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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY
GIFT OF
the Bureau
Received Sep temter 4,1903
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mmNATIftNAL BOREAD OF THE AMERICAN REPOBLICS,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
/
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
A GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
WITH SPECIAL RBFBRBNCE TO
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND
PROSPECTS OF FUTURE GROWTH,
CX)MPILED BY THE
IHTBSVATIONAL BUBSAU OF THE AMEBICAN KEPTTBLICS.
1 9 O 3
WASHINGTON:
OOVBRNHBNT PRINTING OFFICE.
1903.
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The Bureau wishes to express its deep oblig>ation to the many sources
which have aided in the compilation of the Argentine Book by contribu-
tions of recent information, and especially to the ''Argentine Yearbook"
for 1902, published by the South American Publishing Company, 851 Oalle
San Martin, Buenos Aires, to which it is indebted for much of the latest
official, statistical, and descriptive data.
While the utmost C£ure is taken to insure accuracy in the publications of
the Intemationed Bureau of the American Republics, no pecuniary respon-
sibility is assumed on account of errors or inaccuracies which may occur
therein.
2
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CONTENTS
Chap. I.— Geographical sketch, area and population, topography, climatol-
ogy, orography hydrography, native races 7
n. — Qovemment and constitntional organization. — Law of citizen-
ship, rights of foreigners, guarantees. — Civil and commercial
laws, religion 56
m. — ^Political divisions. — Capital city, its resources, means of commu-
nication, principal buildings, public institutions 78
rV.— Provinces and Territories of the Republic: Brief geographical
sketch of each. — Resources, means of communication, climate,
seasons, population, capital city, industries 88
v.— Agriculture— Review of the agricultural wealth of the country,
principal products, their cultivation, facilities for obtaining
Government lands, land laws, forest products ^ Ill
VI.— Stock raising 134
Vn. — Mining data, mineralogy, mining laws 150
ym.— Manufacturing industries: Their development, production, laws
governing taxes 162
IX.— Commerce, domestic and foreign; statistical data, customs
tari£b, stamp and internal tax laws 178
X — ^Financial organization. — Revenues, budget laws, debts 241
XI. — ^Banking and currency. — Banks and financial trusts.— Insurance
companies .• 249
Xn. — Means of communication. — Interior communication.— Communi-
cation with foreign countries. — Lines of steamers. — Railroads
and tramways. — Concessions, laws governing them. — Mail,
telegraph, and cable service 262
Xni. — Immigration and colonization. — Statistics, laws, and regulations . 298
XIV. — Instruction. — Laws on education, regulations, and school sys-
tems 811
XV. — Patent and trade-mark regulations. — ^Army and navy. — Weights,
measures, and values 818
XVI.— Bibliography and cartography 384
Constitution (Appendix No. 1) 847
Index 867
8
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Ecofnomic map of the Argentine Republic 3
New bonndary between the Argentine Republic and Chile 12
Family group of Patagonia Indians 83
Statue of General San Martin, Buenos Aires 57
National Executive Mansion (Buenos Aires) 58
The Cathedral, Buenos Aires 72
*'AYenida de Mayo/* Buenos Aires. .^ 74
National Opera House, Buenos Aires 75
Rivada via Hospital, Buenos Aires 76
The Buenos Aires Corso 77
Vestibule of the Jockey Club , Buenos Aires 78
Waterworks, Buenos Aires 79
GK>y6mment house, La Plata 84
SanRoqueDam, C6rdoba Range 86
Courts of Justice, Santa F6 87
A vineyard in the province of Mendoza 90
La Plata aty Hall .- - 108
A few cowhides drying at a dei)ot on the i)amx)a8 . . 123
Cattle marldng . . 185
Inoculating cattle on the pampas against carbuncle 143
Embarking sheep 1 82
The meeting of three Republics 200
Landscape of the ** Palermo " Promenade, Buenos Aires 286
Railway map of the Argentine Republic 272
Southern Railway station, Buenos Aires 276
Normal School for Professors, Buenos Aires 312
Puerto Madero (Dock No. 4), Buenos Aires 1
Some Argentine warships /
Santa Fellcitas Chapel, Buenos Aires 327
Palace of '* La Prensa,'' Buenos Aires 884
5
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ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
CHAPITER I.
^SOORAPHICAI. SKETCH, AREA AND POPULATION, TOPOOBA-
FHY, CLIMATOLOOT, OBOOBAPHT, HYDBOORAPHT, NATIVE
RACES.
Q^ographic^d position. — The Argentine Republic, situated in the
southeastern part of South America, is bounded to the east by the
republics of Brazil and Uruguay and the Atlantic Ocean, to the west
by Chile, and to the north by Bolivia and Paraguay. It extends over
34 degrees of latitude, from latitude S. 22° to latitude S. 66°. Its
total area is differently estimated at 2,885,620 and 2,950,120 square
kilometers. Its land boundaries on the west have a total length of
4,800 kilometers; those on the north, 1,600; its river boundaries on
the east, 1,200 kilometers. Its coasts at the mouth of the Rfo de la
Plata and on the Atlantic Ocean are 2,600 kilometers in length, or a
total length of boundaries of 10,200 kilometers.
AREA AND POPULATION.
Census of i^P5. — According to the census taken on May 10, 1895,
the total population of the Republic amounted to 3,954,911 inhabit-
ants, distributed as follows: Males, 2,088,919; females, 1,865,992;
Argentines, 2,950,384; foreigners, 1,004,527.
Total population, including Indians and Argentines abroad,
4,094,911.
Estimate of population, 1901. — ^According to oflftcial data of the
Department of the Interior the estimated population on December 31,
1901, was 5,026,913 inhabitants, distributed as follows :«
Province.
CmHttl
Bnenoe Aires
SMitaP6
EntreBios
OorrienteB
CSfirdoha
SMiLois
Ssntiago del Estero
Me nd oam
SanJiuui
LaBiojA
OMuDATca
Inliabit-
antB.
846,
l,176v
660,
848,
282,
429,
92,
188,
148,
96,
78,
100,
701
864
460
862
731
908
ni
889
021
667
672
Province.
Tncnm&n
Salta
Jnjuy
Territories
Total
Population not included in the
census
Total population abroad
Qrand total
a La Prensa, January 1, 1903.
Inhabit-
ants.
251,627
134,025
54,756
189,616
4,926,913
60,000
50,000
5,026,913
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8
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Provinces and territories, — 1. East or litoral — comprising the Fed-
eral capital, provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa F6, Entre Rfos, Cor-
rientes.
2. Centre — Provinces, of C6rdoba, San Luis, Santiago.
3. West or Andine— Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Catamarca.
4. North — Tucumdn, Salta, Jujuy.
5. Territories — Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuqu^n,
Rfo Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, los Andes:
Population ai various periods, — ^The population at various periods
has been the following, in the different districts into which the country
is divided:
Area.
Dec. 81,
1900.
^^"•
1869.
Inhabit-
ants per
sauare
kilome-
ter, 1900.
FAWt ....
Square kil-
ometers.
696,186
887,975
446,869
233,885
1,271,715
8,118,819
691,087
414,082
485,776
184,985
860,060
888,470
106,869
847,618
806,700
264,440
238,265
158
5.21
Centre.
2.10
West
.92
North
1.86
Territories
.10
Total
2,885,620
4,795,149
100,000
8,964.911
160,000
1.787,076
140,414
1 66
Not included in census
Grand total
2,885,620
4,894,149
4,U4,911
1.877,490
1.66
Urban and rural population 1869. — The urban and rural population
in 1869 and the area in square kilometers was as follows:
Provinces and Terri-
tories.
Buenos Aires (capital) .
Buenos Aires (provin-
cia)
Santa P6
Entre Bios
Ck>rrientes
06rdoba
San Luis
Santiago del Estero
Mendoza
San Juan
Rioja
Catamarca
Tucum&n
Salta
Area.
I
186
805,121
181,906
74,671
84,402
161,086
78,928
108,016
146,878
87,845
89,498
123,188
28,124
161,099
Popula-
tion.
187.846
807,761
89,117
184,271
129,023
210,608
58,294
182,898
66,418
60,819
48,746
79,962
108,968
Provinces and Terri-
tories.
Los Andes
Misiones
Formosa
Chaco
Pampa
Neuqu6n
Rio Negro
Chubut
Santa Cruz
Tierra del Fuego
Foreigners in Argentina
Total
Area.
49,162
64,600
29,229
107,268
186,686
146,907
109,708
196,695
242,089
282,760
21,499
2,960,120
Popula-
tion.
40.879
98,291
47,276
1,877.490
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POPULATION.
9
Area and popiHaUon in 1895. — The following table shows the area
in square kilometers, total population, and sex in the different prov-
inces and territories in 1895, and the estimated population on Decem-
ber 31, 1900:
Province or Territory.
Area.
Males.
Females.
TotaLMay,
otaLM
18tt>.
Bstimated,
Dec. 81,
1900.
FMeral capital .
Bneooe Aires ...
Santa F6
BntreBlos
Oorrientes
Otedoba
SanLnis
Santiago ,.
San Juan
Bioja
Catamarca
TncnmAn
Salta
Jnjny
Miaionee
Formosa
Cbaco
lAPampa
Nenqii6n
Rioxfegro
Chnbnt
SanteCros
"Herra del Pneff« .
Loe Andes (19^)
Square kil-
ometers.
186
806,521
181,906
74,671
84,402
161,066
78,928
108,016
146,878
87,846
80,498
128,188
28,124
161,009
49,162
29,229
107,258
186,686
145,907
100,708
196,695
242,089
282,750
21.499
866,702
518,834
224,625
161,997
116,170
174,869
89,087
76,260
58,987
40,186
82,708
42,019
112,922
68,799
26,267
18,649
2,886
6,829
15,896
8,112
5,409
2,196
748
874
807,162
402,824
172,663
140,022
124,448
176,864
42,418
86,242
57,199
44,065
86,796
48,142
102,820
59,216
28,466
14,614
1,948
4,596
10,018
6,405
8,882
1,662
810
106
621
668,864
921,168
897,188
292,019
289,618
851,228
81,460
161,602
116,186
84,261
69,502
90,161
215,742
118,015
49,718
88,168
4,829
10,422
26,914
14,617
9,241
8,748
1,068
477
1,149
821,291
1,140,007
606,266
848,684
277,041
. 419,072
91,406
180,612
141.481
94,991
77,788
99,827
249,488
181,988
54,406
82,621
5,589
IS, 197
46,662
16.006
18,869
4,409
1,444
1,010
1.149
Urban and rural population in 1896 and 1901,
Provinoee and Terri-
tories.
J Aires (capital)
Buenos Aires (provincia)
BsnteFe
BntreBlos
Corrientee
O6rdoba
SanLnis
Santiago del Est«ro . .
Mendoga
San Joan
RIoJa
Ofttamarca
TncnmAn
Salta
Jnjny
1866.
668,854
921,168
897,188
202,019
289,618
851,228
81,460
161,602
116.186
84.261
69,602
90,161
215,742
U8,016
49,718
1901.
Provinces and Terri-
tories.
846.701
1.176,864
660,469
849,862
282.781
429,908
92,711
183,899
148,021
96,667
78,904
100,672
261,527
184,025
64,756
Los Andes
Mistones
Formosa
Chaco
Pampa
Nenqti6n
Rio Negro
Chnbnt
Santa Cruz
Tierra del Puego
Indians
Nocensados
Foreigners in Argentina
Total.
1896.
33,168
4,829
10,422
26,914
14,617
9,241
8,748
1,068
477
80,000
60,000
60,000
4,094,911
1901.
1,106
84,714
5,725
4^^
16,864
14,460
4,506
1,668
1,067
20,000
80,000
50,000
5,026,918
Comparing its population with that of certain countries in Euroi)e,
the proportion is as follows:
Conntries.
Area.
Population.
Argentina
Fimaoe
Norway and Sweden
Belginm.... ..........
1Mto.«<l
Germany
Switaerland
Anstria-Hnngary —
IMy .TTT....
Ivdand
Total
8q, Iclm,
2^.120
6,026,918
629.500
776,900
29,500
88,600
540,600
41.400
617,900
296,800
86,000
88,505,000
7,476,000
6,687,000
6,179,000
66,807,000
8,815,000
46,867,000
82,449,000
4,466,000
2,960,600
190,881,000
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10
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Nationality of inhabitants. — The nationality of the inhabitants
according to the census of 1895 was:
Nationalities.
Males. Females. Total.
Argentines
Brazilians
Bolivians
Chileans
North Americans .
Uruguajrans
Paraguayans
Other Americans. .
Germans
Austrians.
Spaniards
French.
English
Italians ."
Swiss
Other Ehiropeans.
other races
,452,062
14,512
4,882
12,795
079
27,353
8,258
482
10,978
8,685
130,105
56,20r
14,155
316,272
9,828
19,075
1,946
1,497,482
10,218
2,529
7,799
402
21,297
6,304
867
6,165
4,118
68,580
87,891
7,683
176,364
5,466
11,750
1,682
2,960,384
24,725
7,361
20,594
1,881
48,660
14,562
860
17,142
12,803
108,685
94,006
21,788
492,686
14,780
80,825
Foreign population in 1899, — The number of foreigners in the coun-
try on December 31, 1899, was 1,199,808, an increase of 20 per cent
on the 1895 returns. (All children born in the country of foreign
parents are Argentines).
Foreign population in 1900, — According to official data of February
28, 1903, there were 1,001,899 foreigners in Argentina in the year 1900,
of whom 882,767 were Europeans. Of these, 493,000 were Italians,
198,790 Spaniards, 94,000 French, 21,800 English, 17,100 Germans,
12,800 Austrians, 14,800 Swiss, 30,567 various. The foreign popula-
tion is composed of 92 percent Latin race and 8 per cent others. In
Buenos Aires, on December, 1900, there were 320,000 Europeans out
of a total of 800,000 inhabitants, or about 40 per cent. Of these
320,000 Europeans the various nationalities were:
ItaUans-... 181,700
Spaniards 80,300
French . 33,200
English _.. 6,800
Germans 5, 800
Austrians 8, 000
Swiss 2,800
Various 6, 900
Of the remaining Europeans, 502,000 were distributed throughout
the country as follows :
Province of Buenos Aires _" 296, 000
Province of Santa F6 - 159,000
Province of Entre Rlos 50, 700
Province of C6rdoba 34,500
The remaining 10 provinces and
national territories 48,800
Population of the leading cities according to latest returns,
Buenos Aires « 821 , 298
Parana..-- 24,261
Rosario 112,461
C6rdoba 47,609
SantaF6 _ 24,755
La Plata . 35,410
« The Municipal Bulletin of Buenos Aires gives the population of the capital,
March 81, 1902, as 858,454.
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BOUND ABIES. 11
Inhabited houses. — The number of inhabited houses in the Repub-
lic in 1895 was 536,034, as against 262,405 in 1869. According to the
1869 census there were 662 inhabitants to every 100 houses, and 738 in
1895, while in the Federal Capital there were 1,211. Comparisons of
other countries i)er 100 houses: France, 490; New South Wales, 502;
Scotland, 505; Victoria, 508; England, 538; Belgium, 520; United
States, 545; Ireland, 566; Italy, 635; Switzerland, 730; Germany, 803;
Pruflsia, 876. Of the 536,034 houses, 642 per 1,000 belonged to Argen-
tines and 358 i)er 1,000 to foreigners. In the Federal Capital and prov-
inces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and National Territories
the majority of tlie houses belong to foreigners.
BOUNDARIES.
SetdeTneni of boundaries. — The boundaries of the Republic have
been the subject of dispute for many years past, although most of them
have within the last few years been settled amicably either by treaty
or by arbitration of some friendly power.
Boundary with Paraguay, — The boundary between the Argentine
Republic and Paraguay was originally defined by the treaty of limits
between these Republics of February 3, 1876. By it Paraguay yielded
to the Argentine Republic her interest in the Misiones territory on
the left bank of the Parand, her interest in El Chaco from the river
Pilcomayo down to the Bermejo, and the island of Stayo (or Cerrito)
at the confluence of the rivers Paraguay and Parana. On the other
hand, Paraguay was left in possession of that paii; of El Chaco lying
between Bahfa Negra on the north and the Rio Verde on the south.
The title to the intervening part, lying between the Rio Verde on the
north and the Pilcomayo on the south and containing the Villa Occi-
dentaly was left in abeyance until it should be finally settled by arbi-
tration, the President of the'United States being chosen as arbitrator.
On November 13, 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes made his
award, by which the Republic of Paraguay was given the territory on
the western bank of the river Paraguay between the Rio Verde and
the main branch of the Pilcomayo, including Villa Occidental. In
recognition of the award by the President the Paraguayan Congress
changed the name of Villa Occidental to that of Villa Hayes. •
Botmdai^ with Bolivia, — The boundary between the Argentine
Republic and Bolivia has been settled by a treaty concluded on May
10, 1889, as follows:
"In the territory of Atacama the boundary shall follow the range
of the same name to the head of the Devils Creek (quebrada del
Diablo) to the northeast along the eastern slope of the same Cor-
dillera to the beginning of the ridge {serrania) of Zapalegin. From
this i>oint it shall follow as far as the ridge of Esmoraca along the
highest peaks until it reaches the head of the western branch of Quiaca
Creek, whence it shall descend by the middle of it to its mouth in the
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12 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Rfo de Yanapalpa. From this point it shall run due west and east to
the summit of the Cerro del Porongal. From this point it shall run
to the western end of the Rio Porongal, following the middle of the
stream to its confluence with the Bermejo opposite the town of that
name. From this point the divisional line shall follow the waters of
this same river Bermejo to its confluence with the Rio Grande de
Tarija, otherwise the forks of San Antonio. From these forks it shall
follow up the waters of the Rio Tarija until it comes to the mouth of
the Rio Itan, whence it shall follow the course of the latter stream as
far as the twenty-second parallel, from which point it shall continue
to the Rio Pilcomayo."
The work of marking off this boundary has not yet been completed.
It has been provided in this treaty that all questions which could not
be settled by the delimitation commission to be appointed should be
submitted to arbitration.
Boundary loiili Uruguay. — The territory between the ParanA and
the Uruguay rivers, known generally as the Misiones, was claimed
both by Argentina and Brazil. It was admitted (1) that the divisional
line between the two countries began, at the north, at the river Paran4,
opposite the mouth of the Iguacu, and followed the course of the
latter river for some distance eastward; (2) that farther to the north
it followed the course of the Uruguay, and (3) that between these
rivers it was formed by two connecting or practically connecting
streams. On this last question the two countries disagreed. Brazil
maintained that the two connecting streams were the San Antonio
and the Pepiry-Guazu, while the Argentine Republic contended they
were two streams more to the east, called the San Antonio-Guazu and
the Pepiry or Pequiry-Guazu. By a treaty concluded at Buenos Aires
September 7, 1889, the Argentine Republic and Brazil agreed to sub-
mit their respective claims to the arbitration of the President of the
United States. President Cleveland made his award in favor of
Brazil on February 5, 1895.
Boundary with Chile. — On the 17th of April, 1896, an agreement
was signed at Santiago between the Argentine Minister to Chile and
the Chilean Minister of Foreign Relations providing for the settlement
of the boundary between the two countries. The section of boundary
between parallel 25° 52' 45" S. and the Straits of Magellan being dis-
puted, was to be submitted to the decision of His Britannic Majesty's
Gtovemment. King Edward's award was as follows:
Award of His Majesty Edward Vlly King of Ghreat Britain and Ire-
land^ Emperoi* of India, in the boundary question between the
Argentine Republic and Chile.
"Article 1. The boundary in the region of the San Francisco Pass
shall be formed by the line water parting extending from the pillar
already erected on the pass to the summit of mountain Tres Cruces.
"Art. 2. The basin of Lake Lacar is awarded to Ai^entina.
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Boundary as settled by
arbitratloD 1908. . ...
•CALE OF MILES
50 100 "^
IJMiREiLLAX-
Block supplied through the courtesy of the American Geographical Society.
NEW BOUNDARY BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND CHILE.
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BOUNDABIES. 18
"Art. 3. From Perez Resales Pass, near the north of Lake Nahuel-
huapi, to the vicinity of Lake Biedma the boundary shall pass by
Mount Tronador; thence to river Palena by the line water parting
determined by certain obligatory points which we fixed upon rivers
Manso, Puelo, Funtaleufu, and Palena or Carreleufu, awarding to
Argentina the upi)er basins of these rivers above the points which
we fixed, including valleys Villegas, Nuevo, Cholila, Colonia 16 de
Octubre, Frio, Huemules, Corcovado, and awarding to Chile the lower
basins below those points. From the fixed point on the river Palena
the boundary shall follow the river Encuentro to peak Virjen; thence
to the line which we fixed, crossing Lake General Paz; thence by
the line water parting determined by the point which we fixed upon
river Pico; from whence the boundary shall ascend to the principal
water parting of the South American continent at Loma Baguales,
and follow that water parting to the summit known as La Galera.
From this point the boundary shall follow certain tributaries of the
river Simpson or Southern Aisen, which we fixed, and attain peak
Apywan, from whence it follows the water parting determined by the
point which we fixed on the promontory from the northern shore of
Lake Buenos Aires.
" The upper basin of the river Pico thus is awarded to Argentina, and
the lower basin to Chile.
"The whole basin of the river Cisnes or Frias is awarded to Chile;
also the whole basin of the Aisen, with exception of the tract at
headwaters of the Southern Branch, including the settlement Kos-
lowsky, which is awarded to Argentina.
"The further boundary is determined by lines which we fixed across
lakes Buenos Aires, Pueyrredon or Cochrane, and San Martin, thus
assigning the western portions of the basins of these lakes to Chile
and the eastern portions to Argentina, the dividing ranges carrying
mounts San Lorenzo and Fitz-Roy. From Mount Fitz-Roy to Mount
Stokes the frontier is already determined.
* * Art. 4r. From the vicinity of Mount Stokes to the fifty-second parallel
south latitude the boundary shall first follow the continental water
parting defined by Sierra Baguales, diverging from the latter south-
wards across the river Vizcachas to Mount Cazador, at the south-
eastern extremity of which range crosses the river Guillermo and
rejoins the continental water parting to the east of Mount Solitario,
following to the fifty-second parallel, from which point the frontier is
already defined.
"Art. 5. A more detailed definition of the frontier will be found in
the report submitted to us by our tribunal and upon the maps fur-
nished by the experts of the republics Argentina and Chile, upon
which the boundary which we have decided upon has been delineated
by the members of our tribunal and approved by us.
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14 ARGENTINA REPUBLIC.
** Given in triplicate under our hand and seal at our Court of Saint
James this twentieth day of November, 1902, in the second year of
our reign.
"Edward VIL"
Boundary with Brazil. — In accordance with the terms of the award
of Februarj^ 5, 1895, and of the treaty of October 6, 1898, the demar-
cation of the boundary between the Argentine Republic and the
United States of Brazil is nearly completed.
TOPOGRAPHY.
The general idea that Argentina consists mainly of a boundless
level plain, for which the early settlers retained the old Quichua term
pampay is probably due to the first impression produced of the Plate
estuary by the uniform aspect of the surrounding lands. But a closer
study of the actual relations shows that this view is subject to. consid-
erable modification. It is true that a great part of the country was
formerly flooded by the Pampean Sea, and consequently still presents
a nearly horizontal surface, with a slight, in some places a scarcely per-
ceptible, incline toward the Atlantic.
Orography, — The great inland basin, however, was not only con-
tracted, especially in the northwest, by lofty ranges belonging to the
Andean system, but was also broken by high mountain masses, which
rose at several points above the surrounding waters. Moreover, the
primeval uniformity of th^ marine bed was probably in early Tertiary
times disturbed by movements of upheaval arrested at different levels,
while the Pampean Sea itself was limited southward by the Patagonian
Plateau, which has certainly been dry land since Tertiary times.
These general features of a former, though still comparatively
recent, geological age are necessarily reflected in the present con-
formation of the land. Hence, although the pampas may be regarded
as its most conspicuous feature, they are found to be greatly diversi-
fied by Andean highlands in the northwest between the Pilcoraayo
and Bermejo basins, and farther south in the province of Mendoza
and Patagonia, as well as by the isolated Sierra de C6rdoba in the
center and the Tandil and Ventana heights between the Plate and
Colorado basins.
Geological formation, — Further variety is imparted to the whole
region by the different elevations now presented by the pampas them-
selves, which between the Cordoba hills and the Rio Salado form a
gently inclined terrace falling from 1,000 to about 200 or 250 meters
above the sea, and lower down constitute a nearly level plain gradu-
ally falling from 85 to 40 meters, and extending round the Plate estu-
ary all the way to the Atlantic. Although largely due to the former
upheaval of the bed of the inland sea, these elevations also represent
a large amount of detritus, either accumulated in the form of talus at
Digitized by
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METEOROLOGY. 15
the foot of the hills on the higher grounds or else carried down and
slowly deposited as alluvial matter on the lower grounds by the run-
ning waters from the surrounding Brazilian and Andean uplands.
Such in broad outline would appear to be the geological framework
of the Argentine lands, where ai'e accordingly to be considered the
western (Argentine and Patagonian) cordilleras, the isolated central
and southern heights, the steppe-like pampas, and the Patagonian
table-land.«
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
The characteristic elements of the configuration of the Argentine
Republic are: the plains^ the isolated mountains or pampa chains
(sierras pampeanas)^ and the cordilleras. The greater part of the
country is a vast alluvial plain or pampa rising gradually from the
southeast to the northwest. The pampa chains comprise the range
parallel to the western cordilleras and are characterized by their
gentle eastern and sharp western slopes, their summits rarely reach-
ing the snow line. The essential element of these two mountains is
crystalline schist, particularly gneiss. The dip of the stratified rock
usually follows that of the principal chain running from north to
south. The trachytic branches of these mountains have produced in
a number of places veins of gold, silver, copper, and lead. The cor-
dilleras are, from a geological point of view, between the twenty-
seventh and the thirty-third degree of south latitude, a central gra-
nitic ridge inclosed in beds of gneiss and schists. Over the whole of
the plain of the Argentine Republic between the Atlantic Ocean and
the east-em slope of the cordilleras is spread, with hardly any inter-
ruption, an argillaceous deposit reaching a depth of 15 and 20 meters
and usually called the pampean formation. There are in this exten-
sive plain a number of depressions in which are vast salt marshes;
the largest covers an area of 5,000 square kilometers and is situated
between the sierras of C6rdoba and of La Rioja. These salt marshes
may either come from former salt lakes, which in the alluvial period
covered the lower parts of the pampas, or be the result of the solution
of the saline deposits in their sedimentary formation of the pampa
chains.
METEOROLOGY.
Climatology. — The whole Republic, excepting a narrow strip to the
north, belongs to the temperate zone. Extending from north to south
over 34° of latitude, the climatic conditions offer great differences,
especially between the extreme northern and southern sections of the
country, and the proximity or remoteness to the cordilleras and the
Atlantic. The country may be divided into three regions— the littoral
(provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa F6, Entre Rfos, Corrientes, For-
mosa, Chaco, and Misiones); the Mediterranean or center, including
a Central and South America: A. H. Eeane, 1901, pp. 332-333.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
16
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
the seacoast Bouth of the province of Buenos Aires, and the Andean.
In the first the average yearly temperature is atout 19" Celsius. This
average, which is about 17° Celsius at Buenos Aires, rises about half
a degree for each degree of latitude going from south to north. The
average temperature of summer is about 25° C. ; that of autumn
(March, April, May) 18°; that of winter (June, July, August) 12°, and
that of spring 17°. The average of the warmest month (January) is
26°; that of the coldest (July) 11°. The maximum and minimum are
about+42° and —5°. Snow is very rare in the littoral provinces, years
sometimes passing without any.
Average region temperatwre. — ^The following table gives the aver-
age temperature for the three regions (Celsius) :
Summer.
Autumn.
Winter.
Spring.
Annnol
Littoral:
Northern
-0.6
-0.2
"0.2
-0.6
-0.4
Southern
-0.8
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
Mediterranean:
Northern
-0.4
-0.8
-0.2
-0.4
-0.8
Southern
-0.4
-0.1
-0.1
-0.4
-0.8
Andean:
Northern
-0.5
-0.8
-0.2
-0.6
-0.4
Southern
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
Average season temperature. — The following table shows the aver-
age temperature in distinctive parts of the country for the four seasons
and the year:
[Summer comprising December, January, and February; autumn comprising March, April,
and May.]
January.
April.
July.
October.
26.07
21.90
19.06
22.55
24.57
19.82
15.44
22.98
25.02
19.00
14.16
19.42
23.05
18.40
12.48
19.60
25.88
17.48
9.29
18.02
22.87
16.29
10.88
16.45
24.71
15.01
10.09
18.18
28.80
16.88
12.02
16.29
21.45
18.06
7.41
12.51
28.78
16.87
10.66
15.82
8.94
6.12
2.69
4.84
20.66
10.90
5.66
18.81
Year.
Asunci6n (Paraguay)
Esperanza ( Jnjuy ) . . .
Gtoya
Tucum&n
San Juan
06rdoba
San Luis
Rosario
ChosMaUl
Buenos Aires
Staten Island
Rawson (Chubut) ....
21.86
19.89
18.88
17.97
16.88
16.54
ia56
18.60
17.08
5.61
12.61
The daily average difference of temperature in the above points is:
January.
April.
July.
October.
Year.
Asanci6n
9.3
7.6
12.7
7.4
10.8
12.2
8.4
11.5
8.1
9.8
11.1
a9
10.0
7.4
10.6
6.8
9.6
11.7
8.6
12.8
6.2
10.0
12.2
0.8
9.8
7.8
8.1
4.4
12.8
12.2
10.0
10.4
10.1
11.5
7.6
0.8
12.2
7.9
12.0
6.8
12.8
11.6
8.9
11.8
10.8
10.8
10.2
2.8
9.6
Goya
7.7
Rosario
U.2
Buenos Aires
6.2
Tucum&n
11.6
Cdrdoba
11.9
SanLuis
9.0
Rawson
11.0
Bffi^eranza
8.9
San Juan
10.9
ChosMalal
10.8
Staten Island
2.2
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METEOBOLOGY.
17
Mdximum and minimum temper atwres, — The average maximum
and minimum temperatures in various parts has been:
Years.
Average.
Absolute.
Maxiznnm.
Miniznuxn.
Asimcito
18»^-1896
1879-1892
1882-1898
1855-1896
1878-1896
1876-1896
189^1894
1880-1890
1881-1888
1875-1892
1875-1896
1891-1896
1873-1896
1874-1877
1873-1896
1863-1896
1892-1896
185^1896
1860-1883
22.71
21.87
17.47
19.56
21.57
19.81
19.03
21.29
20.81
19.62
18.82
17.14
17.02
16.54
18.69
16.80
14.12
16.66
15.26
41.4
40.0
36.0
40.6
40.2
39.4
42.0
43.2
48.1
42.6
38.2
40.6
41.8
89.4
44.0
41.6
39.1
89.5
41.1
0.8
— 5
SBlta
- 4.8
— 8 2
TacnTnto
Corrieittefi
8 2
Goya
— 5
Santa Maria (Misdones)
-2.1
2 5
Hantia^n (|a1 )!:«itin-n
OKt%niarra
— 4
LaBioJa
WnLTiiT
- 1.2
7 8
Rn«i-io
C6rdoba..
— 8 9
fi»ii TiiiiR .
— 4 6
8an Jnan
— I 8
M ftti4<n!a .
— 8 4
PhniiMAlAl
-104
Boenos Aires
— 20
BtthU^ B)ftTi'^
— 50
Winds. — ^The effect of the different winds on the temperature is as
follows:
The north winds are hot, and the increase in the heat is, as a rule,
proportional to the duration of the wind from this direction, while the
South winds are cool, refreshing the air and relieving the suffocation
produced during the successive days of north wind. In the Andine
region the dry and hot winds are called zondas, and generally blow
from north to northwest and at times with such intensity that res-
piration is difficult. These winds rise about midday and last till sun-
set, but at times they continue two or three days without interruption,
being strongest in spring in the months of September and October.
The changes of temperature after a severe zonda and the south wind
which follows it are frequently as high as 25°. In the littoral and
mediterranean the heat produced by the north wind generally ter-
minates with a thunderstorm or pampero. The pamperos in the
littoral are more frequent in winter and spring. The change of tem-
perature caused by the two winds is frequently from 15° to 20°. The
extreme heat of the sun's rays from 1874 to 1900 in Cordoba has been
79° and in Rosario 73°.
Barameiric pressures. — The average yearly barometric pressures in
various places are: Esperanza, height 570 metera 713.3 millimeters;
Asuncion, height 105 meters 753 millimeters; Mendoza, height 799
meters 696.3 millimeters; Cordoba, height 437 meters 724.2 millime-
ters; Rosario, height 29 met/Crs 760 millimeters; Buenos Aires, height
22 meters 760.5 millimeters.
Humidity. — The average annual percentage of relative humidity is:
Per cent.
Asimci6n 71
06rdoba 64
Roeario 78
Buenos Aires 78
573a— 03 2
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18
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
RAINFALL..
Distribtdion of rainfall. — The yearly distribution of the rainfall to
the north of latitude 40°, both regarding quantity as well as fre-
quency, can be divided into two seasons — the rainy season during the
six months from October to March, and the dry from April to Septem-
ber. In the littoral the difference in the quantity of rain which nor-
mally falls in these two seasons is less marked in the south section
than in the north — that is, in Buenos Aires the relation of rain in the
wet to the dry seasons is 56 : 44 and in Corrientes 65 : 35. In the medi-
terranean region the rains of Cordoba, for example, are in relation to
86: 14, and in Salta 96: 4. To the south of 40° the distribution is very
regular during the whole year, as much rain falling in the winter as
in the summer. The cause of this great inequality between the rain-
fall of summer and winter is due to the areas of high and low atmos-
pheric pressure and to the direction of the winds, which, after trav-
eling over a large extension of the ocean, arrive on the land charged
with vapor, which is precipitated in the form of rain, and is most
abundant when the winds blow toward regions with low temperatures.
The center of the area of low pressure extends from the north to lati-
tude 32", embracing the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and
La Rioja, and toward this center the moist winds of the Atlantic blow.
The hills of San Luis, C6rdoba, and the range of Aconquija intercept
the vapors, causing the condensation of them on their east sides, so
that when the winds reach the Andine region the greater portion of
the vapor has been withdrawn and but a small quantity is left for
that zone during the summer months.
Yearly rainfall, — The yearly rainfall in various parts of the coun-
try is as follows, in millimeters:
Years.
Average
for year.
Per month.
Minimum.
Asuncidn
1891^1896
187fr-1896
1876-1896
1875-1896
1875-1896
1885-1896
1889-1894
1875-1896
1861-1896
1884^1896
1892-1896
1889-1896
1898-1896
1888-1896
1888-1896
1860-1896
1888-1892
1880-1888
1873-1896
187a-1896
1873-1890
187a-1896
1874-1877
1881-1896
1876-1892
1875-1896
1875-1896
1,842.0
1,191.5
980.2
1,068.9
854.8
1,166.8
846.0
920.5
900.8
788.5
711.1
731.7
787.4
812.9
702.0
467.6
782.4
288.4
551.4
985.8
496.7
695.0
547.4
802.2
278.6
48.8
148.7
497.8
467.7
894.0
402.9
808.2
262.0
294.8
601.1
849.0
202.5
191.0
806.7
212.6
821.6
268.6
272.0
864.0
148.0
406.0
828.0
250.8
815.9
157.9
145.4
181.0
66.0
97.0
8.6
Corrient«8
0.0
Qoya
Concordia
Paran4
0.7
0.0
Um^tiay . .
18.0
Carcarftft^n
0.0
Roeario
0.0
Bnonoa Aires
0.0
Salado
0.0
Loboe
0.0
Doloros
Saladillo
0.0
Aznl
Mar del Plata
0.0
Bahia Blanca
00
Rio Colorado
0.0
Rawson -..-..
Salta
TncniKiAn --
Santiago del Estero
0.0
C6rdoba
San Luis
0.0
Catamarca
0.0
La Rioja
0.0
SanJoan
0.0
Mendoza
0.0
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METEOBOLOGY.
19
The following table shows the quantity of rain that fell in the cities
of Bnenos Aires and CkSrdoba for the years 1892 to 1896 in the differ-
ent seasons of the year, in millimeters:
Buenos Aires,
YeM-.
Summer.
Autumn.
Winter.
Spring.
Total.
vm
2S0
166
78
188
822
288
102
180
324
118
91
160
248
272
167
160
179
393
666
287
699
ms
696
18M
796
IW
1,845
UM
884
Cdrdoha.
vm . .
848.6
277.8
876.8
261.7
288.8
166.8
214.9
206.3
99.7
176.0
51.9
6.5
50.2
17.2
14.9
818.2
197.8
188.7
79.6
198.8
884.5
rm
697.0
vm :
766.0
UK
468.1
vm.
677.0
Comparative rainfall. — Comparing the years in which the rainfall
in Bnenos Aires has been superior or inferior to the normal quantity
with the same years for C6rdoba, it is seen that in a period of twenty-
fonr years of observations in both cities that in seventeen years an
increase of rain above the average in that city was accompanied by a
decrease in Buenos Aires, or vice versa, and in the remaining seven
years the rises or falls above the average are the same for both. From
the above it can be taken as a general law, or at all events in accord-
ance iwith the observations made up to date — the proportion of 71 : 7 —
that in the years in which the rains are in excess of the normal in the
fluvial r^on and along the coast the provinces of the interior suffer
from want of rain, and in the years of heavy rains in the interior there
is drought along the coast. The great economic importance in the
re8i)ective productions of these regions, which are directly connected
with the distributions of the rains, is too evident to require comment.
This law was fully borne out during the winter of 1900, when heavy
floods occurred in the province of Buenos Aires, and severe droughts
in some of the upper provinces.
Rainfall in Btienos AireSy 1900. — ^The rainfall in the city of Buenos
Aires for 1900, compared with the previous year was : In the twelve
months, October 1, 1899, to September 30, 1900, 1,768 millimeters of rain
fell in one hundred and seven days; for the twelve months January
to December, 1899, rain fell on one hundred and one days to the
amount of 891.9 millimeters. From March 25 to April 1, 1900, 437.4
millimeters of rain fell.
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20 ABGENTINB BEPUBLIO.
Yearly average rainfall in various cities of the world,
MOlimetera.
Paris - 559
Berlin j 610
London 635
Rome 787
New York 1,092
Elo Janeiro 1,499
Bergen (Norway) 2,261
Vera Cruz (Mexico) 4,648
Intensity of rains. — With respect to the intensity of the rains in the
various sections of the country the differences are very pronounced,
especially in the character of those which fall along the Atlantic coast
and the interior. As a general rule, the showers in the regions with
the greatest yearly fall are not so intense, but of longer duration. In
the Mediterranean regions and the Andine the falls are short but heavy,
especially in spring and summer, accompanied by thunder and light-
ning and frequently with hail. For example, in the city of Salta, the
23d of December, 1889, a fall of 42 millimeters occurred in thirty-nine
minutes. In Cordoba, on the afternoon of November 2, 1890, 23 milli-
meters fell in fourteen minutes, and on December 18 of the same year
27.3 millimeters fell in twelve minutes, this being at the rate of 99 and
136 millimeters per hour.
The heaviest rainfall known in the country up to 1896 was that which
fell over Rosario on March 26, 1880, between 5 and 9 a. m., when 254
millimeters and 80 millimeters fell in less than thirty minutes.
The knowledge of the frequency of the rainfall in the different sea-
sons of the year is of the utmost importance to farmers. In the lit-
toral region and in the south to 40° of latitude there is, as a general
rule, less contrast in the number of days of rainfall between summer
and winter or from one year to another, while in the interior the fre-
quency and quantity offer a mutual relation.
Rainfall in various parts of the country. — The following shows the
number of days in the year in which the rain has faUen in various
parts of the country:
Asunci6n 88,4
Corrientes 48.2
Concordia 55.7
ParanA 50.8
Rosario 77.4
Buenos Aires 59. 2
Salado 64.6
Tandil 82.2
BahiaBlanca 53.5
Salta - 46.1
TncmnAn 65.4
Santiago del Estero 41.2
Catamarca 88. 1
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METEOBOLOGY. 21
LaBi6ja 88
Cdrdoba 70.3
San Joan _ 15. 5
Mendoza 42.1
SanLnis 58.8
Chnbat _. 66.8
Staten Island 251.6
Oeographical distribution of storms. — The heavier the thunderstorm
the more severe the rainfall. In the geographical distribution of
storms the extremes are between the littoral region and the extreme
south of the continent. In eight years only eight claps of thunder
were heard at Statin Island. Following the coast line toward the
north, the electrical discharges increase until they reach the estuary
of the River Plate, where it appears they attain their maximum, 51
being the yearly average. In Bahia Blanca the number is 16, in
Rawson 9. In the fluvial region there is a decrease compared with
Buenos Aires, for in Hernandarias, province of Entre Rfos, and in
A8unci6n, the number varies from 24 to 33. In the region of the pampa
these storms are frequent from October to March. The wet season in
C6rdoba has an average of 46. In the Andine region these storms
are of less frequency than in the Mediterranean. In Mendoza for a
period of forty years the average has been 27. In Chos Malal, the
capital of Neuqu6n, thunderstorms are of rare occurrence. To the
north of Mendoza or San Juan they are also less frequent than in those
provinces. From latitude 40° N. the relation of the yearly distribution
between the number of rain storms and thunderstorms is close and
the di\asion of the year in the wet and dry seasons is equally appli-
cable to the periods of electrical discharges. In Buenos Aires 64 per
cent of the total number of these storms take place in the months of
October to March; in C6rdoba 85 per cent, and in Mendoza 92.
HaU. — ^Hail generally accompanies thunderstorms, but it is excep-
tional if the fall lasts more than a few minutes, and the width of the
fall is generally small, sometimes not being more than 2 kilometers.
Along the Atlantic coast hail is rare, as in the registers of Buenos
Aires, since 1861, only 30 falls have been recorded, and in Bahfa Blanca
only nine times in twenty-four years. The farther from the coast the
more frequent the falls. In twenty- four years in C6rdoba the total
was 81, of which 70 occurred between the months of October and
March. In Mendoza during forty-seven years 110 falls were recorded.
Wind velocity. — ^The windiest part of the country is Staten Island
with a daily velocity of 640 kilometers; the other extreme is found in
Tucuni4n, where the daily velocity is only 54 kilometers per day. In
Catamarca there are stations where 50 per cent of the records are calm.
The winds of the Mediterranean region are well indicated by the reg-
isters of C6rdoba, which give a mean velocity of 259 kilometers. The
spring is the season of the year in which there is most wind, but this
windy i)eriod is felt more in the Pampa and in the north section of the
Digitized by Vj^^^V IC
22 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
fluvial region than in Buenos Aires, where it is prolonged until the
months of summer. The calmest season in the north section of the
Littoral is before that in the south, as in Asuncion the calms are Feb-
ruary to May; Corrientes, February to April; Rosario, April to May;
C6rdoba and Buenos Aires, May and June. The greatest velocities
registered ai*e; Staten Island, July 3, 1895, 109.7 kilometers per hour.
In C6rdoba on February 10, 1883, for ten minutes the force of the
wind was superior to 95 kilometers. The strongest windstorm during
the past twenty-five years was the cyclone which destroyed Arroyo
Seco, a station 31 kilometers to the southeast of Rosario, and from
the results of the destruction effected it is calculated that for some
seconds the force was equal to 125 pounds per square foot. The fre-
quency of strong wind in the estuary of the River Plate is on the
average of 20 to 25 per year, but of these only three or four exceed 60
kilometers per hour. The months of May, June, and July are most
free from pamperos^ while in February, August, and the last three
months of the year they are most frequent.
In January and February of 1900 a heat wave swept over the
country and a number of sudden deaths occurred, especially in the
city of Buenos Aires.
Walter G. Davis,
Director National Meteorological Office {190iB).
HYDROGRAPHY.
Lacustrine basins, — ^Apart from a few closed lacustrine basins in
the pampas and southwest Patagonia, the whole of Argentina drains
mainly in a southeasterly direction to the Atlantic. In Argentina
proper nearly all the running waters find their way either through the
ParanA or the Uruguay to the Plate estuary, or through the Colorado
and the Negro directly to the coast.
River system, — But in Patagonia, where the continent contracts to
relatively narrow limits and increases in aridity southward, no large
fluvial systems are developed, and the comparatively slight discharge
is effected through the Chubut, the Santa Cruz, the Gallegos, and a
few other independent coast streams.
Colorado basin, — Even in the Colorado basin many of the af&uents
are intermittent, or else run out in saline marshes or lagoons without
reaching the main channel at all.
ArgentO'Pata^onian rivers, — In a word, the collective volume of all
the other Argento-Patagonian rivers is almost a negligible quantity
compared with that of the mighty ParanA-Uruguayan system.
The Uricguay River, — Not more than about one-half of this basin
is comprised within the Argentine State, where the Uruguay is
entirely a frontier river, while some of the western afluents flow in
their upper courses through Bolivian territory. The ParanA itself
does not belong altogether to Argentina until it is joined at the Ties
Digitized by
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HYDBOGBAFHY. 28
Bocas near Corrientes by its great tributary, the Paraguay, trom the
north. Below the confluence the discharge is greater than at the head
of the Plate estuary, the contributions received from the feeble pam-
pas affluents during its lower course being insufficient to compensate
for the loss of evaporation. Nevertheless these affluents have the
effect of greatly widening the fluvial bed, which expands to a breadth
of 64 kilometers during the floods in the vast Parana-Uruguay delta
above Buenos Aires. Formerly this deltaic region formed part of
the marine gulf, which penetrated nearly 482 kilometers farther inland
than at present. The tides still ascend both the Paran4 and the
Uruguay for a distance of nearly 160 kilometers, but the fluvial silt-
ings have gradually flUed in the broad marine channel all the way
from the present head of the estuary to Diamante, where the lower
course of the Paran4 bends from south to east.
The Parana. — ^A short distance above the mouth of the main chan-
nel the monotony of the surrounding treeless flats is relieved by the
exuberant vegetation of Delta Island, where whole forests of peach
trees are in full bloom in the month of August, and where the seiba also
(Erythrina cristagalli) unfolds its gorgeous blossom. These islands
of the delta are formed of extremely fertile alluvial deposits, which are
often accumulated high above the periodical floodings. Many are
swept bodily away by the current and re-formed lower down, so that
the navigable channels are constantly shifting. But the main branch,
known as the Parana de las PalmaSy is accessible to large vessels
even in August, when the water is lowest. Besides this branch, the
delta, is intersected by several other large arms, and the ParanA
has altogether as many as fourteen mouths, all subject to periodical
inundations.^
TJie River Plate and its tributaries.^ — With the exception of the
Amazon, there are few rivers in the world that are greater than the
Rio de la Plata system. The Amazon has a drainage of 5,000,000
kilometers,^ the La Plata 3,103,000 kilometers,^ more than two and
a half times the entire Pacific slope of the Andes; the Mississippi
3,108,000 kilometers,^ being, therefore, practically equal in drainage
area. The mean dischai*ge of the Amazon is estimated at 95,000
miles ^ per second (3,350,000 cubic feet), the mean discharge of the
La Plata is 27,000 miles ^ per second (953,500 cubic feet), the mean
discharge of the Mississippi at New Orleans is 675,000 cubic feet
per second (19,115 miles ^). The maximum flow of the Amazon is
150,000 miles'* per second (5,297,000 cubic feet); that of La Plata
2,040,000 cubic feet per second (57,764 miles ^); the Mississippi may
be estimated at 2,000,000 cubic feet (156,630 miles ^); but it is by the
mean annual discharge that we can best compare the La Plata and
o Central and South America: A. H. Keane, 1901, pp. 344-847.
*The application of the flgnres * and * above kilometers, miles, and feet signify
square and cubic measurement, respectively.
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24 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
the Mississippi. The La Plata, including its two main tributaries,
the ParanA and Uruguay, and their secondary drainage is about 1,200
kilometers ^ per annum, based, as to the ParanA, on three years cal-
culation — 1881, 1882, 1883. That of the Mississippi in the same years
was 649 kilometers,^ showing the secondary drainage of the La Plata
to be nearly double that of the Mississippi.
Anmml discharge of the Parana, — The mean annual discharge of
the Paran4, the principal tributary of the La Plata, in the three
years mentioned, was 958 kilometers^ per annum, or 46 per cent
greater than that of the Mississippi in the same years. There is
another very interesting comparison, almost an extraordinary coin-
cidence, between the Mississippi and the ParanA, and that is in the
recent geological history of the two rivers there has been found to
have existed a much larger river in both cases than the present
rivers. As to the Mississippi, this subject was discussed in a pro-
fessional paper by Mr. E. L. Cortholl, civil engineer, before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1896, in
a paper entitled *'Some notes, physical and commercial, upon the
delta of the Mississippi." In that paper he showed by diagrams
and references that there was an ancient great lake, many times
larger than the present great lakes, covering the entire territory of
what are called the Prairie States of the United States, and a large
area in Canada, and that at that time the drainage of all that immense
territory was toward the Mexican Gulf, and that afterwards, by a
great cyclic change in the position of the Northern Hemisphere, much
of the drainage was drawn toward the North and the Hudson Bay.
The rocky escarpment formed by a ridge of the Ozark Mountains below
St. Louis was cut away, as the St. Lawrence !§ now cutting its escarp-
ment at Niagara Falls ; the land was uncovered, and these rich Prairie
States became the present rich cultivated land of that great area.
Oeological conditions, — In the Parani are found similar geological
conditions. Less than a hundred thousand years ago there existed a
great lake north of the present drainage limit of the Parand, but then
connected with it, and the waters flowed south. By the gradual
deposit of material brought down by the rivers from the slopes of the
Andes a dam was carried across the river and a great lake was formed,
called " Lake Mojos," and the drainage was turned to the north, form-
ing what is at present the Madeira River, the principal affluent of the
Amazon.
Ancient pampean lake, — The area of this great lake was about
298,000 kilometers,^ exceeding that of the great lake of America,
which is 242,370 kilometers.^ The most important result coincident
with the developments that were taking place to form this great lake
and shut its waters off from the La Plata was the great seismic action
by which the Andes were lifted higher, and the entire slope to the
seaboard lifted with them, but not until the deposits from the sedi-
Digitized by
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HYDBOGBAPHY. 25
mentary materials of the Upper Paran4 brought down from the region
of the Andes, before Lake Mojoe was formed, had covered the vast
submerged area of the Lower ParanA and La Plata with pampean
mud. There existed during that epoch a great pampean sea con-
nected with the Atlantic Ocean between the Republic of Uruguay
and the Tandil Sierra, which was probably 2,253 kilometers in length,
and of an average width of about 693 kilometers, and its area was
about 1,554,000 kilometers.^ Then came the uplifting of these great
pampean areas, which forms what is now called the Plains of the
Pampa, one of the richest agricultural regions in the world and of
immense depth of soil. Thus, by cyclic changes in the Northern
Hemisphere, and by fluvial and sedimentary action and seismic
changes in the Southern Hemisphere, have been formed the great
interior agricultural regions of the United States and Argentina, cer-
tainly an interesting coincidence in recent geologic history.
Lakes. — In Argentine, besides numerous smaller lakes, the follow-
ing are the most important: Nahuel Huapi, Mani, Ck)lhui, San Martfn,
Buenos Aires, and Biedma.
Smaller lakes, — Ibera and Maloya, in Corrientes; Porongos, Mar
Chiquita, and Amarga, in C<Srdoba; Viboras and Cristal, in Santa F6;
Los Patos, in San Juan; Huanacache, between San Juan and Mendoza;
Casabinbo, in Jujuy; ChaSar, G6mez, Mar Chiquita del Norte, Chas-
com^s, 25 de Mayo, and Mar Chiquita del Sur, in the province of
Buenos Aires.
In order further to compare the ParanA River with others, it may
be stated that its annual flow is double that of the Ganges, three
times that of the St. Lawrence, four times that of the Danube and
five times that of the Nile. There are I'ecords of 1,585 kilometers' in
one year.
There are differing conditions of importance between the Mississippi
and the ParanA bearing upon the causes of the greater discharge of
the Parani. While they both flow south, one flows from colder to
warmer and the other from warmer to colder regions; and it is in the
warmer regions in both cases that the rainfall is the greater. On the
Mississippi, in the northern regions, where we find the gratest drain-
age area, the rainfall is about 35 inches per annum ; in the southern,
where the area is less the rainfall is 60 inches (1,524 millimeters) per
annum. With the ParanA there is a rainfall of about 60 inches (1,524
millimeters) in the northern part where the drainage area is greater,
and about 40 inches (1,016 millimeters) in the southern part, where
the drainage area is less.
Length of the Parana, — ^The length of the ParanA River is about
4,700 kilometers; its navigable length, between CuyabA in the north
and the mouth of the ParanA in the delta of the La Plata, is 2,935
kilometers. The Uruguay River, from San Javier to the delta of the
La Plata has a navigable length of 969 kilometers. The Paran& is
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26 ARaENTINE BEPUBLIO.
made up of the two important rivers which unite at the city of
Corrientes, the Paraguay and the Alto Parana. The length of the
latter above Corrientes, to the falls of the Iguazu, is 587 kilometers
and it is navigable nearly to that point. The Uruguay is an entirely
different river, in every respect, from the ParanA.
The Uruguay rises near the Atlantic seaboard in Brazil in the
Sierra del Mar, then runs west to the highlands of the territory of
Misiones. These highlands prevent it from uniting with the Alto
ParanA River at that point, which is only about 100 kilometers dis-
tant. Along 966 kilometers of its course from San Javier to Con-
cordia, the l>ed of the river is filled with rocky ridges, which at low
water prevent any navigation, but during the floods which are quite
sudden, but not long continued, the river is everywhere navigable.
The river rises in floods at Concordia about 14 meters and compared
with the ParanA it is a clear stream, carrying very little sediment in
suspension.
Source of the Parand. — The ParanA is an entirely different river. Its
source being in the tropical and rainy region of Brazil, on the flanks of
the Andes, its floods are much longer continued. At the confluence of
the Paraguay and the Alto Paran4 at Corrientes, the rise of the floods
is about 19 meters; at Rosario, 362 kilometers above Buenos Aires, it
is from 6 to 7 meters or 7.25 meters in extreme floods. When these
occur, the river is about 40.23 kilometers wide, covering the entire
country to the highlands of the province of Entre Rios with a depth
of 2 to 3 meters. The physical characteristics of the bed of the river
are consequently entirely different from those of the Uruguay. The
bed of the latter is stable, that of the former very unstable. The sedi-
mentary matters carried in suspension, however, are very much less
than those of the Mississippi, probably only one-tenth of the amount
carried in the Mississippi in times of flood. For this reason the
changes in the bed and banks are less radical. The most noticeable
change is in the movement of the islands and bars downstream. For
example, the island of Espinillo, opposite the city of Rosario, lying
in the middle of the river, and about 4 kilometers long has moved
downstream about 4 kilometers in the last flfty years, and by this
movement the advancing bar of the islands has approached the river
bank facing Rosario and closed up the navigation channel.
Surface slope, — The surface slope of the river at Rosario, when it is
5 meters above zero, is about 29 millimeters per kilometer, and at 4
meters it is 24.4 millimeters per kilometer.
Maximxim velocity, — The maximum velocity of both rivei*s in great
floods often reaches 2 meters per second, although usually it is much
less.
River-bed improvements, — Both rivers are susceptible of improve-
ment by dredging, the one to Asuncion, which is 1,355 kilometei*s
above the mouth, and the second to Concordia, which is 370 kilometers
Digitized by
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HYDBOGRAPHY. 27
above its month. In the Paran4 there is nothing to be removed but
sand throughout its entire length. In the Uruguay there are several
places where it is necessary to remove rock and gravel, but generally
the channel can be deepened by hydraulic or suction dredging.
Law governing depth of laaters. — The National Government is
nnder obligation, by the law passed by Congress for building the
port of Rosario, to make and maintain a depth of 6.40 meters at
low water in the ParanA River from the head of the delta to Rosario,
and in the delta of the La Plata to Buenos Aires a depth of 5.80
meters at low wat-er, which is about 6.40 meters at mean high tide.
It has been proposed to make and maintain a channel of the fol-
lowing dimensions: From the mouth of -the two rivers at the island
of Martin Garcia, at the head of the La Plata estuary, to Rosario,
a distance of 310 kilometers, a depth of 6.40 meters and a width
of 100 meters; •Rosario to Santa F6, 470 kilometers above Martin
Garcia, 5.79 meters, 100 meters wide; Santa F6 to Asunci6n, 1,365
kilometers above the delta, 3.048 meters deep and 100 meters wide.
Santa F4, or its seaport, Colastin6, is the head of ocean navigation.
Above that point it is river navigation by steamboats. The Alto
Paran&, above Corrientes to Posadas, is obstructed by half a dozen
rapids over rocky ridges, which it would be very expensive to remove.
Generally at low river there is a depth of about 1.38 meters.
Proposed channel. — On the Uruguay River it is proposed to make a
channel 5.79 meters deep and 100 meters wide, from Martin Garcia
to Fray Bentos, 137 kilometers; thence from Fray Bentos to Concep-
ci6n del Uruguay 4.88 meters deep, 100 meters wide, 224 kilometers
above Martin Garcia, and thence 2.74 meters deep, in sand and gravel,
and 2.44 meters over the rocks, 100 meters wide to Concordia, which
is 370 kilometers above Martin Garcia.
Low-water plane. — The low- water plane, or zero, in both rivers is
that of extraordinary low water, so that generally the low water does
not reach this plane within from half a meter to 1 meter, conse-
quently there can generally be depended upon from 0.61 to 0.91 meter
more water than given above. Between Rosario and Buenos Aires
there are now no bars over which there is not 6.40 meters of water
at 0, although two of them need to be dredged and buoyed in order
to make a straighter channel. This the Grovernment is prepared
to do. As t>o the port of Rosario,^ a contract is now being made
nnder the law of Congress to construct a modern seaport at this
point, with all the latest and best facilities for handling cargo.
The commerce of Rosario is at present 1,500,000 tons per annum.
It is a very impoitant exporting point for cereals, and when the
port is completed according to plans it is expected to be an impor-
tant importing port as well. There are ports below Rosario such
as Villa Constituci6n, San Nicolds, and San Pedro; and above Rosario
a This contract has been made and the works are being proceeded with.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
28 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Santa F6, Colastine, Paran4, and Diamante. On the Uruguay River,
Concordia, at the head of steamboat navigation, is an important
importing and exporting place for that section of the country. Its
registered tonnage is about 500,000 tons and the actual weight tonnage
about 100,000.
The country between the Paran4 and Uruguay rivers is practically
isolated from the rest of the country, and its situation is very similar
to the country lying l>etween the Euphrates and the Tigris, and for
that reason it has been called the Mesopotamia Argentina.
There are at present in that area three railroad systems — the Argen-
tine Northeastern, which runs from Corrientes, on the ParanA, to
Monte Caseros on the Uruguay, and from there to Santo Tome, on the
same river; the Argentine Eastern from Monte Caseros to Concordia,
and the Entre Rios Railroad, the main line of which extends between
Paran4 and Concepci6n del Uruguay, with branches to Victoria,
Gualeguay, Gualeguaychii, and Villaguay. A connecting line is to be
extended to Concordia, forming a link between the Argentine Eastern
and the Entre Rios systems.
Union of three river systems, — It has been proposed to unite these
three systems and to extend the Argentine Northeastern from
Santo Tom6 to Posadas, on the Alto Paran4, passing through the
colonies which the Government is endeavoring to establish in that
territory. Posadas is its capital. The Central Paraguayan Rail-
road, which runs in a southeasterly direction from Asunci6n, it is
proposed to extend to Villa Encarnaci6n, a small town on the opposite
side of the river from Posadas; to change the gauge, which is 1.676
meters, to the normal gauge of the other three railroads, which is 1.435
meters; make a transfer by car float at Posadas; extend the Entre
Rf OS railroads to a port of deep water either on the Parand or Uruguay,
and do a " through " business between Asunci6n and this new seaport,
which will be only a few hours distant from Buenos Aires.
Ideal system of transportation, — With the ParanA River improved,
as proposed, to Asuncion, and the Uruguay improved to Concordia;
with the railway systems united and extended to a good seaport, this
great interior district of the country will have an ideal system of
transportation and the shipper may take his choice, to ship by railroad
or by water, thus establishing a very useful and reasonable competi-
tion between water and railway, to the great advantage of the people.
River Plate estuary. — In reference to the Rio de la Plata itself, it is
an immense shoal estuary. It is the depositing ground of the great
ParanA River, and going back to a not very remote period, extended
above Santa F6, as is shown by the comparison of old maps, of which
92 have been collected, copied, and placed on record in the library of
the ministry of public works. These maps date from the year 1529 to
1885. Even in this comparatively short period remarkable changes are
shown in the delta of the ParanA, which is now a true delta, almost
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HYDBOGBAPHY. 29
exactly in the form of the Greek letter A . It is 64. 37 kilometers across
its face ; it slowly extends itself in the head of the estuary, and through
the submerged part of the delta nearly a dozen outlets of the Parana
River find their way. It is very much like the deltas of the Danube
and Ganges.
Superficial extension of the River Plate. — The superficial extension
ol the Rfo de la Plata exceeds 20,000 square kilometers; it is about
300 kilometers long, and varies in width from 300 kilometers at the
ocean, between Capes San Antonio and Santa Marfa, to 1,800 kilo-
meters at the extreme point of the head of the estuary at Punta Gtorda.
Physical condUions. — To understand the physical conditions at the
head of this estuary, it is necessary to divide the Rio de la Plata into
superior and inferior, or upper and lower. The Rio de la Plata
Superior lies above a line extending between La Plata and Colonia;
the inferior, below that line to the sea. Over a distance of about 40
to 50 kilometers between Martin Garcia and the anchorage of Buenos
Aires, there is a normal depth through the best channels of from 4.87
to 6.10 meters.
Dredging the bar. — The National Government has recently com-
pleted the dredging over the San Pedro Bar lying in this region,
increasing the depth of 5.64 to 6.40 meters. In the Canal de las
Llmetas, or Nuevo Canal, by the natural forces and by the constant
movement of steamers, there has been obtained a depth of about 5. 94
meters, or 6.55 meters at mean high tide. Opposite Farallon, a rocky
point on the Uruguay shore and opposite Buenos Aires, there is along
the course of navigation about 5.94 meters at low water, or 6.55 meters
at mean high water. The Government has buoyed \^ith luminous
buoys the entire route from Buenos Aires to the mouths of the Paran4
River — ^the Bravo and the Guazu — and it has established a floating
semaphore below Martin Garcia for the benefit of navigation, record-
ing constantly by signals, by day and by night, the depth of water in
the channel. It is now proposed to connect this semaphore by a
telephone cable with the telegraph cable of Martin Garcia, so that tele-
graphic communication may be established between the ships lying
at anchor (waiting for the tide), or passing near the semaphore, with
the offices of the agents at Buenos Aires or Montevideo.
River Plate Delta. — A careful study of the different conditions in the
delta of the La Plata shows that the only method available in such a
vast exi)anse of water is by dredging and buoying the best channels.
The history of the last few years, during which there have been buoys
placed for navigation, shows that the currents, aided by the passage of
steamers along the buoyed channel, have deepened the Canal de las
Limetas (Nuevo Canal) from 4.57 to 5.94 meters and made a straight
and easily navigated channel. In the lower Rio de la Plata, or Rfo de
la Plata Inferior, there are very serious conditions. A bar on which
there is a least depth of 4.87 meters at low tide lies between the
anchorage of Buenos Aires and Montivideo. The material in this bar
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30 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
is Tery soft, and vessels plow their way through it on ordinary tides;
but the great extent of the bar is the serious condition. Between the
7.31 meters curves, straight through this bar, there is a distance of
44.33 kilometers. To make a channel by dredging would require the
removal of probably from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 cubic meters, and it
is very doubtful if, on such a broad extension of water and in such
soft material, a channel could be maintained; but it is hoi)ed that the
plan now proposed of anchoring five light-ships in the line of naviga-
tion, and in the direction of the current, and which can be seen from
each other, will have an effect upon this bar, aided by the continual
movement of deep steamers through it. The examination of the Rio
de la Plata Inferior has been intrusted by the Government to the
ministry of marine, which is preparing to make very extensive surveys
and examinations over the entire area. It has completed the prelimi-
nary preparations for this survey by building five instrumental obser-
vation towers, 20 meters high, between Punta Indio and La Magdalena.
Width of estiuiry. — The estuary at this point is 74 kilometers wide,
and these towers are necessary in order to cover the great Punta
Indio bank comprised in this extensive area.
These are the general physical conditions of the Rio de la Plata*
and its great tributaries.
Plans to deepen channel, — The veiy important question of making
a deeper channel of access to the port of Buenos Aires and enlarging
the port, to give it not only greater area and more facilities, but greater
depth in the enlarged part, is now before the Government for decision.
There are alternative plans to meet the commercial necessities of the
country. One is to deepen the present port of La Plata and endow it
with more facilities, where vessels drawing 24 or 25 feet may come in
and go out at any stage of the tide, or to build a deep-water port
with a depth of not less than 30 feet on the seaboard outside of the
difficult section of the Rfo de la Plata. A concession has been
granted and the projects submitted to the National Government for
an artificial port in the great Bay of Samboromb6u, which is almost
opposite to Montevideo, and another concession for a port at M^r
Chiquita, near Mar del Plata, has also been gianted.
Elmer L. Corthell,
Consulting Engineer to tlie Ministry of Pvhlic Works.
Buenos Aires, AprUy 1902.
The river Paraguay, the principal affluent of the river Paran4, rises
in Brazil in latitude south 13° longitude 55° 40' west. Its length is
about 2,250 kilometers. It is navigable to Corumba in Brazil for
vessels of 2 meters 28 centimeters draft, and to Cuyaba, 3,000 kilo-
meters from Buenos Aires, for vessels of from 1 meter to 1 meter 50
centimeters draft.
Hie Pilcomayo is a tributary of the Paraguay, has a course of 2,575
kilometers from its source in Bolivia, and joins the Paraguay near
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HYDROGBAPHY.
81
Asimoi6n. It is not open to navigation beyond 2,400 kilometers
from its mouth. Little is known about it, as various expeditions
have failed in their attempts to ascend it.
The Berm^o, the next affluent of tl^e Paraguay south of the Pilco-
mayo, also rises in Bolivia. It is 2,10G kilometers in length and falls
into the Par^uay at Timb6. It is practically closed to navigation,
owing to the numerous hidden dangers from snags.
The Rio NegrOy or Black River, is formed by two confluent streams,
the Neuquen and Limay. The former rises in the Andes, the latter
in the Lake Nahuel Huapi, after the junction, and flows 800 kilo-
meters farther.
Comparative distances. — Distances in nautical miles from Buenos Aires to various
places on the south coast.
Nautical
miles.
Boeiios Aires to Bahla Blanca 534
BoenoB Aires to Patagones 648
Bnefnos Aires to Puerto Madryn 838
; Aires to Cabo Rase 986
\ Aires to Camarones 1, 034
\ Aires to Puerto Deseado 1 , 253
I Aires to Santa Cmz 1,481
fioenoB Aires to Puerto Qallegos _ 1,635
Buenos Aires to San Sebastian .._ 1,777
Buenos Aires to Port Cook _ 1, 995
Comparative altitudes and longitudes of cities, — Height of the principal cities
above the sea levels their latitudes and longitudes^ and distance from Buenos
Aires.
Names.
BiMDOsAlres
La Plate
Mercedes (San Lois) .
SaaKicoUU
Dolores
Tandfl
Bahla Blanca
8antaF6
BOMTiO
PtoanA.
Unurnay
QxaSogfoMj
Gvalegnaychik
Goooordia
Diamante
La Pas
Gorrieotes
Goya
Cdrdoba
Bk>Ciiarto
StaLnis
Santiago del Estero.
San Joan.
LaBioJa.
Tncmn&n.
Orftn..
jQjiiy.
Height
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude
above
west of
sea level.
Green-
wich.
