner of the site, and in con-
nexion with this alteration, to rearrange the ground westward
of the river. This will be best explained by the orders which
sanctioned it :
30 September, 1818. "Agreed to the following alterations at M""
Simeons expence, viz : The placing of the Bridge on an enlarged Scale
in a line with the South walk ; the pulling down the wall at the end
and building it up again so as to make an opening to Queens Walk and
the making that part as far as the last tree to correspond in a measure
with Queens walk ; the making a passage through the Stable next to
M'' Simeon's and a door at the end of it ; the making a walk from the
New Bridge along the new Plantation, transferring three or four of the
trees to another site ; — the making a Bridge and putting up the Gates at
the end of that walk ; the putting up the other Gates (those which stood
upon the late Bridge) on the opposite side of the Road to correspond
with those Gates and to mark the unity of the property; the removing of
the present walk with the two trees that are upon it and forming the
remainder of the Avenue into two Mounds, taking down three trees
that are near the middle of it in order to break the line into two
Mounds, the five trees to go towards the expence of it ; the planting of
Clare Hall walk (the South side of it) with Ivy, and putting some
ornamental Clumps of Trees or Shrubs to break the hue.
574 king's college and eton college, [chap, xil
29 October, 1818. "Agreed that if the additional Expence of
carrying into effect all the alterations proposed by M"" Simeon and
approved by Vote of Congregation on the 30'^^ of September last do not
exceed ^300, the same be carried into effect at the expence of the
College.
7 Jan. 1819. "Agreed that the alterations with respect to the
Bridge and Field contemplated by the Vote of the 30'!^ of September
1818 be carried into effect (with the exception of putting up Gates on
the other side of the road) upon Condition that M"" Simeon pays ^^700
towards the expence, and that if the Sum of ^3°° agreed to by the
Vote of the 29''^ of October 1818 be not sufficient to defray the extra
expence an additional sum of ^200 be paid by the College."
The span of the bridge, as finally agreed upon, was fifty-five
feet. This measurement was decided 30 April, 18 19, soon after
which date the work was begun, and completed in about a year,
at a cost of £'^771. 6s. 6d. At the same time the old avenue
was destroyed, and the grounds rearranged as suggested above.
The Fountain in the centre of the quadrangle must now be
noticed. As we have seen, a conduit in this position was in-
tended by the Founder ; and a supply of water was provided
in the last century. In 1826 Mr Davidson, the benefactor who
has been before commemorated, gave £700 " for a Statue of the
Founder and a handsome Fountain." The sum was allowed to
accumulate until 1874, when a design in stone and bronze by
H. A. Armstead, R.A., was accepted. It was completed in May,
1879, at a cost of A132. ^s. gd., of which the sculptor received
i^3490.J
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMAKV. 575
1440.
Lton.
I44I.
King's.
King's.
Eton.
1442.
Eton.
Eton.
1443-
Eton.
King's.
Eton.
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
Conveyance of first site, wiili Church and Churchyard (ir
October).
Acquisition and conveyance of site of Old Court (22 January).
Foundation-stone Liid (2 April).
Building-accounts begin (3 July).
Contract with the quarry-men of Kent (4 Ajiril).
Supply of brick begins from the kiln at Slough (28 ALay).
Acquisition of Playing-Fields and Shooting- Fields.
Commencement of purchase of enlarged site (26 August).
Bekyngton celebrates mass in new Chapel, and gives a banquet
in new buildings (13 October).
Eton. Contract with Thomas Whetelay for 10 chambers, a hall,
cloisters, and 7 towers and turrets (30 November).
Reginald Ely commissioned to press masons.
Acquisition of "Fellows Eyot" (i February).
Grant of quarry in Thefdale (4 March).
Foundation-stone of Chapel laid (25 July).
Consecration of Cemetery (2 November).
iJesign of Hall settled by Marquis of Suffolk (November).
Completion of Almshouse.
Langton ceases to be overseer of the works (12 March).
Millington succeeds.
Acquisition of ground west of Cam (31 October).
Grant of ;ifiooo yearly for the works to begin at Michaelmas.
Estimate for completion of Chapel and College (7 February).
The "Will of King Henry the Sixth" signed (12 March).
Stone from the Teynton quarry first brought in.
Roger Keys is sent to Salisbury and Winchester to measure
their choirs and naves (January).
Acquisition of the "Timberhaw" (9 February).
Grant of Hudleston quarry from Sir J. Langton (2-; February).
New Hall in use (Midsummer).
Completion of enlarged site, and conveyance of it to the College.
Nicholas Close ceases to be overseer, being made Bishop of
Carlisle (14 March).
Robert Wodelarke made overseer (12 December).
Ironwork for windows in the new choir ordered.
Ironwork for east window of present Chapel ordered (October).
Papal Bull uniting Eton to S. George's, Windsor (13 November).
Work resumed by Bishop Waynflete(?).
1471. Deposition of Henry the Sixth.
1444-
King's.
.446.
Eton.
King's.
King's.
King's.
Eton.
Eton.
»447-
King's.
King's.
King's.
1448-
Eton.
Eton.
'449-
Eton.
Eton.
Eton.
Eton.
King's.
1450.
King's.
1452-
King's.
'4.VS-
Eton.
1459-
Eton.
1463.
Eton.
1 469.
Eton.
1472
Eton.
1475
Eton.
1476
Eton.
1477
King's.
U79
Eton.
1 4^0
King's.
Eton.
1482
Eton.
1484
King's.
1488
Eton.
1508
King's.
1509
King's.
151 2
King's.
King's.
576 king's COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE.
Edward the Fourth grants chalk and flints from Windsor Castle.
Bishop Waynflete contracts for Roodloft and Stalls (15 August).
Bishop Waynflete's glazier measures the Chapel windows.
Attempt to carry on the works by private subscription.
Bishop Waynflete contracts for stone from Headington (8
January).
Walter Field, Provost, appointed overseer of works. His accounts
begin, 10 January. Ironwork ordered for windows.
Stonework of Ante-Chapel probably finished. Frescoes in
Nave begun.
Bishop Waynflete contracts for lead (25 July).
Work resumed by Richard the Third (May). East window
glazed.
Completion of frescoes in the Church.
Work resumed by Henry the .Seventh (28 May). Thomas Larke
overseer.
The King conveys ^5000 to the College (24 March).
The King's executors convey ;[^5ooo to the College (8 February).
Contract with Wastell and Semerk for the stone vault of the
Chapel (22 April — 7 June).
1 513. King's. Contract with Wastell for the pinnacles of 21 buttresses and the
north-west tower (4 January).
Contract with him for the remaining three towers (4 March).
Contract with him for the vaults of 2 porches, 7 chapels in the
nave, and 9 "behynd the quere;" and for the battlements of
the porches and chapels (4 August).
Commencement (?) of Provost Lupton's Chapel.
Stonework of Chapel probably completed (29 July).
Payment of ;^ioo to Barnard Flower for glass (15 November).
Second payment of ;^ioo to Barnard Flower for glass (12
February) .
Eton. Commencement of west side of College Buildings and Lupton's
tower (23 February).
Completion of Provost Lupton's buildings (27 December).
Contracts for completion of the glass (30 April, 3 Mayi.
Glass to be completed in May of this year.
Roodloft set up.
Extensive building work begun at Lodge.
Fall of old Chapel. New Chapel probably first used.
Arrival of High Altar.
Hall panelled.
Hall extensively repaired or rebuilt.
Removal of Library to south side-chapels.
Trees planted in Playing-Fields.
New Combination Room built
Sir H. .Savile begins Head-Master's house as printing-house.
Organ first set up on roodloft.
West door made, and west end of Ante-chapel partially paved.
Thomas Weaver gives heraldic woodwork for back of stalls.
King's.
King's
I5I4.
Eton.
iSLS-
King's
King's
1.^17-
King's
1520.
Eton.
i.H26.
King's.
I.S3I-
King's.
J5.31-
-35-
King's.
1536-
King's.
1 .5 36-
-37-
King's.
i .S44-
-4.'^-
King's.
1.547-
Eton.
1562.
King's.
1570.
King's.
158.',-
-84.
Eton.
1592-
-93-
King's.
1603.
Eton.
1606.
King's.
1614-
-15.
King's
1633.
King's
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 577
1633-
King's.
1636.
King's.
1665—81.
Eton.
1675-78.
King's.
1678—79.
King's.
1689.
Eton.
1699.
Eton.
1702.
King's.
I7I4.
King's.
1720.
Eton.
1724.
King's.
1725-
Eton.
1758.
Eton.
1770-76.
King's.
'774-
King's.
1798.
King's.
1818.
King's.
1823.
King's.
1824.
King's.
1827.
King's.
King's.
1829.
King's.
1835-
King's.
1842.
Eton.
1844.
Eton.
1845.
King's.
1847.
Eton.
1852.
Eton.
1858.
Eton.
1870.
King's.
King's.
1876.
Eton.
1879.
King's.
King's.
Woodroffe commences erection of reiedos.
Doors of roodloft made by Woodroffe.
Upper School built by Provost Allestree.
Canopies over stalls made by Cornelius Austin.
Space between stalls and reredos panelled by Austin.
Present Upper School built.
Chapel panelled with classical woodwork.
Choir of Chapel paved with black and white marble.
Building-Fund commenced.
Hall repaired under direction of Mr Rowland.
Foundation-stone of Gibbs Building laid (25 March).
Present Library commenced " according to Mr Rowland's plan."
Upper Story added to North and East sides of Cloister Court.
Erection of altar-piece by Essex.
Lord Godolphin gives ^400 to pave Ante-chapel (23 September).
Deed of exchange between King's and University (31 October).
Bridge commenced in present position.
Alteration in direction of King's Lane.
Foundation dug for Wilkins building (19 April).
Exchange of ground between Clare and King's ratified by Act
of Parliament.
South-east bay of Chapel ashlared as at present.
Site and buildings of Old Court sold to University.
Destruction of Old Court authorized by Senate.
Restoration of Chapel commenced.
Foundation-stone laid of New Building for Collegers (June).
Mr Hedgeland glazes lower half of S.E. window.
Thorough restoration of Chapel undertaken.
Restoration of interior of Ante-chapel.
Restoration of exterior and interior of Hall.
Purchase of Cory's house for ^4000.
Building commenced at S.E. corner of site by Sir G. G. Scott.
Restoration of exterior of Chapel. Ante-chapel faced with
Bath stone.
Completion of Fountain in Great Court.
Glass for west window of Chapel completed (22 Ajiril).
VOL. L 37
578 king's college and eton college. [appen.
APPENDIX.
THE HERALDRY OF KING'S COLLEGE CPIAPEL.
By C. J. Evans, M.A., formerly Fellow.
In this paper I propose to give as accurate an account as I can of the shields of
arms and heraldic badges to be found in and about the Chapel, arranged under the
following heads :
I. Those which are carved in stone, forming part of the fabric.
IL Those which are painted in the windows.
III. Those which ornament the wood-work and other furniture of the Chapel.
IV. Memorial and Monumental Heraldry.
It may be well to mention, once for all, that in the stone and wood-work there is
no attempt to indicate the heraldic tinctures, except in two instances where the shields
are emblazoned in their proper colours. It may also be well to remind the reader
that the Royal Arms from the reign of Heniy VI. to that of Elizabeth, inclusive,
were as follows: Quarterly; i and 4, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or, France; 2 and 3,
Gules, three lions passant gardant in pale or, England ; differenced only by the
supporters used by each sovereign : and that the Stuarts bore Quarterly of four
grand quarters; I. and IV. Quarterly oi France ■SiW^L England; II. Or, a lion rampant
within a double tressure flory counter-flory gules, Scotlajid ; III. Azure, a harp or,
stringed argent, Ireland; Supporters, a lion rampant gardant imperially crowned or,
and a unicorn rampant argent, armed, unguled, crined, and gorged with an imperial
crown having a chain affixed to it, or.
I. Shields of Arms and Heraldic Badges which form part of
THE Ornamentation of the Fabric.
The arms of Henry VII. crowned, and supported (except in one instance) by a
dragon and a greyhound collared^, occur seventeen times; viz. eleven times in the
antechapel, twice on each of the porches, immediately under the west window, and
(on a small shield without supporters) in the apex of the west doorway.
The shields on which they are carved are (with the exception of the last-mentioned
one) oblong in shape, of two kinds : i. with straight top and sides, the bottom curving
gently to a point; ii. with straight sides, the top and bottom engrailed with either six
or eight cusps. Most of them are also what heralds call shields a Iwiicke, being
pierced in the dexter chief as if for a lance to pass through, with a considerable
bulge round the opening. Of No. i. there are nine examples, two plain and seven
d. IwHche; and seven of No. ii., one being plain and six a boiiche. A good effect is
produced in some cases by the .shields being made to curve slightly forward at the
top and bottom.
1 A red dragon was the ensign attributed to his ancestor Cadwaladyr the last king of the Britons,
and the white greyhound collared is said to be for the House of York, or for that of Beaufort.
I.] IIKKALDRV OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 579
In the ante-chapel the crowned shield is placed in the centre of a set of foliated
panels under each window. The supporters occupy the adjoining panels, and are
flanked right and left by heraldic badges crowned. The west window having nine
lights, there are nine panels beneath it : the three central ones are occupied by the
shield and supporters; while of the remaining six two on each side have trailing roses,
the stalks and leaves so arranged as to fill the panel, and the one between them
a portcullis^, the chains of which are arranged in the same way. Under each of the
ten side-windows there are five panels, of which the easternmost has a portcullis,
the western a trailing rose. The narrow panels between these windows and the
vaulting-shafts are also ornamented with crowned badges arranged vertically in sets
of three. On either side of the west window are two roses (not trailing) with
a portcullis between them ; and this arrangement is repeated on the east side of
each of the side-windows, the west side having two portcullises with a rose between
them, except that against the second and fourth windows from the west on each
side of the chapel the lower portcullis is replaced by a fleur-de-lis. Why the
fleur-de-lis was used in these four instances and these only it is difficult to say.
In the centre of the lower rose to the south of the west window is carved a half-
figure of a woman, apparently the Blessed Virgin Mary.
These heraldic devices, from their great size and frequent repetition, have a
somewhat monotonous effect, which the designer has tried to counteract by the
boldness and variety of their details. The great shields of arms themselves are
extremely fine. The attitude of the supporters is different in every instance, and
they are treated in a very spirited way. Moreover it would be difficult to give an
idea, to any one who has not looked into them, of the amount of thought and labour
that has been bestowed upon the details of the crowns and portcullises. The latter
are ornamented at the intersections with small flowers, roses, fleur-de-lis, lions'
heads, trefoils slipt, &c. ; and the trailing of their chains is as varied in design as
that of the stalks and leaves of the roses. The rims of the crowns are covered with
foliage of the most various and elaborate character, very beautifully carved, with
the motto Dicii ct mon droit in some cases worked into it, in Old English letters
of various kinds. The upper edge of the rim is sometimes embattled, sometimes
enriched with the Tudor flower ornament. As particularly good specimens of orna-
mentation, I would point to the devices in the third bay from the west on the
south side.
The key-stones of the great vault are carved with portcullises and roses alter-
nately (not crowned), beginning at the west with a portcullis : the points of the
portcullises are to the east. The keystones of the vaults of the porches and of most
of the side-chapels are also carved with roses.
In the string under the western jamb of the sixth window from the west on the
north side (see p. 491) is a crowned shield supported by angels, and bearing France
and England quarterly. This shield, which is only to be seen from the organ-loft, is
very much broken, and the crown is almost entirely gone.
In the choir, over the doorway on th^ north side leading into the side-chapels,
is carved the following coat : A cross fleury between five martlets, for Edward the
Confessor (for whom Henry VI. seems to have had a special reverence"), viz.
' For the origin of the portcullis as a badge of the Beauforts, derived from the castle of Beaufort
in Anjou, see Willement's Regal Heraldry, 1811, 8vo. p. 85. Henry VII. is said to have used it some-
times with the motto, Altera securitas, referring to his claim to the throne through his maternal
descent from the Beauforts.
''■ Willement, Regal Heraldry, p. 36. Carter, p 31.
37—2
5 So KlNCi'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Azure, a cross fleury-^ between five martlets or. The label of the same doorway ends
in shields carried by angels, one of which bears France and England quarterly, the
other bears three crowns for the traditional arms of East Anglia, viz. Azure,
three crowns or. On the fronts of the north and south porches the arms of
Henry VIL are placed in the centre of large multifoiled circles, which fill the
upper part of the spandrils of the doorways; in the lower part of the spandrils
are trailing roses. Over the west doorway are five panels, three of which are oc-
cupied by the arms and supporters, and the two outer ones by trailing roses crowned.
The arch of the west doorway is filled with a beautiful trailing rose, enfiled
with eight crowns and bearing as many large roses ; at the apex is a small crowned
shield a hoiiclic, rather different in character from the shields described above,
charged with the arms of Henry VIL
Five buttresses on the north side of the ante-chapel, and four on the south,
have heraldic animals supporting shields on the first and second set-off. Imme-
diately below these animals, and also below the lowest set-off (which is gabled and
crocketed), are crowned roses and portcullises. As far as I can judge, the animals,
eighteen in all, consist of five lions, five dragons, four antelopes (used as supporters
by Henry VI.) and as many greyhounds. Those on the second and fourth but-
tresses from the west look westward, the others eastward. They are varied as much
as possible ; and the roses and portcullises, in sets of three, are arranged so as to
alternate with each other ; e. g. one buttress has a rose, portcullis, and rose ; the next
a portcullis, rose, and portcullis; and so on.
It is rather curious that Loggan's view of the south side of the chapel, dedicated
to Sir Thomas Page (Provost 1675 — 1681), shews no devices below the lowest set-off
of the third and fourth buttresses from the west. On inspection the badges here (a
portcullis and a rose) do not appear to be insertions, though these buttresses may
have been begun before the heraldic ornaments of the upper part were designed.
The manner in \\hich the heraldic badges on the buttresses, which clearly \vere not
part of the original design, correspond with the heraldic ornamentation of the ante-
chapel under Henry VIL, has been already explained in the text (p. 490). In the
cornices of the side-chapels, however, the battlements of which were probably finished
about 15 1 5 (p. 480), such ornamentation is freely employed. The hollow molding
imder the parapet of each chapel has seven large patera, five of which are heraldic,
those of the first chapel from the east on the north side consisting of three roses and
two fleurs-de-lis, while those of the second are roses similarly alternated with portcul-
lises. This arrangement is followed in the cornices of the other chapels, fleurs-de-lis
and portcullises appearing in the alternate cornices. The cornices of the porches,
where the parapets are more minute and rich in design, have a different arrangement.
In each of these there are sixteen ^wyaW. patera, of which the alternate ones are heral-
dic. The badges employed are the rose, the portcullis, the fleur-de-lis, and three
ostrich feathers encircled with a coronet, two of the feathers bending to the sinister,
and one to the dexter^. Each of these badges occurs twice on each porch.
Crowned roses and portcullises (sixteerj of each altogether) are carved on the tops
of the octagonal corner turrets.
1 The cross in this coat is blazoned sometimes as patonce, sometimes as Jieiiry, occasionally as
pattee. In the present nistance it K'^Jieury.
^ This appears to be one of the earliest examples of the use of three ostrich feathers encircled with
a coronet. United in a scroll they appear on the monnment of Arthur Prince of Wales, who was
buried in Worcester Cathedral in 1502. Edward Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VI.) is said to
have been the first to ensign the three feathers with a coronet, and to have borne the group on a roundle.