Meters,
o /
o /
ao
34 86
58 21
18
34 54
67 65
38
34 89
59 25
27
33 19
60 12
7
36 19
67 41
178
87 17
69 07
19
38 42
62 17
16
31 40
60 42
89
32 56
60 33
116
31 44
60 31
88
32 28
58 14
52
38 59
58 27
46
33 08
58 28
41
81 24
58 04
74
32 04
60 38
37
30 44
50 87
77
27 27
58 60
64
29 09
60 15
439
31 25
64 11
434
33 08
64 18
766
38 18
66 19
186
27 48
64 15
751
32 53
68 48
637
31 30
68 40
503
29 20
67 01
506
28 25
65 46
435
26 50
65 11
1,170
24 45
66 23
310
28 02
64 19
1,233
24 21
66 21
Distance
from
Buenos
Aires.
Kilos.
56.5
809
238.9
202.9
329.9
679.6
481.2
801
483
271
473
433
419
445
908.4
1,047
821
697
687
787.7
1,008
1,048.2
1,204
1,147
1,204.7
1,157
1,491
■i,'569"
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82 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
FLORA AND FAUNA.
Distinct formoiions, — The Argentine flora is characterized by nine
distinct formations, which are, going from north to south, the Ant-
arctic woods formation, the Patagonian, that of the pampas, of the
chafiar, the subtropical formation, that of the puna, of the Chaco,
the Paraguayan, and the Mesopotamian.
Antarctic woods formation. — The first formation extends north to
about 39° of south latitude. In this part of the Republic, swept by
violent winds and with an extremely damp climate, a strong arbor-
escent vegetation, principally of beech trees, is found in the more
sheltered depressions. This is the distinctive flora of this region.
The Patagonian flora is hardly known. The Patagonian plateau
between the Rio Colorado and the Chubut presents the characteristic
of a plain higher than the pampas, and the vegetation is that of dry
countries, only in some of the valleys are regular prairies found and
a vegetation similar to that of the pampas. The Patagonian forma'
tion is a mixture of herbaceous plants, of shrubs and of trees. All
the ligneous vegetation is characterized by the feeble development of
its leaves and its knarled and thorny appearance. Cactus (tuna) is
found in great quantity on this plateau and is characteristic of it. In
the alluvial soil wheat and the vine thrive wonderfully.
The Pampa formation is practically the antithesis of the pi'eceding,
being absolutely without ligneous plants, grasses greatly predomi-
nating. Trees grow rapidly in this region and a variety has been
planted in it.
The chafiar {gourlicena decorticans) has given it« name to the
formation extending over the provinces of Cordoba, Santiago, Cata-
marca, La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, and San Luis. This formation
resembles the Patagonian by its aridness and by the preponderance
of ligneous plants. Nearly all the shrubs or trees of the chaQar
formation are small and stunted, the branches and leaves covered
with thorns.
The Subtropical region owes its richness to the Cordilleras, which
arrest the moisture-ladened clouds coming from the Atlantic and
give to this region the abundance of water which characterizes it.
The subtropical woods extend to about 5,600 meters of altitude and
contain a large variety of species.
The alpine prairies reach to about 17,500 meters, above which the
spare vegetation of the high cordiUeras is found; characterized by
enormous a^cteas and a spare herbaceous growth; this is the Puna
formation. To the east of the Cordilleras, the climate becomes drier
than on the slope and the vegetation rapidly changes, and the Chaco
formation is reached. In it the trees of the subtropical formation
decrease in size and the proportion of brush wood increases. The
most characteristic plant of this formation is the dv/razniHo and the
polo santo.
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NATIVE KA0E8. 33
The Paraguayan formation extends north of the province of Cor-
rientes and over the territory of the Misiones. It has not yet been
well studied. The woods over it are similar to those of the subtrop-
ical region; the valuable yerha mate {Hex Paraguayensis) is found
in this region.
The Mesopotamian formation dominates in the provinces of Corri-
entes and Entre Rios. It differs in general from that of the pampa
by the presence of a large number of trees and shrubs. In the prai-
ries the principal element is the paspalvmi notatum, and some other
herbs indicative of the formation.
Five hinds of monkeys are found in the province of Corrientes and
Misiones territory.
Camivara, — Among the camivora mention should be made of the
jaguar (felis onca) found on the Parana and the Uruguay; the puma
or cuguar (felis concolor) in the center, southern, and western parts
of the Republic, and the wild-cat {felis Goffroyi). Different varieties
of the families of canis, mustelina^ pedimanay etc., are also found in
various parts of the country.
Ruminants. — Among ruminants should be mentioned the guanaco
(Axichenia lama), found in the mountains near the Cordilleras and in
all l^atagonia, and the vicuSa in the table-lands of the Cordilleras.
Birds. — ^Among the birds the species are much more numerous than
among the mammifers. They are especially numerous in the north,
where the tropical fauna are found.
Larger fauna. — Among the larger fauna is the American ostrich or
fiandu {rhea Americana), found in the pampas. In the river Parana
and in the great swamps of the province of Corrientes a saurian
called yacnre is found, and the iguana {Podinema Teguoxin) is com-
mon to a large part of the country. '
Reptiles. — But a small number of snakes {Ophidii) is known to
exist. Among them are, however, found the rattlesnake and the viper
{BofJirops aUematus).
NATIVE RACES.
By Dr. J. Hampden Porter.
Three-fourths of the territory occupied by Argentine indigines was
an undulating or broken plain, over which nomadic peoples might
wander without encountering serious obstacles to their movements.
Outlying Andean spurs, or separate mountain ranges, according to
different geological theories, fringe otherwise unobstructed expanses
that could be entered through numerous gaps, and ran in an approxi-
mately parallel line with the main chain, which only encroached upon
this general champaign region along its northwestern border. A
small group of mountains lay inland from San Matias Gulf, having no
appreciable influence on human distribution within Argentina, while
573a— 03 3
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34 ABGENTINE BEPUBLTO.
those reliefs farther south were confined to the disputed areas of
Patagonia and Fuegia, in connection with whose natives they have
been described. Such physiographic features sensibly modified that
control over states of life and mind which highlands exercised in
some other South American countries. Furthermore, since diversi-
ties among mankind are approximately proportional to the extent of
surface available for expansion, a geodetic configuration exhibiting
spaciousness and continuity on that great scale displayed here would
certainly tend toward this end. Topographical features like these
accentuated those disaggregative tendencies universally inhering in
undeveloped man, undoubtedly facilitating dispersions under the
pressure of external violence or internal destitution and disagree-
ment. Aboriginal groups parted in all directions, to come into
peaceful or hostile contact with similarly disrupted aggregations of
other Argentine Indians. Not only was intermixture thus promoted,
but greater or lesser migrations had also taken place by way of the
Brazilian campos and Chaco pastures ever since primordial immigrants
crossed Poi)ayan and Guiana going southward. The circumstances
specified issued in a complete hybridization of native populations.
There are no typical representatives of those proto-Euroi)eans or
proto- Mongols from whom American tribes descended. Varieties and
subvarieties agglomerated into an inextricable ethnic entanglement —
bodies of men with inherited secondary traits from different ances-
tries, and more or less modified by adjustment to successive habitats.
Difficulty in distinguishing tribes or families impairs ethnological
accuracy, but does not affect a recognition of those influences exerted
by physiographic phenomena upon men like these aborigines. Unlike
their foreign successors, who have every resource of civilization at
command, indigenous peoples belonging to this region stood nearly
defenseless before nature, and were scarcely able to modify its direct
action. Except for certain prehistoric pueblos, public works, and
fortified positions, none of which can be assigned to known construct-
ors, Argentine Indians have almost disappeared without leaving any
record. They were usually nomadic or seminomadic savages,
debarred from progress by mental constitution and the character of
their environment. Apart from northwestern uplands, or those
forested alluvial areas skirting that frontier and including part of the
Parana-Uruguay catchment basin, water here fails disastrously.
Lacustrine supplies are diminishing, rivers and smaller streams
shrinking. By far the greater portion of territory in questicm had
once been an ancient sea bottom, approximately level until its margins
faded into irregularly upheaved mostly arid terraces, lying on the
west or south, and to a small extent relieved by mountains whose
slopes hold springs forming insignificant affluents to water-courses.
Fierce antarctic, equinoctial, and northern storms sweep these barren
expanses, but uniform conditions of heat and dryness generally pre-
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NATIVE RACES. 35
vail, while droughts "sometimes last for years." Such physical dis-
advantages undoubtedly closed most of the country against occupation
by primitive tribes, and their low social condition in more habitable
spaces precludes much discrimination between them on a basis of
cultural peculiarities. This obstacle to classification, however, as
well as phenomena which prevented occupation, require further
considei'ation.
It was shown while discussing Brazilian aborigines « that, so far as
technique and faculty are cx)ncerned, three out of the four families
assumed by Ehrenreich and Von den Steinen to comprehend all
natives of that country occupied a like grade, and their differences were
confined to mechanical details. Along the range from pure savagery
toward barbarism they exhibited divergencies of design and execu-
tion in manipulating materials, without displaying either superiority
or inferiority as regards skill, invention, or aesthetic feeling. What
would have l>een possible for them to know and do if progress had
held it« normal course, is altogether probleuiatical. Culture-history
needs to transcend ethnographic minutiae before giving definite
answers to questions of this kind. By themselves, and balanced by
an obvious incapacity in other directions, special instances of adroit-
ness are insufficient evidences of general faculty. Throughout Argen-
tina artistic development, industries, social organization, never
reached those ulterior fonns wherein emotion or thought find an ade-
quate expression. Permanent concentration is implied by sophic
evolution; yet the Indians here formed no large and permanent
aggregates. Surface formation, climate, vegetable growths, fauna,
and geographical relations, tended toward disaggregation. This was
the case at all times, and it is therefore remarkable that Denniker*
should have assigned Spanish invasion as the efficient cause for
ruinous failure. That shock only broke to pieces already unstable
and gradually decaying masses, who had already done what they
could. In every area dominattnl by foreign conquerors, an infusion
of alien blood, and overthrow of old institutions or established modes
of life, together with disease, dispersion, oppression, contributed
greatly toward destructive issues. Keane^ remarks of Argentine
populations, that they consist of many tribes, but only a few ethnic
groups. The difficulty is to identify these latter amidst practically
universal blurring of those "theoretic types" entering into every
large division among mankind.
Obscuration operated by perpetual fusion and change of place has
here gone far toward obliterating distinctive physical traits; at all
events, ethnological classifications which variously represent Puel-ches
o United States of Brazil. (Bnreau of American Ropnblics.) Washington,
1901. Chap. m.
^The Races of Men. London, 1900.
<^Encycloyx)aBdia Britannica, XII th Ed. American Indians.
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36 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
to be Patagon and Guayacuru mongrels, or, contrariwise, erect them
into a special racial aggregate directly traceable to the pleistocene
Mongoloid stock of this continent, may be accepted with some hesit^
tion. Regarding indigenous inhabitants distributed through this
country collectively, it appears that they have been to a great extent
specialized so as to form part of what is called the American type.
Some physical traits are extremely persistent — probably a greater
number than our knowledge now enables one to take into account.
Common observation also gives an assurance that there are such
realities as racial temperament and special mental structure. Indeed,
ethnology is changing its point of departure from an exclusive study
of bodily peculiarities which l)ecome less discernible with time and
intercourse, to criteria derived from moral and intellectual action.
With regard to the former style of data, cranial contours such as wit-
ness to an Asiatic descent appear in Argentina, shading off into a more
general mesatieephalism that nowhere becomes longheaded ness, as
this latter conformation shows itself in Minas Geraes fossils, or is still
present among modern representatives of proto-Europeans belonging
to Guiana and Brazil.**
If indigenous groups are considered with reference to their regional
distribution, some of them — the Chiriguanos, Maxos, Abipons,
Matasanes, Chiquitos — lie partly outside this Republic, while others
live as widely scattered members of one stock separated by subdi-
visions of different origins. In addition to producing confusion and
intermixture, conditions here present acted upon native inhabitants
as direct preventives. These men themselves exhibited an inborn
deficiency which condemned them to savagery and blighted develop-
ment at its root. Pi^ocesses in some degree common to mankind at large
were likewise seriously interfered with both by outward circumstances
(especially obstructive influences exerted by climate). The amount
of rain in any country is a factor ultimately controlling human prog-
ress; while its range, or those variations of precipitation between
which advance is possible or impossible, approach closely. Tempera-
ture with rain have dominated human distributions and presided
over all associations among men decisively. Here, they balked evolu-
tion in its initial stage. Secular cosmic changes have not promoted
prosperity or well-being. The climate has become drier and hotter,
while sudden and violent oscillations of temperature which would act
deleteriously however well prepared a population might be, in c«se of
peoples almost without artificial protection, necessarily impair public
health and ultimately affect inherited constitution. There is a popu-
lar opinion that savages should be robust men in virtue of their sav-
agery; nothing, however, can match the falsity of such an idea,
except a prevalent superstition according to which this degraded state
«The United States of Brazil (Bureau of American Republics), Washington,
1901, Chap. ni.
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NATIVE RACE8. 87
(speaking generally) is prolific in moral virtues and magnanimous
sentiments.
Rainfall has diminished until vast areas that were once fertile have
been converted into arid wastes where no growth is possible without
irrigation works which were wholly beyond the powers of their original
inhabitants to construct. As surface water sank or evaporated, the soil,
commonly impregnated with saline constituents, slowly lost that incre-
ment of humus necessary for spontaneous production and natural
food supply. Consequently upon this change, grasses became less
nutritions than formerly; valueless thorny shrubs replaced edible
plants, and thinly scattered, nearly shapeless, trees succeeded luxuri-
ant forests. Obviously, such alterations acted uRon birds or beasts,
as shrinking streams did upon aquatic species, and were disastrous
to men incapable of any contrivances for mitigating their effects.
With an increased severity in the struggle for life, whatever vigor or
faculty might have promoted development under more propitious
circumstances had to be expended in warding off starvation. This
description is not rigorously exact, since every i)ortion of Argentine
Territory was not similarly barren, but it expresses a condition that
rarely received efficient relief from natural surroundings.
The progressive deterioration above-mentioned is also witnessed to
by archaeological facts. River valleys, now uninhabitable by consider-
able numbers, once afforded sites capable of supporting permanent
settlements, and at some dateless period unknown tribes so far over-
came initial difficulties as to inaugurate an inchoate pueblo system
east of the Andes. A country with physical features like this, and
such a seaboanl, could never have attained an autochthonous civiliza-
tion; but there are vestiges indicating that these sedentary peoples
advanced from ruder to more evolved states. Their respective
careers were cut short prematurely, and nothing remains of those inef-
fectual efforts toward social development but refuse heaps, crumbling
works, a few manufactured articles, substructions of buildings, with
illegible attempts at* inscription, and traces indicating trade routes.
Estimating the obstacles placed in their way by geographical condi-
tions," these towns without a history evidently occupied positions
where local environments only partially aided expansion. They stood
in fluvial basins more or less impoverished beforehand, and desert
spacer effectually separated them from corresponding sites with which
it was essential to establish close relations.
Furthermore, formidable enemies, against whose incursions their
ruineil fortifications show they had need to ijrotect themselves, con-
tributed toward an isolation which forbade growth. These incipient
centers might contain the germs that were evolved elsewhere under
more favorable auspices, but deterrent causes, both special and gen-
^Gl^ographie de la R^pnbliqne Argentine. Buenos Aires, 1890. Wiener, La
E^pabliqne Argentine. Paris, 1899.
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38 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
eral, acted preventively upon consolidated communities. Such com-
paratively insulated aggregates could only realize limited results
through utilizing the resources of their several vicinities, and making
a few imperfect connections with outside populations. No doubt
there was an interchange of commodities and cultural elements
between proximate settlements; yet contributions so gained proved
InsuflBcient. The materials out of which societies tending to overpass
primitive forms are constructed were wanting. Traffic routes do not
necessarily imply any complete grasp of those advantages which com-
mercial intercourse brings about, and the main road ti-aceable in this
region — one Moreno calls "pre-Inca," and likens tx) Peruvian cause-
ways — is not comparable with these latter, either as a mechanical con-
struction or in its design of affording the means to an end. Dispersed
villages, barred on one side by pi*actically impassable mountains, con-
fronted with an ocean on the other, that so far as they were concerned
merely shut them in — lying also betweeu hostiles on the north and
southern deserts — these pueblos could scarcely have been affected by
highways to such an extent as has been imagined. Those towns expe-
rienced a common ruin during prehistoric times; but, otherwise than
as destructive agencies may be found in physiographic factors hereto-
fore designated, there is nothing to show how they perished. Some
communities were probably destroyed by violence; it is likely that
many simply broke up, and their inhabitants degenerated after dis-
placement had occurred; while the remainder, having reached an
untransgressible stage, struggled for existence through more or less
protracted periods, and then passed away as social organizations by
what might be called natural dissolution.
Those antiques discovered in the vicinity of settlements range over
several eras, embracing objects which are strongly contrasted both as
to material, style of working, and design. Certain difficulties resi>ect-
ing succession — the real order in which they should be placed — arise
from an irregular stratification of those ** quasi kitchen middens" and
"pseudo paraderos" containing these remains? Evidence resting
upon relative position was thereby confused, while some uncertainty
also exists concerning origins, as it seems doubtful whether various
specimens are indigenous or of foreign extraction. Without question
an immigration once set northwest from the inland sea of Argentina,
and it is reasonably sure that a considerable reflux occurred later.
Ornaments not attributable to native sources nuiy have arrived in
this way, and it has been erroneously suggested that gold, silver,
or copper objects might thus be assigned to Chinese artificers whose
works found their way here by means of direct trade or intertribal
barter. At all events, ethnological conclusions from these remains
are dubious. It is generally assumed that proto-Europeans arrived
in America while still practicing old St^ne age arts, whereas subse-
quent Mongoloid incomers had reached a Neolithic culture. Never-
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NATIVE RACES. 89
theless, flint-splitting to rock-polialiing methods overlapped, and
typical specimens of both coexist in stocks whose unity is unques-
tioned, so that genealogies can not be inferred from such data. The
relics themselves consist of rude, almost unspecialized stone articles,
shaped by fracture along cleavage-planes, but otherwise displaying
few traces of manufacture. From these primitive forms rises a
broken series of artistic productions stretching upward to sculptured
urns, elegantly molded and decorated pottery, together with those
metallic objects previously spoken of as being probably imported.
They throw little or no light upon Argentine anthropology, however,
and may be passed over in describing indigenes of this territory.
Of the two alien strains whence Argentine Indians descend, that
one derived from Europe is here less important numerically than
round-headed and more or less Mongol-featured communities whose
ancestral traits have not been much modified by amalgamation; while
betwixt men with characteristic physical peculiarities — Kolmann's
"Dauer-Typus " — unmistakably uniting them to one or other parent
race, numerous groups interpose which set at naught all attempts at
classification according to structure. Regarding the former dolicho-
eephalous class, .its representative tribes live chiefly in Guiana or
Brazil, but extend into those regions whose populations are now to be
considered more particularly. Surviving specimens of Pleistocene
immigrants from European sources may be found among long-skulled
prognathous Aimores or Botocudos, Mesopotamian Kayapos between
the Araguaj^a and Xingu rivers, various small nomadic bands in
Goyaz, with Akuas on the Upper Tocantins, besides a melange of
insignificant, utterly savage fragments belonging to Gessan bands,
who stretch south to the Rio de la Plata. This progeny of America's
oldest settlers undoubtedly preserved an ethnical identity by isola-
tion.« They were removed from that swirl, clash, and combination
going on around them; from participation in movements having such
complex interactions that local position or personal appearance among
ordinary Argentine indigenes throw only a faint and uncertain light
upon their past. As facts stand, the connection between present
Indians and those precursors discovered by Ameghino, Roth, or Bur-
meister in quaternary formations can be roughly indicated, and that
is all; while social events have so transpired as to make descent prac-
tically undiscoverable* when the genealogy of any special community
<*omes in question. Race type is constantly altered, effaced, or its
special elements may be actually reversed through intermixture.^
Such contingencies explain the chaotic state of ethnological opinion
with respect to aggregates, which can not be arranged with that plaus-
« Crania Ethnica. Paris, 1879.
*Keane. Ethnology, Cambridge, 1896.
<? Ripley. Racial Geography of Europe, 1899.
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40 ARGENTIKE REPUBLIC.
ible regularity which linguistic evidence or secondary anatomical
criteria have been supposed to warrant.
Moreover, the course they have now suggests an explanation for a
widely spread superstition of former times, namely, that certain peo-
ples lay under a curse. Their decadence is certainly not attributable
to race, unless this term be understood as expressing a correspond-
ence between human characteristics and the entire sum of surrounding
influences. It happened that conditions, in other instances benign,
here became obstructive. Those wide plains, whose impressions may
foster and have elsewhere facilitated concerted action, occasioned
dismemberment, with consequent degeneration. The few and simple
adjustments to altered circumstances of life which have thus far
measurably preserved Nortli American Indians from what befell
southern tribes when associatad with strangers, could not be effected.
Argentine aborigines only assimilated the vices of civilization, and
these acted morbifically in proportion to their coincidence with dis-
turbances of mental and physiological equilibrium. Attempts that
were made toward reclaiming or civilizing societies already disintegrat-
ing seemed only to hasten their decay. Broken Guaranian tribes, Chiri-
huanas, Metacos, and Abipons from Chaco; Ranquales or Guilliches
belonging to the Pampean group, alike succumbed without reaction.
When plain-dwellers were subsidized by government they abandoned
predatory habits, but, like Pequenches who had formerly- been
renowned in war, all those qualities which distinguished them as
warriors then disappeared. Endurance, vigor, hardihood, enterprise,
perseverence, independence, became extinct immediately that the
incitements afforded by plunder and bloodshed were removed. Upon
being supplied with horses, no Indian thereafter used his own legs.
For the rest, animals not needed to carry them were eaten. Thus
their herds could not increase, and no movement toward pastoral life
was inaugurated. Many arts in which these natives had attained
considerable proficiency declined under changed conditions of exist-
ence. Woven and dyed stuffs, household utensils, carved bone or
stone implements, even weapons ceased to be manufactured with the
same skill.
While inhabiting arid tracts, Pampean Indians were forced to eke
out those supplies procured through hunting by souie sort of agricul-
ture, usually involving irrigation; but after settlement on fertile
lands allotted them under General Rosas' treaty these colonists
planted just so much of a crop as was absolutely necessary, and left
it to grow or wither, according to circumstances.'* Observers describe
their villages as being filthy, unhealthy, and poverty stricken. The
men occasionally hired themselves for a time to ownere of ranches, or
engaged with sugar makers during cane pressing, yet seldom failed
a Zeballos, Descripci6n Amena de la Republica Argentina. Bnenos Aires. 1881.
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NATIVE BACE8. 41
to stop working whenever wages had so accumulated that they could
enjoy an extravagant debauch. Moralitj^ was at its lowest ebb
among these reclaimed natives whose emasculated warriors did little
but idle in their own dwellings and hang about Spanish towns and
military or trading stations. Between disease and general depravity,
men whose organic unfitnesses disclosed themselves in every state of
life must have perished rapidly. Reference is explicitly made to
that implasticity which prevented improvement or self-sustaining
effort, because decay and death were rife among groups whose extir-
pation can not be directly attributed to foreign intercourse. Similar
misfortunes overtook remote tribes on the Cordoba plateau, who,
united with Chirihuanas Indians, formed that Coya aggregate com-
posed of Quechuan, Guaranian, and Toba strains inextricably inter-
mixed. Names like those of the above mentioned Highlanders are of
very uncertain application so far as descent is concerned. In Cor-
rientes, Tucuman, Santiago del Estero, and San Luis such tribal
titles as Comachigones, Michilengues, Giyones, Calingastas have no
ethnical meaning whatever, as the people bearing them have crossed
with fellow-countrymen and aliens until their identity has been lost.
Furthermore, this is a region where tribes, languages, arts, and
religions passed into oblivion together.
It is a matter of conjecture how far any recorde<l settlement or
occupation corresponds with original distributions.
Tribes which must be spoken of as belonging to this country are
also found in eastern Paraguay or Gran Chaco. Brachj^cephalous
Patagonians descend from ancestors who roamed over northern
plains. An adherence to l)oundary lines in describing aborigines
would make a subject sufficiently confused alre^uly, altogether chaotic.
Geographically, for example, Chaco is merely a continuation of
the Chiquitos plains, while its inhabitants extend themselves into
Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil. Chiquitos, or little people, is an
appellation that has no ethnological meaning, being a modern nick-
name given certain aborigines by Spaniards on account of the small
doorways in their huts. De Quatrefages,^ however, erects them into
a quasi-geographical family ; though, similarly with Chiriquanos, Abi-
pons, and Mataranes, they are as miu*h Paraguayan as Argentine.
Furthermore, Reclus strikes out the once- famous Abipons from any
such supposititious Chiquito relationship and refers them to a Toba
source, while linguistically they belong to what is called the Gaya-
curan group, now disorganized, and whose surviving members
(Motocos, Caduves, Mbayas, Payagnas, and Talhuets) are verging
upon dissolution.
Amidst that universal crumbling and falling away of masses which
has been going on here since these Indians were first observed, it is
« A. de Quatrefages: Histoire Qen^rale des Races Hmnaines. Paris, 1889.
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42 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
doubtful whether anything really marking off one division from another
as actually or intrinsically different human beings can be distinguished.
Sociologically all were savage, and the monotonous aspects of sav-
agery do not present features that identify aggregates or separate
them from others similarly placed. Minor anatomical distinctions
have no psychical correlatives. Those records which treat of Argen-
tine natives in their everyday life most fully, were chiefly written
by missionary priests — admirable and often heroic men, but palpably
blind to much of what went on before their eyes and on their own
showing incapable of discriminating between what was possiljle or
impossible. Abipons, however, are described by a chronicler of
another stamp, and far more rational than most old writers, either
laymen or ecclesiastics. «
In their decline Abipons came under the destructive sway exercLsed
by conquering Mocobis, and subsequently degenerated into a small
remnant of Spanish-speaking mongrels; but when Father Dobritzhofer
lived with them they were the most formidable and indefatigable
fighting men in Argentina. Regular forces sent by successive viceroys
fared no better at their hands than did De Solis' troops while attacking
Charruas, on the Rio Plata estuary. Moreover, this defense was last-
ing, and in Gran Chaco that province remained secure from conquest.
Besides maintaining a frontier equally inviolable with that which Chal-
chaquis guarded between Chile and Cordoba, these Indians harried
all other tribes within reach. During the whole colonial period they
also raided foreign towns and stations long after Spain's dominion was
at an end. Abipons discomfited the well-equipped expeditions of
Crevaux, Failberg, Storm, Raldrich, and Fontana.
From the Paraguay River to that point where Argentine highlands
cease, a line drawn east and west would traverse very dissimilar
regions and groups so unlike that Dr. Hamy compares their diversities
with those existing in Malaysia.* Whether one can distinguish dif-
ferentials so as to give them any anthropological value, however, is
another question, and one which, judging from results, has not been
determined. Of&cial documents, travelers' reports, or missionaiy
accounts represent natives of Guaranian stock as being more tract--
able, more receptive and retentive of elevated impressions than
neighboring peoples; the Abipons, for instance, who must needs have
possessed traits varying from these in order to become preeminent
as warriors among communities principally composed of fierce and
turbulent savages. Generalties, however, do not go far toward setting
these diversely constituted men before us in their proper persons.
As was said, even Father Dobritzhofer's powers of observation were
warped or impaired by want of training and manifold delusions.
« Boletin Institnto G^eogrMco Argentine. Buenos Aires, Oct., 1891.
^Les Races Malaiqnes etAm^ricaines. L'Ethnologie. Paris, 1876.
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NATIVE BACER. 43
With him savage apathy becomes studied reserve and stupid indiffer-
ence self-restraint. If prisoners not destined for torture were neither
insulted nor abused, this was due to the magnanimity and highminded-
ness naturally found in primitive social states. So, also, where
warriors (while sober) refrained from mutual objurgations, or attempts
at manslaughter, their dignified and courteous forbearance was an
outcome of well-disposed characters. "They lived like wild beasts," «
they carried "rapine and murder" from Corrientes far into the
southern plains, and northward to Bolivia; but preserved withal '*a
decorum scarcely credible" — being in an especial manner chaste,
temperate, trustworthy, and considerate. These statements repre-
sent some inconsistencies in the padre's famous "Account;" but he
lived for many years among Abipons, Guaycurus, Tobas, Mbayas,
or Moreovis; saw a great deal of their intimate life, and never mis-
represented anything, as many another priest and soldier has done.
He describes these Indians as "much like Europeans" in physiog-
nomy. Their skins "never showed any blackness; " with women who
protected themselves from sunlight, or young children, the com-
plexion was exceptionally fair — much more so than Puelches and
Patagonians. Most of them had aquiline noses, compressed nostrils,
eyes without obliquity, and good teeth; were tall, "well-formed,"
straight-haired, black-eyed, beardless men, of what Ehrenreich terms
a "Caucasic type," but which most ethnologists would probably con-
sider to be characteristically American. Our authority says nothing
about cranial conformation; yet this group evidently showed a state
of fusion between original continental stocks which was more com-
plete than most peoples belonging to that region exhibited. Tobas,
for example, with "large, round heads,"* broad, flat faces, deeply
arched upper jaws, prominent cheek bones, and skins of any tint
between deep copper and clay color. Among Mongoloid communities
like the above were scattered bands of Tapuy or Botocudo affinities,
through whom a proto-European facies was carried south to the Rio
Plata; and, besides, "an endless intermingling"^ of variants derived
from both primeval stocks.
Here, indeed, within a relatively small area, three distinguishable
ethnic groups existed — Asiatic, European, and American. Central
an<l northern Argentina not only was an asylum for wanderers from
Pern to Paraguay, but that most impervious tract before the present
territorial arrangements existed, namely, Chaco, Dobritzhofer says,
l>ecame "the Palestine and Elysium" of multitudinous tribal
wrecks — broken bands to whom smallpox, war, and other destroying
agents had left scarcely anything except their names. All of them,
« An Account of the Abipones. London, 1822, passim.
^Meliton Gonzalez; El Gran Chaco Argentina. Bnenos Aires, 1896.
c Keane: Man, Past and Present. Cambridge, 1899, p. 367.
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44 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
both "horse Indians," as the Malbalaes, Mataras, Palomos, Orejones,
Aquilotes, Ojotades, etc., and unmounted, supposititiously converted
natives, like Homoampas, Vilelas, Chunipes, Yooks, Ocoles, Parzaines,
were hastening toward extinction; these Christianized natives even
more rapidly than those unreclaimed savages whoj^et *' cruelly wasted
the province" (i. e., Argentina) "with massacre and pillage."*
Indigeneous culture was similarly developed throughout, all being
on the same plane, and, though different in details, equally wanting
so far as faculty and, promise of improvement were concerned. In
one locality there might be finer headdresses or capes of feathers,
more elaborate tattoos, scarifications, ear borings, skin paintings, yet
nowhere did the absorbing vanity of primitive men prompt any effort
which displayed true aesthetic feeling. What Dobritzhof er states con-
cerning Abipon arts is applicable to those prevailing among these
tribes at large. Their dwellings were brush, grass, and leaf huts, or
simply mat awnings. They only made rude, unglazed pottery, baked
in the open air. No knowledge of metals existed, though weai)on8
and utensils of such materials were captured or bartered for. Posses-
sion and use, however, did not lead to metallurgy among themselves.
Wood, vegetable fibers, leather, bone, shell, and stone furnished the
stuff for fabrications of all kinds. Straight bows with barbed and
feathered arrows, doubly pointed lances, with war clubs, made up
their warlike implements, excepting what was called the bola perdida,
or, in other words, a missile "slung shot," used in the same way that
three-balled contrivances of this kind ai*e employed bj^ Patagonians,
etc. Abipons also caparisoned their horses, habitually using saddles
with stirrups, thereby excelling some other mounted tribes — Lenguas,
for instance — whose horse furniture was of the most primitive descrip-
tion, frequently not even including a bridle. Warriors occasionally
put on armor, but this tapir-hide or "tiger "-skin defense was prob-
ably worn more for display than self -protection, since that kind of
panoply never met with any general favor.
Few Indians were wholly without clothing, although Charruas and
their allies on the east coast showed an indifference to decency in this
respect which more than one churchman looked upon as a sign of
that utter depravity which prevented them from receiving Christian
doctrine. The Abipons dressed themselves carefully, their men wear-
ing kilts and on occasion capes also, while women adopted long robes
or wrapped themselves in large square sheets. These habilimenta
were made of caraquata hemp, often vividly dyed, and, as this was
rather an airy costume during cool, wet weather, they supplemented
it by a fur cloak. Evidently fashions like tattooing, scarifica-
tion, etc., had not much significance among aborigines who readily
gave them up when their incompatibility with true religion was
« Dobritzhofer, Vol. II, p. 1.
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NATIVE RACES. 45
pointed out. Other offenses, either disciplinary or doctrinal, wei-e
harder to overcome. It seems that catechumen persisted in drinking
chica from the skulls of enemies until furiously intoxicated, and,
moreover, could not be prevented from making raids. Some improve-
ment took place, however, for we are told that finally they did not
massacre everybody when towns were taken "unless highly inebri-
ated," and likewise forebore to torture prisoners "except such as
were of the number of those condemned to be burnt. "« It need
scarcely oc<5asion surprise thaft here or elsewhere missionaries found
it difficult to recreate human beings, and admitted that "the results
did not equal their wishes."* Old women preferred sorcerers to
priests, while most men could see no reason for abandoning tute-
lary spirits. Only girls desired baptism, and then, Dobritzhofer
ingenuously confesses, the first thing they asked for was a white dress.
Efforts to Christianize any Argentine Indians ended disappoint-
ingly. Under religious and political infiuences a band of Mocobis
first submitted to "colonization" near Santa, and in this "seminary
of Christian piety * * * their native customs were exterminated.
Whatever savored of barbarism or superstition was abolished," and
forthwith those warlike savages "accounted it a pleasure to handle
the plow or ax, and employ themselves in tilling fields or building
honses. * * * Almost all received baptism * * * and by
the innocence of their lives gave solid proofs of piety toward God
and the saints." Other tribes followed this good example, so that
before long those earliest missions — San Jer6nimo, Concepci6n, Rosa-
rio, San Fernando — went into active operation. Very soon, however,
novelty ceased to please, and restraint became intolerable. "Con-
verts," remarks Father Martin, "seemed to be like wild beasts in
a cage." "Let one example serve for all the rest," adds this worthy
annalist. Concepci6n lost its inmates — "in a moment they were
gone, leaving behind them only three of the most daring, who had
agreed to slay both fathers and plunder our chapel."^ So far as the
fate of Argentina's native races went, it availed little to reconstitute
old establishments or found new ones. Those tendencies involving
ultimate destruction continued to operate.
Inhabitants of plains west of the Plata, Uruguay, and Paran4
rivers lost their identity sooner than highlanders or denizens of forest
tracts. Subdivisions did not separate so readily, and masses were
less exposed to external violence. Since prehistoric ages these tribes
have done nothing, and left no mementos which could throw light
upon their past or save them from being forgotten. ^^
« Dobritzhofer, Vol. II, pp. 411-412.
ft Ibid., Vol. ill, p. 75.
'^Acconnt of the Abipons. Vol. III. pp. 116, 220-221.
^'Daireaux, Vida y Costnmbres en El Plata. Bnenos Aires. 1888.
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46 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
This territory has no history previous to Spanish invasion, and the
effects of that event, so far as natives were concerned, were altogether
disastrous. When De Solis sailed into the Mar Dulce (La Plata
Estuary) he met Charruas, bearing stone weapons, who defeated him,
and, with other Pampa Indians to aid, afterwards temporarily expelled
Cabot and Mendoza. Obviously a position on the sea afforded some
certainty with respect to food, and there was, therefore, a greater
solidarity about these littoral groups than nomads of the interior pos-
sessed. They did not break up so easily; but, as an offset to that, coast
natives were not, like the former, forced to cultivate. Living as they
did, almost exclusively upon spontaneously produced supplies, with-
out being actually driven to exertions of faculty, culture stood still
at its lowest grade. There was no approach to proficiency in primitive
arte, no tillage with its ties and initiatory impulses, and the crudest
social organization. Such masses held together, but made no progress,
and were probably decadent when the "Conquerors" came. As their
habitat yielded only a limited amount of aliment, many deleterious
conditions'uudoubtedly acted upon them, and the cycle of life allotted
to such peoples was quickly run.
By all accounts Charruas were naked cannibals; also denounced as
serpent worshipers in missionary "Relations," and they most likely
offered those human sacrifices usually incorporated in the rituals of
this cult. Stone, bone, or wood supplied materials for manufacture;
their huts or shelters can hardly be called dwelling places; while a
suggestion sometimes made to the effect that anthropophagy was only
practiced ceremonially lacks probability, since society had not evolved
suflBciently for institutions of this character to assume definite or
permanent form.
Caiquas, Moxos, and Xarayes — the last of whom Alvarez found
adoring a living serpent — occupied an apparently identical position
with aborigines just mentioned, although our information concerning
them is scanty and unreliable. Several mixed bands, however —
Michelengues, Giyones, Calingastes~now impossible to recognize with
certainty, may have once practiced similar rites; but, if so, these peo-
ples abandoned ophiolatry when they adopted sedentary habits. Char-
ruas are classified as degraded members of a group that is assumed to
be dominant in Argentina — so-called Puel-che, or men of the east;
also gratuitously included among Tupi-Guaranians. Various sections
of this former division were united by De Quartrefages into a family
among whose membera he includes certain Patagons who present a
cranial contour identical with that of Pampa Indians. All true Puel-
che have rounded, quasi-Mongoloid skulls, although not one of them
has an unmixed descent. Similarly with Ranqual-che or Mapo-che in
the Rio Plata basin, whom some ethnologists call Guaranians. They
have been inextricably entangled amidst different stocks settled on
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NATIVE BACES. 47
that river system, or living in the Salado Valley. Intermingled blood,
strange places, novel organic environments, induced alterations such
as are pointed out by Mantegazzo;^ that is to say, modified cranial
contours, with changes of color, face, skeleton, and structure of body.
There has been a going and coming of traits held to possess classi-
ficatory value everywhere on this continent, and not only in Argen-
tina or the countries around it. * * Taking complexion as an illustration,
in America all shades, within certain limits, seem to be intermingled,
irrespectively of latitude, temperature, or relief of the land."* Strik-
ing contrasts occur even within families — Caribans, for example, are
"black or red," and as for Hutchinson's assertion that Chaco tribes
"have brown skins," they exhibit many tints.^ Farther south, Char-
roasare nearly black, while Abipons may be called "white Indians,"
like Guarayos, or Yuracres in Peru and Bolivia. Father Martin
assei-ts that their skins have no deeper color than those of Spaniards
or Portuguese. To repeat Keane's qualification — "within certain
limits" — faculties of mind and those elements which form mental
character, vary considerably. Using the same materials for construc-
tion, some communities here stopped short with manufactures, merely
subserving life's simplest needs — which always remained unspecial-
ized, never showed a trace of any inborn feeling for beauty, and were
Dot sufficiently evolved to answer those requirements their makers
experienced daily necessities for meeting.
This state of things went on for ages, and is assignable to an
absence of faculty; but facts indicate that there was no general uni-
formity of incapacity. Argentina contains people who, in important
traits, exhibited marked inequalities. We learn from the only wit-
nesses whose evidence is on record how remarkably these indigenes
were contrasted in character and staying power. Tobas, Charruas,
and Abiiwns stood steadfastly to their own standards. Higher, or at
all events, rarer qualities, showed themselves during native wars for
independence — calm courage, resourcefulness, constancy of purpose,
and an indomitable pride. Some aboriginal tribes after defeat gave
up at once, others yielded and constantly broke out into half-hearted
revolts; a few never submitted — they died while the struggle went on.
These men could not have been identical either in body or mind.
Their contrasts depended upon constitutional differences which, when
evolved, are recognized as forming valid grounds for separating
masses of human beings from each other. On the contrary, some
common resemblances attend all rudimentary societies among man-
kind. It follows that ordinary generalizations upon inchoate aggre-
gates are certain to be wrong. When Wilcocke decides that every
« Archiv. per rAntropologia e la etnologia. 1881. Vol. V, pp. 45-46.
'^Keane, Ethnology. Cambridge, 1896, p. 172.
«Bueno8 Aires. Lend., 1866, p. 280.
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48 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Indian in this territory is " stupid, cruel, inconstant, treacherous,
excessively voracious, and a cannibal." That these tribes en bloc are
"addicted to drunkenness and void of all manner of foresight or
precaution. * * * Indolent beyond expression * * * and as
cowardly as they are impotent.^ This statement mixes things up
absurdly and does not correspond with evidence. It might add some-
thing to an understanding of native races generally if his charges
should be interpreted in scientific terms. Taking these denuncia-
tions in succession, stupidity, aa imputed to a savage, means nothing
if this inaptness is measured by what civilized men do or think.
Judging innate power among primitive aggregates according to
degrees in accomplishment, a Oharrua is stultified when compared
with his Chiquito or Abipon countryman; but to go beyond range of
their faculties, howev^er, for evidences of ability, and try them as
Wilcocke has done by tests which cnn not be applicable, negatives
any conclusions arrived at through such a process. Savagery implies
apathy; its existence anywhere involves an assumption that men so
situated must possess limited attainments, and little power to con-
centrate their minds on things which do not, so to speak, intrude
into consciousness and arrest attention. Impressions of this kind are
comparatively rare under those mental conditions postulated, and
will also be fleeting on account of their vagueness. The individual
is nearly without rational curiosity, and has no means for discrimi-
nating between things or ideas of things as real and unreal, possible
or impossible. With like positiveness savagery means an extreme
limitation of sympathy, an almost complete absence of those altruistic
feelings which originate from the complex and intricate relations
established in evolved social states. That solitary struggle for exist-
ence going on among undeveloped mankind, makes self dominant.
Morally and emotionally they are children, and have a child's inca-
pacity to feel distresses not their own, or put themselves in another's
place. Savage cruelty is largely thoughtlessness, ignorance, and
selfishness; it is not comparable with the same vice when displayed by
beings who belong to a different sphere. Primitive man's mental
horizon shuts him closely in; he is essentially a creature of the pass-
ing hour; functionally and structurally his front brain precludes
deliberate conduct. lie may conceal feeling as he hides himself on
a war trail or game path ; that is all. The associations connected with
acts can not be recognized, deliberation is physiologically impossible,
and under excitement reactions to stimuli naturally become explo-
sive. In what way then should a savage possess foresight, prefer
future benefit to the gratification of present desire, consider what
consequences intemperance entails, or hold his hand in anger?
Apparently, Wilcocke impeaches Argentine Indians because they are
"History and Description of Buenos Aires. Lond., 1820
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NATIVE BAOES. 49
not Europeans, and so much as is true of his arraignment applies to
people similarly situated everywhere. The whole mental conditions
above referred to must be taken into consideration when studying
those disabilities which prevented aborigines from advancing or even
sustaining themselves. Their stagnation in savagery was the psychi-
cal side of coordinate material conditions; some of them requiring
more particular mention, while others have thus far been set aside.
Topographical features here for the most part brought about move-
ment; but only in few parts did a degree of coalescence essential to
progress result from contact thus effected. There was also too much
sameness in surroundings to cause any marked advance through
differentiations brought about by adaptative processes. Fusion
necessarily affected physiological states — strength, fertility, vigor,
recuperative x>ower, endurance — ^yet no strain of blood wliich bene-
fited these tribes was found.
Another result of those factors at work here was that native arts
wore a uniform character and that Argentina had no culture center.
Abipons might make better horse trappings, Lenguas manufacture
finer feather work, Guilliches prepare brighter dyes, Chiquitos build
more commodious dwellings; exceptional skill shows itself in special
directions, but almost everything done bore the stamp of a common
backwardness and failure. So also with the social system; they did
not take a step toward changing primitive relations between men and
women, or apportioning labor to either sex in such wise that improve-
ment could be possible. No man toiled regularly; he was always
fighting, hunting, fishing, or on guard; constantly withdrawn from
occupations upon which the integrity or progress of any society
depends. There is an obvious implication, so far as inherent capac-
ity goes, between wild, untutored tribes and those among whom
attempts had been made at developing them artificially. The former
stopped short in a primitive evolutionary grade; their partially edu-
cated countrymen acquired some knowledge, but possessed no power
to assimilate it. Contact with a higher culture was paralyzing. Their
pride and confidence were extinguished by an overwhelming sense of
inferiority, and with trust in themselves also departed any capability
for self-help. Mbayas or Guaycurus in old Spanish missions were
kept together for many generations without any radical change. Cap-
tain Page,<» visiting stations on the Paraguay Riverin 1859, found their
inmates fairly prosperous, and provided with ordinary appliances of
life; that is to say, they had houses, furniture, clothes, tools, owned
cattle, and raised crops. But having learned in time to make use of
what had been forced upon them, these natives went no further.
Prolonged intercourse did not foster qualities which bind communi-
ties into self-protecting, progressive wholes. With both means and
« La Plata. N. Y., 1869.
573a— 03 i
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50 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
opportunity for developing the simplest, most natural function that
aggregates can exercise, namely, self -protection, these Mission Indians
became tributary to miserably armed, entirely undisciplined savages,
whom they could have repelled easily, and allowed themselves to be
plundered at will.
Considering this congeries of similarly constituted tribes as masses,
environed by specific conditions to which adjustment was requisite,
surrounding circumstances evoked so much response as would pre-
serve life and no more. Considerable stress has been laid upon visual
impressions upon Pampa scenery in its effects upon cast of mind.
Argentina indigenes, however, felt the strain imposed by daily need
so deeply that fancy did not stray beyond their vast dim horizons in
quest of fair ideals such as the desert and ocean have suggested under
happier auspices. Climate acted on them directly. Drought brought
famine; icy southern storms or simoon-like winds from the north
caused suffering and produced disease. In accordance with prin-
ciples of human nature, some explanation for untoward or disastrous
incidents had to be given, and this was necessarily framed from
registered impressions of everyday life. Existence afforded no
experiences which could develop concepts of divine or beneficent
intelligences. Heavenly powers, adumbrated through benignant
nature, were infinitely out of reach by men so situated. Therefoix?,
while the universal animism belonging to primitive peoples found
expression in fetish worship, magic, witchcraft, and sorcery, they also
projected a host of capricious malevolent beings into space, whose
mischievous activity brought about all disasters. Ophiolatry, tlie
cult of ancestral Spirits and certain astronomical myths, coexisted
with the;>e superstitions, but fetishism or shamanistic observances
chiefly represented that part of belief which was operative. In this
direction also natives inhabiting Argentina halted after taking a first
step toward religious advance.
Besides what has been said respecting the general relations sub-
sisting betwixt these i)eoples and their surroundings, there was here a
special biological condition of paramount importance in its implica-
tion with initial unfitness. The food -producing resources of their
environment could not be made adequate by any effort that natives
were competent to exert. They failed to become stronger or more adap-
tative, for many reasons, but mainly because debarred by alimentary
disadvantages. Continued existence hinges upon supplies of animal
and vegetable matter. To be well fed, however, implies much more
than the quantity requisite for prolonging life. No savage is ever prop-
erly nourished, and therefore inevitable physiological disturbances
(whether perceived or not) set up a long train of morbid consequences.
Innutrition and malnutrition prevailed in an exceptional degree
throughout the greater part of this country, with results whose malign
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NATIVE RACES. 51
character derived an enhanced importance from coexisting factors
inimical to health. The Argentine fauna was a poor one. No herds
of large animals that could have yielded a constant and valuable meat
contribution made this land their home. At some i)eriod the Huanaco
may have lived upon these plains in considerable numbers; but it was
a mountain species never domasticated here, and no inference can be
drawn from its well ascertained extension into the lowlands of Peru or
Chile. There were three kinds of deer, several armadillos, with bizca-
chas, Darwin's Rheahares, capivaras, tatus, otters, monkeys, and
coatis; moreover, these did not comprise every means of support
afforded by animal foods, although they were those most generally used.
All interior waters supplied fish, with testaceous or crustaceous forms,
besides harboring immense numbers of migratory or native birds, as
forested districts did likewise. Still, Argentine river systems bore no
adequate proportion to its area, woodlands occupied a relatively small
space, those species enumerated were very unequally distributed, and
even as concerns quantity alone, the amount of meat available failed to
satisfy normal requirements. A proof of this deficiency is given in
the fact that tribes living where game was most abundant habitually
ate jaguars, pumas, and Canis azarse, together with many creatures unfit
for human consumption. Furthermore, nutriments thus far specified
do not represent high values, either as tissue-making or force-giving
substances, consequently, to the same extent that a due performance
of functions is essential, these under-fed indigenes unquestionably fell
short.
Re<*x)rds which relate to the present territory of Argentina during
epochs when it« tribes were mostly unaffected by foreign influences
are to a great extent barren in such facts as would throw light upon
prevailing modes of life. Tribes on the coast or Rio Plata estuary,
who mainly subsisted upon sea products, evidently maintained them-
selves under different circumstances from those which governed
forest Indians, bands wandering over unproductive wastes, where
larger aggregates had to break up in order to live at all. Such men
necessarily performed unequal amounts of work, expended diverse
equivalents of energy, lost unlike quantities of tissue constituents.
Each needed different quantities of aliment, and none obtained what
was requisite. Flesh for repair was everywhere insufficient, and
these aborigines commonly devoured grubs, worms, vermin, ser-
pents — anything possessing animal life. This class of foods, while
nowhere plentiful enough, often proved wholly inadequate through
irregular distributiou ; so that privation must have been a common
experience, and entailed the long train of disqualifying or positively
pathological results which attend ill feeding.
We have no complete list of edible plants growing wild here; but
the leaves, gums, tubers, roots, seeds, fruits, or stems commonly
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52 AKQENTINE EEPUBLIC.
eaten are well known to have been physiologically insufficient. Most
communities cultivated to some extent, being forced in most localities
to practice a rude, unsatisfactory tillage. General climatic condi-
tions were such, however, that crops frequently failed, and when
this happened it simply depended upon where people so impoverished
might be whether they starved or not. Usually famine-stricken
aggregates became dismembered, and reunion seldom or never
occurred. Recomposition of the fragments left by broken up socie-
ties sometimes took place under favorable auspices, but these gener-
ally showed actively degenerative tendencies.
When it is said that these Indians raised potatoes and maize,
besides having manioc as an article of diet, the statement does not
contravene what has been advanced respecting a dearth of vegetable
products. Those staples alone might have gone far toward establish-
ing an adequate basis for some higher social organization than ever
took place, and that they did not do so argues the action of preventive
agencies which must be taken into consideration. This country is
one of those where the potato grows spontaneously. Its range within
Argentina, however, has not been defined, and there is no reason for
assigning it an extensive habitat. Furthermore, during their undevel-
oped state, that nutritive importance which artificially produced varie-
ties of Solonacea possess are to a great degree absent. In the hands
of people who can not improve them, wild potatoes would never form
a starting point to social progress.^ Maize, likewise, was possibly
autocthonous within La Plata, but more probably originated in the
culmiferous Euchliena grasses of Mexico. When South American
provinces received this grain it speedily became indispensable. Con-
centrations of population throughout Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina
depended upon Indian corn, and wherever maize was not planted
isolated bands of destitute savages roamed from place to place jMcking
up such sustenance a.s they found. Circumstances prevented any
well-defined state of life. Only a few were fishermen or huntei*s, prop-
erly speaking; the majority existed as nondescript seminomads.
Only river valleys and woodland tracts covering but a small part of
this territory produced any varied flora; while as nothing more than
an inconsiderable strip of the northern border was tropical, many of
those plants belonging to equatorial latitudes which most effectually
served nonagricultural tribes in Brazil, Venezuela, and the Guianas
were wanting. Nomads inhabiting Argentina made meal from the
a The statement that Solannm tuberosum — our so-called Irish potato — grew
wild in South America misrepresents facts. Tuberous roots of Solonacea were
indigenous to its provinces; Eg. S. commersonii, S. immiti (a Peruvian species),
and S. Maglia. These are not identical with the former, however, and by far less
nutritious; moreover, De CandoUe (Origin of cultivated plants) remarks that it is
not known whether crosses will produce a form capable of propagating itself by
the seed.
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NATIVE RACES. 53
farina(»eous rhizomes of Diseorea eayeunensis or Licania and Sisyni-
briune seeds; they ate cleome and eardoon leaves, peanuts, Pitanga
fruit, passion flowei-s, Thlaspi cress, Maranta starch, and tomatoes,
where there was sufficient elevation for them to flourish. They had
peppers, tobacco, and mate, beside widespread species of Cereus,
Opuntia, and Agave. No doubt, also, a long list of uncultivated
growths came into use, which it is impossible to discover at the present
time. Most likely those populations utilized nearly all available
means of support, but these were insufficient to put them on the way
toward improvement.^
Agriculture was rather an accessory to life than a definite means of
living; yet systematic progression invariably begins with exchanging
natural modes of subsistence for artificial ones. Mankind stands still
nntil there is more food on hand than those who produce it consume.
Finally, no great development has ever rested upon tillage alone.
Domesticated animals play a part in social organization equally
important with that taken by cultivated plants, and until European
horses became plentiful no reclaimed species of large quadruped
either aided man's labor or contributed to his support. When those
issues attending general innutrition are more particularly^ pointed out
it will complete this sketch of the most important factors bearing
upon Argentina anthropology, and most directly as well as strenuously
affecting the fate of its native races.
Beside maize (neither of first quality nor in sufficient abundance),
Indians eked out an allowance of meat usually so scanty that they
were driven to foul-feeding, with farinaceous, oleaginous, or legumi-
nous seeds, supplemented by roots, tubers, or fruits, which did not pro-
vide for physiological needs; partly because of deficiencies in chemical
composition and partly because they were ill prepared — that is, eaten
under conditions which interfered with digestion so effectually as to
waste much of their carbonaceous and nitrogenous constituents. Thus
far innutrition and its accompanying disabilities may be regarded in
the light of certainties; but we do not know all they ate, and if such
knowledge existed, there was still a complex of obvious causes that
baffled force generating, tissue making action in those aliments used.
On the other hand, compensatory factors so far balanced disadvan-
tageous agencies as to retard retrogradation until the shock of foreign
invasion overset an imperfect moving equilibrium. As a home for
progressive human beings, Argentina is in great measure the creation
of a great race, who have prospered because equipped with resources
their predecessors could not wield. These latter barely succeeded in
keeping themselves alive, while the feebleness engendered by priva-
tion underlay incompetency of every kind. Slow failure and rapid
breakdown are ascribable to other conditions also — to hybridization,
« Payne. History of the New World. Oxford, 1892. Vol. 1 , pp. 280-281.
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54 ARG^NtlNB BEPUBLIO.
strife, disease, self-abandonment, oppression, intemperance; to race
traits lK>th psychical and of bodily origin. While such statements
made concerning nutrition generalize what should l)e more fully said
respecting folk foods, if space permitted, there are no means by which
this class of facts can here be applied s|)ecially. It is impossible to
show *'how far each alimentary principle of aliment is associated with
life and health;"^ what are the complete biological relations of
nutritive substances,* or why the same compounds act differently
under diverse circumstances. ^
That can scarcely be done in case of civilized nations, and with
savages such an attempt would be hopeless. On the other hand, it
does not admit of doubt that corn and meat did something for Iro-
quoian tribes which was left undone in case of Algonkians, though
they possessed both; further, that an excess of mandioca starch
potently affected natives of the eastern tropics and subtropics in
South America. We can not explain dietetic effects in detail, but
long before a starvation point is reached inanition always goes with
positive and tangible results, bodily weakness, idiopathic disorders
and an increased susceptibility to many diseases, infertility, prema-
ture decrepitude, and mental stagnation. All these consequences of
privation were illustrated hei'e. During every period on record the
indigenous population has been stiinding still or decreasing. Human
organs are influenced in savagery by like causes with those which
disorder them under civilized conditions, and a man who sets sanitary
laws at naUght will suffer for certain whatever be his social grade.
It is preposterous to say that deprivation and hardship promote vigor
or sustain health. The psychical paralysis induced hy destitution
would have hampered mind no matter what its endowments might
have been. Malnutrition thus contributed to check advance, and
powerfully aided in bringing about physical and mental unfitness.
No people had far to fall, yet the significant tendency of native com-
munities to neglect their own arts so soon as any possibility for liv-
ing without them presented itself, is a subject frequently mentioned
by personal observers. It made no difference to these Indians that
they lived worse than before; the languor of debility and their gen-
eral incapacity caused an abandonment of all effort which could be
set aside. Among other instances this is shown by certain unde-
cipherable inscriptions mentioned by Liberandi, et<3. Nadaillac^
attaches considerable importance to those combinations of animals,
geometrical figures, and dotted lines, supposing them to be mixtures
embodying phonetic, ideographic, and pictorial scripts.
Montesinos, however, with Ameghino, rejects this opinion on the
« Savory, William S. Experiments on Food. The Lancet, Lond., 1868, vol. 1.
^ Wohler. Principes de chimie biologiqne. Paris, 1871.
c Williams, W. M. Pop. Sci. Mon. N. Y., 1883, Vol. XXXTI.
t* Prehistoric America, Lond., 1885.
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NATIVE BACE8. 55
ground that no antique South American petroglyphs contain either
numeral, hierogiyphical, or phonetic elements. Be this as it maj^
and whatever their origin was, such remains attest a state of mind
where the desire to perpetuate impressions, feelings, and thoughts
once existed. Much trouble was taken in realizing that impulse,
which has' never been operative during later ages. Whoever those
gravers might have been, they lived here and were men of higher
grade than the stolid, unthinking savages succeeding them, and
whether foreign or domestic in its source their art with that mental
attitude which prompted it became obsolete under those conditions
specified. To what degree the pressure of their environment had
reduced Argentine aborigines at an early period, can be appreciated
when it is remembered that for over two hundred years they fought
Spanish soldiers from Jujuy de Salta to the plains of Buenos Aires
without making an improvement in arms, military organization, or
tactics. It was not courage or fortitude the tribesmen lacked, but
comprehension; they could not learn any lesson, no matter how
impressively it may have been taught.
A summary of conclusions respecting Argentina and its inhabitants
is as follows :
This country as a whole in all ways tended to repress progress upon
the part of primitive men. Its physiogi'aphy, climate, soil, and vege-
table or animal supplies kept peoples but slightly removed from the
direct ex>ntrol of natural selection; that is to say, in an inchoate
developmental phase, so that whatever strength, energy, or faculty
they possessed was used up by an everyday struggle for life, and
could not accumulate. Physical features operated against differen-
tiation, bodily or mental, but favored an incessant flux of populations
during which there occurred an endless fusion among inferior strains,
accompanied by general conflict, displacement, and disaggregation.
Ethnologically Argentine tribes represent an American type or
preserve in varying degrees the race traits of proto- European and
proto-Mongol ancestors, these ethnic groups shading into each other
through gradations which defy classification, except in so far as long
skulls affiliat'Cd them with the former and short heads indicated their
descent from an Asiatic stock.
Physiologically those organal systems upon whose functions fitness
of frame, plasticit}^ and fecundity depend remain unevolved; mus-
cular strength, fertility, unsusceptibility to malign agencies, recuper-*
ative power, nervous energy were wanting. With these deficiencies
went a tendency to death from causes which do not usually prove fatal.
Psychologically natives of this land were but *' children of a larger
growth," with all those characteristic traits attaching to immaturity,
and so circumstanced that their incompleteness was made permanent.
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CHAPTER TI.
GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITTTTIONAIi ORGANIZATION— I-AW OF
CITIZENSHIP, BIGHTS OF FOBEIGNEBS, GUARANTEES— CIVH*
AND COMMEBCIAL LAWS, RELIGION.
CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT.
Rnle of Spanish Oovernvient, — For nearly three hundred years after
the discover}^ of the River Plate in 1510, the Spanish Government ruled
over that portion of South America known as the vieeroyalty of the
River Plate.
Declaration of independence, — In 1810 it declared its independence
and became the Argentine Republic, adopting, in 1853, a constitution
similar to that of the United States of America.
Present constiiidion. — Tlie present constitution of the Argentine
Republic dates from September 25, 18(>0. The form of government is
the federal republican representative form. Each of tlie 14 provinces
composing it has its own constitution, based upon the principle of
representative government, as in the United States.
The national constitution of the Argentine Republic is based upon
the broadest principles of liberty and justice, and affords the most
ample guaranties for the enjoyment of full civil rights by and for the
protection of the material interests of all the inhabitants. In one of
its first articles its principal objects are declared to be "to create
national unity, to consolidate justice and internal peace, to provide
for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and to assure
the benefits of liberty to tis, to our descendants^ and to all the people
of the world ivho may reside in Argentine territory,''^ In this instru-
ment provision is made for a separate but correlative existence of the
powers forming the federal and provincial governments, the consti-
tutions of the various provinces being based upon the same repub-
lican representative federal system in accordance with the principles,
declarations, and guaranties of the national constitution. Thus, all
*the public acts and judicial proceedings of one province have the full
force of law and authority in the others.
Legislative branch. — The legislative branch of the Government is a
Congress composed of two chambers — the Senate consisting of 2 mem-
bers from each province and 2 from the capital, elected by the pro-
vincial legislatures for a term of nine yeai*s, and the Chamber of
Deputies, elected by direct vote of the people, 1 for every 33,000
inhabitants or fraction over 16,500, for a term of four years. To the
56
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GOVERNMENT. 57
Chamber of Deputies exclusively belongs the initiation of all laws to
raise money as well as those relating to the conscription of troops.
It has also the exclusive right to impeach before the Senate the Presi-
dent, Vice-President, Cabinet ministers, and Federal judges. Tlie
Congress is convened every year and its sessions last from May 1 to
Septeml>er 30. The Vice-President fills the oflftce of Chairman of the
Senate, but otherwise has no political power. The President of the
Republic can prolong the sessions of Congress .and call extra ones.
Executive branch, — The Executive power of the nation is exercised
by a President of the Argentine Nation elected bj^ Presidential electors
from each Province in number twice «as large as that of the Senators
and Deputies constituting their respective representations in Congress,
and chosen by direct vote of the people. The President and Vice-
President are voted for by separate ballots. The system is nearly
exactly the same as that followed by the United States.
Both the President and Vice-President must have been ]>orn in the
Argentine Republic or be sons of native citizens, belong to the Apos-
tolic Roman Catholic Church, be at least 30 years of age, and have an
annual income of $2,000. The President's term of office is for six
years, and neither ho nor the Vice-President can be reelected until
after the interval of a full term has elapsed.
The President has charge of the general administration of the coun-
try, lie formulates all the rules that are necessary for the operation
of the laws, in the formation of which he participat^es. All laws are
sanctioned and promulgated' by the President, who is invested with
the veto* power, which can be overruled only by a two-thirds vote.
The President can commute sentences and pardon those undergoing
them. .lie exercises the jxdroiiaio in the presentations of bishops,
concedes the passage or retains all receipts and bulls from the Holy
See, appoints and removes his ministers, and, with the advice and
consent of the Senate, appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and
those of inferior courts, diplomatic agents, governors of territories,
and officers of the arm}^ and navy above the rank of colonel. All '
other officers and officials, the President appoints and promotes with-
out the consent of the Senate.
TJie Cabinet is composed of eight ministers : Minister of the Interior,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship, Minister of Finance, Minister
of Justice and Public Instruction, Minister of War, Minister of the
Navy, Minister of Public Works, and Minister of Agriculture.
The Minister of the Interior supervises the following departments,
bureaus, etc. : Post and telegraph department, department of public
works, department of agriculture, bureau of national lands and colo-
nies, maritime prefecture and subprefectures, territorial governments,
etc.
The Minister of Foreign Affaii's has under his control the legations
and consulates in foreign countries.
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58 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
The Minister of Finaneo supervises the national treasury, tlie
national credit, tlie bureau of accounts, the mint, tlie bureau of
st«tistics, the bureau of public revenue, the custom-houses, etc.
The Minister of Justice and Public Instruction has the supervision
of the universities in Buenos Aires and Cordoba, the normal schools,
the national board of education, the Astronomical Observatory of Cor-
doba, the National Library, the National Museum, the National
Archives, etc.
The Minister of War supervises the War Department, its different
bureaus, the Military Academy, the national sanitary depai-tment, the
military hospitals, etc.
Duties of ministers, — The attributions ana duties of the various
ministries are fixed by the law of October 11, 1895. A Presidential
decree of January 19, 1899, reorganized the ministry of justice and
public instruction.
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
Federal and provincial courts. — Justice is administered in the
Argentine Republic by means of a series of Federal and provincial
courts. The Federal or National courts only intervene in cases
which, on account of their nature or of the status of the parties
concerned, may be considered to be of a national character. These
courts, for example, deal with all litigation relating to matters aris-
ing out of the Constitution, the Federal laws, and treaties with foreign
nations; to actions concerning ministers and foreign consuls; to
all questions of maritime law; actions to which the Nation is one of
the parties and all those which arise between two or more provinces,
between one province and the inhabitants of another, between the
inhabitants of different provinces, and between one province or its
inhabitants and a foreign State or a foreign citizen. All other causes
coming under the civil, commercial, and criminal codes are dealt \nth
by the various provincial courts. The national judicial functions
are exercised by a Supreme Court, located in the city of Buenos
Aires, consisting of five judges; four courts of appeal, each with
three judges, established in the cities of Buenos Aires, La Plata,
Parana, and Cordoba; and judges of first instance resident in the
capital and in each of the other provinces and territories of the
Republic. In all cases concerning diplomatic representatives, and
foreign consuls, and in those in which a province intervenes as one of
the contending parties, the Supreme Court exercises exclusive juris-
diction. Appeals from the judgments of the Federal courts are car-
ried to the Federal court of appeal of the particular circuit in which
the action was tried, and in some cases, which are specially pro-
vided for in the Code of Procedure, the judgment of the Federal
court of appeal may be finally reviewed by the national Supreme
Court. The latter court also reviews all appeals made against the
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COURTS OF JUSTICE. 69
JD(l«?ments of the higher courts of the provinces and capital, when
they relate to questions which are governeil by the Constitution or
the Federal laws.
Caurts in the capital. — In the capital of the Republic there are,
besides the Supreme Court and Federal court of appeal, three judges
for matters which come under Federal jurisdiction, and various local
courts for ordinary commercial, civil, or criminal causes. There are
seven judges of first instance for civil matters, four for commercial
eases, six criminal judges, and two magistrates with jurisdiction in
criminal cases in addition to two courts of appeal, the one dealing
with civil appeals and the other with commercial and criminal cases.
The judicial power in the provinces is composed of a high coui-t,
generally called the Supreme Court, and several minor courts. In the
provioce of Buenos Aires, for example, there is a Supreme Court and
three courts of appeal in the city of La Plata; one court of appeal in
San Nicolas, another in Mercedes, and a third in Dolores; three
judges of first instance for civil and commercial matters and three
criminal judges and one magistrate in La Plata; two judges for
civil and commercial causes and two criminal judges in Mercedes;
one civil and commercial judge and one criminal judge in San Nico-
las, and the same in Dolores.
The judicial powers in the territories, — In the ten national terri-
tories justice is administered by judges nominated for four years, it
being permitted to appeal from their decisions in the same manner as
from those of the local Federal judges in the provinces. To the lesser
rank of judges belong the justices of the peace, market judges, and
other judges for special cases besides the "alcalde."
Civ'il and commercial cases. — In the capital, provinces, and terri-
tories, for all civil and commercial cases in which the amount in dis-
pute does not exceed $500, there are justices of the peace specially
appointed to adjudicate upon them. There is also a court or cham-
ber with exclusive jurisdiction in all matters involving the legal
rights of minors, lunatics, and other persons legally incapacitated
to act in their own behalf.
With few exceptions the proceedings in Argentine courts are
written, as is the case in Spain, whose laws and form of procedure
were in force in the Argentine at the time of the declaration of its inde-
pendence. Although the Constitution provides for the jury system,
it has not so far been established. The Government is represented
in the national and provincial high courts by an Attorney-General and
by other Government attorneys in the lower courts. *
«The Argentine Yearbook (1902).
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60 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
LAW OF ARGENTINE CITIZENSHIP.
TiTi.K I. — Of Argentines.