This example however is certainly not later than 1515, and the feathers must have been used simply
as a royal badge.
T.] iii:rali)R\' ok kinc's c'oiJ.F.Gi': ciiAi'KL. 581
On the heads of the stack-pipes of the porches are the arms of the College; Sable,
three roses argent, barbed vert seeded or, on a chief per pale azure and gules a
fleur-de-lis of France and a lion of luigland ; with the dale 17 15.
II. Arms and Baikjes in the Windows.
The tracery of the great side-windows (twenty-four in number) is arranged as
follows, see fig. 43 (p. 488). In the apex of the window is a large quatrefoil, almost
circular; below this are twelve small lights in two tiers of six each, flanked on
either side by a large quatrefoil with a pointed head, in shape something like a pear.
But in the two easternmost M'indows on each side, which are probably earlier than
the rest, the spaces occupied by these quatrefoils are filled with small lights, two
of which range in size with the twelve mentioned above.
In the large circular quatrefoils are the arms of Henry VII. (not crowned),
encircled with the garter. The remaining compartments (14 in each window, or
336 in all) are filled with heraldic badges; of which (as nearly as I can tell) the
Lancaster Rose occurs 94 times, the Hawthorn-bush 70, the Portcullis 52, the Fleur-
de-lis 50, H. E. (for Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York) 23, H. R. 15, the Tudor
Rose 13, the White Rose en soleil 12, and H. K. (for Henry VIII. and Katherine
of Arragon, as Prince and Princess of Wales) 6. The pear-shaped compartments are
ifivariably filled with roses, which have a trailing branch with three red rose-buds upon
it. In the upper tier of small lights the badges are painted on a plain ground, gene-
rally blue, and are ensigned with a crown, the fleurs-de-lis and portcullises being gold.
In the lower tier the badges are of a smaller size, charged on shields, which are
generally white. These shields are borne by angels with coloured nimbuses, "clothed
in full white robes, which entirely hide the limbs and feet, and are disposed in large
and elaborately bent folds peculiar to German and Flemish art of the 15th century ^"
The style of the glass in these tracery lights is the same throughout, whereas two
or three different styles may be distinguished in the windows themselves. It seems
likely that the lights were filled before the scaffoldings for the windows were removed ;
but there is nothing in the badges themselves which points to any particular date
between 15 15, when the first payment for glass was made to Barnard Flower the
king's glazier, and 1526, when a contract was made for glazing the greater portion of
the windows. The initials of Henry VII. and his wife may well have been placed in
the windows after his death, especially as the arms, badges and other devices were to
be devised by his executors. Those of Henry VIII. and Katherine of Arragon may •
have been placed there at any time between 1503, the year in which they were
married, and r52 7, when the validity of the marriage began to be publicly questioned.
These last initials (it will have been seen) occur sparingly, as compared \\ ith the
others. The lettering is mostly in bold capitals, gold on white shields. H. K. how-
ever occurs several times in small old English characters, black on gold shields.
The hawthorn-bush is once accompanied by the letters H. E. : it is crowned or not,
according as it appears in the upper or lower tier of lights. Generally speaking, it is
represented simply as a green bush ; but in a few instances it is fructed /;'£7/£-r, i.e.
with red berries, and sometimes with lohite berries. The occurrence of the white
rose en soleil (a distinctly Yorkist badge) is remarkable, considering the great pre-
ponderance of Lancaster over Tudor roses. It must be clearly borne in mind that the
whole shell of the chapel, stone-work and glass, represents Henry VII., either in his
life-time or during the tenure of office of his executors. This period ends with 1530.
1 See an elaborate paper on these windows by George Scharf, Jun., F.S.A., in the Archaological
yournal, vol. xiii. p. 43.
582 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [aPPEN.
It is with the wood-work that the mark and influence of Henry VIII. (7^ King first
make their appearance.
The tracery of the east window is arranged in a different way. Each of the
three main divisions of the window is sub-arcuated, and divided by super-mullions
and curved tracery-bars into four compartments, of wliich tlie two central are long
narrow lights, while those at the sides are pear-shaped, as in the side-windows. The
upper part of the tracery is divided by super-mullions into small lights of various sizes.
The two central lights of the middle division are filled with the arms of Henry VII.,
represented on a banner, which is held by a red dragon on a green mount. A trailing
rose crowned occupies each of the corresponding lights in the other two divisions ; the
roses being alternately Lancaster and Tudor. The following devices appear in the
other lights : The Lancaster Rose (six times) ; the Tudor Rose (four times) ; the
Fleur-de-lis (three times) ; the Portcullis (three times) ; H. R. (twice) ; the gold
ostrich feather 1 with a scroll of Ich dien (twice) ; H. E. ; H. K. All these devices
are gold (except the roses) on a blue ground ; and all are crowned with the exception
of one Lancaster and one Tudor i-ose, the initials H. E. and H. K., and the ostrich
feather. From the appearance of the last-named badge and initials, the date of 1503
niight be approximately assigned for the execution of this part of the window, for
on the death of Prince Arthur in 1^02 Henry VII. invested liis son Henry with the
principality of Wales, and married him in 1503 to Katherine his brother's widow.
In the same year Elizabeth of York died. There is no trace, however, in the College
accounts of any payment for glass for the chapel between 1484, when the east
window was glazed (probably with common glass), and 1515. The east window is
mentioned by name in the indenture for glazing the windows, drawn up in 1526. And
I tMnk most persons would conclude, from an inspection of the window, that the glass
in the tracery lights is by the same hand as the rest of the design. The presence
of the ostrich feather and motto in this window alone is difficult to account for.
In tlie west window (see p. 516) the tracery lights have the following badges and
coats of arms.
I. The Portcullis.
II. The Tudor Rose.
III. The arms of the College.
IV. The arms of Eton College ; Sable, three lily-flowers argent ; on a chief
per pale azure and gules a fleur-de-lis of France and a lion of England.
V. The arms of the University ; Gules, on a cross ermine between four lions of
England, a book lying fesse-wise of the field, clasped and garnished or, the clasps in
base.
VI. The arms of the College.
VII. France and England quarterly, supported on a rose stalk ; for Henry VI.,
the founder.
VIII. The same, supported on a stalk with a Lancaster Rose; for Henry VII.,
at whose expense the chapel was finished.
IX. The same, supported on a stalk with a Tudor Rose; for Henry VIII., in
whose reign the chapel was finished, and the other windows filled with stained glass.
X. Quarterly of four ; i and 4, England; 1, Scotland; 3, Ireland; for Victoria,
in whose reign the stained glass was placed in this window.
■ The tips of these feathers have an incUiiation to curl, ratlier than to bend, and somewhat resemble
those of the feathers on the tomb of Prince Arthur at Worcester. See Boutell's Hci-aldry, pp. 232,
234, 2nd edition, 1863.
I.] HERALDRY OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 583
XL The arms of Stacey; Azure, on a bend between three owls or as many
fleurs-de-lis of the field; for F. E. Stacey, donor of the glass.
Xn. The letters F. E. S. intertwined with a knot in gold on a blue shield; for
the donor,
XHL The arms of the See of Lincoln; Gules, two lions of England; on a
chief azure the Blessed Virgin sitting crowned and sceptred and holding the Holy
Child, or; impaling Words^vorth ; Argent, three bells azure; for Christopher
Wordsworth, D.D., Bishop of Lincoln 1869, Visitor of the College when the
window was executed.
XIV. The arms of Okes; Argent, between two bendlets sable three human
hearts gules ; for Richard Okes, D.D., Provost 1850, Head of the College when
the window was executed.
XV. and XV J. H. and R., each intertwined with a rose stalk shewing green
leaves and red petals ; for the Founder.
The Royal shields^ and badges are all crowned. The other shields are each borne
by an angel, like those in the tracery of the side-windows.
At the bottom of the central light in the lower portion of the window, is an
angel carrying a shield with the arms of the Founder.
III. Arms and Badges on the Wood-work and other Furniture
OF the Chapel.
In the middle of the west door, on the edge of its northern leaf, just opposite
the spring of the arch, is carved a small crowned shield, bearing the letters H. R.
and an interlaced knot.
The upper part of the organ-loft is ornamented with crowned roses, fleurs-de-lis,
and portcullises. The under side of the projecting cove which carries it is divided
into panels in which the following devices appear : crowned roses, fleurs-de-lis, and
portcullises; H. R., H. A., R. A., H. R. A. S.''', crowned and entwined in knots;
a demi-falcon displayed crowned ; and a crowned falcon holding a sceptre, with a
bunch of roses before him. This last was Anne Boleyn's badge, and I suppose the
demi-falcon also refers to her. The lower part of the screen is divided into six
bays by pilasters carrying round arches. In the tympanum of each of these bays
except the fifth (which has a representation in high relief of the casting down of
the rebellious angels) a shield is carved, bearing arms or initials. On a round
boss in the lower part of each bay, and on similar bosses on the gates, are the
initials H. R. crowned ; and above this, in the three northern bays, a small label
appears charged with a motto ; in the sixth bay, in the place of this label, is a bull's
head cabossed, which probably refers to the arms of Boleyn, Argent, a chevron gules
between three bull's heads couped sable. The following is a description of the
charges, &c., counting from the north :
I. R. A. upon a shield crowned, and supported by Cupids or angels. Motto :
diev et mon droit.
II. Arms of Henry VIII. encircled with the garter, and supported by lions-*.
Motto : sola salvs servire deo.
1 These are the only instances in and about the Chapel of the Roya Arms crowned withou
supporters, except the small shield carved in the apex of the west doorway.
- Cole thought that S. might stand for the last letter of Henricus. This does not seem very likely ;
but I can offer no better suggestion.
s This use of two lions as supporters appears to be uncommon. The authorities generally give
Henry VIIL's supporters as the gulden lion and red dragon, and occasionally the dragon on the
dexter, and on the sinister a bull, a greyhound, or a cock, all argent.
584 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [aPPEN.
III. The same, without the garter, crowned, and supported by a lion and a
dragon. Motto : henricvs 8.
IV. H. R. on a shield crowned, and supported by a lion and a dragon.
VI. On a crowned shield, the arms of Henry VIII. impaling the following
coat for Anne Boleyn :
Quarterly of six grand quarters ;
i. Gules, three leopards of England, in chief a label of three points azure, each
point charged with three fleurs-de-lis or. Lancaster.
ii. Azure, semee of fleurs-de-lis or, a label of five points^ gules. EngoiiU'sme.
iii. Gules, a lion passant or. Guienne.
iv. Quai"terly ; i and 4, Per fesse indented azure and or. [Or, a chief indented
azure?] Butler. 2 and 3, Argent, a lion rampant sable, crowned gules. Roclifort.
V. Gules, three leopards of England, a label of three points argent. Brotherton.
vi. Chequy or and azure. Warrenne.
Supporters ; Dexter, a leopard of Guienne or, collared and chained of the same.
Sinister, a male griffin (i.e. with rays or spikes of gold instead of wings) argent, armed
collared and chained or.
The tinctures (not shewn on the screen) are given in Willement's Regal Heraldry,
from a MS. in the Heralds' College Library. The first three quarters were an aug-
mentation granted to Anne Boleyn when she was made Marchioness of Pembroke.
The griffin had come to the Boleyns from the Butlers, Earls of Ormond.
The arms of Henry VIIL, crowned, and supported by a lion and a dragon, are
carved in the tympanum of each of the four larger bays in the thickness of the screen.
They also appear, encircled with the garter, above the stalls of the Provost and
Vice-Provost, which are of the same date as the screen ; and (without the garter) on
the door leading to the vestries on the north side of the choir. The arms of Henry
VII., supported by a dragon and a greyhound, occupy a corresponding place on the
opposite door.
On the choir gates are carved the arms of Charles I., crowned, and supported by a
lion and an unicorn ; with the date 1636.
Roses and portcullises are carved on the west side of the organ-case. On the
east side, the arms of Charles II. encircled with the garter, crowned, and supported
by a lion and an unicorn, are carved on the top of the great organ. On the top of
the choir organ are the arms of the College. Below the choir organ, immediately
over the choir door, are the arms of the College, and those of Eton. These
two shields are carved, and emblazoned in their proper tinctures ; possibly they
are the " scutchins of this College and Eton amies" for which the carver was
paid xxx" in 1605 — 6. At that date the king's arms were on the choir organ ; but
the present case of the choir organ is supposed to be of the date of i66r (see
P-5I9)-
At the ends of the desks of the returned stalls are carved eight figures of heraldic
animals supporting as many shields, of which five are charged with initials and three
are blank. On the Provost's side are two lions, one with H. R. ; a dragon, with
R. A. ; and a greyhound collared. On the Vice-Provost's side are a lion, with H. R.;
a dragon ; a greyhound collared, with H. R. ; and a male griffin (as on the rood-
screen), with R. A. These initials in various combinations, crowned and entwined in
knots, are carved in the backs and the canopies of these stalls. On a boss in the back
^ So carved liere ; Willement blazons it as a label of tlin-e points.
I.] HKRALDKV OF KINCl'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 585
of the Provost's stall are the letters PL R. A. S. intertwined. The letters H. R. occur
on the door leading to the vestries on the north side of the choir, as well as on the
canopies of the side-stalls, and of the sub-stalls, which are also ornamented with roses,
fleurs-de-lis, and portcullises, in many cases crowned. On the miserere of the twenty-
sixth stall from the west on the Provost's side two angels support a crowned shield
which is charged with a rose.
At the back of the side-stalls are thirty shields of arms (fifteen on each side) carved
in elm, which were put up in 1633 (see p. 521). Each shield is backed with
boldly-carved mantling. The royal arms are encircled with the garter and ensigned
with a lion standing on a crown above a helmet full-faced ; they have also the motto,
Dieu et nioti droit, carved in Roman capitals on a long straight scroll below the shield,
on which the supporters stand ^.
The arms are as follows :
Provost's side, beginning from the west :
I. Charles I. ; with his badges, the rose and thistle, carved below the shield.
IL Henry VL ; supporters, two antelopes collared ; badge, the rose.
in. Mary I. (?) ; supporters, a lion and an eagle crowned; a bunch of roses
on the breast of the eagle"; badge, the rose. The eagle is one of Philip's supporters,
and should be used (according to the authorities) only when her arms are impaled
with his. Here however the arms are simply France and England quarterly.
IV. Henry VII. ; supporters, a dragon and a greyhound ;. badge, the rose.
V. The arms of the College, supported by winged boys kneeling.
VI. Charles I., as I.
VII. Henry VL, as II.
VIIL Mary I., as III.
IX. Henry VII., as IV.
X. The arms of the University, supported by angels in rochets kneeling.
XI. Charles I., as I. ; badge, the rose.
XII. Edward IV. (?) ; supporters, a lion and a hart. These supporters were
sometimes used by Henry VI. , but as his arms are represented here with his undoubted
supporters (No. II.) it seems more natural to refer these to Edward IV.
XIII. Henry VIIL ; supporters, a lion and a dragon.
XIV. Henry VII., as IV. ; badges, roses and pomegranates. The use of the
pomegranate, which was the badge of Katherine of Arragon, is peculiar. But the
arms would seem to be meant for those of Henry VII.
XV. The arms of the College, supported by angels in rochets kneeling.
Vice- Provost's side, beginning from the west :
I. Charles I., as before.
II. Edward IV. (?), as before.
III. Henry VIIL, as before.
IV. Henry VII., as before.
V. The arms of Eton College, supported by winged boys kneeling.
VI. Charles I., as before.
' See Willement's Regal Heraldry, p. 98, for .1 somewhat similar example of this arrangement,
copied from a contemporary print of the arms of Queen Anne.
- This supporter somewhat resembles the badge of Anne Boleyn (page 580), which Elizabeth
is known to have used, and it might lead to the supposition that the arms were meant for those of
Elizabeth, especially as Weaver seems to have set up her arms, together with those of the Founder,
his two Colleges, the two Universities, and others, in Eton College Chapel. But Elizabeth does not
seem to have used the eagle or falcon as a supporter.
586 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
VII. Henry VI., as before.
VIII. Mary I., as before.
IX. Henry VII., as before.
X. The arms of the University of Oxford, supported by angels in rochets kneel-
ing ; Azure, on a book open proper, having on the dexter side seven seals or, between
three ducal coronets of the last, the words sapientl*; et fcelicitatis. The present
motto is well known to be Domimis Illumijiatio mea. Edmonson, writing about
1 780, gives the motto as Sapientia Felicitas, and says the words have been changed
to the present motto "within these few years last past."
XI. Charles I., as before.
XII. Edward IV. {?), as before.
XIII. Henry VIIL, as before.
XIV. Henry VII. (?), as No. XIV. opposite, in every respect.
XV. The arms of Eton College, supported by angels in rochets kneeling.
It will be seen that these two groups of fifteen shields are marked off into groups
of five by Nos. V., X. and XV., which represent respectively, on the north side, this
College, this University, and this College, and, on the south side, Eton College,
Oxford University, and Eton College. Further, the four which in every case pre-
cede these College and University shields, observe an order among themselves, repre-
senting, I, a Stuart, 2, a Plantagenet, 3 and 4, a Tudor Sovereign. The first of the
four is invariably the then reigning Sovereign, Charles I. The second is in three
cases Henry VI. and in the other three (either Henry VI. with a difference or) Ed-
ward IV. The third is in three cases Henry VIIL and in the other three his daughter
Mary (or possibly Elizabeth). The fourth is uniformly Henry VII.
These shields are divided from each other by pilasters, of which the first and
second on either side, counting from the west, are each carved with four small shields,
bearing the arms of England, France, Scotland, and Ireland respectively. The
third, fourth, eleventh and twelfth on the Vice-Provost's side are each carved with
three similar shields, bearing the arms of England, France, and A'ing's College; and
of England, France, and Eton College ; twice with and twice without "LI. 6." below
each of the royal shields. The shields are placed one above another, the arms of
England being uppermost in every case. Two pilasters on each side are also carved
with wheatsheaves (or garbs) and scallop-shells, for Thomas Weaver the donor,
whose arms are thus painted in Hatcher's MS., mentioned below : Quarterly ; i and
4, Or, on a fesse azure cotised gules two garbs of the field; 2, Gules, on a bend
cotised argent three escallops of the field ; 3, Sable, a lion rampant argent, armed and
langued gules. The second quarter may be meant for the arms of Dawtree, which
are thus given by Papworth from Glover's Ordinary ; Gules, on abend argent between
two cotises or three escallops sable. The arms in the third quarter are given by
Papworth to '^Kyddy, and Williams alias Cronnvcll, temp. Elizabeth." On the
twenty remaining pilasters the flower-work with which they are ornamented termi-
nates in heraldic badges, of which the fleur-de-lis, the pomegranate, and the thistle
each occur four times ; a rose for this College, a lily for Eton College, three roses on
one stalk, and three lilies on one stalk, each occur twice.
In the canopies of the fifteenth and twenty-fifth stalls from the west on the
Provost's side are carved these arms: Quarterly; i and 4, On a pale three crosses
pattee within a bordure engrailed ; 2 and 3, On a chevron three helmets. The first
and fourth quarters are no doubt the arms of Crouch described below as being on
the book-cases in the side-chapels. Cole blazons the second and third quarters as
I.] HKRALDRV OF KING'S COLLEGE CIIArEL. 5S7
follows, without giving his authority for the tinctures ; Argent, on a chevron sable
three helmets or. He gives no name for the coat ; Papworth gives a similar coat to
Ireland, and (from Glover's Ordinary) to Sko/.
Over the panelling to the east of the stalls, which was com]3letecl in 1678 — 79
(see p. 525), appear the following arms :
North side :
A buck's head cabossed ; for George Legge, afterwards Earl of Dartmouth and
Admiral of the Fleet, who was a Fellow Commoner and gave plate to the College.
(Lcgge ; Azure, a buck's head cabossed argent. Burk«'s Armory.)
Ermine, on a saltire a crescent, within a bordure engrailed. Of this coat Cole
says "Whether this be for Samuel Thomas who was born in y'' Parish of S' Martin
in Cornwall and who was admitted Scholar here in 1649... and '^^^^ at Truro in Corn-
wall November 3'' 1691 where he had been Preacher 26 years. ..I can't pretend to say;
but am inclined to think it was put up for him both as y' he was a Benefactor to y"
stalls giving 10 p'' & y' y'= Arms of Thomas are thus blasoned. Ermine, on a Saltire
Gules a Crescent Argent ; w"^*^ is like these over y^ wainscote except that they have a
bordure, w"^'^ is very usual to add to those of y"' same name to make a difference.
Upon w'^'' ace' I sh** conclude it belonged to him absolutely if his Arms were not
otherways blasoned in Hatcher's MS. viz : Party Pale Nebule Argent and Azure. So
must leave it undetermined ; but if they belong not to him, they don't to any of y"* rest
of y* Benefactors to y^ same use." The arms of Thomas are not blazoned as Cole
blazons them in any printed ordinary that I have seen ; but they are so described in
an addition by a later hand to a MS. ordinary by William Smith Rouge Dragon in
1604, ^^^ ii^ King's College Library (MS. 1.5), where Cole probably saw them.
Hatcher's MS. is a list of the Provosts and Fellows begun by Thomas Hatcher
(scholar in 1555), which has the arms of some of those who are mentioned painted in
the margin. The entry relating to Thomas, witii the coat party per pale nebuly,
was probably made early in the eighteenth century, and it does not seem likely that
the ermine coat carved on the panelling was meant for him. But I, like Cole, "must
leave it undetermined," as I have not been able to find any other owner for this coat.
Five mascles in bend between two talbots passant ; for Gabriel Whistler, of Combe
in Hampshire, who was a tenant of the College and contributed £io. {Whistler;
Gules, five mascles in bend between two talbots passant argent )
South side:
Ten roundels, 4, 3, 2, i ; impaling Per pale nebule, six martlets, 2, 2, 2 ; the
whole ensigned with a mitre; for James Fleetwood, D.D., admitted scholar in 1623,
Provost 1660, Bishop of Worcester 1675, died 1683. (See of Worcester; Argent, ten
torteaux. Fleetwood ; Per pale nebule or and azure, six martlets counter-changed.
Burke's Armory.)
A griffin segreant holding a mullet; for Sir John Collins, M.P. for Andover;
admitted scholar in 1639, knighted by Charles H. in i68i. {Collins ; Vert, a griffin
segreant or. Burke's Armory.)
This panelling is ornamented with crowned roses, fleurs-dedis and portcullises.
Crowned roses and portcullises appear also on Essex's woodwork at the east end of
the choir.
The arms of the College are engraved on the brazen desk (the gift of Provost
Hacomblen) which stands in the middle of the choir, and also on two brazen cande-
labra which stand near the altar-steps.
588 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
On the bookcases in the chapels on the south side of the choir, formerly used as
the library, are painted the arms, crests and initials of two considerable benefactors :
Nicholas Hobart, of Lindsey, in Suffolk, scholar in 1620, some time secretary to the
English embassy at Constantinople; and Thomas Crouch, scholar in 1626, ejected
by the Parliamentary Commission in 1643, ^"<^1 ^^^^^ ^^^^ Restoration Fellow of
Trinity Hall. He was M.P. for the University in 1660 and 1661, and died 30 August,
1679, leaving his library to the College. The arms and the crests are painted in
separate compartments in the cresting of the bookcases ; the initials are immediately
below.
Hobart ; Sable, an estoile of seven points or, between two fianches ermine.
Crest : on a wreatli or and sable a bull passant parly per pale gules and sable,
guttee or.
Crouch ; Argent, on a pale sable three crosses pattee or ; a bordure engrailed
of the second. Crest : on a wreath argent and sable a lamb couchant of the first.
IV. Memorial and Monumental Heraldry.
In the Ante-Chapel :
On a mural brass near the south door are engraved four coats ;
I. The University ;
II. The College;
III. Eton College;
IV. Stokys ; Argent, on a bend engrailed sable three dolphins embowed or.
John Stokys, first of this College, afterwards of Clare Hall, Public Orator and
Licentiate in Medicine, died 17 July, 1559. The brass was erected by his brother,
Matthew Stokys of this College, Esquire Bedell. For the inscription see Cooper's
Athemr Cantabrigicnses, i. 198, where the word " scaccario " in the last line but one
should be "sacrario;" and some fifteen or sixteen of the words which are there
made to begin with capitals should begin with small letters.
In the side-chapels on the north side beginning from the west :
I. On a slab in the floor :
On a bend cotised three lions passant gardant. Crest, on a helmet, a lion as in
the shield. For John, son of Ralph Hawtrey Esq. of Ruislip, Middlesex, a fellow-
commoner, who died in 1673, aged 19. Burke gives for Hawtrey of Ascott, Mid-
dlesex, Argent, three lions passant in bend sable between two bendlets of the last ;
and for Hawtre, Argent, on a bend cotised sable four lions passant gardant of the first.
II. In the window :
The College; impaling Goade ; Gules, a chevron or between three lions rampant
argent. The whole shield is surrounded by a wreath of red and white roses and white
lilies. Above is the date 1610, and below are the words roc^ervs goade, hvivs
COLLEGil PR/EPOSiTVS. Below this again is the text
'E^ot XPI2T0S ^-^p5os
TO d.TTodave'ti'
bordered with a white rose, a white lily and two skulls.
In the window looking into the Ante-Chapel are the letters R. G., and Rocek
goad, with the dates 1570 and 16 10.
I.] HERALDRY OF KTNG'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 589
Roger Goade, D.D., was Provost from 1570 to his death in 1610, and left many
legacies to the College. For the i:)art he took in disposing of the ecclesiastical vest-
ments, &c., belonging to the College, see a paper by the Rev. George Williams
in the Ecc/csio/ogist iov 1859, p. 314.
in. In the window :
Sto/iys as before with the letters M. S.; for Matthew Stokys, Esquire Bedell, who
died 16 Nov. 1591. See Athena Cantabrigicnscs, ii. 109. The crest afterwards used
by the family of Stokes, viz. a hand or, habited argent, holding barwise a bedell's
staff of the first, is here blended with the arms in a very curious way; the hand and
arm occupying the sinister chief, while the staff passes behind the bend palewise, and
projects above and below the shield.
IV. On slabs in the floor :
A clievron between three arrows, points downwards. Crest : a stag's head
erased, in the mouth an arrow. For Ralph Flyer, IM.D., a senior Fellow, son of
.Francis Flyer, of Brent Pelham, who died 20 Jan. 1685, in his 5<Sth year. {Floycr v,i
Floyer Hayes, co. Devon ; Sable, a chevron between three arrows argent, points
downwards. Crest : a stag's head erased or, in the mouth an arrow argent. Burke's
Armory))
CrotccJi, as before, without tlie tinctures ; a crescent for difference. For the in-
scription see p. 539, and Cooper's JMcuioriah of Cajitbridgc, i. 252.
V. On a mural monument :
The College; impaling Page; Or, a fesse dancette between three martlets azure,
all within a bordure of the second ; an annulet on the fesse for difference. Crest : a
demi-grifhn rampant ermine holding a ducal coronet or. For Sir Thomas Page,
Provost from 1675 to his death in 1681.
On a hatchment : The same.
On slabs in the floor :
The same, without the tinctures.
Two bars, each charged with three mascles ; on a canton a leopard's face. Crest :
a leopard's head erased, gorged with a bar as in the shield, between two wings. For
Thomas Gearing, 28 years Vice-Provost, who died 17 Oct. 1694, aged 84. {Gear-
ing; Gules, two bars or, on each three mascles of the first; a canton azure charged
with a leopard's face of the second. Burke's Armory ; where Geare has the same
arms, with the tinctures slightly varied, and this crest : A leopard's head azure
ducally gorged or, between two wings gules.)
VI. On a slab in the floor :
George ; A fesse between three birds volant ^ ; imimling, On a bend three pheons.
Crest : a demi-lion rampant. [Bland; Argent, On a bend sable three pheons of the
field. Burke's ^r/«wj.) For William George, D.D., Dean of Lincoln 1748 ; Provost
from 1743 to his death in 1756.
IX. On a hatchment :
Thackeray ; Vert, an arrow in pale jioint downwards or, feathered and barbed
argent, between two garbs of the second ; on a chief purpure a cherub's head proper
winged silver between two estoiles gold ; impaling Cottin ; Azure, a chevron between
1 U is difificult to say what the tinctures of this coat ought to be : probably the field should be
argent, the (esss g-iiles, and the birds (falcons?) azure.
590 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
three cotton-hanks argent. Crest : a falcon with wings elevated proper, charged on
the breast with a like cherub's head ; in the beak an arrow as in the arms. Motto :
Nobilitas sola virtus^. For George Thackeray, D.D., Lower Master of Eton 1809
— 1814, Provost of King's from 1814 to his death in 1850; who left valuable
legacies in money and books to the College. For a memoir of him see Gentle-
man^ s Magazine, N. S., xxxiv. 664. A mural tablet with a Latin inscription to his
memory is in the westernmost side-chapel, south side.
On slabs in the floor :
Quarterly; i, A saltire. 2 and 3, A lion rampant. 4, On a bend cotised three
roundles. For John Gerard, a senior Fellow, who died in 1690, aged 53. (Gerard ;
Argent, a saltire gules. Burke's Armory.) The lion rampant seems to be another
bearing of Gerard; the roundles on the bend cotised are possibly for the family of
Bislwp, which bears Argent, on a bend cotised gules three besants.
A crescent. For John Smith, who died 23 August, 1706, in his 79th year. "Qui
suavi indole ad modestiam lenitatem concordiamque facta longaevam vitam placide
produxit et Collegarum beneficentiam vel in senectute et caecitate ad extremum
retinuit." The common ordinaries give no such arms as these for S/nith or Smyth.
But the MS. ordinary of William Smith, referred 10 above, gives as the last entry for
Siiiitli, Smith alias Hovell, Sable, a crescent or.
In the side-chapels on the south side, beginning from the west :
I. In the window looking into the Ante-Chapel :
Freeman ; Azure, three lozenges argent ; a crescent for difference.
The same, without the tinctures, on a mural monument against the west wall ;
for Martin Freeman, M.A., Fellow, who died 7 April, 1630, in his 34th year.
" Quern Deus nobis non diu daturus statim talem dedit qualis diu effici ]:)otuit."
On another mural monument against the west wall, are two shields, as follows :
The College.
Broeklebank ; Argent, a fesse wavy azure within a bordure sable. Crest, a badger
passant proper. For Thomas Broeklebank, M.A., Fellow, 19 years Bursar and
6 years Vice-Provost, who died 27 July, 1878, aged 53.
On a mural monument against the east wall :
Argent, a chevron ^ between three griffin's heads erased sable ; the two in chief
respecting each other. Motto : Respiciendo et Prospiciendo. For William Scawen,
Fellow-commoner, eldest son of Thomas Scawen, of Cornwall, who died 21 Nov.
1 7 10, in his nineteenth year, of fever, " multis tunc temporis sedibus funesta, Collegio
Regali longe funestissima." In Harwood's Alumni Etonenses, p. 289, two persons
are mentioned as having died of a fever in College, in December 1710.
On slabs in the floor :
On a saltire a rose. Crest : on a wreath a bull's head collared. For Charles
Nevill, scholar 1627, Vice-Provost 1655, died 1662. He is said by Harwood {Alumni
Etonenses, p. 228J to have been "descended from the ancient family of the Lords
1 The coat granted in 1755 by Leake Garter and Townley Clarencieux to Dr Thomas
Thackeray, Head-master of Harrow, grandfather of Provost Thackeray, is as follows : Vert, two
garbs or, in base an arrow in pale argent; on a chief purpure a cherub's head proper between as
many estoiles of the third. The crest is blazoned as an eagle, not a falcon. See Herald avd
Genealogist, ii. 449.
2 The tincture of the chevron is gone ; it ought to be gules.
I.] HERALDRY OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL. 59 1
Abergavenny," whose arms are thus given in Burke's Armory: Gules, on a saltire
argent a rose of the first, seeded or, barbed vert.
On a fesse between three saltires as many lion's heads erased. Crest : a lion
rampant holding a saltire. For Eldred Gaell of Hadleigh in Suffolk, scholar 1687,
some time an Assistant at Eton, who died Dean of Arts 9 May 1702, aged 33.
Glover's Ordinary (as printed by Edmonson) gives the following arms and crest for
Ga/e: Azure, on a fesse between three saltires argent as many lion's heads erased of
the first. Crest : a unicorn's head, paly of six or and azure, attired of the first.
n. In the south window :
The arms of Henry VHL ; supporters, a red dragon and a white greyhound
collared.
A Tudor and a Lancaster rose.
The College.
Haconihlcn ; Vert, a saltire between four lilies slipped argent; with "1509.
R. H. Pr£epos: 1528." Robert Hacomblen, D.D., Provost from 1509 to his death
in 1528, fitted up this chantry, where his brass, despoiled of its armorial bearings,
remains in the floor. (See p. 486.)
Thackeray, as before, without the crest, motto, and impalement; willi "1814.
G. T. Pra-pos: 1850."
Quarterly of four grand quarters ;
1 and 4, Osborne ; Quarterly ermine and azure, a cross or.
2 and 3, Godolphin ; Gules, an eagle with two heads displayed between three
fleurs-de-lis argent : the whole accompanied by an earl's coronet and " G. 1774."
Francis, Earl Godolphin, gave ;i^400 in 1774 to pave the Ante-Chapel. (See
P- 527-)
Davidson ; Azure, on a fesse argent between three pheons or a stag couchant
gules; a martlet for difference ; with "L D. See. 1825."
Joseph Davidson, Fellow (admitted Scholar in 1766), was a very considerable
benefactor both in his lifetime and by his will. See above, p. 515.
In the window looking into the Ante-Chapel are lilies, white roses, and the
letters R. H. The same letters, together with roses, fleurs-de-lis, and stars, are
painted on the stonework of the same window.
On a mural monument against the west wall are four shields, as follows :
I. Per pale and per chevron ;
1. The College.
2. The Rcgiiis Professorship of Diviiiity ; Gules, on a cross ermine between four
doves' argent a book fesse-wise of the field, garnished and clasped or, thereon the
Greek letter 9 sable.
3. Collins, as before, p. 584, without the mullet.
II. The College; impaling Collins.
III. The Regius Professorship of Divinity'^; impaling Collins.
' The doves have quite disappeared from these shields, except in the first qviarter.
592 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
IV. Collins.
Samuel Collins, D.D., Provost 1615, Regius Professor of Divinity 1617, deprived
of the Provostship and other preferments (except the Professorship) 1644, died
16 Sept. 165 1.
On a large altar- tomb in the middle of the chapel are two shields each ensigned
with a marquis's coronet ;
1, Churchill; Sable, a lion rampant argent; on a canton of the second St
George's Cross; a label for difference.
II. Quarterly of six;
1 and 6, Churchill, as before.
2, WUdyard 2l\\7x.'^ ]Vidworthy'^ ; Argent, five bendlets azure, a bordure or.
3, Wi7tston ; Per pale gules and azure, a lion rampant argent supporting between
the paws a tree eradicated or.
4, Tyll ; Argent, a fesse per fesse indented or and gules, in chief three trefoils
slipped sable.
5, ycnnings ; Argent, on a fesse gules three besants.
John Churchill, Marquis of Blandford, only son of John, first Duke of Marl-
borough, a Fellow-commoner, died of the small-pox 20 Feb. 1702, aged 16. The
Latin inscription, written by Francis Hare his tutor, afterwards Bishop of Chichester,
describes him in what seems to be more than mere conventional language as a
young man of singular promise.
III. In the window looking into the Ante-Chapel are the letters R. B., and
Robert Brassie.
On a mural monument on the west wall :
Quarterly of four ;
I, The Deanery of Ely ; Gules, three keys argent.
1, Roderick; Or, a lion passant (gardant?) gules; a crescent for difference.
3, The College.
4, Bullock; Gules, a chevron between three bull's heads cabossed argent,
horned or.
Charles Roderick, D. D. and LL.D., was Head Master of Eton 1680, Provost
of King's from 1689 to his death in 1712, Dean of Ely 1708.
For the inscription see Ormerod's Cheshire, ii. 138. For the details of Roderick's
election, in which the Fellows successfully asserted against the Crown their right to
choose their Provost, see Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 210. The arrange-
ment of this shield, and those of Provost Collins, and of Matthew Stokys the Esquire
Bedell, afford some curious examples of the combination of official and personal
coats; and they are probably among the "heraldric curiosities" to be met with in
this College, referred to by Dr Woodham-. I am not aware of any parallel instances,
though very possibly some exist.
1 These arms are not to be found in any of the printed ordinaries which I have seen, but tliey are
given in a JMS. scheme of quarterings compiled for the Duke of Marlborough's family, a copy of which
I owe to the kindness of Sir Albert W. Woods, Garter. In that scheme the arms are given as Bendy
of six, argent and azure, a bordure or. Sir A. W. Woods tells me that on the Duke's garter plate at
Windsor they are engraved as Argent four bendlets azure, a bordure or.
- Publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, No. iv., 4to. 1841.
!•]
HERALDRY OF KINGS COLLEGE CHAPEL
593
[The following interesting letter has been found in King's College Muniment Room
since the above essay was written. It is addressed ' To the Right W'fuU M"". D"". Col-
lins Provost of the Kings Coll : and [in] his absence to y^ Vice Provost and Seniors' ;
and relates to the wood-work which the writer Thomas Weaver placed in the Chapel
in 1633 (pp. 521, 586).
Myne humble Duetie Remembred
Sir yf myne abilitie were answerable to myne aflection to the Worthy Fowdacions
wherin I have R*" liberall maintenance and education, I would not onlie bring Badgers
skins, but the thinges of greater value for y® adorninge and bewtifying of the same :
But my hope is that God will accept y^ will, and that your Worship together with
y* worthy Societie will receave with favour what I shalbe able to performe : I have
sent the Workeman William Fells a Carver to vieu the Chappell, and according to
his skill to advise what is fitt to be done, My desyre is that y" would be pleased, to
request Sir Sloper to write downe y° platforme and dimensions of heigth length
and breadth of y"^ worke, proportionable to y° materialls allreadie provided at Eton
that the Carver maye bring them with him to helpe his memorie and to direct his
proceedings : The Lord blesse y" and y" whole Coll :
I have made my Will, wherin I have bequeathed one hundred pounds, and the
planckes and other materialls for y*' finishing of y*^ intended worke :
May 20
1629
V W in all duetye and love
Tho : Wever.']
[The seal is almost gone.]
I subjoin an alphabetical list of the coats described in this paper, with a reference
to the page at which each is blazoned.