Article 1. The followin5j:are Arjjjentines:
1. All persons born in the territory of the Republic, whatever the
nationality of their parents, except the sons of foreign ministers and
of members of the legations residing in the Republic;
2. The sons of natural-born Argentines, who, having been bom in
a foreign country, choose the citizenship of their parents;
3. Persons born in the legations or on board the war boats of the
Republic;
4. Persons bom in the Republic forming the United Provinces of
the River Plate before the emancipation of these, and who have resided
in the national territory, manifesting their desire to be such;
5. Those born in neutral seas under the Argentine flag.
Title II. — Of naturalized citizens.
Art. 2. The following are citizens by naturalization:
1. Foreigners more than 18 3^ears of age who reside two continuous
years in the Republic and who declare their desire to be such before
the Federal sectional judges;
2. Foreigners who prove before the said judges that they have
rendered one of the following services, whatever the length of time
they have resided in the country:
(1) Having honorably fulfilled ofl&ces of the nation or of the prov-
inces within or without the Republic;
(2) Having served in the army or navy or assisted in a military
engagement in defense of the nation ;
(3) Having established a new industry in the country or introduced
a new invention ;
(4) Heing contractor for or conductor of railways in any of the
provinces;
(5) Forming part of the colonies now established, or which may be
established in future, either in the national or provincial territories,
provided that such persons possess real property therein ;
(0) Inhabiting or populating national territory on the frontier lines
or outside of these;
(7) Having married an Argentine woman in any of the provinces;
(8) Exercising in them the calling of professor or teacher in any
branch of education or industry.
Art. 3. The son of a naturalized citizen who was under age at the
time of the naturalization of his father, and was bom in a foreign
country, can obtain a certificate of citizenship from the Federal judge
if he enrolls himself in the national guard at the time directed b}'^ law.
Art. 4. The son of an Argentine citizen naturalized in a foreign
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CITIZENSHIP. 61
country, aft^r the naturalization of his father, can obtain a certificate
of citizenship if on coming to the Republic he enrolls himself in the
national guard at the age prescribed by law.
Ttflk m. — Procedure and requirements to obtain a certificate of citizenship.
Art. 5. The sons of natural-born Argentines born in a foreign
country who elect the citizenship of their parents must prove that
they are sons of an Argentine before the Federal judge.
Art. 6. Foreigners who have fulfilled the conditions contained in
the foregoing articles can obtain a certificate of naturalization, which
will be granted to them by the Federal sectional judge before whom
they present a petition.
Title IV. — Of the political rights of Argentines.
Art. 7. Argentines who have attained 18 years of age enjoy
politicHl rights in conformity with the constitution and the laws of
the Republic.
Art. 8. Political rights can not be exercised in the Republic by per-
sons who have been naturalized in other countries, by those who
have accepted offices or privileges of foreign governments without
permission of Congress, by fraudulent bankrupts, nor by those under
a sent^ne« inflicting a penalty of dishonor or of death.
Art. 9. Congress alone can grant rehabilitation to persons who
have lost the rights of citizenship.
Tptle V. — Transitory dispositions.
Art. 12. The sons of natural-born Argentines and foreigners who
exercise the rights of Argentine citizenship are considered as natural-
bom or naturalized citizens without being subject to any of the
conditions established by this law, being only required to enroll them-
selves in the national civil register.
Art. 13. All dispositions contrary to the present law are revoked.
ARTICLES OF THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION REGARDING DECLARA-
TIONS, RIGHTS, AND GUARANTEES.
Article 1. The Argentine nation adopts the Federal republican
representative form of government, as established by the present
constitution.
Art. 10. The circulation in the interior of the Republic of national
products and manufactures, and of goods and merchandise which
have passed through the national custom houses, is free of all duties.
Art. 11. All national or foreign products and manufactures and
cattle of every description which pass from the territory of one prov-
ince to another, and the vehicles, vessels, or animals by which they
are carried, shall be free of transit duties; and no other duty shall be
imposed on them in future, whatever their kind, on crossing the
territory.
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62 ABGENTTNE . REPUBLIC.
Art. 12. The vessels bound from one province to another shall not
be obliged to enter, anchor, and pay transit duties; and in no case
shall preference be given by laws or regulations of commerce to one
port over another.
Art. 14. All inhabitants of the country shall enjoy the following
rights, in conformity with the laws which regulate their exercise, to
wit: To labor in and exercise any lawful industry; to navigate and to
trade; to petition the authorities; to enter, to remain in, to travel in,
and to leave the Argentine territory; to freely publish their opinions
by means of the press; to use and dispose of their property, to form
companies with useful objects; to freely profess their religion; to
teach, and to learn.
Art. 16. The Argentine nation admits no prerogatives of blood nor
of birth; there are no personal privileges nor titles of nobility in the
country. All inhabitants are equal before the law, and are received
in every vocation without any other consideration than that of their
aptitude. Equality is the basis of the taxes and public burdens.
Art. 17. Property is inviolable, and no inhabitant of the Argentine
Republic can be deprived of it, except in virtue of judgment founded
on the law. Expropriation for the public good must be authorized
by law and previously indemnified. The taxes defined in article 4
are only imposed by the National Congress. No personal service can
be demanded except in virtue of the law, or of judgment founded on
the law. Every author or inventor is sole proprietor of his work,
invention, or discovery during the term provided by law. The con-
fiscation of property is abolished forever from the Argentine penal
.code. No armed corps can make requisitions nor demand aid of any
kind.
Art. 18. No inhabitant of the Argentine Republic can be punished
without previous sentence founded on laws passed before the com-
mittal of the offense, nor judged by special commissions, nor removed
from the judges appointed by law before the initiation of the lawsuit.
No person can be compelled to make declarations against himself;
nor arrested, except in virtue of a written order from a competent
authority. The defense of person and rights in a court of justice,
correspondence, and private papers are inviolable. Private residences
are inviolable, and a law shall determine in what cases and with what
justification these may be searched and occupied. The penalty of
death for political offenses and every species of torment and whip-
ping are abolished forever. The national prisons shall be healthy
and clean, for security and not for the punishment of criminals
detained in them; and the judge who authorizes any measures which,
as a pretext for precaution, conduce to the mortification of offenders
to a greater extent than is provided for, shall be responsible for his
action.
Art. 19. The private actions of men which in no way offend the
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CIVIL LAWS. 63
public order and morals, nor injure a third party, are reserved to
God alone and exempt from the authority of the magistrates. No
inhabitant of the Argentine Republic shall be obliged to do that
which the law does not command, nor prevented from doing that
which the law does not prohibit.
Aet. 20. Foreigners enjoy all the civil rights of citizens in the
national territory; can exercise their industry, commerce, or profes-
sion, possess real estate, buy and transfer it, navigate on the rivers
and along the coasts, exercise their religion freely, make testaments
and marry, in conformity with the laws. They are not obliged to
become citizens nor to pay extraordinary taxes. They can be nation-
alized after residing two continuous years in the country, but this
term can be reduced in favor of any person who solicits the reduc-
tion, alleging and proving that he has rendered services to the
Repnblic.
Art. 25. The Federal Government shall encourage European immi-
gration ; and shall not restrict, limit, nor impose any tax on the entrance
of foreigners into Argentine territory, brought with the object of cul-
tivating the land, improving industries, and introducing and teach-
ing sciences and arts.
Art. 26. The navigation of rivers in the interior of the Republic is
free to all flags, being subject only to the regulations dictated by the
national authority.
Art. 33. The declarations, rights, and guaranties enumerated by
the constitution shall not be understood as the denial of other rights
and guaranties not enumerated, but which are the natural outcome
of the principle of the supremity of the people and the republican
form of government.
CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL LAWS.
CivU Inws, — The laws of the Argentine Republic are binding upon
all persons residing within its limits, whether citizens or foreigners,
with or without legal domicile in the State (art. 1, Civil Code).
The greater part of the laws of the country are in codified form.
Under this heading may be included the National and Provincial
Constitutions, civil, commercial, penal, and mineral laws, the National
Code for the law proceedings of a civil or commercial nature, as well
as criminal cases which come under the Federal jurisdiction, and the
ordinary ones in the capital; all codes of the Provincial Tribunals, as
well as those touching on rural and irrigation matters in certain prov-
inces; laws relating to the registry of the civil stat-e of people in the
provinces, sanctioned by the capital and national territories, and
later adopted by almost all the provinces; laws of irrigation, coloni-
zation and citizenship, education, public works, railroads, patents of
invention and trade-marks, national elections, post-office and tele-
graph, currency, pensions, forestry, etc., beside the annual laws of
appropriations, patents, stamps, etc.
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64 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Legal status, — Tlie legal status of poraons domiciled within the
Republic, whether citizens or foreigners, is judged by the laws of the
Civil Code, with special provisions for acts executed or property situ-
ated abroad. The legal status of persons without the Republic is
judged by the laws of their respective domiciles when referring to
acts executed or property situated within the Republic. (Arts. 6 and
7, Civil Code.)
Deeds and contractus, — In regard to the formalities in procedure and
to the validity of all deeds or contracts made abroad, the Argentine
courts will apply the laws of the cx)untry wherein they were executed.
Contracts of an immoral nature or having for their object the violation
of the rights or laws of a foreign nation are i2)so facto invalid in the
Argentine Republic.
Real estate, — The transfer or ownership of real estate is governed
by the laws of the Civil Code which prescribe th(^ legal status of the
persons entitled t-o acquire landed property and the form of pro-
cedure to be adopted in its conveyance.
Siwcessio7i, — Succession to the real or personal estate of a person
deceased is governed entirely by the laws of the domicile which the
deceased had at the time of his death, whether the heirs or successors
be citizens of the State, or foreignei's. (Art. 3283, Civil Code).
BUls of exchange, — The laws relating to bills of exchange are prac-
tically identical with those prevailing in England, subject, however,
to the provision that the holder of a dishonored bill of exchange or
promissory note is only entitled to sue either the drawer, the acceptor,
or one of the indorsers. He may elect to proceed against any one of
the parties, but he can not maintain an action against more than one
party to the bill unless in case of insolvency, when he may substitute
another.
Mercantile hooks, — Argentine law prescribes the form in which it is
necessary for legal purposes that all mercantile books should l)e kept.
In addition to this reciuirement, the letter copying book, journal, and
stock book have to be marked on each page with the "rubrica" or
special mark of the Commercial Tribunal, which, being duly attested
by the signatures of a commercial judge and the secretary-notary to
the Tribunal of Commerce, render them legally valid for purposes of
evidence before the courts. An insolvent trader whose books have
not been inscribed with the " rubrica" can not obtain his discharge.
Merchants are legally compelled to return balance sheets at least once
in three years.
Joint-stock coynpanies. — No joint-stock company can be legally
constituted in the Argentine Republic without first having its articles
of association approved by the Government and duly published before
commencing operations. In the event of a loss of 75 per cent of the
nominal capital of the company, liquidation is compulsory, the direc-
tors of the company being personally responsible for any further loss
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BANKRUPTCY. 65
occasioned to the shareholders where no declaration of the actual
position has been made. The term of existence of a joint-stock com-
pany must be stated in the articles of association.
Mofigages. — Mortgages can not be effected for a longer period than
ten years. This is likewise the maximum term permitted by law for
the duration of all contracts relating to real estate.^
Bankruptcy. — The following is an abstract reproduction of a brief
review of the new bankruptcy law promulgated at Buenos Aires,
December 30, 1902, which review was published by Mr. F. Schort in
The Standard, of Buenos Aires, in January, 1903:
" One of the principal features of the new law is the abolition of the
law of moratoria.
"A registered trader who suspends payment must call a judicial
meeting of creditors within three days of such suspension (6)* under
jMiin of x)enalties (52). This includes those debtors who have already
filed a petition for moratoria, upon whose cases the court has not yet
decided. The petitions for moratoria that are already granted are to
be respected (169). Any proceedings in bankruptcy pending at the
time of passing this new law are si)ecially provided for (167).
"There are three solutions open to those directly interested in a
trader who has susi)ended payment, viz, first, composition, allowing
of deferred payment or any other method of relief whereby the debtor
may still carry on business; second, assignment, by which the cred-
itors take over all the assets and liabilities (34) giving the debtor his
discharge (38); and, third, bankruptcy, as a final resource (43).
"On a petition being filed with the proper legal formalities for a
meeting of creditors, the court appoints a committee of inspection
from the body of the creditors, together with a public certified
accountant (68), to examine the books, report on the business, draw
up a statement of affairs, etc., and all actions at law then pending are
suspended (10). In the previous law this suspension of judicial
actions was a corollary of a petition for moratoria. At the first meet-
ing the committee of inspection must hand in a list of the creditors,
with the classification given in the law (15), and all debts are then
proved by a simple majority of votes of the unchallenged creditors
present, subject to appeal and without prejudice to the legality of
any of the debts or to any ulterior reclamation in respect of them (16).
Creditors may be represented by proxy (the powers being given in
writing) and a * general ' power of attorney, for purposes of adminis-
tration is considered a sufScent proxy (16), but creditors not present
at this meeting have no right to challenge any debts proved at that
meeting (18).
«The Argentine Yearbook (1903).
^The nmnbers between parentheses refer to the article in the law.
573a— 03 6
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66 ARGEirriNE BEPUBLIO.
"composition.
"Once the debts are proved, the report of the committee of inspec-
tion must first be read, and then the whole situation is open to dis-
cussion between the creditors and the debtor, who must either be
present personally or be represented by some one with full i)ower8.
At this discussion only unsecured creditors have the right of vote
(20). Minutes must be taken of the proceedings, and composition
with creditors is considered as accepted when favorably voted for by
two-thirds of the creditors present representing 75 per cent of the
proved debts, or vice versa (21)*. Objections to the composition
arrangement may be sent in by creditors not present at the meeting,
or by those who voted against it, within eight days, only on the
grounds of certain fraudulent circumstances or insufficiency of
powers by those voting (23), and the decision of the court is subject
to appeal (24). If, after the lapse of the eight days the proposed
composition is unopposed, or if opposed unsuccessfully, the court
shall approve the arrangement, and, upon payment of costs, the case
is then closed (25). The composition, once approved, is binding on
all unsecured creditors (32), and any private arrangement between
the debtor and any creditor is null and void (31); the creditors have
the right of appointing a committee of supervision for the purpose of
insuring that the arrangement is properly carried out, and tlie per-
sons so appointed have certain legal powers (22), but their services
must be rendered gratuitously, and they can only resign for properly
substantiated reasons (67).
"assignment.
*' If composition is not accepted, the creditors may take over all the
assets and liabilities, subject to the approval of the court (34). The
procedure in regard to such assignment of the estate is substantially
the same as that for composition (37). The court, however, must
either approve or disapprove of the assignment within five days from
the date of the creditors' resolution, and such decision is subject to
appeal (35). The effect of such assignment is to substitute the cred-
itors for the debtor in all his actions, rights, and obligations in respect
of his property up to the limit of the value of the proi)erty so assigned
(36); and the debtor must receive his discharge (38). The creditors
can continue the business of the debtor by forming a partnership in
which each unsecured creditor shall be entitled to a share equivalent
to the amount of his debt. Articles of association must be drawn up
and a board elected by a majority of votes according to the capital
held (40). But the judicial proceedings of the assignment are 'ipso
facto' closed on the court having approved the arrangement (42).
** BANKRUPTCY.
" Should neither of the two foregoing arrangements be accepted by
the creditors, the debtor is then officially declared in bankruptcy, and
the creditors present at the meeting appoint a liquidating receiver
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BANKBUPTCY. 67
(sindieo liquidador) (43), which appointment must thou and there be
officially confirmed by the court (44). The declaration of bankruptcy,
therefore, is only a last resource when other methods of arrangement
have fallen through. It requires no specified number of creditors to
either veto it or to force it on the rest; it is simply the legal conse-
quence of the nonacceptance by the creditors of the two alternatives
of composition or of assignment.
"The official declaration of bankruptcy carries with it 'ii)so facto,'
first, retention from the bankrupt of his business correspondence;
second, order to all persons in possession of goods or documents of the
bankrupt to deliver them to the receiver; third, prohibition to make
any payment or to effect any delivery of goods to the bankrupt;
fourth, taking possession of all the property of the bankrupt, and fifth,
notice to the fiscal agent in the case (44) ; but it throws out the penal
provisions of the previous law for the ' ipso facto ' order of arrest of
a bankrupt not calling a meeting of creditors within three days after
suspending payment, which, even under the present law, he should
do (52,6). If 'suspension of payments' has not yet taken place the
debtor can not be officially declared in bankruptcy (46), but on the
suspension of payment he may then be officially declared bankrupt on
the i)etition of any creditor any time within a year (47), or even at any
time, if he had not called a meeting of creditors within the legal time,
or if he had disappeared either by concealment or flight (52). The
nonappearance of the debtor, in such cases, constitutes presumptive
fraud, and the court shall order his arrest and he shall be liable to
criminal prosecution (53). The initial proceedings in bankruptcy are
similar to those already detailed. The liquidating receiver (sindieo
liquidador) must be appointed by a majority of the votes of the cred-
itors representing the greater portion of the liabilities; he is then and
there placed in legal possession by the court * without further for-
mality,' and he will then proceed to liquidate the estate as determined
by the creditors, or, in the absence of instructions, in such a manner
as he may think best for the common interest.
'•LIQUIDATION IN BANKRUPTCY.
"On a declaration of bankruptcy stock must be taken and the
inventory or stock list be made in duplicate, one copy to be filed in
court, the other to be for the use of the receiver. The inventory
must include a note of all funds, bills, documents of value, trade
stock, and all properties and effects (60) of the firm or of each of the
partners of the firm, either in the principal establishment of the firm
or in the domicile of each of the partners (61), or wherever any of the
goods or chattels are to be found (60, 5). The bankrupt is entitled
to retain possession of such clothing and furniture as may be indis-
pensable for the use of himself and his family ((JO, 7). In the ease of
a company the inventory will only be taken at the establishments or
on the properties of the company (61).
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68 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
"The liquidating receiver must liquidate the goods and properties
of the bankrupt by sale at public auction, but without the necessity
for any interposition of the court (62-114).
" Creditors purchasing goods from the estate are not allowed to
have the value of their purchases placed as a set-off against any por-
tion of the debt due them (116). All amounts received by the liqui-
dating receiver for sales or debts due to the estate are to be lodged in
the national bank — Banco de la Nacion — (117. 64, 3), to the order of
the court (117), and no funds are to be withdrawn except by order
of the court (64).
** RANKING OP CREDITORS.
** I. Creditors by right of title (92), which embraces:
"1. Property in possession of the bankrupt, the title to which has
not been transferred to him.
*' 2. Any commercial document held by the bankrupt subject to his
order, but either held for a certain specified object, or the title of
which has not been transferred to him.
*'3. A seller to whom the proceeds of the sale have not been paid
(under given circumstances).
"4. Children, heirs, legatees, minors or legally incapable persons,
in respect of their proi)erty respectively under future inheritance or
legacy, or under trusteeship.
*'5. A married woman, in respect of certain possessions absolutely
her own property.
"II. Creditors with general privilege (94), which embraces:
"1. Expenses for the safe-keeping of the property, administration
of the estate, and other charges for the common benefit.
"2. Funeral expenses of a deceased bankrupt.
"3. Expenses of the last illness of a deceased bankrupt.
"4. Salaries and wages of the bankrupt's agents, employees and
servants, and of any workman in his immediate employ, for the last
six months previous to declaration of bankruptcy.
" 5. Food and provisions supplied to the debtor and his family, and
to his agents and his employees living in the same house with him, for
the six months previous to declaration of bankruptcy.
" 6. Municipal and fiscal debts for taxes.
" III. Creditors with special privilege (95), which embraces:
"1. Overdue rental, in respect of everything on the property rented,
including the year's crops on cultivated grounds,, and any damage
and repairs that are for account of the tenant.
"2. The amount of a sale, the thing sold being still in possession
of the seller.
"3. A secured debt, the security for which is in possession of the
creditor.
"4. Cost of construction, improvement, or maintenance of a thing
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BANKBUPTOY. 69
while in x>os8e8sioii of the person for whose account those expenses
were incurred.
^'5. Maritime Ileus.
** 6. Warehouse charges for wages and expenses incurred for the
preservation of property still stored in the * barracas' or warehouses.
** 7. A representative, in respect of any property in his possessiou,
for anything owing to him in that capacity.
*'8. A commission agent, in respect of property consigned to him,
for freight, charges, commission, and interest.
*' 9. A forwarder of effects, for the things forwarded.
** 10. Freight and transport charges on effects loaded.
*'ll. All cases where the law allows the right of retention and
others specially provided for in the code.
*'IV. Mortgagees. — Such creditors, whose debts are secured by
mortgage.
**V. Ordinary. — All other creditors are * chirographical' or ordi-
nary creditors.
"distribution op assets.
' ' W ithin eight days from date of sale of the last item of property left
t4> be realized, the liquidating receiver must make up a statement of
affairs showing the uncollectible debts due to the estate and those
pending under judicial proceedings, together with a proposed scheme
of distribution among the creditors (118). This must be filed with
the court and placed on view for eight days for inspection by the
creditors (119), after which time the court will hear any objections,
which, if i)ersisted in, must be decided by the court within three days
(120). After then the court must order the distribution of the avail-
able assets, in accordance with the list of debts proved at the first
meeting of creditors and their order of preference (121).
"Creditors by right of title shall receive the thing claimed in the
same species as that in which it was delivered, or as that by which it
was subrogated, upon payment of any sums owing in respect of the
thing claimed (122).
" Creditors with general privilege shall be paid out of the general
assets of the estate (123).
" Creditors with special privilege, and mortgagees, are only covered
by and up to the limit of the proceeds of the things assigned uo them.
For any deficiency, they rank simply as unsecured ordinary creditors
(124). But these creditors may at any time after their debt is once
proved, demand payment of their debt, by giving proper security for
creditors with better title (127).
** Once all the privileged debts are satisfied, the liquidating receiver
may, with the consent of the court, proceed to distribute the whole or
part of any available assets pro rata among the unsecured ordinary
creditors (117, 131, 133); and he may propose an interim dividend if
there are funds available (118).
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70 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
** ADMINISTRATION.
"At the time of filing his scheme of distribution, the receiver must
also file an account showing the expenses of the liquidation (118);
and, before any distribution of assets takes place, there shall be a
meeting of creditors to decide upon the remuneration payable to the
liquidating receiver and other employees of the estate, which decision
shall be subject to appeal (134). A statement must be made up by
the liquidating receiver ev^ry month, showing the exact state of the
liquidation, the assets realized and the bank lodgments, and this state-
ment shall always be open to inspection by the creditors (65). Any
creditor may impeach the liquidating receiver, who may be removed
or replaced by an absolute majority of votes of creditors present at a
meeting called for that purpose, which represent 50 per cent of the
liabilities (G5, 66).
** REMUNERATION.
** The services of creditors on committee are to be gratuitous, and
these creditors are not allowed to resign except for properly substan-
tiated reasons (67).
"The remuneration of the public accountant shall be fixed by the
creditors by a majority of votes of those present at the close of the
meeting at which the debts are to be proved, subject to appeal to
the court, and in no case shall it exceed two per cent (2 per cent) of
the assets (70). These, it is to be presumed, are the nominal assets,
as shown on the statement of affairs filed by the committee of inspec-
tion, since it is not possible to determine a percentage limit at that
stage of the proceedings on realized assets. In cases of composition
the public accountant's fees are for account of the debtor. In cases of
assignment or liquidation in bankruptcy they are chargeable to the
estate and are payable at the same time as the first dividend to the
creditors (70). The services of a public accountant therefore cease
with the close of the meeting of creditors at which the debts are to be
proved, and the appointment of a liquidating receiver is then in the
hands of the cred4tors and not of the court.
" The remuneration of the liquidating receiver must be fixed by the
creditors at a meeting to be held before the distribution of the assets;
and the decision of that meeting is subject to appeal to the court (134).
*' LEGAL. EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY.
"A bankrupt trader is deprived of the administration of any part
of his estate (71); and his liabilities all become payable immediately
on the declaration of his bankruptcy, no matter what maybe the dates
of their maturity (81). He also loses ipso facto his legal capacity as
an agent for any trust or commission placed in his hands previously
to his bankruptcy (72). All the acts of a bankrupt after filing a peti-
tion for a meeting of creditors and his suspension of payment are null
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BANKRUPTCY. 71
and void, either absolutely or relatively, dependent on the nature of
the transactions as comprised in two specified categories of each class
(77, 78). On a declaration of bankruptcy, all actions at law against
the bankrupt are suspended, and can only be opened up or continued
as against the estate (80).
** CULPABILITY OP A BANKRUPT.
" If the committee of inspection reports fraud or misdemeanor on the
part of the bankrupt, it is punishable according to the provisions of
the penal code (135, 136).
"Bankruptcy is deemed to be fraudulent under any of the circum-
stances (138) of suppression or not accounting for any losses, or por-
tion of the assets; or of contracting false debts or making false sales;
or of misappropriating funds or other effects held by the bankrupt for
account of third parties; or of purchasing goods in another person's
name; or of the a^ppropriation to his own use after declaration of
bankruptcy of any of the assets of the estate; or of not keeping proper
books, or concealing them, or their being mutilated or falsified.
"Accomplices in a fraudulent bankruptcy, besides being liable to
criminal prosecution, shall be condemned to lose any claim they may
have on the estate, to refund the value of any property lost through
their complicity, and also to pay by way of damages a sum equivalent
to the amount of the attempted fraud (140).
•'CLOSING OP PROCEEDINGS.
" The court may at any moment officially order the closure of the
proceedings upon the report of the liquidating receiver that there are
not sufficient funds to meet the expenses. The act implies a pre-
sumption of fraud or misdemeanor as against the debtor, and the
court must order the transfer of the case to the criminal court. The
creditors then have a right of action against the person of the debtor
(87). But such closure of proceedings may be revoked at any time if
the liquidating receiver is put in funds (88).
"If the assets of the estate are sufficient to pay all creditors in full,
the court shall give an official discharge to the bankrupt (146). The
petition for such discharge must be accompanied by original docu-
ments vouching for the payment in full to the creditors, or for having
carried out all the stipulations of the composition (147).
"In cases of a * casual' bankruptcy, should the creditors not give
the discharge, the bankrupt may obtain it from the court after a lapse
of three years from the date of the declaration of bankruptcy (148).
"A bankrupt convicted of 'misdemeanor' can only obtain his dis-
charge after having worked out the penalty to which he had been
sentenced (149).
"Discharge or restitution of commercial rights can not be granted
to bankrupts convicted of imposture or fraud ; to persons convicted
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72
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
of theft, embezzlement, or abuse of trust; to defrauders with malice,
or to trustees (guardians) or other administrators of trust funds who
have failed to render account of their trast and pay over the balance
of the trust funds, until five years after they shall have worked out
the penalty to which they had been sentenced, and having during that
time conducted themselves in an irreproachable manner (150).
"The order of the court, either granting or refusing a discharge, is
subject to appeal (154) ; but once the discharge is obtained it frees
the bankrupt from all legal disabilities created by the declaration of
bankruptcy and from all further liability in respect of any debts still
owing by him to his creditors in bankruptcy (156)."
RELIGION.
The national church of Argentina is the Roman Catholic, but in
accordance with article 14 of the constitution all the inhabitants enjoy
the right of "professing freely their worship," and article 20 gives
foreigners the right to "exercise freely their own faith." The State
contributes to the support of the Roman Catholic religion, builds
churches, pays the clergy, etc., but it controls all ecclesiastical
appointments and forbids or permits the passage of all decrees of the
Holy See.
According to the census of 1895 there are in the Republic 1,019
Catholic churches, or one for every 4,000 inhabitants. There were
also 68 Protestant churches, 3 Masonic halls, 1 Spiritualists' Church,
and 1 of the Orthodox Russian Church. The first of these Protestant
churches was founded in 1829, and 25 of them are in the territory of
Chubut, which was largely colonized from Wales.
According to the last census the population is divided as follows
according to religion :
Reunion.
Natives. | Foreigners.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Catholics
l,449,Ta3
2,911
118
186
2,686
82
60
617,470
14,679
8,225
602
360,260
6,470
2,666
168
3,021,136
Proteetants
26,750
Israelites
6,066
Other religions
040
Total
1,458,052
1,497,482
686,066
868,661
8,054,011
From the above it appears that 991 out of every 1,000 are Catholics,
7 Protestants, and 2 Hebrews, the Hebrews being entirely of Russian
origin, sent there since 1891 by the Jewish Colonization Association.
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CHAPTER III.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS.— CAPITAL CITY, ITS KESOUBCES, MEANS
OF COMMUNICATION, PBINCIPAL BX7ILDINQS, PUBLIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS.
TerrUoriaJ division. — The territory of the Argentine Republic is
divided into eight different sections, the first 4 comprising the Federal
district and 14 provinces, subdivided into 361 provincial departments,
and the other 4 sections, consisting of 10 Territories, subdivided into
64 Territorial departments; therefore the political divisions of the
Argentine Republic are as follows:
Sections. Provinces.
Territories. Departments.
4
4
14
1 861
10 1 64
I
8
14
10 425
1
THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES.
Foundation of Buenos Aires, — Buenos Aires, capital of the Repub-
lic, was founded in 1535 and reconstructed in 1580.
In 1744 it had over 10,000 inhabitants; in 1800 its population was
40,000, and in 1850, 76,000.«
Siiuation, — Buenos Aires lies between the 34° 36' 22" latitude south
and the 58° 21' 33" longitude west of Greenwich, and rises 20 meters
above the sea level, the magnetic needle showing a declination of 10°
35' to the east, with a variation of 3". The plan of the city is that of
squares (manzanas) intersected, as a general rule, at right angles.
Origin of name. — ^The origin of the name of Buenos Aires, which
means "Good air," is supposed to be taken from an exclamation of
Don Sancho del Campo, on landing there.
Area of city in 1869. — In 1869 the city extended over 3,936 hectares;
in 1889 the planimetric area was 18,141 hectares, 42 acres and 59^
centares.
Population in 1869.— In 1869 there were 177,787 inhabitants; in 1895
there were 663,854; on December 31, 1900, there were 821,293, and
according to the Municipal Bulletin of Buenos Aires, the population
March 31, 1902, was 853,451.
Population in 1902. — According to the returns of the Statistical
« **L' Argentina," by A. De Gubematis, p. 287.
73
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74 ARGENTINE :BEPUBLIC.
Department of the city of Buenos Aires, the population of the Federal
Capital on December 31, 1902, numbered 870,237 inhabitants.
Demographic returns for 1902, — The demographic returns for the
month were: Births, 2,523; marriages, 541, and deaths, 1,274. In
1869 there were 177,787 inhabitants; eighteen years later these had
increased to 437,000, and between the census of 1895 and 1902 there
was an increase of 206,914 inhabitants, an increase of nearly 26,(X)0
per year. From 1895 to 1899 the increase was at the rate of 33,000 a
year.
The total length of the city from north to south is 18 kilometers, and
25 kilometers from east to west. Its total compass is 16^^ kilometers,
and therefore Buenos Aires is larger than Paris, Berlin, Bordeaux,
Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dublin, or Hamburg.
Height of buildings, — In streets which are not 8 meters 66 centi-
meters broad the maximum height of structures is limited to 12 meters
12 centimeters, and in those over 8.66 meters they may reach a height
of 14 meters; the rule for constructions being that they are not to be
higher than IJ of the breadth of the street in which they arc located.
In avenues having 30 meters buildings must be of a minimum height
of 20 and a maximum of 24 meters.
Squares. — There are 32 squares, beautifully ornamented with plants
and trees, and 6 public walks (paseos) with elaborate landscape gar-
dening, covering an area of over 1,000,000 square meters.
Number of houses, — In 1887 there were 30,604 bouses, inhabited by
404,000 persons, and the density of the population was at that time
13 persons per house, which gives Buenos Aires the same density as
New York City. The number of inhabitants per room in each house
was 1. 67. In the 1,736 blocks in which the city was then divided there
was an average of 17 houses per block.
Aspect of city. — The city of Buenos Aires can not boast the antiq-
uity of the great European capitals; but in regard to its movement,
life, and advanced civilization, it may fairly claim to rank with the
greatest. Standing tenth in the list of cities of the world and second
only to Paris itself as a Latin center, Buenos Aires is a positive revela-
tion to the traveler who sees it for the first time. The magnificent
avenues and parks with which it abounds, the palatial buildings and
residences, the luxurious clubs and theaters, the extensive and well-
organized tramway service, the really wonderful newspapers (whose
daily editions contain cable news from all parts of the world, including
extracts from the English and continental journals of the same day),
the high standard of education obtaining among the better classes, the
style, dress, and manners of the people, the immense display of electric
light, the incessant activity, the vast amount of shipping, and, indeed,
every phase of life combine to give to Buenos Aires something of the
movement of New York with the brightness and gayety of Paris. It
is, moreover, a cosmopolitan city in the truest sense of the word. Nor
is it an exaggeration to institute a comparison of the api)earance of the
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NATIONAL OPERA HOUSE, BUENOS AIRES.
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BUENOS AIRES. 75
"Corso" or carriage drive, along the imposing Avenue General Alvear
in the direction of Palermo Park, filled by fashionable folk in elabo-
rate equipages, with the familiar sight of Central Park in the height
of the season.
Principal square. — ^The principal square of the city is known as the
Plaza de Mayo (also as the Plaza Victoria), in which are located the Gov-
ernment House, Congress, and the Cathedral. On the north side of this
square is the Avenida de Mayo, which as a boulevard is unsurpassed.
This avenue has a width of road of about 12 meters, extending nearly
2i kilometers in length, lined on either side with trees and magnificent
buildings, among the latter being those of the municipality and " La
Prensa," the most elaborate newspaper offices in the world.
Social institutions. — In regard to social institutions the Argentines
are not behind the times. On the contrary, in a certain sense, they
are more advanced than Europeans. The *' Club del Progreso " is only
second in luxury and comfort to the Buenos Aires "Jocke}^ Club,"
which is supposed to be the richest club in the world. The building
is marvelous ; its interior fittings and furnishings of the most costly
kind. Its spacious stairway of onyx is adorned on either side with
valaable statues. The dining, billiard, reading, smoking, and recep-
tion rooms are magnificent. The numerous art galleries, public libra-
ries, museums, literary, musical, and scientific societies abundantly
testify to the high standard of culture prevailing. In addition to
fourteen theaters representing comedy, drama, and musical pieces in
Tarious languages, besides numerous other places of entertainment,
there are three opera houses attracting crowded audiences to hear
grand opera represented by leading artists from all the operatic cen-
ters of Europe.
Water supply. — The supply of drinkable water is obtained from a
tower built in the River Plate at a distance of 1,625 meters from the
coast. This tower penetrates to over 9 meters below the bed of the
river and is connected by means of an oval tunnel in the shape of a
siphon with the pumping station, whence 72,400 cubic meters of water
are pumped and filtered every day. These filters have a total output
capacity of 45,000,000 liters, and from them the water passes to the
water elevators for distribution in the city. These elevators are of
70 nominal horsepower, and every one of its 8 pumps produces over
2,000 liters per revolution, which gives a wat.er supply of over 75,000
kiloliters in twenty-four hours. The maximum consumption of water
is during the summer and reaches nearly 30,000 kiloliters per day.
Drainage. — The drainage of the city was commenced in 1874 and is
now divided into two sections. The first comprises the main net of
sewers and the second consists of a large iron and masonry conduit,
25 kilometers in linear extension, which collects the waters of the
sewer system and empties them into the river. There are 8 sewer
pits in each block, beside the sewers in each building, which empty
into the main system. The largest section of the collecting sewers ijs
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76
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
1.20 by 1.57 meters and the smallest 0.610 by 0.762 meter. Up to
December, 1887, 187,000 linear meters of collecting sewers were in
operation, the total sewer system, including ventilators and regula-
tors, comprising about 235,000 linear meters.
Pvblic buildings. — The principal public buildings are the Govern-
ment House, in the construction of which over $900,000 had been
spent in 1888 and it is now completed; Superior School of Med-
icine, in course of construction in 1888, cost $183,000; the Normal
Professional School, in course of construction, cost $171,000; the
Central Police Station; the great reservoir; the Palace of the Justice
of the Peace; the faculty of law; the Hypothecary Bank and the Pro-
vincial Bank, etc., and Congress has made appropriations for the.
Palace of Congress ($6,000,000); Palace for the Courts of Justice
($500,000); Central Post and Telegraph offices ($500,000); Central
Railway Station ($5,000,000); House of Correction ($800,000); Munic-
ipal Palace; Municipal Theater (Colon) ; Museum of National Prod-
ucts, etc.
Schooh, — For educational purposes there are 67 buildings of attract-
ive architecture, occupying a total area of over 81,000,000 square
metere, their aggregate cost amounting to over $9,000,000. Besides
the national college there are 4 normal schools and 6 of law and
engineering.
Libraries. — There are 4 fine public libraries, called the "Nacional,"
**Rivadavia," "San Crist6bal," and *'de la Merced."
Hospitals and a^lwms. — In 1887 there were 13 hospitals,^ besides 2
charitable institutions; 7 asylums and houses of correction and 8 spe-
cial institutions for the deaf, dumb, and blind and for orphans and
foundlings. The following table gives the aggregate number of beds
in the hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires and the annual expendi-
ture incurred in 1887 for maintaining said hospitals:
Hospitals.
Number
of beds.
Annual
expendi-
ture.
Rivadavla . .
ClSnlcas
MlUtary....
SanBoqae .
Children's . .
Quarantine.
French
Italian
Spanish
Span
Kngl
Snglish.
German .
Chronic.
Mixed...
186
leo
60
90
220
115
60
40
67
176
f77,l
Total
1,782
. -',568
i57,080
48,008
106,728
9,600
48,200
42,Qfia
66,000
57,000
31,^65
20,000
24,440
48,720
781,631
.Arsenal. — This includes 389,000 square meters, and consists of 8
separate buildings in which 1,000 workmen are employed.
Harbor works. — The harbor works extend over 5,000 linear meters.
« There are now 25 hospitals.
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BUENOS AIRES. 77
They include 4 docks of a uniform breadth of 100 meters and of
different lengths, some of which are 1,000 by 725 meters broad with
mterior communication. There will be 2 dry docks, one 600 meters
long and the other 100 meters long by 6 meters deep.
EailrcKi^hi^—Tlie capital of the Republic is the starting point for
several railway linen which run from it to different parts of the coun-
try for over 3,000 kilometers. There are now 23 railway stations
Within the city limit.8.
Police farce. — Thii^ foreo is composed of nearly 3,000 men and over
12,000,000 aro spent in maintaining it.
Municipal diviidouH.—The municipal government of the city is
divided into two important branches, the council and the executive.
The city is divided into 14 parishes and the council of aldermen is
com|>osecl of 32 memV>erft.
Town cauTwUors. — The former comprises town councilors ("Con-
aejo delil>erante") eleek^rt by the people, two for each parish of the
city, and tlie latter by a mayor ("Intendente") appointed by the
Executive Power of the nation, subject to approval of the Senate.
The first municipality' was organized in the year 1860, by virtue of
law No. 250, of Septeinl>er 30. This was previous to the definite polit.-
ii-al organization of the Republic, when the city of Buenos Aires was
a pro\a8ioniil capital, during the civil wars that preceded the funda-
mental con^stitution of the Argentine Nation. The above law was
enactetl by the Argentine Congress for the organization of munici-
palities in thtt provijsional c^apital and Federal territories for the time
being (the 14 provinces wei-o not then incorporated). In the year 1881
ane^" law, Ko. 1120, was passed by Congress which provided for a
more complete form of municipal government, but for reasons of polit-
ical importance the Executive Power rejected the enforcement of the
law giving the right of veto, as established by the Constitution; and
affairs remained in statu quo till the following year, when Congress
dliieus^^Kl and voted law No. 1260, of November 10, 1882, by which the
government of the capital was eventually established and organized.
DdiSberaiive caunciL — lender this law every inhabitant paying taxes
haa the right, under certain conditions therein established, to be
elected to fch*^ deliberative council, whether he be a native of the
countty or a foreigner. Tliese elections are decided by the ratepayers
in each pariiih, provitleil they are inscribed in the pnblic register as
qiialiiied votei^s. Tlie parish councils consist of two members.
All laws relat ing to tht^ welfare of the inhabitants, or the taxes levied
in respect of public .service, such as lighting, paving, cleaning the
street«*3 tramways, etc., are voted by the town council (deliberative
department) and carried out by the executive.
Committee of iwdve. — In the year 1901 advantage was taken of the
resignation of several members of the town council which left the
council with a smaller number than was legally required to form a
quorum, and the President of the Republic declared the corporation
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78 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
dissolved and appointed a committee of 12 men of good standing to
act as town council until a fresh election should take place. This
provisional committee made every exertion to improve the condition
of the municipal government of the city.
Provincial municipolUies, — In the provinces most of the munici-
palities are based on similar lines subject to the various provisions of
the provisional constitution. <*
Department ofhygiene. — This department consists of a president and
6 medical men and has charge of all matters pertaining to sanitation.
Public charities. — The municipality spends about $420,000 per
annum in public charities and there are bacteriological and chemical
laboratories and vaccination bureaus.*
The city of Buenos Aires has 16 banks, 49 hotels, 12 restaurants,
30 subpostal and 18 subtelegraph stations, and a zoological garden,
16 theatres, many concert halls, 8 circuses, 34 public markets, 32
Roman Catholic churches and 17 chapels, and 4 Protestant churches
of the Anglican, Scottish, Lutheran, and Methodist denominations.
The press, — The press is represented by 189 dail}^ and periodical
newspapers, of which 154 are edited in Spanish, 14 in Italian, 2 in
French, 6 in English, and 8 in German.
Manufactures, — The city has 811 establishments devoted to the
manufacture of furniture of all kinds, and the importations of furni-
ture have, in consequence, almost ceased. Within the limits of the
city of Buenos Aires alone there are 986 establishments for the work-
ing of metals; 1,210 for preparing hides; 1,178 for timber; 748 for
cereals; 1,657 spinning establishments; 280 establishments for the
manufacture of articles of glass and wax; 51 for the manufacture of
chemical products; 26 for manufacturing grocery products; 168 distil-
leries; 268 cigar and cigarette manufactories, and 1,044 other kinds of
manufactories, making in all a total of 7,619 industrial establishments.
Lighting, — Public and private lighting is effected by electricity,
gas, and oil. 5,500,000 kilowatts electric force, 32,000,000 cubic
meters gas, and 800,000 liters (176,000 gallons) of kerosene have been
used for this purpose during the year. *
The area of the town being so extensive, the public means of loco-
motion are on a large scale.
ConveyanccH (puhJic and private) ,
Private carriages . . 2, 165
Livery-stable coaches . 622
Coaches to hire in the streets .- .. 2,184
All other kinds and two-wheelers. 5, 000
Bicycles 7,173
17,144
(Automobiles not taken into account.)
"The Argentine Year Book 1902, page 108.
ft " Estudio Topografico de Buenos Airen," A. B. Martinez, 1889.
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BUENOS AIRES.
79
Streetcar service, 190S, — The city has now eleven different street-
car lines, and there are 216 kilometers of electric tramway and 359
kilometers of horse tramway. The following table gives the number
of passengers carried from 1898 to 1901, and shows the increase in
traffic:
Passengers.
1888 • 106,000,000
1899 116,000,000
1900 ....» ... 122,000,000
1901 125,500,000
These lines are all owned and run by private companies. There
are no municipal tramways. Omnibuses are not used.^
Street-car returns, June, 1902, — The returns of the ten tramway
companies in the city of Buenos Aires for June, 1902, were as follows:
Horse . . .
Electric.
Kilo-
meters
of line.
Round
trips.
Passen-
gere car-
ried.
Kilo-
meters
rtm.
389
244,860
68,831
7,587,176
2,496,983
2,798,340
798,869
Receipts
(national
money).
1768,482
270,285
The passenger returns since June, 1901, were:
1901.
Jme
July
AV^QSt
September
October
November
December
Horse.
7,723,706
7,411,836
7,163,364
7,521,414
8,110,309
8,127,882
8,672,580
Electric.
2,580,437
2,496,790
2,388,064
2,483,260
2,544,711
2,541,004
2,707,391
Horse.
1902.
January
February
March
April
May
June
8,168,622
7,413,293
8,458,816
8,357,135
8,263,878
7,587,176
Electric.
2,525,143
2,282,445
2,612,023
2,557,404
2,612,810
2,496,983
The passengern carried by the various companies were :
I May.
City of Buenos Aires .
Anglo-Argentine
Qrwid National
Kew.
Ckpltal(horBe)
Rural
Metropolitan
Central Argentine
BoenoB Aires and Belgrano (electric) .
Capital (electric)
BoenoB Aires Electric
809,761
365,489
521,021
406,128
16,156
776,897
851,282
7,649
206,723
253,877
152,210
June.
2,562,725
2,168,783
1,415,896
373,319
14,748
724,451
820,660
6,599
1,149,333
1,198,725
148,925
The receipts for the six months were:
City of Buenos Aires. . - - $1
Anglo-Argentine 1
Grand National- -
New
Capital-.. --- -
Rural
Metropolitan
Bnenos Aires and Belgrano
Baenoe Aires Electric - . -
,538,898
,461,891
947,285
231,341
778,260
509,938
333,651
a57,345
74,930
« Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 3767 (1903).
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80 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Rates of wajges per day.^
«. d. 8. d.
Carriage factories ._ 3 3to 7 6
Bootmakers *. 8 4 to 4 9
Bakers and assistants 2 6to 5
Masons 3 8to 6 6
Plasterers .- 1 8to 2
Bricklayers '. 3 4to 4
Carpenters ._. .. 5 to 6
Furniture polishers 8 4to 9
Blacksmiths 4 to 5
Carters 3 4to 5
Tram conductors 4 Oto 4 6
Junior clerks and shop assistants 3 4to 4
Laborers along wharves 3 4 to 4
Cabmen^ 10 Oto 18
Stevedores' men 7 6 to 10
Harvest hands (province of Buenos Ayres) 10 to 12 6
Note. — Rate of exchange: $1 (peso) =l8. 8d., or $12 (pesos) =£1,
THE BUENOS AIRES *'B0LSA" (EXCHANGE).
Operations, — In reference to the Buenos Aires Exchange or "Bolsa''
it should be explained that the committee of this institution has
attached a wider meaning to the word "Bolsa" (Bourse) than is gen-
erally understood in European countries. The operations conducted
in this exchange include all official transactions in shares, bonds,
public funds, rates of exchange, and premiums on gold.
The Stock Exchange Committee exercises the functions usually per-
formed by committees of kindred institutions, while the ** commer-
cial committee," which is composed of 15 members, comprising the
most influential merchants of the city, is empowered to represent the
whole of the commercial interests involved before the Government,
and to assist the latter in carrying out such alterations and reforms
in the commercial code of the country as may be necessary to meet
ever-changing conditions. This body also nominates a " Committee
of Cereals" and a "Shipping Committee," these dealing exclusively
with all questions raised in their respective spheres.
The Executive Cowncil of the "Bolsa" is composed of 9 members
and constitutes the supreme authority over all the other committees
and subcommittees. It likewise authorizes the official quotations of
values and rates of exchange, and is the appellate tribunal in all
disputes and differences between members which may have been
previously adjudicated upon by other committees.
Official quotations, — It publishes a fortnightly review containing
the official quotations and regulations relating to transactions in
« Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902).
*Ont of these earnings the hire of two horses and carriage have to be paid for
at the rate of 78. 6d. to 8s. per day.
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BUENOS AIBE8. 81
exchanges, values, discounts, national products, freights, etc., all of
which are binding by general agreement upon members.
The Buenos Aires "Bolsa" takes precedence in point of impor-
tance over all institutions of a similar character in South America.
OriginoUy fourided. — It was originally founded in 1854 in a small
building by a few brokers and commercial men who met daily to trans-
act business among themselves, without the responsibilities and cor-
responding advantages which x>ertain to present membership. The
"Bolsa"ha8 now 4,500 members and possesses a building the con-
stnietion of which cost 700,000 pesos fuertes.
Membership of the exchange is divided into two classes, namely,
brokers or agents and ordinary members, the qualifications for each
being guarded by protective conditions of a satisfactory nature.
Transactions^ 1895-1901. — The following table shows the total for
each year during the period 1895-1901, inclusive, of the money value
of the transactions effected in specie, public funds, and sundry bonds :
Value in currency,
18W .. $1,005,248,602
1896 1,117,720,041
1897 1,091,542,602
1898 984,757,115
1899 1,298,279,679
1900 758,293,188
1901 985,826,382
CENTRAL. PRODUCE MARKBT.
Opened in 1890, — This market was opened for traffic early in 1890 and
the first train entered its gates on May 20 of that year. It occupies a
position about 4 miles up the * * Riachuelo, " on the south side of the river,
in "Barracas al Sur," province of Buenos Aires. The land on which
flie main building, hydraulic house, engine shed, workshop, and sid-
ings, etc., are situated measures 1 14,439 square meters. The market
proper, under one roof and no division walls, covers an area of
48,409 square meters. It is supported on a series of iron columns,
the outer brick wall being little more than a shell. There are three
floors which, allowing for railways and cart ways, show an available
space of — more or less — 120,000 square meters. The wool and other
produce is lifted from the wagond to the different flats by means of
fton hydraulic cranes of which there are 75, the wagons being moved
from place to place by means of hydraulic capstans, of which there
are 44. There are 7\ kilometers of railway sidings for receiving and
marshaling trains. In order to facilitate river traffic, the company
possesses a quay 500 meters long, fitted up with hydraulic cranes
of various capacities.
Hydraulic plant, — The hydraulic plant consists of 4 hydraulic
engines of 40 horsepower each, as well as the cranes and capstans
573a— 03 6
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82
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
before mentioned, the company also employing 3 locomotives and 70
railway trucks. There is a thoroughly organized fire-brigade serv-
ice, including a i>owerful pump, in connection with the river "Ria-
chuelo," which throws 3 tons of water per minute. There are 45
hydrants distributed over the establishment.
Revenue, — The cost of the land, the various buildings, sidings, and
mole was $3,750,000, and the revenue of the proprietary company is
derived principally from charges for storage, etc., on wool, sheepskins,
cow and mare hides, and grain. The market is connected with all the
railways in the country and has a commodious quay. Goods may be
consigned to it by rail or waterway from the remotest parts of the coun-
try. Inasmuch as the wool shown in this market is all in a loose state,
it can be said that this is the only market in the world where so much
loose wool may be seen at one time. The largest amount there has
been actually in stock was about 18,000 tons. During the busy sea-
son about 500 hands are employed.
Entries of goods y 1896-1901, — The following figures show the entries
of goods in weight (kilos) from 1896-1901 : «
1896-97.
Wool 119.884,139
Horsehair 847,999
Feathers 17,638
Sheepskins 17,052,547
Hides 8,892,300
Grain 27,019,400
Tallow 900,235
General goods 10,976,411
1897-98.
135,096,391
1,097,969
20,260
24,230,887
12,571,645
13,586,600
1,102,680
10,178,212
14(«,^<^M10
l.i».s.^.:«l
rJ,S68
2Ji/!li>J65
1(>. i<t^.l51
6B,<i;>iL<l00
lM<f, ],97
l(k,'t^{,J84
1899-1900.
111,124,334
1,104,000
40,564
25,006,061
9,645,729
2,542,500
732,920
10,757,069
1900-1901.
109.
1,
825,576
234. 5QS
53,297
318, (K«
227,510
335,811
762,722
301}, W4
a Argentine Yearbook 1902.
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CHAPTER IV.
PBOVINCES AND TEBBITOBIES OF THE BEPUBLIC: BBTEF
GEOOBAFHICAIi SKETCH OF EACH. BESOUItCES, MEANS OF
COHMXTNICATION, CLIMATE, SEASONS, POPXn^TION, CAPITAL
CITY, INBXJSTBIES.
PROVINCES OF THE REPUBLIC.
The Argentine Republic contains 14 provinces, comprising those of
Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Cordoba, San Luis,
Santiago del Est^ro, Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Catamarca, Tucuman,
Salta, and Jujuy.
PROVINCE OP BUENOS AIRES.
Situation, — The province is situated between latitude 33° 15' and
41° and between 56° 41' and 63° 22' longitude. It is bounded on the
north by the river Parana and provinces of Santa Fe and Cordoba, on
the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the Rio Negro Territory, on the
east by the Atlantic and river Plate, and on^the west by the territo-
ries of the Pampa and Rio Negro.
Area and population. — The province has 1,200 kilometers of coast
line and contains an area of 305,121 square kilometers, and is con-
sequently but little larger than the State of New York. Its popu-
lation is estimated at 1,500,000. The city of La Plata is its capital.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted
in 1854 ; re-formed in 1868, 1873, and 1889. Further re-form sanctioned
in 1901. The legislature consists of two chambers.
General aspect. — Throughout the province the soil is richly alluvial
to a depth of 2 feet or more. Beneath this lies a stratum of clay,
differing in kind and quality according to its location. Strata of white,
yellow, and red clays have been discovered in different regions of the
same province, furnishing the population with abundant material for
the manufacture of tiles, bricks, and innumerable articles of pottery.
With the exception of a few hills in the southern part the province
of Buenos Aires presents the aspect of a plain with many small lakes,
and is crossed and recrossed by streams that constitute a natural
system of irrigation.
Fluvial communication. — The imposing river entrance to the three
Republics of the south is the Rfo de la Plata, with its confluent, the Par-
ana. For the first 300 kilometers of its course the Paran4 is a labyrinth
of islands and channels. These are so numerous that even the old
pilots say they are often perplexed by the multiplicity of ways open to
them. The islands are covered with fruit trees, from which the markets
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84 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
of Buenos Aires and Montevideo are supplied; and these trees over-
hang the water so that in some places a boat may be loaded without its
occupants stepping on shore.
Several streams unite to form the Parana. The river rises in the
mountains back of Rfo de Janeiro, and itjs sources are not more than
160 kilometers from that citj'^.
After collecting the waters of several rivers on both banks the
Parand increases in width until it attains nearly 4,500 meters, a short
distance above the falls; then the immense mass of water is suddenly
confined within a gorge of 70 meters, through which it dashes with
fury to the ledge, whence it is precipitated to a depth of 20 meters.
It is computed that the volume of water per minute is equal to
1,000,000 tons.
Industries, — The province, taken as a whole, is flat and almost
entirely laid out in great cattle farms, though the soil is capable of pro-
ducing nearly all the cereals in common use. The natives almost live
on horseback and do not take kindly to any form of work which can
not be done from the saddle.
Large slaughterhouses are also to be found in various parts of the
province, and immense quantities of salt^ beef, tallow, and hides are
exported. The extent of the stock raising may best be gathered from
the fact that recent returns give an average of 200 sheep, 20 cows,
and 6 horses to every inhabitant of the province, while the yield of
unwashed wool is estimated at an average of 68,000,000 kilograms per
year.
From its advantageous position this province controls the foreign
commercial relations of the entire Republic, and is, therefore, ranked
first in importance. Its principal cities are now connected with the
capital by railroads or by the river, and its future prospects are
excellent.
Internal communications, — ^The railways under provincial jurisdic-
tion have a length of 4,483 kilometers, but the total length of lines is
4,872 kilometers, being 1.6 kilometers per 100 square kilometers of
area and 5 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. Several lines are under
construction. In 1900 the following concessions were granted: Prin-
gles to Tres Arroyos and Necochea, length 286 kilometers; La Plata
to Chascomus, 90 kilometers; Patagones to Bahia San Bias, 75 kilo-
meters. So far nothing has been done in connection with the con-
cessions granted, with the exception of an electric tramway from
Quilmes to Buenos Aires.
Taxes on production in the Province of Buenos Aires,
[Prom "La Prenm;'^ No. 11826.]
The Government of the Province of Buenos Aires has promulgated
a law imposing a tax on production, and in substitution of the State
and municipal permits, which are repealed. The law provides that the
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PROVINCES. 85
payment of the tax shall be made before the moving of the product
from the place of production or deposit, and fixes the following
schedule of prices :
National currency.
Beeves per head.. $1.50
Cows, calves, and mules do 1. 00
Sheep _ _ do 20
Lambs _ do 10
Hogs do 50
Kgs do 10
Stnds and bolls, for breeding purposes do 3. 00
Rams and boars, for breeding purposes do 1. 30
Work horses do 50
For each 10 kilos, or fraction thereof, of —
Dry cowhides, horsehides, sheep and goat skims 12
Otter skins .40
Fresh or salted cow or horse hides . . .06
For each dozen, or fraction thereof, of lambskins 06
For each 10 kilos, or fraction thereof, of —
Wool or hair .10
Feathers 1.40
For each 1,000 kilos, or fraction thereof, of bones .20
For each 100 kilos, or fraction thereof, of horns 04
For each 100 kilos of—
Fat or tallow .80
Wheat 08
Com - - 06
Hemp - - .10
Barley 06
Tnmix>8 or oats 06
For each 1,000 kilos, or fraction thereof, of dry hay 25
For each 100 kilos of birdseed (alpiste) 10
For any other cereal not mentioned in the foregoing 06
The law makes a reduction in the amount of the tax when applied
to stock transported from one portion of the province to another for
the purpose of wintering or for breeding purposes, in which case the
following tariff governs:
Per head.
Oattie - $0.25
Horses _ 15
Sheep - - 04
Saddle horses in actual use or anlmali^ used in the transporting of
freight or the hauling of vehicles are exempted. Cereals hauled from
ooe farm to another belonging to the same owner are exempt from the
tax if intended for seed purposes.
PROVINCE OP c6RDOBA.
SUtuUion. — This province is situated in the central part of the
Republic, between latitude 29° 31' and 35°, and longitude 61° 52' and
66'' 56'. It is bounded on the north by Catamarca and Santiago del
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86 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Estero, on the east by Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, on the south hy
the Pampa, and on the west by San Luis and La Rioja.
Area and i)opulation. — The area of the province is 101,003 square
kilometers. Its capital is Cordoba.
Constitution. — Cordoba wjis declared a province in 1815 and its con-
stitution dates from 1855.
General aspect — The province presents the aspect of a plain, gently
inclined toward the east, and on its western side it rises in a chain
of mountains, which occupies the fourth part of the province, forming
valleys in which vegetation is rich and abundant. The plain, on the
east and soul h, is specially suitable to agriculture, but it leaves much
to bo desired on account of the dryness of its climate and the lack of
natural irrigation.
Orography. — With the mountains of the province a special oro-
graphic system is formed, which is known as the center. This system
comprises three parallel ranges running from north to south, and
they differ from those of the Andes in that they gradually dimin-
ish in height until they merge into the plains that surround them.
The most eastern range is known as the Campo, and is divided into
four sections by three rivei*s — the highest peak being about 1,000
meters. The middle range is known as the Achala, with a length of
330 kilometers and a width of from 50 to 60. The highest peak is 2,200
meters. The western range is known as the Serrezuela and is some-
what shorter than the two former. Its highest peak is 1,000 metei-s.
In 1001 the population of the principal towns was:
Cordoba...- 70,000
Rio Cuarto - 12, 000
Belle ViUe - . . . 5,000
San Francisco - 3, 500
Marcos Juarez. _ - 3, 500
Villa del Rosario 3,500
Villa Dolores - 3,000
Villa Maria 3,500
Leones 2,000
CruzAlta 2,000
Banking. — The moratoria granted to the Provincial Bank having
expired in 1895, Government authorized the resumption of operations
in 1900.
Internal communications. — In 1899 there were 1,955 kilometers of
railway in the province, being 1.2 kilometers per 100 square kilometers
of area, and 5.6 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. In 1900 the mileage
was 2,005 kilometers, being 1.36 kilometers per KK) square kilometers,
and 4.8 per 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCR OF CORRIKNTES.
Situation. — The province of Corrientes is situated in the northern
part of the Argentine Mesopotamia, and lies between 27° 20' and 30°
40' latitude, and lonfi:itude 55° 45' and 59° 40'. On the north it is
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PROVINCES. 87
bounded b^- the River Parana, which separates it from the Republic
of Paraguay, on the east by the territory of Misiones and the River
Uruguay, which separates it from Brazil, on the soutli by the prov-
ince of Entre Rios, and on the west by the River Parana, which sepa-
rates it from the Chaco and Santa Fe.
Area. — ^The area of the province is 84,402 square kilometers. Its
capital is Corrientes.
Consiitidion, — Declared a province in 1814. Constitution dated
1855; reformed 1864 and 1889.
Oeneral aspect — Corrientes presents the aspect of an undulating
plain. Its northern part is depressed, forming numerous marshes
and swamps. The central region has rich pasturages. Extensive
and thick forests cover the greater portion of the province.
Internal conimunicaiion, — In 1900 there were 536.1 kilometers of
railway, being equivalent to 0.6 kilometer per 100 square kilometers
of area and 1.9 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. There is an
easy railway law, and the following concessions have been grant-ed:
Pehuago Itaemba, passing through CaA-Catf, San Antonio de Itat6,
ltd Ibate to Ituzaingo; Bella Vista to Caa-Cati, passing through
Saladas and Imburucuj4; Goya to'Lucero and Esquina to Libres,
passing through Sauce.
PROVINCE OP SANTA Ft.
SUiuUion. — The province lies between latitude 28° and 34° 23', and
longitude 59° and 62° 40'. It is bounded on the north by the Chaco,
from which it is separated by parallel 28; on the east by the River
Parana, which separates it from the provinces of Corrientes and
Entre Rios, on the south by Buenos Aires, on the west by Santiago
del Estero and C6rdoba.
Area arul population. — The area of the province is 131,906 square
kilometers, and in 1895 the population was 397,188, equivalent to a
density of three inhabitants per square kilometer.
The population of the principal cities and towns is: Santa F6 (capi-
tal), 25,000; Hosario, 112,000; Esperanza, 8,000; Coronda, 5,000; San
Lorenzo, 7,000. The number of colonies in the province is over 400,
there having been 44 in 1872, and 365 in 1895.
Constitution. — It was declared a province in 1812. Its first consti-
tution dates from 1856, and various reforms were introduced in 1863,
1872, 1891, and 1900. The legislature is composed of two chambers.
General aspect. — The whole of the north of the province is one
immense forest of most valuable timber, but owing to the lack of
easy communication the industry has not been fully developed.
PROVINCE OP ENTRE RfOS.
Situation. — This province is situated between latitude 37° 7' and 34°,
and longitude 37° 50' and 60° 40'. It is bounded on the north by
Corrientes, on the east by the River Uruguay, on the south by the
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88 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Rivers ParanA-Guazu and ParanA-Pavon, which divide it from the
province of Buenos Aires, and on the west by the River Parau4, which
separates it from the province of Santa F6.
Area, — The area of the province is 74,751 square kilometers.
ConstUiUion. — Declared a Province in 1814, constitution granted in
1860, and reformed in 1883. The legislature consists of two chambers.
Capital city, — The capital of the province is Parana, which has a
population of about 20,000 inhabitants. It has made much progress,
and has its own waterworks, gas works, and electric-light stations. It
has also telephonic communication, and its service of tramways is good.
It was the capital of the Argentine Confederation from 1853 to 1861.
The other towns of importance are Concordia with 14,000 inhabitants;
Gualeguaychii, 14,500; Uruguay, 12,000; La Paz, 7,000. The works
at the port near Gualeguaychti for the deepening of the harbor, will,
when completed, facilitate the export of home produce to foreign
ports.
Oeneral aspect. — Inclosed by the rivers Paran& and Uruguay and
crossed by numerous rivers which enrich it« soil, the province is one
of the most fertile in the country. It is a plain without any notable
elevations, covered to a great extent with excellent grasses, and
the northern part of its area is covered with forests. The orography
of the province consists of two small chains of hills which run paral-
lel, and are situated in the north of the province. They are known
as " Cuchillas," and determine the currents of the rivers and streams.
The chain between the rivers Uruguaj'^ and Gualeguay is known as
Cuchilla Grande, and the other between the Gualeguay and Paran&
rivers is known as the Cuchilla Grande de Montiel. There is no peak
higher than 80 meters.
Internal comfimunicaiions, — In 1900 the length of railway was 738^
kilometers^ — average being 99 kilometers per 100 square kilometers
of area and 2.9 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants. The Entre Rfos
Railway is constructing a branch line from Villaguay to Concordia.
This line will connect the railway system of the provinces of Entre
Rfos and Corrientes.
PROVINCE OP SAN LUIS.
Situation. — This province is situated between latitude 31° 54' and
36° and longitude 64° 55' and 67° 22'. It is bounded on the north by
the provinces of La Rioja and C6rdoba, to the south by the Pampa,
to the east by C6rdoba, to the west by Mendoza.
Area.—Thid area of the province is 73,923 square kilometers.
Capital city. — San Luis, the capital of the province, was founded in
1507, -and has about 10,000 inhabitants. The other important city is
Villa Mercedes, with about 6,000 inhabitants.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted
in 1855 i re-tormed 1871. The legislature consists of a chamber of
deputies, with one member per 3,000 inhabitants or fraction of not less
than 1,600.
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PROVINCES. 89
Oenercd aspect. — The northeast part of the province is occupied b}'
various ranges forming numerous valleys, many of which are covered
with v^etation. In the west there are several small mountains,
which for the most part are arid. The southern portion is a plain
similar to the Pampa, and covered in some parts with pastures spe-
cially adapted to cattle raising. This province is comparatively poor
in animal and vegetable products, owing to the scarcity of water.
The mountain ranges of the province constitute two systems, the
Central and the Andine. The Central system is in the center of the
province, and has a range called the Punta, of about 800 meters ele-
vation. This runs northward and increases in height. This range is
known as the Sierra de San Luis^ the highest peaks being Soloasta
and Tomalasta, of about 2,000 meters. To the southwest of the
Pnnta there are several isolated mountains of slight elevation. To
the west of the province, running from the north to the south, there
ia a chain of small mountains extending to Lake Bebedero, which
connects the Andine and Central ranges.
Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 334.7 kilometers of
railway, equivalent to 0.04 kilometer per 100 square kilometers of
area and 3.7 kilometers per 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCE OP SANTIAGO DEL E8TERO.
Situation. — ^This province lies between latitude 25"^ 40' and 29° 55'
and longitude Gl*' 40' and 65'' 10', and is bounded on the north by Salta
and the Chaeo, east by the Chaco and Santa Fe, south by Cordoba,
and west by Catamarca and Tucumdn.
Area and population. — The area of the province is 103,016 square
kilometers. The population in 1895 was 161,502, the density per
square kilometer being 1.5. The capital had in 1895, 9,517 inhabit-
ants. The province is divided into 21 departments.
Capital city. — The capital, Santiago del Estero, was founded in 1553.
The population is about 10,500. It is lighted by electricity, and was
one of the first cities to adopt this system in the country.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. Constitution granted
in 1856; re-formed 1864 and 1884.
General aspect. — ^The formation of the province is that of a plain
sloping toward the southeast and with mountains of low elevation to
the west and to the south. Due to the conditions of the soil and on
account of the lack of water, the plain is in general very arid.
Internal communications. — In 1900 there were 1,065 kilometers of
railways, equivalent to 1 kilometer of line per 100 square kilometers
of area and 5.9 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCE OP MKNDOZA.
Situation.— The province is situated to the west of San Luis, and is
8ei>arat6d from that province by the rivers Desaguadero and Salado;
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90 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
to the south of San Juan, from which it is divided by a line passing
from Las Tranquitas or Ramblones to Nevado de Aconcagua; to
the north of the national territories of Neuquen and Pampa, sepa-
rated by the rivers Barrancas and Colorado, to meridian 10° west of
Buenos Aires, and by this same meridian and parallel 36° to river
Salado. The west of the province joins Chilean territory. It is situ-
ated between 32° 19' and 37° 30' south latitude, and between 66° 40'
to 70° 35' west longitude of Greenwich.
Area. — The area of the province is 146,378 square kilometers.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. The first constitution
was given in 1854-55, and re-formed in 1894-95 and 1900. The legis-
lature consists of two chambers.
Capital city. — The city of Mendoza is situated at 1,045 kilometers
from Buenos Aires, 799 meters above the sea level. Founded May 2,
1561, and was destroyed by an earthquake on March 20, 1861. Popu-
lation al>out 29,000. In the province are to be found several thermal
springs. The province has 16 administrative divisions, 28 cities,
towns, and villages, and 315 populated places and colonies. In 1898
the National Immigration Department sent 1,365 immigrants into the
province; in 1899, 1,695, and in 1900, 4,160.