Anglia, East, 580
Bishop, 590
Bland, 5!S9
Boleyn, 583
Boleyn, Anne, 584
Brocklebank, 590
Brotherton, 584
Bullock, 592
Butler, 584
Cambridge University, 582
Charles I., 584
Charles II., 584
Churchill, 592
Collins, 587
Cottin, 589
Cromwell, 586
VOL. I.
Crouch, 588
Davidson, 591
Dawtree, 586
Edward the Confessor,
579
Edward IV., 578
Edward VI., 578
Elizabeth, Queen, 578
Ely, Deanery, 592
Engoulesme, 584
Eton College, 582
Fleetwood, 587
Flyer, 589
Freeman, 590
Gael], 591
Gale, 591
Gearing, 589
George, 589
Gerard, 590
Goade, 588
Godolphin, 591
Guienne, 584
Hacomblen, 591
Hawtrey, 588
Henry VI., 578
Henry VII., 578
Henry VIIL, 578
Hobart, 588
Ireland, 587
James I., 578
James II., 578
Jennings, 592
38
594
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
King's College, 581
Kyddy, 586
Legge, 587
Lancaster, 584
Lincoln, See, 583
Mary I., 578
Nevill, 590
Okes, 583
Osborne, 591
Oxford University, 586
Page, 589
Regius Professorship
of Divinity, 591
Rochfort, 584
Roderick, 592
Scawen, 590
Skot, 587
Smith, 590
Stacey, 583
Stokys, 588
Thackeray, 589
Thomas, 587
Tyll, 592
Victoria, Queen, 582
Warrenne, 584
Weaver, 586
Whistler, 587
Wildyard alias Widworthy,
592
Williams, 586
Winston, 592
Worcester, See, 587
Wordsworth, 583
APPENDIX OF DOCUMENTS.
I. A. Reginald Ely is directed to press masons and buy materials for the construction
of the King's College, 16 June, 1444. {Rot. Pat. 11 Hen. VT. p. 2. m. 15.)
Rex dilectis sibi Reginaldo Ely capitali Cementario CoUegii nostri regalis beate
Marie et sancti Nicholai de Cantebrigg', Willelmo Roskyn, et Henrico Beuerley,
salutem.
Sciatis quod assignamus vos coniunctim et diuisim tam ad tot lathamos, Cemen-
tarios, Carpentarios, Plumbarios, Tegulatores, Fabros, Plastratores, ac omnes alios
artifices et operarios quoscumque quot pro operacionibus nostris edificacionis Collegii
nostri predicti necessarii fuerlnt quam ad petras, maeremium, ferrum, plumbum,
vitrum, tegulas, lattas, cindulas, bordas, clauos, calcem, zabulum, ac omnia alia que
pro edificacione dicti Collegii nostri necessaria fuerint, ac equos, cariagium, et fretta-
gium sufficiens in hac parte tam per terram quam per aquam vbicumque inueniri poterunt
tam infra libertates quam extra pro denariis nostris in hac parte rationabiliter soluendis
capiend' arestand' et prouidend' et ad {sic) eosdem lathamos, Cementarios, Carpentarios,
Plumbarios, Tegulatores, Fabros, Plastratores, et omnes alios huiusmodi arestetis et
operarios in operacionibus nostris huiusmodi ad vadia nostra ponend' et ad omnes illos
quos contraries seu rebelles inueneritis in premissis seu aliquo premissorum, prisonis
nostris committend' et mancipand' in eisdem moratur' quousque securitatem inuene-
rint nobis in operacionibus nostris predictis servitur'. Et ideo vobis et cuilibet vestrum
mandamus quod circa premissa diligenter intendatis et ea faciatis et exequamini in
forma predicta. Damns autem vniversis et singulis vicecomitibus Maioribus Ballivis
Constabulariis Ministris ac aliis fidelibus et subditis nostris quibuscumque, tam infra
libertates quam extra, tenore presencium firmiter in mandatis quod vobis et cuilibet
vestrum in execucione premissorum et eorum cuiuslibet intendentes sint, consulentes,
et auxiliantes prout decet. In cuius etc quamdiu nobis placuerit duratur'. Teste Rege
apud Westmonasterium xvj die Junii
I.J TABLE OF THE BUILDING ACCOUNT OF ETON COLLEGE. 595
I. B. Table of the building accounts of Etofi College.
Regnal Year.
Anno
domini.
Name of
Clerk of Works.
Nature of Account-book.
Cost of
Materials.
Cost of
Wages.
Total.
X\X — XX
1440
to
1441
William Lynde
( 3 July. >44i,
Wage-book i to
( 5 Feb., 1441—42
£. s. d.
£. s. d.
£. s. d.
not summed.
XX — xxi
1441
to
1442
William Lynde
Wage-book | Feb. 12, 1441 — 42
Cost of V to
Materials I Feb. 4, 1442 — 43
623 18 6}
712 ig I
1336 17 7}
xxi — xxii
1442
to
1443
William Lynde
Cost of < " Feb. 1442-43
Materials j,j„„^;°^3
173 16 35
173 16 3J
xxii — xxiii
1443
to
1444
John Vady
I Michs
Compotus Roll I to
( Michs
1067 5 7i
830 19 ij
1898 4 10
xxiii — xxiv
1444
to
1445
John Vady
Compotus Roll $ ^^'*'
Wage-book 1 j^|°^3
443 3 5i
410 12 5
853 15 10
xxiv — XXV
1445
to
1446
1446
to
1447
John Vady
Compotus Roll ( Michs
Particule \ to
Wage- book ( Mich^
702 6 7i
484 16 loj
1 187 3 6
XXV — xxvi
Richard Burton
,, ^ T3 11 ( Michs
Compotus Roll ) j.^
Panicule \ ^ii^[^.
538 0 loJ
489 15 7J
1027 16 65
xxvi — xxvi
Sept. 29,
1447.
to
Mar. 25,
1448
Richard Burton
Compotus Roll ) ^^
Particule \ ^„^„„
467 15 8 J
391 5 9
859 I 5i
xxvi — xxviii
Mar. 25,
1448,
to
Sept. 29,
1449
Roger Keys
Mar. 25
Compotus Roll to
Sept. 29, 1449
Particule \ ^^f' ^5
and Wages ^ Sept. 1450
1188 II 3
1365 19 ^h
2554 10 Toi
xxviii — xxix
1449
to
1450
Roger Keys
f Michs
Compotus Roll < to
( Michs
337 2 7j
444 7 6
781 10 ij
xxix — XXX
1450
to
1451
John Medehill
Account for materials only
Account for Huddleston stone
410 16 115
410 16 iij
XXX — xxxi
1451
to
1452
John Medehill
Compotus Roll
468 18 I
324 10 7i
793 8 8J
38—2
596
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Regnal Year.
Anno
domini.
Name of
Clerk of Works.
Nature of Account-book.
Cost of Cost of
Materials. Wages.
Total.
xxxi — xxxii
1452
to
1453
John Medehill
Compotus Roll
991 5 9
566 10 6
IS57 16 3
xxxii — xxxiii
1453
to
1454
John Medehill
Compotus Roll
Wage-book
250 9 3J
2S4 12 5i
505 I 8|
xxxiii — xxxiv
1454
to
1455
■Wanting
xxxiv — XXXV
1455
to
1456
XXXV -xxxvi
1456
to
U57
John Medehill
Particule (imperfect)
30s 3 5*
xxxvi — xxxvii
1457
to
1458
John Medehill
Compotus Roll
Particule (imperfect)
157 13 8
244 13 4i
402 7 oj
xxxvii— xxxviii
1458
to
145.9
John Medehill
Compotus 1
Particule } In one vol""'
Wages )
177 9 6f
230 ig 2
408 8 8J
xxxviii — xxxix
1459
to
1460
John Medehill
Compotus )
Particule , In one vol""*!
Wages )
175 17 8
182 9 4i
358 7 oi
xxxix — xl
Wanting
Total
8174 12 0 6934 II 7
15,414 7 0
I. C. Contract -with Walter Nicholl for a Roodloft and Stalls in Eton College
Chapel, 15 August, 1475.
This indenture made betwene the Right reuerend Fader in god William Bisshop
of Winchestre of that oon partie. And Walter Nicholl of Suthwerk in the Counte
of Surrey karver of that other partie Witnessith
that it is encovenaunted appoynted accorded and aggreed betwene the said partiez
that the said Walter shall take downe at his owne propre costez and expensez the
Rode loft Stallis and dextis with the appurtenauncez in the Quere of the Chirche of
Eton nowe beyng.
And so the same Walter shall make reyre wele clenly sufficiently and workmanly
in the newe Chirche of the said Collage of Eton a Rode loft of the lenght of the
brede of the said newe Chirche of the whiche Rode loft the utter parte therof to-
ward the Bowke of the same Chirche shalbe made like to the Rode loft late made
in Bisshop Wykehams Collage at Winchestre and accordyng to the same fourme.
I. C] CONTRACT, ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 597
And the inner parte of the said Rode loft with the Garnysshyng of all the stallez of
the Quere from the cowtre upward the same Walter shall make like to the Rode
loft and Quere of the Collage of seint Thomas of Acrez in London.
And the said right reuerend ffader shall fynde at his owen propre costez and ex-
pensez all maner of stuff and cariage goyng to the same werk that is to say tymbre
horde waynescotte glewe naylez and all other Irnewerk redy wrought necessarie of
and to the said Rode loft and stallez in maner and forme abouesaid to be made.
And also it is encovenaunted betwene the said partiez that the said Walter shall haue
deluered unto hym all suche bordez as war late ordeyned for the Selyng of the said
newe Chirche redy wrought toward the makyng of the said Rode loft and stallez.
And as for all other thyng necessarie to be made vnto the said werk that longith
to masondre, to be don and made at the propre costez of the said right reuerend
Fader.
And as for all maner of laborers in suche labour and werk as they can or may
doo of and aboute the makyng of the said Rode loft and stallez The said right
reuerend Fader shall fynde at his owne propre costez and expensez. Also the said
Right reuerend Fader shall fynde the said Walter and all his servauntis with hym
workyng in the said werk for the tyme beyng an hous sufficient to frame and make
the same wevk yn And also certeyne chambrez to the same W^alter and his said
servauntis to be loggid ynne duryng the season that the said Rode loft and stallez
of the said newe Chirche been yn makyng.
And the said Walter NichoU shall make fynysshe and set up or do to be made
fynyshed and set up at the ferthest the said Rode loft stallez and garnysshyng of
the said Quere in euery poynt in maner and fourme as it is abouesaid on this side
the fest of Assumpcion of oure lady the Virgyn the whiche shalbe in the yere
of our lord God M'.cccclxxvij And the said Right reuerent Fader shall pay or do
to be paid to the said Walter for makyng and garnysshyng of the said Rode loft
stallez and Quere accordyng to the fourme afore rehersed C marke of laufull money of
Englond to be paide in maner and fourme folewyng that is to say in hande the day of
sealyng of this indenture viij. li. vj. s. viij. d. and the xv day of Nouembre than next
folewyng viij. li. vj. s. viij. d. And the xvj day of Februarij than next commyng
viij. li. VJ. s. viij. d. And the xvij day of Maij than next folewyng viij. li. vj. s. viii. d.
And so from yere into yere and quarter into quarter on after another contynually and
immediatly folewyng euery yere at like Daiez as is aboue expressed viij. li. vj. s. viij. d.
unto the said som of C marke be fully to the same Walter and his assignez content
and paide Also it is encouenaunted that the said Reuerend Fader shall giff to the
said Walter ij gownez by thise presentez. Into witnesse wherof to that oon parte of
this indenture toward the forsaid Walter remaynyng the said right reuerend Fader hath
put his sealx And to that other parte of the same indenture toward the forsaid right
reuerend Fader abidyng the said Walter hath put his sealx
Date the xvj day of the moneth of August in the xv yere of the reigne of kyng
Edward the fourthe.
(On the back)
Memorandum that Water Nicholas keruer hath Receyved of the provost of Eton
of his covenaunt for the making of the Rode loft and stallis of the churche of Eton at
diuers tymes the summes that folewith
In primis the iij day of October iiij. li.
Item the xxv day of the same monthe ... ... ... iiij. li. vj. s. viij. d.
Item the xviij day of Decembre viij. li. vj. s. viij. d.
viij.
li. vj.
s.
viij.
d.
VllJ.
li. vj.
s.
VllJ.
d.
viij.
li. vj.
s.
viij.
d.
VllJ.
li. vi.
s.
VllJ.
d.
598 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Item the ix day of Marche the yer of the regne of Kinge E.
the iiij"'" the xvj viij. li. vj. s. viij. d.
Item the xxiiij day of May the same yer of the King for the
iiij"' payment
Item the xxix day of August
Item the secunde day of Decembre at London the xvj yer of
the king
Item the x day of Marche at London the xvij yer of the kyng
I.D. List of paintings in Eton College Chapel.
The following list of the subjects of these paintings (p. 412) has been chiefly made
from the beautiful drawings of them executed in 1847, by Mr R. H. Essex, an artist
whom Dr Hawtrey employed to preserve a record of them. These drawings are
now in the College Library at Eton. I have compared with them the careful
lithographs drawn by Miss Georgina Cust, Miss Eleanor Cust, and Miss Charlotte
Cust, which supplement Mr Essex's work in several important particulars. Unfor-
tunately the Clerk of the Works had caused a considerable portion of the upper row
to be destroyed before he was stopped by one of the Fellows (Lyte's Eton, p. 431).
The paintings had previously been damaged by the erection of the Organ-Screen in
1700 — 1 701 as above related (p, 448), two of the subjects in the lower row on each
side having been wholly obliterated, and others much injured.
The jaaintings commenced immediately under the string-course beneath the four
western-most windows on the north and south sides of the Chapel; and were arranged
in two rows, each about 67 feet long, and 6 feet broad. The rows were separated by
a border, 2 feet broad, and there was a similar border beneath the lower row. A
space of about 4 feet intervened between the latter border and the floor. There were
8 subjects in each row, occupying spaces 5 feet wide, and separated by single figures
standing on brackets under canopies. As each row began and ended with one of
these figures, there were 9 in each.
The following enumeration begins at the east end of the upper row on the south
side, where the whole series appears to commence with the Assumption of the Virgin.
The second picture gives an occurrence which is supposed to have taken place shortly
before that event ; and the remainder give various instances of the protection granted
by the Virgin to believers in all ages and countries. It has been already mentioned
(p. 412) that a legend descriptive of each picture is written beneath it, usually
with a reference to the book quoted. These quotations are not exact, but only
give a general idea of the story narrated. Roman numerals denote the figures,
Arabic numerals the subjects.
A very similar series of paintings, executed between 1498 and 1524, still exists in
the Lady Chapel of Winchester Cathedral. As will be seen from the list given at
the end of this description of those at Eton, several of the same stories are illustrated
in both places. It has been conjectured, from the style of the composition, and from
the close connection between Winchester and Eton, that the same artists might
have been employed at both places. The Winchester series has been engraved in
' Specimens of the ancient Sculpture and Painting now remaining in this Kingdom,'
by John Carter, Fol. London, 1780 — 7 ; and more recently has been described by
Mr J. G. Waller, in "Transactions of the British Archaeological Association at its
Second Annual Congress held at Winchester, August, 1845." lam indebted to him
for the identification of several of the subjects. See also the Architectural History
of Winchester Cathedral, by Rev. R. Willis, p. 39.
I. 1).] PAINTINGS IN ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 599
The Eton series has been noticed in Lyte's Eton, pp. 86 — 94, 166 — 168, and
431: Notes and Queries, 4th series, i. 341, 11. 474: The Ecclesiologist, viii. 242,
and XI. 247: The Times for 17 July, 1S47: Arch?eologia Cantiana, ix. 239:
Gentleman's Magazine, 1847, xxvill. 187. Kor these references, and for several
valuable suggestions, I am in(lel)ted to my friend Charles E. Keyser, M.A., Trinity
College, Cambridge.
Upper Row, South Side.
The upper part of this row, about one-third of the total space, has been destroyed.
I. A figure of which the lower half only has been preserved.
1. Gaiident . Angeli . letaiitiir . archatigeli.
The Assumption of the Virgin. Four angels, winged, support the Virgin. Rays
of glory extend behind them to the margin of the picture. The lower part only of
the Virgin's body remains.
II. A figure in the same condition as the last.
2. Judex . quidant .fcrctrunt . beatc . virginis . tangcns.
lil'cratur . Vine. lib. 6. Cap. 78.
The figures have been so much damaged that the treatment of the subject cannot
be made out. In the centre of the picture a man is lying on the ground. The story,
as given by Vincent of Beauvais, and in the Legenda Aurea, relates that as the
Apostles were carrying the body of the Virgin to the grave, the Chief Priest laid his
hands on the bier, with the intention of stopping the procession. Straightway his
hands withered, and he remained hanging, immoveably fixed to the bier. When
however, by the exhortation of S. Peter, he had confessed Christ and His mother, the
use of his hands was restored to him.
III. A figure in the same condition as the last, holding a scroll. At its feet an
Ox, couchant. S. Luke ?
3. Theophilus . Christum . et . beatavi . virginevi . abutgat.
The right half of the picture has been obliterated ; and in the left half the lower
portion of three figures only remains. Of these the one in the back ground is naked,
covered with hair, and the right foot has a cloven hoof. The story is in the Legenda
Aurea, De Nativitate beaice Maria virginis. In the year 537 there lived in Sicily
one Theophilus. At the instigation of the devil he renounced Christianity, denied
Christ and His mother, and giving to the devil a bond written with his own blood,
and sealed with his own seal, entered into his service. At length, however, he
repented, and prayed to the Virgin for help. She appeared to him in a vision,
and after he had confessed his sin, and professed Christianity once more, as a proof of
his pardon she gave him back the bond, which she placed upon his breast.
IV. Wholly obliterated.
4. Legend obliterated. Subject more than half obliterated. A kneeling figure
is resting clasped hands on a semicircular block ; behind which stands a figure clad
in long drapery with many folds. One hand only is seen.
V. Lower part of a figure holding a cup. At its feet a bird, which may be
intended for an eagle. S. John?
5. Legend obliterated. Three men are turning a winch, supported on two
uprights, let into a thick beam which lies on the ground. A rope is twisted several
6oO king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [aPPEN.
times round the roller. Four spokes pass through a square block at each end.
Round the roller there are several turns of a rope, the end of which passes upwards.
The men are using great exertions to turn the spokes round, so as to raise some
object which has been obliterated. In the foregound is a figure looking upwards,
with his hands stretched out as though in astonishment. The whole picture has
suffered grievous damage. According to Mr Waller, it illustrates a story related
by Gregory of Tours: "The Emperor Constantine was constructing a church in
honour of the Virgin, to which columns were brought, which the workmen were
unable to raise, and day by day they were wearied with vain labour. The Virgin,
however, appeared to the architect in a dream, saying, 'Be not sad, for I will show
you in what manner you will be able to raise the columns.' She showed, moreover,
both what machine should be chosen, and how they should suspend the pullies and
extend the ropes, adding, ' Join with you three boys from the school, by whose aid
you will be able to accomplish it.' He did as she directed him, and having called
three boys from the school, raised the columns with the greatest velocity ; and the
people marvelled that what many strong men were unable to raise, three weak
children could perform with ease."
VI. The lower part of a figure with a scroll. At its feet a small figure, or
winged angel (for it appears to have been extremely indistinct when copied), is kneel-
ing. S. Matthew?
6. Quaiiter . imago . qtiedatn . beate . virghiis . aimulo . despoliauvit . et . renunci-
auit . Vine . lib. 6. cap. 88.