General aspect. — Like all the Andine provinces, the aspect of this
province is varied. A sandy plain extends from north to east, the
soil of which is dry and arid, and although in some parts it is covered
with a stubbly growth, it is for the most part barren. The western
part, which is almost totally occupied by the Cordilleras, has very fer-
tile valleys, watered by the numerous streams from the mountain side
and by the frequent rains.
Orography. — In the orography of the province the ranges of Tontal
and Zonda, at the entrance to Mendoza, form the Parmelios Range
(3,000 meters), which extends from north to south up to the same
latitude as the city of Mendoza. The Uspallata Range runs to the
west of this range, and, sloping gradually to the east, merges into
the valley of the same name. Farther south, separated by plains
more or less extensive, are to be found the following ranges: The
Tunuy4n, which runs from north to southwest and whose western
slopes are bathed by the river of the same name. The Nevado and
Pay^n to the south of the river Atuel, running north to south, and
finally to the west of these, in latitude 35° 30', the small Malargu6
Range. The Andes, which pass through the province of Mendoza,
have numerous ranges covered with eternal snows, the principal
being Aconcagua (6,835 meters), an extinct volcano, distant 120
kilometers from the city of Mendoza; the Tupungato (6,710 meters),
visible from the city of Mendoza; the Juncal (6,000 meters), the Cruz
de Piedra (5,220 meters), and the Mercedario (6,779 meters). Among
the volcanoes are the San Jos6 (5,532 meters), Maipo (5,385 meters),
Tinguirica (4,480 meters), and the Descabezado (6,400 meters).
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PEOVINCES. 91
Irrigation. — The irrigation works of the province are very impor-
tant, as without them cultivation would be difficult. The governor
in his message at the opening of the legislature in 1901 said that the
extraordinary floods of the river Mendoza in the summer of 1899 to
1900 destroyed more than 100 meters of the reservoir of the intake of
the Canal Zanjon. The law governing the irrigation works is to be
re-formed.
Internal communications, — In 1900 there were 394 kilometers of
railway, equivalent to 0.3 kilometer of line per- 100 square kilometers
of area and 2.8 kilometei*s of line i)er 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCE OP SAN JUAN.
Situation, — The province is situated in the west of the Republic,
between latitude 28° 15' and 32° 43' and longitude G70 and 79° 30'.
It is bounded on the north and east by Rioja, on the south by
San Luis and Mendoza, and on the west by the Andes, which sepa-
rate it from Chile.
Area, — The area of the province is 87,345 square kilometers, and is
divided into 19 departments.
Capital city, — ^The city of San Juan, the capital, has about 11,000
inhabitants.
Constitution, — Declared a province in 1820, constitution granted in
1856, reformed in 1878 and 1879. The legislature is composed of a
senate and chamber of deputies.
Oeneral aspect. — This province, like all those of the Andine, pre-
sents various aspects. Crossed by numerous ranges, which rise to a
considerable height, some of the peaks are covered with perpetual
snow.
Orography, — ^The mountain ranges of the province are ramifications
of the Andes and generally run from north to south, inclining slightly
to the east. The ranges Mogna, Villicum, and Guandacol run to the
south of the Rioja ranges, and parallel to the west of them are those
of Jachal, Gualil&n, and Tontal (4,500 meters). Between those of
Jachal and Mogna to the north and those of Gualilan and Villicum
to the south the river Jachal crosses, and between these two last and
those of Tontal and Zonda flows the river San Juan. To the east of
all these ranges, and almost on the boundary of La Rioja, is the La
Huerta Range (2,000 meters) ; covered with vegetation, and Guaya-
guas— celebrated for its silver mines — ^to the south which extends
into San Luis. In the middle of the plain, which exists between these
ranges and those of Villicum and Zonda, about degree 31, rises the
triangular mountain Pie de Palo (2,500 meters), which presents a mel-
ancholy aspect in spite of the algarrobo trees which cover its slopes
It is narrow on the north side and widens out towards the south; it
has several granite and marble mines and is noted for its black mar-
bles. From the slopes of Aconcagua several ranges spring which run
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92 ABGENTIKE KEPUBLIO.
from southwest to northeast, these being the Tigre and Jalqueria.
More to the west of the river of the Patos rises the Castafios Range,
and further north the Se&as, all of these running parallel to the
Western Cordillera.
Public works, — During the past year various works have been car-
ried out to prevent the overflowing of the San Juan River. Surveys
have been made for the construction of a canal to take water to the
southern extremity of the province with a view to fertilize a large
extent of land alongside the Argentine Great Western Railway. The
most important public work which has been carried out is the recon-
struction of the reservoir for irrigation purposes, undertaken by the
National Government.
Internal communications. — ^In 1900 there were 83.6 kilometers of
railway, equivalent to 0.1 kilometers per 100 square kilometers of
area, and 1 kilometer per 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCE OP LA RIOJA.
Situation. — Bounded on the north by the province of Gatamarca;
east, Gatamarca and G6rdoba; south, province of San Luis; west,
San Juan and Ghile. It lies in the northwest of the Republic between
latitude 27° 56' and 31° 57' and longitude 65° 20' and 69° 25'.
Area. — The area of the province is 89,498 square kilometers.
Capital city. — Rioja, with 9,000 inhabitants.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1820. First constitution in
1855, reformed 1865. Government is vested in a legislature and
governor.
General asj)ect. — The province can be divided into two regions, the
oriental and the western. The western is crossed by branches of the
Andes, where there are valleys, which if well irrigated, would pro-
duce abundant vegetation. The eastern region is a sandy plain and
desert-like in appearance. The mountain system comprises the
Ambato Range, which terminates in the Maz&n at 28° 30' and a
counter-range, the La Puna, connects it with the Sierra de Velazco.
This range commences at 28° 15' latitude, runs north to south, inclin-
ing toward the west to 29° 10', where it changes its direction and goes
south-southeast with the name of Sierra de la Rioja up to 30° lati-
tude, where it disappears into the plain. A little more to the south-
east is the Sierra de los Llanos, which is divided into three parallel
branches. Its length is 30 leagues, its width 6, and its greatest
height 400 meters. About 15 leagues to the west of the Velazco
Range is the Sierra de Famatina, which commences at latitude 28°,
runs north and south until it reaches the village of Nonogasta; here
it changes its direction and goes southeast, receiving the name of
Sierra de Vilgo. The Famatina Range is very rich in minerals, espe-
cially silver; its highest peak is the Nevado de Famatina (6,024
meters). To the west and parallel to the Famatina Range is the
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PROVINCES. 93
Winchiua, and parallel to the west of this is the Guandacol, which is
conected with the Ck)rdillera by various counter-ranges known as the
Sierras del Jagtkel. All these three ranges are branches of the Andes
and continue in San Juan and Mendoza. The highest peaks in the
province are: The Negro (4,500 meters), Paim4n, Machaco, Colorado,
Aspero, and the Famatina (6,024 meters).
Internal communication. — In 1900 there were 352 kilometers of rail-
way, equivalent to 0.4 kilometers of line per 100 square kilometers of
area and 4.5 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants. A wire railway
is shortly to be constructed by the National Government in the
Famatina mining district.
PROVINCE OF OATAMARCA.
Situation. — Bounded on the north by the province of Salta, south
by Rioja, and the east by Tucum4n, touching C6rdoba and divided
from Santiago del Estero by the Central Norte Railway, on the west
by Chile and the desert of Atacama and Antofagasta. The province
is situated between latitude 26° and 29° 10', and longitude 64° 55'
and 69° 88'.
Area. — The area of the province is 123,138 square kilometers.
Constitution. — Declared a province in 1821. First constitution
1855, reformed 1883 and 1895. The government is vested in a legis-
lature and governor.
General aspect — Several ranges cross this province. The valleys
owing to irrigation works are fertile, and the population resides in
these valleys, as the plains, being devoid of water, are uninhabitable.
The mountain ranges crossing the province generally take a north to
south direction. On the Tucuman boundary is the Aconquija Range
with its snow-capped peaks, the highest of which is the Nevado
de Aconquija (5;000 metera). The slopes of this mountain are arid
and sterile.
To the north of the province, coming from Salta, running north to
south is the arid range of Santa Maria, which connects the Beten,
goes southwest and joins the Aconquija by a range known as the
Atajo, in which are situated the famous gold mines, the Capillitas.
In the north and west of the province is the Nevados de los Cerros
Blancos Range, which comes from Salta and continues under the name
of Gulumpaja.
Internal comm/u/nications, — ^In 1900 there were 362.1 kilometers of
railway, equivalent to 0.3 kilometer of line i>er 100 square kilometers
of area and 3.6 kilometers of line per 1,000 inhabitants.
PROVINCE OP TUCUMAn.
Situation. — The province is situated between 26° 11' and 28° 2' lati-
tude and longitude 64** 32' and 65° 13'. It is bounded on the north
by Salta; east, Santiago del Estero; south and west by Catamarca.
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94 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Area, — The area of the province is 23, 124 square kilometei-s, divided
into 21 departments.
Constitution, — Declared a province in 1814. Constitution granted
1856, re-formed 1884. The legislature consists of two chambers.
General aspect, — Tucum&n may be divided into two parts, the west
and the east.
Mountain ranges, — The first is mountainous, as it is affected by the
Aconquija Range and by the branches arising from it; the mountains
are high and numerous peaks are always covered with snow. On the
sides of these mountains and in the valleys there is exuberant vegeta-
tion, due to the numerous streams flowing from the mountains. The
east is a plain, which is well watered and on which there is rich pasturage
and numerous forests. On the boundary with Catamarca is the Sierra
de Aconquija, running north to south, with its highest peak the Nevado
de Aconquija (5,000 meters). To the north of this range and fronting
it a range comes from Salta in a north to south-southwest direction,
called the Frontera, with numerous snow-clad peaks not above 3,000
meters. In the center and north of the province, running north to
south, there are several parallel ranges known as the Sierras de Tucu-
ra&n, which decrease in height as they spread toward the east. In the
Sierra de Aconquija, between the valley of Tafi (Tucum&n) and of
Santa Maria (Catamarca), there is an opening where the place called
Infiemillo is located, which no animal is able to cross on account of
the poisonous gases it emits.
PROVINCE OF SALTA.
Situation, — This province is situated in the northern part of the
Republic, between 20° and 26° 25' latitude and 62° 14' and 60° 50' lon-
gitude. It is bounded on the north by Jujuy and Bolivia, on the east
by Formosa and the Chaco, on the south by the Chaco, Santiago del
Estero, Tucuman, and Catamarca, and on the west by Chile and Jujuy.
Area, — The area of the province is 161,099 square kilometers.
Constitution, — The first constitution dates from the year 1855,
having been re-formed in 1875, 1882-83, and 1888-89. The legislature
consists of two chambers — a senate with one member for every 6,000
inhabitants or fraction of not less than 4,000, and a chamber of depu-
ties with one member for every 3,000 inhabitants or fraction of not
less than 1,500. There are 17 senators and 31 deputies, which is the
maximum allowed by the constitution. The province sends 2 sena-
tors and 4 deputies to National Congress.
General aspect, — The two principal i)ortions of this province are
the western, which is mountainous, and the eastern, which is a plain.
The former is crossed by various ranges, some of considerable height
which form very fertile valleys. The eastern section has a vegetation
somewhat similar to that of the Chaco. The ranges come from the
Andes, the principal being the Agua Caliente, which in turn becomes
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TERRITORIES. 95
the Acay and Oachi. The Galchaqui is a branch of the Aconquija.
There is also the Puna de Atacama, which separates the province
from the Territory of Los Andes. Several of the ranges extend from
Jujuy.
PROVINCE OF JUJUY.
SUtuUion. — Bounded on the north and west by Bolivia and on
the east and south by the province of Salta. Situated in the north-
west of the Republic, between 22° and 25° 30' latitude and 6° and
66^50' longitude.
Area. — ^The area of the province is 49,162 square kilometers.
Capital city. — The city of Jujuy was founded in 1592, and has about
10,500 inhabitants. Distance from Buenos Aires 1,509 kilometers.
ConsiitiUion. — Declared a province in 1834. The first constitution
dates from 1855-56, with modifications in 1876 and 1893-94. The
executive government is in the hands of a governor and one minister,
together with a vice-governor.
General aspect. — The aspect of this province is much the same as
that of Salta in its western portion, being crossed by various branches
of the Andes, between which are valleys watered by numerous streams.
To the northwest of the province there is a table-land of about 3,500
meters in height, known as the Puna, the soil of which is sterile in
parts and cultivated in others.
NATIONAL TERRITORIES. «
The Argentine Republic has 10 national territories, viz: Chaco,
Chubut, Formosa, Misiones, Neuquen, Pampa Central, Rfo Negro,
Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, and Los Andes.
TBRRTTORY OP MISIONES.
Area. — The total area of this territory is approximately 2,922,900
hectares. The amount of land disposed of up to the present time
amounts to 1,340,516 hectares, of which the greater portion was sold
by the provisional government of Corrientes before Misiones was
federalized. No land has as yet been leased.
Sou. — ^The territory of Misiones is considered to be very rich, and
with its exceptionally fine climate, its position, fertile soil, vast for-
ests, and numerous rivers and streams is destined to become one of
the most important provinces of the Republic.
Orography. — ^The range of hills known as the "Im&n" range, run-
ning from southwest to noiiiheast, of no great height, divides the ter-
ritory into two parts along its entire length, and forms two different
sections of 300 square kilometers, more or less. The water courses of
these divisions are tributaries respectively of the two great arteries
^hich constitute the northwest and southeast boundary lines, viz, the
rivers Alto Parana and Alto Uruguay. Another important ridge, the
''Argentine Year Book 1902.
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96 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
"Victoria" range, beginning near the junction of the rivers Parand
and Iguazti, joins the former near the sources of the rivers San
Antonio and Pepiri-Guazu, and with yet another range of hills in an
easterly direction, completes the topographical description of Misiones.
With the exception of that portion on the boundary of the province
of Corrientes where the land is an undulating plain, and where
unbroken ground is met with, most of the territory is of a very
broken description, and is almost entirely covered with dense and
impenetrable forests.
Rivers. — ^The principal rivers, affording the chief means of com-
munication in the territory, have already been referred to, viz, the
Alto Parana, Alto Uruguay, and Iguazii, the first of which is navi-
gable throughout its length, the two latter only in part and at certain
times of the year, owing to the numerous rapids. The lands of
Misiones are extremely fertile and do not require artificial irrigation,
as the abundant rivers, streams, and springs water the whole territory.
Climate, — The climate is healthy. Neither heat nor cold is excess-
ive. The summer temperature reaches 35° C, but even in the
hottest weather there is always a breeze in the evening, and the
nights are cool. In winter the thermometer rarely falls below 5° C.
Communications. — The rivers are up to the present the only means
of communication with the rest of the Republic and the neighboring
provinces. The roads crossing the interior of the territory are very
few. The principal one, known as the "San Pedro" road, cuts
through dense forests and traverses the country throughout its length
from southwest to northeast.
Colonies, — The national colonies existing in the Territory are three:
Azara, Santa Ana, and Candelaria. The first named covers an area
of 32,259 hectares, the second 40,140 hectares, and the third 3,840
hectares. All these colonies and several "agricultural centers" have
already been measured by the Government, and their population,
according to data furnished by the governor of the Territory, is steadily
increasing.
Population. — The census of January 2, 1901, gave a population of
27,318, made up of the following nationalities:
Argentines 16,620
Brazilians , 6,216
UmgTuiyans 167
Paraguayans _ 2, 086
Germans - 98
Anstrians 1,328
Spaniards 260
French - 141
English 10
Italians 273
Swiss.. - - - - 33
Varions . 86
Total ^,318
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TEBRITOBIE8. 97
Of the Argentines 11,589 were natives of Misiones and 541 of other
provinces. The civil state of the inhabitants over 14 years of age
was: Single, 9,220; married, 4,940; widowed, 665. The density of
population is 1 inhabitant per square kilometer. Since the last cen-
sus was taken more than 2,500 immigrants have entered the territory.
Principal towns. — The principal towns of the territory are 12 in num-
ber. Posadas, situated on the Alto Paran4, is the capital and the seat of
government, with a population of 8,000. It possesses various fine
buildings, including the Grovernment house, public schools, and the
prison of the territory. Two lines of steamers ply between Posadas,
Corrientes, and Buenos Aires, the one direct to Buenos Aires every
fifteen days and the other in conjunction, at Corrientes, with the
steamers to and from Buenos Aires and Asuncion twice weekly.
There is also a branch of the National Bank, and vice-consuls of
"France, Austria-Hungary, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The
other towns are Bompland (796 inhabitants), Concepci6n (745), Can-
delaria (386), San Javier (371), Apostoles (263), Cerro Cora (187), San
Jose (150), San Ignacio, Corpus, and Santa Ana.
Products. — The soil and climate of Misiones lend themselves excep-
tionally to the cultivation of all the products which prosper in the
Argentine Republic and of all those of the subtropical zone.
The most valuable product of the territory is the " yerba mate " or
Paraguayan tea, which is gathered in the woods where it is found
growing wild. In 1901, 1,800 tons of this article were exported, as
were also 594 tons of tobacco. Both these products have an assured
market in Argentina without taking into consideration the growing
consumption of '* yerba mate" which is noticeable in some parts of
Europe and especially in Italy. The production of various kinds of
wood in Misiones has so far not been largely cultivated. Some cedar
has been cut from the river banks, but many other descriptions of
valuable wood have up to the present not been touched. It is impos-
sible to furnish a correct estimate of the enormous mass of vegetation
contained in the forests of Misiones, but careful calculations made
give an average of 209 trees of 20 centimeters in diameter for each
hectare, thus giving 522,500 trees of 20 centimeters and upward per
square league of forest.
Value of kvnd. — ^The National Government has established the
price of $2 paper per hectare in the territory either for camp or forest
land, and the latter being extremely fertile could be used both for its
timber and for purposes of cultivation.
Colonization. — The active colonization of Misiones is only now
beginning. Some 1,200 families, mostly P]uropean agriculturists, have
recently taken up their residence in the territory and with Govern-
ment preliminary aid in the matter of tools, laud, and food, excellent
results have so far been obtained.
573a— 03 7
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98 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Caintalfor indiuitries, — The leading iudustrial elements in Misiones
are kept in the background owing to want of capital for plant, machin-
ery, and development. What are most needed are the installation of
flour mills, oil presses, sawmills, cellulose factories, and establish-
ments and plants for the preparation of *' mandioca" (arrowro6t).
YguazU'Falh, — The whole of the Misiones is very picturesque, but
preeminent among its natural beauties are the Yguazu-Falls, which
are 70 meters in height and 2 kilometers in width. These falls are
but little known outside the territory; but without exaggeration they
may be described as phenomenal in their grandeur and beauty. The
river Yguazu is 350 kilometers from Posadas on the left bank of the
Parana and the falls are 20 kilometers from the junction of the two
rivers. A road of 20 kilometers in length has lately been cut through
the virgin forests to the falls.
TERRITORY OP FORMOSA.
Area, — The total area of this Territory is 9,412,000 hectares, of
which 1,435,747 hectares have been sold by the Government. None
of the remaining fiscal lands is rented at jiresent.
Physical conditions, — ^The physical aspect of this extensive region,
bounded on the north, east, and south by the rivers Pilcomayo, Para-
guay, and Bermejo, is that of one vast plain, with a gradual slope
from west to east, with considerable depressions, beginning in the
center and extending toward the west, running nearly parallel with
the rivers Pilcomayo and Bermejo. Extensive marehes formed by
the hollows supply the lagoons found throughout the territory and
are the sources of most of the rivers, which, generally speaking, run
from northwest to southeast until they reach the Paraguay. Alter-
nating with the marsh land are large palm-tree groves and woods, cov-
ering a vast area and usually the margins of the rivers and streams.
Rivers, — The main rivers irrigating this territory have been already
referred to, viz, the Paraguay, Pilcomayo, and Bermejo. The first
of these affords the only way of ready and cheap communication
which Formosa possesses, since the navigation of the other two rivers
is, so far, problematical. Their shallow water at certain seasons,
numerous rapids, strong currents, particularly of the Bermejo, prac-
tically preclude regular navigation, even with craft of very light
draft. The river Pilcomayo ceases to be navigable a few leagues
above its junction with the Pai*aguay, and even with canoes the
ascent of the river for any distance is difficult. Besides the obstacles
already mentioned, navigation of these rivers is rendered still more
difficult by the immense quantity of trees and snags brought by
the current, which, accumulating in various places, form compact
masses from bank to bank.
Other smaller rivers cross the territory for distances varying from
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TEBBITORIES. 99
50 to 200 kilometers, from the northwest to southeast, the principal
of which are the Aaguay-mir6, the Montelindo, the Pilaga, the San
Hilario, and the Salado; the last mentioned runs into Lake Herradura.
Irrigation is not essential in this territory, its very fertile soil, fre-
quent rains, e8i>ecially with the heavy falls of dew, making works of
that nature unnecessary.
Climate. — The climate though hot is healthy. The temperature
often reaches 40° C. in summer and does not go below 7° in winter.
The means of communication are limited to the great waterway of
flie river Paraguay. There is only one national colony, with an area
of 41,360 hectares.
TERRITORY OF CHACO.
Area.— The area of this territory is 14,396,000 hectares, of which
1,485,527 have been sold by the Government, and 9,968 hectares are
rented by private individuals. This vast region, bounded on the
north by the river Bermejo, on the east by the rivers Parana and
Paraguay, on the south by the twenty-eighth degree of latitude, and
by the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Salta on the west, differs
but slightl}^ in appearance from the region to the north: the territory
of Formosa.
Soil. — The great plain of which this territory consists is, however,
more elevated, drier, and the soil more clay-like, while the forests are
denser and of greater extent. Lengthy valleys traverse the country
in the same direction as the marshes and rivers of Formosa territory.
In the northern portion of the Chaco, numberless lagoons are met
with, but the south and southwest abounds with impenetrable forests.
Rivers. — The Paraguay, Parana, Parana-mini, and Bermejo, are
the chief rivers of the Chaco, of which three are made use of for the
conveyance of the produce of the territory. There are some smaller
rivers as well, whose depth during most of the year admits of floating
\o^ down to points of embarcation.
Climate. — Owing to the richness of the soil and favorable climatic
conditions, irrigation is not necessary. The climate is very salubrious,
and much the same as that of the territory of Formosa.
Communications. — The only means of communication are the rivers
aheady referred to, the Paraguay and Parana. There are no roads
worth mentioning. The few houses round the station of La Solana,
on the southern limit of the territory, have direct communication
with the neighboring province of Santa F^ by means of a narrow-
gauge railway which reaches that place, and is the terminus of the
only connecting railway between Santa Fe and the territory. The
territory- only Ijoasts one national colony, known as *'Resistencia,"
which is also the capital, and covers an area of 48,339 hectares.
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100 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
TERRITORY OF THE PAMPA.
Area. — The total area of this territory is 14,591,300 hectares, of
which, so far, 11,789,309 hectares 54 ares 80 centares have been trans-
ferred. There are actually 350,447 hectares 44 ares 5 centares rented
to private individuals. Data shown by official and private surveys
made of this territory have completely destroyed the mistaken idea
which prevailed as to its physical aspect. At first it was believed that
its settlement was almost impossible, owing to the bad quality of the
land, the absolute lack of water, and the immense sand hills that
completely covered the surface for leagues.
SoU, — It was thought that this territory, the poverty of whose soil
would have frightened away the settler, would never have shown a
nucleus of important settlement or of agricultural and cattle-raising
establishments worthy of mention, except in very small districts, or
that it would ever form, even in the distant future, a new province.
The Pampa is nevertheless to-day one of the most populated territo-
ries, to which capital and labor are constantly being directed with all
confidence. The lands, with rare exceptions, are not sterile, and
although in some places these are not really susceptible of being
readily settled, there is no reason why they may not be improved as
soon as cultivation and population surround them. The pronounced
topographical irregularities, the marked undulations of the land, the
woods, sand hills, isolated hills, and mountainous ridges, frequently
met with throughout the territory, belie its name t^ a great extent,
as uniform levelness, vast and desert-like, which the name "Pampa"
•implies, do not prevail.
Rivers. — The principal rivers which water the territory are the
Colorado, which forms its southern limit and separates it as well from
the government of the Black River territory, the Atuel, and the
Salado, which flow from the province of Mendoza to the south and
are lost a few leagues after entering the territory in the large hol-
lows which they form; and these in times of floods are drained by
the Atuel into the great Lake Urre-Lauquen, situated to the south-
west of the Lihuel Catel Hill and about 14 leagues to the north of the
river Colorado. To the south of the basin of the rivers Atuel and
Salado, nearly 20 leagues to the north of the Colorado, there exists a
great salt mine of very fine salt, of which the superficial area is, more
or less, 16 square leagues.
Climate. — Rains being infrequent, and owing to prevailing and con-
stant winds, which give to this region an excessively dry climate, the
lands of the Pampa, once the thicker population compels their being
partly used for agriculture on a large scale, will of necessity need
irrigation for better production and profit, using for this purpose
lakes of sweet water, natural springs, or the water of the great
marshes of the rivers Atuel and Salado.
The climate of the Pampa is healthy even though the temperature
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1:ebritoeie8. 101
in the summer reaches over 40° C, and the winter is characterized
bj severe frosts, owing perhaps more to the strong irradiation of the
land than to the refrigeration of tlie atmosphere. The most impor-
tant centres of the population of the territory are: General Acha, the
Capital, Toay, and Victoria. The first is in direct communication
with Buenos Aires by means of two railway lines.
Colonies. — Two national colonies have been established in the
Pampa — one called '* Greneral Emilio Mitre " and the other " Los Puel-
ches." The first has a superficial area of 80,000 hectares and the sec-
ond of 27,500 hectares. Both are subject to the law No. 1 551 of October
2, 1884, caUed the ''Homestead law."
Agriculture. — In 1895 there were 451 properties cultivated, with
3,630 hectares under cereals, and there existed 530,162 head of cattle,
232,489 horses and mules, and 5,295,177 sheep. The pasturage is very
rich and in the forests are to be found algarrobo, talas, and chailares.
Wheat, maize, barley, alfalfa, and the vine and fruit trees all grow
very well. There are several important estandas in the territory.
TERRITORY OP RfO NEORO.
Area. — ^The entire superficial area of this Territory is 19,872,000
hectares, of which 5,344,172 hectares 51 ares 91 centares have been
sold to private individuals, while the area rented is 186,683 hectares
13 ares 96 centares.
Physical conditions. — The long strip of land which the rivers Col-
orado and Negro bound on the north and south respectively, between
the fifth and tenth meridian west of Buenos Aires, on the east and
west, which forms a part of this territory, differs little in physical
appearance from that of the Pampa.
Soil. — The greater part of the land is well adapted for pasturage
and the population which has quickly spread over, not only the valley
of the Rfo Negro and along the margin of the Colorado, but throughout
the district between both rivers, from the fifth meridian to the lands
opposite the islands of Choele-Choel, is the most eloquent proof of
of the richness of the land. The center of this strip, which is on the
tenth meridian, on its western limit, adjoining the Neuquen, is never-
theless very dry. Its capabilities and population depend entirely on
irrigation canals which may be opened up in transverse directions in
order to unite the waters of the Colorado and the Negro. The portion
to the south of the latter river, with the exception of a rich and
fertile valley, as also the region to the southwest of the territory, is
for the most part barren, and only small patches of land are found
suitable for settlement. These are generally formed by narrow valleys
watered by small streams from the ranges of hills in various parts of
the country, which fertilize these strips of land, whose width in many
cases does not exceed half a league. There are places, however,
which are worth special attention from the richness of the soil and
which should soon become flourishing centei-s. These are Valcheta and
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102 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
#
Sierra Colorada, situated to the west and southwest, respectively, of
the Port of San Antonio, in the Bay of San Matfas, on the roads lead-
ing to Chubut.
Rivers, — The principal rivers of this territory are the Negro, the
Limay, and the Colorado; the two first being navigable for their full
length, though only very small craft can be used from the CoUon-
Cur4 to its sources. The southern margin of the great lake, Nahuel-
Huapi, where the Limay rises, belongs to this territory, and on this,
as well as on its north shore and the adjoining lands, the foundation
of a pastoral colony has been decreed officially. The irrigation of
the entire zone between the rivers Colorado and Negro, as also that
extending from the port of San Antonio to the confluents of the rivers
Limay and Neuquen, will be of great value and of considerable advan-
tage to the territory, as these lands, aided by wat-er, \vill be trans-
formed with astonishing rapidity into vast meadows and valuable
fields for agriculture. As regards the southern portion of the river
Negro, this should present no difficulties, as advantage can be taken
of the various natural depressions of the land.
Commu7iications, — The means of communication available are two —
by water, provided by the important river Negro and by the river
Limay; and by land, over the recently inaugurated railway that con-
nects the Federal capital with the " General Roca" colony.
Colonies, — The existing colonies on the river Negro are : Conesa and
Frias, on the right bank of the river Negro, with an area of 10,000
hectares each, subdivided into lots of 100 hectares; "General Roca,"
on the opposite side of the same river, with an area of 41,563 hectares;
" Catriel," in various lots of Section XXV between the rivers Colorado?
and Negro, with an area of 125,000 hectares, and "Choele-Choel,'
formed by the large island of the same name, whose area is 30,938 hec-
tares 80 ares 73 centares. The "Catriel" was created in accordance
with the law of September 2, 1884, and is pastoral. The "Choele-
Choel," on the other hand, is agricultural. The survey of the former
has already been made, and the latter is being carried out. Besides
these colonies there is the town of Coronel Pringles, situated on the left
bank of the river Negro, about 12 leagues in a straight line to the west
of Viedma, capital of the territoiy. Its area is 3,785 hectares 58 ares
71 centares. Other colonies have been formed, and these are: San
Antonio, which covers an area of 85,683 hectares 49 ares 85 centares,
and embraces all the land surrounding the port of the same name, and
Valcheta, with an area of 40,000 hectares, the survey of which is ]>eing
made.
Ciimaie. — The climate of this territory is more or less similar to
that of the Pampa, but is more variable and colder in the south and
southwest.
Population. — In 1895 the population was 9,241, and on December
31, 1900, 13,859.
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TERRITORIES. 103
TERRITORY OP THE NEUQUfeN.
Ann, — The total area covered by this territory is estimated at
9,648,800 hectares. The area belonging, to individuals is 3,525,602
hectares, 65 ares, and 10 centares,"and there are 194,639 hectares, 33
ares, and 14 centares contracted for and awaiting location.
SoU. — This territory comprises two different regions; the first is
situated to th6 north of the left bank of the river Neuquen, and lies
between that river, the tenth meridian, and the south coast of the
Colorado, its configuration being generally like the next zone which
reaches to the east and belongs to the administration of the river
Negro; the second lies to the west of the Neuquen itself, inclosed by
this river, the Limay, and the Cordillera of the Andes, and is taken
ap by the eastern branches of the Cordillera, and consequently is
extremely rugged and mountainous. The land of the first of these
regions is of meager vegetation and very dry, as, with rare excep-
tions, are the lands throughout this zone, which, a little farther east
of the first spurs of the Cordillera, stretch toward the river Limay,
from the right bank of the Neuquen. The western region of the
whole Territory, composed of endless vallej^s of great importance,
is generally very fertile, due to the many running streams which
traverse it, maintaining by constant dampness robust vegetation in
the valleys where there are abundant pastures and valuable forests.
Rivers. — The chief rivers are the Colorado, the Neuquen, the
Limay, and the Alumin6; and the most important lakes Nahuel-
Huapi, Traful, Lacar, and Lolo. The well-known and valuable hot
springs of the Copahufe also belong to the Neuquen. Owing to the
special topographical conditions of the territor}^ the land is natu-
rally watered, and, excepting the part on the tenth meridian west of
Buenos Aires, the rivei'S and streams in every direction spread their
beneficial influence throughout the various zones of which it consists.
Climate. — In the western region of the territory the temperature is
very cold. A great portion of the mountains are covered with snow
almost the whole year, and in winter the entire region is buried in
snow. The climate of the eastern zone is milder, but in both it is
extremely healthy.
Communications. — The means of communication which Neuquen
can boast of are the rivers Neuquen, Limay, and Negro, and the roads
to the west and south from the confluents of the two first rivers, lead-
ing, respectively, to Codihue, S^orquin, and Chos-Malal, seat of the
Government, and to the encampment of LasLajas, following the rivers
Limay and Picun Leufu, thence to Junin of the Andes. These roads
at eertaiii points called passes or gorges connect this territory with
the neighboring Republic of Chile.
Colonies. — The colonies which have been founded in Neuquen, and
which will shortly be settled, are as follows: Sargento Cabral, Coronel
Barcald, Maipu, and Nahuel-IIuapf. The first of these is situated
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104 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
between the river Alumine and the Catanil stream; the second to
the northwest of Chos-Malal, at the source of the river Neuquen;
the third, in the lands that surround Lake Lancar and extend to the
west of it, and the fourth on the banks of Lake Nahuel-Huapi. All
these come under the homestead law.
Minerals. — ^The territory is very rich in minerals. Gold in a fine
state is found in the sands of the river Neuqu6n; silver, copper, iron,
lead, coal, marble, and innumerable deposits of lime, salt, sulphur,
petroleum, etc. , exist. There are also several mineral- water springs.
Population, — In 1895 the population was 14,517; in 1898 it was esti-
mated at 15,678, and on December 31, 1900, at 16,095.
TERRITORY OP CHUBUT.
Area. — ^The total extent of this territory is approximately 24,252,000
hectares. Of these 2,234,039 hectares, 9 ares, and. 41 centares have
been sold and 426,715 hectares, 98 ares, and 32 centares rented.
SoU, — The extensive region which forms this territory, according
to various surveys made in different zones, does not merit the name of
" Cursed Country " bestowed upon it by Darwin. It certainly is not
fertile throughout, as its central portion, consisting of dry plains with
little vegetation, dotted about with rock of tertiary formation, ridges
and broken ground, does not, as may readily be supposed, offer much
inducement to the settler. Nevertheless, there are' valleys adapted
to cattle ranges, and many of them could support a settlement. All
the western p^rt of Chubut, taken up by the ranges of the Andean
Cordillera and by all its many ramifications, watered by endless rivers
and streams and enriched by a fair number of beautiful valleys, is
the best of the territory.
Rivers, — The chief rivers are the Chubut, which rises in the extreme
northwest, crosses from west to east to its full limits and empties
into the Atlantic; the Senguer, which flows into the Colhue, and the
river Chico, a tributary of the Chubut. Its most important lakes are
Fontana, La Plata, General Paz, Colhu6, and Musters. The valleys
formed by the river Chubut, through which this river runs, in many
places average 4 kilometers in width. Their formation is alluvial,
over which there is a depth of more than 2 meters of earth in places.
They are well adapted for agriculture almost throughout, and advan-
tageously watered by the river, should produce more than any other
district. The greatest drawback to the central portion of this terri-
tory is the almost absolute lack of water. The lagoons in the hollow
are usually extensive and shallow, so that the high winds prevailing
in this region, together with the absence of moisture of the climate, soon
^ry them up to a great extent for most of the year, or cause them to
contain very little water; and this is often impregnated with dissolved
salt and magnesia brought by heavy rains washing over ground where
these exist. If this difficulty of the want of water could be overcome,
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TERKIT0RIE8. 105
either by collecting rain water, by damming up hollows, or by boring
wells, which would supply drinking water Ht no great depth in the
low lands, the greater part of the plains could easily be used for pas-
toral purposes. The settling and progress of the territory largely
depends upon irrigation.
Climaie. — The climate is dry and mild throughout the east of the
territory, and the extremes of temperature are: Maximum + 33° C.
minimum — 5° C. In the Andine region the climate varies a good
deal according to the height of the land, drought being a character-
istic of these districts.
Communications. — Chubut has three means of communication — sea,
river, and land. The first is provided by the Atlantic, the terri-
tory having good natural ports, such as Port San Jos6, Golfo Nuevo,
Bahia Vera, and Bahia Camarones. The second is the river Chubut
and the third is by railway, which from Port Madryn, in Golfo Nuevo,
reaches the Chubut colony, the road going north and joining this
territory with that of Rfo Negro.
Colonies. — The national colonies existing in this territory are
Chubut, known also as the Welsh Colony, *' 16th October," situated
on the slopes of the Cordillera, to the north of the river Carr^n Leufu;
San Martfn, on the banks of the river Yeru4; the Sarmiento, on lakes
Colhu6 and Musters; and the Cushamen, on the right margin of Rfo
Chico to the northwest of "16th October" colony. The three latter
colonies, each covering an area of 50 kilometers, are governed by the
law of October 2, 1884. Besides forming these agricultural colonies,
the survey and sale in lots has been decided upon, of the valleys of
the Chubut, known as Alsina, Los Al tares, Las Ruinas, Los Martires,
and Paso de los Indies. The towns of Camarones and Comodoro
Rivadavia, both on the Atlantic coast, have come into existence as
well, in suitable spot« and with good ports. The superficial area of
the first is 2,450 hectares, 10 ares, 22 cen tares, and of the latter 3,578
hectares, 36 ares, and 54 centares.
Papulation. — In 1895 the population numbered 3,748, and on
December 31, 1900, 4,409.
TERRITORY OP SANTA CRUZ.
Area. — The approximate superficial area of this territoiy is 27,232,-
000 hectares. The area sold comprises 2,599,425 hectares, 67 ares,
31 centares, and that rented amounts to 805,444 hectares, 4 ares, 54
centares.
Physical conditions. — Some hilly ranges, barren mounds, inter-
mingled Avith narrow gorges, running from northwest to southeast,
scarcity of water and vegetation, and tracts of gravel are the general
physical conditions -of the northwest of Santa Cruz. The winds that
prevail and sweep the numerous plains of the territory prevent the
deposit of soil required to produce vegetation, so that it is only the
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106 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
hollows that receive deposits that might iiidiu*e the formation of soil
capable of being utilized for pasturage.
Soil, — The zone adjacent to the seacoast and particularly that to
the south of the river Santa Cruz is covered with excellent grasses,
which, due to their sj)ecial quality, are well adapted to the breeding of
sheep, cattle, and horses, as the many stock-raising industries through-
out this region amply testify. The part with Andean Cordillera for
a boundary, or the mountainous zone formed of the ranges of the
Cordillera, is noted for vast tracts of forest, and for its vallej's,
alK)unding in vigorous herbaceous vegetation.
Rivers. — The important rivers of the territory are the Deseado, the
Chico, the Santa CVuz, the Coyle, and the Gallegos. The principal
lakes are the Buenos Aires, the San Martfn, the Viedma, the Argen-
tino, and the Maravillas.
Climate. — The climate of Santa C'ruz being cold and dry, is very
healthy. The mean temperature is +17'' C. in summer and — O"" C in
winter. The maximum and minimum noted have been +26"* C. and
— 15° C. Rains are scarce, and heavy rain seldom falls. As a rule it
comes in squalls accompanied by hail, especially in summer.
Covi7uu7iicatio7is. — Ways of communication are limited to the
steamers that call at the Atlantic ports. The following towns have
been founded in this Territoiy : Gallegos, Santa Cruz, San Julidn, and
Deseado.
Population. — In 1895, 1,058 inhabitants; on December 31, 1901,
1,444.
TERRITORY OP TIERRA DEL FUEOO.
Area. — This territory comprises approximately 2,081,900 hectares,
of which 421,479 hectares, 94 ares, *V.l centares have l)een sold, and
2,000 hectares rented.
Physical conditions. — The physical aspect of Tierra del Fuego is
much the same as that of the Patagonian region of the Straits of
Magellan. The gnnit valleys which cross it« northern portion are per-
fectly sheltered and its lands fertile. Scattered about the interior are
mountainous ridges, hills, and mounds, barren in places but mostly
covered with shrubs and good grasses well adapted to stock. ITiis
region is traversed by many rivei-s, streams, rivulets, and lagoons,
which supply abundant drinking water throughout the year.
Rivers. — The principal rivers are Rio Grande and C-armen Sylva,
but neither is navigable.
Climate. — The climate of this region, though cold, is not severe,
inasmuch as the mean temperature, maximum and minimum, as taken
during several years, is +b^ C. and —10° C, respectively. Calm days
are frequent in winter. Rain increases in the autumn, and in the sum-
mer dry winds from the southwest and west prevail and occasionally
are of terrific force.
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CITIES. 107
Communications, — Like Santa Ouz, the means this territory has
is by the steamers calling at its ports. There are besides in the
northern parts good roads, which connect the different towns and
penetrate Chilean territory with outlets on the south coast of the
Magellan Straits. There has been no national colony established in
Tierra del Fuego, the capital of which is Ushuaia.
Population. — In 1895 the population was 477, not including Indians,
who number several thousands, the principal tribes being the Yag-
hanes, Alacalof, and Onas. On December 31, 1900, the population
was 1,010.
TERRITORY OF THE ANDES.
Incorporated with the Republic by law No. 3906 of January 9, 1900,
by virtue of the limitation made on March 24, 1899, by the Inter-
national Commission.
Area, — This territory has a superficial area of 5,696,600 hectares.
There has been no area of any importance sold, and there are no
existing contracts for renting the lands.
Conditions, — The wealth of this territory is entirely mineral, its
8oQ being barren and nitrous. The deposits of borax and salt, and
the copper, silver, and gold minerals it contains are of great impor-
tance, and the future of this territory must be subject to their exploi-
tation. By the law No. 4069 of January 24, 1902, the town of San
Antonio de los Cobres was named as the capital of the territory.
ROSARIO.
Founded in 1725, — Rosario, the second city in the Republic, was
founded in the year 1725 by Francisco Godoy, who formed an Indian
settlement of the Calchaqui tribe.
General description, — By a census taken in 1815 it was shown that
there were 327 male and 436 female inhabitants. July, 1840, saw the
arrival of the first steamer, the French warship Flambeau^ which was
stationed in the Parana River. Rosario was formally const i t uted a port
in October, 1852. In 1854 the first post-office was opened, and on May
15 of the same year the first newspaper was published. Municipal
elections came into force in 1860, and on April 20, 1863, the first sod
of the Central Argentine Railway was turned. Rosario was declared
a city by a law dated August 3, 1852. It is situated on the right bank
of the Rio ParanA, and is upward of 26 meters above the sea level.
Area, — Its municipal area is some 132,090 square meters.
The climate is healthy; the mean temperature in summer may be
taken as 26°, and in winter 15.83°, the average for the year being
20.06°.
Buildings. — The city possesses a number of fine buildings and is
intersected with wide boulevards. At the southern extremity are the
Zoological gardens and the newly made Parque Independencia.
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108 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Rosario has all the modem adjuncts of an advanced community;
several theaters, good hotels, schools and colleges, factories, gas and
water works, electric light, drainage, and tramway service. Port
works will shortly be commenced.
Population, — ^The following figures show the population at different
periods:
1726 Pounded
1768 - - - 250
1801 400
1815 - .. 763
1842 : 1,500
1851 . 3,000
1858.. 9,785
1869 23,169
1887 - 50,914
1895 91,669
1900 -- - 112,461
Of the population given by the census of 1900, 500 were sailors on
board the various ships in port. Of the different nationalities, 65,779
were Argentines, 25,679 Italians, 11,953 Spaniards, 2,220 French, 1,573
Uruguayans, 1,113 British, 1,066 Germans, and the remainder from
other countries.
LA PLATA.
Capital of the province of Buenos Aires. Founded in 1882, when
tjie city of Buenos Aires was declared the federal capital. Situated
57 kilometers to the southeast of Buenos Aires. In 1895 it had 43,406
inhabitants, and at present about 51,187. It has numerous verj^ fine
public buildings, a splendid museum (the best in the country), an
observatory, and a pubic library. The other important cities in the
province of Buenos Aires are Bahia Blanca, with a large commercial
and military port; Azul, 11,000; Tandil (noted for its famous Rocking
st/one), 8,500; Pergamino, 12,535; Ohivilcoy, 10,000; San NicolAs,
16,000; and Mercedes, 12,0(K).
CITY OF CORDOBA.
Capital of the province of the same name. Founded in 1573. Popu-
lation about 50,000. The national observatory is located in this city.
There are numerous fine buildings, including a university. The city
is lighted by electricity and is becoming a large manufacturing center,
due to the electric power works, situated some little distance outside.
It is in railway communication with the remainder of the country by
means of three lines.
CITY OF TUCUMAN.
Capital of the province. Has four railway stations. Lighted by
electricity. The independence of the country was proclaimed in his
city in 1816.
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PATAGONIA. 109
CITY OP SANTA FE.
Founded in 1573. Capital of the province of the same name.
CITY OF MENDOZA.
Founded in 1561, destroyed by earthquake in 1861, and rebuilt.
There are about 30,500 inhabitants. It is lighted by electricity, has
two railway stations, and is the center of the wine industry. Distance
from Buenos Aires, 1,045 kilometers. Situated at the foot of the
Andes. Among the principal sites is the natural bridge known as
Puente del Inca. Other cities are:
Population.
San Juan, founded 1561 12, 000
Parana, founded 1730 30,000
Corrientes, founded 1588 20,000
Catamarca 11,000
Sftlta.... .,. 15,000
Santiago del Estero 15,500
Jnjny *. 13,000
Rioja 9,000
SanLms 11,000
PATAGONIA.
The following extracts relating to the general conditions and for-
mation of the soil in Patagonia are taken from a chapter of a highly
interesting work by Mr. C. E. Akers, published in London:
^'Phy^ical aspect — The land at Leleik struck me as being the best
I had seen since leaving the Rio Negro. It is much higher and dryer
than the lands on the Chubut, and the hills surrounding the valley
have good pasture upon them.
^^Position. — ^The position is sheltered from the heavy west-erly gales
by a high range of mountains, the sides of which are clothed with
heavy forest, among the trees being an abundance of cypress. The
bottom of the valley is one mass of strawberry vines, and I found
quantities of ripe fruit. These are smaller than the European culti-
vated variety, but of much the same shape and flavor and not in any
way resemljling the Alpine strawberry. Along the creeks wild black
currants ^ow in profusion and also a species of parsnip.
^'SoU. — ^The soil, a rich black loam in the valley, on the hills a light
loam mixed with sand lying on a yellow sandstone and marl forma-
tion. On the hills were numbers of ostriches and guanacos, and I
counted over eighty of the latter in one herd. I pushed on for another
5 leagues to the head of the Leleik Valley, found the land of the same
class, and then returned to the spot where a land company had put
up a small rancho. Here was a * Capataz ' who had in his charge
1,400 head of cattle and a few brood mares. This stock looked well
and certainly compared most favorably with any other that I had yet
seen in this part of the country. There can be no doubt that the
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110 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
land at Leleik and the valley at Fo-Fo-Cahnel are both well adapted
for raising live stock.
^^ Suitable far agriculture. — Portions of the land, too, are suitable for
agriculture, but not to a sufficient extent to justify the construction
of a railway to carry away the produce, and it must be remembered
that the district in question is many hundred miles distant from the
seaboard on the Argentine side and inaccessible on account of the
Cordillera of the Andes on the Chilean. ' It is a far cry to Loch Awe,'
and a long interval must elapse before the population is large enough
to create a local demand for agricultural produce; eventually a cer-
tain number of settlers will assuredly find their way into this part of
the south, and to supply what they need for their consumption annu-
ally the portions of land suitable for cultivation at Leleik and the
upper valleys of the Rio Chubut will be made use of. * * *
^'Timber trade, — The opening up of the timber trade will necessarily
bring settlers to the district. These will, i)rimarily, take up the land
on the shores of the lake, and farms will be made; but it must be con-
sidered doubtful if cereals can be profitably cultivated. During uiy
stay two severe frosts occurred, and this at a time when wlieat would
be forming into ear. They were sufficiently severe to have destroyed
completely any grain crop in such a critical stage of growth. On the
other hand, there are no great extremes of heat or cold, and the majority
of all kinds of European trees, fruits, and vegetables would flourish to
perfection. Once the road through to the Chile side of the Andes is
opened, population will slowly drift over from the district of which
Ozomo is the center. This part of Chile is stated to contain over
seventy thousand inhabitants. Even now the Ozorno lands are nearly
all occupied by farmers and owners of live stock, and an outlet is being
looked for to provide for the surplus population. Nahuel Huapi is
one of the points to which this surplus will drift, and so in time the
nucleus of a population will be formed. * ♦ *
^* Mineral deposits. — It has been said that Patagonia is rich in gold,
and I inquired carefully to ascertain the amount of truth contained
in these statements. It is certain that in the south there is gold,
both alluvial and in quartz, but it appeai-s to be in only small quan-
tities. When at Fo-Fo-Cahuel I met two American miners who had
spent a year prospecting the Chubut River and the lands south of that
point. They had not met with any great success, but found traces
of both gold and silver in various districts. In places, they said,
sufficient of the former metal existed to render working with hydraulic
power and sluicing a profitable undertaking. The specimens of gold
these men showed me were of good quality. Deposits of nitrate, of
soda are also known to exist near the Straits of Magellan, and I have
seen specimens of them; these contained, however, a percentage of
cloride, in addition to the nitrate." * * *
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CHAPTER V.
AOBICTTIjTURE — REVIEW OF THE AOrRlCTTLTXTRAL WEALTH OF
THE OOTTNTBY, PBINOIPAL PBODUOTS, THEUt OTJI-TIVATION,
FACTLITIES FOB OBTAINING GOVEBNMENT LANDS — LAND
LAWS— FOBEST PBODUOTS,
Agriculture increases in importance every year in the Argentine
Republic. In order to show the progress effected in this regard, the
following comparisons are made:
Area under cultivation in 1885. — The area under cultivation in 1885
did not exceed 2,000^000 hectares; the population of the Republic at
that date was 2,800,000 inhabitants; the railway lines had a total length
of 4r,500 kilometers with an invested capital of $123,000,000 gold. In
the Province of Santa F6 124 agricultural colonies had been formed
with an extension of 1,500,000 hectares. The production of sugar in
Tueuman and the wine-growing industry in the Andine provinces had
not acquired any importance, while the production of wheat in the
whole Republic barely sufficed to meet the requirements of internal
consumption.
Area under cultivation in 1888, — According to the agricultural cen-
sus of 1888 the area under cultivation comprised 2,460,000 hectares.
Area under cultivation in 1891. — Of the 295,120,000 hectares which
form the Argentine Republic, 104,300,000 are arable, 100,000,000 can
he utilized for cattle raising, and 90,820,000 are covered with woods,
rivers, mountains, lakes, salt marshes, arid regions, towns, cities, etc.
The Province of Santa Fe has 340 established colonies covering an area
of 4,200,000 hectares. The exports of sugar in addition to the pro-
duction of the quantity required for home consumption have reached
15,000 tons, yearly; the Andine provinces have yielded this year
1,0(X),000 hectoliters of wine, and the wheat crop left a surplus of
2,294,000 tons in 1900, and 972,900 tons in 1901. It is impossible to
determine the precise amount of capital invested to obtain these results;
but it is beyond doubt that the majority of producers who inhabit
the agricultural regions of the Republic owe as much of their success
to the favorable conditions existing and created as to their individual
efforts. Thej' found extremely fertile soil with easy terms for its
acquisition and free title of ownership; and there is no doubt that a
considerable portion of land now held by immigrants and agricultur-
ists possessing small capital has been paid for out of the profits real-
ized by its cultivation, and this is without reference to increased
values due to the rising population, the construction of railways, and
the establishment of a number of new industries since 1885,
in*
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112
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Area u/nder cuUivaiion in 1901. — In the year 1890 and 1901 the area
under cultivation was as follows:
18B0.
Wbeat
Maiie
Barley and rye .
Linseed
Canary seed
Alfalfa
Peannte
Sugarcane
Vines
Tobacco
Rice
Various
Hectares.
885,495
43,492
58.083
1,221
e01,855
11,482
25,670
29,115
5,iaj
1,581
190,743
1901.
Hectares.
3,37»J49
1,255,346
80,000
612,000
6,200
1,250,000
83,765
46,068
44,390
12,696
2,800
355,000
Total t 2,996,048 7,067,974
I I
Censnis of ISOo.^The census of 1895 (May) gives a total of 4,835,620
hectares under cultivation. Notwithstanding the fact that the latter
census reveals considerable progress since 1891, the figures do not act-
ually convey an accurate idea of the increase in the area of cultivated
land, as the returns in the census of 1895 were made in the month of
May, when the wheat and linseed were not yet sown. Almost every
known zone is contained within the limits of Argentine territory, and
these may be divided for economic purposes in the following manner:
First zone. — To the south: Tierra del Fuego, Santa Cruz, Chubut,
Rio Negro, Neuqu^n, and Pampa Central, which embrace an area of
1,000,000 square kilometers, with a population of 56,000 inhabitants,
or a little more than 1 per cent of the entire population in an area
which represents 34 per cent of the whole territory of the Republic.
A portion of this territory, which is admirably suited to cattle breed-
ing and the cultivation of cereals, is situated on the Atlantic coast,
but has no direct means of communication with the populated centers
of the north and west of the Republic.
Second zone. — The riverine and central parts comprise the favored
regions for the productions for export and are in proximity to the
ports of shipment. This zone has an area of 747,000 square kilo-
meters with 2,700,000 inhabitants, or very nearly 68 per cent of the
whole population of the Republic in a fourth part of its territory.
Third zone. — To the west: The provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, La
Rioja, and Catamarca, with an area of 446,359 square kilometei'S and a
population of 360,050 inhabitants. This is the principal wine-growing
district.
Fourth zone. — The northern and eastern portions of the Republic,
comprising the territory situated between the twenty-seventh degree
of latitude and the limits with Bolivia, Paraguay', and Brazil, is the
region of tropical and subtropical products. This zone includes the
provinces of Tucum4n, Salta, and part of the province of Santiago del
Estero, with an area of approximately 250,000 square kilometers and
a population of 390,000. In the center the Department of Reconquista
(north of the Province of Santa Fe) the National Territories of Chaco
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AGRICULTURE.
113
and Formosa, which are easily accessible to the rivers Parana and
Paraguay, with an area of 240,000 square kilometers, and finally to
the east the province of Corrientes and the Territory of Misiones, situ-
ated between the rivers Parana and Uruguay. The whole of this sub-
tropical region has an aggregate area of 693,000 square kilometers,
with a population estimated at 834,000 inhabitants.
Economical conditions, — Taking the amplified figures in the order
given in the following table, the economical conditions of the various
regions may be gathered :
Capital.
Buenott Airen .
Santa Fe
EntreRi«>H
Corrientes
(V>r<loha
San Luis
i^ntia^^o
Mendoza
San Joan
Rioja
C^tamarca
Tufumin
Salta
Jnjay
PROV1NCK8.
Cnltivated
area in
each Prov-
inct> and
Territory.
Hectarts.
1,379. 2lW
1,668, 7S.H
427,466
72,058
^4,795
35,578
62,362
15(;, 1X4
84.897
28,201
29,896
97,728
78,949
13, 124
Trees.
Hectares.
J*»8
72,2:m
24,3Hi
10,
Cereals.
Hectares.
161
i,13:j,4:^i
1,493.165
:*<9,422
TERRITORIES.
Miidones
Fortnofia
Cbaco
\ a Pampa
Neuqu^n
Rio Negro
Chubut
Santa Cmz
Tierradel Fuego
5.43'.l
55. HJ9
16.7:i4
433.414
3,7«v
17,450
l,2«Ci
4:^,685
40,071
11,435
1,917
17.916
2,012
16,567
2,i»4.->
15,810
2,412
;fi;,458
4.718
54.65;^
1,U>4
8.066
11,884
6,388
1,103
816
508
4,540
1,093
3,630
62
2,744
242
272
7
5,002
4
Veceta-
bles.
Hectares.
676
8,54(»
5,670
2.227
882
829
144
754
396 I
497 ;
722 I
Alfalfa.
Hectares.
1.085
160,905
i:«,730
16,968
792
197.996
18.652
5,227
82,081
56,551
6,380
8, OHO
226
5, 157
467
15, ni
224
1,965
374
70
56
26
150
477
147
5,260
248
236
123
780
7
554
8
7
10
23.559
n3,091
Total 4,835,eao I 204,2:.'4 8.7:i5,76;j
' Various. Vines. Peanuts. ^}^^^ Tobacco.
I cane.
Oapital .
Baenos Aires .
Santa F6
EntreRioB ...
Corrientes
C6rdoba
San Luis
Santiago
Mendoza
San Juan
Rioja
Oatamarca . . .
Tncum&n
Salta
Jnjuy
PROVINCES.
Hectares. Hectares. Hectares. Hectares. Hectares.
TERRITORIES.
Misionefl
Formosa
Cbaco
La Pampa
Neuqu^n
Rio Negro
Chubut
Santa Cruz
Tierra del Puego
81
11,342 ,
3,776 I
2,271 I
288 f
3,026 '
64
427 !
9,790
77
381
179 I
167
690
387 .
236
31
40
(:2
8
111
13 i.
1» ,
2,574
8<M I
2.014 ;
28.-)
1,246
504
28:^
ii,75:j 1
7,936
2,040
2,160 I
290
1,211
20 I
I
66 '
16
158,
48 '
5 I
124
6..>.0
4,<H»1
5
612
731
123
184
130
6,598
1,222
1
1
13
163
SJ
229
2:1
10 I
1 '
54,23:j
991 I
9(6 ,
628
1,086
1,455
3
1
518
2,749
922
620
I
2.310 I
102
422 .
(>)tton.
Hectares.
61
8
68
17
24
28
10
90
810
100
5
Total , 33,447 I 33,459 |
13,475 61.273 16,796 |
879
573a— 03 8
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114
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Cultivated area, — The following table shows the area, density of
population, and cultivated area of each one of the four divisions above
mentioned in 1895:
Divisions.
I.
Pampa
Nenou^n
Bio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego .
Area.
fin. kilom .
145,907
109,703
742,983
998,593
Popnla- Cultivated
taon.
Hectares.
25,914 10,:^S
14,517 I 3,802
14,524 I 7,368
54,955
Capital
BuenoB Aires .
Santa F6
EntreRlos
C6rdoba
San Luis
Mendossa . . .
San Juan...
Bioja
Catamarca.
III.
186
305,121
131,900
74,571
161,036
73,92:^
746,743
14«,378
87,345 I
89,498
123,138
063,854
921. 168 I
397,188
292,019
351.223 I
81,460 !
20,928
2,330
1,379,268
1,668,788
427,465
654,795
35,578
2.706,9CB I 4,iaS224
116,136
84,251
69,502
90.161
446,359 j 360,050
299,178
Tucnm&n . .
Salta
Jujuy
Misiones . . .
Formosa...
Chaco
Corrientes .
Santiago...
IV.
23,124 t
161,099 I
49,162
29,229
107,258
136,635
84,403
108,016
215,742 i
118,015
49,713 I
:«,163
4,829
10,422
239,618 I
161,602
97,728
78,949
13,124
22.210
3,068
7.891
72,058
52,282
698,925 I 833,004
347,290
Total j~2',t«67e20 j' 3,964,911'" 4^8^,^
Increase hi cuUivafed area. — The increase in cultivated area from
the years 1860 to 1900, compared with that of other countries for the
same period, is as follows:
Count n«»K.
Argentina
Australia
United States .
Canada
Brazil
Argelia
Egypt
EuroiJe
1860.
1880.
1888.
1900.
3.5
7.0
16.8
3.3
4.7
12.2
1.8
2.2
4.4
1.3
1.6
3.7
2.0
2.0
3.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.16
1.18
1.24
The Argentine harvest in wheat and linseed, compared with other
countries in millions of hectoliters:
Countries.
Wheat.
1900.
Linseed.
1888. ' 1896.
485. 6 1 MA ii
1897.
1899.
Europe
636.5
189.7
56.5
36.7
18.2
16.0
8.3
7.3
5.6
6.0
4.4
11.0
4.0
8.2
2.5
7 3
United States
160.6
90.9
8.0
9.0
13.1
8.4
23.6
8.6
6.5
5.8
155.2
74.9
15.3
9.4
14.9
8.7
6.6
7.9
4.4
4.4
7 3
India
4 4
Argentina
H 2
Australia
Canada
.07
13
Argelia
Japan
Mexico
.18
07
Egypt
(Me. :::.::::::::::::::::::
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AGRICULTURE.
115
The provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Cordoba and Santa Fe,
and the Territories of Pampa, Rfo Negro, and Chubut, enjoy espe-
cially favorable conditions for the cultivation of cereals; wheat, lin-
seed, and maize are cultivated in any of the three following ways:
First. By the landowners and th^ir families, with or without addi-
tional labor.
Second. In partnership with the owner, the laborer receiving 30, 40,
or 50 per cent of the earnings.
Third. By renting the ground, the price to be paid either in ready
money or from the profits of the harvest.
During the harvest of 1901-2, 4,496,713 hectares were sown with
wheat, linseed, and maize; 13,150 were worked by the proprietors,
18,819 by renting the lands, and 5,455 by middlemen or third parties.
The capital required for a family to cultivate an area of 100, 50, or
25 hectares of com, linseed, and wheat, situated near a port, would
be, in gold, more or less, the following:
[Values in gold.]
Items which form the capital.
No.
L«nd,at|17.S0
Houses, railings, corrales, wells.
BnUocks, at $16
Horaea,at$12
Plows, at|12
Rakes, at $13
Carts, at ^
Reaper and binder
Various
Maintenance expenses, etc
Total .
ChacraoflOO
hectares (HO i -^j^
cultivated, , ^"•
30 pasture). ■
$1,750
400
308
36
.%
13
«0
aoo
Chacraof 50
hectares t40
cultivated,
10 pasture).
No.
:«)
3,100
$875 ....
280
144 4
24 1
24 1
18 1
90 < 1
200 ...
50 ....
50 ....
1,900
(^acra of 25
hectares (20.^
cultivated,
5 pasture).
$437
leo
04
12
12
13
90
200
41
150
I
1,180
In the case of rented lands a deduction must be made for the price
of the house, fences, and inclosure for the animals, and the rent paid
for the property need not be considered as capital, as it is not paid
until after the harvest. Hence the capital required would be 1950
for 100 hectares, $745 for 50 hectares, and $582 for 25 hectares. The
price of good ground for agricultural purposes may be calculated
from $1.50 to $5 per annum the hectare, according to the locality
and distance from a port. When the man who rents the land works
in partnership with the owner, it is understood that the former
receives, free of expense, the necessary implements, machinery, ani-
mals for the work, and the seed, the corresponding obligations on his
side being his own labor or that of his family for plowing and sow-
ing. The harvest over, all the expenses connected with it are
deducted from the amount made by its sale, and the profit divided
according to the arrangements previously agreed upon between the
landowner and the lessee. Provided the conditions are accepted by
the laborer and his family any of the above-mentioned crops can be
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116
ABOKJCTDTE REPUBLIC.
cultivated, and the cost in gold of production per hectare is the fol-
lowing: Wheat, $7.65; maize, #7; and linseed, $9.10.
Taking these figures as a basis, a normal year's production on three
different farms of unequal size is approximately the following:
WHEAT.
Chacraof '
100 hectares
: itWculU- ,
! vated>. '
i2,000
612
Chacraof
50 hectares
(40 culti-
vated).
Chacraof
25 hectares
(20culti-
vated).
1,000 kiloe per hertare, at ^per l.Olltkikis
$1,000
306
$5,000
Production cost, at iT.«5 pier hectare
158
Total
I 1,3S8
094
347
MAIZE.
580
$1,280
280
2,000 kilos per hectare, at $1R per 1U» kilos.
1640
Production coHt, at $7 per hectare
140
Total
2, aw
1,000
500
LINSEED.
900kilo6perh«y"tare, at $42per l.<a)kilt»
738
$1,512
354
$7.%
Production cost, at |9 per hcK-tart*
1K2
Total
2,296
1,148
574
From the profit there should be deducted the loss incurred through
necessary repairs, deterioration of machinery, tools, etc.
Crop est imate.s for 1903. — An official report made by Seilor Einilio
Lahitte, Chief of the Divisicm of Statistics and Rural Economy in the
Argentine Ministry of Agriculture, furnishes the following data con-
cerning the estimated crop pnKluction of the four chief provinces of
the Republic for the year 11)0:2-3, the figures for 1901-2 being also
given for purposes of comparison :
Argentine crops of wheat and Umteed.
Crope.
1902-8.
1901-2.
Wheat
Acres,
8,893,379
3,222,752
a Bushels.
113,98:1367
30,076,398
Acres.
8,144,579
1,927,380
Bitshels.
56,:^, 717
Linseed.
14,373,065
a 60 pounds for wheat and 56 pounds for linseed.
Area under wlieat, — The increase in the area under wheat is 748,800
acres, or 9.2 per cent, and in linseed 1,295,372 acres, or 67.2 per cent.
The official figures thus fully confirm the reports of the increased lin-
seed acreage. The increase in the wheat crop is 57,603,650 bushels,
or more than the entire crop of 1901-2.
Sefior Lahitte's estimate of the quantity of wheat required for seed
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AGRIOULTCRE.
117
and internal consumption is 870,000 metric tons, or 31,967,000 bushels
of 60 i>ound8, the probable surplus for export being placed at about
2,232, CKX) metric tons, or a little over 82,000,000 bushels.
The linseed crop, like the wheat crop, is more than twice as large
em that of 1901-2, the increase being 15,703,333 bushels. The " Review
of the River Plate," in its issue for January 31, estimates the export-
able surplus at 19,864,000 bushels, stating that the reduced estimate
is due to the fact that much of the seed had been damaged and was
unfit for shipment.
The chief agricultural products in 1901 were wheat, 8,449,372 acres,
yielding 2,871,440 tons; flax, 1,518,380 acres, yielding 390,000 tons;
maize, about 2,000,000 tons. The sugar-growing Industry is extend-
ing. The output of sugar in 1898 was estimated at 72,000 tons; in
1899, at 103,112 tons, of which 80,000 tons were produced in the prov-
ince of Tucuman.
This crop gave the highest results per hectare in the following
departments of the province of Buenos Aires:
Kilos.
Lainrida. _ 1,270
Tres Arroyos 1, 259
Qeneral Alvear _ 1, 245
The linseed crop in this province likewise showed the highest
return, the department of General Paz alone giving an average of
1,752 kilos per hectare.
Jl'aize craps, 1901-2. — The table below gives the results of the
maize crop for 1902:
Provinces.
Boenos Airen
Santa. F6
KntreR&os
Corrientee
C6rdobe
Santiago del Estero.
San L«ois
Tiieain4n
Jfendnza
San Joan
La Bioja
Oatamarca
Salta
JuJ^y
Cbaco
Formoaa
Miskmee
Nenqn^n
Pampa Central
Hectares.
Total 1,406,806
681,217
442,367
81,1»8
37,305
35,072
12,152
13,210
21,328
7,941
4,921
16, .533
6,618
20,000
1,530
4,401
524
9,589
100
9,800
Tons.
1,360,271
47i),720
2,418
7,461
31,844
36,456
20,8a5
81,197
14,906
10,740
49,599
7,2?i
40,000
6,120
8,808
1,048
10,547
400
15,060
2,134,165
PeanuiSy tobacco, sugar cane, vines, — The cultivation of these prod-
ucts, which is of but slight importance in the Riverine and southern
territories, is a leading factor in the northern part of the country and
in the Andine provinces.
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118
ARGENTINE BBPUBLIC.
The table below shows the figures for 1900-1901, the area under
cultivation being in hectares:
Provinces.
Peanuts.
Tobacco.
Sugar 1
oane. '
Vines.
Buenos Aires .
2,500
Santo P6
' 13,374
50
25
24
11
800
(V)rdoba
! 700
1,42U
EntreRloB
1 6.000
i.Hai
M^ndoza
20,476
Sn-n Jiian i. . . .
12,Uftt
Tucum4n 1
38,870 1
»)
San Luis
500
Santiago
4
364
756
964
224
Jnjuy 46
20
LaRloja
1,242
( '^tamar*^
*833"
3,306
5,613
20
74
807
2,500
Salta -- -
997
2,113 1
1,005
513
870
500
Corrientes
3.866
10
Formosa
Chaco
80
Misiones
18B
1
Totol
' 23,765
i
12,696
46,088
44,380
Sugar cane, — In 1890 there were 28,750 hectares planted with sugar
cane, and 67,218 in 1900. The yield per hectare is, in rough soil, from
23,000 to 35,000 kilos; in gasa ground from 35,000 to 44,000, and in
especially favored soil more than 45,000. The yield in sugar varies
from to 12 per cent, and the production, consumption, and export
for the last five yeai's have been: —
Years.
Quantity.
I Tons. I Ton». Tons.
1897 108,487 72,687 41,734
1898 : 78,988 1 70,223, 20,820
1899 ' 92,855 106,157! 26,701
1900 114,478 96,655 20,010
1901 163,695 1 160,660 I 49.418
Viiie.s, — The area devoted to vineyards in 1001 and the amount of
wine produced in 1902 are as follows:
Provinces.
Vines.
Hectares.
2,600
800
1,420
3,4?3
20,476
12,038
290
550
500
224
Wines.
BuenoB Aires (capitol and pi"ovinre)
HectoUters.
9,286
Santa F6 . ....
C6rdoba
15,917
Entre Rios
9,064
Mendoza
1,392,568
San Juan . . .
350,850
Tucuman , , . , , . . . r - . . .
16,367
Saito ....
San Luis
2,688
Santiago . . . . ...
Corrientes
53
Juuy
20
2,600
1,242
Catamarca
21,128
Rioja
17.221
Total . . ... .
43,633
1,844 196
The provinces of San Juan, Mendoza, Catamarca, and Rioja are
especially adapted for vine growing. The yield in grapes from vines
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AGBICULTURE. 119
of more than six years' growth is from 14,000 to 19,000 kilos per hec-
tare ; the usual yield per hectare of vines in their perfection (or their
sixth year) is, in gold, from $2,750 to $4,000.
Vineyards, — In the Province of Mendoza the cost of a vineyard of
10 hectares is calculated at $17,550, divided as follows:
Tools and animals $500
Value of plants 500
Coet of planting 3,600
Maintenance of animals 400
PdBts and fencing 4, 650
Cultivation dnring first fonr years withont production 7, 900
Total 17,550
Therefore one hectare of vineyard cost approximately $1,755; the
yield of grape is on an average 12,000 kilos per hectare, and as the
price of grape in Mendoza has been as high as $8 per 100 kilos, the
annual return per hectare would be $960. The value of land that
can be converted into vineyards has consequently risen since 1885
very considerably.
On this basis 20,000 hectares planted during the time mentioned
represent a cost of $35,100,000.
Cereals. — The condition under which agriculture has developed,
both as regards cultivation of cereals and sugar cane, renders it
extremely difficult to determine the cost of the economic factora which
have intervened. In the Province of Buenos Aires the working capi-
tal required for cultivation is approximately $3,000 per 100 hectares,
in the following proportions:
Mud ranch (zinc roof) , well, etc $1, 200
Wire fence 800
16 bullocks 800
4 horses _ 100
2 plows and other implements _ 275
1 reaper 700
Various _ 25
Total - 3,900
In the Province of Santa Fe the required working capital for culti-
vation is estimated at $2,875 per 100 hectares. Taking therefore the
cost of vineyards and the cultivation of cereals together with the cost
of other cultivations, the result is arrived at that the cost of each of
the 5,000,000 hectares cultivated since 1885 is approximately $45 per
hectare, or, say, a total of $225,000,000.
The value (in gold) of imports of agricultural machinery and imple-
ments during the period 1885 to 1809 was as follows:
1885-1889 $5,429,616
1890-1894 9,075,427
1895-1899 5,419,547
Total 19,924,590
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120
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
During the same period 390,000 tons of wire fencing have been
employed in the agricultural industries. The linear kilometer of
fence, composed of seven wires with other necessary material and
labor, costs on an average 1400; and taking the 390,000 tons of
imported wire as corresponding to (>18,570 kilometers of fence, the
total expenditure under this head would amount to about $248,000,000.
While in the provinces of ('ordoba, Entre Rios, and in the north of
Santa Fe nearly the whole of the crops of maize, wheat, and linseed
were lost as the result of a drought of some duration, splendid results
have been obtained at many points in the Province of Buenos Aires
and in the south of Santa Fe, the jield in some instances amounting
to 1,200 kilos of wheat, 1,500 kilos of linseed, and 2,800 kilos of maize
per hectare. Taking these results and the figures from the report of
Congress in 1898 regarding the cost of production of wheat and maize
per 100 hectares yielding 1,000 kilos of wheat per hectare and 2,400
kilos of maize per hectare, and calculating the cost of production of
linseed as more or less equal to that of wheat, the profits realized in
1898 in the flourishing regions have been exceedingly large. In one
case in the Province of Buenos Aires during 1897, where the linseed
crop yielded as much as 2,000 kilos per hectare, a proprietor with a
third share obtained as his proportion a net profit of $40 per hectare.
Agricultural produeia, 1897-lUol. — The following table gives the quantities and
values of different agricultural products from 1897 to 1901.
[Value in (?old.]
Year.
IMTT.
18fiH.
1809,
1«X).
LinBeed.
Maize.
Tons. Value. Tons. Value.
106,47714,996,288' 374.»42 1"), 478,718
;i58.fl04 5.4a(»,031, 717,1(15 l),ri:4,197
'ai7,71H 7,402,4881,llfi,27r. l:{.m2,9H;K,
...^....223,25710.674,011 718,248 11, 9;Ci,747| 1,929, 676
1901 .... 3:K828l0,5W,a6;n, 1^.290 18,887,397| 904,289
Total 4,5,0U6,O8l| .58.617,(^21 i
Wheat.
Hay.
Tons.
101,845
645,161
1,713,429
Value. Tons. Value.
Vari-
ous.
Total.
|3,470,3511(]B,70o! $933,176 $690. 454 $15, 568, 987
*&, 388, 900,1 13, 534 1,246,849 165,459 88,475,436
38, 078, 343lia5, 598 1 , 158, 825 238, 524 59. 919, 163
48, 627, 653 1(J2,8:« 1,282, 620 537, 2:« 73,04.5,267
26,240,7;«
i 1:38,785,980
95,120 961,576 501,080, 63,ltfJ,9&9
5,583,0462,120,708250,112,852
I 1
Manufactured vepetablo nmtter.
Vegetable residues.
Year. Sugar.
Tons. Value.
Flour.
Tons I Value.
Vari-
ous.
Total.
Bran.
Tons. Value, i
Vari-
1897.
1898-
1900.
1901.
41,73414,
20,820 1,
2f).701 2
15,27(» 1,
49,412 3
382, ««
(565,506
i:«,109
221,633
952,998
41. 443 §2.411,719
31,9:« 1,592.495
59,464 1.9:J8,28l'
51,203 1,718,(H5
71.742 2,711.298|
$56,609 $8,851,264 53,194
2,631 3,260,602 52,935
44,414 4,118,804' 78,890
12,731 2,962.449] 73,314
39,805 0,704,101 92,630
Total.
13,359,242. 10,371,878 156,190 2:3,887,310
$747,551' $168,567
767,972' 188,822
922,916! 195,112
l,163,120i 265,520
1,454,428! 333,671
5,055,9871,151,598
Total.
$916,118
966,794
1,118,028
1,428,64(1
1,787,930
6,207,579
Total value of the exports of a ffrieultural products, in gold,
1897 $23,336,300
1898 42,602,928
1899 65,156,996
1900 77,436,^6
1901 71,598,009
Total 280.207,741
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AGBICULTUBE. 121
Wheat market. — Argentina, of all the countries in the world, is one
of the most successful competitors in the wheat market. Her capacity
to produce wheat may be almost said to have taken the world by sur-
prLse. It is comparatively but a short time ago that little or no con-
sideration was given to the marvelous fertility of the soil and to the
great advantages she would naturally develop in the large level
plains, variety of climate, absence of forests and other obstructions,
and proximity to the seaboard and navigable rivers. In 1885 the area
of cultivation did not amount to more than 180,000 acres, and that
inaHmuch as wheat figured • among the articles of necessity, it was
necessary to import to the extent of 177,000 tons. But since that
period agriculture has crept on apace, until the area is now said to
stand at 3,037,701 hectares.
Wheat crops, 1881^1901, — The following table shows the increase in
the development of the wheat crop :
Tons.
1881 _ 2,000
1890 _. 440,000
1891 504,000
1892.. _. 496,000
1893 634,000
1894.. 1,200,000
1895 860,000
1901.. 2,871,440
Aijrwultural prosperity, — "The year 1899 was one of great agricul-
tural and commercial prosperity for the Republic. A good harvest
admitted of an increased exportation of cereals, especially of wheat,
while the high price of wool in the European markets was in favor of
the Argentine exporter.
In this year some 1,068,000 more tons of wheat were exported than
in the previous year; also 399,000 more tons of maize, 59,000 more
tons of linseed, and almost double the number of tons of flour (about
50,500 tons as compared with 32,000 tons).
The cultivation of wheat and its export from this country is being
gradually promoted and improved. The extension of railways has
done much already to assist in transportation facilities. There is still
an urgent want of grain elevators in different centers of production.^
Agricultural provinces. — The leading agricultural provinces in the
Republic are Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Cordoba, and Entre Rios. The
area sown for the 1900-1901 crop is estimated as follows:
Province.
1 Wheat.
Linseed.
Baenos Aires -
8witaP6
Hectares.
1 l,4«2.a'>4
ftl7,00()
Acre».
3,664,132
2,265,907
1,648,329
695,080
177,912
Hectarett.
348,278
108.684
91,520
58,800
Acres.
860,595
268,558
C6rdobe
EntreRtos
626,600
281, 2»5
226,146
145,296
BenAinder (lb provinces)
72,000
Total
3 379 749
8,351,360
607.352
1,500,504
1
« British Diplomatic and Consular Reports, 1891-1900.
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122
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
THE MAIZE CROP.
The maize crop, — Although maize is among the most important of
the cereal crops of Argentina, official estimates as to the quantity pro-
duced do not appear to be regularly made. The omission is probably
due to the fact that returns for this grain can not be obtained by the
method which is employed by the ministry of agriculture in obtaining
returns for the small grains and probably also those for linseed,
namely, the plan of sending out schedules of inquiry to be filled by
the owners of thrashing machines with statements showing the quan-
tities thrashed. This method appears well adapted to obtaining good
approximations to actual results for the crops to which it is applied,
but it is, of course, inapplicable to a grain like maize, which can not be
thrashed. The maize crop of Argentina is estimated on commercial
authority for the five years from 1896 to 1900, inclusive, at the follow-
ing figures: 1896, 80,000,000 bushels; 1897, 40,000,000 bushels; 1898,
56,000,000 bushels; 1899, 72,000,000 bushels; 1900, 60,000,000 bushels.
The crop of 1901 may be estimated in round numbers at about
75,000,000 bushels. Some months ago the crop of 1902, recently gath-
ered, was expected to be very abundant, but it afterwards suffered
severely from drought, and the outlook was seriously impaired.
CROPS OF CHIEF AGRICULTURAL PROVINCES.
For the four provinces of Buenos Air^s, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and
Cordoba, the official estimates are more full and detailed than those for
the entire Republic. The official figures for wheat, oats, barley, and
flaxseed for the three yeare 1898-99 to 1900-1901, reduced to their
equivalents in acres and bushels, are given below:
Years.
Wheat. 1 Oats.
Barley.
Linseed.
Acres.
Bushels." Acres.
Bushels." 1 Acres.
1,087,827 \ 25,536
1,088,298 1 25,802
617,983 1 16-087
Bushels."
Acres.
Bushels, a
1888-99
6,103,979
7,826,257
6,798,031
&85,128,067 ■ 30,796
99,450,123 , '^jm
72,180,684 29,7^1
506,446
434,866
283,590
617,918 7,207,387
1899-1900
1900-1901
878,018 8,865,113
1,870,162 j lii-351.807
a Bushels of 60 x>ounds for wheat, 56 pounds for flaxseed, 4ii pounds for barley, and 32 pounds
for oats.
b Increased in final estimate by about 17.000,000 bushels on account of thrashing machines
which had not reported at the time of this estimate.
Bye crop. — The rye crop, as far as reported, does not exceed from
40,000 to 50,000 bushels yearly. Of canary seed there were reported
for the four provinces 48,107 centals in 1898-99, 90,773 centals in 1899-
1900, and 61,603 centals in 1900-1901, the cental being 100 pounds.
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AGRICULTURE.
123
Linseed crop. — The linseed crop of the four provinces for 1901-2
has been officially estimated as follows:
Provinces.
Baenos Aires.
Santa- F6
Bntre Rk»
C6rdoba
Metric
tons.
154,000
122,000
42,000
9,500
Bnshelsof
56 pounds.
6,068,ni
4,802,927
1,65:^466
373,998
Total I 327,500 | 12,898,102
The area under wheat in the four provinces was officially estimated
at 8,144,579 acres, and that under flaxseed at 1,934,407 acres.
AGRICULTURAL AND PASTORAL EXPORTS.
Pastoral industry, — The extent to which the Argentine agricul-
tural and live stock industries contribute to supply the demands of
the world's markets is, however, the question of chief practical
importance, and this is best answered by the statistics of exportation.
The following table shows the quantities of wheat, maize, and flax-
seed exported from Argentina during the decade from 1891 to 1900,
inclusive, as stated in the Anuario de la Direcci6n General de Esta-
distiea for 1900, and the exports of the same products in 1901 as given
in No. 112 of EI Comercio Exterior Argentino for 1901, both being
official publications:
Exports of wheat y maize^ and flaxseed,
[The official ft^res for wheat, maize, and flaxseed are reduced from metric tons to bushels of
56 pounds.]
Prom the Crop Reporter, April, 1908.
Years.
Wheat.
Bushels.
14,534,154
17,273,581
37,042,683
50,083,019
37,121,081
19,547,6^6
3,742,162
23,705,602
62,957,721
70,903,436
Maize.
Flaxseed.
]«B1 ,
Bushels.
2,594,722
17,555,681
3,327,168
2,160,872
30,404,806
61,828,606
14,760,810
28,231,169
43,945,833
28,079.328
Bushels.
480,804
vem
1,692,323
I8M3
2,842,348
1I94
4,111,428
18B5 - ... -•
10,883,077
vm
9,041,903
vm
6,396,435
180B
6,265,772
w»
8,570,980
1800
8,789,237
Vfwrlv averafre
34,592,106
23,288,840
5,906,430
ISOl
33.226,924
43,788,911
13,839,065
.
Wool clip, ISOO to 1S95,
Pounds.
I860....... - --- - 45,000,000
1870 --- 137,000,000
1880 .- - - --- 215,000,000
1891 - 310,000,000
1892 ---u.- 803,738,750
1893 _ - - 334,013,400
1894 ...428,157,140
1895 - - 452,025,000
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124 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
ACQUISITION OP LANDS.
The following laws rule the method and price for the acquisition
of public lands as described, interested persons having to make
application to the ofl&ce for lands and colonies in Buenos Aires. AU
payments on public lands, either by installments or bills, may be
effected in bonds of the internal debt as per law No. 3684 of May 7,
1898, which are received at par.
Laii'f No, 817 of October 19, 1876, — Lands are divided up on the
following plan :
Sections of 20 square kilometers = 40,000 hectares, and these into
lots of 100 hectares each, divided into —
Hectares.
4 "town lots, subdivided into 526 manzanas of 100 by 100, with streets of
20 meters 400
76 lots for public commons _ 7, 600
320 lots to be sold 32,000
400 40,000
Prices: Each hectare for colonies, $2.06 (national money), and e^ch
town lot of 50 by 50 meters, $2.06.
The first are paid for in ten yearly payments, which commence from
the second year of occupation of the land, for which bills for the ten
payments are given, without interest. The second are sold for cash,
the purchaser being obliged to build on and fence in his lot within
one year, under the penalty of annulment of the concession. Thei-e
are exceptions to the above prices in certain cases, namely: In the
colonies of Santa Maria, Meliton, and El Dorado, situated in the prov-
ince of C6rdoba, department of the Union, the hectare is sold at
$18.57 (national money), payable in ten yearly payments; in the YeruA
colony, Concordia, province of Entre Rios, farms of 100 hectares
cost, with house and wire fences, $57 the hectare — with only a fence
$46.57, with neither house nor fence $28.57, also payable in ten yearly
payments, in the way already explained.
Law No. 1265 of November S, 1882. — Lands are divided in accord-
ance with the following plan :
Hectares.
Section of 400 kilometric leagues, say. 1, 000, 000
These in fractions of 100 leagues each _ 250, 000
These in lots of 4 leagues each 10, 000
Prices (sold only by public auction, for pasture lands): In the
Pampa and Patagonia, $516.50, in the Chaco, $774.75, per league of
2,500 hectares.
These prices serve as a basis at auctions, the following having been
obtained in the last that have taken place (per league of 2,500
hectares) :
InthePampa $4,756.16
InSantaCniz - ..-. 4,274.40
In Tierra del Fuego 8,340.81
InNeuqudn . . 2,318.07
InChubut---- .^. .- 1,887.14
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AGRICULTURE.
125
It is not permitted to acquire more than four lots under these con-
ditions, or say 40,000 hectares, it being compulsory t/O invest a capital
of 1500 for every 4 leagues in stock and buildings during the first two
years.
Payments are made in six installments, the first in cash and the
five remaining by yearly promissory notes without interest; in case
of failure in payments it is extended for a year, with 6 per cent inter-
est per annum added. Should any payment be made in advance, the
same rate of interest is allowed.
Agricultural lands are sold direct to the interested party, the charge
being:
National money.
In the Chaco and Misiones _ per hectare. . $2. 06
In the Pampa and Patagonia . . do 1. 54
Under these terms not more than 400 hectares can be acquired.
Payments are effected in five annual installments, the first in cash,
the other four by promissory notes without interest. During the
first three years at least one-fifth of the land must be cultivated.
Latv No, 1501 of October 2, 1881/., — This law authorizes the execu-
tive power to establish pastoral colonies of 50 leagues each, sub-
divided into lots of one-fourth of a league (G25 hectares), which are
granted gratuitously to Argentine citizens of age, with the obligation
of absolutely occupying the land during five consecutive years, put-
ting in a capital of 1250 in stock, cultivating 10 hectares, and planting,
200 trees.
Law No. 2875 of November 21^ 1891. — By the sixteenth article of
this law the executive power is authorized to sell or dispose of by
means of credit 2,500,000 hectares in the Chaco and Misiones, at the
rate of $1,000 gold for each league of 2,500 hectares. This faculty has
not been exercised up to the present time.
Law No. 305S of January 5, 1894., — Authorizes the executive power
to sell to the tenants and occupants of the Territories of Santa Cruz
and Chubut the land occupied by them before July 28, 1892, at the
rate of $1,000 gold the kilometric league, to be paid the eighth part in
cash, another eighth at four months, and the balance in four years.
Summary of public lands , sold and unsold.
Territories.
Total area.
Sold.
Unsold.
Hectares.
lOsioiies 2,»52,000
Formo« 9,412,000
Chaco 14,396,000
Plunpa 14,591,300
WoNeero 19,872,000
Neoqnin 9,648,000
Chubut 24,252,000
SantaCruz - 27,232,000
Tierradel Fuego 2,081,900
Lob Andes 5,696,600
Total 190,133,800
Hectares.
1,350,616
1,435,747
1,485,-527
11,789,308
5,344,172
3,525,602
2,234,039
2.599,425
421,479
30,185,820 105 67
Hectares.
1,601,483
7,976,252
12,910,472
2,801,991
14,527,827
6,122,897
22,017,950
24,632,574
1.660,420
5,696,600
a. c.
47 75
20 46
68 98
46 20
48 09
34 90
90 59
32 69
05 67
99,947,979 94 38
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126 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
LAND LAW SANCTIONED BY THE ARGENTINE CONGRESS AND PROMUL-
GATED ON JANUARY 8, 1903.«.
Whereas the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine
nation in Congress assembled have sanctioned the following law:
Article 1. The Executive Power shall cause the State lands to be
explored and surveyed, so as to determine their condition as to irriga-
tion, their agricultural, pastoral, and forestal aptitudes and their suit-
ableness for the utilizing of existing yerbale^ * and the promoting of
other industries and for the founding of colonies and towns.
Art. 2. As soon as the explorations shall have been made and the
topographical statements shall have been drawn up, the Executive
Power shall determine the several regions which may prove suitable
for the different purposes mentioned in the preceding article and shall
reserve such tracts as may be found fit for the founding of tiowns and
the establishing of agricultural or pastoral colonies. The said tracts
shall in due course of time be divided into lots according to their
topogi'aphic conditions. The area of each agricultural lot shall not
exceed one hundred hectares and that of each pastoral lot shall not
exceed two thousand five hundred hectares, and not more than two
agricultural lots or one pastoral lot shall be granted to one person or
corporation.
The remaining lands shall be let on lease or disposed of by pubhc
sale, such sales not to exceed in the aggregate one thousand kilo-
metric square leagues in each year and to be effected upon such
terms as to time for payment and other conditions as the Executive
Power may determine, but the sale price shall not be under forty
cents gold or one dollar national currency per hectare as a minimum,
payable within five years as a maximum, with interest at the rate of
six per cent per annum . No person or corporation shall, either directly
or by transfer made previous to the payment of the full price, be
allowed to acquire by purchase or on lease moi'e than four solares^
or two agricultural lots or one pastoral lot in the reserved lands, nor
more than 20,000 hect-ares in the remaining lands.
Art. 3. The Executive Power is hereby authorized to deliver the
definitive title to purchasers who shall have paid in cash one-sixth of
the purchase price and shall have complied with the conditions laid
down for settling and stocking, the property being charged on mort-
gage for the amount of the bills to be signed for the instalments due.
The titles shall be in the form of certificates issued from counter-reg-
isters to be kept at the proper offices, and such certificates shall have
the force of public deeds and shall be registered in the respective pub-
lic registers. The titles to town and colony lots and the leases shall
be in the same form.
« Official translation of the Government.
^ Land covered with yerba mate shrubbery.
« Town lots.
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LAND LAW. 127
Art. '4. It shall be obligatory for lessees and acquirers to stock their
tenements and erect buildings thereon, to the value of at least five
hundred dollars national currency per kilometric league, within such
time as the Executive Power may determine.
Art. 5. The minimum price of each town lot shall be ten dollars
currency and that of agricultural lots (chacras) and quintas « two dol-
lars and fifty cents per hectare, payable in six annual instalments.
Art. 6. It shall be obligatory for acquirers of town lots to fence
them and to build on them a dwelling and accessories within a
year. Grantees of chacras and quintas shall within two j^ears build a
dwelling and cultivate the land in such proportions as the Executive
Power may determine for each colony.
Art. 7. The Executive Power is hereby authorized to sell by private
contract lots not exceeding 2,500 hectares for pastoral colonization
in the pastoral colonies or out4side of them in such lands as are not
specially intended for agriculture, at not less than the minimum of
prices and within the terms established in article 2, and upon the con-
ditions as to settling and stocking established in article 4 hereof.
This authorization extends likewise to any remainders not exceeding
one-tenth of the area of the respective lots sold in anj'^ form.
Art. 8. The Executive Power is hereby further authorized to
make to first settlers gratuitous grants not exceeding one-fifth part
of the town lots and of those intended for agricultural or pastoral
colonies.
Art. 9. Lessees who shall have complied with the conditions of
the lease will be entitled to purchase up to one- half of the respective
leasehold at the upset prices hereinbefore determined.
Art. 10. Any lease of State lands and any grant or sale of town
or other lots in respect of which default shall have been made in the
fulfilment of the obligations hereby imposed or of those which the
Executive Power may establish, is liable to be declared null and void,
and any improvements made or sums paid will be forfeited to the
benefit of the State.
Art. 11. Purchasers at auction not complying with the conditions
hereby established for settling and stocking shall pay a fine equal to
twice the amount of the assessed land tax during the time of their
default in so complying.
Art. 12. With respect to irrigated or irrigable lands and to those
which the Executive Power might acquire for agricultural coloniza-
tion by virtue of special authorization granted by Congress, the sale
prices will be determined by the respective regulations, but shall not
be under cost prices.
Art. 13. The Executive Power is hereby authorized to undertake the
colonization of lands which the provinces might offer for that purpose
upon such terms as it may think fit.
« Garden lots.
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128 ABQENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Akt. 14. Notaries and other oflBcers executing conveyances of lands
in the national territories shall within three months of each such con-
veyance inform the Land and Colony Department of the resjiective
sales and of the particulars thereof, and failing such information they
shall be liable to pay a fine equal to the amount of the assessed land
tax.
Art. 15. Islands may not be disposed of by sale, but they may be let
on lease by the Executive Power. The sale of lands known to contain
deposits of salt, ore, coal, or petroleum, or springs of medicinal waters,
shall be subject to the provisions of the Mining Code. The Executive
Power may oppose any mining claims in the territories which it may
explore.
Art. 16. Henceforth the occupation of State lands will not be
recognized as giving any preferential right as to their acquisition.
Art. 17. The Executive Power shall promote the submission of the
Indian tribes by means of missions and by grants of land and of means
of working it.
Art. 18. Until a special forest law shall have been enacts, the
Executive Power shall be at liberty to grant up to 10,000 hectares of
woodland for a consideration of ten per cent of the value of the timber
at the station or port of shipment, and for a term not exceeding ten
years.
Lessees of wooded lands shall not be allowed to fell trees, except in
so far as may be necessary for fencing purposes or for providing fuel
for their own use, unless they shall also have obtained the concession
for the industrial working of the woods and shaU, independently from
the rent, also pay the said ten per cent. This concession shall not be
granted to any person other than the lessee.
Lands already granted for the working of woods shall not be leased
for agricultural or pastoral purposes to any person other than the
actual lessees.
The Executive Power shall reserve for the requirements of the dif-
ferent localities the right of working the woods within such bounda-
ries as it may determine in each case.
Art. 19. The concessions for utilizing yerbales on State lands shall
be governed by such regulations as the Executive Power may dictate.
An inspection tax of fifty cents national currency per 10 kilos will be
levied on yerba mate gathered in State tenements and of thirty cents
per 10 kilos on that gathered in private estates.
After the yerbales shall have been explored the Executive Power
may sell or lease the lands containing them, divided into such lots
and subject to such conditions as may be found conducive to adequate
settlement thereon, and in the case of leasehold tenures the right to
utilize and work the yerbales shall include the right to utilize and
work the woods the land may contain, and ^ace versa.
Art 20. From the date of the promulgation hereof all the rural
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LAND LAW. 129
estates situated in the Provinces or in the National Territories which the
Banco Nacional en Liquidacion may have received in payment from
its debtors shall be under the control and management of the Minis-
ter of Agriculture, who shall cause them to be examined and classified
in accordance with and for the purposes of this law.
Art. 21. Save the provisions relating to immigration contained in
the Law of the 19th of October, 1876, all general land, forest, and
yebales laws are hereby repealed, and shall only apply in relation to
matters now pending.
Art. 22. Let it be communicated to the Executive Power.
Given at the Sessions Hall of the Argentine Congress at Buenos
Aires this thirtieth day of December, one thousand nine hundred
and two.
Jos6 E. Uriburu,
Adolfo J. Labouglb,
Secretary to the Senate.
Benito Villanueva.
Alejandro Sorondo,
Secretary to the Chamber of Deputies.
Now, therefore, let it be observed as a law of the nation, and let it
be communicated, published, and registered in the National Register.
ROCA,
W. ESCALANTE.
Registered under No. 4167.
Buenos Aires, January 28th, 1903.
By virtue of the land law sanctioned the 8th of January of the
present year
The President of the Republic decrees:
Art. 1. According to article 7th of said law there should be offered
for sale 400 kilometric square leagues in the following lots situated in
the Territory of Chubut:
In Section B, II. — The whole of the subdivision A, excepting the
lots 8 and 18; the whole of the subdivision B, excepting the lots 8 and
25; in the subdivision C the lots 1, 2, 3, and 10; in the subdivision
D, the lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, and 23;
In Section C, I — ^In the subdivisions A the lots 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25; and the whole of the subdivision D,
excepting the lots 8, 14,' 16, 17, and 18.
Art. 2. For the purpose of this sale the Division of Lands and Col-
onies shall divide each lot into four parts of 2,500 hectares each and
pat at the disposal of the interested parties the description of said
lands drawn by Don Clemente Onelli.
Art. 3. The sale price shall be one dollar national currency per
hectare, during the present year, to which shall be added si^ cents
573a— 03 9
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130 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
I)er hectare for cost of survey, and shall be paid under the following
conditions:
The tenth part of the price of the land and the cost of the survey
in cash when the provisional bill of sale is made, and the balance in
five yearly installments bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent per
annum.
Art. 4. No person shall be allowed to acquire more than 2,500 hec-
tares.
Art. 5. Each buyer must fulfill the following conditions:
(a) Be an Argentine citizen, native born, or naturalized within two
years from the date of the sale.
(6) Be more than 22 years of age, if a man, or, in case of widows,
there must be a son of at least 16 years of age.
(c) Colonize the land personally and stock it within the first two
years with 400 sheep, or one cow for every five sheep, besides the
necessary dwelling, pens, or enclosures (corrales), and to plant 100
trees for each 2,500 hectares.
(d) Until the title of ownership is obtained the woods or forests that
may exist on the land cannot be utilized, except for the purposes of
fire wood and fencing.
Art. 6. All applications for the purchase of lands must be directly
addressed to the Division of Lands and Colonies, either by registered
letter or telegram, within thirty days from the 1st day of March of the
present year; thirty days later another period of equal duration will
be opened for the sale of the remaining lots, and this arrangement
will continue until the end of the year. The application shall con-
tain the name, residence, age, nationality, civil state, number and sex
of the children, and previous occupation of the applicant.
Art. 7. The Division of Lands and Colonies shall provide to the
proposed purchaser a provisional bill of sale stating the situation,
area and boundaries of the land allotted, and his corresponding obli-
gations. In ease the purchaser does not withdraw his provisional bill
of sale and make the firat payment within sixty days of the sale he
shall lose his right to the land. Payments can be made by drafts pay-
able to the order of the Division of Lands and Colonies.
Art. 8. The Executive Power shall deliver to the purchasers the
definite title when the first payment is made and the obligations con-
tained in paragraph c, art. 5, have been fulfilled, the property being
held in mortgage until the final installments are made.
Art. 9. If at the end of the second year the purchaser has not ful-
filled the conditions of colonizing, the sale shall be declared null and
void and any improvements made or installments paid shall be for-
feited to the benefit of the State. The same applies to the nonpay-
ment of any of the installments due before the title of ownership has
been obtained.
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PUBLIC LANDS.
131
Abt. 10. The lands purchased cannot be transferred until the last
installment has been paid.
Art. 11. Let it be communicated, published, and registered in the
National Register.
ROCA,
W. ESCALANTE.
Prices of private lands. — ^The prices at which private lands have
been sold can be estimated from the following table (in dollars gold
per hectare) :
LocaUty.
North.
Northeast.
Northwest.
Bosnoe Airee:
$100.00 to J
60.00 to
50.00 to
30.00 to
1850.00
50 to 100 Idloe from C. F
250.00
100 to 200 kUos f rom G. F
100.00
SOD to 400 kilos from G. F
60.00
%nti^ P^
$1.00 to $12. 00
6.00 to 25.00
.50 to 4.00
btreRkw
(MrdolMi
Punpft A. . . ,
$5.00 to
200.00 to
70.00 to
50.00 to
15.00 to
7.00 to
$10.00
400.00
250.00
100.00
40.00
12.00
2.00 to
150.00 to
50.00 to
15.00 to
12. 00 to
1.5.00 to
12.00 to
8.00 to
10.00 to
5.00 to
7.00
Buenos AireB!
SOkUosfromG.F
800.00
50 to 100 Idlos from C. F
100.00
KM) to 20O kilos from G.F
50.00
200 to 400 kilos from C. F
50.00
Otaf 4^ lriln« frnm C F
50.00
f^nt^ FA
70.00
Rntre Bkw
40.00
C6rdob»
.25 to
2.00
20.00
OnrrimtiFm ....,,
12.00
Boenos Aires:
fiO kilos from G.F
190.00 to
40.00 to
100.00 to
10.00 to
15.00 to
12.00 to
8.00 to
800.00
100.00
aoo.oo
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
200.00 to
50.00 to
200.00 to
16. 00 to
5.00 to
10.00 to
8.00 to
950.00
180.00
850.00
50.00
12.00
20.00
40.00
50 to 100 kilos from C.F
fiO to 200 kilos from G. F.
»0 to 400 kilos froifl C. F
Over 400 kilos from C. F
12.00 to
12.00 to
3.00 to
.25 to
70.00
KntT^ RW»
40.00
CdrdolMi
10.00
Ptunpa
2 to
5.00
3.00
brigated raUeys:
Chnbnt $60 to $100
Bk> Negro 20 to 60
Highlaiids:
Bio Neorro and Nenqa^n 1 to 4
ft Cruz
Santa <
1 t )
Public lands avaHahle. — The fiscal lands which can be purchased
or rented are the following:
Hectares.
hi Santa Cmz 34,949,976
InChubnt 22,545,742
In Rio Negro 15,087,470
InChaco 13,025,450
InKenqn^ 6,174,158
InFormoea .--- . 8,676,180
InPampa 3,124,802
In Tlerra del Fuego 1,886,809
InMiaiones 792,000
Total 96,262,487
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132
ABGENTINE BEFUBLIO.
Land investmenis —
[Santa Cruz, east of Neaqa6ii, Bio Negro, and Chnbat.]
[Yalnes in gold.]
Land bonght with a capital of —
Formation of the capital.
$10,000.
$26,000.
$50,000.
Nnm-
ber.
Value.
Num-
ber.
Value.
Num-
ber.
Value.
Land at 12.60 per hectare
1,400
2,800
10
10
4,800
120
200
1,«80
8,200
6,000
50
20
$8,000
looo
600
400
7,000
6,800
13,000
60
80
$17,000
Sheep at|1.60each
19,500
CowB^at II2 each -.. .....
600
Horses at |20 each
000
Houses, wlrinir'^ wells. «♦«„ ., .....„,-
12,000
Totals
10,000
26,000
50,000
[Center, north, and south of Pampa, south of San Luis Neuquto and Bio Negro.]
Land at fl.26 Der hectare
1,800
700
1,000
10
$2,260
6600
1,000
160
1,000
4,000
1,600
1,000
20
16,000
12,000
1,000
800
6,700
8,000
8,800
1,000
80
$10,000
Cows at $8 each
^400
Sheet) at tl each
1,000
Horses at 216 each
450
Houses. WTrinurs, wells, etc
11,660
Totals
10,000
»
25,000
50,000
[East, southeast, and northeast of Pampa.'
Land at |5 per hectare
Cows at $8 each
Sheep at $1 each
1,000
860
1,000
10
$6,000
2800
1.000
200
1,000
$10,000
6,800
800
5,900
4,400
1.800
4,000
80
$22,000
14^400
4,000
Horses at 220 each
000
Houses, wlrlmrs. wells, etc . .. . ...........
9,000
Totals
10,000
26,000
50,000
[West and southeast part of Buenos Aires, southwest of Santa F^ and south of Cdrdoba.]
Land at $10 per hectare
Cows at $8 each
Sheep at $1 each
Horses at 220 each
Houses, wirings, wells, etc .
Totals .
620
880
1,000
10
$6,200
2,800
1,000
200
800
10.000
1,400
700
1,500
10
$14,000
6,600
1,600
200
8,700
26,000
2,800
1,600
2,000
20
$28,000
T2,000
2.000
400
7.000
50,000
LTerritories of Santa Cruz, east of Neuqu6n, Bio Negro or
Santa F6.]
Chubnt, Pampa, Buenos Aires or
Land rented with a capital of —
Formation of the capital.
$10,000.
$25,000.
$50,000.
Num-
ber.
Value.
Num-
ber.
Value.
Num-
ber.
Value.
Sheep at $1.60 each
6,800 $8,700
14,600
60
20
$21,760
600
400
2,250
80,000
50
40
$45,000
Cows at $12 each
800
Hoi*8e8 at $20 each
i5 1 800
80O
Houses, wiring^ wells, etc
1,000
aaoo
Totals
10,000
25.000
50,000
[Center, north and south of Pampa, south of San Luis, Neuquen and Rio Negro, extreme west
and southwest of Buenos Aires, south of Santa F4 and Cordoba, east, southeast, and northeast
of Pampa.]
Cowsat$8each
Sheep at $1 each
Horses at $15 each
Houses, wirings, wells, etc.
Totals.
960
1.000
20
$7,600
1,000
800
1,100
10,000
2,700
1,000
20
$21,600
1,000
800
2,100
25,000
5,000
1,600
40
$44,800
1,500
60U
8,iai
50,000
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WAGES. 133
Wages of laborers. — The salaries for hired labor are the following:
The wages per day of laborers in places far removed from the towns are —
Agricnltnral laborers, i>er day, with food and lodging $1. 00 to $1. 50
Agrictdtnral laborers, i>er day, with food and lodging, dnring the
harvest months _ 1.50 to 3.00
Laborers in towns and villages 1.50 to 3.00
Bailway and Gk>vemment laborers 1.00 to 2.50
Factory laborers 2. 00 to 4.00
Camp laborers, with horses, inclnding food and lodging l.OOto 1.50
Camp laborers, withont horses, including food and lodging, per
month 12. 00 to 22. 00
Gko^eners, smiths, coachmen, and mechanical laborers, with food
and lodging, per month 20. 00 to 40. 00
Shearers, witii food and lodging, per 100 sheep 2. 00 to 3.50
Cattle drivers, per kilometer _ . 10 to .12
Excavators, per cnbic meter 10 to .20
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CHAPTER VI.
STOCK BAI8INO.
Fm^orahle conditions. — lliere is perhaps no other country in the
world possessing so vast an area of rich land on which, owing to the
exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, live stock is born, bre<l,
and fattened entii*ely in the prairie Avithout need of artificial shelter,
and there is certainly no other where animals feed exclusively on
natural grasses the soil of which can be tilled at any time of the year.
Arable land.— The 728,080,000 acres (2,950,120 square kilometers)
constituting Argentine territory are divided into 253,105,000 acres of
arable land and 475,485,000 acres under forest are covered by moun-
tains, lakes, rivers, arid regions, towns, and cities. About 240,000,000
acres may be utilized for agriculture and animal industrj^ without
irrigation, and over 10,000,000 c^n be irrigated.
Soil. — Three-fourths of the arable land is formed of vast plains —
crossed by low hillocks — of alluvial deposits of recent volcanic and
granitic origin, composed of fine, light, often loose and seldom stiff,
siliceous soils, free from stones, generally permeable— as are also their
subsoils — of a depth varying from 2^ to 12^ centimeters, which nearly
always contain a considerable proportion of vegetable earth. They
are therefore in the highest degree excellent for agriculture and for
growing the most refined species of forage plants. The land in the
east, north, center, and west of Buenos Aires, and in the southern
part of Cordoba and Santa Fe has a light, pumiceous soil, often form-
ing downs which allow an easy drainage and maj' be considered as
the very best in the world. In the southern part of Buenos Aires
the soil becomes lighter and more sandy. Toward the west stretch
the extensive plains of the Pampa, formed of a light, sandy, humif-
erous soil, which becomes more fertile in Mendoza and San Juan,
where it is very deep, often mixed with pebbles, and rests on a sub-
soil formed exclusively of shingle, which favors the natural drainage
and thus facilitates irrigation. The province of San Luis is similarly
formed, but in general the soil is not so deep and is less humiferous
than in the two former provinces. In the mountainous provinces of
the north — Tucumdn, Salta, Jujuy, and Catamarca — black vegetable
soil of great fertility, which in the bottom of the valleys sometimes
attains a depth of 1 meter 20 centimeters to 1 meter 50 centimeters, is
the rule. The soil of Rioja is similar though slightly less fertile than
the former, and that of Chaco and Formosa is lighter but quite as f er-
184
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LIVE STOCK.
135
tile. The soil of Santiago is almost identical with that of the north of
Cordoba and Santa F6, where the table lands are sandy, somewhat
dry, and wooded. In Entre Rios and in the south of Corrientes the
soil is sandy, sometimes clayey, and often light. The north of Corri-
entes and the greater part of Misiones have very rich, slightly clayey,
and ferruginous soils. Finally, in the southern territories, Rfo Negro,
Neuquen, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego, the soil has the
same physical features as in the Pampa, and is generally light and
sand}^, with the exception, however, of the bottom of the valleys, where
clayey and humiferous rich soil is always found.
Sheep and cattle, — In round numbers there are about 100,000,000
sheep and 30,000,000 cattle in the Argentine. Near the cities many
large farms are occupied by the dairymen, who provide the city with
milk and butter. They have some very fine breeds of cattle, which
they milk at all times of the day. The cattle wander over a large
are^i of grazing ground and remain in the open air day and night,
summer and winter. It is not uncommon for one of these large dairy
establishments to have from 4,000 to 5,000 cows.
Live stock. — ^The live stock (horned cattle, horses, sheep, swine,
and goats) owned in the Republic in 1895 is stated as follows:
Provinces.
Homed
cattle.
Horses.
Sheep.
Swine.
Goats.
Ewftorl/ltt^rfti .
15,755,868
2,966,192
860,299
1,106,828
1,022,844
3,088,619
678,190
195,796
163,531
875,724
62,241,586
8,570,868
427,762
1,086,867
7,102,479
416,442
96,642
52,890
65,252
21,540
92,817
Central
1,584,164
580,229
858,014
West or Andean
Northern
Territoriee.
188,636
Total
21,701,526
21,961,667
4,446,859
4,284,082
74,879,562
66,706,095
662,766
398,758
2,748,860
1,884,766
Total in 1888
The total sheep stock of the Republic in 1800 is estimated at about
85,000,000, and its wool parcel at 200,000 tons.
The provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rfos, and Corrientes are the
principal live-stock raisers.
Live-stock investments from 1888 to 1901. — The following table gives
the amount of capital invested in live stock from 1888 to 1001, the
actual number of stock, and the species per kilometer:
[A4 census of 1888; B, calculated in 1901; C, actual number; D, probable number.]
Number of heads.
Species per
kilometer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cbttle
21,961,657
4.234,082
417,494
66,706,099
898,758
1,894,886
30,000,000
5,600,000
500,000
120,000,000
800,000
3,100,000
10
2
.26
40
.80
1
40
Hones
20
Asses and. mules. -
10
gheen
250
Ptos ::::.—.: :.
10
gS;;;::::::::::: .-.
15
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136 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Current prices of live stock on the estancia (these do not include
prices for especially raised cattle which would naturally be much
higher than those quoted):
Current prices^ per head (gold) , of cattle on an estancia.
[Not including prices of breeding stock.]
Cows, averaging from calves of 12 months to cows of 3 to 8 years. $7. 00 to $12. 00
Cows from 8 to 9 years, for fattening 8. 00 to 10.00
Fat steers of over 600 kilos 30.00 to 35.00
Fat steers, 550 to 600 kilos 25.00to 30.00
Fat steers, 500 to 550 kilos _ 18. 00 to 25.00
Lean steers for fattening 12. 00 to 25.00
Draft oxen _... 20. 00 to 25.00
Sheep, averaging 2 J kilos wool - . 90 to 2. 00
Fat wethers from 18 to 36 months and weighing more than 65 kilos. 3. 00 to 4. 50
Fat wethers from 55 to 63 kilos 2.50to 3.00
Mares, at an average 7. 00 to 15. 00
Yonng saddle horses from 3 to 4 years lO.OOto 20.00
Young draft horses - 30. 00 to 70.00
Saddlehorses 15.00to 25.00
Draft horses 60. 00 to 100. 00
The live-stock industry is, for Argentina, its most lucrative busi-
ness, principally owing to the cheapness of land, whether purchased
or rented, the price of cattle, and the economical means of fattening
them from natural grasses. The interest it yields depends largely on
the amount of capital invested, as owing to the system of breeding,
the cost of maintenance does not always bear the same proportion
to the amount of live stock kept, since the expenses are relatively less
as the number of cattle increases. Thus the cost of tending 500 or 1 ,000
head of cattle would be practically the same, and to tend 2,000 the
expense would be scarcely 50 per cent more than that required for
1,000. Consequently it is an advantageous arrangement for persons
with small capital to combine, as in this way the expenses are lessened.
The animal industry is carried on in three different ways, namely:
(a) On purchased land, (6) on rented land, (c) in partnership with the
landowner.
The amount of stock, land, etc., that can be worked according to
the capital invested — taking the same basis in different regions, but
leaving out the richest grounds in the provinces of Buenos Ayres,
Entre Rios, and Santa F^, where on purchased land the net profits
from breeding and fattening are considerable — is estimated at from
12 to 15 per cent and on rented lands from 20 to 25 per cent.
When persons of limited capital are desirous of starting pastoral
farming, it is usually done in partnership with the landowner in the
following manner: The landowner provides a house, pens, and fences,
or inclosure, besides the necessary land for carrying a flock of 800
sheep. The farmer; on the other hand, is obliged to provide another
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LIVE STOCK. 137
800 sheep and to his acconnt corresponds their care, the accruing
profits being equally divided between them, after deducting the cost
of clipping and shearing, which is advanced by the landowner.
These contracts are usually made for three years, but at the end of
e?ery year there is a settlement from the profits made on the sales of
wool, sheep, and skins, and at the end of three years the increase in
animals is divided equally.
The necessary capital required for a farmer to go into the business
under the above conditions is:
Gold.
800Bheep,at$l $800
6 horses, at $15 90
For fnnutore, implements, keep, etc _ 250
Total 1,140
With this capital and with sheep capable of producing f ix)m 2^ to 3
kilograms of wool, the net profits corresponding to the fanner may be
estimated from $500 to $700.
Imports of live stock. — The imports of fine live stock (which are
admitted duty free) have been heavy for the past few years, as Argen-
tine cattle raisers have spent large sums of money in improving their
stock. Argentine ports were closed to the importation of fine live
stock from England, France, and other countries in 1900, on account
of several shipments having arrived with foot-and-mouth disease
among the cattle.
The imports during the past five years have been :
1896.
1897.
1896.
1889.
1900.
Oittle
1,023
111,809
190
1,886
57,400
257
957
31,016
296
2,188
42,614
202
732
Sheep
10,896
HonSi .......
280
The above figures include every class of animals.
The export trade in live stock (no export duty) has become very
important, but the outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease closed
English and European ports to Argentine live stock.
The Minister of Agriculture published a decree on February 19,
1902, reopening the Argentine ports to British cattle. For a number
of months past such animals have been excluded by the authorities
because of the prevalence of tubercular diseases among them.
Export of live stocky 1898-1900. — ^According to figures published in
1898 the number of cattle was 20,779,109, so that the increase for the
two years was 5,355,787.
The export of live stock in 1898, 1899, and 1900 was as follows:
Cattle.
Sheep.
Horses.
Mules.
UM
121,829
106.846
89,626
574,286
600,855
160,614
5,087
4,894
27,660
2,100
».:: :::::::::::.:::::.::
866
mo ::::::
849
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138 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
' The large export of horses was principally for the British Gloveni-
ment, in South Africa, the average price being between $30 and $35
gold.
Butcher industry, — The butcher industry is also a very important
one. The principal products are jerked beef (exported to Brazil and
Cuba), and preserved meat and extract of meat, which are exported
to Europe.
Argentina is one of the principal wool-producing countries of the
world. The clip commences in September and the exports in October.
The raising of stock for market purposes is becoming a very impor-
tant industry. The Argentine " estancieros " have careful!}" bred
stock of all kinds and make constant efforts to preserve the purity of
the breeds. Great emulation exists among the stock raisers.
Watsr supply, — Good water may be easily obtained throughout
nine-tenths of the territorial area. In the other tenth the benefit
derived would not warrant the expense entailed by irrigation. Water
is generally extracted from ordinary wells at a depth varying from
1 meter 50 centimeters to 28 meters 50 centimeters, the average being
about 7 meters 50 centimeters. In the majority of cases in which
artesian and semiartesian wells have been sunk springs have been
found at the following depths:
Meters,
Buenos Aires 12 to 245
EntreRlos , 4to 85
SantaF6.. 4to 73
Corrientes 5 to 67
C6rdoba _ 32 to 323
SanLuis _ 150to415
Santiago del Estero. .. 60to500
Catamarca . . . 85 to 500
Rioja - ... .. lltol26
Tncnm^ 60 to 310
Pampa 44to 84
Misiones, Formosa, Chaco _ 7 to 265
Neuqu6n, Rio Negro, Chnbut, Santa Cruz 56 to 175
Wells, — Over 3,000 of these wells have been sunk and 400 of them
are artesian, the rest being semiartesian.
Indigenous and acclimatized grasses, — The principal acclimatized
grasses and forage plants are :
In the Antarctic and Southern Andine region : Lathyrus magellani-
cus, Lathyrus nervosus, Hierochloe redoleus, Deschampsia kingii,
Poa c«espitosa, Poa robusta, Vicia graminea, Vicia patagonica,
Adesmia lotoides, Alopecurus alpinus, Phleum alpinum, Agrostis
magellanica, Deschampsia flexuosa, Crisetum parvulam, Festuea
purpurascens, Festuea f ueguiana, Bromus coloratus, Bromus macran-
thus, Tristicum magellanicum, Elimus antarticus, Vicia negricans.
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GRASSES. 139
In the Patagonian region: Lahyrus cericeus, Phacelia cercinata,
Bromns pictus, Tristicnm magellanicum, Vlcia patagonica, Stipa
patagonica, Dantbonia pieta, Distichlis scoparia, Poa lanuginosa, Poa
pallens, Poa patagonica, Hordeum compressum, Elynius agropyroides,
Erodium geoides, Erodium cieiitarium.
In the Pampean region: Triticum repens, Bromus umioloides,
Bromas mollis; Lolium brasilianum, Medicago maciilata, Medicago
denticulata, Medicago lupulina, Melilotus parriflora, Trifolium math-
ewsii, Trifolium polymorphum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens,
Adesmia gresea, Vicia Montevideensis, Vicia nana, Lathyrus pubes-
cens, Echium plantagenettm, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum platycau-
ton, Paspalum distehyrum, Paspalum pumilum, Paspalum dilitatum,
Panicum colonum, Panicum capillare, Panicum najadum, Panicum
sanguinali, Bromus antelicus, Bromus mollis, Bromus inioloides,
Avenascabrivalvis, Boutelona multiseta, Briza elegans, Chloriscitiata,
ChlorLs distichophylla, Eleusine indica, Hordeum murinum, Piptochac-
tium tuberculatem, Poa bonariensis, Poa lanigera, Polypogon inter-
ruptus, Polyi)ogon mompliensis, Setaria gr&cilis, Setaria geniculata,
Stipa byalina, Stipa papposa, Andropogon mitans, Erodium geoides,
Erodium cicutarium, Erodium mocbatum, Erodium malachoides.
Subtropical region: Desmodium adscendens, Chloris berychiana,
Chloris polydactyla, Desmodium unicinatum, Fornia diphylla, Rhyn-
chosia mono8i)ei'ma, Bromus unioloides, Andropogon loliaceus, Andro-
pogon saccliaroides.
Northern Andine region: Glyejrrhiza astragalina, Tripolium math-
ewsii, Lathyrus macropus, Heliotropum ehrysanthum, Ipsum mendo-
cinum, Monroa mendoeina, Tillandsia.
In the rougher camps of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Cordoba, San
Luis, and Pampa and Rio Negro alfalfa {Medicago sativa) and other
perennial fine grasses are sown on a large scale, the cost of sowing
being practically insignificant, as the grass seeds are put down with
wheat, oats, or maize and the land used for pasturage after the crops
are gathered.
Feeding capacity, — The prairies of Buenos Aires, Entre Rfos, Santa
F6, and south of C6rdoba have a feeding capacity of from four to five
sheep per acre, and those of Pampa, Neuqu^n, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa
Cruz, and Corrientes from one-half to four sheep per acre. Buenos
Aires, Entre Rlos, Santa F6, C6rdoba, Corrientes, San Luis, Pampa,
Neuqu^n, Rio Negro, Chubut, and Santa Cruz are especially adapted
for breeding cattle, sheep, and horses. Pigs can be advantageously
bred in all the southern territories, and goats in the northern, central,
and Andine provinces and territories. In Mendoza, San Juan, Salta,
Jujuy, and Catamarca cattle are pastured on irrigated camps sown
with *'alfalfa," where from three to six head are pastured per acre,
with a fattening capacity of three to four steere per acre.
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140
ABGENTINB REPUBLIC.
Average pnce of the principal agricultural and pastoral products during the five
years 1896-1900.
[In gold, Buenos Aires market.]
Products.
Quantity.
1806.
1897.
1806.
1800.
1900.
Wool
10 kilograms
do
$1.86
2.86
17.27
.13
1.72
2.83
4.61
46.96
8.73
2.71
1.00
2.80
3.70
7.82
$1.86
2.98
15.26
.11
1.26
aoi
6.00
41.11
4.49
3.64
1.81
8.30
5.90
8.79
$2.08
2.90
18.75
.14
i.n
3.26
5.89
46.25
4.15
a39
1.40
8.50
6.00
11.10
$2.88
3.20
18.97
.21
1.50
3.43
8.74
40.71
4.53
2.23
1.24
8.60
3.40
10.96
$2.50
Cowhides:
Dried
aas
Salted
100 kilograms....
1 kilogram
Each
do
19.00
HhAepftMnn . . ,
.a
Mare' hides:
Dried
1.75
Salted
aao
GoatakinB
10 kilograms
Perl,(wa
6.87
Horns -
67.23
Homehair .
10 kilograms
100 kilograms...
do
5.QB
Wheat. . .c
2.67
Ml^t«A
1.68
Linseed
do
5.40
Flour
do
a 20
Alfalfa
1,000 kilograms..
12.70
Export of cattle and sheep to txirious countries during thefit^ years 1897-1901.
CATTLE.
Country.
1897.
1896.
1809.
1900.
1901.
Boliyia
5,647
24,612
54,920
1,455
02,537
4,882
46,016
40,512
870
167,960
4.890
22,826
16,748
146
174,217
5,782
24,118
©,601
16
60,609
Bpftrfl
rjhiifl
Parainiay
TTruflfTjay . -
140,180
260,740
217,886
118,061
Africa
884
1,986
60
778
548
8
976
1,768
87
585
188
Behrium
vrerman Y
itoij^. :..........:..
843
3,196
Prance ..... . .
621
31
Spain
mdted Kingdom
88,083
"•gg
01,264
84,026
Various -...1
88,941
09,556
94,815
87,489
Total
238,121
360,296
812,160
150,560
0119,180
Value (gold)
$5,018,222
$7,600,450
$6,824,010
$8,678,160
$i,9eo,3»
SHEEP.
Bolivia
10,668
1,461
12,774
181
4,648
8,794
1,866
8,909
6,794
4,664
866
5,810
767
2.208
Briuil
Chile
Paragnay . .
Uru^ay . ■ • x .
5,076
24,756
2,006
29,577
14,685
87,060
10,866
Africa
4,6S6
16,885
6,362
9,152
1,911
14
80,600
3,776
1,900
2,295
7,602
1,220
799
Belgium
Germany , .
Italy
France
90,849
91,680
14,900
Spain
Umted Kingdom
868,191
465,728
1,602
406,747
160,816
8,000
Various 7.
474,551
563, f78
506,898
187,787
Total
604,128
577,818
548,468
196,102
a25,746
Value Cirold)
$1,512,684
$1,783,968
$l,681,0a
$604,676
$78,248
a No details available.
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CATTLE IMPORTS.
Livestock industry.
141
Oattle.
Hones.
Moles.
Sheep.
Pigs.
PBOYINCX8.
C^tel
I4^.;s09
7,7i'i,>^96
2,:ilrj07
2,7h 10
2,-1' 56
1,.^^: ■»
47^^.t»64
.^rt)lj«2
X^>^,746
:,'Mi.TBO
-::>-il6
^:ai,sflO
iVrfi,r,B9
l^«J.:i65
70,269
41,424
83,962
680,162
178,706
82,060
29,944
10,661
796
86,190
1,675,886
404,866
614,607
409,091
418,484
142,809
1U.487
80,680
88,161
88,806
88,241
68,944
72,000
82,587
21,616
8,186
4,427
229,008
67,015
89,600
i2,oor
7,858
268
1,026
10,273
17,745
9,720
15,802
71,492
83,118
89,883
18,888
29,797
48,626
88,815
44,981
88,065
54,968
m
8,486
4987
888
265
8
62
7.u:s
62,^^451
l,ft<H.T77
6,^141. \m
l,4<n, HIJ
2,fHMjfla
55;! li'77
7i;.Hl2
6,261
2 480
7,671
5,206,177
857,420
1,000,777
47,306
869,264
7,166
6,870
BtMtKHi Ain>4 - ».
248,720
fWnt«FA
o2,ollD
EntreBkw
68,810
Cbrrientee
24,676
(Mrdolia
61,607
amLnJs
6,684
Auitiaffn ...
88,601
Ilfqid<m
22,069
f^Jn^n
11,211
Biojs
8,887
(¥tMnArr4-. .,,.., .
10,728
TnctanAn
81,272
Salta
28,008
Jnjny
10,071
TKRRITORIES.
liisioiieB
8,809
Formosa _
826
dlBCO
5,882
TAPliTOpt^ . ..
8,826
Nenqn^n
i;486
BioNeKro
668
Clmlmt
Santa Cmz
1,188
7
Tierradel l^nego
68
Total
21,701,526
4,446,860
488,360
74,879,662
662,766
Imparts and exports of fine live stock during the five years 1897-1901,
IMPORTS.
[Yalne in gold.]
Asses.
Horses.
Sheep.
Chttie.
Ycjar.
Nnmber.
Value.
Namber.
Value.
Number.
Value.
Number.j Value.
1807
71
31
7
74
20
$8,560
4,800
860
10,600
211
170
129
206
122
$54,780
80,663
82,680
87,000
7,390
7,023
4,889
9,165
61
$630,242
870,107
180,510
101,977
962
707
1,661
968
$274,892
1»8
126,583
^m.
218,210
itno
160,480
im
EXPORTS.
Year.
Asses.
Horses. | Sheep.
Number.
Value.
Number.
Value. 'Number.
Value
Ill
16,380
7,534
6.234
10,262
8,796
$164,000
160,680
124,680
206,040
176,860
13,615
14,380
7,250
32,969
9,761
$243,967
243,600
188,605
1,068,296
282,475
504,128
577,813
543,468
198,102
26,746
$1,512,684
1,733,968
1.681,041
WOO
MOl
504,676
78,248
Total
820,260
1,976,942
5,550,611
Year.
Mi
Number.
ales.
Cattle.
Various,! To^.
Value.
Number.
Value.
value.
vttiao oi
exports.
tr am im
1«7. .
16,817
10,206
7,740
13,179
20,46M
$261,004
308,150
232,200
396,870
614,040
288,121
860,296
312,150
150,550
119,189
$5,018,222
7,600,460
6,824,010
3,678,150
1,980,372
$8,166
1«0B
9,026 1 16! 133'. 868
IW..
27,460 9,027,996
1900
600 5,942 130
1901
3,760 3,084,766
Total
1,806,854
26,191,204
49,011 i 85 806 H82
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142 ABGENTIISK BEPUBLIC.
Beef'SaUing factories, — Before the establishment of beef -salting fac-
tories or "saladeros," grease from "boiled-down" animals, tallow,
and hides were the only exportable animal products. The first " sala-
dero" was established in the first quarter of the nineteenth century,
and since then this industry has been so steadily increasing that the
15 factories existing have slaughtered in the last four years the fol-
lowing cattle for preparing **tasajo" (jerked salt beef):
1898 - 340,100
1899. -_ -.._ - --- 315,400
1900 _-- -.-- 329,400
1901 - .-- -. 403,000
The '*saladero" was the only means of exportation until freezing
factories were established in 1883, and the export of live stock began
to be pushed on in 1892.
The "saladero" can not be done away with or excluded by the
exportation of cattle or frozen or chilled beef, as the consumer
markets of Brazil and Cuba must have " tasajo," or jerked salt l>eef,
which, being a monopoly of Argentina, Uruguay, and Rio Grande
(Brazil), can only be produced at the **saladero," which buys much
lighter and leaner cattle than exporters and freezers buy.
The total production of "tasajo" since 1898 has been:
Countries.
1896.
1899.
IflOO.
1901.
Argfontiiift .
840,100
678,000
840,000
315,400
828, aoo
270,000
889,400
747,700
232,000
406,000
Uniflrnfty .
684,600
Bra:al (ftio Grande)
210,000
Total
1,353,100
1,418,000
1,809,100
1,297,600
The '*8aladeros" of Uruguay and Rio Grande (Brazil) slaughter
annually from 100,000 to 250,000 steers imported by them from
Argentina.
Dairy imj, — Dairying was carried out on a very limited scale until
recent years. Since 1890 it has commenced to develop, owing prin-
cipally to the efforts of the " Lecheria La Martona" and the "Lecheria
Granja Blanca," which have energetically pushed the business and
demonstrated its importance, leaving little doubt that in a short time
it will become one of the most important branches of the animal
industry.
Butter and clieese factories. — There are at present eleven great
butter and cheese factories which buy the milk and cream from the
farmer, and after covering internal consumption turn the balance
into butter for export, competing favorably with Danish and Dutch
butter.
Efforts to develop dairying. — Great efforts are being made at the
present moment to develop dairying. Farmers are rapidly turning
their best cattle into dairy cows; creameries are being established
daily in the Provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rlos, Santa F6, and
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Klrctrotypo furnished by The World's Work.
INOCULATING CATTLE ON THE PAMPAS AGAINST
CARBUNCLE.
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SANITARY REGULATIONS. 143
Cordoba; and cooperative dairying societies, which yield very fair
profits, are being constantly formed. The export of butter, which in
1895 was only 880,070 pounds, has risen to 3,322,391 pounds in 1901
and will certainly be more than ten times that amount in a very few
years.
Nature has undoubtedly endowed Argentina with advantages for
agricultural and pastoral farming not to be found in any other coun-
try of the world ; and it is not too bold a forecast to say that if the
country continues to improve her natural gifts in the same degree in
which they have been cared for and improved up to the present time,
the day will come when the Argentine farmers will have absolute con-
trol of the world's food markets.
Animal sanitary law and regulations, — In view of the vast impor-
tance to the world at large of the effects of the spread of exotic con-
tagious diseases in animals, we present herewith a resume of the
Animal Sanitary I^aws and Regulations existing and carried out in the
Argentine Republic. The difficulties formerly experienced in Argen-
tina in legislating upon this vital question were largely due to a con-
flict of constitutional authority between the national and provincial
governments of the Republic. These, however, have been entirely
overcome by the "Animal Sanitary Law of October 10, 1900," which
vests complete control in the National Executive power.
The following are the principal clauses and regulations, all of which
are vigorously enforced :
A. (1) In all places subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
National Government; (2) in every matter connected with the impor-
tation or exportation of live stock; (3) in all that may concern live-
stock traffic or trade between one province and another, or with any
of the places mentioned in clause 1 ; (4) in all cases in which the pro-
vincial governments may demand its aid within the limits of their
jurisdiction; and (5) in the event of a contagious disease existing in
more than one province, or when, though prevalent in but one prov-
ince, a disease shall assume an epizootic character and threaten to
extend.
B. The governors of provinces, acting as natural agents of the
Federal Government, shall aid in carrying out the provisions of the
law, but the National Executive shall, notwithstanding, employ its
own staff when considered necessary, and is hereby empowered (1) to
set forth the nomenclature of the diseases upon which its action is to
be exercised ; (2) to modify such nomenclatures when it shall see fit
to do so; (3) to declare infected any province, territory, or part of a
province or territory where a contagious disease is prevalent; to quar-
antine, segregate, and to prohibit the transit and sale of animals from
or in infected zones; (4) to disinfect and, if necessary, to destroy the
animals and things that may transmit or perpetuate contagion; (5) to
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144 ABGSNTmE IUB.PUBLIO.
prohibit the transport or sale of animal products prepared from dis-
eased or unhealthy beasts; (6) to disinfect all cars, boats, yards, x>^ns,
gangways, wharves, or any other vehicles or places in which live
stock has been transported or kept; (7) to permanently inspect all
establishments which elaborate animal products for international,
interprovincial, or territorial consumption; and (8) to adopt such
measures as in each case the nature and character of the diseases may
suggest.
C. The importation of diseased animals, of the product* of same,
and things having been in contact with infected or suspected stock,
is prohibited, and the Executive is empowered (1) to quarantine all
live stock imported; (2) to slaughter all imported animals affected by
a contagious disease, without payment of indemnity; (3) to prohibit
the importation of animals proceeding from countries where any of
the diseases it shall set forth may exist; and (4) to prohibit the im-
portation of animals coming from countries which do not sufficiently
guard themselves against the introduction of contagions diseases
prevalent in other countries.
D. The exportation of animals infected with any contagious dis-
ease, or suspected of being so infected, is prohibited. Any animals
intended for export shall be quarantined, inspected, isolated, disin-
fected, or rejected, as the inspectors may consider necessary. No
vessel shall be allowed to load animals unless her sanitary conditions
shall fulfill the requirements of the regulations made by the Execu-
tive, which is authorized to withhold for a term of from six months
to two years its i)ermit to load animals in any vessel, which, during
the previous voyage, should not have complied with the provisions of
the regulations specified herein. The Executive is likewise authorized
to suspend the exportation of animals proceeding from an infected
district and to disinfect all things intended for export, proceeding
from the same district.
E. The owners of such animals, fixtures, and things as the Execu-
tive may order to be destroyed, shall be entitled to demand an
ndemnity, in cash, equal to the actual value of such animals, fix-
tures, or things at the moment the measure may have been executed.
No claim for comi)en8ation shall lie (1) if the disease affecting the
animals slaughtered should be fatal; (2) when imported stock is
slaughtered; or (3) when owners have failed to comply with the pro-
visions of this law, or of the regulations made in pursuance thereof.
F. Every violation of the provisions of this law, and of the regula-
tions of the Executive, shall be punished with a fine of from $100 to
$1,000, or with imprisonment for a term of not less than thirty days
nor more than six months, according to the nature of the offense.
Every animal that has been imported in violation of the quarantine
established by the regulations shall be confiscated, and its owner or
importer shall be rendered liable to ^ fine of from $200 to $1,000.
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SANITARY REGULATIONS. 145
Regulations. — A. The regulations in force by virtue of this law
establish the diseases which shali require the application of the fol-
lowing sanitary measures:
Cattle plague, or rinderpest in cattle.
Contagious pleuropneumonia in cattle.
Foot and mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine.
Glanders in its various forms in liorses, mules, and asses.
Equine syphilis, or mal de coit.
Variola, or sheep pox, in sheep.
H<^ cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine.
Hydrophobia in every species.
Anthrax in every species.
Blackleg in cattle.
Tristeza, or Texas fever, in cattle.
Tuberculosis in every species.
Scab in sheep and goats.
B. Every owner, keeper, or person who may have charge of or
attend animals affected by any of the above-mentioned diseases, or
of those existing in the country, is bound to immediately advise the
nearest local authority, who shall forthwith report the facts to the
Division of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture. If
through the information so obtained, or on the advice of its own
inspectors, the Division of Animal Indusiry should find that the
animals suffer or apx>ear to suffer from any exotic diseases not preva-
lent in the Republic, such as cattle plague, contagious pleuro-
pneumonia, foot-and-mouth' disease, glanders or farcy, variola or
mal de coit, or from enzootic diseases such as anthrax, tristeza or
Texas fever, or any other disease that may become epizootic, the said
Division shall immediately declare the farm, district, department, or
province where the disease exists to be an infected area, and shall
apply such sanitary measures as the case may justify or demand.
Such declaration of infection shall give place to and authorize the
application of any or of all of the following measures: (1) Place the
transit of persons or animals, the transport of things existing or being
within the limits of the infected region, and the communication with
other re:aons under the immediate supervision of the veterinary
inspectors; (2) isolation, embargo, quarantine, medication, disin-
fection, vaccination, tagging, marking, and counting of the animals,
herds, or (locks in the infected zone; (3) partial or total quarantine of
the infected zone and prohibition of persons leaving the same, or
objects being removed without previous disinfection when such
persons or objects may be the means of transmitting contagion; (4)
absolute or conditional prohibition to hold exhibitions and fairs; (5)
destruction or disinfection of stables, barns, sheds, vehicles, yards,
pens, and of every object that, according to the nature of the disease,
573a— 03 1-10
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146 ABOENTIWE REPUBLIC.
may have Deen in contact with infected animals, or that may be the
means of perpetuating contagion; (6) evacuation of stock from pad-
docks or camps for a given space of time, disinfection of such camps
by fire, and temporary prohibition of using troughs and watering
places; (7) prohibition from selling, consuming, or otherwise utilizing
in any form infected or suspected animals, their products, hides, skins,
hair, or other parts of remains, and (8) preventive vaccination or
obligatory infection of sound animals when circumstances shall render
these measures advisable and necessary.