The legend has evidently been incorrectly copied ; but there can be no doubt that
it refers to a story told by Vincentius (/. c.) of a young man who was playing at ball
outside a church. He wore a ring on his finger, which had been given to him by his
sweetheart. Being afraid of breaking it, he entered the church to look for a place in
which he could bestow it safely ; and seeing an image of the Virgin, he placed it on
one of her fingers. To his surprise the finger bent back, so that he could not draw it
off again. Shortly after he married, and on his wedding night the Virgin appeared to
him, standing between him and his bride, and holding out the ring. So he took
refuge in the desert, and passed the rest of his days in prayer and meditation.
VII. A figure with a scroll, the upper part obliterated.
7. Qua/iter . beata . virgo . sancto . Bonito . [aliu'rnei!si'\ . episcopo . post . missam . so-
lenneni . vestem . celestcm . tradiderat . Vine . lib. 6. eap. 98.
The lower part of three figures only is preserved. One of these, standing on a dais,
is presenting a vestment to the other, who kneels on the ground, before the dais.
Vincentius {I.e.) relates that Bonitus, Bishop of Auvergne, being in a trance, saw a
vision of the Virgin and Saints, who descended into the Church where he was, and com-
manded him to say mass. At the end of the service, the Virgin gave him her cloak,
which is still preserved, says the chronicler, and has been seen by many persons.
VIII. A mitred figure with a staff in his left hand, and a lion couchant at his
feet. S. Mark?
8. Quaiiter . cidusdam . Jiuiei .filiiis . eum . christianus . ... a . erudeli
patre . in .fornaccm . projieitur. Legenda .sanctortwi.
In the left-hand corner of the back ground is an altar, before which a priest is
standing. Four persons are kneeling at his feet. On the extreme right is the opening
I. D.]
PAINTINGS IN ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 6oi
of a furnace, out of which the head and bust of the person who had been thrown
into it is seen projecting. A figure in front of it is turning his head away, as though
refusing to release him.
In the Legenda Aurea, Dc Assuniiiotie sanctce Alarue Virginis, it is related that
in the year 527, at Bourges, a Jew boy approached the altar with his Christian school-
fellows, and received the Communion with them. His father, on hearing what had
happened, was filled with indignation, and threw him into a fiery furnace. The
Virgin, however, appeared to him in the likeness of the image which he had seen over
the altar, and preserved him from the fire, free from all harm. The populace, on
learning the miracle that had been wrought, took the boy's father, and cast him into
the furnace, where he was presently burnt to death.
IX. A mitred figure.
South side, lower row.
The whole of the eight pictures on this row seem to have illustrated the following
story, preserved by Vincent, Lib. 6. Cap. 91 — 93. We give it as told by Mr Lyte,
p. 90. ' Once upon a time there was a Roman Emperor, who had a beautiful and ex-
cellent wife. None on earth were happier than they, and he trusted her entirely ; so
when he was starting on a long journey to the Holy Places, he committed the care of
his kingdom to her. But he had a wicked brother, who loved the Empress with an
unholy love, and tormented her daily with his suit. So she imprisoned him in a tower,
and she ruled the country wisely and well. When five years were past, the Empress
heard that her dear husband would soon return to her again, so, in her joy, she released
the wicked brother. But he was not grateful for this kindness, and hastened to meet
the Emperor, and said to him, "Thy wife hath been false to thee; so grievously hath
she sinned that I shut myself up in a tower, so that I might not be the witness of her
crimes." Then the Emperor fell on his face and wept, and he lay for an hour like a
dead man. So when the Empress came to welcome her lord the next day, he looked
at her reproachfully, and smote her to the ground with his own hand, and ordered his
servants to take her away and put her to death in a wood. But when they were about
to ill-treat her, there passed a good knight returning from the Holy Land. And he
rescued her from shame and death, and took her home with him to be nurse to his
own child. This knight also had a wicked brother who loved the fair nurse. But
she would not love him. So he swore that he would be avenged, and coming secretly
one night into her chamber he killed the child who was sleeping in her arms, and
placed the bloody dagger in her hand. Thus the good knight and his wife were led to
believe that the nurse had murdered the child. And they sent her away in a ship,
saying to the captain, "Take this wretched woman hence, and leave her in some dis-
tant land, so that we may never see her face again." Then the wicked sailors, struck
by her beauty, would have tempted her to evil, but, finding her to be good and virtu-
ous, they left her on a desolate rock in the midst of the sea. And she lay down and
slept sweetly. And there appeared to her a wondrously fair lady, who was none other
than the Holy Virgin, who said to her, "Gather the herbs that grow beneath thee on
the ground, and with them thou shalt be able to heal the sick." So she did as she
was bidden, and the next day some men passed by the rock in a boat, and taking pity
on her, conveyed her to a neighbouring port. And there she saw many lepers and
other sick folk; so she mixed the herbs with wine in a cup ; and the sick folk drank
of the wine and were healed. And among them there came to her one day the
murderer of the good knight's child, but he knew her not. So when he was confess-
6o2 king's college and Eton college. [appen.
ing his sins to her, one sin he hid, for he would not tell of the murder. Therefore the
Empress would not heal him ; but at last he repented of it, and then she healed him.
And the good knight would have persuaded her to become the wife of his penitent
brother, but she refused, for she loved none but her own husband. So she journeyed
on till she came to Rome, curing many lepers on the way. Now it so chanced that
the Emperor's wicked brother, who was afflicted with a grievous illness, came and
prayed her to give him to drink of her medicine. But before she would give it to him
she made him confess his evil deeds and his slanderous words before the Pope and the
Senate. And when the fact of her innocence was thus clearly established, she made
herself known to the Emperor, who received her with joy, and would fain have taken
her back to be his wife. But she said, "When I was in sore distress I took an oath
that I would give myself entirely to God." So she bade him farewell, and renouncing
her royal station, she entered a convent and became a holy nun.'
I. A female saint, crowned, a closed book in her right hand, her left hand resting
on the cross-hilt of a drawn sword. S. Catherine ?
1 . Hie . dniotus . imperator . peregrinatiirus . vxori . . .
The Emperor, on horseback, leans forward to bid farewell to his wife, who is on
her knees. He turns so that his right hand clasps her right hand, and his left hand is
laid on her neck. Behind the Emperor's horse part of a second horse is seen, ridden
by an attendant. This subject occupies the left half of the picture. In the right half
the Empress is standing at the foot of a tower, which a man, dressed in a long flowing
robe, no doubt the Emperor's brother, is entering. She holds up her left hand, as
though she were bidding him begone. Her right hand is under her garment.
II. S. Barbara, bearing her tower in her right hand, and a palm-branch in her left.
Under her right arm is a book.
2. Hie . rediens . imperator . aecusatatii ./also . sibi . vxorein.jubet . in . libiam . dediici,
et . deeapitari . Vincentius li. 6. cap.
In the centre of the picture the Empress is on her knees ; the Emperor lays his left
hand on her shoulder and raises his right as though about to strike. Behind him are
three attendants, and a tall man who may be intended for the one who was consigned
to the tower in the last picture. In the right half of the picture the Empress is being
led away weeping by two soldiers. On the breast of the one who stands on her left
is embroidered the word am ale.
III. A female saint; in her right hand a closed book, in her left a pair of forceps
clasping a tooth. S. ApoUonia.
3. Hie. ... snperue7iient£s . tiobiles.
A young man with the name amaley embroidered on his breast has been thrown
to the ground by a man who stands behind him, about to transfix his skull with a
sword. An attendant stands behind, and also a man on horseback. The Empress is
on her knees, her back turned to the group.
The right half of the picture is destroyed.
IV. I
^' ( destroyed.
V.
1. D.] PAINTINGS IN ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 603
VI. S. Dorothy.
6. Legend obliterated except ' Vinwitt. HI). 6. cap.' The Empress is standing
in the middle of a group of sick persons. With her left hand she is giving a cup to a
man who kneels before her ; her right hand is raised in benediction.
VII. A female saint, a closed book in her right hand, a palm-branch in her
left.
7. Hie . imperator .ipsam . ... ei . rcconciliacioncin . exoptat.ut.
videret .fratrem . siiiim. Vine. . li" 6". cap. 90.
The Empress is putting something into the mouth of a man who kneels before
her, supported by an attendant. On her right hand stands the Emperor, crowned,
and bearing a sceptre in his right hand. Behind him is an attendant. Behind the
sick man stand a Bishop and a Cardinal.
VIII. A female saint ; in her left hand she holds a chain which is attached to a
small demon at her feet. S. Juliana?
8. Hie . eadcm . imperatrix . mari(o . stto . ei . inundo . rcnuncians . monachali . veste .
velata . ccutitatem . servare . deo . et . beate . virgini . decernit. Vine. 1°. 6°. cap. 93.
The Empress is on her knees before an abbess who bears a crozier ; behind the
Empress stands an attendant, who turns to tell the Emperor what is passing. Her
crown is on the ground behind. The Emperor, in crown and sceptre as before, is
pleading with her. Behind him stands an attendant.
IX. A female saint, bearing a sword, of which she holds the hilt in her right
hand, while the blade lies across her left arm. S. Agnes?
North Side, Upper Row.
The upper third of this row is destroyed. The pictures are counted from the
west end.
1. A saint, half obliterated.
2. meritis . beate . virginis . peste . • liberatur . legenda sanctoniiii.
A procession advancing. The central figure holds a picture of the Virgin and
Child before him with both hands. The one next to him holds a book half open,
from which he is apparently chanting. On his right are one or more figures bearing
candles.
This refers to a story of S. Gregory told in the Legenda Aurea {De sancto Gregorio).
Rome was being devastated by a pestilence, whereupon S. Gregory caused the city
to be traversed by a procession, at the head of which was borne a picture of the
Virgin, painted, it was said, by S. Luke. The pestilence gave way at the sight of it,
angelic voices were heard singing Hallelujah !, and over the castle of Crescentius
Gregory beheld an angel, sheathing a sword stained with blood. So he understood
that the plague was stayed, and the castle was ever after called the Castle of the
Angel.
II. A figure, as before.
2. Qualitcr . miles . qiiidavi . convertitur . virginis . liberatur.
In the centre of the picture, quite apart from the other figures, stands the soldier.
His feet have grown into claws. Four other persons in different attitudes, stand
behind him.
6o4 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [aPPEN.
III. A figure, as before.
3. . Qiialiter . ab . ore . ... inortid . in . hora . beate . virghtis . certos .
psalmos . dicentis . rosa . excrevit . inscripta . ave . maria. Vine. lib. 6. cap. 116.
On the right of the picture a man is digging with a spade. At his feet are some
bones. In front of him another labourer is raising a pickaxe above his head.
The story as told by Vincentius (/. c.) is that there was a monk in a convent at
S. Omer, who was in the habit of saying every day the five psalms which begin with
the letters of the name ' Maria,' and that when he died five roses were found growing
out of his mouth.
IV. A figure, as before.
4. A person in bed. The spectator is looking straight at the bed foot, in front of
which is placed a large closed box. On the right stands a figure. Legend obliterated.
V. A figure, as before.
5. Legend obliterated. Two mailed figures are fighting. One is on the ground,
held down by the right hand of his opponent, who is about to drive a sword into his
heart with his left. Other figures stand near.
VI. Figure obliterated.
6. incitla . retentus . est . ab . insidio . diaboli.
A man is hastily carrying a ladder forwards, and seems to be turning round to
speak to some persons who are following him, of whom the feet only remain.
This picture may possibly illustrate the following story. It is one of the series
at Winchester, mentioned above. Mr Waller gives the legend as follows :
A certain painter of Flanders venerated our Lady above all things. He, as often
as he had occasion to paint the devil painted him as ugly as he knew him to be ;
by which the afore-named enemy being angered, made a great noise over him, in
a vision of the night, and threatened if he did so any more he should rue it. But
he, rejoicing in his offence to the devil, studied that he might paint him still more
terrible. It happened, that the same painter was depicting the image of the Virgin
in the portico of a certain church, and the figure of the demon under her feet, ac-
cording to the text, ' She shall bruise thy head.' The devil thus provoked, struck
suddenly with a whirlwind the scaffold which bore him painting, and cast it to the
earth ; which as the man felt, he raised his hand and heart to the Virgin ; and she
thrusting forth her hand, retained the man, and kept him unhurt, until assistance
arrived.
In the picture at Winchester the painter is dangling in the air before the figure of
the Virgin ; the scaffold is in the act of falling ; while one of the spectators is hurrying
with a ladder to his assistance.
VII. A figure, as before.
7. Qualite?' . sutor . quida»i . ad . telhirem. niorte . dchu.
A mangles on his back dead in the centre of the picture. Part of a figure is
seen behind him.
VIII.
8. \ Entirely obliterated.
IX.
I. D.] PAINTINGS IN ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 605
North Side, Lower Row.
I. A female saint, holding in her right hand a scythe, of which the blade passes
behind her head. S. Sidwell.
I . Qualiter . beata . virgo . miiliercf?! . ad . mortem . vsqtic . laborantem . de . pcccato .
gravi . commisso . non . confessam . vite . restituit . et . a . periado . dampnacionis . libera-
vit. Vine. lib. 6. cap. 1 1 7.
In the front of the picture the woman is lying apparently dead. Behind her the
Virgin, crowned, is on her knees, praying. Christ appears above in glory. On the
right the woman is seen on her knees, confessing her sin to a priest. The story,
as told by Vincentius, adds nothing to the above particulars.
II. A female figure : in her right hand she holds a broad leash, attached to a dog,
which is springing forward, as though trying to escape ; in her left hand there is
a palm-branch. S. Sira?
1. Qualiter . miilier . quedatn . per . filium . beate . virginis . siium . filium . a . car-
ceribits . liberatttm . sibi. restituit . legenda . sanctoruin.
On the left of the picture a woman, kneeling, is taking a small image out of a trunk.
Behind her is a boy, holding on to her dress. On the right the same woman is
ascending the steps that lead to a small chapel, in which is a figure of the Virgin,
to whom she hands the image. The story is in the Legenda Aurea {De Nativitate
beatcE Maria Virginis). A certain widow had an only son, of whom she was pas-
sionately fond. He was taken by enemies, and cast into prison. His mother
besought the Virgin to procure his release. When however she perceived that her
prayers availed nothing, she entered a certain church, where there was an image
of the Virgin, and thus addressed her: "O blessed Virgin, I have often besought thee
to set my son free, but as yet thou hast availed me nothing. Therefore, as my son
has been taken away from me, so will I take thy son away from thee, and keep him
in ward as a hostage for my own." Having thus spoken she took the image of the
child from the Virgin's bosom, and carrying it home, wrapped it in fine linen, and
placed it in a chest which she locked and guarded diligently, rejoicing that she had
found so sure a hostage for her son. To whom on the next night the Virgin ap-
peared, and opened his prison door, and bade him go home to his mother and tell her
'to give me back my son, even as I have given her own to her.' Then the woman
rejoiced exceedingly, and took the image of the child, and went to the church, and
restored it to the Virgin.
III. S. Etheldreda.
3. Qualiter . midier . quedain . nobilis . in . die . purificacionis . beate . Vir-
ginis... sanctoi-um.
A woman, apparently asleep, is seated in a church at the corner of a dais upon
which is an altar She holds a lighted taper in her hand, which an angel is trying to
take from her. On the left of the picture a procession of maidens, each of whom
carries a lighted taper, is entering. At their head walks the Virgin, crowned, with a
taper like the rest. On the right of the picture, in the back-ground, two boys, vested
as priests, are celebrating mass.
The story here depicted is related as follows in the Legenda Aurea {In Die Purifi-
cacio7iis beate Marie Virginis). A certain noble lady, who had built a chapel to the
Virgin, was unable to have mass said there on the festival of the Purification in a
6o6 king's college and eton college. [appen.
certain year. So she repaired to her chamber, and prostrating herself before an aUar
of the Virgin fell into a trance. She thought that she was in a most beautiful
church, into which a company of virgins entered, headed by one who wore a crown.
They were followed by a company of youths. Presently one bearing a great bundle of
tapers, came in, and gave one first to the virgin who wore a crown, then to each of her
companions, and to each of the youths, and lastly to herself. Next she saw two per-
sons bearing torches, a deacon, a subdeacon, and a priest, approach the altar, as though
they would say mass there ; and she thought that the two acolytes were S. Lawrence
and S. Vincent ; the deacon and the subdeacon two angels ; and that the priest was
Christ. Then, after confession, two most beautiful youths came forth into the middle
of the choir and said mass. Which being ended all present handed their tapers to
the priest. She however refused ; though the queen of the virgins sent a messenger
to her more than once. At last the messenger tried to take the taper from her by force,
and a struggle ensued, in the course of which the taper broke, and part remained in
her hand. Whereupon she woke out of her trance, and was greatly astonished to
find herself holding a piece of taper; which she carefully treasured, and all who
touched it were healed of their infirmities.
VL The figure of the saint is obliterated, as also is the left half of the following
picture.
6. \Qiialiter mi'hs] quidam . a . diabolo . deccptits . uxorem . eiiis . ad. diabolum .
conducit . Legenda . sanctorum.
A young man is conversing with a naked, hairy figure, evidently intended to represent
the devil. Behind him are the hind-quarters of a horse, on which a female figure is sitting.
The story is in the Legenda Aurea [De Assiinitione sancta; Marice Virginis). A certain
soldier had squandered his fortune in too liberal largess. To him the devil appeared,
and bade him go home and look in a certain spot, where he would find a vast treasure,
on the condition that on a certain day he was to bring his wife to him. On the day
appointed he bade her mount her horse, and ride abroad with him. She, not daring
to disobey, commended herself to the protection of the Virgin, and went with him.
On the way she entered a church, and prayed, her husband remaining outside. There
the Virgin caused her to fall asleep, and taking her form, mounted the horse and rode
with the soldier. At the appointed place they met the devil, who, on finding out
what had happened, upbraided the soldier bitterly ; but the Virgin bade him return to
his own place, and never more presume to injure those who prayed to her.
VIL A female saint, bearing a cross in her right hand. At her feet a griffin or
eagle. S. Margaret?
7. Qualitcr . ymago .filii . beate . virginis . a . pcrfidis .pcrcussa . satigtdnem . dedit .
Vine. lib. 6. cap. in.
A woman is on her knees before an image of the Virgin and Child, placed in a
niche in the gable of a church. Beside her is a man lying on the ground, beside
whom stands another, similarly dressed. Close to him stands a third, with a spear in
his hand. A portion of the right side of this subject has been obliterated.
This legend is given as follows by Vincentius :
Near to the castle of Rudolph is a certain abbey called Dol, and on a buttress of
the church is a stone image in honour of the Blessed Virgin ; to which when a poor
woman came for the purpose of praying, two men of Brabant, present in the porch.
I. D.] PAINTINGS IN ETON COLLEGE CHAPEL. 607
upbraided her, and blasphemed the image; one of them even cast stones at it, and
broke the arm of the child Jesus. When the stone had fallen, drops of blood issued
from the arm, as though from a living person ; and immediately he who had cast the
stone died, and the other, wishing to take the dying man in his arms that he might
give him help, was seized with a devil, and died the following day. This happened in
the year 1 187 at the lime of the war between Philip of France and Henry of England,
when the fonner was encamped at Dol, the latter with his army. Moreover, I who
write this have seen the blood with my own eyes.
VIII. \
8 I Obliterated.
IX. )
A list is appended of the subjects at Winchester, numbered as in Mr Waller's paper.