The transit or transportation of imported animals is prohibited.
All cars, boats, barges, or other vehicles which have been used for
transporting stock must be disinfected before stock can be again
loaded; and no live stock may be kept longer than thirty hours on a
car or boat without being fed and watered.
All establishments or factories elaborating animal products in-
tended for human food and for international and interprovincial
trade or for consumption in a Federal Territory are permanently
inspected by veterinary surgeons of the DiA^ision of Animal Indus-
try, who must roughly inspect the stock before slaughtering; hut
the meats and other products prepared and the use of products from
diseased animals shall not be considered fit for human food.
Importation of live stock from all parts of the world, excepting
Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Chile, is prohibited in all
ports of the Republic, other than the port of Buenos Aires. Imports
from Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Chile are only allowed
via Gualeguaychti, Concepcion del Uruguay, Colon, Concordia,
Monte Caseros, Paso de los Libres, Alvear, Santo Tom6, Barra de la
Concepci6n, Barranqueras, Corrientes, Bermejo, Formosa, ItA-Ibate,
Ituzaing6, Posadas, Ordn, Santa Victoria, Yavi, Quiaca, Ciene-
guillas, Chachi, Tinogasta, Vinchina, Jachal, La Plata, and Buenos
Aires. All stock imported from adjoining countries is inspected at
the above mentioned ports and stations and certified in the same
manner as animals coming from other parts of the world.
The importation of animals affected by contagious diseases, their
products, or any object or thing, liable to cause the propagation
of an infectious disease, is prohibited; as also of animals exported
from any country where cattle plague may exist or has existed for
two years prior to the date of embarkation ; or from countries where
contagious pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders or
farcy, and variola or sheep pox, may exist or have existed during
six months prior to the day of shipment. The regulations likewise
stipulate that notwithstanding the foregoing fixed teruLS, the Executive
is empowered to extend such terms for a determined or unlimited
period to animals exported from any foreign country that does not
adopt similar measures to protect itself against the importation of
these diseases from other foreign countries; and may prohibit importa-
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8ANITABY REGULATIONS. 147
tion from countries which shall not admit Argentine live stock under
the same conditions as are imposed by Argentine regulations.
The Division of Animal Industry insx>ects all ships transporting
Uve stock intended for import before being allowed to enter the port
of Buenos Aires, and must reject any ship which has or may have
had on board animals affected or suspected of cattle plague, foot-and-
mouth disease, contagious pleuropneumonia, glanders or farcy, mal
de coit, or variola or sheep pox, and such ships are forbidden contact
with any part of the Argentine coast until all animals on board have
been destroyed and a thorough disinfection effected.
Owners or captains of ships transporting live stock intended for
import must exact from shippers and present to the veterinary
inspector sanitary certificates granted by the Department of Agricul-
ture — or the office that fulfills its functions — of the country whence
the stock was imported and legalized by an Argentine consul, certify-
ing that no cattle plague exists in the country whence the cattle was
dispatched, or had existed for two years prior to the date of shipment;
and that no contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease,
glanders or farcy, variola or sheep i)ox, or mal de coit exists or had
existed for six months previous to such date. All stock not so certi-
fied shall be rejected. Notwithstanding the presentation of such cer-
tificates, the Executive reserves the right to test the sanitary conditions
of the country from which live stock intended for importation into
Argentina has been exx)orted by such means and in such form as it
may deem sufficient.
After a ship transporting live stock intended for import has entered
the port of Buenos Aires such stock shall be further inspected by a
veterinary surgeon and not allowed to disembark until found free
from difiease. All animals attacked by or suspected of anthrax,
blackleg, hog cholera, swine plague, erysipelas, or hydrophobia shall
be immediately slaughtered. Those suffering from scab shall be seg-
regated and cured.
All imx>orted cattle are quarantined for forty days and tuberculin
tested after passing the quarantine, those found to be affected by
tuberculosis being slaughtered. Horses are quarantined for fifteen
days and malsine tested, those reacting being slaughtered. Sheep are
quarantined for eight days. Quarantine is supervised exclusively by
the staff of the Division of Animal Industry, all persons not employed
at the quarantine station being prohibited from entering.
All ships that have transported import live stock are disinfected
before leaving the import quarantine station's wharves.
All persons intending to export live stock must previously hand to
the Division of Animal Industry the permit authorizing exportation,
and the Division shall cause the estancia or farm at which the animals
are kept to be inspected by a veterinary surgeon, and such permit
shall be canceled if it should be found that cases of contagious dis-
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148 ARGENTINE EEPUBLIO.
eases have occurred at such estancla or farm. Transport, railway,
and boat companies are prohibited from loading live stock for export
quarantine stations without presentation of the veterinary surgeon's
permit, and such stock shall not be received at quarantine stations
from transport companies unless duplicates of the permits are exhib-
ited. Animals arriving at quarantine export stations are quarantined
for twenty-four hours and are again inspected by a veterinary sur-
geon, who only allows the shipment of sound and healthy animals and
prohibits maimed, bruised, or suspicious stock from being placed on
board. Exported sheep are dipped prior to embarkation in order to
eradicate possible and invisible germs of scab.
Captains of vessels transporting Argentine live stock are not allowed
to load stock at foreign ports, nor to load stock at Argentine ports
when animals have already been loaded in the same ship of foreign
ports; and are obliged to inform the Division of Animal Industry if,
during the voyage to foreign ports with Argentine stock, any conta-
gious disease should make its appearance. In case of violation of
these regulations, the Division of Animal Industry is compelled to
forbid the future loading of live stock on ships in which the violation
has been committed, or on other ships belonging to the same company,
or owners, for a i)eriod of five years.
The Division of Animal Industry is further empowered to prohibit
the loading of live stock, for the term of one year, on any ship that
may have had on her last voyage an excessive rate of mortality, or in
which stock has considerably diminished in weight, lost in value, or
become maimed or bruised.
Other clauses in the regulations relating to the conditions of ship-
ping of live stock further establish (1) the part>s of vessels where
stock may not be loaded; (2) the conditions to be fulfilled as regards
ventilation, stability, free-board, watertanks, pumps and pipes, and
strength of railings and bulwarks; (3) the space live stock is to be
allowed, according to size, weight, and part of ship where loaded;
(4) the form in which fittings must be made and dimensions of mate-
rials employed ; ( 5) the amount of fodder and water to be loaded accord-
ing to weight and class of stock and length of voyage; (6) the num-
ber of men required for minding stock during voyage, the niunber
and width of alleyways and the accommodation required for cattle-
men, etc.
All ships loading animal products for export must comply with the
conditions established by the Division of Animal Industry as regards
inspection, disinfection, cleanliness, and hygienic stowing of cargo.
Indemnity shall only be paid by the National Grovernment when the
order to slaughter or destroy any animal, fixture, object, or thing, with
a view to furthering the application of sanitary measures, has been
given by the Division of Animal Industry. No claim for compensa-
tion shall lie when the disease affecting the slaughtered animals shall
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8ANITABY REGULATIONS. 149
be fatal, or, wnere it is not possible to disinfect the fixtures, objects,
or things destroyed, without their being rendered valueless; or when
the owners or persons in charge of such fixtures, animals, objects, or
things should not have complied with any clause or order given in
pursuance of the animal sanitary law or its regulations. The value
of animals, fixtures, objects, or things destroyed shall be appraised
by the Division of Animal Industry and by the owner or his repre-
sentative; and any difference which may arise shall be submitted
for immediate adjustment to the Federal judge of the province or
territory.
Every violation of the provisions of these regulations shall be pun-
ished with a fine of from $100 to $1,000, or with imprisonment of from
thirty days to six months, according to the nature of the offense. All
animals imported in violation of these regulations shall be confiscated,
and the owner or person in charge rendered liable to a fine of from
$200 to $1,000.
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CHAPTER VII.
MINING DATA, MINERAIX>GT, lONING I^WS.
MINERALOGY.
Mineral regions. — The elevated regions of the Cordillera of the
Andes, as also the various parallel chains of mountains with the
numerous and complicated topographical ramifications which exist in
the Andine provinces, from the limits commencing at the southern
extremity of Bolivia to the south of Mendoza, as also in the national
territories of Neuqu6n, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra
del Fuego, to the extreme south of the Republic, i. e., Cape Horn, are
known to contain economic minerals in lesser or greater abundance,
as is also the case in the more central provinces of San Luis, C6rdoba,
and Tucum&n, and the other national territories of Misiones, Pampa
Central, and the Andes.
First mining operations. — From very remote times mining opera-
tions have been carried on in the various localities and districts in
the provinces named, and it is well known that during the epoch
of the domination of the Incas and Aztecs large quantities of gold
and silver, also copper and other economic minerals, were obtained
from various mining regions, all of which is easy to prove from the
extensive subterraneous works which still exist in many places; but
it is remarkable that up to the present it has not been possible to dis-
cover the mines from which the enormous quantities of gold known
to have been possessed were obtained, although there are not wanting
traditions refen*ing to the localities in which such mines are hidden.
It would be difficult if not impossible to fix the epoch in which those
mining operations were first initiated in South America, and in partic-
ular in the Argentine Republic, but the special class of ancient i)ot-
tery remains which still exists demonstrate43 beyond all doubt a very
remote antiquity. It is therefore presumed that mining was much
advanced during that period of civilization, which period may be
denominated the first epoch of the mining industry.
Second mining epoch, — For every practical object we may consider
that the second mining epoch commenced with the Spanish conquest,
as the works executed by Pizarro in the silver mines of Poreo and
Potosi clearly show. The Spanish continued to work the mines, and
so extensive were their operations and so large the benefits derived
therefrom that the then King of Spain found it necessary to introduce
the "Ordenanzas de Mexico," which remained in force for two hun-
dred years. After the independence of the Argentine Republic the
150
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MINING. 151
mines were more or less neglected, works being carried on at intervals
only when the internal peace conditions of the country permitted.
Mining provinces. — According to the national constitution the pro-
vincial governments possess the mines with their respective provinces;
but the mines in the national territories belong to the National Gov-
ernment. The mining provinces are those of Mendoza, San Juan,
La Rioja, Catamarca, Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman, extending to the
northern x)ortion of the Republic. Those of C6rdoba and San Luis
are central provinces. Except in Tucum4n, there exists in all the
other provinces named a large number of mining concessions granted
from time to time and possessed by different individuals and com-
panies; but many of such concessions are subject to become aban-
doned and to change of proprietorship, the explanation being that
these concessions of mines are not always obtained with the object of
a formal exploitation, but for the purpose of speculation.
Mineral veins, — The principal economic mineral veins found in the
mines in various districts consist of gold, silver, galena, argentiferous
lead, iron, bismuth, marble, and, in some few, coal and lignite. The
same classes of minerals also exist in the national territories with the
addition of coal, lignite, borate of lime, salt, and various other min-
erals of commercial value suitable for edifices, pavements, and works
of art. Many of the mineral veins in the mines of the various dis-
tricts of the provinces contain a certain percentage of gold and silver,
and some of these mines have been worked for a considerable time
with good results. One of the principal companies which has worked
mines of this class is in the mountains of Capillitas, Province of
Catamarca, and has conducted operations in this district for at least
thirty-five years. The mineral from the mines is transported to the
company's works at Pilcean in the same province, which are the
largest in the Republic. The gold, silver, and copper contained in
the mineral is reduced in a concentrated form to math and copper bot-
toms, and a high price per ton is thus obtained for it in the English
market. Arrangements have recently been made by a London com-
pany to take over the mines and establishment from the present com-
pany. Various other mines in this province have been opened up
from time to time, but nearly all those to the west of the mount-ains
running parallel and to the east of the Andine chain are almost virgin ;
in fact, no proper exploitation has as yet been attempted.
The Province of La Rioja, to the south of Catamarca, has always
been considered to be one of the principal mineral producing prov-
inces, and contains that famous chain of mountains called Famatina,
in which numerous mineral veins as those previously described are
to be found. Some of the districts are known for the large amount of
native and other classes of silver produced, as also copper containing
gold and silver. Various companies have engaged in mining in this
province at different periods.
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152 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The National Government is about to enter into a contract for a
wire or aerial tramway for the transport of the mineral from the mines
to the branch railway at Chilecito, and it is believed that this will
give a great impulse to the mining industry. The next province
southward is that of San Juan, in which several mining concessions
have been granted but few exploited, the principal reason being the
want of cheap and facile means of transport. One gold mine is
worked by a French engineer who employs the cyanide process and
has obtained good results, while some rich copper mines are worked
high up in the mountains and the product taken to Chile.
The Province of Mendoza runs southward from San Juan and is
also notable for the mines it contains, many of which have been ex-
ploited from tim^ to time. This province contains petroleum and
coal, but owing to the want of cheap transport neither is worked.
The coal is of an excellent quality, the ash containing a large percent-
age of vanadic acid. The northern provinces of Jujuy and Salta con-
tain a large number of mines of copper, gold, and silver and auriferous
quartz, and the last named also contain lignite and borate of lime.
The celebrated mines of San Antonio de los Cobres are in this prov-
ince. A company was formed to exploit these mines, but for want of
sufficient capital operations were discontinued. The mineral consists
of copper of high percentage containing silver.
In the Province of Tucum4n there is evidence of ancient workings
of gold and silver mines, which in recent times have received no atten-
tion. The mines of San Luis have also been exploited by foreign
companies; but here also the cost of transport was too high, difficult
and uncertain to leave sufficient profit to permit of mining operations.
Recently a new impulse has been given to the exploitation of marble
quarries in this province. Considerable attention has likewise been
directed to the mines of the Province of C6rdoba, but no formal work-
ings upon a large scale have ever been undertaken.
The national territorj^ of the Andes, recently acquired, contains
large deposits of borate of lime, and the national department of mines
and geology have already received 300 applications for concessions in
that territory. Applications to mine gold and copper have also been
made.
The adjoining provinces of Catamarca and Jujuy also contain
deposits of borate of lime. A company is engaged in the exploitation
of some of these mines in the latter province. The national terri-
tory of Neuqu^n contains extensive auriferous deposits and various
classes of mines, such as copper, galena, and coal of good quality, the
ash of which contains vanadic acid of greater value than the coal
itself. Attempts upon a small scale have been made to work some of
the auriferous deposits, as also the galena mines. A railway will soon
reach this territory.
The same remarks apply to the other national territories more to
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MINING. 153
the sonth, such as Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, and Tierra del
Fuego, in all of which minerals exist in the mountain regions. Many
eoncessions of auriferous mines were granted by the national
department of mines and geology in the territory of Chubut and a
syndicate was formed to exploit them, but no formal works were
installed, the larger portion of the capital raised by the syndicate
having been expended in the employment of engineers, who, so far ast
is known, made no practical examination of the auriferous deposits
when they visited this territory. None of the mines in the mountain
regions of these southern territories has been examined officially;
consequently no reliable information is to be obtained. The rights
to the gold diggings, so called, occurring along the southeastern
coast of Santa Cruz and southern coast of Tierra del Fuego, have
been included in various concessions.
Deposits of gold were also rejwrted to exist in Sloggett Bay, Tierra
del Fuego, and the first engineer of mines of the national govern-
ment examined the place, reporting the existence of small lignite
deposits. He likewise examined the asphalt deposits of Jujuy, but
reported that they were of slight importance, although there is every
reason to believe that there is an extensive petroliferous zone in that
province. The petroleum wells of the province of Mendoza for
various reasons never yielded the large amount of oil expected.
Mineral tneaUh. — The Argentine Republic extends over an enormous
area and contains immense mineral riches, which, if developed in a
proper and economic manner, would produce excellent results. In
fact it is well known to those persons who have had an opportunity
of examining the country in a practical and skillful manner that its
mines are more varied, extensive, and important than in any other
part of South America. But hitherto the want of cheap, ef&cient, and
rapid transport, from the mountain regions, where the mines chiefly
abound, has been a great drawback. The provincial governments
are unable to lay down a good system of transport; consequently the
national government has now turned its attention to this most impor-
tant subject, and is about to provide good and efficient modes of trans-
port. Shortly branch mineral railways will be constructed from the
main trunk lines to some of the principal mining districts, and this
will give a great impetus to the mining and metallurgical industries;
but the application of such a system to all the mining districts must
be a work of time and very costly.
H. D. HOSKOLD,
Director- Qeneral National Oovernment^
Department of Mines and Geology.
Copper deposits. — The Argentine Republic possesses copper deposits
of much promise, and several mines, notably the Rosario, Restaura-
dora, and Carmelita, have been developed. These and several other
mines are worked intermittently. Lack of railroads and capital are
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154
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
the principal reasons for the small progress made in copper mining,
as the copper deposits are of considerable extent and carry high values
in both gold and silver as well as rich ores of copper.
The departments of San Juan, Tucum4n, C6rdoba, La Rioja, and
others have copper beds of promise. The scene of the most impor-
tant mining developments of the past is in the Cerro de Oapillitas dis-
trict. The formation is granite, gneiss, and porphyry, overlaid by
trachyte, with eruptive rocks rising as cones of considerable height
above the broken surface of the mountainous region. The ores are
in true tissure veins, which are many in number and interwoven, as
in Montana. Not only are the surface ores rich in copper, but they
carry high values in both gold and silver. The copper occurs in a
considerable variety of ores, mainly as cuprite, malaconite, tetrahe-
drite, bornite, malachite, and azurite. The richness and variety of
the ores of this district, coupled with their large gold and silver values,
point to the Cerro de Capillitas district of Argentina as one of the
world's future important fields of copper production.*
Minerals exported, — The total value of minerals exported has been:
1900, $262,222 gold; 1899, $238,562; 1895-1899, $1,177,293. Consider-
able attention was given in 1900 to the borate fields in Jujuy and
Salta, the former being worked by a syndicate.
Mineral depos^ifs in provinces and territories, — The following table
shows the provinces and territories in which the minerals enumerated
below are found :
BlementB.
Alnminuin Combined
Antimony .
Arsenic
Snlphnr
Banum
Boron
Lime
State of.
Carbon.
Copper.
Iron.
MagTiesinm .
Sulphuret
Combined
Native
Sulphate
Combined
Fluoride, carbonate, sul-
phate, and phosphate.
Borate
Native (arraphite)
Anthracite, lignite, and
pitch coal.
Petroleum, asphaltum
Native
Oxide
Sulphuret
Native .
Oxide..
Sulphide
Araeno^ulphuret
NickelH9ulphuret or pent-
landite.
Carbonate
Sulphate
Wolfranate
Phosphate
Sulphate ( mixed with salt )
Silicate
Province or territory.
Cdrdoba, San Luis, San Juan, Salta, Jujuy, Cata-
marca, RioJa.
C6rdoba, Rioja, Mendoza.
Salta, Catamarca.
San Luis, BioJa, San Juan, Mendoza, Neuqnen.
Catamarca, Bioja,San Luis, San Juan, Mendoza.
Puna de Atacama.
Frequent in all provinces and territories.
Catamarca, Salta.
C6rdoba, Catamarca, Mendoza.
San Luis, Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquen, Tierra del
Puego.
Jujuy, Mendoza.
Catamarca, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, Salta.
Do.
C6rdoba, Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy, Rioja, San
Juan, Mendoza.
Chaco.
Cdrdoba, San Juan, San Luis, Rioja, Catamarca,
Salta, Buenos Ayres.
Idem, and Mendoza and Jujuy.
Rioja, San Luis.
Mendoza.
San Luis, C6rdoba, Rioja, Mendoza.
San Luis, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, Catamarca,
Jujuy.
C6raoba, San Luis.
Do.
C6rdoba, San Luis, Catamarca, Rioja, Buenos
Ayres.
«The Copper Handbook, vol. 11, 1901, Horace J. Stevens.
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MOnNG.
155
SlementB.
State of.
Province or territory.
Oxide
C6rdoba, San Luis, San Juan, Catamarca, Jujuy.
OarboDAte
Catamarca, Rioja.
PhcMfphat4>
C6rdoba, San Luis.
Nickel
Arsenate
Rioja.
CkJd - .
Natiye
San Luis. Rioja, Catamarca. San Juan, Mendoza,
Salta, JuJuy, Patagonia, Tierra del Puego.
C6rdob(Ei. Rioja, Catamarca, San Juan, Salta.
saver.
do
Sulphide
Rioja, C^rdofia, San Juan, Mendoza, Ciatamarca.
C6rdoba, Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, San Luis.
Do.
C6rdoba, Salta, San Juan, Mendoza, Rioja.
C6rdoba, Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy, San Juan,
Lead
Anumonial-sulphiiret
Arsenical-salpbnret
Chloride, bromide, iodide .
Solphnret
Antimonial-salphnret
Carbonate
Mendoza, San Luis.
Rioja.
C6rdoba, Catamarca, Salta, San Luis, San Juan.
Sulphate
San Luis, Catamarca, Cdrdoba, San j'uan.
Molybdate
San Juan.
C6rdoba, Mendoza.
Anvmi^tA
C6rdoba.
flodimn
Chloride (common salt ) . . .
Carbonate ,
Buenos Ayree, C6rdoba, Santiago, Salta, Jujuy,
Puna, Tncum&n, Catamarca, Rioja, San Luis,
San Juan, Mendoza, Corrientes, Neuquen.
Jujuy, Catamarca, Patagonia.
Santiago, San Juan.
Salta. Catamarca.
C6rdoba, Catamarca, Jujuy, San Luis, Rioja, San
Sulphate
Zinc.
Borate
Solphnret
Juan, Mendoza.
MINES AND MINING LAWS OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Mineral resources. — ^The mineral resources of the Argentine Repub-
lic, according to all accounts, are extremely abundant, but up to the
present time they have not received the development of which they
are capable.
Mining industry. — The official publication made in Buenos Aires
in 1889, to be used in the Paris Exhibition of that year, under the
title of "Memoria general y especial sobre las minas, metalurgia,
etc., de la Rep6blica Argentina" (General and especial essay on the
mines, metallurgy, etc., of the Argentine Republic), prepared by Mr.
H. D. Horkold, the inspector-general of mines of that nation, contains
full information about the mines of the Argentine Republic and the
degree of progress which the mining industry had reached there at
that time.
Mining facUUies. — "The Argentine Republic," says that report
(p. 374), **is in regard to mining wealth as favorably situated as any
other country in the world. It may be asked, then, why are we not
to expect such a development in that respect as has been reached for
instance in Australia? ♦ ♦ ♦ It can be said in general that the
Republic affords an ample field for mining enterprise ♦ ♦ ♦ and
the national Government, always prompt to promote the general inter-
ests of the Republic, has devoted its whole attention, as far as possi-
ble under the circumstances through which the country has passed,
to cause the mining industry to be encouraged and carried on with
advantage."
Concessions granied, — In the Province of San Luis, as appears from
that report, no less than G6 concessions of mines had been granted by
the Government from September 25, 1872, to April 11, 1888, the mines
being either of gold, silver, or copper; or gold, silver, and copper;
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156 ARGENTUTE BBPUBLIO.
silver and copper; gold and copper; lead and copper; lead and silver.
In the Province of La Rioja there were 318 mines, of which 212
were of silver, 28 of gold, 62 of gold, silver, and copper, 15 of silver
and lead, and 1 of gold and iron.
In the Province of San Juan there were 1,028 mines, of which 150
were of gold, 836 of silver, 23 of copper, 2 of iron, and 17 of coal.
In the Province of Jujuy there were 103 mines, distributed as fol-
lows: Sixty-one of gold, 30 of silver, 1 of gold and silver, 4 of silver
and copper, 5 of copper, 1 of quicksilver, and 1 of coal.
Mines in operation. — Many of these mines are now in operation,
but many others have been abandoned, the result being, as it appears
from the report of the United States consul at Buenos Aires, dated
June 8, 1891, and submitted in answer to a circular of the State
Department asking for information on the subject of mines and min-
ing laws, that although considerable amounts of money have been
invested in costly machinery for the purpose of working the mines,
the profit4S derived up to 1889 had scarcely corresponded to the efforts
and sacrifices made. Official statistics show that in 1888 the whole
output of the mines in the whole Republic was valued at only
$1,526,057, and that in the following year, 1889, it had increased to
no more than $1,629,160.
At Santa Catalina, at about 1,000 yards above the ordinary level of
the Rfo Grande there are three mines, known by the names of Eureka,
Belga, and Suripugio.
Two great veins, 5 feet wide, now worked at a place called Tim6n
Cruz, which, while yielding at present only $2 per ton, will, if worked
by electricity at a greater depth, afford occupation to 10,000 laborers
for many years.
Bureau of mines. — Among the many measures which the Govern-
ment has taken to develop the mineral resources of the country pmm-
inently appear the organization of the bureau of mines and geology
established at Buenos Aires, the creation of a school of mines, which
seems to have attracted considerable attention and enjoys great repu-
tation, the orders given for an official mineralogical survey of the
country, and the promulgation of the new mining code (C6digo de
Minerfa), which has superseded, with advantage, as it is claimed, the
laws previously in force.
New mining code. — The new mining code was put in force on the
1st of May, 1887, and it is claimed that it has taken advantage of all
the laws on the subject promulgated in the rest of the world and
has incorporated all their best and wisest provisions.
The following extract appears to be sufficient:
Classification of mines. — Mines in the Argentine Republic are
divided into three classes, as follows:
I. Mines which exclusively belong to the nation and can not be
worked by private parties, except upon a concession made in their
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MTNING LAWS. 157
favor by a competent authority. In mines of this class the ownership
of the soil in which they are found is entirely independent of the
ownership of the mine and constitutes a secondary or accessorial
thing.
n. Mines which, owing to their importance, are to be granted in
preference to the owner of the soil in which they are found, and also
mines which, on account of the peculiar manner in which the material
of which they consist is found to have been deposited, are permitted
to be of common use.
III. Mines which belong exclusively to the owner of the soil in
which they are found, and which can not therefore be worked or
Qtilized in any manner by strangers, unless upon permission of the
said owner and with his consent, except in those cases in which con-
demnation of private property for public use may take plaoe.
Mines of the first doss, — ^The mines of the first class are described
by the law as follows:
(a) Mines of gold, silver, platinum, quicksilver, copper, iron, lead,
tin, zinc, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, manganese, antimony, and arsenic.
(b) Mines of hard and bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite.
(c) Wells, pits, and deposits of all kinds of bitumen in whatever
form, and of mineral oils.
(d) Mines of precious stones.
Mines of the second ckusr., — The mines of the second class, which
must be granted to the owner of the soil in preference to any other
person, axe the following:
(a) The dejwsits of borates and nitrates.
(6) The deposits of salt on maritime shores (solinas) and the turf
or loam deposits (twrberas),
(c) The mines of some metal not mentioned in the description of
the mines of the first class.
(d) The pyritous, vitriolic, aluminous, and magnesian earths, the
earths called de batdn, the deposits of emery, all kind of ochers,
almagra, resins, esteatite, phosphate of lime, sulphur, barytine, fluor-
spar, sulphates of iron, zinc, and copper, graphite, kaolin, and alka-
line or terrous-alkaline salts.
The mines of the second class, which must be set apart for the
common use and allowed to be worked by whomsoever wishes to do
so, under the provisions of the law, are the following:
(a) All kinds of metalliferous sands, and precious stones, carried
by the rivers or found in their beds.
(fe) The placers or placer mines.
(c) The tailings, re washings, and refuse and slag heaps of mines
abandoned, or of abandoned smelting and reducing establishments —
as long as they are not claimed or recovered by the lawful owner.
Mines of the third class, — The mines of the third class are the quar-
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158 ABGEinnnsfE republic.
ries of building stone, marble, granite, etc., and all other deposits of
rocky or earthy material for architectural purposes.
Mines of all classes are declared to be real estate. The engines,
and all kinds of appurtenances permanently attached to them and
necessary to their proper working, are also real estate.
Ownership of a mine. — The ownership of a mine, wnen created or
vested in conformity with the law, is as perfect and as solemnly
guaranteed and protected as the ownership of any other property
whatsoever.
The Government can not interfere with the business of a mine, or
interrupt its labors, or mingle in its management, unless it be in
some extreme case in which public safety justifies the interference,
or when such interference is necessary for the preservation either of
ihe mine Itself or of the lives of the laborers.
Mines, by the reason of the benefit which the public derives from
iheir proper operation, are privileged property, in so far as their
owners, the same as the State, can take all kinds of private property
tor their own use, under proceedings of condemnation and when
necessity justifies the taking. But the mines also may be taken under
the same proceedings whenever the public benefit to be derived there-
from is greater or of a higher character than the advantage which
they afford.
Right o/ way. — Under the same principle a number of easements
are created in favor of the mines on and against the property adjoin-
ing them. These easements are substantially governed by the same
rules which are observed in all countries since the days of the Roman
law. The owner of a mine has always, for instance, the right of way
through the lands of his neighbor, or the right to use the water which
he needs for his works, or for his people, or his animals, which is
found in the adjoining estates, and the right to take advantage of
the pastures therein situated, when so needed; also, the right to take
material for building railroads, canals, etc., and the right to cut dowu
timber and use it for fuel, for building, or other purposes, etc.
In all cases, however, proper compensation must be paid.
Mining concession. — The concession of a mine carries with it the
right to compel the owner of the soil on which the mine is situated to
sell it to the miner. If the soil belongs to the State, the province, or
the town, the conveyance of all the title and right in and to it is to be
made gratuitously; but if it belongs to private individuals the miner
must pay for it the full value, according to appraisement.
A mine is an entirety which does not admit of actual material divi-
sion. Each one has to be worked and dealt with in every respect as a
whole of the same dimensions and with the same limits as appear
from the concession and registry.
If, however, it should be found that two or more perteneneias (units
of mining property which form one mine) can be worked with advan-
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MTNING LAWS. 159
tage indepeDdently of the others and without doing injury t^ them,
pennission can be asked and granted to make the division. But in
that case each one of the portions made must be registered and con-
sidered in all respects and for all the purposes of law as a new mine.
Praspeciing permits. — The law provides with care and minuteness
for all that is to be done in regard to searching and prospecting for
mines. All persons are entitled to make searches of this kind either
in public or private lands, but always on condition that they apply
to the projwr authorities for permission to do so and that they bind
themselves to pay the proper indemnification for all damages caused.
They have also to subject themselves to all the rules established for
these investigations.
In case the one who wishes to undertake these searches should be
the owner of the land, permission from the Government is not required.
But it will be of advantage for him to apply for such permission,
because otherwise he may run the risk of losing his right to claim
preference against outside applicants, either as the owner of the land
or as the first explorer of the mine.
Persons exercising authority in mining matters and their near rela-
tives are forbidden to make these searches within the limits of their
respective districts.
Applications for permissions of this kind are to be made in writing
and addressed to the local mining authority. They must describe as
accurately as possible the tract of land to be searched and the precise
purposes of the search.
No permission of this kind will be granted without first serving a
copy of the application upon the owner of the land and publishing the
same in the newspapers and otherwise for a certain time. If no oppo-
sition is made during the period allowed for that purpose, or if the
opposition proves unsuccessful, the permission is granted.
The field for the explorations to be undertaken under this permission
is limited to an area of 500 hectares, equivalent to 1,250 acres, more
or less.
This searching can not last, under ordinary circumstances, more
than one hundred and forty days at the most, but this time may be
extended, upon sufficient reason, by order of the authority.
The owner of the soil has the right, under all circumstances, to
cause the applicant to give bonds before commencing operations.
When the searching is finished, or when no searching is necessary,
the miner may ask for the concession of the mining properties {per-
tenencias) which he wishes to obtain.
A pertenencia, or unit of mining property, is usually in the shape
of a prism, cut through the ground perpendicularly to its surface by
imaginary planes of indefinite length. This prism is generally of
rectangular bases, 200 meters in length by 300 in width, and its depth
or altitude, m a vertical direction, is indefinite. But in some cases,
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160 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
as required by the topographical conditions of the locality, the bases
of this prism may be square, or of some other geometrical form.
Application for concession. — The application for the concession
must be filed in duplicate and shall set forth the name, occupation,
etc., of both the applicant and the owner of the soil. It must contain
also a description, as accurate and precise as possible, of the locality
where the mine is to be situated. The clerk of the court, on receiving
both copies, shall certify at the foot of each the day and hour in which
they were handed to him, and also whether or not any other petition
relative to the same locality has been filed there. One of the copies
shall be returned to the petitioner, who must sign the certificate
together with the clerk, and the other shall be laid before the court,
by whose order it shall then be registered or entered in full in a book
kept for this purpose. It must be subsequently published for a cer-
tain number of days in the usual manner, either in the newspapers, if
there be any, or otherwise.
The object of this publication is to give an oppoi-tunity to anyone
having a right to the mine to come before the proper authority and
show his reasons why the concession should not be granted. The
opposition must be made within sixty days immediately following
the date of registration.
Allotments. — As a general rule the discoverer of a mine is entitled
to three pertenendo^ or units, which can be either contiguous or sep-
arated from each other by spaces of no lesser extent than what is
required to constitute a unit.
Legal labor. — An important requisite which must be complied with
previous to the concession, in cases of discovery — that is to say, when
the mine is located in places where no others had been found before —
consists of what is called *'the legal labor" (fa labor legal), and is as
follows: The applicant for the concession is bound to make, within
one hundred days subsequent to the date of the registration of his
petition, some mining work, to the depth of 10 meters or less, sufficient
to show the position and thickness of the vein and the nature and
quality of the ores. This period may be extended, upon good and
sufficient reasons, for one hundred days more.
Survey. — The next step to be taken, the survey of the mine, is offi-
cially made, upon petition in writing of the interested party and a
notice thereof served upon the owners of the adjoining mines or
estates, besides a publication by the newspapers or otherwise, stating
the date in which the operation shall take place.
The opposition, if any, shall be briefly disposed of, and in case the
decision is adverse to the opponent, or when there is no opposition,
the survey shall be made under the personal supervision of the local
authority and of the clerk of the court of mines, by the official engi-
neer, and if there is none, by any engineer or expert appointed then
for that purpose.
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MINING LAWS. 161
Limits. — ^The limits must be marked, and substantial and lasting
monuments fixed to designate the angles.
A complete record of all that has occurred during the operations
shall be made, and it shall be signed by the authority, the interested
parties, the engineer, and the clerk of the court of mines. This rec-
ord shall be entered in full on the registry of mines, elsewhere referred
to, and a certified copy, or transcript, of all that appears from the
said registry in relation to the mine in question shall be given to the
interested party, and it shall constitute his title and complete the
concession.
Mines of the second class, first subdivision, may be granted to
strangers if the owner of the soil on which they are situated does not
work or benefit them within the period of one hundi'ed days subse-
qaent to the date in which they received from the authorities a notice
to that effect.
The mines of the second class, second subdivision, do not require
any formal concession on the part of the Government to become com-
mon property. It is necessary, however, for those who wish to take
advantage of them to constitute pertenencias, or mining properties,
which in this case consist of an area of rectangular form, varying
according to circumstances from 10,000 to 60,000 square meters.
These areas are to be surveyed with the intervention of the authori-
ties, and according to certain rules intended to avoid confusion and
confiicts of rights.
As soon as the owner of an abandoned mine or smelting establish-
ment resumes work the tailings, rewashings, etc., cease to be common
property and revert to the owner.
No mine or mining establishment shall be considered abandoned
when being worked by a number of laborers, which may vary from two
to six, according to circumstances.
Mines of the third class are private property and belong to the
owner of the soil. They are subject, however, like all other private
property, to the eminent domain of the State, and can be taken for
public use upon indemnification and according to the rules for such
cases generally made and provided.
Sales. — ^Mines can be sold and transferred and conveyed in the same
manner and by the same methods as all other real property.
673a— 03 11
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CHAPTER VIII.
MANXTFAOTTTBINa INDUSTBIE&— THEUt DEVELOPMENT, PROBTJC-
TION— LAWS GOVEBNINa TAXES.
BREWERIES.
According to the census of 1895, there were 61 breweries in the
country, with a capital of $8,843,589. In 1894 156,414 hectoliters
(4,128,330 gallons) of beer were brewed. Twelve breweries belonged
to Argentines and 49 to foreigners. The machinery amounted to 1,120
horsepower, and the capacity of the vats was 2,220 hectoliters (58,608
gallons). Eleven of the breweries had freezing machinery.
Four of the breweries are situated in the city of Buenos Aires and
33 in the province of Buenos Aires.
DAIRY INDUSTRY.
It is only of late years that this industry has come to the front, and
now it is extending rapidly. Large dairies are being established in the
principal pastoral provinces; numerous milk shops are to be found in
the city of Buenos Aires, and the system of taking the cow around to
the house to be milked is only followed in the suburbs and provincial
towns. The dairies prepare pasteurized, maternized, and sterilized
milk.
The export of dairy products has been as follows:
Prodnce.
1900.
1899.
1886-1S99.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Butter tonfl..
Cheese kiloe..
1,066
866
»»8.«»
1,779
8,6S6
$894,874
1,661
4,108
al06
$1,025,799
aO,9S7
a Tons.
DISTILLERIES.
There are three classes of distilleries in Argentina — (a) those dis-
tilling from cereals, (6) those distilling from molasses, and (c) those
producing from wine residues. Of the first class there are 42, repre-
senting a capital of $20,000,000; of the second class there are 79,
representing a capital of 13,500,000; and some hundreds of the third
degree.
The grain distilleries in Argentina are regarded as model establish-
ments by foreign visitors, owing to the excellent plants in use and
the high quality of their products. The latest mechanical and chem-
ical improvementiJ have been introduced and considerable advance
162
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FLOUR.
163
has been made in the application of the Pasteur system to the recti-
fying of the spirit and in the treatment of micix)bes.
In its first stages the local distilling industry was favored by the
exemption from duty of all alcohol manufactured in the country, but
a heavy internal tax was subsequently imposed upon both manufac-
tured and imported alcohol. Since 1891 the following rates of taxa-
tion have been imposed on alcohol of 95° Gay-Lussac:
Per liter.
1891 $0.07
18»8 .20
18»5 (January) 15
18»5 (October) .30
1897 (January) .35
1897 (November) .._. 60
1898 (October) _ 1.00
Home made alcohols produced from wine, which for some time were
exempt from taxation, are now subject to a tax of 30 cents per liter
of 55° Gay-Lussac, and on imported liquors there is an internal tax
of 65 cents per liter of 95° Gay-Lussac in propoi-tion to their alcoholic
graduation.
The following table shows the rate of taxation on national produc-
tion and importation of alcohol from the last six months of 1891 to
the end of 1901:
Year.
Rate of
taxation.
Quantity of alcohol, In
liters of 100«.
National
production.
Imported.
1881
0.07
.07
.20
.20
0.1W).30
.30
.35^.80
.80-1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
■S li^i '00
LM > V 472
;si >: S36
-l.rr.1,/104
17 i. 516
VI -' L ai
r.i ]•*- :»2i
ll.> -f 172
137, n4
648,122
ms
1896
1,286,502
IBM
1,214,720
1886
1.836,387
l,n4,468
1,893,508
1,945,023
1,311,604
1,229,236
1,762,430
1806
1897.
1898
1889
1900
1901
It will thus be seen that while the imports of alcohol show an almost
progressive increase from year to year, the consumption of the national
product shows alternative rises and falls according to the rate of
taxation imposed and is lowest in the year in which the rate taxation
is highest.
FLOUR.
In 1895 there were 659 mills of all kinds of systems, distributed
throughout the country in the following proportions:
Biver proyinces: Capital, Buenos Aires, Santa F6, Entre Rios, and Corrientes. 270
Provinces of the interior: C6rdoba, San Lois, and Santiago del Estero 98
Andine provinces: Mendoza, San Juan, La Rioja, and Catamarca 160
Northern provinces: Tnexunan, Salta, and Jnjny - - 117
National territories: Kenqn^n and Rio Negrro 19
Total 669
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164 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
The great development of the milling business may be said to date
from 1880, from which period to that of the census of 1895 there were
built 306 additional mills, distributed as follows:
River provinces _ 190
Provinces of the interior _ 33
Northern provinces. 38
Andine provinces 41
National territories 9
Total 300
The 659 mills subdivided are formed of:
Steam mills 234
Hydranlic mills 303
Mixed power (steam and water) : 17
Animal power mills 105
Total - 659
The motive power of mills run by steam, water, or mixed amounts
to 10,500 horse power. The census valuation of the mills, including
buildings, sites, machinery, and accessories is about $27,000,000, an
estimate which may be regarded as very conservative when the cost
of modem machinery is taken into consideration. The general
figures given by the census as to the number of mills have not varied
much since 1895, as during the intervening period very few installa-
tions of mills have taken place, and the small increase there may have
been is more than^ counterbalanced by the closure of others. The
nearest estimates made by those who at different times have made a
study of the situation of the milling industry, agree that the total
productive power per annum is between 1,000,000 and 1,200,000 tons,
of 1,000 kilogrammes to the ton. The figures relating to the con-
sumption of flour, and which may be accepted as correct, show approx-
imately 450,000 tons of 1,000 kilos, in which amount is included the
home consumption and exportation equal to that of 1901, which
reached approximately 72,000 tons. , The great difference between
the consumption and the productive capacity is the cause of the diffi-
culties through which the milling industry is now passing. The mills
are mostly equipped with excellent machinery of the latest types
imported from England, France, Germany, and Austria; and tiiese
facilitate the production of a first-rate article, to which the gooil
quality of the wheat harvested in the Republic largely contributes.
The systems in use for milling are those employed by similar estab-
lishments in other countries using modern machinery. The three
following grades of flour are usually manufactured for consumption :
Flour No. 0, that is made from coarse groats, and fine from the
first broken wheat and from reground groats.
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FLOUR. 165
Special flour, the remainder of the ground wheat without the
"tails" of the bran, the latter reground, taking out also the flour
from the last passage of the bran.
Second flour, consisting of what is taken out of the reground spe-
eial flour and the last passage.
Some mills also prepare a class of flour known as whole^ which is a
mixture of "0" and special, taking out the second and the residue.
The flour is supplied for home consumption, put up in bags holding
90 kilos each, the bags being made in Argentina of imported canvas.
In the accompanying tables is given the development attained in the
exportation of Argentine flour during the last ten years. As wilj be
seen, the exportation has greatly increased, rising from 18,849 tons
in the year 1892 to 71,742 tons exported in 1901. The principal con-
suming market, in fact the only one for quantities of any importance
for Argentine flours, is the Republic of Brazil, as is shown by the
tables set out. Small quantities, which are sent to Europe, are
really of an experimental character. There are no regular grades
for the quality of flour for export, but they correspond more or less
to those fixed for home consumption. The export business is not
usuaUy carried out by the miller who sells his flour for cash to the
exjwrting houses and supplies the particular grade they require.
There are, however, a few millers who export direct to Brazil. The
usual package for exportation is a bag made of hempen canvas of
special quality, with a capacity of 22 and 44 kilos. This applies
more particularly to the Brazilian market.
It is impossible to prognosticate the future of Argentine wheat
exportation, but it is possible that exportation to Bi'azil will fall
off owing to the protective measures extended to the mills of that
country, where the flour is almost entirely made from Argentine
wheat. Diminution, however, in exports to Brazil, will no doubt be
covered by a greater impulse to exportation to Europe. A new mill
on an extensive scale is now being erected on a site in the port of
Buenos Aires by tlfe Belgian company of mills and elevators. This
mill, which will be the largest in South America, will turn out 2,500
sacks of flour, of 90 kilograms each, every twenty-four working hours,
and the reduced cost which larger production means, combined with
its position in the port, will certainly enable it to compete with similar
products from other sources in the European markets.
Production is expensive in the Argentine Republic, owing chiefly
to the cost of installation and fuel and the high price of lubricating
material, in addition to the heavy taxes imposed on mills. All these
react on a limited production, as generally speaking the output of the
mills is not more than 350 bags of 90 kilograms, per daj^ and conse-
quently place Argentine flours at a disadvantage in competing with
other kinds in Europe and the United States.
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166 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
In Buenos Aires a mill with a capacity of 200 bags of flour per day
pays the following amount annually in taxes :
Direct tax $720
License 600
Duty on analysis 400
Drains and water supply 886
Tax on carts - - 615
Cleaning and lighting 836
Tax on steam engine. 80
Inspection of stables 18
Testing weights and measures _ 60
Total - 3,065
to which may be added sundry other small taxes.
The railway companies do not give facilities for the exportation of
flour, as is the case in other countries, so that the flour for export
can only be furnished by mills in the Federal Capital and vicinity,
and those in Rosario de Santa F6, and a few other places in that
province. In Bahfa Blanca there are two modern mills from which
direct exportation to Europe is feasible.
As regards the selling price of flour, it is subject to constant fluctua-
tion and the relative value of wheats for consumption; but, on an
average, the price for grade '' " may be taken as 20 national cents,
for 10 kilograms higher than the current price for the ** special.**
For example, at present the " special " is sold at about 95 cents the 10
kilograms and the "0" at 11.12 to $1.15. Argentine flour generally
combines in one class the two qualities of whiteness and strength,
subject of course to the varied quality of the wheat used. Millers
usually get from 67 to 73 per cent of flour from each 100 kilograms
ground. The remaining ingredients of the milled stuff, coarse and
flne bran, etc., command, as a rule, a good price for exportation to
Europe, South Africa, etc. The exportation of flour to Brazil is fre-
quently hampered by the sanitary regulations adopted by that country
against Argentine products. During the year IdOO, for a period of
four months, not a single bag of flour was allowed to be imported from
the Argentine. Carriage by sea is expensive, considering the short
distance separating the two countries. Hitherto there has been no
regular line of vessels, but recently the Brazilian Lloyd has been
established, with fixed sailings from Rosario de Santa F6 and Buenos
Aires.
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FROZEN MEAT.
167
Exportation of flour during the ten years 189S-1901,
[Value in gold.]
laoe.
Destination.
j Tons. I Valne.
17,876
113
AntOles ' 137
Belsinm ! 2,074 113,616
Bc^Tia 63, 8,465
Brajsil 10,388 564,534
Chile
France 681 35,445
Germany I 5 294
Italy I 19 960
Netherlands
Paraguay I 1,730 90,119
Pert..... '
Portogal
Sontb Africa....
Spain
united Kingdom
United States...
Uro^rnay
1898.
Tons. Valne.
1,966^
lOl'
24,453
822!
751
173
g,520
,684
8,448
913,076
208
29,603
27,006
6,146
2,763 94,607
1894.
1896.
Tons. ' Valne. ■ Tons. Value.
714
1,514,
157!
32,682
$17,667
87,060
8,812
815,116,
496
482
682
12,536
11,880
16,980
1,063
826
109
47,632
3
27
819
44'
2,561;
"*'"20,'
65,706
194
1896.
Tons. Value.
142,086
24,648
8,685
176; 18, 296
1,668,145 49,129
114 66
975' 21
11,725 6n
15,498
72! 2,700
1,858,649
5,596
490
2.075
758
27,006
11.821
18,6
250
9,000
5441.
1,800
18,269
72,846
800
1,396,
41,994
75,184
536
240^
260
531
3,029t
18,799
8,604
8,320
18,630
109,029
659'
547
6
2,661
16,202
6,444
18,428
160
44
8,061
158
43,
1,760
105,141
225
6,072
1,096
78
225
2,548
■4,'687
Total 18,8491,024,041 37,9211,818,690 40,7581,019,981 53,9Q6|l,882,366
429
15,279
6,820
51,7321,949.566
Destination.
Antilles.
livia.
Brazil
(!hile
France
Oermany ,
Italy...:.
Netherlands .
Paraguay....
Peru..........
Portugal .....
South Africa.
jnited Ktegdom.
United States....
?SeS'.::;;:::::
Total.
1897.
Tons.
Value.
5 1300
1111 6,564
40,0072,396,395
1 61
190 9,671
10 602
207 12,408
835
802
146
28
19.758
15,586
8.189
1,689
41,4432,411,719
1898.
Tons. Value.
30,5^1
$4801
8,329
524,004
2i 94
182 6,600*
166
426
696 206
148
193
7,1
'22,628
1899.
Tons. Value.
-.1-
14* 1430
00 1,949
53,9001,750,971
66
280
42
144
10,8401
6,760
10,194
31,9831,502,405
no
678
20
2,866
68
161
1,948
9,655
1,889
40,980
22,851
21,014
583
70,865
2,011
4,785
59,4641,988,281
1900.
Tons. Value.
676
50
37,938
34
80
579
15
126
807
120
4,445
216
4,458
1901.
Tons. Value.
128,896....
1,669! 861 1
1,821,549 68,1192,5;
1,107
864
17,807
540
4,582
27,119
8,120
117,215
6,207
196,761
1,244! 42,558
10,813
873j'
51,208jl,718,085
128.
213
2
6
5
948
860
51
804
1,084
447
18,144
"3,529
4,755
7,898
78
1T9
195
6,990
18,800
1,970
U,637
41,580
17,085
71,74«2,711,298
FROZEN MEAT INDUSTRY.
The Belgian legation at Bnenos Aires writes to the "Bulletin Com-
mercial" that the total commercial movement of the soladeros of the
Rfo de la Plata and Rio Grande was as follows for 1901, compared
with the two years preceding:
Number of animals slaughtered.
Establishments.
1901.
73,300
39,700
115,800
60,000
1900.
1809.
Bnenos Aires (Province)
BiTers of the Argentine Republic and Uruguay
89,000
22,000
88,400
19,600
8,000
MonteTideo 7. ! .T....'
86,200
BJo Qrande , .
8,000
Total
278,800
160,100
117,800
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168
ABGKNTINE BEPUBLIO.
As is shown by the above figures, it is especially in the Province of
Buenos Aires that the progress of the meatrpacking industry is the
most remarkable.
The "Review of the River Plate," of the same city, published the
following r6sum^ of the exports of frozen meat from the Argentine
Republic during the last three years:
Year.
Sheep.
Quarters
of beef.
1890
2,486,949
2,885,214
2,722,727
118.431
190U
265.986
1901
497,875
The large increase in the exports of beef is due especially to the
prohibiting of the importation in England of Argentine live stock, on
account of the foot-and-mouth disease which prevailed in the latter
country in 1900 and which now has completely disappeared.
The first meat-freezing station was started by the River Plate
Fresh Meat Company in the year 1883, at Campaila, Buenos Aires.
The following year the works of the Compafiia Sansinena de Games
Congeladas were started at Barracas, Buenos Aires, and in 1886 the
Las Palmas Produce Company erected another station at Zarate,
Buenos Aires. These three companies have handled the frozen-
meat trade of Argentina. From the year 1883, when 17,165 frozen
sheep were exported, until 1901 the meat exported has increased
steadily, and 1901 saw a higher export than any preceding year, about
100,000 tons of frozen meat having been shipped.
Animal products.
Frozen meat.
Preserved meat.
Horns.
Hides.
Year.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
1897 :..
55,883
66,671
66,628
82,091
109,327
$2,233,325
2,668,878
2,665,078
7,042,727
9,623,118
86,808
22,802
19,747
17,128
24,987
$2,578,548
2,228,512
2,154,862
2.188,458
8,064,980
2,000
1,685
1,700
1463
1.904
$100,447
84,269
85,022
117,078
152,828
96.840
99,588
98,404
98,406
100,618
$19,485,108
1888
20,786,71(7
1809 .
25,090 5S6
1900
22,613.000
1901
28,260,475
Total
24,281,121
12,280,640
589,184
111,225,496
Year.
Wool.
Horsehair.
Vari-
ous.
Total
value.
Manufokc-
tured ani-
mal mat-
ter.
Animal
residue.
Total
value of
exports of
pastoral
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
Value.
Value.
Value.
products.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
206,571
221,286
287,110
101,118
228,868
137,450,244
45,584,008
71,283,619
27,991,661
44,606,488
2,680
2.514
2,500
2,272
2,668
$980,650
1,099,466
1,129,912
1,186,107
1,004,677
$25
60
"'"804"
396
$62,828,342
72,450,544
102,409,004
61,084,550
81,782,456
13,294,919
4,012,866
8,542,077
8,568,189
5,154,226
$718,181
784,848
567,829
660,017
624; 974
$74,044,525
i 87,3B1.6Be5
115,546.906
71,258,8m
90,646,411
Total.
226,976,510
5,H«LAll
784
880,6M MB
19,672,276
8,849,289
488,878,868
'
• 1
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IKON AND STEEL.
169
IRON AND STEEL. INDUSTRIES.
These are among the principal industries of the country. Accord-
ing to the census returns of 1895, there were 154 iron foundries in the
country, with a capital of 17,635,823, and 166 repair shops, with a
capital of $6,818,178. Every class of machinery is manufactured,
and there are several establishments which turn out small steam
engines and boilers.
The imports of raw material have been :
Description.
1900.
Quantity. Valae.
Steel ingots and sheets tons..
Iro& inffots and sheets do
Iron oominns and beiuns do
672
86,706
14.919
$67,247
1,485.991
596,887
Several of the railway and tramway companies construct their pas-
senger and freight cars in the country, the wheels being the only parts
that are imported.
The local safe makers command nearly the entire trade, and imports
in this line, which were 55 tons in 1899, were only 32 tons in 1900.
MATCH FACTORIES.
There were in 1900 seven match factories in the country, of which
four are working and three shut down. Matches have to pay an excise
tax. Those known as wax matches,. national or imported, pay for
each box containing not more than seven dozen matches, one cent
papier. Boxes containing a greater number pay a proportionate tax.
Wood matches pay half a cent per box containing not more than
seven dozen.
In 1900 the imports of special thread for match making amounted
to 124,448 kilograms (274, 358 pounds), and the matches imported
amounted to 28 kilograms (62 pounds) of wax and 6,273 kilograms
(13,829 i)ound8) of wood matches, as against none of wax in 1899 and
339 kilograms (747 pounds) of wood matches in 1899. The imports
for five years, 1895-1899, were 115,670 kilograms (255,000 pounds) of
wax and 33,234 kilograms (73,268 pounds) of wood matches. From
these figures it is seen that wood matches are coming more into use.
There is one factory of wood matches in the country.
QUARRIES.
To the south of the Province of Buenos Aires there are several
stone quarries, many of which are being successfully worked, while
in the Chubut Territory good stone for paving purposes is found
in large quantities. The famous marble and onyx quarries, from
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170 ARGENTINE EEPUBLIC.
which the material for the magnificent staircases of the Buenos
Aires Jockey Club and the New York Life Comiwtfiy's building in
Paris was supplied, are situated in the upper provinces of the
Republic and only need careful development to open up a large and
profitable industry.
SUGAR.
The production of sugar from cane has hitherto constituted an
important industry in the Republic, and more particularly in the
provinces of TucumAn, Salta, and Jujuy and the National Territories
of Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. In view, however,, of the conclu-
sions arrived at by the Sugar Conference recently held in Brussels, a
critical position has arisen in the Province of Tucumin, from which
district most of the sugar produced was exported. The leaders of the
industry and the Provincial Government are now discussing a
project whereby the future production and cultivation will be limited
and proportionate compensation given to the growers in the various
districts. Legislation to this end has already been submitted to the
Provincial Congress and Senate.
The province of Tucumin has more than 60,000 hectares under cane,
and in the event of a cessation of the export of sugar it will be nec-
essary to destroy or abandon cultivation of at least one-third of the
area mentioned, the remaining 40,000 hectares being more than suffi-
cient to meet the internal requirements of the country. The produc-
tion of sugar in Argentina has risen from about 1,000 tons in 1870 to
151,639 tons in 1901. According to the census of 1895 there were 51
sugar mills, representing a capital of 152,417,984, with a cai)acity for
crushing 66,552 tons of cane and for producing 4,445 tons of sugar
per twenty-four hours. As a consequence of overproduction, manu-
facturers had recourse to export, which amounted in 1897 to 41,734
tons and in 1901 to 58,000 tons; and as the home consumption does
not exceed 80,000 tons Congress voted bounties to manufacturers
exporting their produce. The refinery at Rosario, which is the largest
in the country, alone placed 150,000 tons of sugar in the market in
1901. From 1897 to 1901 the bounties paid on sugar exported have
amounted to 130,794,000. The customs duty on imported sugar is 9
cents gold per kilogram refined and 7 cents gold for other classes.
TEXTILE FABRICS.
In 1900 there were 16 weaving factories in the Republic, with a
capital of 110,000,000 paper, giving employment to 6,200 persons, of
whom 5,200 were women and 600 children under 14 years of age.
There are 5 canvas factories in Buenos Aires, with a capital of
12,500,000, giving employment to 2,000 persons, of whom 1,800 are
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TEXTILE INDUSTRIES.
171
women and children. The yearly output is 4,500,000 meters. The
imports in 1899 and 1900 of raw material for textile industries were:
[Value in gold.]
Pelt for bats dozen.
Soon wool kilos.
waoibed wool do...
Lootton tons.
r kilos.
tons.
AgmTe, thread kilos.
A0aTe,Taw do...
1900.
Quantity. Value.
2,606
a06,26D
24,182
2,481
119,880
22,165
169,108
846,015
tt4.680
^9,802
4,885
865,018
86,814
8,868,547
18,842
58,416
1899.
Quantity. Value.
6,696
825,120
10,871
2,547
96,716
81,580
292,581
977,192
ff6,464
Si, 748
1,794
1,018,887
24,180
6,816,999
20,478
68.681
In 1899 a tax was placed on all hats made in the country, but it
was removed in 1900. The hat factories in Argentina are represented
by a capital of $10,000,000, and give employment to 6,700 hands, of
whom 2,300 are women and children. There are 227 factories in the
country, of which only 30 employ steam power.
Although numerous plants suitable for textile industries are to be
foand, so far but little application has been made of them. Hemp is
plentiful in Mendoza and cotton in Tucum&n, and ramie and jute in
both provinces. In the Province of Mendoza the municipality of Guai-
maU6n has established small works for preparing the raw material.
The following figures give some idea of the bags and raw material
required for agricultural and pastoral industries:
Imports,
[Value in gold.]
BagK
HeoBians tons..
Tarred kilos..
HeasianB tons..
Twine:
For binders do....
For binding wool kilos..
Various tons..
Span jute do —
Cotton bags do. ..
Value.
014,837
14,986
868,547
624,606
81,792
158,917
50,782
212,140
1899.
Quan-
tity.
Value.
691
48,285
31,580
8,954
189,514
222
416
187
$188,202
12,071
681,999
790, 8n
22,742
834,963
82,604
96,578
1895-1899.
X^' Value.
2,610
126,148
109,950
11,165
1,581,862
2,071
1,876
1,412
$494,244
80,184
21,990,013
2,233,069
189,763
67,921
185,600
685,827
TOBACCO.
Tobacco has been grown in the provinces of Tucum&n and
Corrientes for many years. In 1872 the hectares under cultiva-
tion throughout the Republic were 3,461; in 1888 these were reduced
to 3,234, but in 1895 had increased to 15,795, distributed as follows:
Hectares.
CorrienteB 6,508
TncnmAn 8,749
MisioQeB , 2,810
Digitized by VjOOQIC
172 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
C6rdoba 1,222
Salta .- 922
Jujuy 520
Catamarca 518
Chaco ._ _ 422
SantaP6 184
EntreRios 180
Buenos Aires 112
Formosa _ 102
San Joan . 3
San Lnis _ _ 1
Mendoza 1
Rioja - - - - - 1
In 1895 there were 584 tobacco factories in the Republic, with a capi-
tal of 114,433,435, and at the end of 1900 there were 1,187 factories
inscribed in the inland revenue department, of which 210 were classi-
fied as first category and 977 as second category. The excise tax on
tobacco has produced the following amounts:
1896. $4,580,782
1897 4,750,699
1898 8,381.840
1899 _. - 10,752,409
1900 11,141,441
1901--- _. 10,599,659
WINE INDUSTRY.
Although there has been a considerable increase in the manufacture
of wines in the Argentine Republic during recent years, the total pro-
duction does not exceed 40 per cent of the internal consumption, which
last year amounted to 2,500,000 hectoliters, whereof 500,000 hectoliters
were imported and 800,000 hectoliters were manufactured from arti-
ficial ingredients in imitation of French and Spanish wines. The
latter figure in the official returns as ** artificial production," but in
view of the numerous complaints as to the laxity in the administra-
tion of the law for the repression of frauds of this character the Grov-
emment has adopted stringent measures to avoid a continuance of the
traffic.
Mendoza and San Juan are the most important centers of the wine
industry. In these two provinces there are respectively 450 and 240
hodegas out of a total of 1,000 in the whole Republic, the remainder
being distributed over C6rdoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Entre Rf os, and
other provinces and territories. Recent statistics in relation to the
Andine provinces (Mendoza and San Juan) show a decided increase
in the number and extent of vineyards and in the quantity of wine
produced, the number and area of the vineyards extracted from the
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WINE INDU8TBY.
173
official register of the province of Mendoza alone at December 31,
1901, being as follows:
Capital....
GnaiinaD6n
Main&
San Martin
Joniii
Rtrmdavia.
Santa Boea
LfcPaB
iMTuBe
Las Hens
B(
Li
Ti
Tahu;
8anCStf>]oe.
SanBafael
Total
Hec-
taree.
497
8,176
5,038
1,257
818
804
239
50
09
722
1,806
2,568
8
eo
94
472
17,149
Meters.
2,214
7,277
2,887
407
2,778
8,170
5,104
8,079
1,089
4,850
5,889
886
4,452
6,319
847
5.717
60,815
Namber of yinee.
Pfr«tcla«. ^<1
648,347
6,998,966
16.138,609
11,925,394
1,816,707
1,752,(06
265,096
408
22,404
1,396,065
8,151,284
8,804,827
199,488
856,337
43,456,758
487,785
1,688,148
1,285,724
1,060,505
496,488
876,901
219,268
70,980
565,206
641,075
655,505
9,440
02,270
78,851
884,888
7,976,714
The vines which come under the heading of first class in the above
table have an aggregate value of 132,592,568 and the plants of the
second class a total value of $4,785,428, being respectively appraised
at the rate of 75 and 60 cents per vine.
The subjoined table gives the quantity of wine forwarded by rail to
other parts of the country from the Andine provinces for the period
1894-1901, inclusive:
Year.
1 Mendoza.
1
San Jnan.
18M
1 Hectoliters.
227,613
Hectoliten.
185,242
UK
344,947
443,429
1896.. ..•
496,207
196,605
1887
476,314
208,386
1806
625,914
176,884
1809
882,801
248,501
1000
848,506
822,786
1901
082.008
267,027
In the eight years 1888-1895 the area planted with vineyards increased
from 25,654 hectares to 33,459; in 1900 it was 36,000 hectares, valued
at $9,500,000 in gold. There is a school of viti- viniculture in Mendoza,
which is supported by the National Government. Phylloxera has
not spread among the vines. The total capital represented in 1895
amounted to $25,529,808, and in 1901 to $36,000,000.
TTie tax on natural wines is 2 cents per liter, and in 1890, 121,200,-
652 liters paid this duty, and in 1900, 125,076,954 liters. The tax on
artificial wines is from 4 cents to 14 cents per liter; in 1899, 1,621,075
liters paid duty, and 833,776 in 1900. The total amount received by
the Government was $3,692,467.81 in 1899, and $3,624,805 in 1900.
Slock of wine in 1901. — On January 1, 1901, the stock of wine in the
bodegas was 32,952,819 liters. The price of land in the wine-growing
districts, the small cost of planting and fencing, and the cheapness
Digitized by Vj^^l^^lC
174 ABGENTHra: REPUBLIC.
of labor ox)en out a wide field for a profitable and extensive dervelop-
ment of the wine industry.
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIES.
Industrial resume. — The resume of industrial statistics deals with
data obtained from the census of 1895, compared with the statistics
of industries taken in the capital by the *' Direction of Commerce and
Industries," and from other sources of information brought down to
1901.
The manufacturing interest has advanced considerably since 1895,
but the greatest increase has been in the capit>al of the Republic,
which is practically the manufacturing center of the country. The
resume embraces the following industries and products:
Alimentary substances, — Oil, nourishing preparations, preserves of
all kinds, starch, confectionery, chocolate, sausages, macaroni, bis-
cuits and cakes, ice, liqueurs, cheese, and butter.
WeariTig apparel and dress. — Shirts, ties, gloves, laundries, corsets,
tailoring, hats, walking sticks, umbrellas, textures, linen, laces, boots,
and shoes.
Construction. — Pottery, sawmills, shipbuilding yards, lime and
cement works, carpenter shops, various constructions, bricks, kilns,
marble work, tiles, mosaic pavements, waxwork, plaster of paris, and
repairing shops.
Furniture and adjuncts. — Billiard tables, bags, baskets, carriages,
cArts, mattresses, gilding, cabinetmaking, brushes, brooms, feather
dusters, furniture, musical instruments, saddlery, tapestry, awnings .
and sails, cooperage, and turnery.
Artistic work and decorations. — Sculpture, pictures, seals, jewelry,
watches, silver work, metal lattice work, ornamental gas fittings.
Metallurgy and branches. — Knife grinding, gunsmithing, brass
work, sanitary appliances, casting metal, machine shops, wire netting,
blacksmithing, etc.
Chemical prodvx^ts. — Soap making, tallow, gunpowder, glycerin,
candles, acids, and chemical products in general.
Descriptive art and branches. — Bookbinding, cardboards, photo-
graphs, printing, and lithography.
Various. — ^Electricity, optics, lamps, cigars, matches, blacking,
paints and varnishes, tanning, enamel work, iron safes, etc.
Industrial development. — The industries which have attained the
greatest development are generally those using the home-grown raw
materials. Some of them have for years past competed favorably
with the imported article, and in many cases the latter has been
driven out of the market. This applies especially to articles of food.
Factories producing articles for wear have increased in number, and
notably those making boots, shoes, hats, and woven goods. In the
making of pottery, limes, cement, and tiles, the output has greatly in-
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INDUSTRIAL BisUM^.
175
creased, the materials used being chiefly home products. Hydraulic
cement is almost entirely an imported article. Artistic and ornate
work, excepting that of jewelers, watchmakers, and silversmiths, is a
new industry. Medal casting has much improved, and lighting appa-
ratus of all kinds are well made. In metal work Argentina has some
good artisans, but the material has to be imported. There are mines
of iron, copper, lead, etc., but hitherto these have not been extensively
exploited. The leading manufacturers of chemical products employ
elements produced in the country, as in candles, soap, glycerin, and
sheep dips; and these are beginning to be exported. There are two
factories making sulphuric acid, and another for various acids and
salts. Boric acid and carbonate of soda are also made in small quan-
tities. In artistic engraving very great strides have been made, and
the work in many cases will bear comparison with similar produc-
tions. The tanning industry has grown considerably, particularly in
the direction of shoe leather, which hitherto was mostly imported.
There are no precise data showing the increase of the various
industries, except those referring to the capital of the Republic; but
as the manufacturing interests are almost confined to the capital, the
following figures will convey some idea of industrial development
since the year 1822 to 1901. The numbers are those of factories
established, according to classification, in the different years.
Capital of the RepnbUc.
Classlflcatioii of factories.
1822. 1856.
1895.
1901.
Foodstofls
45
186
177
78
228
278
247
1R7
1,253
2,708
1,098
1,198
421
944
132
233
462
1,548
Cnoth^ff ftnd w^^ngf i^ppAral
8,307
Oonstroction T...'.^
i;254
1,568
Artffftir^ ftiid omamffntel , , . .
38 ; 72
98 148
8 30
8 14
42 92
488
MetfiHnrgy
1,185
C^efnic^prndnrrti^
236
Kn^n-vlDg , , ...
488
Varkras.r.
892
674 1,265
8,489
10,966
National consumption, — At present there are no statistics affording
a clear insight into the effect on national consumption caused by the
growth of the various industries; but the annual reduction in imports
testifies to the importance of home production. Taking the value of
imi)ortations for the two last decades, 1881-1890 and 1891-1900, and
the number of inhabitants for the same period, we have the following
results:
Decades.
Inhabitants.
Importa-
tions (gold).
1881-1800
2,900,000
$103,200,000
1891-1900 ......
4.100.000
90,100,000
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176 ABGENTINE EBPUBLIC.
This is evidently out of proportion, as the last decade ought to show
an average importation of 1146,000,000 for an increase of population
of 41 per cent, and allowing for a reduction in consumption, due to
general depression since 1890, it must also be remembered that among
the imports of the last ten years there appears in greater proportion
than in the previous decade so-called reproductive consumption,
embracing machinery and materials for the several industries.
The difference between the average of importation for the decade
1881-1890 of $103,200,000 gold and the calculated average for 1891-
1900 of 1146,000,000 gold, namely, $47,000,000, may be reckoned as
the value of the yearly home manufactured products divided between
large and small industries.
It is contended that this difference of $47,000,000 gold less in the
annual imports is the result of reduced consumption. But the values
of exports during those periods average $77,378,000 gold for 1881-1890;
$122,375,000 for 1891-1900, or an average increase of 58 per cent in the
exi)orts during the latter ten years, and these results could hardly
have been attained without the aid of all the industrial forces of the
country. If from the $47,000,000 taken as the average annual decrease
in imports, due to the influence of manufacture or diminished con-
sumption of imported goods, we separate the amount represented by
tobacco, sugar, wines, beer, and alcohol, which averages about
$12,000,000 gold for the ten years, we find that the manufacturing in-
dustries have contributed to the decrease of importation by $35,000,000
gold, which fact may be accepted as evidence of their progress and
imjwrtance. The industries that develop most and are consequently
bhe chief factors in the falling off of the importation are those of hats,
cotton textures, woolen fabrics, conserved articles, boots and shoes,
saddlery and skins, tanning, and furniture. There is, however, a vast
field still for the development of these and other industries not yet
touched, as is evidenced by the following returns of imports for the
five years 1896-1900:
Gold.
Textiles and manuf actnred goods $180, 193, 868
Preserved provisions 54, 620, 945
Timber, and manufactured goods 83, 698, 587
Stone, earthenware, and glass 44, 590, 005
Or $312,103,405 gold in these four items, although the necessary
raw material for the production of most of them abounds in the
country. There are no cotton mills. The eight cotton textile f abtories
only make the stuffs from imported thread to the value of $1,500,000
gold; both sailcloth and finer canvas of excellent quality are manu-
factured.
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INDUSTRIAL BlSsUM]^.
177
R^sumi of the number of industrial establishments, persons employed, nationality
of owners, and capital.
Claasifloatioii.
Estab-
lish-
ments.
Nationality of
owners.
em-
ployed.
Capital
(paper).
Nnmber of machines
in use.
Ko.
Argen-
tines.
For-
eign-
ers.
Steam.
Horse-
power.
Other
kinds.
1
Foods
4,877
6,817
4,211
2;684
1,016
8,404
421
682
1,769
508
767
1,108
476
190
486
78
145
462
8,779
6,666
8,148
2,158
826
2,968
848
437
1,807
29,209
86,804
18; 846
8,180
16,187
5,781
6,115
18,845
$72,484,906 '
62,014,307
50,961,000
26,716,000 ,
9,971,046
28,114,000 !
16,217,810 1
13,217,604
62,641,713
2,768
86,600
2
3
Wearing appftrel
ConatnK'.tlon
4
5
Fomitnre, etc
Artiste and decora-
tive
88,200
A
Metallnrgy
7
ISnirravinff ............
9
Various......
Total
24,881
4,246
20,682
166,377
821,276,786 1 2-768
86,500
88,200
573a— 03
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CHAPTER IX.
COmCEBCE, DOMESTIC AND FOBEiaN— STATISTICAIi DATA—
CT7ST0MS TABIFFS, STAMP AND INTEBNAIi TAX liAWS.
Administration. — The Departments of National Commerce and
Industries are under the administration and direct control of the
Minister of Agriculture, who, by reason of the law which includes com-
merce, industries, and agriculture in one portfolio, has so extended
the commercial divisions as to render them practically an entirely
separate organization.
Commercial conditions, — The commercial conditions of the Repub-
lic are highly favorable. Argentina has immense areas at present
unpopulated and uncultivated, with an excellent climate and excep-
tional productive powers. Her splendid ports, large rivers, and
relative proximity to Europe, Africa, and the Pacific enable her to
successfully compete with other countries in the supply of raw mate-
rials, live stock, frozen meat, cereals, timber, etc. During the month
of April, 1900, the Minister of Marine placed two Government trans-
ports at the disposal of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
for the purpose of carrying consignments of Argentine products to
South Africa and elsewhere as a test in the matter of opening up new
markets.
Valves. — ^The official statistics relating to value, particularly in
regard to exports, are necessarily to some extent inconsistent, as in
many cases the duties imposed are simply ad valorem, the values
being fixed by the Argentine Customs Commission, and these are fre-
quently extremely wide. For example, flour is valued in the tariff
law at $10 gold per ton, upon which basis the ad valorem duty is
established although its real value is perhaps four times greater.
The same principle is applied to hides and wool, while, in the matter
of imports, articles which vary largely in quality and cost are set
down under one valuation.
Tariffs. — Commerce in Argentina is governed by a series of tariffs
and laws of a protective character which are so drafted that they
may be applied to meet the changed circumstances arising out of the
adoption of a more stringent protective policy in any other country,
having reference to the products of the Argentine Republic. As an
illustration of this form of legislation we cite article 69 of the custom-
house law now in force, which provides as follows:
178
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IMPORT DUTIES. 179
Import duties. — "The duties on imports established in this law con-
stitute the minimum tariff for merchandise or products of any nation
which applies a similar tariff and does not augment its duties on
imports from Argentina or establish duties on articles which at
present are free of duty, or largely reduces the tariff at present in
force regarding similar articles from other countries, or finally places
obstacles in the way of importation of Argentine products by reason
of restrictive measures; then, in any of the above cases the Execu-
tive Power is authorized to apply to the merchandise or products pro-
ceeding from any such nation the maximum tariff, the duties fixed
therein being 50 per cent higher than those stipulated in the mini-
mum tariff; and 15 per cent on articles which at present are imported
free of duty.
Special reduction. — "The Executive Power is likewise authorized
to grant special reductions, not exceeding 50 per cent of the tariff in
force at the time, on articles from countries which in the opinion of
the Executive Power accord equivalent advantages to this country.
This concession, however, can only be granted on the condition that
the Argentine Government reserves the right to cancel the same at
any time, giving six months' notice to that effect."
Value of imports and exports^ 1902. — The value of the imported and
exiK)rted produce during 1902 has been:
[Values expressed in gold.]
Imports:
Livestock _ _. $463,605
Eatables - 10,626,004
Tobacco - 8,329,647
Dyes and colors 699,931
Textiles 29,744,239
MSneral oils, etc 3,982,800
Chemical products 3,697,800
lints and colors - 699,931
Lmnber and mannf actnres - 6, 856, 776
Paper and mannfactores 962,661
Leather and mannf actures 962, 661
lion and mannf actnres 17,916,082
Otiier metals and mannfactnres 2, 733, 902
Stones, earth, crystals, and ceramic prodncts 10, 908, 694
Various articles .-. 3,076,547
Total 103,039,256
Cattle trade 104,539,139
Agricnltural prodncts 68,171,332
Timber prodncts 3,649,208
Mining prodncts 327,006
Game products 718,449
Various products 2.081,593
Total 179,486,727
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180
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Valite of imports and exports, 1902, — CJomparative tables of dutia-
ble and nondutiable imports and exports during the first three months
of 1901 and 1902:
IMPORTS.
iwe.
1901.
Compari-
son, 1902.
1902.
Rnllion,
1901.
Com-
pariaon.
Subject to duty.
$28,667,792
4,916,483
$24,660,728
5,470,880
-$1,801,981
- 664,8W
Free of duty ..._-
$5,868
$8»r,872
-$8te.514
Total
27,584,275
80,080,608
- 2.446,328
EXPORTS.
Subject to dutv
$28,813,586
27,898,362
$18,748,661
29,040,623
+$10,064,925
-i; 141, 281
Free of duty
$806,660
$286,084
+$570, 6»
Total
56,711,948
47,788,284
+ 8,923.064
Balance of trade, 1893-190S,<^
Year.
Exports.
Imports.
Balance in favor of —
Imports.
Exports.
1898
ittiUi.
Mi].;>i;e.S86
11.'^,^kh:.H88
in..)-!:. 100
lt.M.1iVJ.J99
1;^E.S:*:p. 468
iHi,iJi;.rai
irii.HVs(i..tl2
u;r.:hi,i08
ISIJKWXOIO
Gold.
$lfK),M:i900
ti&,Rll,054
M, 855. 732
lU,aw,ooo
98,3»S?,1M8
UG, 8.7*, 971
lli^is^KilfB
n:i 1^^.749
l<Ji,:fj|.'.iai
Qoid.
$8,606,876
(/old.
1894
1896 -
1896
H :Li£> UD
1897
ie.8H),^i
1898
1899
1900
41 11^^343
1901
SiTiC^a^a
1902 ft
7ft,fi74,»e
a Report of Foreign Bondholders, London, 1901-2.
ftLaPrensa. January 1. 1903.
Import and export of specie in 1902,
Imports - - - $5,977,000
Exports .- 2,575,000
Balance 2,403.000
Foreign Trade in 1002.
The Buenos Aires " Handels-Zeitung" {Revista Financier ay Comer-
cial) of February 6, 1903, published interesting data concerning the
commerce of the Argentine Republic during the twelve months of
1902, covering the following information:
The imports during the period amounted to $103,039,256 gold, as
against $113,959,749 gold in 1901, or a decrease in 1902, as compared
with the preceding year, of $10,920,493 gold.
The exports during the twelve months of 1902 were $179,486,727
gold, as compared with $167,716,102 gold during the same period of
1901, or an increase in 1902 of $11,770,625 gold.
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FOREIGN TRADE.
181
The following table gives the imports in detail:
* [Amounts expressed in gold.]
ArtideB.
1902.
1901.
Articles.
1902.
1901.
Lhre stock
$468,606
10,686,004
3,229,647
5,588,549
29,744.239
8.962,800
3,697,800
699,961
.6,856,n6
$202,648
10,954,487
3,067,287
7,090,568
82,947,806
4,506,658
4,114,802
843,003
7,399,578
Paper and paper
manufactures
Leather manufac-
tures
$2,557,019
962,661
17,916,082
2,738,902
10,906,094
3,076,547
Pm^Mnrm
$8,048,829
Tobacco
B^^Tf^mcpm
1,141,806
21,724,448
Textile manufao-
tiires
Iron manufactures. .
Other metal manu-
factures
Oite
3,855,852
10,156,182
3,4|5,368
rHwMniMila
Pottery
Pirint*
Various articles
Total .
Wood and wood
mannfafrtnrfw
« 108, 089, 256
113,959,749
o $99, 432, 882 United States currency.
Imports from different countries^ 1902-1901, — The different countries
from which these products were imported are as follows:
[Amounts expressed in gold.]
Oonntries.
1902.
1901.
1 ■
Countries.
1902.
1901.
Great Britain
$88,995,460
18,229,275
13,808,504
12,286,008
9,243,071
5,484,233
4,588,645
3,166,902
1,469,510
$»i 44HJ S08
in,7;.4..'49
ir».:j;«.is«
U, 7^11 f, 108
l+.i'"]'rf.:41
H.f^'<.ri57
4,.;-4Ni.m7
a ill :i, 536
i.7if:j;44
T JnigfTiay
$744,694
622.369
213,189
122,015
106,781
l,485,m
$679,286
673,419
111,076
138,732
Qermany
Netherlands
Chile
United States
Itely
Bolivia
Ptaiic^
Cuba
other countries
Total
244,073
^s?™
f^iftfvf
103,080,216
113,969,749
l%F»aiiaT ....
Exports to different countries^ 1902-1901,— The figures showing
exports to the different countries are as follows:
[Amounts expressed in gold.]
CuimtrieB.
1902.
1901.
Countries.
1902.
1901.
Great Britain
$3>.4R^tj66
?.*.:.-.:. -167
2'J.i»;a>,>«i
l:{,:iii( .:fl9
lil,Ut7,.576
^i1d8.T42
*^.&'>,:«7
4,£lfi.'rB6
:<.ii73,H83
2,«:u,:»8
$2i^'.Ta 1.759
2.^,11:^7.121
21J?J.H82
1H.4:>T.731
tJ.r.'m;, 154
4i,7(r^ 488
:i,.^'Jl,r359
4,aiH,;l60
;i 71 r>, im
i.rwiQi
Spain
$2,025,428
684,113
600,368
470.991
212,212
10,196,675
28,509,965
$2,181,718
568,173
541,049
France
ChUe
Germany . , , , .
Bolivia
iMeriura'
Cuba
Unfied states
Paraguay
216 058
Rrm«q
other countries
Orders
8,915,913
29,807,780
Afrioa
Italy
Total
nnuraav , , .
« 179, 486, 727
167,716.102
NeSESS^ :::::::::
a$178,204,602 United States currency.
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182
AEQENTINE EEPUBLIC.
Exports from Buenos Aires, 1902^1901, — The exports from the port
of Buenos Aires during the years 1902 and 1901 were as follows:
Articles.
Com sacks.
Wheat do...
Linseed do...
Flour do...
Wool bales.
SheepskiDs do...
Oi^hides:
Dry
Salted
Horsehides:
Dfy
Salted
Calfskins bales.
Various hides . . do . . .
Hair do...
Flax cakes sacks.
Barley do...
Bran do...
Seeds do...
Sugar do...
Bone and bone ash,
tons
Horns
Butter boxes.
Ostrich plumes do . . .
Quebracho tons.
Do rolls.
Do sacks.
1902.
7,069,611
2,in,5eo
2,099,137
678,194
360,562
84,242
1,688,087
1,234,239
160,572
135,692
138,786
28,830
3,837
180,391
22,393
1,502,074
2,195
30,151
21,504
3,722
131,462
92
62,486
1,313
207,960
1901.
5,583,512
2,611,017
1,121,766
1,021,324
898,025
72,586
1,510,648
1,200,231
130,548
133,374
135,215
10,163
3,r84
120,087
15,898
1,144,939
1,697
93,846
23,798
2,785
45,199
166
62,099
167
148,140
Articles.
1W2.
Miiii'ni's sacks..
OiitN . barrels..
TiirTi i It >i.'\''^ i . .sacks. .
CntrU^
Shuip
HriT-S.^^.....
Miik'fl ^ ,
Hu|m..„,„.
ThUow ..pix>es. .
Do,,,....-ca«k8..
Dried meat ..bales..
Fruzt'ii mi^tf quar-
ters
Frozen mutton
Frozen sheep, quar-
ters
Frozen lamb
Conserved meat,
boxes
Tongues boxes..
Hay bales..
Various m< a ts, pack-
ages
Tobacco bales..
Meat flour . . .sacks. .
Meat broth . . boxes. .
Meat extract. .do
Blood, dry . . .sacks. .
1901.
9,77«
17,150
9,874
7,846
25,511
20,686
24,100
16,«S0
86,472
4,8tt
13^088
1,4W
58,573
9,400
m
»0
88,912
2S.8M
144,872
72.177
262,489
200,288
817,871
49,778
1,191,232
908,836
468,428
181,2»
54,688
4,060
57,416
28,866
14,098
14,064
689,192
17S.8a8
32, «»
22,U9
^'S«
26,188
7,78»
12,081
2,oa
868
13,199
8,2!5
14,224
18,818
Commercial statistics, — Most of the commercial statistics for the
Argentine Republic during 1902 show excess valuations over those of
1901. These excesses include all kinds of hides and skins, hair, horns,
intestines, cattle, horses, mules, hogs, sheep, frozen meat of all kinds,
conserved meat, meat broth and extract, dried blood, tobacco, flax
cakes, barley, bran, seeds, maize, linseed, hay, and butter. ' On the
other hand, there were decreases in the exports for 1902 in the following
articles: Flour, wheat, wool, dried meat, meat flour, sugar, bone and
bone ash, ostrich plumes, minerals, and turnip seed.
Cattle imports, — Uruguay heads the list in cattle importation from
the Argentine Republic, Brazil ranking next, with Spain and Prance
to follow. In the case of sheep, Brazil leads, with Spain, France, and
Uruguay ranking next.
Cattle exports, — The exports of frozen meat in 1902 were considerably
more than double the corresponding total of 1899, which was the last
complete year before the British ports were closed to live animals from
the River Plate. The exports of frozen beef in 1902 were nearly
treble those in 1900, the United Kingdom alone receiving from Argen-
tine fully two-thirds of the total shipments from the River Plate. The
shipments of butter were nearly three times as much as in 1901, of
which the greater part went to England.
Export of farm crops, — The principal farm crops exported are wheat,
maize, linseed, and hay. Of these, 129,867 tons of wheat were sent to
Brazil, 80,346 tons to Belgium, 70,427 tons to the United Kingdom,
18,233 tons to Germany, 15,464 tons to Italy, 6,103 tons to France, 2,409
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FOEEIQN TRADE.
183
tons to Spain, 966 tons to the United States, 1 ton to Uruguay, and the
remainder to other countries. Of the exports of maize in 1902, 296,143
tons were sent to the United Kingdom, 120,377 tons to Germany, 108,029
tons to Belgium, 51,973 tions to France, 24,307 tons to Italy, 7,766 tons to
Spain, 9 tons to Uruguay, and the remainder to other countries. The
United Kingdom received 63,888 tons, or nearly one-fifth of the total
exx)orts of linseed in 1902, while 42,770 tons went to Germany, 32,997
tons to Belgium, 26,556 tons to France, 14,113 tons to the United States,
2,981 tons to Italy, 64 tons to Spain, 17 tons to Brazil, 10 tons to
Uruguay, and the rest to other countries. Of the exported hay, 23,717
tons were sent to Brazil and 1,176 tons to the United Kingdom.
**E1 Diario" of Buenos Aires, under date of January 29, 1902, pub-
lishes an interesting article xxpon the foreign commerce of the Argen-
tine Republic for 1901, compiled from data taken from the advance
sheets of the Bulletin of Statistics.
Foreign Trade in 1901.
ImportSy 1901. — The imports of the Republic for the twelve months
were valued at $113,959,749 gold, of which |;95,252,275 were subject to
the payment of duty and ill 8, 707,474 were admitted free. A comparison
of these figures with the imports of 1900 shows that there has been a
decrease of i;l,250, 177 gold in the imports of merchandise that paid duty,
and an increase of $1,724,857 gold in the import of articles not subject
to duty — that is to say, a net increase in the imports of 1901, as com-
I>ared with those of 1900, of $474,680 gold.
Exports, 1901, — The exports from the Argentine Republic in 1901
aggregated $167,716,102 gold, consisting of $93,342,581 worth of nondu-
tiable products and $74,373,521 worth subject to export duties. The
exportation of dutiable articles in 1001, as compared with 1900, increased
in thesnm of $18,204,144, while those not subject to export duties dimin-
ished to the amount of $5,088,454. The total value of the exports,
however, were $13,115,690 more in 1901 than in 1900.
Import and export of specie in 1901, — The imports of specie in 1901
rose to $2,383,120, and the exports of the same to $2,376,270.
IntemcUional trade, 1901, — ^The commerce of the Argentine Republic
in 1901 with the nations of the world is shown in the following table:
Country.
Imports.
Exports. Country.
Imports. Exports.
Africa
Gold.
Gold.
$2,891,250
13,467,731
541,049
9,702,488
668, 173
28,637,121
21,479,883
29,920, 750
4,318,960
Netherlands
Parasruav -
Gold.
$573,400
1,767,644
8,912,536
15,533,639
679,238
43,679
244,083
Gold.
$1,753,931
Rnl^nm
111 <i76
fljt'jit '41
lit.7L*4,ri49
216,063
Bolivia
Spain
2,131,713
BrazU
United States
Urufiruay
9,296,454
Chile
8,710,66:{
Franc*
West Indies
366,782
O^^rmany
Other countries
Total
88,728,008
Great Britain _
Italy
113,950,749
167,716,102
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184
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports from the United States^ 1901. — There was a notable increaae
in the value of the imports from the United States, which nation now
ranks third in the list of importing countries, Great Britain and Grer-
many occupying the first and second places, in the order named. The
following tables show the increase and decrease, resi)ectively, in 1901,
of articles entering into the foreign commerce of the Argentine Repub-
lic, as compared with 1900:
INCRBASB.
[ValneB in gold.]
Chemical products $854, 208
Foodstuffs 501,561
Iron - 2,670,892
Othermetals 12,680
Lnmber and its mannfactnres $358, 724
Paper and paper products ... 117, 125
Stone, earthenware, etc 1 , 261 , 762
Sundry manufactures 128, 820
DECREASE.
[Valnee in gold.]
Beverages $187,278
Leather and leather products . 102, 952
LiveanimalB 161,628
Paints and dyes $22,724
Textiles and textile products. 4,650,089
Tohacco 109,874
Value of exports y 1901. — The following table shows the values of the
principal articles export^ed in 1901 :
[Valnee in gold.]
Bran $1,454,428
Com 18,887,897
Linseed 16,515,268
Flour 2,711,298
Hides:
Salted 5,281,756
Dry 8,848,438
Jerked heef 2,879,455
Tallow and grease . 8,902,909
Livestock 8,084,755
Quebracho:
Ties $1,989,195
Extract 451,004
Refrigerated heef 4,490,447
Frozen wethers 5,041,028
Sheepskms 7,889,811
Sugar 3,952,998
Wheat 26,240,755
Wool... 44,666,488
Livestock prodtictSy 1901. — ^The stock products exported amounted
to $90,646,411 gold in 1901, an increase over the previous year of
$19,392,125. A considerable portion of this increase was caused by
the large exports of wool in 1901, due principally to delay in market-
ing the output of the previous year. The total value of the exports of
wool during the year referred to was $16,646,411 gold. The other
principal articles of this class the exportation of which increased in
1901 are shown by the following statistics:
[Valnes in gold.]
Frozen meats $2,559,540 I Jerked beef $899,868
Hides 688,826 | TaUow 1,097,288
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CO)CPABATiy£ TABLES. 186
Comparative daia.
Export of live stock, 1892-1902. — Export of live stock in the foUow-
ing years:
Tears.
OatUe.
Sheep.
\m
126,458
281,646
220,490
406,126
382,530
231,121
360,206
312,160
160,550
119,189
118,806
40,100
1888
71,167
1894
122,218
1896
429,946
1896
512,216
1897
604,128
1886
577,818
1889
548,458
190O
196,102
1901 r
26,746
1902
112,601
The appearance of the f oot-and-moath disease in March, 1900, caused
a sensible decrease in the exportation for 1900 and 1901, which, however,
was partially compensated for by an increase in the amount of frozen
meat. The export of jerked beef, preserved meat, and meat extract
supplied by the salting factories and slaughter houses was as follows:
1901 408,000
1902 454,900
1898 340,100
1899 .- 315,400
1900 829,400
The freezing establishments first started an export business in 1883
with 17,165 wethers, but soon increased to the following proportions:
Year.
Prosen
wethers.
Froaen
steers.
1896
1,768,206
2,005,196
2,807,887
2,804,718
2,882,887
2,684,105
3,429,275
7,002
1807
11,468
1898
16,600
1899
27,000
IMO
62,206
1801
116,445
1902 .
207,775
The total consumption of frozen meat in England is 185,484^ bul-
locks, 59i per cent of which Argentina supplies; 21.60 per cent, Aus-
tralia; and 18.90 per cent, New Zealand. Besides frozen meat, the
export of chilled beef in 1901 was 29,919 quarters.
Imports from 1892 to 1901. — The total imports into the Argentine
Republic from the year 1892 to June 30, 1901, were:
1892 $91,482,163
1893 96,223,628
1894 92,778,625
1895 95,096,438
1896 112,168,591
1897 $98,288,948
1898 107,428,900
1899 116,850,671
1900 118,485,069
1901 (six months) 56, 619, 775
Exports from. 1892 to 1901, — The total exports from the Argentine
Republic from the year 1892 to June 30, 1901, were:
1892 $118,870,337
1898 94,090,159
1894 101,687,986
1895 120,067,790
1896 '. 116,802,016
1897 $101,169,531
1898 138,829,458
1899 184,917,531
1900 154,600,412
1901 (six months) 97,776,764
Digitized by VJ^^i^V IC
186
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
At the present time Argentina's wool production is one-fourth that
of the wholQ world, and the increase in export for decades since the
year 1850 has been :
KUoB.
1849-50 7,681,000
1859-60 17,366,900
1869-70 65,704,214
Eiloe.
1879-«0 97,518,089
1889-90 118,405,600
1899-1900 .. 287,110,510
The world's production is calculated at 1,050,000,000 kilos.
The yield of Argentine washed wool is:
Prom-
Buenofl Aires, north
BuenoB Aires, west
Baenos Aires, southweBt
Buenoe Aires, south
Buenos Aires, east
Rio Negro 80 to 84
Pampi^Nuequen, Chubut, Santa Cruz ; """ ""
Santa Fe .......... — ... — .. — ............ _. — ...... — . — '
C6rdoba, San Luis, Santiago
BntreBios
Ck>rrlentes l
Merino.
Lincoln.
Percent.
F^cent.
84 to 40
48 to 60
as to 42
60 to 58
84 to 42
60 to 60
86 to 46
60 to 75
40 to 46
62 to 75
80 to 84
88 to 48
32 to 42
40 to 60
80 to 42
40 to 56
82 to 42
40 to 66
86 to 46
60 to 86
85 to 46
48 to 67
Agricidf^rnl products y 1900-1901. — There was a decrease in 1901, as
compared with 1900, in the exports of live stock of 12,857,375. The
total value of the agricultural products exi)orted during the year
amounted to $71,596,099 gold, or $5,830,257 less than the exports of
the same products in 1900. The exports of wheat diminished during
the same period in the amount of $22,386,820. There was also a
decrease in the exportation of hay in 1901 to the amount of $321,044.
There was an increase in 1901 in the exports of the following articles:
[Values in gold.]
Linseed $5,859,542 I Sugar $2,751,875
Com 6,694,650
Peanuts 153,438
Flour
Bran .
939,218
291,508
Prices of agricultural products^ 1896-1901, — The prices paid for the
principal products of agriculture and cattle raising from 1896 to 1901,
in dollars gold, have been:
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
$186.00
$186.00
$203.00
$888.00
$266.00
285.00
298.00
290.00
329.00
882.00
173.00
153.00
188.00
190.00
199.00
l.?i
1.26
1.71
1.59
L75
2.83
3.01
8.86
8.43
a20
lao.oo
110.00
140.00
210.00
210.00
461.00
411.10
462.60
497.60
672.80
46.96
41.11
46.25
49.71
67.23
37a 00
449.00
415.00
468.00
602.00
27.10
36.40
83.90
22.80
26.70
10.00
18.10
14.00
12.40
16.20
28.00
83.00
26.00
86.00
54.00
87.00
60.00
50.00
84.00
82.00
7.80
8.79
11.10
10.98
12.70
1901.
Wool, per 1.000 kilos
Dry cowhides, per 1,000 kilos . . .
Salted cowhides, per 1,000 kilos .
Dry potro hides, each
Salted potro hides, each
Sheepskins, per 1,000 kilos
Goatskins, Tier 1.000 kilos
Horns, per 1,000 kilos..
Hair, per 1,000 kilos
Wheat,per 1,000 kilos
Maize, per 1,000 kilos
Linseea.per 1,000 kilos
Plour.per 1,000 kilos
Alfalfa, per 1,000 kUos
$174.00
882.00
191.20
1.13
2.90
200.00
468.00
67.25
440.00
27.90
19.80
54. ID
41.00
12.86
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FOBElOK TBADE.
187
Consumption of principal food stuffs compared with other countries.
Meat.
CountrieB.
Kilos.
Argentina 157
Germany 39
Anstria-Himgary 28
Spain 88
United States 68
France 88
England 66
ItaJfy 15
Oanada 127
Australia 127
Wheat. Sugar. Wine. Beer.
Import dutiesy 190L — The duties on imports in 1901 amounted to
$32,188,032. The export duties, owing to the abnormally heavy
shipments of wool, rose to §3,107,G()0, while the export duties col-
lected on other products amounted to $2,734,559 gold and $878,716
national currency, respectively. The total customs duties collected
during the year 1901 aggregated *38,130,251 gold and $138,615 national
currency. These duties, compared with those collected in 1900, show
a decrease in 1901 in the gold receipts of i;4:79,320, and an increase in
the receipts payable in paper money of $138,615.
Exports in 1901. — During 1901 the Argentine Republic exported the
following commodities (which represent the principal exports), as
compared with the exports of similar articles in 1900:
Articles.
1901.
1900.
Pry nYbidflA
number . .
2,421,967
1 0O9 111
i:.'-.. .'45
l:'.,,-515
71. :w
J, «4
.-■.. m
:^t. ^42
::.7;-.:27
'.*:r .14
1.1-^,31
'ni 4<J4
'r7i..-«9
Jris. 182
1,^44,I23
:ii^>,i!76
1^4^64
17,^67
->: !«l
2,306,7126
Baft oxhides
..do .
1,050,787
81,668
Dry horaehidee
do....
Salt horaehidee
do...
88,446
Sheepskins
hales..
68,806
do...
8,507
TTnii-
do....
4 727
Wool
do..-.
268,633
Frozen wethers
Quarters of beef
number..
do....
2,872,909
261,366
'IVlk^w
(^asks..
177,021
Bntter
oases..
40,487
Wheat
tons..
2,042,167
Maixe
do....
740,686
Flour
do....
87,916
Bran
do....
68,916
l.lTlflAAH
do....
201,096
Oiteeed.
bags..
112,123
Hay
balS..
1,423,967
Pollard" , ,
bags..
154,821
Quebracho . .
tons..
221,228
Tobacco
l>ales..
14,887
Sugar
tons
17,866
A bale of sheepskins, wool, or hair in the Argentine Republic weighs
450 kilograms (992.07 pounds); a bale of goatskins, 370 kilograms
(815.7 pounds); a bale of hay, 50 kilograms (110.23 pounds); a cask
of tallow, 100 kilograms (220.46 pounds), and a case of butter, 25
kilograms (55.115 pounds). The tons referred to are metric tons,
representing 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds.
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188 ABGBNTINE BEPUBLIC.
Destination of exports, — The destinations of the exports were as
follows, only the principal countries being considered :
United States.— Dry oxhides, 1,096,563; salt oxhides, 48,496; dry
horsehides, 550; sheepskins, 254 bales; wool, 27,198 bales; hair, 802
bales; tallow, 59 casks; goatskins, 2,455 bales; linseed, 33,335 tons;
quebracho, 4,647 tons, and sugar, 11 tons.
United Kingdom, — Dry oxhides, 59,784; salt oxhides, 47,035; salt
horsehides, 1,013; sheepskins, 8,502 bales; goatskins, 70 bales; hair,
288 bales; wool, 57,252 bales; tallow, 178,138 casks; frozen wethers,
2,722,727; frozen beef, 480,101 quarters; wheat, 120,031 tons; maize,
258,357 tons; linseed, 63,027 tons; flour, 355 tons; bran, 7,884 tons;
oilseed, 14,457 bags; pollards, 41,601 bags; hay, 3,085 bales; quebracho,
1,342 tons; butter, 55,356 cases, and sugar, 57,081 tons.
Oemiany, — Dry oxhides, 228,258; salt oxhides, 447,474; dry horse-
hides, 119,582; sheepskins, 2,947 bales; hair, 368 bales; wool, 97,881
bales; tallow, 4,700 casks; wheat, 35,589 tons; maize, 106,963 tons;
linseed, 59,347 tons; flour, 2 tons; bran, 44,719 tons; pollards, 1,580
bags; oilseed, 52,343 bags; hay, 237 bales; quebracho, 81,840 tons;
tobacco, 5,255 bales, and butter, 15 cases.
France, — Dry oxhides, 97,993; salt oxhides, 145,019; dry horsehides,
1,791; salt horsehides, 134,602; sheepskins, 52,679 bales; goatskins,
1,664 bales; hair, 541 bales; wool, 248,042 bales; wheat, 8,919 tons;
maize, 67,389 tons; linseed, 29,840 tons; bran, 10,557 tons; pollards,
261,329 bags; oilseed, 13,143 bags; quebracho, 14,020 tons; and sugar,
659 tons.
Belgium. — Dry oxhides, 128,981; salt oxhides, 369,522; dry horse-
hides, 2,557; sheepskins, 699 bales; goatskins, 151 bales; wool, 95,044
bales; hair, 2,189 bales; tallow, 10,369 casks; wheat, 127,576 tons;
maize, 136,857 tons; linseed, 37,534 tons; flour, 292 tons; bran, 4,998
tons; pollards, 2,882 bags; oilseed, 26,362 bags; hay, 5,503 bales;
quebracho, 23,016 tons; and tobacco, 11,664 bales.
Italy, — Dry oxhides, 286,605; dry horsehides, 50; sheepskins, 9,469
bales; goatskins, 7 bales; wool, 7,430 bales; hair, 936 bales; tallow,
46,618 casks; wheat, 35,772 tons; maize, 29,026 tons; linseed, 8,906
tons; flour, 100 tons; and tobacco, 1 bale.
BrazU. — Dry oxhides, 5,836; sheepskins, 21 bales; tallow, 24,915
casks; wheat, 126,093 tons; maize, 14,532 tons; linseed, 5 tons; flour,
61,212 tons; bran, 1,302 tons; pollards, 1,312 bags; hay, 410,906 bales;
and butter, 325 cases.
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FOBEIGN TRADE.
189
Foreign Trade in 1900.
Imports and exports for year 1900. (Countries and values, )
Gtold.
Total imports $118,485,069
Total exports 154,600,412
These were distributed as follows:
Ooontry.
Imports.
Exports.
Conntry.
Imports.
Exports.
Africa
20 33
61
writ J 08
6 ' 07
2 01
6 63
19 < .eo
Italy
$14,924,496
173,883
1,860,$H8
38,682,753
520,449
219,560
$4,304,154
8,906,082
161,613
28,890,686
2,802,599
7,662,847
84,519,122
Germany
''^^
124,214
3,741,877
8,691,908
18,488,529
10,897,806
Hnlknd
West Indies
Paraf^uay
Belfcinm . .
United Kingdom ....
Umgnay
BoHYia
C!hfV%
Other countries
To order
PtavII
Rpi»in
Total
United States
113,485,069
154,600,412
Pranr^
The United States sold $2,028,317 less goods than in 1899, and the
exports thither from the Argentine Republic in 1900 were $784,760
less than in 1899.
The countries showing an increase in imports and exports in 1900 are :
Country.
Imports.
Exports.
CJonntry.
Imports.
Exixnrts.
Africa
$2,286,906
Italy
$1,144,426
80,777
489,299
Germany
$2,665,676
Holland
$2,424,556
West Indies
172,312
246,517
210,079
984,000
1
Paraflrnay
Bolivia
44,087
18,095
494,116
United Kingdom-...
2,169,005
ChQe
Vrngnt^Y
13,482
Spain
Toordef
5,975,747
Imports f 1900. (Articles and values,)
Livestock $364,271
Foodstuffs 10,458,836
Tobacco 8,147,161
Wine, spirits, etc 7,277,851
Textile materials 37,597,847
Oils 4,194,342
Drugs and chemicaln 3, 760, 594
Dyes and colors 865, 727
Lranber 7,040,854
Paper goods $3,926,206
Leather goods 1,344,764
Hardware (iron and steel) . 19, 054. 051
Othermetals 3,843,172
Pottery and glassware 8, 893, 370
Various manufactures 3, 331 , 538
Total 113,485,069
Exports y 1900, (Articles aiid values.)
Pastoral products.-- $71,253,886
Agricultural products 77, 426, 356
Forest products 3,508,915
Mineral products 262,222
Products of the chase _ - .
Miscellaneous products . .
$990,594
1,158,439
Total 154,600,412
TJie foreign trade for 1900^ compared with that of 1899, was;
Description.
1899.
1900.
Imports
$116,850,671
184,917,681
$118,485,060
Exports . - _ - - _ - -
154,600,412
Total
801,768,202
268,065,481
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190
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The following table shows the chief countries participating in the
commerce :
Conntry.
Oermany
Went Inaie« .
Belgium
Exports
to—
iKli
.iTr
Bolivia
Brazil.
Chile.
Spain
united States .
Franoe
Italy
Netherlands...
Paragnay
United Kingdo
Uragnay
$20,
17,
J 19
070,138
438,251
980,883
578,646
186,507
870,003
697,391
882,763
007,960
304,154
,906,062
161,613
,890,686
,302,509
Imports
from—
$16, 685, SIS
19,639
8,430,880
122,428
8,741,877
124,214
3,691,996
13,438,689
10,897,866
178,888
1,860,948
88,682,758
620,449
Foreign trade Janiuxry to June, 1900 and 1901. — The following
figures are relative to the foreign trade of the Argentine Republic in
the first six months of 1901, as compared with the same period in
1900:
Description.
January-June, 1900.
January-June, 1901.
Importa.
Exiwrts.
Imports.
Exports.
Dutiable
$49,791,537
6,786,156
$84,896,821
50.202.830
$47,086,774
9,583,001
$41,508,200
Free
66,178,504
Total
66,627,698
04,009,151
56,619,775
97,776,764
According to these figures, the increase of imports for the first six
months of the year 1901, compared with the same period of 1900,
amounts to $92,082, and that of exports to $3,677,613, or a total
increase in foreign trade of $3,769,695 during this period.
The following paragraph is taken from the British Board of Trade
Journal, June 20, 1901:
"Harvesting machinery and windmills ai-e almost entirely, if not
exclusively, supplied to Argentina by the United States. The impor-
tation of toys comes from Germany and France. The Germans send
their circulars in Spanish, reducing their prices and weights to the
decimal system."
The countries showing a decrease in imports and exports in 1900 are :
CJountry.
Oermany
West Indies ...
Belgium
Brazil
United States .
Imports.
|24,459
979,509
1,064,889
2,0^.817
Exports.
$9,368,530
6,497,485
866,161
784,760
Country.
Prance
Italy
United Kingdom ..
Other countries
Uruguay
Imi>ort8. I Exports.
$81,824
4,968,668
62,214
$22,438,787
622,458
2,978,0ffi>
1,178,749
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COMPARATIVE TABLES.
191
The exports y hy articles, for the year 1900 were:
Ozhidee:
Dry nnmber..
Salt.. ..do..-.
HoTsehidee:
Dry do
Salt do....
Sheepeking bales. .
Hair do
( Pipes
Tallow ^ Casks
V
\ Hogsheads -
Gkiatskins _ bales.
Wool do...
Frozen wethers . . .nnmber.
1,050,787
2,308,726
81,658
38,445
63,866
4,727
23,868
86,213
22,638
8,507
253,633
2,327,969
Wheat ...tons.. 2,042,167
Maize do... 740,685
Linseed do 201,098
Flonr. do.... 87,916
Bran do... 68,915
Pollards.. ...do.... 154,821
Oilseed. ..bags.. 112,123
Quarters beef number. . 261 , 865
Hay bales.. 1,423,967
Quebracho wood tons.. 221,228
Tobacco bales.. 14,887
Butter... cases.- 40,487
Sugar tons. . 17, 855
COBiPARATIVE TABLES.
The foreign commerce of the Argentine Republic during the calen-
dar year 1900, as compared with 1901, was:
1900.
1901.
ImportH. Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Dutiable
196,508,452 1 $56,ie9,3n
16,982,617 1 96.431.085
$96,252,275
18,707,474
$74,373,521
Free
98,342,581
Total
118,485,060
154,600,412
113,959,749
167,716,102
Increase of imports, — According to the above figures, the increase
of imports for the year 1901 amounted to $474,680 and that of exports
to $13,115,690, or a total increase in the foreign trade of the Republic
of $13,590,370.
The following table shows the countries which participated in the
imports of the Argentine Republic during the two years under com-
parison :
country.
1900.
1901.
Increase.
Decrease.
Germany
West Indies .
Bofivla.
BrasQ.
ChUe-
Spain.
United
Jnited States .
France
Itel;
lUlv
Jstethi
lerlands
Para^rnay
United Kingdom
Umgnay
Other conntries.
Net increase, $474,680.
IS,
10,
1.
741, S77
173, ^"^
raM4i*
$10, 7^, -^►49
4;i, 1 579
8, 68H. 1167
J»^ 732
4,rMl <>47
iu.*rr6
II
i
1^
1
a.
(p,
»41
[03
119
(44
m
,1. 5«
$88,996
24,040
&'>7,777
16,310
444,170
''226! 538
ii8;i88
2,005,110
988,325
188i385
399,586
93,304
2,221,945
41,213
24,533
Total 118,485,060 113,950,749 1 3,971,000 8,496,380
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192
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Classified imports , 1900-^1901. — The classes of imports for the two
years were:
Articles.
1900.
1901.
Live animals
Food stnfls:
Aw<m«.l
Vegetable
Tobacco
Beverages:
Wines
Spirits and liquors
Other beverages
Textiles and mannfactures of:
Silk
Woolen
Cotton
Other textile fabrics
Oils.
Chemicals and drngs
Dyes and colors
Lumber
Manufactured wood
Paper
Manufactured paper
Leather, and manufactures of
Iron, and manufactures of:
Baw
Machinery and tools
Other manufactures of iron and steel .
other metals:
Baw
Manufactured
Crockery and ceramic products:
Baw
Manufactured
Miscellaneous
$864,271
Total.
|a0B,648
1,755,248
1,565,788
8,698,088
9;888,0Qe
8,147,161
3,067,287
6,637,234
5,474,628
1,284,285
1,260,489
366,882
366,486
'f, 4^,-1. .198
1,788,676
r, Ml.r»34
6,180,818
it+,,'i;^i.;B8
16,924,602
H, I.T:{ 789
8,109,818
\ m:\42
4,506,658
:[,7iy>.ri94
4,1U,808
•sfi:>.:27
843,008
'^rHi.^486
6,705,192
K »Ei>,:)09
1,604,886
1/J--M,.183
2,088,012
ijiiii,<rr8
960,817
ijfii.:64
1,141,806
9,088,874
11,798,088
1,861,137
2,486,901
8,104,540
7,489,620
1,262,704
1,808,648
2,080,468
2,047,210
7,120,884
8,400,647
1,772,486
1,754,486
8,821,588
8,445,853
118.485,069
113,960,749
Exports by countries^ 1900-1901, — The following table shows the
coantries participating in the exports during the years 1900 and 1901 :
Country.
1900.
1901.
Increase.
Decrease.
AfHea.--.
^i.:^4n U70
L'<i.ii;'ij.8B
^:^.:i6l
):. ■■■>*( I.S85
>7il,<08
'MV-.l.iWl
(-.-^'.768
^►■^'. :60
4 3 11 154
W-n.; 62
i'-.|,^113
2:i.-M^«6
Jt.:^r/,.n99
34. Nl!^]22
.i^LO.H82
;ti^: 188
i;Mr>:.:8l
Ml. 1^49
V.TtrJ. 488
Tj*'^, 1.73
.?. i-iLri3
:'.-^-. i54
-....:: i,21
1 .:i.^'.l50
[,v.-^' '81
.:1^:J68
:v.'.^3.'.;59
;k7]i^fl68
^,iiir>,Lll8
L'?i^Nr7,780
■ii,*409,"749'
$349,011
72,'668
4,523,154
37,597
80i,'835
507,078
Gkrman;
West Indies
Belgium
BolTvia
Bnudi
Chile
■8,*5i6,"98i"
Spain
United States
2,413,601
9,629,161
14,796
France
Italy
Netlierlands
■"■2;i52;i6i
Paraguay
54,440
6,090,073
1,408,064
1,868,566
TTnitftd if ingilntn
Uruguay "
other countries
To orders
4,711,842
Total
154,600,412
167,716,108
25,880,521
12,714,881
Net increase, $18, 115,600.
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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.
193
Afjricidiurcd and pastoral exparts, 1900-1901, — The classes of exports
for the two years were :
Articles.
1900.
1901.
PiBstoral products:
Livestock
Wool, hides, etc
Manafiftcttired articles from animal products.
Animal refuse
Agricultural products:
Baw materials (wheat, com, etc.)
Manufactured materials
Vegetable refuse
Woods, and products therefrom
MiDerals
Hosting products
Miscdlaneous ^
Total
61,
3,
73,
1,
8,
1,
942,130
084,550
588,189
659,017
045,257
952,449
428,640
508,915
262,222
990,594
158,439
154,600,412
5,
1,
084,755
782,456
154,226
624,974
108,999
704,101
787,999
821,496
408,440
940,141
3U8,515
167,716,108
The character of the ti*ade of the Argentine Republic may be
gathered from the list of principal exports, all of which are agricul-
tural, pastoral, or forest products. There is no export of elaborately
manufactured articles.
Principal imports. — The exports of the country being such, the
imports which bulk most largely are textiles, iron and articles pro-
duced therefrom, food stuffs, stones, minerals (including coal), glass
and china, wooden articles, and drinkables.
Ratio of imports^ by articles, — The classes are as follows, the ifigures
opposite representing the values of each class and the respective ratio
that each bears to the total imports:
Articles.
Liyeauimals .
Food stuffs...
Tobacco
Drinkables...
TertOes
Oils.
Chemical products and drugs
Colors ana paints
Wood, and articles made therefrom
Paper, and articles made therefrom
Leather, and articles made therefrom
Iron.and articles made therefrom
other metals and their products
Stonea. minerals (including coal), glass, and china.
Sondries
Ratio to
Value.
total
imports.
Per cent.
£40,529
0.18
2,190,897
9.60
0ty7,468
2.66
1,418,112
0.22
0,589,562
2H.98
900,731
3.95
822,960
3.61
168,001
.74
1,479,915
6.49
608,665
2.66
228,381
1
4,344,889
19.06
en, 170
2.94
2,031,026
8.92
689,071
3.08
Coal. — The coal imported, which is chiefly for use in the manufac-
tories and in the railways, amounts to 930,000 tons per annum.
While imports from Great Britain to the Argentine Republic have
diminished, exports to Great Britain have increased; both imports
from and exi)orts to Germany and the United States have increased.
Additional ad valorem duty. — During the year 1902 imports will
have to bear an additional ad valorem duty of 5 per cent, and all
573a— 03 13
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194 ARGENTINE KEPUBLIC.
duties will have to be paid in gold, or in paper at the rate of the
day; formerly the rat^ was fixed at $2.27 paper per dollar gold.
Chilled meat. — Among new branches of trade inaugurated in 1000
is that of chilled beef.
The idea aimed at in this is to maintain the atmosphere in which
the meat is kept at such a temperature that the meat will keep fresh
until placed on the market, avoiding, however, actual freezing.
ChiUed-meat process, — ^The chilled-meat process, when employed
on board ship, requires more attention than the old process. The
first shipments were made in August, from which date up to the end
of 1001, 24,700 quarters have been sent. The results obtained have
been satisfactory, the chilled meat selling at about 1 cent per pound
more for forequarters and 2 cents per pound more for hindquarters
than the frozen article.
Export ofhxdkn\ — The manufacture and expert of butter, although
not exactly a new industry, has made considerable advance during
the year. There is great room for developing this trade, considering
that there are 20,000,000 head of cattle in the country.
Automobiles, — A few motor cars and automobiles have been im-
ported during the year. '
Electric installations, — There is a steadily increasing demand for
all manner of electric appliances for domestic use, such as lifts,
automatic and otherwise; fans and ventilators; and also for electric-
tramway rolling stock and installations.
Preparation of salt. — A large sum of money has been laid out in
pipes, pumping, and other machinery, to obtain and utilize the salt
from the marshes near San Bias, in the southern portion of the
province of Buenos Aires. There is a large demand for salt, not only
for personal use but for the dried-meat establishments.^
The source from which the salt is obtained is a huge lake, the water
of which contains 25 to 30 pi^r cent of salt. Borings have been made
under and around this lake and have shown that there exists an
enormous bed of rock salt. Through this several springs force their
way, the water carrying up the salt with it. The water is run off into
a large tank, where it is allowed to settle before being lifted and
forced through cast-iron pipes to the coast, 20 miles off. During the
latter part of the route the brine runs by gravity. It takes t^n days
to flow from the lake to the coast, where it is deposited in another
tank, whence it runs into the evaporating pans. The syndicate has
a capital of $600,000, and at present can turn out 25,000 tons per
annum, but the output could be increased to 100,000 tons. The Bay
of San Bias is some 800 miles south of Buenos Aires. It has a deep
channel leading to it and a sheltered anchorage. A pier is l>eing
erected by the syndicate to facilitate the loading of their wares.
« Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
EXPDRTS AND IMPORTS.
195
Imports of electrical appUmices, — The electrical appliances and
material imported by the Argentine Republic in 1901, as compared
with like imports in 1900, were as follows:
Telephones
D\'Bamoe(184>
Ele^'trical material
Elt^ctric meters (1,5J»)
Fittings (gas included)
BeUs(7,Ty6)
Phonographs and gramophones (2,014)
Ventilators (3,043)
Insalators
Insulators, glass
(Carbons (Alstons)
Arc lamps (8U7)
Inrandeecent lamps (37,988)
Tt'lephon© material
Telegraph material
Oabk-s
Total
1901.
|8,700
S,247
164, 156
lH,at8
96,004
3,H98
8,294
3a,4^«
13,566
0,906
82,637
- 10,539
106,378
8,3:«
18,39)
469,772
1900.
|4,576
80, DCS
236,155
18, M8
114,654
8,048
8,071
13,050
16.860
641
21,682
6,826
fl6,:i75
20,817
24,(K)1
875, &«
l,(fc»,636 1,088,812
LUMBER IMPORTS.
The imports of lumber for the year 19(K) were:
Articles.
Quan- Value
tity. (gold).
Mahogany square meters..
Cedar cubic meters. .
Oak square meters..
Stavi»s number..
Walnut cubic meters..
White pine do —
Pitch pane do
Spruce do
245
23,590
28,779 I
180,296
228
61.017
157. 120
ia>,421
278,682
13,166
196,660
12,8(tt
942,507
1,902,520
1,004,706
The imports of lumber for the first six months of 1901 were:
Articlt>«.
Quan-
tity.
Value
(gold).
5,963
$1,786
11,46S
137,728
3,921
470
96:^
26,701
101,070
106,486
228,570
27,428
247
13,808
26.664
424,190
KB, or:
1,236,9:*^
:i8,376
383,776
Mahogany square meters.
(Vdar cubic meters
(Mk square meters
Oak cubic meters
Staves number.
Walnut square meters
Walnut cubic meters.
White pine do...
Pitch pme do...
Spruce do...
Export of (piehraclio wood ayul its product.s. — The export of que-
bracho wood for the year 1900 was 239,830 tons, with a value of
$2,398,362 gold, and for the first six months of 1901, 106,427 tons;
value, $1,064,427 gold. The ex[)ort of sawdust of quebracho woo<l
for the year 1900 amounted to 10 tons, with a value of 1100 gold; for
the first six months of 1901, there was none exportinl. Extract of
quebracho wood exported during the year 1900 amounted to 5,957
tons; value, $595,701 gold, and for the first six months of 1901 to
1,349 tons; value, $154,861.
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196 ABQENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports of mineral oUs. — The total imports of mineral oils for the
year 1900 were:
Benzine $6,580 Linseedoil __. $40,282
Turpentine 138,646 I Lubricating oil 546,646
Gasoline--. 2,587 ' Petroleum 1,117,047
Colzaoil 30,725 i Naphtha 472,654
The total imports of mineral oils for first six months 1901 were:
Benzine $29,088
Turpentine 495,769
Gasoline 12,522
Colzaoil 84,249
Linseed oil $1 2 , 522
Lubricating oil 207, 875
Petroleum 567,353
Naphtha 300,887
[Prom report of 'Special Commissioner sent by British Board of Trade to Argentina, 1898.]
Trade cmidiiUms, — **The import business in Buenos Aires is much
spread out and carried on through many different channels. Dealers
are also importers in numberless cases, and merchants sometimes com-
pete with dealers for their buyei*s, while local manufacturers, who
appear to have developed a wonderful trade under the fostering
influence of a custom-house tanff framed to help them, often compete
with importers, and in several directions have done so with entire
success.
Imjyorters. — ** The large importing dealers have their own agents in
Europe, and often visit i)roducing markets themselves, while smaller
ones order through agents or travelers what they do not buy in this
market. Moreover, besides the merchants and wholesale houses, who
are either entirely or partially importers, there is a large importation
by large retailers, by local factories, by European manufacturers'
agents, etc.
Competition, — ** Owing to competition (which entails a thorough
study of the business engaged in), different trades or groups of trades
generally keep separate. The old-fashioned importing merchant who
imported everything is rare, and when he exists he carries on different
businesses in separate departments.
Commercial travelers. — *' Commercial travelers have a large field,
both in representation of shipping houses and manufacturers. The
great bulk of business is financed by means ot credits in P^urope or
the United States, whether in the nature of direct arrangements with
shippers or by bankers' ci-edits, but there is a certain amount of busi-
ness done direct by draft on the importer here. By the courtesy of
four of the leading banks, I obtained their figures of draft collections
for two years, and from these I estimate the total of such business at
from £2,000,000 to £2,200,000 per annum. This compares with a total
custom-house value of goods dispatched of £22,433,000 in 1896 and
£19,644,000 in 1897.
Manufacturing industries, — *'The majority of the national manu-
facturing industries are established in, or in the neighborhood of, this
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PORT OF BUENOS AIRES. 197
city. While some of them are engaged in working the raw material
of the country, as, for example, the cloth factories and the boot and
shoe industries, most of them seem to owe their existence chiefly to
provLsions made for their benefit in the custom-house tiiriff, aided by
the premium on gold. Those established in recent years, when the
gold premium was much higher than at present, no doubt feel keenly
the decline which has taken place.
Terms of credit — '*The usual terms of credit here are, in the dry
goods trade, five months' promiasory notes signed three months after
the end of the month in which sale is made, and in the hardware trade
six months' promissory notes signed at the end of the month following
that in which sale is made. Prices of imported goods are all quoted
in gold, and buyers have the option of signing promissory notes in gold
or of converting to currency at once and signing in the same, leaving
the risk of gold variation to the seller. The frequent auctions, and the
endeavor on the part of some sellers to sell for cash or accept pay-
ment under heavj^ discount (8^ per cent 1 have heard of in dry goods),
are as much the result of the long credit and risk of gold variation.
Lo<*al factories usually sell in currency at six months, promissory
not<'s dating from end of month following that in which sale is made,
or less 5 per cent for cash in thirty days.
Customs duties, — "Custom-house duties are payable in gold. The
percentage rates of duty are charged upon fixed values in most cases,
which values are subject to revision annually. * * *
Principal ports. — " The principal ports of the Argentine Republic
are Buenos Aires, La Plata, Rosario, and Bahia Blanca. At Buenos
Aires there are extensive port works; at La Plata there is a fine dock,
while at Bahia Blanca the great Southern Railway Company is con-
structing extensive wharves. The Government is calling for tenders
for the construction of docks and a port at Rosario. The ports of
secondary importance are Villa Constitucion, San NicolAs, Santa Fe,
and Paran4.
Port of Buenos Aires, — "The majority of the trade of the country
passes through Buenos Aires, the percentage for the past three years
being:
Imports: Per cent.
1898 85.80
1899 87.20
1900---. - 87.10
Exports:
1898 : 53
1899 54.50
1900 44.7
"There are two ports, the inner and the outer. The former com-
prises the north and south basins, the docks, and the Boca del Ria-
chuelo, and the latter the outer roads and channels. Work is being
carried on in another dock, known as the Buenos Aires Southern
Digitized by Vj^^V^QIC
198 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Dock, by the Great Southern Railway Company. With the present
accommodation of Buenos Aires, 20,000,000 tons of shipping can be
dealt with. The south channel has a depth of 5 meters 10 centimeters
to 6 meters 60 centimeters, and is 17 kilometers long. The north
channel has a depth of 6 meters to 6 meters 90 centimeters. Both
channels are 105 meters wide at entrances and are marked by buoys.
Docks of Biienos Aires, — *' The Buenos Aires docks comprise two
basins and four docks, which are protected by a sea wall 5^ kilometers
long. There are swing bridges over the channels between the docks,
a complete service of hydraulic cranes, and a network of railway lines,
which connect with the railway systems of the country. The port Ls
fitted with the best modern requirements. At the northern extremity
are situated the graving docks, two in number; the one on the west
side being 147 meters long by 10 meters 65 centimeters wide, and the
other 177 meters long by 19 meters Go centimeters wide. The width
of the entrances is 17 meters 50 centimeters." * * *
LA PLATA. «
Port of La Plata, — The port of La Plata has a total length of quays
of 3,000 meters and is accessible for vessels drawing 7 meters 20 centi-
meters to 7 meters 50 centimeters. Although the city of La Plata and
its port constitute the political capital of the province of Buenos Aires,
its life and movement are at present principally limited to that con-
ferred by the political elements necessarily existing at the headquar-
ters of the chief of the fourteen Argentine provinces. According to
the official estimates, published in a statement of the minister of agri-
culture relating to the coming crops, they will supply 1,150,000 tons
of wheat and 154,000 tons of linseed out of the estimated totals of
1,923,000 and 235,500 tons, respectively, to be produced by the whole
fourteen provinces together.
In spite of this vast disproportion in the relative importance of its
production in an area which extends from San Nicolas in the north
to Patagones in the south, the chief commercial movement is in the
city of Buenos Aires, the capital of the Republic, and situated in a
small Federal territory only some 40 miles away from the capital of
the province of the same name. The new capital of the province of
Buenos Aires, the city of La Plata and its port, has been built too
near its ancient capital, the city of Buenos Aires, which, in its new
phase as capital of the Argentine Confederation, continues to absorb
the greater part of the commercial and social movement of the Repub-
lic, including, of course, that of the province of Buenos Aires.
Port of transshipvient — La Plata port, from a commercial point of
view, therefore, serves chiefly as a port of transshipment to and from
the cit}'^ of Buenos Aires. It has, however, several coal depots, and
derives some slight benefit from the entrance of steamers which call to
coal onl}'. It has lately also received some little impetus from the fact
"Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902). ,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
POBT OF LA PLATA. 199
that the National Government has decided upon the development of
the torpedo station installed near the entrance of the La Plata docks.
The provincial government, with a view to attracting traffic to its
port, has this year made considerable modifications in the dues.
The public health of the city and port is excellent.
Port (lues at La Plata, ^ — According to the Buenos Aires Standard
the La Plata authorities have materially reduced the port charges at
that x>oint of entry, while the channel of the harbor has been dredged
so as to permit the entrance of steamei*s with a draft of 25 feet. The
port charges, as given by the Standard, are as follows:
Ten cents currency per ton register for ea(*h ocean-going steamer
or sailing vessel entering to load live stock or cereals, or in ballftst to
secure produce for export.
Twenty cents cummcy per ton register for sailing vessels entering
loadeil to take produce on the return voyage.
Steamers entering with the sole object of loading are to pa}^ entry
and dock dues only on the basis of the quantity of coal they take,
without reference to tonnage, fixing 100 tons as a minimum.
All vessels which have paid dues and have cleared for other Argen-
tine ports, on returning to complete cargo will pay no iidditional
charge.
Lighters entering with cargoes for ocean-going vessels pay no dues,
nor shall vessels which put into port in distress.
Xo deposit charge will be collected on domestic produce for thirty
days, nor on Argentine lumber for sixty days.
Port of San Nicolas,^ — ^The chief trade of this port is the export of
grain — principally maize, wheat, and linseed. Wool is also exported,
but to a limited extent, the surrounding country being devoted more
to agriculture than to the raising of stock.
The following table shows the amounts of grain and other pi-oduce
exported during the year 1901 :
Articles.
Quantity.
Linseed
Kilos.
4,340,887
Wheat
3,984,204
Wool
l,ttl9,541
HnTT^hfti**,
4.078
Hoofs
4,778
Cow hides
2,111
MAi7r4»
126,400,901
Total
a 136, 306, 444
rt Equivalent to 138,306 metric tons.
The import trade is practically nil, as articles of consumption from
abroad are introduced via Buenos Aires and Rosario by rail or
lighters.
Owing to the high river banks the process of loading at the various
grain depots is rendered both easy and rapid, but due to the rapid
"Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 2767 (1902). C^ooalp
200
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
silting up of that part of the river this process is becoming more diffi-
cult when the river is low. A petition has l)een filed with the National
Government to dredge the channel, but as yet no st^ps have been
taken in this direction. There are no public appliances either for
loading or unlomling.
This city is not a manufacturing and hardly an industrial center,
as apart from grain shipping it owes its importance to being the seat
of the law courts for the northern division of the province. About 6
miles from town, on the banks of the Arroyo del Medio, the following
manuf actori<^8 have been established and are giving very good results,
viz, paper and cardboard mill, cloth and woolen goods mill, and a
flour-mill.
Commerce with Brazil.
The Argentine Consul at Rio de Janeiro, in a i*eport relative to the
trade relations between the Argentine Republic and Brazil, calls atten-
tion to the fact that the figures for the third quarter of 1902 indicate
a considerable improvement in the commercial int-ercourse of the two
countries. Brazil exported to the Argentine Republic during that
period goods and products to the value of 2,960 con f as, or more than
double the exports during the first quarter of 1902. Coffee inci'cased
by 539, (XX) kilograms and yerba mate by 289, (X)0 kilograms. On the
other hand, the exports of the Argentine Republic* to Brazil exhibit a
considerable increase, and during the third quarter the value of goods
and products shipped reached 4,349 contoSy against 1,968 confos during
the second quarter. The principal items of export for the third quar-
ter were as follows:
Alfalfa Mlos.
Flour do...
Maize do...
Hay do...
Tallow do...
Wheat--.... do...
Jerked beef .do. . .
1 , .'105, 332 ' Sweet potatoes kilos.
8, 507, 844
1.073,438
84,757
1,094,800
35,598,569
4,309,570
Beans
Bran
Horses . _
Sheep
Mules do
Cattle do
.do...
.do...
-head-
-do...
77,005
97,330
248,911
90
140
62
907
TARIFF VALUATIONS.
Voluation of imports. — Argentina is a protectionist country and sus-
tains several industries, all of which have to import their raw material.
The imports are valued according to a tariff arranged by a commit-
tee of merchants appointed by the Government. This tariff of values
has to be approved by Congress; it has no connection whatever with
invoice prices or bills of lading, except for goods not mentioned in
the official tariff. Up to 1900 the tariff was fixed annually, but in that
year Congress ordained that it should remain in force for three years.
This is of great importance to importers.
Valiuition of exports, — The valuation of exports subject to duty is
arrived at in the same manner, and the value of undutiable products
is taken from average market rates.
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KXPOKT8.
201
Exportation of products by the principal ports of the Republic during the if ear
1901. n
Months.
Oate. i^^jyjBarley. Flax
Ajfrioultural proclurt«- raw materials.
Com. Peannts.
Bags. '
Jannary 11,364
February ■ 6,867
March 12,136
April ; 1,045
June
July
Au^rust
September -
October
November .
December .
2,061
484
911
Bags.
8,764
1.017
100
159
1,7.')0
710
Bags.
2,313
50
2,511
1,806
1,607
13,824
310
3,961
6,749
2,710
5,806
160 I
4.245
4.106
Bags.
1,622,123
1,347,852
866,712
619.45:^
369.799
266,687
77,196
24,815
28,688
38,176 !
15,074
76,300 '
Bi
3 I
II-
;^'
3
1,3
2,1
2,7
2,9
1.3
1,0^
6
196
<E)4
m
m I
m
m
Bags.
l"^: l^Ss^. P-ture.
Ftnga.
6;i: ;44
3,n9 I
11,925
34, 159
28.280
26,972
1,983
17,500
18, tt.*)©
100
20t)
Total 37,658 18,733 41,480 6,261,875 , ]^:*yi, 221 14S.S17 2,t*^ 17*718 l,7fJB,aU
8<J0
400
Bags.
2,9(S6
1,960
1,632
2, (MX)
»)2
700
3,000
600
400
340
2,100
660
2,:i49
60
Bales.
36,807
79,007
58,013
269,671
89,596
96,800
113,657
138,993
428.698
190,009
97,967
109,128
Agricultural pnjducts.
Months.
Raw materials.
' Manufactured veg-
etable prixiucts.
Miscel-
laneous Tobacco. I Wheat,
seeds. >
January
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November .
December . .
Bags.
Bales.
2,2ati
A;n
4,:4I9
1,019
289
829
8,312
1,553
4,570
828
18,540
330
2,088
3,272
9.289
2,738
3,724
2,555
2,664
1,440
823
7U-,
4,194
1,462
Bagy..
m, 184
1,709,686
1,8:^1,636
2,199,008
1,224,456
1,106,998
740, 52:^
629,087
270,465
274,7:^4
186,316
431,755
Vegetable residues.
Sugar.
Bags.
2y.:«2
7.425
47.469
5,430
7,194
Flour.
Bran.
3,014
61,321
6:^ 733
68,606
44,584
114,208
lings.
Bags.
85,102
131,306
81,911
197,279
89,612
147,657
in,819
156, 123
113.004
2(M.299
96.003
184.661
117,818
260.361
66.402
162,776
102.r>56
in, 566
132.979
256,815
iio.4;«
233,460
124, 56:^
192,859
Reba-
cillo.
Bags.
13,008
Total..... I rJl,<8H 17,lrtH n...MO,T^C i 462,376 1,291.194 2,298.152
11,957
27,119
21,610
35,1.S8
35,014
33,262
26.244
10,189
40,422
36,766
Oleagi-
nous
cakes.
Bags.
6,987
11,635
7,670
11,015
18,:«4
13,859
9,137
11,309
8,981
12.461
9,078
14,273
288,723 , 129,689
Forestry products.
Minei*al prod
Steel and Borate
iron. of lime.
LlCt«.
Marble.
Months.
and in
bags.
Differ-
ent min-
erals.
January
Bags.
12,594
6,447
11,065
22,467
7,497
18,409
18,622
17,108
24,. 518
9,880
16,262
16,881
7V>u4i.
26.646
6,162
18,64^
24,705
13,324
9,842
4,716
12,177
1.5,970
29,088
13,072
22,099
Kilos.
13,180
Toiui.
Bags.
17,728
7,542
Pieces.
Bags.
2,063
Febmary .
863
1,618
4,863
Mi^r<*h .'
22,010
43,4(>0
7,0iM)
24,370
1,700
2,440
1,970
2,060
April . .
696
38
2,702
2,287
1,2:30
2,289
May.
13,:«6
June
743
1,(»39
251
449
160
July
8,757
AngTtSt .,. .
2 482
September
358
K58
894
:«5
3 .593
October
2,035
November
414
20
2,207
December
27.840
1,513
Total
181,6a'>
196.439
146.060
5,776
47,806
908
28,882
a " C&mara Sindical," Buenos Aii-es, 19(K, pages 36-42.
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202
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Exportation of jrrodaetH hy the principal ports of the Republic during the year
i.<^/— Continned.
MonthH.
No.
January 500
February 1,009
March 1,252
April 2,212
M^y 2,498
June 2,398
July 2,919
Augnst 1,766
September 357
October 240
November 1,169
December 706
Live stock.
' Live-stock products— ^Vnimal remnants.
Oxen. Sheep. Horses.! Mules. Swine. |
Horns.
Frozen sheep.
No.
208 i
200 I
200;
850 I
Total 17,015
5n
516
90
660
606 ;
850
728
No.
145 I
11
30 :
190
201
238
98
141
54
50
398
100
4,862 ; 1,651
No. No.
193
10 10
187
1,226 , 100
8,"i6i i28
531
896 12
60
1,022
1,738
807
No.
182,419
148,344
241,798
120,247
104,306
226,124
194,632
831,715
188,186
514,069
179,070
101,603
9,829
250 3,082,513
Sacks. '
2,230
374
197
1,471
1,063
616
1,774
774
506
661 I
1,189
No.
147,360
101,995
155,206
189,872
156,736
71,081
181, 8n
162,110
84,799
168,088
186,820
191,110
Pieces.
13,947
9,186
15,434
12,675
6,119
12,089
22,992
29,030
16,089
17,000
28,291
3S,500
10,855 1,794,607 ! 219,352
Live-stock products— Animal renmants.
Month. Pn^^n!^_,._lHoj;se.
Dry hides.
Cattle. I Calves. Colts.
Boxes.
150
100
GOO
January . .
February -
March
April
MAy
June 20O
July 50
August 1,600
September j 42(5
October 877
November 812
December 180
Total I 4.875 25,813
Boxes.