It will there be seen that many of them are duplicates of those at Eton. As there,
they are arranged in two tiers.
1. A young man puts his ring on the Virgin's statue.
2. An illiterate priest restored to his office by the Virgin's intercession.
3. Portrait of Prior Silkstede, during whose tenure of office (1498— 1524) the
paintings were probably executed (over the south door).
4. A young Jew rescued by the Virgin from the furnace into which his father had
thrown him.
5. S. Gregory stays a pestilence in Rome by carrying a portrait of the Virgin in
procession through the streets.
6. A woman procures her son's release from prison by taking away the Virgin's
Son as a hostage for her own.
7. A woman and her child saved by the Virgin from the waves near Mont S.
Michel.
8. The Virgin points out the method of raising a column for a church that was
being built in her honour.
9. A woman restored to life that she might confess a deadly sin.
10. The Virgin saves a monk from drowning.
11. An image of the Virgin and Child, being struck by a stone, gives forth drops
of blood.
12. The Virgin stills a violent storm at sea.
13. A devout lady receives a lighted taper in a vision.
14. The Virgin restores to S. John of Damascus his hand which had been
cut off.
15. The Virgin rescues a devout thief from the gallows.
16. The stoiy of a monk out of whose mouth roses grew.
17. The Virgin preserves a painter whose scaffold was thrown down by the devil.
18. The Annunciation (over the north door).
19. A knight saved from a demon who prompted him to robbery.
20—24. Much defaced, subjects unknown.
6o8 king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
II. A. Draft contract for building the stone roof of King's College Chapel. 4 Henry
viij, about May, 1512.
This indenture made the day of in the iiij* yere of the
Regn of our souerain lord kyng Herry the viij'betwyne M' Robert Hacumblen provost
of the Kynges College Royall at Cambryge and the scolers of the same with the advise
and agrement of M' Thomas Larke survey our of the kynges workes there on the con
partye, And John Wastell M' Mason of the said vv'orkes and Herry Semerk oon of the
wardens of the same on the other partye witnesseth
that hit is couenaunted bargayned and agreed betwyn the partyes aforsaid that the
said John Wastell and Herry Semerk shall make and sett vpp or cawse to be made
and sett vpp at ther costes and charges a good suer and sufficient vawte for the grete
churche ther to be workmanly wrought made and set vpp after the best handlyng and
fourme of good workmanship accordyng to a platt therof made and signed with the
handes of the lordes executours vnto the kyng of most famous memorye Herry the vij"^
whos sowle god pardon.
And the said John Wastell and Herry Semerk shall provide and fynde at their
costes and charges asmoche good sufificyent and able ston of Weldon quarryes as shall
suffise for the perfourmyng of all the said vawte together with lyme, sand, scaffoldyng,
cynctours, moldes, ordynaunces, and euery other thyng concernyng the same vawtyng,
aswell workmen and laborers as all maner stuff and ordenaunces that shalbe required
or necessary for the perfourmaunce of the same.
Except the seid M' provost and scolers with thassentof the said surveyourgraunten
to the said John Wastell and Herry Semerk for the great cost and charge that they
shalbe at in remevyng the great scaffold there to haue therfore in recompence at the
end and perfourmyng of the said vawte the tymber of ij seuereys of the said grete
scaffold by them remeved to their own vse and profight.
And over that the said provost scolers and Surveyour graunten that the said John
Wastell and Herry Semerk shall haue duryng the tyme of the said vawtyng the vse of
certeyn stuffes and necessaryes there as Gynnes, wheles, cables, robynettes, sawes and
such other as shalbe delyuered vnto them by indenture. And they to delyuere the same
agayn vnto the College there at the end of the said worke.
The said John Wastell and Herry Semerk graunten also and bynde themselff by
thies couenauntes that they shall perfourme and clerely fynyssh all the said vawte
within the term and space of iii yeres next ensuyng after the tyme of their begynnyng
vppon the same.
And for the good and suer perfourmyng of all the premysses as is afore specyfyed
the said provost and scolers couenaunte and graunte to pay vnto the said John Wastell
and Herry Semerk. xij"= li. that is to sey for euery seuerey in the seid churche. C li. to
be paid in fourme folowyng from tyme to tyme asmoche money as shall suffise to pay
the Masons and other rately after the numbre of workmen ; And also for ston at suche
tymes and in such fourme as the said John Wastell and Herry Semerk shall make their
Bargeynes for ston so that they be evyn paid with C li at the perfourmyng of euery seuerey.
And yff ther remayn ony parte of the said C li at the fynysshyng of the said seuerey,
than the said M' provost and scolers to pay vnto them the surplusage of the said C li for
that seuerey. And so from tyme to tyme vnto all the said xij seuereys be fully and
perfithtly made and perfourmed.
II. C] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 609
B. Agreement betiveen yohn Wastell and Henry Semerk regarding the division of the
■work; 7 June, 4 Henry VIII. 1512.
This Indenture made the vij'" day of June in the iiij"' yere of our souerayn lord
kyng Herry the viij"-' l)ytwyn John Wastell M' Mason of the kyngcs workes within
his College Royall at Cambryge on the oon partye; And Ilerry Semerk oon of the
Wardeynes of the said workes on the other partye, witnesseth :
that wher the said John and Ilerry haue joyntly couenaunted and bargayned with
M' provost and Bursers of the said College to make, set vpp and perfourme a vawte for
the grete Churche there, as by indentures therof made more playnly dothe appere ;
Neuerthelasse hyt is agreed and couenaunted betwyn the said John Wastell and
Herry Semerk that the fornamed John Wastell shall occupye, vse, and haue the hole
Bargayn of makyng the seid vawte, to his own profyght and advauntage. And to bcre
also almaner charges concernyng the same.
And the seid Herry Semerk to be no partyncr with hym in the said bargayn As
longe as hyt shall please almyghty god the said John Wastell shall lyve and haue his
helth to rewle the werke.
And the said Herry Semerk is agreed that duryng the lyff and helth of the said
John Wastell he shall dayly and hourely gyff his dylygent attendaunce to the said
workes withoute he haue lycence of the said John Wastell to be absent for seasons as
they shall both be content.
And the said John Wastell graunteth to gyff vnto the said Herry Semerk for his
contynuall attendaunce in fourme aforesaid . xx markes . euery yere duryng the con-
tynuaunce of the seid werkes and standyng the lyff and helth of the said John Wastell.
And yff hyt happen as god forebede the seid John Wastell to discece or elles to
fall in suche syknesse that he can not be able to gyff attendaunce to perfourme the
said workes; than the partyes aforesaid be agreed that the said Herry SemaVke and
Thomas Wastell sone vnto the said John Wastell shall joyntly be partyners in the said
bargayn. And so they shall see the seid bargayn to be perfourmed. And shall parte
aswell costes and charges as profytes and advauntages evynly betwyn them bothe in
euery thyng concernyng the same bargayn.
C. Contract for the Finials of 21 Butti-esses ; and for one Tower of the Chapel,
4 Jamiary, 4 Henry VIII. 15 12 — 13.
This Indenture made the iiij"'. day of January in the iiij"'. yere of the Regn of our
souuerayn lord Kyng Henry the viij"'. Betwene M' Robert Hacumblcn provost of the
kynges College Royall in Cambryge and the scolers of the same with the advise and
agrement of M' Thomas Larke Surveyour of the kynges workes there on the oon
partye; And John Wastell master Mason of the seid workes on the other partye,
Witnesseth
that hyt is couenaunted, bargayned, and agreed betwene the partyes aforsaid that
the seid John Wastell shall make. ..the fynyalles of all the Buttrasses of the grete
churche ther which be xxi in numbre ; The seid fynyalles to be wele and workmanly
wrought, made, and sett vpp after the best handelyng and fourme of good workman-
ship acordyng to the plattes conceyved and made for the same, and acordyng to the
fynyall of oon buttrasse which is wrought and sett vpp : Except that all thies new
fynyalles shalbe made sumwhat larger in certayn places acordyng to the mooldes for
the same conceyvid and made.
VOL. I. 39
6lO king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [aPPEN.
Also hit is couenaunted...that the seid John Wastell shall make... the fynysshyng
and perfourmyng of oon towre at on of the corners of the seid churche, as shalbe
assigned vnto hymbythe Surveyour of the seid werkes; All the seid fynysshyng... with
Fynyalles, ryfant gablettes, Batelmentes, orbys, or Crosse quaters, and euery other
thyng belongyng to the same to be wele and workmanly wrought, made, and sett
vpp, after the best handelyng and fourme of good workmanshipp, acordyng to a platt
therof made, remaynyng in the kepyng of the seid Surveyour.
The seid John Wastell to provide and fynde at his coste and charge asmoche good
sufficyent and able ston of Weldon quarryes as shall sufifyse [for the finials and tower]...
Together with lyme, sand, scaffoldyng, mooldes, ordenaunces and euery other thyng
concernyng the fynysshyng and perfourmyng of all the buttrasses and towre aforseid,
aswele workmen and laborers as all maner stuif and ordenaunces as shalbe required or
necessary for perfourmaunce of the same :
Except the seid M' Provost, Scolers, and Surveyour graunten to lende vnto the seid
John Wastell sum parte of olde scaffoldyng tymbre, and the vse of certayn stuff and
necessaryes there; as Gynnes, wheles, Cables, Robynattes, sawes and suche other as
shalbe delyuered vnto hym by Indentures. And the seid John Wastell to delyuere the
same agayn vnto the seid Surveyour assone as the seid Buttrasses and towre shalbe
perfourmed.
The said John Wastell graunteth also, and byndeth hymself...to perfourme and
clerely fynyssh all the seid buttrasses and towre on thisside the Feeste of the Annun-
ciacon of our blessed lady next ensuyng after the date herof.
And for the good and sure perfourmyng of all thies premysses as is afore specyfyed
the seid provost and scolers couenaunten and graunten to pay vnto the seid John
Wastell for the perfourmyng of euery buttrasse vjli. xiijs. iiijd. whiche amownteth
for all the seid buttrasses Cxi. li. ; and for the perfourmyng of the seid towre, C li.
to be paid in fourme folowyng, That is to sey ; from tyme to tyme asmoche money as
shall sufifyse to pay the Masons and other laborers rately after the numbre of workmen,
And also for ston at suche tymes and in suche fourme as the seid John Wastell shall
make his provisyon or receyte of the same ston from tyme to tyme as the case shall
requyre ;
Provided alwey that the seid John Wastell shall kepe contynually .Ix. Fremasons
werkyng vppon the same werkes assone as shalbe possible for hym to calle them in by
vertu of suche Commissyon as the seid surveyour shall delyuer vnto the seid John
Wastell for the same entent.
And in case ony Mason or other laborer shalbe founde vnprofytable or of ony suche
ylle demeanour wherby the workes shuld be hyndred or the company mysordred not
doyng their duties acordyngly as they ought to doo, than the seid Surveyour to indevour
hymself to refourme them by such wayes as hath byn ther vsed before this tyme.
And also the fornamed M' Provost scolers and Surveyour shall fynde asmoch Iron
werke for the fynyalles of the seid buttrasses as shall amownte to v. s for euery
buttrasse, that is in all iiij li v. s. And what soeuer Iron werke shalbe ocupyed and
spent abowte the seid werkes, and for suertie of the same above the seid v s. for a
buttrasse, the seid John Wastell to here hyt at his own cost and charge.
And for all and syngler couenaunts afor reherced of the partie of the seid John
Wastell wele and truly to be perfourmed and kepte he byndeth hymself, his heires and
executours in CCC li of good and laufull money of Englond to be paid vnto the seid
M' provost, scolers, and Surveyour at the Fest of Ester next commyng after the date
of thies presentes. And in lyke wise for all and syngler couenaunts afor reherced of
II. D.] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 6ll
the partye of the seid provost, scolers and Surveyour wele and truly to be perfourmed
and kepte they bynde them their Successours and executours in CCC li to be paid
vnto the seid John Wastell at the seid fest of Ester. In witnesse wherof the partyes
aforesaid to thies present indentures entrechaungeably haue sett their vSeales the day
and yere above wry ten .
D, Agree7nent between Thomas Larke and yohn Wastell respecting a record to be kept
of money and materials delivered to him, 24 January, 4 Henry VIII. 1512 — 13;
with the memorandum of account to 12 May, 1514.
This Indenture made the xxiiij"' day of January, in the iiij"' yer of our souereyn
Lord Kyng Henry the viij* betwene M' Thomas Larke Surveyour of the Kings werks
at Cambryge on the oon partye, and John Wastell M' mason of the seid werks on
the other partye, vvitnesseth :
that wher as a bargayn is made and other bargaynes be in contemplacon betwene
the parties aforsaid for perfourmyng certeyn masonry of the great church of the Kyngs
College there as by Indenture therof made clerely doth appere, hyt is agreed and
appointed betwene the parties aforseid that specyal mencyon shalbe made in both
parts of thies present Indentures shewyng particlerly from tyme to tyme all and
singuler suche sumes of money and ston as the seid John Wastell hath receyued or
shall receyue of the fomamed M' Thomas Larke for the accomplishment and per-
fourmyng of the said bargaynes made and of all other herafter to be made. In witnes
wherof the parties aforseid to thies presents have sett their Seals the day and yere
above wry ten.
The same xxiiij"' day of January the aboue 1
named John Wastell hath receyued of M' Thomas
Larke vpon the bargayn for the fynyalls in money
Ixxi . // xij s. V d. Item the seid John Wastell has
receyved at the same tyme for fynyshyng of the seid
fynyalls Ciiij"^. xij ton iij p. of Welldon ston at vj s.
the ton Lvij li. xij s. x d summa J
Money and
ston
delyuered
Cxxix li.
iij d.
Yet ston
delyuered
Ston
remaynyng
Money
delyuered
Item delyuered to the seid John Wastell x ton
ij ped' of Weldon ston for the Corbel tables of the
Chapells at vj s. the ton
Item the same day remayned in the place over
and above the forsaid ij parcells of ston CCCxxxj ton
V. ped' of Weldon ston. Item Ixviij ton xiij ped' of
Yorkshir ston. Item xxvij ton v. ped' of Clypsham
ston. Item left in the place certeyn refuse ston and
sawyngs of both Weldon Yorkshir and Clypsham
and molded stones of sondry sorts not moten nor
counted in the premisses
Item betwene the xxviij"' of January and the ^
xxv"" day of Marche in the same iiij"* yere of the
Kyng, the afornamed John Wastell hath receyued at
sondry tymes of the forsaid M' Thomas Larke by
the hands of M' John Ray J
Ix s. ix d.
CCCC xxvij
ton iij ped'
C Ixiiij li.
39-
6l2
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
Money
delyuered
Money
delyuered
Cli.
C xxvi //.
X J. X (/.
Money
delyuered
Money
delyuered
Money
delyuered
Money
delyuered
Money
delyuered
J
Item betwene the xxv*** of March and the xiij"^ \
day of Aprylle in the same iiij* yere of the Kyng the I
afornamed John Wastell hath receyued at sondry [
tymes of the forsaid M' Thomas Larke ■'
Item betwene the above wryten xiij* day of
Aprill anno iiij'" and the xxiiij* day of May A°. v*".
the afornamed John Wastell hath receyued at sondry
tymes of the forsaid M' Thomas Larke by the hands \
of M' John Ray for the pay dayes and caryage of
ston by land and by water with xx li prest to
Chikley and his felowes
Item betwene the above wryten xxiiij"' day Mali
and the viij"^ day of July then next folowyng the
afornamed John Wastell hath receyued of the forseid
M' Thomas Larke at sundry tymes by the hands of
M' John Ray for the pay dayes and caryage of ston
by land and by water with certain prests delyuered
to the Quarrymen as appereth in the fourtnyght Bokes j
Item betwene the said viij"^ day of July A", v'". ")
and the xvij* day of the same month than next fol-
owyng, the afornamed John Wastell hath receyued )■
of the forseid Thomas Larke for payments of ston,
werkmanship prests and such other
Item betwene the seid xvij"' day of July A". v'°.
and the xxvj day of Septembre than next folowing
the afornamed M' Wastell hath receyued of the afor-
named M' Thomas Larke by the hands of M' Ray at
sondry tymes
Item the seid xxvj day of Septembre the afor-
named M' Thomas Larke hath paid vnto M' Kyrke-
ham for Cxlij ton iiij fote and an half of Weldon
ston at ijs. iiijd the ton receyued by M' Wastell by
land xviij li. xixs. ixd. and iiij ton xix p. by water
xxiij s. iiij d.
Summa of all by water and land
Item betwene the above wryten xxvj* day of~|
Septembre A". v'°. and the xij"* day of Mali than I
next folowyng A°. vi'". the afornamed M' Wastell }■
has receyved of M' Thomas Larke by the hands of
i M' Ray at sondry tymes
Signed "per me Johannem Wastell" and sealed. The original of this agi'eement
is lost, and the document is only known through a copy in the Betham MSS. pre-
served in King's College Library.
E. Contract for building 3 Tozuejs of the Chapel. 4 March, 4 Henry VIII. 15 12— 13.
This Indenture made the iiij"* day of Marche in the iiij"". yere of the reign of our
souuerayn lord king henry the viij"", betwene maister Robert Hacumblen Clerk
provost of the kinges College Royall in Cambryge...and John Wastell maister Mason
C xlvij li.
Ivj li. xviij s.
iij d.
C xiij li.
J
. xx//. iij J'. ]d
CCCiiij/e.
Ixxij s.
vj (/.
ri. F.] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 6l
of the seid werkes on the other parte witnessith: that hit is cowenaunted that
the seid John Wastell shall make...iij towres at iij Corners of the great new churche
there: All the seid fynysshyng and perfourmyng of the seid iij towres with fynyalls,
ryfant Gablettes, batelmentes, orbis, crosse quaters, Badges, and euery other thyng be-
longing to the same to be vvele and workmanly wrought, made and set vp after the
best handelyTig and fourme of good workmanship acordyng to oon towre at the iiij"'
corner that to sey at the North west cnde of the seid Church which is now redy
wrought.
[Then follow the covenants ; which are exactly the same as in the former Indenture,
except that the guarantee on both sides is ;i^400, and the Towers are to be finished be-
fore Midsummer Day.]
F. Contract for the vaulting of two pojrhes in the chapel, of seven chapels " in the body
of the satne,'^ and of nine chapels "behynd the qtiere" : together -with the construction
of all the battlements of the said porches and chapels. 4 Aiegust, 5 Henry VIII.
1513.
This indenture made the iiij* day of August in the v* yere of the regne of our
souuerayn lord kyng Henry the viijth, Betwene Mr Robert Hacumblen provost of the
kynges College Royall in Cambryge and the scolers of the same with the advise and
agreement of M' Thomas Lark Surveyour of the kynges workes there on the oon
party, and John Wastell M' Mason of the seid workes on the other party, witnesseth,
that hyt is couenaunted, bargayned, and agreed betwene the parties aforsaid, that
the seid John Wastell shall make and sett vpp, or cause to be made and sett vpp, at
his propre costes and charges, the vawtyng of ij porches of the new church of the
kynges College aforeseid with Yorkshier ston ;
And also the vawtes of vij Chapelles in the body of the same Church with Weldon
ston, acordyng to a platte made as wele for the same vij Chapelles as for the seid ij
porches ;
And ix other Chapelles behynd the quere of the seid churche with like Weldon ston
to be made of a more course worke, as apperith by a platte for the same made :
And ouer that the seid John Wastell shall make and sett vp or cause to be made
and sett vpp at his cost and charge the Batelmentes of all the seid porches and
chapelles with Weldon ston acordyng to another platte made for the same remayn-
yng with al the other plattes afore reherced in the kepyng of the seid Surveyour signed
with the handes of the lordes the kynges executours :
All the seid vawtes and batelmentes to be wele and workmanly wrought, made, and
sett vp after the best handelyng and fourme of good workmanship, and acordyng to the
plattes afore specifyed :
The forsaid John Wastell to provide and fynde at his cost and charge not only
as moch good sufficient and hable ston of Hampole quarryes in Yorkshier as shall
suffise for the perfourmaunce of the seid ij porches, but also as moch good sufficient and
hable ston of Weldon quarryes as shall suffise for the perfourmyng of all the seid
chapelles and batelmentes. Together with lyme, sand, scafifoldyng, mooldes, ordi-
naunces, and euery other thyng concernyng the fynysshyng and perfourmyng of al the
seid vawtes and batelmentes, aswele workmen and laborers, as almaner stuff and
ordinaunce as shalbe required or necessary for perfourmaunce of the same :
Provided alwey that the seid John Wastell shall kepe contynually Ix fremasons
workyng vppon the same.
6i4
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. [APPEN.
The seid John Wastell graunteth also and byndeth hymself by thies presentes to
perfourme and clerely fynysh al the seid vawtes and batelmentes on thisside the feest
of the natiuite of Seynt John Baptiste next ensuyng after the date herof ;
And for the good and suer perfourmyng of al thies premisses, as is afore specifyed
the said provost and scolers graunten to pay vn to the seid John Wastell for ston
and workmanship of euery of the seid porches with al other charges as is afore
reherced xxv li.
And for euery of the seid vij Chapelles in the body of the Church after the platt
of the seid porches xx li.
And for vawtyng of euery of the other ix Chapelles behynd the quere to be made
of more course worke xij li.
And for ston and workmanship of the batelmentes of al the seid chapelles and
porches devided in to xx seuereyes euery seuerey at C s. summa C'.
And for al and singler couenauntes afore reherced of the partye of the seid John
Wastell wele and truly to be perfourmed and kept, he byndeth hym self, his heires and
executours in cccc" of good and lawfull money of England to be paid vnto the seid M'
Provost, scolers and Surveyour at the Feest of the Purificacon of our Blessed Lady next
commyng after the date of thies presentes ; and in lyke wise for all and singler coue-
nauntes afore reherced, of the partye of the seid M' Provost, scolers and Surveyour
wele and truly to be perfourmed and kept, they bynde them self, their successours and
executours in cccc" of good and laufull money of England to be paid vnto the seid
John Wastell at the seid feest of Purificacon of our blessed lady. In witnesse
wherof the parties aforeseid to thies present Indentures entrechaungeably haue sett
their Scales, the day and yere above wryten.
Signed "per me Johannem Wastell" and sealed.
G. Note oj expenditure frotJi 28 Alay, 1508, to 29 yidy, 15 15.
.Summa totalis anno primo
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno ij''"
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno iij""
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno iiij'"
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno v'»
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno vj'"
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis anno vij™"
Item pro feodis
Summa totalis
M'-
M' Masons
M' Carpenter
M' Plummer
M' Carver
M'CCCC.iijli. xixs. ob. q. ^ M'CCCClviij li
liiij li. XV. s \ xiiij s. ob. q.
M'M'lviijH. ijd. ob. q. ) M'M'Cxxxixli.
iiij"".] li. viij s. iiij d. ) viij s. vj d. ob. q.
M'DCCCC. iiij^^ xij li. ix s. x.d ) M'M' Ixxiij U.
iiij''\ j li. viij s. iiij d. S xviij s. ij d.
M'DCCCC. XX li. vs. vd. q. ) M'M' xvj li. xiij s.
iiij''\ xvj li: viij s. iiij d. ) ixd. q.
MMiij^Mj. li: j d. ) M'C. iiij='^ iij li.
Cj 11. viij s. iiij d. ) viij s. v. d.
DCCC. iiij'"'.ijli. vij s. v d. q. ) DCCCC. iiij'"<.iij li.
Cj li. viij s. iiij d. ) xv s. ix d. q.
Cxliiijli. xvijs. xjd. ^ cixxli. vs.
xxv. h. VIJ s. J d. )
XML.^xvj.li. iij s. ixd.
Lark surveyour,
John Wastell. John Alee
Richard Russell.
John Burwell.
Thomas Stocton.
L
s.
d.
1458
1+
0^
2139
8
6|
2073
18
2
2016
13
9i
1183
8
5
983
15
9l
170
5
0
II. II.] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 615
These totals may be represented in modern figures as follows :
First year
Second ,,
Third „
Fourth ,,
Fifth „
Sixth ,,
Seventh,,
10,026 3 9
H. Ag)-eement ivith Galyon Hoonc, Richard Bownde, Thomas Rez'e, and James
Nicholso7i, for glazing the East windozu, the IVest windozo, and 16 other windows
in King's College Chapel. 30 April, 18 Hen. VI II. 1526.
"This indenture made the laste day of the moneth of Aprelle, in the yere of the
reigne of Henry the viij''' by the grace of god kyng of England and of Fraunce, defen-
dour of the Faythe and lord of Ireland the eightene, betwene the Right Worshepfulle
Maisters Robert Haccombleyne Doctour of Diuinitie and provest of the kynges College
in the vniuersitie of Cambridge, maister William Holgylle Gierke maisterof thehospy-
talle of Seint John Baptiste called the Savoy besydes london, And maister Thomas
Larke Gierke Archedeacon of Norwyche on that oon partie ; And Galyon Hoone of
the parisshe of Seint Mary Magdelen next Semt Mary Overey in Suthwerke in the
Gountie of Surrey Glasyer, Richard Bownde of the parisshe of Seint Clement Danes
without the Barres of the newe Temple of london in the Gountie of Middelsex Glasyer,
Thomas Reve of the parisshe of Seint Sepulcre without Newgate of london,
Glasyer, And James Nycholson of Seint Thomas Spyttell or Hospitalle in Suthwerke
in the Gountie of Surrey Glasyer, on that other partie, Witnesseth,
That it is couenaunted condescended and aggreed betwene the seid parties by
this indenture in maner and fourme folowing, that is to wete, The seid Galyon
Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve and James Nicholson couenaunte, graunte
and them bynde by these presentes, that they shalle at their owne propre
costes and charges wele, suerly, clenely, workemanly, substauncyally, curyously
and sufficiently glase and sette vp, or cause to be glased and sett vp eightene
wyndowes of the vpper story of the great churche within the kynges College of
Cambrydge, wherof the wyndowe in the Este ende of the seid Churche to be oon,
And the wyndowe in the westeende of the same Churche to be a nother ; And so
seryatly the Resydue, with good, clene, sure and perfyte (Normandy, drawn through)
glasse and Oryent Colours and Imagery of the story of the olde lawe and of
newe lawe after the fourme, maner, goodenes, curyousytie, and clenelynes, in euery
poynt, of the glasse wyndowes of the kynges newe Chapell at Westmynster; And also
accordyngly and after suche maner as oon Barnard Flower Glasyer late deceessed by
indenture stode bounde to doo.
That is to sey, six of the seid wyndowes to be clerely sett vp and fynysshed after
the fourme aboueseid within twelve monethes next ensuyng after the date of these
presentes ; And the twelve wyndowes residue to be clerely sett vp and fully fynysshed
within foure yeres next ensuyng after the date of these presentes^.
' We ought to read "after that" instead of "after the date of these presentes." The correction
has been made in the contract with the other two glaziers (p. 618); and the term of "fyve yeres "in the
supplementary indenture in both cases shews that the correction ought to have been made here also.
6i6 king's college and eton college. [appen.
And that the said Galyon, Richard, Thomas Reve, and James Nicholson shalle
suerly bynde alle the said wyndowes with dowble Bandes of leade for defense of great
wyndes and outragious wetheringes.
Furdermore the seid Galyon, Richard, Thomas Reve and James Nycholson
couenaunte and graunte by these presentes that they shalle wele and suffyciently
sett vp at their owne propre costes and charges alle the glasse that nowe is there
redy wroughte for the seid wyndowes at suche tyme and whan as the seid Galyon,
Richard, Thomas Reve and James Nicholson shalbe assigned and appoynted by
the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyne, Wylliam Holgylle, and Thomas Larke or by
any of them ; And wele and suffyciently shalle bynde alle the same with dowble
bandes of lede for the defence of wyndes and wetherynges, as is aforesaid, after the
Rate of two pence euery Footte.
And the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyne, William Holgylle, and Thomas
Larke couenaunte and graunte by these presentes, That the foreseid Galyon, Richard
Bownde Thomas Reve and James Nicholson shalle haue for the glasse workemanship
and setting vp of euery foot of the seid (Normandy, draivn through) glasse by
them to be provided, wrought, and sette vp after the fourme aboueseid sixtene pence
sterlinges ;
Also the seid Galyon Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve and James Nichol-
son couenaunte and graunte by these presentes that they shalle dylyuer or cause to
be delyuered to Fraunces Williamson of the parisshe of Seint Olyff in Suthwerke
in the Countie of Surrey glasyer, and to Symond Symondes of the parisshe of Seint
Margarete of Westmynster in the Countie of Middelsex glasyer, or to eyther of
them good and true patrons otherwyse called A vidimus, for to fourme glasse and
make by other foure wyndowes of the seid Churche, that is to sey, twoo on the
oon syde therof and two on the other syde, wherunto the seid Fraunces and
Symond be bounde; The seid Fraunces and Symond paying to the seid Galyon,
Richard, Thomas Reve and James Nycholson for the seid patrons otherwyse called A
vidimus asmoche redy money as shalbe thought resonable by the foreseid maisters
William Holgylle and Thomas Larke.
And where the seid Galyon Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve and James
Nycholson by their writtyng obligatory of the date of these presentes be holden and
bounden to the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas
Larke, in the somme of fyve hundrethe markes sterlinges to be paide at the Feeste
of the Natiuitie of Seint John Baptiste nowe next comyng after the date of these
presentes, as in the same writtyng obligatory more playnely at large may appere ;
Neverthelesse the same maisters Robert Haccombleyn, William Holgylle and
Thomas Larke for them and their executours wolle and graunte by these presentes
that yf the seid Galyon Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve and James Nycholson
on their parties, wele and truly perfourme, obserue, fulfille, and kepe alle and euery
the covenauntes, bargaynes, grauntes, promyses and aggrementes aforeseid m maner
and forme as is aboue declared, That than the seid writtyng obligatory shalbe voyde
and had for nought ; And els it shalle stande in fulle strength and effect.
In witnesse wherof the seid parties to these indentures interchaungeably haue sett
their Sealles.
Youen the day and yere aboueseid."
Below are the autograph signatures :
"per me Galieno Hone" (seal gone),
"per me Rychard Bovnd'' (seal remaining).
II. I.] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 617
"per me Thomas Reve" (seal remaining).
" per me Jamys Nycolson" (do.)
By a second indenture made on the same day between the same parties, after reciting
the terms of that just printed, including the condition "that the seid xviij wyndowes
shalbe sette vp and fully fynysshed within fyve yeres next ensuyng after the date of
this indenture," it was agreed "that the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyne William
Hoigylle and Thomas Larke haue paide vnto the seid Gallon Richard Thomas Reve
and lames Nycholson in hande atte ensealing of this indenture threescore poundes as
in a preste before thande, wherof they knowlege them selfes wele and truly contented
and paide, And therof acquyte and dycharge the seid Maisters... by these presentes.
[And that the same persons shall pay] in the Feeste of the Natiuitie of our lord god
nowe next comyng or within fourty dayes the same Feeste next ensuyng oon hundreth
poundes; atte feeste of the natiuitie of Seint John Baptiste than next folowing or
within forty dayes than next folowing oon hundreth poundes; And so from the[n]s-
furth from halfe yere into halfe yere oon after an other than next and immediatly
folowing, that is to sey at euery lyke Feeste of the Feestes aboueseid or within forty
dayes next ensuyng after euery of the same Feestes oon hundreth poundes sterlinges
vnto suche tyme as asmoche money as the foreseid glasse and workemanshep after
the Rat£ and price aforeseid shalle extende and ammount vnto shalbe fully satisfyed
and paide."
Below are the autograph signatures as before, with the seals to the last 3 remaining.
I. Agreement with Fraicnces Wyllyamson and Symond Syinondes for glazing four
windo7US, tzvo on each side, of King's College Chapel, 3 May, 18 Hen. VIII. 1526.
"This indenture made the thirde day of the monethe of May in the yere of the
Reigne of Henry the viij"' by the grace of god kyng of England and of Fraunce,
defendour of the feythe, and lorde of Ireland the eightene betwene the right
worshepfulle maisters Robert Haccombleyn Doctour of Diuinitie and proveste of the
kynges College in the vniuersitie of Cambridge, William Hoigylle Gierke, Maister
of the hospitalle of Seint John Baptiste called the Savoy besydes London ; And
Thomas Larke Gierke Archedeacon of Norwyche on that oon partie, And Fraunces
Wylliamson of the parisshe of Seint Olyff in Suthwerke in the Countie of Surrey
glasyer ; And Symond Symondes of the parisshe of Seint Margarett of the Towne of
Westmynster in the Countie of Middelsex, glasyer, on that other partie, Witnesseth,
That it is couenaunted, condescended, and aggreed betwene the seid parties
by this indenture in maner and fourme folowing ; that is to wete ; The seid
Fraunces Wyllyamson and Symond Symondes couenaunte graunte and them bynde
by these presentes, that they shalle at their owne propre costes and charges
wele, suerly, clennely, workemanly, substauncyally, curyously, and sufficiently glase
and sett vp or cause to be glased and sett vp foure wyndowes of the vpper story of
the great churche within the Kinges College of Cambridge, that is to wete, two
wyndowes on the oon syde of the seid Churche, And the other two wyndowes on
the other syde of the same Churche, with good, clene, sure and perfyte (Normandy,
drawn through) glasse and Oryent Colours and Imagery of the Story of the olde
lawe and of the newe lawe after the fourme, maner, goodnes, curyousytie, and
clenlynes in euery poynt of the glasse wyndowes of the kynges newe Chapell at
Westmynster ; And also accordyngly and after suche maner as oon liarnard Flower
6i8 king's college and eton college. [appen.
glasyer late deceassed by indenture stode bounde to doo ; And also accordyngly to
suche patrons otherwyse called A vidimus, as by the seid maisters Robert Haccom-
bleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke or by any of them to the seid Fraunces
Wyllyamson and Symond Symondes or to either of them shalbe delyuered, for to
fourme, glase, and make by the foreseid foure wyndowes of the seid churche ;
And the seid Fraunces Williamson and Symond Symondes, couenaunte and graunte
by these presentes that two of the seid wyndowes shalbe clerely sett vp and fully fynys-
shed after the fourme aboueseid within two yeres next ensuyng after the date of these
presentes ; And that the two other wyndowes, residue of the seid foure wyndowes,
shalbe clerely sett up and fully fynysshed within three yeres next ensuyng after that
[here some words have been erased, see the other indenture quoted above (p. 615)]
without any furder or lenger delay.
Furdermore the said Fraunces Williamson and Symond Symondes couenaunte and
graunte by these presentes, that they shalle strongely and suerly bynde alle the
seid foure wyndowes with dowble bandes of leade for defence of great wyndes and
other outragious wethers :
And the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyne, William Holgylle and Thomas
Larke couenaunte and graunte by these presentes, that the seid Fraunces Wylliamson
and Symonde Symondes shalle haue for the glasse, workemanship and settyng vp
of euery foot of the seid (Normandy, draivji through) glasse by them to be provided,
wrought and sett vp after the fourme aboueseid, sixtene pence sterlinges ;
And where the seid Fraunces Williamson and Symond Symondes, And also John
A More of the parisshe of Seint Margarett of the Towne of Westmynster in the
Countie of Middelsex, Squyer, John Kellet of the same parisshe, Towne and Countie,
yoman, Garrard Moynes of the parisshe of Seint Olyfif in Suthwerke in the Countie of
Surrey, Joyner, and Henry Johnson of the parisshe of Seint Clement Danes without
the barres of the newe Temple of London in the Countie of Middelsex, Cordewaner,
by their writtyng obligatory of the date of these presentes be holden and bounde
to the seid Maisters Robert Haccombleyn, William Holgylle and Thomas Larke
in the somme of two hundreth poundes sterlinges to be paide at the Feste of the
natiuitie of Seint John Baptiste now next comyng after the date of these presentes,
As in the same writtyng obligatory more playnly at large doothe appere ;
Neverthelesse the same Maisters Robert Haccombleyn, William Holgylle, and
Thomas Larke for them and their executours couenaunte and graunte by these
presentes, that yf the seid Fraunces Wylliamson and Symond Symondes on their
parties wele and truly perfourme, obserue, fulfille and kepe alle and euery the
couenauntes, bargaynes, grauntes, promyses, and aggrementes aforeseid in maner
and fourme as is aboue declared. That then the same wrytyng obligatory shalbe voyde
and had for nought ; And els it shalle stande in fulle strength and effect.
In witnesse wherof the seid parties to these indentures interchaungeably haue sett
their scales. Yoven the day and yere aboueseid. "
Below are the autograph signatures :
"by my Francys Willem zoen," seal gone.
"by my Simon Simenon," seal gone.
By a second indenture made the same day between the same parties, after reciting
the commencement of the former document as far as the words: "newe Chapell at
Westmynster," it was provided: "that the seid foure wyndowes shalbe sett vp> and
fully fynysshed within fyve yeres next ensuyng after the date of the seid indenture,
11. I.] CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, KING'S COLLEGE. 619
And where also the seid maisters Robert Haccombleyn, William Holgylle, and
Thomas Larke by the seid indenture haue couenuanted to pay to the seid Fraunces
and Symond for euery foote of the seid glasse so to be redy wrought and sette vp
sixlene pence sterlinges, As by the seid indenture at large may appere, And forasmoche
as there is no expresse mencion made in the seid indenture how that the seid money
for the makyng and setting vp of the seid glasse wyndowes shalbe paide to the seid
Fraunces and Symond,
It is therforc nowe couenaunted and Aggreed betwene the seid parties by this
indenture in maner and fourme folovving, that is to wete That the seid Maisters...
shalle paye vnto the seid Fraunces and Symond atte Feeste of Lammas now next
comyng after the date of these presentes thyrtie pouhdes ; in the Feeste of the natiuitie
of our lord god now next comyng or within forty dayes the same Feeste next ensuyng
thirtie poundes; atte feeste of the natiuitie of seint John Baptiste than next ensuyng
or within forty dayes than next folowing thirty poundes; And atte Feeste of the natiuitie
of our lord god than next folowing or within forty dayes the same Feeste next ensuyng
thirty poundes; And atte fulle fynysshyng of the seid wyndowes alle the residue of the
money that the seid foure wyndowes after the Rate and price abouesaid shall extende
and Ammounte vnto "
Below are the signatures of Williamson and Symonds as before, with both seals
remaining.
ADDITIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
p. 19, 1. 8. Professor Willis has left the following note on
the doorway at the south end of the hall-screen : " It [the door-
way] belongs in fact to the thirteenth century, and is earlier in
style than the foundation of the college. Standing as it does
on the ground bought from the Friars of the Penitence in 1307,
it must, with part of the wall of the hall adjacent to it, be con-
sidered as a portion of their buildings which was appropriated to
the use of the college."
p. 49. Eight windows in the chapel, four on each side, are
now (1886) filled with Munich glass. The following list gives
the subjects in each window, beginning with the westernmost
window on the north side :
The Sacrifice of Isaac.
Moses with the Tables of the Law.
S. John die Baptist preaching in the Wilderness.
The Nativity.
The Resurrection.
S. Peter and S. John healing the lame man at the Beautiful Gate of
the Temple.
S. Paul before Festus and Agrippa.
The Martyrdom of S. Stephen.
Clare l^alL
p. 99. The statement (1. 21) that John Westley died in
1656 is disproved by an entry in the register of the parish
church of S. Benedict, Cambridge :
"John VVestly buryed from S. Buttolphe decemb. the 22. 1644."
The bursar, Mr Oley, was ejected from his fellowship in
April of the same year, and, as he has himself recorded (p. 99,
note), "was forced away by the vvarrs." His absence from
CLARE HALL, PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 621
Cambridge, if not from England, will account for the long delay-
in settling accounts with Westlcy's widow, which, as stated in
the text, did not take place until 1656.
^tmbrofee College*
p. 147. The following contemporary record of the consecra-
tion of the chapel is worth quotation :
^'Cambridge, Sept. 23, [1665]. Upon the beginning of this Month,
you gave us advice of a new Church erected at Plymouth ; and now
toward the end of it you may take notice of another memorable work
of the like piety and charity.
A new Chappel in Pembroke Hall in this University, founded by the
Right Reverend Father in God, Matthew Lord Bishop of Ely; which
being now raised to just and gracefull proportions, and being by his
singular liberality, not only beautified with a splendid and decorous
Furniture, but also amply endowed with an annual Revenue, was upon
the Feast of St Mattlie^a, being the 21. Instant, and in the 28. year of
his Lordships second Translation (from Norwich to the See of Ely)^
and in the eightieth year of his Age, by himself in person, and by his
Episcopal Authority, solemnly consecrated and dedicated to the honour
of Almighty God. A noble and lasting Monument of the rare piety
and munificence of that great and wise Prelate, and in every point
accorded to his Character: which is so well known, that the sole nomi-
nation of the Founder is a sufficient accompt of the elegance and
magnificence of the Foundation. The Vice Chancellor, and several
Masters of Colleges, the Heads of the University, with the Dean and
Canons of Ely, were present at this sacred Solemnity; which was
celebrated with signal Instances of a high devotion. Before Evening
service, the Exterior Chappel, and the Cloyster leading to it (a new
Erect of Sir Robert Hitcham Foundation) were by his Lordship also
consecrated, for places of sepulture to the use of the Society, together
with a Cell at the East end of the Chappel under the Altar, for a
Dormitory for his Lordship. And now this great Prelate having paid
his vows to the Almighty, and given order with the holy Patriarch
Joseph, for his Interment, he betakes himself with the devout Simeon, to
his Nunc dimittis; leaving it doubtful whether he has signalized his
name more by the greatness of his sufferings, or the glory of his Actions,
whether he were a more loyal Subject to his Prince, or a devout Father
of the Church: I shall only add to this accompt, that by the blessing
of a singular Providence all the Colleges have hitherto continued with-
out any suspicion of Contagion'."
^ From : The Intelligencer, published for satisfaction and information of the
people ; for Monday, 2 October, 1665 (No 80), p. 945. This extract was kindly
sent to me by my friend Henry Bradshaw, M.A., Fellow of King's College, and
University Librarian.
622 ADDITIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
The chapel was not " dedicated to the Saint who bore his
own name, Matthew," as stated in the text. In the Act of
Consecration (preserved in the Treasury of Pembroke College)
Bishop Wren says : " we consecrate this chapel to the honour of
God, under the title or name of The Nezv Chaper ; and the only
connection of it with S. Matthew was that the ceremony of con-
secration took place on his day, 21 September.
p. 153. The extensive series of alterations by Mr Water-
house having been completed, several further questions demanded
attention. In the first place, the number of undergraduates had
increased so largely, that additional rooms, with an extension of
the chapel, were required ; and, secondly, it was necessary to
come to some decision respecting the old library, and the old
court generally, part of the west side of which had been left
bare by the removal of the south range which abutted against it.
Under these circumstances the following Order was made:
"13 June, 1878. It was agreed to authorise the Treasurer to con-
sult M"" Gilbert Scott as to the front building in Trumpington Street,
the Chapel (an apse suggested), and the old Library: and also as to a
detached block of new buildings on the site of the Tennis Court etc.
facing Tennis Court Road."
Mr Scott's plans were ready by the end of 1879, as shewn
by the following Order, made 10 October :
"i. That M"" Scott's plans for the Chapel be accepted, and that he
be authorised to commence the work as soon as convenient.
2. That M"" Scott's plans for the west side of the first Court be also
accepted.
3. That M"" Scott's plans for the north side of the first Court, as far
as the east end of the kitchen (with certain alterations so as to give
attics over the Library), be approved, it being left to M"" Scott's discretion
to introduce any modifications which he may think desirable, and which
may be approved by the College.
4. That M'' Scott be requested to prepare revised plans for the New
Hostel, with one more staircase to the west of the building of his
present plan, with the view to ultimately pulling down all the Pembroke
Street Houses."
These revised plans were accepted in the following December^
and the work was at once commenced. It may be concluded
^ "6 December, 1879. It was agreed that M'' Scott's plans for the new Hostel
be accepted, subject to mhior alterations, and that the work be commenced as soon
as conveniently may be."
PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 62'
from the last paragraph of the following Order that it had been
originally intended to pull down the old library, notwithstanding
the historical interest attaching to it, and the beauty of the
ceiling and fittings.
"17 May, 1880. The following modifications in M"" Scott's plans
were approved:
1. That the roof of the west side of the first court should be raised
a litde.
2. That a turret should be erected at the N.E. corner of the first
court, according to the plan submitted.
3. That an oriel-window facing the garden should be made in the
new hostel on the first floor at the south end.
4. A strong representation having been received from the architect
in a letter dated 14 May, 1880, recommending the preservation of the
old library, it was ordered that notwithstanding the College Order of
October 10, 1879, the library building be retained; and M'' Scott be
requested to submit plans for adapting it to College purposes."
The position of the new Hostel, as it is called in the above
Orders, will be understood from the ground-plan (fig. i). The
two ranges of which it is composed occupy the north and east
sides of the Paschal Yard ; the tennis-court, and the dwelling-
houses next Pembroke Street, having been pulled down to make
way for it. The north range was extended in the direction of
the Master's Lodge, after the work had been commenced \ in
order to provide additional accommodation. These buildings
contain a porter's lodge, and thirty-nine sets of rooms. They
are in three floors, worked in a style borrowed from the early
French Renaissance, the upper floor having dormer-windows,
with lofty, picturesque, gables. The walls are ashlared with
Casterton stone, the dressings being of Ancaster and Clipsham.
The roof, of Dantzic oak, is covered with slates from Colley
Weston I The east range, and the greater part of the north
range, were occupied in the Michaelmas Term, 1882; the six sets
added in 1881, in the Lent Term, 1883.
The chapel was lengthened twenty feet (fig. i). The added
portion, or sanctuary, is separated from the body of the chapel
^ " 10 October, 1881. It was agreed that Mr Scott should be authorised to extend
the Pembroke Street front of the new hostel to the west, thereby providing six addi-
tional sets of rooms."
■■^ These details are given in The Building News, for June 30, 1882, illustrated
by a ground-plan of the building.
624 ADDITIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
by a semicircular arch resting on coupled Corinthian columns.
Their shafts are of the marble which used to be called Africano,
and was known only as a material employed by the Romans.
Recently, however, the quarries which produced it have been
discovered near Sarravezza, in the Apennines, and reopened.
These shafts have bases of brass, set upon plinths of black
marble from Dent. The altarpiece and panelwork which occupied
the east end of the old chapel have been preserved at the east end
of the added portion ; and the north and south walls have been
lined with panelwork of similar character. A small piscina,
found under the old chapel, has been let into the south wall.
In the older portion of the chapel no alteration was made,
except that the woodwork was cleaned and repaired, and that
the organ was enlarged by Messrs Hill. The chapel was re-
opened, and the added portion consecrated, by James Russell
Woodford, D.D, Lord Bishop of Ely, 25 March, 1881.
In connection with this new construction the stucco was
removed from the exterior, as well as from the east side of the
adjoining cloister, which, like the chapel, had been built ori-
ginally of red brick. The whole was repointed, and made uniform,
with excellent effect. A few other judicious alterations were
carried out at the same time. The cloister being no longer
required as a passage from the first to the second court, the
north end was utilised as a vestry ; and about one-third of the
width of the remainder was cut off to supply a gyp-room, and
staircases. In connection with this work the door by which the
cloister used to be entered from the street was blocked up, and
the two-light windows in the west front were reopened. At the
same time the chambers were entirely rearranged.
On the north side of the court the old library was fitted
up as a lecture-room \ and the space above it, popularly known
as "the Wilderness^" (p. 136), was turned into a set of garrets.
A turret-staircase, entered from the buttery, was built in the
north-east angle of the court, with the object of providing access
to the gallery over the hall-screen. Lastly, the kitchen was
gutted, increased in height, and rearranged on an improved plan.
1 For the treatment of the bookcases see the essay on "The Library," Vol. in.
p. 465, note.
2 See the essay on " The Chambers and Studies," Vol. in. p. 317.
GONVn.LE AND CAIUS COLLEGE. 625
#cml)ille anti Caius College*
p. 172. The Admission Book shews that Caius Court was
not occupied until 1569, for opposite to the name of a student
admitted 18 October, 1569, are written the words : primus incola
Collcgii Caii^. The chamber which he occupied was on the
uppermost storey over the Gate of Virtue. It has been shewn
that the stonework of the west side of the court had occupied
rather less than four months in building, viz. from 5 May to
r September, 1565; and, if we allow a somewhat longer period
for the east side (begun 25 September in the same year), be-
cause containing so elaborate a building as the Gate of Virtue,
we may conclude that the whole would be finished, so far as the
walls were concerned, by Midsummer, 1566. A delay of three
years in completing the woodwork, and getting the buildings
ready for occupation, is a striking illustration of what Professor
Willis insists upon so frequently, the lingering of all college
work.
p. 190. Two lecture-rooms, begun in June, 1883, and com-
pleted at Easter, 1884, have been built at the south-west corner
of the site (fig. i), from the designs of Alfred Waterhouse,
architect. The building which contains them is 'j'j feet long, by
29 feet broad, externally. The larger lecture-room is 41 feet
long, by 26 feet broad ; the smaller, 30 feet long, by 23 feet
broad. The internal fittings, as remarkable for their beauty as
for their convenience, are well deserving of imitation in rooms
intended for a similar purpose elsewhere.
The Gate of Humility, which it was necessary to remove
from the position in which it had been placed in 1868 (p. 177,
note), has been rebuilt, and now gives access from the Master's
garden to the passage leading to the larger lecture-room.
p. 196. The central window on the south side of the chapel
has been filled with stained glass by Mrs Guest, as a memorial
to her husband, Edwin Guest, LL.D., Master 1852 — 80. The
glass, designed and executed by Mr Ion Pace, is intended to
commemorate Dr Guest as an Anglo-Saxon scholar and a
1 I owe this extract to the kindness of my friend, Jolin Venn, j\LA., Fellow.
VOL. T. 40
626 ADDITIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
Christian. For this reason the principal theme of the subjects
selected is the conversion of Britain by the preaching of
S. Augustine, and at the bottom of the window is the legend :
NON ANGLI • SED ANGELI • SI CHRISTIANI, divided between the
three lights as indicated by the punctuation; but an attempt
has been made to give to these historic pictures a wider signi-
ficance, by introducing other subjects in the upper and lower
compartments, so that the window, taken as a whole, exhibits
not only the conversion of Britain by the teaching of S. Augustine,
but the conversion of the world by the teaching of Christ.
Corpus; Cf)nsti Collecre*
p. 250, 1. 16. The house at the corner of Bene't Street was
not pulled down until the middle of June 1830. The Cam-
bridge Chronicle for 1 1 June in that year contains the following
paragraph :
" The houses at the corner of Bene't Street in the occupations of
M"" Rutledge and M"" Byford will be pulled down in a few days ; and
the house to be erected for the former occupant will be in a line with
the new buildings belonging to Corpus Christi College."
The alterations to the Bull Hotel opposite, spoken of in the
Tripos Verses dated 7 March, 1826, as about to be undertaken
(p. 307), were not begun until 1828. The Cambridge Chronicle
for 7 March, 1828, advertises for sale the contents of the Black
Bull Inn, Trumpington Street, " in consequence of the said Inn
being about to be taken down, and a new one erected."
i^mg'sJ €ollt^t anti (0tcin College*
p. 358, 1. 17. Instead of: "On the south side there was to
be a porch, etc." — it should have been stated that : " There was
also to be a west door, and on the south side a porch, etc,"
p. 398, 1. 15. "We will now quote the estimate, etc." This
passage should have run as follows :
KIN(;'S COLLEGE AND ETON COLLEGE. 627
We will now quote the estimate mentioned in the previous
chapter (p. 352, 1. 11), as forming part of the scheme for the
buildings of the college dated 7 February, 1447 — 48 (p. 351J. It
is a most important document for the architectural history of
Eton College, but one which has not as yet been studied as it de-
serves to be. It contains (ij a detailed estimate of the materials,
money, and workmen, required for the choir of the church during
32 weeks from 12 February, 1447 — 48, to Michaelmas next
ensuing, §§ i — 9; (2) a memorandum of the work to be done
during the same period, mentioning some of the buildings by
name, § 10; (3) a balance-sheet, shewing that at Michaelmas,
1448, the balance in hand would be £767, §§ 11,12; (4) a similar
estimate for the next year, namely, from Michaelmas, 1448, to
Michaelmas, 1449, §§ 13 — -15; (5) a balance-sheet for the same
period, shewing that at Michaelmas, 1449, the balance in hand
would be ^652. 3^-. 4c/., §§ 16 — 21.
p. 40L The following summary of this document will be
useful for reference:
I. Estimate of work, and cost of work, during 2>2 weeks, from
12 February, 1447 — 48, to Michaelmas, 1448.
Payments.
Staff of 100 workmen (|5i5 I, 2) 418 13 4
Superior officers (§ 9) 60 o o
Materials (§§ 3 — 8):
300 ton of Hucldleslon and Caen slone (§ 3) ... ico o o
8000 feel of Hewston of Kent (§4) 8y 6 S
1000 ton of ragg, hethstone, and flints (§ 5) ... 1 16 13 4
2000 quarters of lime ),,.,> ,, /- o
^ f (§ ^) '°^ ^ "
2000 cartloads of sand J
Ironwork (§ 7) 10 o o
Coals, ropes, scaffold-timber, etc. v^ 8) 30 o o
454 ^ ^
Bills for materials Still unpaid 80 o o
Works to be executed (§ 10):
Housing which shal close ynne the quadrant. . 40 o o
Paving, etc. of the vestr}' 10 o o
Removal of kitchen, and completion of oven
and bake-house 10 o o
Completion of almshouse 20 o o
80 o O
^1093 o o
628
ADDITIONS TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
Receipts.
Due from the Receiver of the Duchy of Lancaster
at Lady Day and Michaehiias, 1447 (§11) •■• 860 o
Due from the same at the same periods, 1448
(§12) 1000 o
;^iS6o o
Estimated payments, as above y^i°93 °
Balance in hand, Michaehiias, 1448 £, 767 o o
^
IL Estimate, as above, for a whole year, from Michaelmas, 1448,
to Michaelmas, 1449.
Payments.
Staff of 186 workmen (§ 13):
60 freemasons
24 hard hewers
12 leyers
12 carpenters "werking one the rofe of the seid quere"
3 smiths
12 plumbers
24 "carpenters and carvers werking uppon the stalles"
40 labourers
Superior officers, as above (§ 14)
Materials (§ 15):
1000 ton of Huddleston and Caen stone
16,000 feet of ashlar of Kent
1500 ton of ragg of Kent, hethslone, and fihits
2000 quarters of lime
2000 cartloads of sand
300 timber
40 fother of lead
Ironwork
Coals, ropes, scaffold-timber, carriage, etc
1192 6
104 18
>
J
Receipts.
Balance in hand, as above (§ 16)
Due from the Receiver of the Duchy of Lancaster
at Lady Day and Michaelmas, 1449 (§17) •••
Due from the King (i? 18)
Given by the Marquis of Suffolk (§ 19)
William Waynflete, Bp of Winchester (§ 20)
William Ayscough, Bp of Salisbury (§21)
^3076 I
Estimated payments, as above _;^2423 18
II26
13
4
50
0
0
50
0
0
^^2423
18
4
767
0
0
1000
0
0
533
666
6
13
8
4
75
15
6
0
8
Balance in hand, Michaelmas, 1 449, §21... £ 65 :
king's college and ETON COLLEGE. 629
p. 451. It was decided in 1879, '^^ ^ meeting of Etonians
held in London 9 December, to erect by subscription a stone
screen under the arch which divides the chapel from the ante-
chapel, as a memorial to the officers educated at Eton who had
lost their lives in the South African and Afghan campaigns.
The work, designed by the late George Edmund Street, architect,
was inaugurated by H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, 5 June, 1882.
The organ has since been set up upon it, and is now (April, 1886)
nearly completed.
p. 471, 1. 22. In a document dated 17 August, 1476, John
Wolrych is mentioned as master-mason, and John Bell as warden
of masons\ This furnishes an additional proof that work had
been seriously resumed at this time.
p. 517, 1.25. A stone roodloft was originally intended. The
evidence of this may be best seen on the south side, where part
of the wall has been left rough, and a few stones still project
from the wall at right angles, manifestly the commencement of
the structure which was subsequently abandoned,
p. 534, 1. 4. The clock was given to the parish church of
S. Giles, Cambridge. On the iron framework is the following
inscription : " Gulielmus + Clement + Londini + fecit + 1671 + " ;
and on the brass dial : " Georg Waren Richard Rowley Church
Wardens 18 19."
p. 548,1. II. The old Provost's Lodge was pulled down in
January, 1828'"^.
p. 565, 1. 31. The design of the Hall is said to have been
suggested by that of Crosby Hall, London^
^ Maiden, Account of King's College Chapel etc. p. 20, note. The document
in which Wolrych receives this style is said to be preserved in the archives of
Caius College." The reference occurs in the portion of the work written by the
Rev. E. Betham (p. 489, note). An ingenious essay on the changes in the archi-
tecture of the chapel, with special reference to Wolrych's possible share in designing
them, is to be found in: An Essay on the History of English Cliurch Architecture,
by Geo. Gilb. Scott, 4to. London, 1881, pp. 180 — 1S6.
- An advertisement in the Cambridge Chronicle for 21 December, and 28 De-
cember, 1827, announces that the materials will be sold 4 January, 1828.
=* The Cambridge Portfolio, p. 344, note.
630 ADDITIONS- TO THE FIRST VOLUME.
p. 566. In 1884 a building was begun on the ground be-
tween the Hall and King's Lane, so arranged as to form the
west side of a small court, of which the Scott Building forms the
east side. It is in two floors, and contains five sets of chambers,
with a large lecture-room on the first floor. It was ready for use
in October, 1885. The architect was William Milner Fawcett,
M.A., of Jesus College,
CAMURIDGE: printed by C. J. clay, M.A. and son, at the UNIVERSn-Y PRESS.
LF
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