2,180
1,524
1,335
1,050
1.903
2,189
4,190
2,571
2,607
1,600
2,150
2,014
Bags.
919
1,882
802
12,355
449
4,411
1,800
8,517
2,944
1,483
1,487
Bales.
422
168
3ra
298
189
279
632
613
479
512
881
347
No.
168,112
96,759
102,871
110,844
61,342
96.502
98,912
238,776
322,187
185,278
286,308
254,214
No. •
16,741
20,505
10,626
8,600
234
13,020
4,287 ,
12,332
6,652
14,946
25,760 !
je8,815
No.
16,587
10,756
9,348
5,670
6,026
2,116
14,218
6,161
9,628
16,472
26,206
16,081
Salted hides.
CatUe.
Colts.
No.
No.
93,310
7,602
101,450
3,767
99,606
11,966
98,478
13,292
107,556
20, .504
215,591
13,220
122,298
30,201
199,510
17,724
67,704
9,379
62,459
4,944
63,159
6,3S5
92,620
5,0»4
31,999 4,593 2,019,600 157,518 j 139,188 1,323,641 ! 144.048
Live-stock rrodncts.
Months.
Animal remnants.
animal products.
Fleeces.
Goat
hides.
I
Wool. iTongues.
Horns.
Jerked
beef.
Frozen
meat.
Pre-
served
meat
Extract
of meat
January
February
March
Bales.
9,145
4,987
4,440
5,889
5,277
8,546
8,802
4,045
6,658
9,^»
11,764
Bales.
295
5
448
817
66
278
669
842
625
592
Bales. Cases.
87,123 2,183
42,567 2.070
67,972 1,444
Ttms.
43
34
20
Bales.
31,199
10,067
20,629
37,566
40,595
20,359
81,408
15,348
33,563
47,182
88,789
88,708
Quarters.
16,250
17,318
13,000
13,511
34,776
24,347
36,592
28,098
19,206
29,906
35,862
47,843
Boxes.
350
2,025
5,277
333
8,080
8,092
7,506
8,9n
1,410
4,550
1,100
500
Boxes.
70
200
23
April
63,908 2,556
62,721 2,255 65
56,228 1 3,232 47
88,331 ; 8,887
14,877 ' 2,262 93
May
June
600
July
234
August
200
September
Octol>er
6,527 . 214
9,050 '
10
28
331
51
339
1,528
November .
272
405
48,667
2')
December
Total
7,869
58,825 650
1,010
76,091
4,208 1 489,196 20,708 , 712
886,406 816,aU8
38,794
4,224
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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.
203
Exportation of products by the principal ports of the Republic during the year
/,^ry/— Contintied.
Live-stock products.
cei
Manufactured animal products.
}An. fl"^' I^'^- Melted taUow.
Game products.
Miscel- , i^^„i.i,
laneous ^t^^'
January
Febniary---
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October ....
November. .
Dw«mber .
Cade*.
64
15
Bags.
3,304
2,8S6
Boxes.
9.006
6,368
4,085
4,965
1.109
10
Live-s
tock products.
-
Months.
Ankr
Aahesand
bones.
Crac-
kles.
Claws.
Hoofs.
Dried
blood.
Fkgs.
1,000
Tripe.
Salted.
Dried
Bales.
196
»
January
February
March
Tons. Bags.
1,(H6 478
1,866 1 2a>
4,363 1 1,328
1,880 1 2.044
Pkgs.
645
448
Bales. 1 Kilos.
483 27,000
(:4
148 18, (XN)
Pkgs.
7a)
l,3:»
Casks.
277
198
941
726
485
450
5.564
875
4a)
808
1,728
1,859
664 ! 'i\
April
587
451
739
661
780
623
613
l,:«5
000
24 ' 40,a)0
HW
279 9,000
429
285
Mi
412
155
74 j
210 i l-0(r>
jSy!:;::::::::
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
1,809
1,265
481
8,:©l)
2,660
4,072
4.013
2,000
1,180
9,266
10,484
1,360
1,694
11,852
4,166
476
1,015
2,103
4,870
1,356
260
431
537
282
701
810
1,664
617
622
551
614
25
51
187
152
149
267
160
92
Total
28,366 1 44,062
7,502
2,861 1 94,000 13,096
14,845
7.210 1 2,810
Nature of imports and exports {190:3-1901),
IMPORTS.
[Value in gold.]
ni
IV
First thre
e months.
1901.
Compari-
son, 1902.
1902.
Live animals
$46,175
$55,176
- $9,001
Alimentary substances:
Animal alimentary substances
806,268
116.52:^
116,7(i8
464,951
1,097,154
97,869
178,891
167,217
144,640
438,997
1, 168, 194
108.626
+126,867
Vegetable alimentary substances-
' 40 694
Spices and condiments
- 27,992
Vege tables and cereals
+ 26,594
Substances for infusions and hot beverages
Farina'*«^U8 J^ubstances, etc
+ 71,040
- 10,767
Total
2,198,463
74,873
2,196,065
- 2,398
Tobacco
284,445
-209,572
Alcoholic and other beverages:
Wines „. ...
915.966
320,ffi&
96,759
1,400,823
262,788
84,542
-498,868
Spirits and liqueurs
+ 58,144
Other beverages
+ 12.217
Total
1,333.666
1,757,153
422,497
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204
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Nature af imports and vjcports {1902-V.Hfl) — Oontintied.
IMPORTS—Continned.
VI
VII
vin
IX
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
Textile fabrics:
Silk
Wool ^
Cotton
Other textile fabrics
Total
Mineral, volatile, and medicinal oils
Chemical and pharmaceu tical products and substanttes
Inks and colors
Wood:
Raw material
Manufactured articles
Pii**»t thit*e months.
1902. I IWl.
Com]
son,
pari-
1,820,590
4,985,146
2,336,902
$546,830 , $145,736
2,996,320 -1,175,730
4,887,947 H 97,199
2,498,682 ' - 161,780
9,543,8:i2
~8flO,"556~|
10,929,879 -1,386,047
Total .
Paper:
Paper and cardboards. .
Maniifactured articles .
Total...
Leather articles .
858,060
1,018,756
-
160,696
174,4;i5 1
2i'>,535
48,100
1
1.767,610 ,
257,975 1
1,341,836
343,344
+
425, 7H4
^,330
2,025,585 1
1,685,170
+
340,415
Iron:
Raw and relatively raw material .
Agricultural machinery and utensils.
Other manufactures of iron and steel.
Total
486,446
277,774
j;64^
"207,02!
2,492,973
445,077
1,701,022
506,845
2K^,677
4,639,072
760,5^
2,l;i>,7(^
576,438
1,883,667
- 20,399
-H 24,097
4,645,807
Other metals:
Raw and relatively raw material .
Manufactured articles
Total.
Stone, earthenware, crystals, and cei*amic products:
Raw and i*elatively raw material
Manufactured articles
Total.
Various.
Total value of imports .
338,455
289,148
627,603
378,836
457,283
2,349,263
397,866
836,119
^, 195, 764
445,914
2,747,129
~8T0^596 I
27, 584, 275" j
2,641,678
8827454
30,030,608
59,.^fi9
-h 907,271
- 131,361
- 182,645
6,rJ5
40,381
168,135
- 208,516
+ 153,499
- 48,048
+ 105,451
- n.858
-2,446,328
EXPORTS.
[Value in gold.]
■ First three months.
1902. !
1 1901. , 19(e.
I
Live-stock industry:
Live animals
$889,032 r82,145 + $106,887
30,469,907 20,234,310 fl0.2S5,597
1,767,831 1 968,518 + 801,313
138,806 172,592 - 33,7?«
33,255,576 122,155,565 1 11,100,011
Skins and frozen meat
Manufactured animal substances
Offal
Total
II
Agricultural products:
Raw material
Manufactured vegetable substan<^es
Vegetable residuum
Total
Porestal products
19,788,091 ' 22,382,153 2,.'»4,062
1,621,357 , l,4n,443 + 143,914
546,119 1 380,146 j-h 165,973
III
21,955,567 1 24,239,742 1 - 2,284,175
908,066 774,778 + 133,288
IV
V
VI
Mineral products
Game
Various
Total value of exports
59,333 117,631 58.298
182.786 224,927 42.141
350,620 ' 270.541 + 79,979
56,711,948 1 47,788,284 + 8,988,664
Digitized by Vj^^^V IC
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.
205
Total value of imports and exports from 1S80-1901,
[Valne in gold.]
Year.
Dutiable.
1880
&U 1.79,667
W*l.
.^+ '1^,963
1^
^: II 10, 834
liSQ.
o; T-J1,783
IJW
>-ii 11^,754
1«5 .. .-
: : ic»,ao8
1.KN6
^^ (16,335
1)^
l'H,vS8,915
hL% :Ll8,55i3
is^
\m
1?«0
- It: 133,573
IrtSl
l:::.i^S5,737
1.'<K
Vi r 199, 633
1;«3
>■:: *^?7,371
1?«4
/.I :^S6,(M5
1^«5
Mi .-98,526
1}«6
M^ '^15,293
\An
^". «i99,75()
l«h
:i:-; ■^W,545
\m -
^ivj 1^,738
1911
>i^ «')2,463
laru.
^ -52,275
Imports.
Free.
i:fi.>..i»74
1, ,^r, :ni
h^:il.'.>45
|:'..H-.;.:«)
!■". l^-r^.iiei
I::. [i;[,;ilO
'jri.iriLJ ri57
:-L'.L^7.:J89
i%.:-.|':.:i39
■JI.V-.i>43
I ;/."■■;*« i.\{57
\<., lu:,.^»8l)
-•. r'^'.ll2
U;/JJ;^.i»8
r;..-.-M98
U. 5M.:B5
ii.:';'.vi:«
lo.'i.v'jin
I- :wT !74
Total.
^trt, r>tv
, Vi , 7 1 >■"►
'■.l!:i1i'.
-■i,.i:l'i
'Xy. II i--^
1 1 : . : L^:::
l-.s. !:■.■■
JlV-t. .'JLII
l-l;^:^iJ|
ft*, ~iX^
1 1 \k k^
ii:i,u.v
Total
exports.
$58,380,787
57,938,273
60,388,939
60,207,976
68,029,836
83,879,100
69,834,841
84,421,820
100,111,903
90,145,a55
100,818,993
103,219,000
113,370,337
94,090,L'i9
101,687,980
120,067,790
116,802,016
101,169,299
133.829,468
IW, 917, 531
154,600,412
167,716,108
Summary of imports and exports to and from the follouring countries during the
ten years 1802-1901.
[Value in gold.]
Country.
1892. 189:].
Imports. ExiX)rts. Imports. Exports.
I I
Bel^inm $H, 646, S^:$14, 672, ^ $9, 636, 84o SIO, 771
2 J
51 :
Bolivia..
Brazil
Cliile
France -
Germany
Holland
Italy
Paraguay ...
Portugal
South Africa ... .
Spain 1 ^J7P,
United King- 1
dom 'Sy.i^Wi,
Umt<.«d Stat*^ . 7.:f7(i
Uruguay i 3» Tat,
W«i Indies L .
(>ther countries] 1 ^.
...10. ISS.
... lO.UTti,
...I UW.
H3P'
-I '.SI
m\
ItlTi
^^-m'd 68,557 384,
V38' 2,117,377] 12,033
163 $8,
596
111
111
!.4l:;
o 103
c 7^)0
t:i.i»66
.«2
:!73
H50
485
4011
lii, rsf»jTi3
4,H;n..[r>4
N, Jk^; \t37
l,!iH 14
- - ■■ IH
362,624 1,584
12,094,253 18,158,
11,030,573' 10,376
168,8911
9.318,945
1,157,6441
49, 107|
1
3,374
•iTii
1,064
3,164,7;fl
32,523.:i70
9,619,327
2,613,164
2,334,320
2,500,486
18,506,349
3,416,740
4,150,718
1,000,974
6,190,249
Total ,91,481,163113,370,33798,223,628 94,090,15992,788,625101,687,98695,096.438120,067,790
1894.
Imports. ! Exports,
968,56r$12,7e9,
73,6471 385,
980,468 13,889,
20,843 1,764,
156,320, 18,844,
689,487' 11,544,
1(6,866 164,
873,377 3,066,
712,615
1896.
Imports. Exports.
48,286
1,703,314
33,189,014
10,149,018
2,327,129
2 547
2,80l',243
341 $7,
586i
406' 4,
5001
;J23 9,
51611,
47:3
767110,
730] 1,
276
441,356
72,639
095,665
41,635
116,870
162,549
103,931
369,129
824,:il2
58.405
2,384,5071 2,575,125
20,410.
5,285,
4,511.
1,391
6,369,
884|.^»,524,270
2I0I (5,686,999
WH 7:«, 110
318 86,233
264 1,207,210
417, ni
691,868
096,105
067,411
337,163
323,324
92,060
3,518,087
100, 160
138,497
8,010
1,311,999
14,694,783
8,947,165
3.2110,574
1,616,WB>
25,516,215
\fm.
Coujitty^
Imports. Exports,
Bel^um
Bolivia
Braadl
Chile
Prance
Germany
Holland
Italy
Paraguay
Portugal
South Africa...
Spain
United Kingdom
United States . . .
Uruguay
West Indies
Other countries.
Total .
$8,463,200
55.406
5,152,621
ft, 697
12,028,514
13,895,066
110,381
11,394,910
1,222,025
84,728
8,007,207
44,729,966
11,210,475
568,560
26,119
211,718
$12,062,348
:^20,208
9.841,460
2,171,214
23,654,976
13,332,786
681.686
3,897,063
159,387
19,487
466,328
1,166,400
14,388,761
6,401,366
2,784,661
252.600
25,302,289
112,281,591 116,802,016
IWT.
1898.
Imports.
$8,046,254
60 260
4,761.505
248,902
11,019.576
11,114,102
80,066
10,943,088
1,457,327
71,588
Exports.
8,245,648
36,392,057
10,101.n4
505,170
52.558
199,196
98,288,948
$8,984,829
352,520
8,685,187
1,977,898
22,999,019
14,047,185
8,964,616
169,094
19,662
678,447
1,271,149
12,984,640
8.321,611
2,586,214
296,817
13,962.268
Imports.
$9,444,981
67,208
5,012,115
82,772
10,596,725
12,6n,106
109,881
13,696,241
1,767,439
74,984
3,316,470
39,012,600
11,129,066
470,901
27. 64:^
70.769
101,169,299 I 107,428,900
Exports.
$13,949,761
408,813
7,916,801
1,354,494
29,981,056
20,286,838
831,232
5,248,064
• 144,108
11,597
618,118
387,996
19.206.928
5,874,296
8,688,276
162,397
24,887.703
133,889,458
Digitized by Vj^^V^V IC
206
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Summary of imports and carports to and from the following countries during the
ten years J89£-190 l—Contamed.
Country.
1899.
1900.
1901.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Imports.
Exports.
Beleium
Bolivia
$9,410,479
78,885
$21. i^^ m
: <iEi 4»8
41 IHV747
21^. k .ijI63
I.V-I 126
::.m
««„.B5
1,765,391
•21,721,591
7,667,52:}
3,481,34«
265,939
39,011,577
$8,430,880
122,422
3,741,877
124,214
10,897,866
16,635,163
173.833
14,924,498
1,860,498
78,014
tir.lWJ.H85
6,iH.xrj07
*^7a<l03
tr»jitC,^«0
^",*iTJU33
:i9tMlJB2
■i.;r>4j54
1W1,H13
:*rt*,ri04
£i.^itf,f)86
(l,.'^,763
4^^,:S1
$8,688,657
138,782
4,:«6,047
111,076
9,950,541
16,724,549
573,419
14,736,108
1,767,644
72,416
$13,457,781
541,049
Brazil
4,806,116
142,309
10,979,690
9,702,488
Chile
568,173
France
28,637,121
Holland
Italy
Paraguay
Portugal
South Africa
12,979,937
148,056
18,780,072
1,871,649
98,008
21,479,882
1,758,931
4,318,960
216,053
7,704
2,891,259
Spain
United Kingdom
UnitedStatea...
Uruguay
West Indies
Other countries.
Total
3,197,882
43,671,421
15,466,84t(
506,967
41,098
173,761
3,691,998
38,682,758
13,438,529
520,449
19,639
141,501
3,912,586
:«,460.808
15,5:33,639
679,236
43,679
244,083
2,131,713
29,920,759
9,296,454
3,710,663
363,183
38,7Ae83
116,850,671
184,917,531 1 113,485,069 1 154,800,412 j 113,959,749 i lC7,n6,10g
Principal exports during the past four years.
1896.
Steers head.. 859,296
Wethers do.... 577,818
Horses do.... 14,360
Frozen mutton tons.-| 59,834
Sheepskins do 42,245
Salt oxhides do....' 29,867
Dry oxhides do.... 23,174
Salt horsehides number..' 180,936
Dry horsehides do.. ..I 180,827
Wool tons.. 221,286
Jerked beef do.... 22,242
Frozen beef do 5,867
Butter do....' 926
TaUow do....' 29,341
Linseed do.... 168,904
Maize do.... 717,105
Hay do.... 118,534
Wheat do.... 645,161
Flour : do.... 31,933
Bran •. do... 52,936
Quebracho extract do 1,192
Quebracho logs do 118,260
Sugar do 22,273
812,150
548,458
7,259
56,627
41,697
28,528
23,956
134,774
189,667
237,111
19,164
9,079
1,179
24,150
217,713
1,116,276
106,598
1,713,429
59,464
78,890
3, 172
159,376
26,701
1900.
1901.
150,550
119,189
198,102
25,746
32,969
9,761
56,412
63,013
37,593
41,120
26,423
28,158
24,866
26,647
121,285
i;«,901
190,541
181,027
101,113
228,:i58
16,449
24,2^
24,590
44,904
1,066
1,510
24,837
333,368
223,267
338,828
713,248
1,112,290
102,836
95,120
1,929,676
904,289
51,203
71,742
73,314
92,630
5,967
4,310
239, 8:%
198,919
15,270
49,412
Percentage of foreign trade. — With reference to the trade with vari-
ous countries, the official returns classifj'^ all cargo under the head of
the countr}" whence the steamer originally sailed. Thus a steamer
sailing from New York and calling at foreign ports would have all its
merchandise classified as of United States origin. Austria does not
figure in the imports as there are no direct lines of steamers between
the two countries.
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EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.
207
Percentage of Argentine foreign trade with ths various countries in 1876, 1895,
and 1901,
Country.
United Kingdom.
United States....
Italy
0«Tmany
France
Belginin
Brazil
Spain
Paraguay
Uragnay
Weaflt Indies
Boliyia
Chile
Netherlands
Other conntries. .
Soath Africa
Imports.
1OT6.
24.9
5.4
6.tt
5
28.2
4
6.1
6
2
6.1
.7
.2
2.6
1.4
6.9
1806.
41.6
7
10.9
11.7
9.6
7.8
4.3
2.7
1.9
.8
.09
.08
.04
.11
1.88
1901.
82
18.7
12.9
14.7
8.7
7.6
8.9
8.4
1.6
.6
.1 I
.1
•6 !
.2
Exports.
I
1876.
5.9
1895. 1901.
12.2
7.5
2.9
11. 1
16.9
12.9
6.7
1.1
.09
2.7
1.8
.5
2.5
21.61
17.9
5.6
2.6
12.8
17.1
8
5.8
1.8
.1
2.2
.2
.8
.8
1
5.8
1.7
Ports through which the foreign trade of the ctmntry passed.
Rate per cent.
Port.
Imi)orts.
Exports.
1900.
1901.
1900.
1901.
Bqonr^iv A^i-AH ,
87.1
8.8
.9
1.4
.8
.2
84.4
9.8
1.6
1.3
1
.7
44.7
22.7
1.9
7.8
2.2
4.9
5.1
2.2
2.1
48 9
Bosario
21 4
LaPIata
1.5
6 8
Bahia Blanca ,
Camrana . .
2 9
Santa F6
8 2
«*n NioolAH
4 2
Villi% CVmHtitiirriAn
.1
.2
2 1
Z&rat^
.2
2 7
Average weights.
Ibale
Ibale
Ibale
Ibale
Ibale
Ipim
Ic
of wool
of sheepskins.
of hair
of goatskins . .
of Bay
of tallow
tead of tallow .
of tallow
of butter
Kilo-
grams.
Equiva-
lent in
pounds.
450
902
450
992
450
992
870
816
50
110
400
882
200
441
100
230
25
55
Wool exports, — The commercial statistics give the following for the
exportation of wool, from October 1 to July 12, of the years 1896-97
to 1900-1901:
Year.
Bales.
Pounds.
1^96-97
448.465
450, 21»
449,063
414 106
424.224
444,877,280
l«l7-98
446,623,200
18BK-fl9
445,490,3:^6
1880-1900
410,792, 16l>
1900-1001
430,750,308
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208
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Exports of live stock and frozen mutton. — In 1890, 20,000 tons of
frozen mutton were exported, 43,000 tons of jerked beef, 663 tons
of frozen beef, 50,000 live sheep, and 150,000 live cattle. The ex-
ports of live stock to Europe were 5,2-10 live cattle and 24,670 sheep,
and to Brazil 3,770 cattle.
The live cattle and sheep exported in 1890, 1895, and 1900 were:
Exports of live cattle and sheep (1890-1895-1900),
Live cattle.
To— ,
1890. 1895.
Europe ' 5,240 58,423
Brazil 8,770 1 80,475
Chile 63,619 97,417
Bolivia 6,258 17,270
Uruguay 71,108 158,663
Vanousports 102 | 878
Total I lnO,0CJ8 I 408,126
1900.
84,697
21,976
26,483
6,106
54,906
1,539
Live sheep.
1890.
1885.
I
19P0.
146,706
24,6n
3,633
8,700
3,920
9,078
391,367
11,277
17,009
4,814
5,069
420
50,002 429,946
158,997
667
2,218
4,7tS
2,316
13,91)1
182,851
CUSTOMS TARIFFS ON PRINCIPAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The official publication for 1902 of the Customs Tariffs on Imports
and Exports consists of some 350 pages of closely printed matter,
which it would be obviously impracticable to translate and publish
within the limits of this volume. As the subject, however, is one
of first importance to merchants and shippers, a selection has been
made of all the leading articles and products shipped to and from
Argentina.
Method of assessing. — The method of assessing the tariffs is chiefly
to fix a value upon the unit of each particular article and then to
place an ad valorem duty on the fixed valuation.
Specific dtities, as the tables show, are imposed in comparatively
few instances. No attention has been paid to any special classifica-
tion of the various articles dealt with, their order being the same as
in the official list. The second column of the table shows the unit of
weight, measure, or quantity; the third the valuation placed upon the
unit; the fourth the ad valorem or proportionate duty upon the valu-
ation; and the fifth the specific duty, whether additional or otherwise.
The list of tariffs was officially published on May 1, 1902.
ImpoHs.
] AU duties are ipayable in gold or In paper at the rate fixed dally by the Minister of Finance.]
Unit per—
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific
Skins and leathers:
Polished
Kilo ... .
$2.20
4.00
8.00
6.00
8.00
1.10
Percent
40
40
40
40
40
40
Japanned, imitation chamois and all kinds. . .
Kid for rfoves and imitations
do
do
Kid for boots
do... .
PiK and wolf skins, in general
do
Sole leather (South American)
do
D
igitizedbyGoOQle
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
209
Imports — Continned.
Unit per—
SADDLERY.
Saddle frames without springs
Oarriaffe harness for one horse with black iron
buckles.
Yalisee, portmanteaus, and leather bags:
Hand bags, 36 to 35 centimeters
Hand bags, 56 to 65 centimeters
Carriage, woven, wooden handles
Saddlecloths, in general
Straps for horses, in general
Reins, in general, single soldered buckles for
riding horses.
Waterproof coverings, in general (declared
value).
Saddles, pig skin, with or without fittings, in
general.
BOOTS AND SHOBS.
Dozen -
Each ..
Valua-
tion for
duty.
do.
do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
Dozen.
.....do.
Each.
Dozen.
.....do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Boots for men:
Top boots, in general
Boots or shoes, in general, including me-
dium quality.
For ladies:
Buttoned boots, in general, including mo- do
dium quality.
Do., do., fine
Boots or shoes, including medium quality
Do. do., fine
For children:
Top boots
All other classes do
Boots or shoes, waterproof i do
Do., do., other material, including medium I do
quality. I
Do., do., fine do
For infants: i
Boots, in general do
Boots or shoes, waterproof do
Do., do., of other material , do
Boots or shoes not included in above: I
Alpargatas, any size, common ' Kilo..
Do., shoe imitation \ do
Boots or shoes, anv size, laced ; Dozen
Do., do., with elastic do
Do., do. , cloth, with caoutchouc soles or other do
materials.
Boots or shoes, wooden solos (excepting those do
for children). i
Boots or shoes, caoutchouc, in general do
Boots and shoe uppers for men, in general do
Do., do., for ladies, in general do
Do., do., for boots or shoes, in general, for do
ladies or men.
Do., do., for children do
Slippers:
Any size, velvety cotton, and up to medium do
Do., do., fine do
Do., Prunela shoe imitation, low heel do
Qaiters, leather, in general (any size) Kilo ..
ClogK
wood, any size I>ozen
Do.,do., leather or lined do
Boot button hooks, iron, with or without wooden Kilo . .
handles.
Blacking:
In paste, for shoes do
In liquid, for shoes, harness, or carriage , Liter,
roofs. I
Elastic for shoes:
With silk mixture ' Kilo..
Silk do
ARMORY.
Arms and spare parts, in general, not Including
fencing fmls.
Bullets, lead or metal, or shot in general
573a— 03 14
Kilo.
I:
2.00
6.50
2.00
.70
2.00
a Of)
12.00
50.00
25.00
23.00
11.00
6.00
3.00
5.00
.50
.70
6. a)
9.00
12.00
12.00
6.00
24.00
12. a)
10.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Percent.
50
50
50
4.50
1
8.00
6.00
.40
.20
.30
8.00
2.00
.10
50
Specific.
50
50
50
I
50 '
&) :
50
50
"l
50 ;
50 !
60 '
50 ;
50
60*
!
50 ;
50 !
50
m\
50
25
25
25
40 '
25
60 I
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210
ARGENTINE REPUBLIO.
Imports — Continned .
ARMORY— coiitinued.
Ramrods:
Wood or iron. In 1 piece
Do., do., in 3 pieces
Bags, siiooting (aeclared value)
Qun cases:
Waterproof, without utensils
Leather or wood
Percussion caps:
In general
Do., do., empty
Carbines:
Guns, any class or system
Saloon or Monte Cnsto, 6 to 9 millimeters: ' do
those with spring or compressed air.
Cartridges, in general, full or empty
Cartridge belts:
Waterproof , in general
Leather, in general
Brushes, wire, for cleaning arms
Gun barrels, in general
Valua- Duty on
tion for valua- Spedflc.
duty. I tion. ■
Each
Dynamite, in general.
Triggers, in general . .
KUo.
Guns:
Pin-flre, 1 barrel
Do., do., 2 barrels
Lefaucheuz. Remington, or center-fire,
barrel, ordinary or medium.
Do., do., 2barrels
Swords, medium quality
Sheath knives and daggers:
With or without sheath, ordinary
Other classes
Dynamite caps:
:^
do.
Dozen.
....do.
Each
Centimeter .
Each
...-do.
...do.
Dozen.
..-.do-
Kilo...
Each ...
....do..
In general
Dynamite
Gun covers:
Leather or waterproof, for revolvers
Do., do., for gun
Blades:
For swords
For daggrers
Cutlasses, with brass hand guards
Machines for making cartridges:
Wood or iron
Brass or other classas
Powder flasks for powder or shot
Shot ( shooting ) . (See Bullets. )
Shot and powder bags, chamois or other leathers
Spai'e parts for arms in general, declared value.
Pistols:
Pin-fire, 1 or 2 barrels
Lefaucheux or Remington, 1 or 2 barrels,
with ivory stocks.
Do, do., with other class of stock
Saloon
Repetition
Powder:
Black, in general
Gun cotton
Special for mines. ( See section of free intro-
duction.)
Revolvers:
Ordinary or medium, with or without ex-
tractor.
Do., do., fine j do
NoTK. — Revolvers incomplete to pay
duty as complete.
Sworda, ordinary, for troops
Wads for gun
Sword bolts:
Leather, japanned
Silk, gold-tnread, silver or plated
Gold or silver
Blunderbusses, in general ,
Sword sheaths, in general
Dozen
...do....
...-do ...
Per cent .
Kilo
Dozen
Each..
do.
.....do.
.do.
.do.
Centimeter .
Kilo
do.
do.
do.
Kilo.
....do.
Each.
.. .do.
Kilo...
Each..
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Per cent.
10.80 50
2.50 I 50
' 25
1.60
5.50
.70
1.20
12.00
4.00
.50
3.60
6.50
.70
.25
1.50
8.00
7.00
11.00
6.00
.45
8.00
2. a)
1.50
8.00
20.00
2.00
.02
1.50
.40 1
.80
1.00
6.00
10.00
1.00 i
6.00
3.00 I
3.00
10.00 I
.50 j
1.60 I
2.00 ,
5.00 '
6.00
.50
50
50
50 1
50 '
50
50
50
50
50
50
50 ,
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
25
I
50 I
50 '
50
50 '
60 I
60
50.
50 '
50
50
50
60
60
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
1.50
50 ....
5.00
5.00
5.00
LOO
50 ....
60 1....
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CUSTOMS TABIFFS.
211
Imports — Continued.
FENCING ARMS.
Masks, wire
Handles for swords or fencingr arms .
Blades, rapier, in sreneral
Gloves, in g^eneral
Swords:
Wood
Iron
Shoes:
Fencing, in general
With india-mbber aoles
SHOOTINO UT1EN8IL8.
BotUeB, leather, for wine
Chains:
Iron or steel, for dogs
Compoeition, for dogs
Stocks, ror guns, wood, without finish . .
Collars, for dogs
Muzzles, for dogs
Whistles:
Ordinary
Metal, compoeition, mediom or fine .
Bone
JEWKLRY AND WATCHES.
Oooda, silver
Diamonds, for glaziers
Cksea, for jewels in general
Oems and ornaments, gold or silver for per-
sonal Qse, declared vame.
Keys, metal, ordinary, for watches
Predoos stones, loose:
Brilliants
B«biesand diamond roses
Emeralds, pearls, and sapphires
Topaz, opals, tnrquoise, amethyst, gaiiiet...
Watches:
Finished or unfinished; gold, one or two
covers, with chronometer or any other
complication, for men.
Gold, one or two covers, for men
I>o. do., for ladies
Do. do., diamonds and fine pearls
Silver, one or two covers, all systems up to
medium, for men or ladies.
Silver, fine, or with complications
Plated Swiss
Oold plated in general
Common metals, gilt or not, plated, nickeled,
enameled, or steeled.
Clocks:
Alarm, ordinary
Do. do., medium or fine
Do., wall or table, wood or zinc, ordi-
nary one day.
Do. do., medium or fine
Do. do., eight-day up to medium
Do. do., fine
All other wall and table clocks, declared
value.
U tenflils for jewelers, declared value
Ulaflses, crystals for pocket watches
DRY GOODS AND READY-MADE CLOTHES.
Dry goods:
Cotton, cotton mixed with wool, viz., shirts,
inside shirt**, drawers, scarfs, boots foi* in-
fants, capeis for children, petticoats,
shawls, gloves, suits and dresses, jerseys,
gaiters, and others.
With silk mixture
Woolen, with mixture of other fibers, ex-
cepting silk goods.
Wool with silk mixture
Linen and its invitations
Linen with mixture of silk
fiiiir ^ or mixture, including silk belts, which
are to be taken by net weight.
Unit per—
Dozen.
do.
Pair...
do.
Dozen.
... .do.
.do.
.do.
Kilo.
.....do-
do.
Each..
Dozen.
.....do.
Kilo...
.....do.
.....do.
Kilo...
Each..
Kilo...
do.
Gross .
Gram .
.....do.
do.
....do.
Each.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Dozen.
do.
Each..
-do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
do....
Per cent .
Kilo.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
$9.00
2.00
.80
3.00
16.00
2.00
.50
.40
2.00
18.00
.50
1.50
25.00
1.00
5.00
2.00
90.00
60.00
15.00
8.00
80.00
80.00
16.00
26.00
4.00
12.00
5.00
2.00
8.00
20.00
1.50
3.00
3.00
10.00
1.00
2.80
3.50
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
20.00
Duty on I
valua- Specific,
tion.
Per cent.
26 I.
50
25
25
50 ,
26
25
25
25 I
25
!
26
26
5
5
^
25
26
26
25 I
25
25
50
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212
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Continued .
DRY GOODS OF OTHER CLASSES.
SaitK
Christening, for infante, cotton, ordinary.. .
Do. do. do., medinm or fine, declartMi value .
Gowns:
Unit per—
Each.
...do.
Morning, for ladies, plain cotton .
-^ ' ' "ered..
Do. do., embroidei
Do. do., wool or mixture of any other fibers
Do. do., silk or mixture of any other fibers,
including velvet
Do. do., for men (robes de chambre), wool
or mixture with any other fibers, and
woolen linings.
Do. do., woolen, or wool and mixture of silk
(silk linings).
Shirte:
For men, cotton, white or colored, with
plain ordinary fronts.
Do. do., same as previous, linen imitation
fronte or other nbers. excluding those of
silk including those with cotton fronte.
Do. do., same as previous, embroidered or
with pique fronte or half linen or mixture
with other fibers in general.
Do., for children in general, valued at half
those for men in their respective classes.
Capes:
For men, woolen, cloths, or other fibers
For men or ladies, waterproof, with or with-
out hood, including shawls of the same
material.
For children in general, to be valued at half
the price of those for men in their respec-
tive classes.
Overcoate for seagoing men
Waistcoate:
Cotton, linen, or mixture with other fibers. .
Wool or mixture with other fibers
Quilte (padded):
Cotton
Wool or mixture of cotton
Silk or mixture with other fibers
Dry goods:
Cotton jackete for ladies, white clothes for
men or ladies (excepting shirte for men),
plain or with trimming.
Do. do., with embroidery
Linen jackete and under linen for men and
ladies (excepting shirte for men), plain or
with trimmm^.
Do. do., embroidered with trimmings or or-
namente.
Flannel, wool or mixture with any other
fiber, made into underclothing for ladies or
men.
Silk or mixture with other fibers in general,
viz, shirte, petticoate, shawls, or others.
Raw silk in general
Neckties:
Cotton or linen in general
Wool or mixture with other fibei*s in general.
Silk or mixture witli other fibers in general
(with lining).
Do. do., without lining
Collars, in boxes of 1 dozen, cotton, linen, or
mixture, for men and children.
Aprons for ladies and children in general (ex-
cepting silk).
Coate:
Wool or mixture, with other fibers for men . .
In general, of any other material (excluding
HUk ones).
Dress suite for children in general ( to be valued
at half price in their respective classes).
Rum:
Wool or mixture, for traveling
Do., animal skins
Overeoats:
Dozen.
....do..
...do-.
Each..
I. ...do
.do.
Wool, general, for men .
Do. do., for children
Dozen.
...do..
.do..
...do.
Each--
....do.
.do.
Kilo.
Each..
....do-
Kilo...
....do.
....do-
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do...
.do...
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.....do.
Dozen.
.do..
Each.,
-•-..do.
.do.
Kilo.
Each..
do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
$3^.00
80.00
.W.OO
70.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
7.00
14.00
24.00
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Per cent.
50
50
10.00 '
6.00
.60
I
2.00
3.00
1.50
2.50
6.00
1.80
8.60
8.80
5.00
5.00
20.00
12.00
2.00
4.00
9.00
20.50
2.10
6.00 j
10.00 i
4.00 1
4.00
2.00
12.00
6.00
Specific.
50 L-
50 ,
50 1
50 ,
50 '
50
50
50
60
50 '.
50 1.
50 '.
50 -
50 .
50 .
50
50
50 .
50 .
50'.
60 .
50 ,-
60 !-
50 L
50 '
50
50 '
601
50 I
50 1
60 I
il.26
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CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
213
Imports — Continned .
Unit per—
Kilo...
Dozen.
do.
do.
DBT GOODS or OTHKK CLASSES— continued.
Tronsers:
Waterproof
Wool mixture, with other fibers
Linen or cotton mix ture
CoshionA, wool or mixture with other fibers
Gaiters, india rubber or waterproof Pair
Cuffs, cotton, linen, or mixture, for men and Dozen pairs
children, in any condition they may come.
Sheets and pillowcases:
Cotton or embridered
Do. do., linen or mixture with other fibers. . .
With initials, to be valued 50 per cent more
on the prices in their respective classes,
with or without fringe.
Bath dresses, cotton
Dnst coats:
Lustrina, for men
Cotton, brown holland, or mixture, for men.
Do. do., very long
Do. do., wool or mixture, for men
Do. do., for children in general; to be valued do .
at half the above-mentioned prices in their
respective classes.
Cloaks for ladiea*
Wool or mixture, short or long, ordinary do .
Do. do., medium or fine | do.
Do. do., silk or mixture, long or short, ordi- j do .
nary. i
Do. do., medium or fine velvet, silk or mix ' do .
ture, lon^ or short, in general. |
[Note.- Cloaks for children to be valued at '
half the prices mentioned in their respet;- i
tive classes.]
Bedcovers:
Cotton, in general Kilo...
Crochet or its imitation, cotton, linen, or do.
mixture.
Curtains, to be valued at the price correspond- do .
ing to the material from which they nave
l)een made.
Unfinished waiscoats, in ^neral. silk mixture, do .
to be valued at the prices correHiKmding to
the material from which they have oeen made.
Mats (door):
Composition Kilo.
Indian, in general do .
AU other classes do.
Braid: I
Cotton or linen, in general do.
Do, wool or mixture i do.
For furniture ; do
Felt, for hats I do
C<K'<janut matting, in general do.
Castor, wool, or mixture, special for hats do .
Blankets;
W<x}l do.
Cotton do.
Goatskin or wool residue do.
Floor cloths, in general do.
Canvas:
Hemp do.
White do.
Cotton or mi xture, white or t'olored i tlo .
Tablecloths and napkins:
Linen or mixture, excepting silk [ do .
Do., linen, with initials do.
C<itton, plain do .
Embroidered do.
Stf»ckin(ra:
WotJl, common do.
Cotton, mixed with w(x)l do .
Raw cotton, longicamp use) do.
Cotton, with silk ornaments do .
Wool or mixture do.
Wool or silk mixture do .
Linen or imitation do.
8llk or mixture do.
Valua- I Duty on
tion for * valua-
duty. I tion.
I
$0M)
48.00
15. (N)
34.00
1.50
3.50
Per cent.
50
, 50
50
50 I
60 .
l.«0
3.00
8.00
1.50
3.00
4.00
5.0t) ,
10.00 '
20.00
:jrKOO ,
1.00 ;
2.50
Specific.
.35
25
.H)
2:-)
.«)
35
1.00
25
2.0(>
:r>
.:«
35
12.00
40
.:«>
35
.70
1
2.70
40
1.00
25 1
.«)
.T> i
.m
25
,i:.
3.V
.30
25
l.so
25
3.(l>
25 1
l.(M»
25 ;
8.00
5i)
l.«IO
45
3.:>j>
45
.«0
45
8.00
45
3.50
45
5.00
45
5.50
45
30.00
45
$2.00
.01
Digitized by
Google
214
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Import:* — Continued.
DRY QOOD8 OF OTHBR CLASSES— continued.
Unit per-
Snit
....do...
...do...
Suits:
For men, wool or mixture
Do., do., sack coats
Do., do., cotton, Holland, or mixture ...
For children, in general, to be valued 80 per
cent more than those of men in their re-
spective classes.
Dresses (made): I
Cotton, plain, or with cotton trimmings E^h .
Do., embroidered, or with ornaments do
Do., silk or mixture do
Do., wool do
Pique cloaks or other goods, plain or em- do
broidered, for children.
Do., do., silk or mixture, ornamented, for do
children.
Wool, or mixture with other fibers, for chil- do
dren. [
Linen, or mixture, ornamented, for children do
Linen or mixture, ornamented, for ladies do
Cotton, for ladies, ornamented or otherwise . . . , . .do
Wool or mixture, for ladies, ornamented or do
otherwise.
Silk or mixture, for ladies, ornamented or do
otherwise.
Velvet, for ladies, ornamented or otherwise do
Carpets:
Brussels, general Kilo..
Ordinary, wool or mixture do
Matting do
Bagging in general do
Bunting, mixture, wool do
Bags:
ITanvas or other mixture do
Hemp bags si>eciflc duty do
Table covers, to be valued at the pri<!e corre- .
spondingto the material from which they have
been made.
Matting, cocoa or hemp do
Handken^hiefs:
Silk, in general do
Silk, mixture do
Linen or mixture -.- do
Do., not mixed do
Shawls:
Cotton, in general; ponchos, cotton, inclu.s- do
ive wool.
Do., do., wool mixture do
Do., mixture, with other fibers, excluding do
silk.
Shawls, embroidered or silk trimmings do
White cotton, figured, up to 61) centimeters do
Do., from 60 centimeters up do
Cotton, embroidered or adorned do
Do., silk do
Do., do., special do
Do., do., mixture do
Do., raw silk do
Calico:
Cotton, bombazine, Cambridge, and other do
such woven goods.
Do. , do. , cotton in pieces or saturated in wool
Sitkor wool
Cotton, embroidered, for curtains
Cotton and wool (goatskins)
Rawcotton
Linen or colored
Crinoline, white cotton, or with other fibers. Kilo . .
for linings.
White cotton, for lining, or that usually ,
called moleton.
Cotton or mixture of linen, for towels or
sheeting
Linen or mixture (Holland), including gla.ss
cloths. I
Linen or mixture (Holland), for lining of '
furniture. i
Jute I
Linen or mixture (alemauesco) i Kilo . .
Valua- Duty on
tion for ' valua-
duty. tion.
Specific.
$15.00
12.00
4.00
l.a)
2.50
15.00
8.(1)
.80
8.00
4.00 j
1.50
30. tt) I
12.00 !
40.00
Hr).oo
100.00
2.25
1.00
.50
.15
1.50
.50 ■
.16 I
.30
15.00 i
8.00 ■
4.00 I
6.(»
1.50
4.00
3.20 ,
5.00
2.50
1.50
4.00
15.0t)
22.00
S.OO
6.00
1.(1)
I
.60
1.50
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
50
50
50
«•!
50 ,
50
"I
50
50'
I
:S) :
35 I
25,
40
25
40
40 I
35 '
25
»i
25
35
40
25
26
25
40
40
40
40
25
25
25
$0.01
.015
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFt-S.
215
Imports— Continued.
Unit per-
DRY GOODS OP OTHER CLA88BS— OOntinued.
K.lo...
....do.
....do.
Oarpets:
In general, wool or mixture
Do., do. .cut
Other fibers
Veils: i
Silk or mixture,plaiu or embroidered do
Do., silk for briaes (one in a box), declared do
value.
Do., cotton for the head do
Dremes, unfinisbtMl, in general, to be valued in
aecordanoe with the tariff of the stuff from
which they are made.
MUSICAL INHTRUMENT8.
Concertinaa, in general Dozen.
Insulators for pianos ,
Bows for violins or violoncello ' Each
Hand organs:
Medium do
Pine do
Harmoniums:
Without register do
With register (declared value) do
Melodiums:
Single Dozen....
Double do
Harps:
Common Each
Erard, or other makers, fine do
Fittings for musical instruments, declared value.
Double bases, with pistons and eylind«*r« do
Big drums without fittings do
Boxes or cases:
War do....
Wooden, for violin do
Do., do., for violoncello do
Cylinders for organs do
Citras, declared value.
Clarinets:
War do....
Do., with pistons and cylinders do
Kesrs, in general Percent .
Bugles, with pistons or cylinders Each
Trumpets:
With pistons do....
Fortramways do
Strings:
Steel, for musical instruments Kilo
Do.,ao.,catgut or silk do
Chinese instruments, in general do
Diapasons^ in general Dozen
Bagpipes, m general Set
Banjos, in general do....
Flutes:
One key do...
Five keys do....
Ivory, one key do
Do., do., with more than one key, to add .V) do
cents for each key.
ehn
Wood, system Boehm, Swoni, and Sigler do
Do., do., silver, declared value do
Medium do
Guitars, fine ; do
Mandolins, in general Each
Drumsticks, for drums, in general do
Fifes, in general do
Music, nrinted Kilo
Oboes for instruments i Each
Octavinee:
One key Dozen
Five keys ; EJach
Ivory up to five keys ' do
Boehm system, in general do
Organs, declared value.
Piano fittings, in general Eat^h
Pianos:
Grand ..:
Semigrand
Perpendicular, in general
.do.
.do.
.do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
$0.80
1.50
.60
18.00
2.00
16.00
'"".'5(V
Duty on '
valua- Specific,
tion.
Percent.
85 I.
36 .
25 .
6.00
12. OU I
22.00
.60
1. 20
100.00 1
400.00 I
12.00 '
11.00
8.00
1.60 j
6.00 I
8.00
1.60
7.00 ,
2.00 I
7.00
6.50
.50
7.00
12.00
3.00
20.00
10.00
..50
2.(»
2.00
a^oo
40
40
26
25
*25''
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
I
25
25
25
25
25
25
25I
25
25
25
as'
4.00
16.00 !
5.50 I
.20 I
2.00 i
.80 I
16.00
4.00 ,
1.00
2.00 I
15.00
50.00
500. (K)
150.00
Digitized by
25
25
25 I
25
25
25
25
25
2>
25
25
25
25
25
25
Google
216
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Continned.
Unit per-
MUSICAL msTRUMKNTS— continned.
Cymbals:
Turkish Pair
All other classes do
Drum carriers, in general I Each
Bridpes for string mstmments ' Percent
Kettfedrnms, in gfeneral Each
Baxophonea, in general do...
Comets, with pistons or cylinders J do...
Trombones, with pistons or cylinders I do
Pistons:
On
rdinary...
With cylinders .
Violins, in general do
Violoncello, in general do
HAT WARE.
Brimsfor hats, glued Kilo...
Caps, cloth or lelt, in general do.
Hats and bonnets: |
Cotton, for the sun i Dosen
Ornamented ( fine ) in general for ladies and I do
children.
Do., do., medium ! do
Do., do., ordinary | do
Do., do., cotton or linen, ordinary, for ehil- do
dren.
Do., do., ordinary, adorned with ribbons do
Do., do., medium do
Do., do., with fine lace do
Do., do., merino silk or mixture or quilted do
Do., do., embroidered or adorned do
Caps:
For men or children, velvet or mixture em- do
broidered in silk, gold, or silver.
Do., do., velvet, silk, or mixture do
Do., do., waterproof , linen or cotton do
Do., do., monkey or rabbit skin, including j do
those for children. i
Bonnet or hat shapes:
Wood for hats Each
Do., India rubber ' do
Hats: I
Pelt in general for men or children I Doaen
Do., do., seal or rabbit skin do
Varnished, for coachmen ' do
Tall hats in general ' do
Varnished, for sailors i do .
Panama straw or its imitations for men or
children.
Manila straw or its imitations, up to medium,
for men or children.
Do., do., flue
Italian straw, sewed straw, up to medium,
for men or children.
Do., do., ordinary, without trimmings, in-
cluding borders.
Do., straw, or any other vegetable fiber
Do., cashmere, with sewingH. up to medium,
for men or children.
Do., do., fine
Do., do., cotton
Straw with ornaments, for children
Without finish or bonnet shape, ordinary,
for ladies or children.
Do., do., medium
Do., do., fine, Including felt or silk
Bonnet or hat boxes, leather, cloth
Trimmings foi hats or bonnets
Peaks, in general, for bonnets, caixs, excepting
ivory fronts.
rUKNITUKE.
Furniture, extra fine, with incrustation or gilt,
not specified in this section, declared value.
Sideboards:
Used, declared value.
One or two section up to medium
Do., fine
Do,, three se<'tions
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on I
valua- Specific,
tlon.
$10.00
6.00
l.a)
2.00
8.00
25.00
6.00
8.00
4.00
11.00
7.00
15.00
Percent.
f&
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1.00
8.50
4.00
50.00
25.00
8.00
1.50
4.00
6.(N)
15.00
6.00
15.00 I
40.00
10.00
1.60
4.00
1.00
6.00
7.00
20.00
15.00
40.00
4, a)
eo.oo
10.00
16.00
8.00
4.00
.'i.iO
4.00
8.00
U.(N)
3.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
80.00
60. Of)
125.00
25
60
50
50
t
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50 I
60
60
50;
50
50
50
Ti)
50
.50
50
50
25 I
40
25 !
50
50
60
o$0.35
"l.(0
«.70
ng.OO
a Each.
Digitized by
Google
ODSTOMS TARIFF'S.
217
Imports — Continned.
Unit per-
ruBinTURK—continned. I
I
Benches or stools:
For pianoB, in gefneral Each.
Forfeet Dozen
American do
Anna, wood, for curtains in general do
Kight tables, with wood frame, in general Each .
Bmiard tablee:
Common, withont pockets ♦. do
Any other class do
Bedsteads:
Ordinary, wood, painted, for 1 person do
Do., do., double do
Do., do., for children do
Do., do., any other woods for 1 person do
Do., do., double , do
Do., do., for children do
Caters or cradles, iron I Kilo..
Do., do., brass and iron t do
Do., do., brass do
Coffins in general : Each.
Over mantels in general ' do
Bureaus: I
In general up to medium < do
Do., do., fine i do
Do., do., with writing desk I do
Crowns for beds in general ' do
Work tables: I
In general up to medium ' do
Do., do., fine ! do
Do., with imitations of ivory or metal i do
Cradles:
Wood, painted, up to medium I do
Do., do, gilt do
Do., American ordinary Dozen
Writing desks: I
Wood, painted, for ladies Each.
Do., do., other woods do
Do., rosewood or gilt , do
Do., flue do
Do., cylindrical or revolving, American . .
Chiffoniers:
For dining room or books, in general
Rotary, for books
Do., with doors
Do., high, for music
Shelves or comer brackets:
Medium
Fine
Galleries:
Plain, for curtains, gilt or varnished, with do
or without brackets.
Do., do., carved, with or without brackets do
Suites for bedrooms:
Walnut or ash, ordinary Suite.
Do., do., fine do
Pitch pine, ordinary do
Do., do., fine do
Wash-band stands:
Small, wood, painted or varnished, with or Each .
without marble.
Do., do., any wood do
Up to medium, large .size do
Do., inclusive toilet ware do
Do., do., fine , do
Tables:
Medium do
Fine do
Dining, ordinary do
Do., do., medium do
Do., do, fine do
Do., carving, medium do
Do., do., fine do
Do., center, 4 feet, up to medium do
Do., fine do
Do., 1 foot, without marble, up to medium, do
including tea tables.
Do., fine do
"PcAea for curtains, with brackets and fittings Pair . .
.do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Valua- ' Duty on
tion for ; valna-
duty. ' tion.
$3.00
U.O0 ,
4.00
5.00 '
5.00
150.00
300.00
7.00
10.00
3.00
40.00
60.00 '
12.00
.OH ,
.15
.45
40.00
5»).00 ,
20.00
40.00
a). (10
• 5. (JO
4.00
8.00
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
25
25
Speciflc.
8.00
8. a)
10.00
8.00
15. U)
2»).00
40.(10 I
40.00 I
.50.00
12.00 ;
30.00 I
8.00
10.00 '
20.00
3.00 '
8.00
50.00
100.00
30.00
5(100
3.00
5.00
:<l.00
50. U) '
4.00 '
8.00
10.00 i
25.00
50.(10
20.00
40.00
15.00
:*).oo
8.00
16.00
8.00 .
50
50
50
SO
50
50
50
50
50
60
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
"r
50 '.
50 .
50 I.
50 !
50
50
50 '
I
50
.«!
50
50
5i)
50 !
50 ;
50
50
50 I
50
50
50
50
50
Digitized by
Google
218
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Continued.
Unit per—
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua- Specific,
tion.
FURWiTCBB— continued.
Clothee racks:
Foot, in general, wood, painted
Do., other woods
Do., for wan, wood, with iron hooks, ordinary
Do., medium
Do., fine
Enploards in general
Wardrobes (without looking-glass):
One door, ordinary
One or two doors, up to medium
Do., do., fine
Chairs (North American):
Wood, painted or varnished, with wooden
seat.
Do., wood, painted or varnished, with cane
seat, witn or without arms (excepting
walnut).
Do., walnut
Do., wood, painted or varnished, with cane
seat and back.
Do., medium
Do., automatic, for children, wood, painted
or varnished, with cane seat and back, and
with wheels.
Do., oflSce, with spring and screw, painted or
varnished, with cane seat.
Do., walnut
Chairs from other parts:
Cane seated or skeleton, painted or var-
nished, including rod iniitation or twisted
wood.
Do., fine
Do., giltwood
Do., mahogany, oak, walnut, Jacaranda, up
to medium.
Do., fine
Do., cane back and seat or painted wood,
stamped or varnished, including rod or ■
twisted wood, up to medium.
Do., fine
Do., mahogany, oak, walnut, Jacaranda, up
to medium. i
Do., fine I
Do., with leather backs I
Do., automatic rod imitation, twisted wood, '
for children. I
Do., hammock, cane back and seat, painted
or varnished, including imitations of rod. i
Do., rod imitation, cane and back seat (seat 1
not to exceed ^ centimeters in width ) . i
Do., mahoganv, oak, or walnut, with seat
and cane nacks. i
Do. . folding or traveling in general
Chairs for children— high, low, or hammock
Armchairs:
Rotary, covered with leather
Do.,cAno seat
Sofas or lounges: |
Wood, painted or varnished , skeleton or with
cane. I
Do., mahogany, oak, walnut, or Jacaranda . .
Do., covered with leather !
Do., wood, twisted or imitation rod, with
cane seats.
Do., with cane and back seats, painted,
stamped, or varnished.
Do., three seats in one
Tips (leather) for billiard cues
Billiard cues:
Common, in one or two pieces
Do., fine
Toilet tables, small in general
Towel racks:
Wood, iMiinted
Mahogany, oak, or walnut
.do.
Dozen.
Dozen.
Dozen -
.do.
.do.
Each--
....do.
.do-
do,
do.
.do.
.do-
.....do.
KUo...
Dozen.
do.
Each.-
Percent.
18.00 50
6.00 50
1.00 50
5.00 50
10.00 50
24.0U , 50
15.00
30.00
50.00
4.00
6.00
18.00
10.00
85.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
15.00
25.00
90.00
00.00
70.00
ao.oo
Dozen.
....do.
60.00
15.00
20.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
30.00
35.00 '
5.00 I
7.00 '
12.00
a50 i
8.00 I
20.00
7.00
5.00
15.00
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
60 L
50 .
50
50 '
5(1
50
50
50
50
50
60
50 .
60 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 .
50 ,.
60 .
50 .
50 .
25 |.
26 .
25 ;.
50 !.
50 L
50 I.
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TAB1FF8.
219
Imports — Contmned.
Duty on
valtia-
tion.
Speriflc.
.do.
do.
-do.
-do-
.do.
....do.
....do.
-...do.
-do.
-do.
-do.
-do-
-do.
.do-
-do.
do....
— .-do-..-
Per cent .
Kilo
ntoimoiroERy— NAVAL goods, wood, and
MACHINERY.
Tin openers:
Iron or steel, scissor form
Other clasBBfi or forms
Steel, in bars, plate, or sheet
Steels for sharpening, table use:
With ivory hanmes, fine
Other c]aKiee,np to medium
Needles: for aewlnfc bales, bags, sails, or mat-
trenes.
Inralators:
Glass, grross weight
M nd or delf , from 3 cent! up, without pins. . .
Do, do., uptoSoenti
Wipe (iron or steel not galvanized):
Up to No. 14, inclusiye
Do. from Ko. 15 up, including that cut for
machines.
Wire (iron or steel galvanized):
Up to No. 14, inclusive
Do. from No. 15 up i
Iron or steel twisted or barbed for fences.- ,
Wire (iron or steel, bronzed or coppered):
Any number
Do., in springrs for furniture
Wire (iron or steel, galvanized or nickeled):
Any number, including special wire for book-
binding.
Lead wire, any number
Electric wire:
Cotton or gr^tta-percha covered
Do., silk covered
Oibleor load covered
Sining shutter fasteners:
Iron, without spring
Do., with spring
gipfi, iron, zinc, or wood, for hanging clothes. ..
Pincers, iron or steel
Asbestos:
In sheet
Rope
Do., India rubber or composition
Mortars:
Iron
Marble :
Aluminum, elaborated in any way for domestic
uae. I
Anchors, iron l do
^flhing hooks, in general ; do
rally and tackle, complete, with iron chains I do
Plows: I
Common iron, including I Hpare blade ' Each
Steel or iron, with 1 rake and I extra blade do ,
Do., I rake, fitted on wheels I do ,
Rings, wood for ships' masts Dozen
Sand: I
For building I 1,000 kilos.
Fontainebleau do ,
Frames, wood, for saws I Dozen
Roasting spits, iron, for the camp Each
Rcasting jack, machine or with spring ' do
H^^es, iron or steel, without handle, in general . . . Kilo
Weights and scales:
Decimal system (called counter) less than I Each
15(> kilos of resistance.
Platform, from 160 kilos up ' K.Re
Iron (Roberbal system), including brass Each
plates.
Do., 10 kilos or more resistance, including K. Bo
brass plates.
Marble plate balances. To increase 90 per
cent in the respective classes. I
Baiter's balances Dozen
Do., with dial iron I K.Re
Do., in general, clock form do
Buckets: I
Wood Dozen
Iron or galvanized , Kilo
-do.
-do.
-do.
Each--
do-
Kilo...
.06
.12
.25
.05
.08
.06
.10
.07
.08
.00
.15
.70
2.50
.50
.20
.40
.50
1.20
.10
.45
.60
.17
.30
1.50
.10
.70
8.00
6.00
30.00
2.00
.80
1.50
•2.00
.10
5.00
.15
3.00
.05
1.00
.15
2.50
.016
.08
2.00
.16
25
25
25 I
25 '
25 I
6
I
25
25 I
I
25
25
25 .
25 .
I
25 L
25 .
25 L
25 .
25'.
25 .
25 -
25 .
25 .
25 .
I
25 .
5
5
5
25
25
5
25
25
25
25
25 '
25l
25
25
25 '
25 i
25
25
25
Digitized by
Google
220
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Contmned.
IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continued.
Tiles:
Flooring, Havre, English, or Marseille
Do., roofing
Do., for kilns, W centimeters, by 4 or 5 in
thickness.
Unit per-
Per cent .
Per cent .
Do., glaze.s plain or painted K.Gr..
Do., fancy work do.
Do., more than 25 millimeters in thickness do .
Ornamented for patios, 14 millimeters in do
thickness. I
Do., more than 14 millimeters do
Do., for stables or street i do
Baths: i
Shower, tin Each
Cast iron, in general, with or without utensils do
Augers:
Hand Kilo
Assorted do
Bits do
Twist bits ' Dozen .*....
Braces, iron in general Kilo
Beaters, wire Dozen
Boat hooks, iron, 'without handles Kilo
Anvils: I
Blacksmiths' I do
Silversmiths' do
With hammer, for scythes i do
Hinges: I
Cast or Japanned ! do
French do
Do., with brass pins do
Do., nickeled in general do
Do., steel, with spring .a. .do
Escutcheons for loc-ks:
Wood, sole, or cardl)oard Percent...
Zinc, nickeled, or otherwise Kilo
Bags, hemp, tarred or beeswaxed , or spei^ial for do
coal. 8i)eciflc duty.
Pumps:
Iron, hand v do
Other classes, iron do
Other classes, value brass do
Mate tubes, composition do
Buttons:
Wood, for electric bells Dozen
Do., pear form or other classes do
Charcoal burners:
Iron, Sprongs Kilo
Tin, or ii-on with lid Dozen
Cast iron, for ironers Kilo
Shoemakers' punches, in general, for shoemakers do
Drills, iron, in general do
Lett<*r plates, iron, painted, bronzed, or nickeled do
Rope:
Galvanized wire Kilo
Tarred do
Manila do
Other fibers, untarred do
Handles:
For hatchets, picks, hoes, forks, or spades . . Dozen
For scythes, French or Italian style do
Do., English or North American style do
For hammers, files, or imint brushtw Per cent . . .
Chain:
Iron, in general, not galvanized or tinned Kilo
Do., galvanized ortmned do
Galvanized wire, tinned for blinds or weigh- do
ing machines. ,
Safes: !
Iron do .20
For printers' tyixs Pair 1.50
Boxes: |
Wootl, fitted or loose, for 12 bottles Each .22
Wood, in pieces for fldeos do .15
Do., for cigars K.Gr .25
Other classes and sizes not mentioned do .04
Lime, in general 100 kilos gross — 1.2l)
Spirit lamps: |
With prongs , Dozen 4 . 00
Spirit strives, brussor copper Kilo .5()
Bells, electrit: I Each .50
Digitized by
Valua- I Duty on '
tion for \ valua- Specific,
duty. tion.
$17.00
11.00
100.00
.05 I
.or
.o;^ I
.07 ,
.06
25.00
85.00
.80
2.00
.50
1.50
.25
1.00
.20
.15
.00
.20
.12
.15
.25
.35
1.00
.50
.80
.25
.10
.40
2.00
.40
.80
.05
4.00
.OH
1.20
.07
.:«
.22
.20
.13
.17
1.00
2.00
6.00
3.00
.10
.17
Percent.
25
25
25
»
25
25
50
50
25
25
26
26
25
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
26
s:( 015
26
25
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
28
40
25
25
25
26
25
25
25
25
25
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
Jwpor^s— Continued.
221
laOXMONOERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continued.
Padlocks, iron, japanned or galvanized, includ-
ing tlioee with spring
Candlesticks, brass or zinc
Woodcocks, in general, for barrels
Pipes, tubes, hoses, elbows, and unions:
C. iron up to 75milimeters interior diameter
75 milimeters interior diameter and up
Wrought iron
Gahanized iron
Iron, brass plated
Lead or zinc, washed in antimony or solder.
India rubber, with or without wire or cloth
India rubber in pieces, special for manufac-
turing match boxes
Canvas
Shutter hooks, iron
CapsuleK
Lead, tin or painted, for bottles
Without paint
Coal:
Steam. (See Articles for free introduction.)
For lami»
Coal BCUttlesK
Iron, ordinary
Do., medium or fine
Wheelbarrows
Wood, 1 wheel
Iron, I wheel
Do., 2 wheels
Brushes:
Boot
Iron, for engine tubes —
Horse, hoe-hair or mixture
Horse, ordinary
Scrubbing, hog-hair or mixture, with or
without handle
For paper hangers in general
Planes:
For carpenters
Molding, for carpenters
For forging and grooving, and any other
class ,
Shackles, for anchors
Hoghair:
For shoemakers
For brushes (paint)
Mixture for paint brushes
Vegetable fiber, loose or twisted
Locks:
Iron, for doors, up to medium, with brass or
nickeled front
Do., mortice, fine or combination
Steels ( butcher's ) :
Iron or steel
Emery
^litpins, iron
Chimneys:
Iron. ( See Crooking stoves. )
Other classes, declared value.
Punches, in general
Nails:
Zinc or galvanized
Iron or cast
Do., for horseshoes
Do., with brass heads
per, brass, or yellow metal:
L)ld and broken up
Manufactured into wire, bars, pipes, plates,
ingots, or for soldenng
Manufactured into rings, nails, hooks, han-
dles for doors, rivets, washei-s, or tacks.
Manufactured into other forms, with the
exception of articles for lighting, works of
art, and those specified in other items-
Do., nickelt»d. To increase 30 iwr cent in
their respective values.
(NoTK. The above heading includes ar
tides in which the copper, brass, or yellow
metal represents more than 50 per cent of
the value.)
"""Sfl
Unit per
Kilo.,
.-..do
Dozen
.do.
.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
Gross weight .
E:ach..
....do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Dozen.
....do.
....do.
....do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
...do.
Kilo...
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
Dozen.
do.
Kilo...
.do.
-do.
do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do-
-do.
1.50
.80
.90
.50
.30
.75
3.00
1.50
3.00
4.00
2.30
3.00
.30.
2.50
3.00
20.00
15.00
4.00
.10
8.00
3.00
.60
.08
.80
2.00
3.00
1.00
.15
1.00
.13
.08
.•A)
.20
.40
.50
1.00
25
25 I
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Digitized by
Google
222
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Continned .
Unit per-
Valna-
tlon for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
IRONMONGERY— NAVAL OOOD8, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continued.
Ck)okinK stoves:
Stoves or chimneys of cast iron for wood
burning.
American stoves, kerosene or gas. (See
Spirit lamps.)
Coke ( coal) . ( See Articles of free Introduction, )
Glue pots, for glue
Comi)asse8, iron, for carpenters, with screw or
brass head.
Meters:
Gas
For elet^tric light
Pipe-cutters, in general
Chisels, in general
Knives and forks:
Table, iron, bone, or wood, nailed handles,
including dyed woods, ordinary.
Do., dessert
Table, with handles as above, ebony pear,
deer, buffalo horn, ivory imitation, up to
medium.
Do., dessert
Do., table, fine, excluding ivory or metal
handles.
Do., dessert
Spoons and forks, bronze, including wrappings..
Trowels, masons
Knives:
Ordinary
Wood handle, medium
Fine
Do., fine, excluding ivory handles
Do., ivory handle
Do., for glaziers or painters
Cotters, iron, for railway, tramway, or steamers.
Thimbles, ordinary
Flushing tanks, for water-closets, iron
Candle snuffers, iron
Screw-drivers^ in general
Horse-hoof knives, ordinary, for sheep or horses.
Sleepers, iron, for tramways or railways
Axles:
Patent or half patent, for carriages
Cart
Boats (small), in general, fitted up in pieces up
to 6 tons (declared value).
Mortising chisels, with or without handles
Squares:
Cai-penters
Iron, for blacksmiths
Spurs:
Composition or plated, in general
Do., iron , steel, or soldered
Iron, steel, or nickeled
Squeezers:
For washing machines
For lemons or meat
Solder, in bars or ingots
Fittings, for wood boot lasts
Stretchers, for tannei*s
Waste, cotton or tarred
Nails, m general
Stirrups for saddles:
Ladies'
Cast-iron, ordinary
Iron, in general
Iron, steel or nickel
Composition, brass plated, with or without
craoutchouc.
Indian rubber or caoutchouc hardened
Cases, for awls
Fittings for shutters:
Iron, not painted or varnished
Iron, bronzed, japanned, nickel-handle, or-
dinary
Iron and nickel fittings
Meat coolers or covers for dishes, iron-wire net-
ting.
Kilo...
.....do.
-do.
.do.
Each..
....do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
Dozen.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
....do.
...do.
Kilo...
Cent
do....
do....
do....
Kilo
Dozen
Kilo
Per cent .
Kilo
do....
do....
Dozen
Kilo
Each..
Kilo...
....do.
do.
, Dozen.
I do.
do.
do.
Each..
do.
Kilo...
do.
Gross .
Dozen.
K.Gr..
.....do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
do.
do.
....do.
Dozen pairs.
Dozen
Kilo...
....do.
.do.
.do.
$0.15
.25
.18
.70
7,00
12.00
4.00
.20
.50
1.50
1.20
2.50
1.80
1.00
.00
.004
.008
.02
.04
8.00
1.20
.12
3.00
.12
.90
.60
1.20
.06
8.00
.10
.50
3.00
1.50
2.00
.60
1.00
2.00
.25
.60
.08
3.00
.10
.11
3.00
.20
.25
.80
2.00
8.50
2.00
.07
.12
.30
.40
Percent.
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Free.
25
25
25
Free.
25
25
10
25
25
25
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
223
Imports — Continned.
IBONMOHOEBY— NAVAL OOOD8, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continned.
Pelc
For roofing or ship linings
For boilers
Iron:
In ingota, f or f onndry
In bars or plates, without workmanship
Osst in poets or colnmns (hollow )
Galvanized in sheets or ridging
White, wrought, including painted or ja-
panned, for domestic use.
Do., enameled
Wrought, soldered inside, painted outside,
for kettles and pots.
Cast or wrought, excepting braseros and
8-legged -poia.
Do., enameled
Irons:
For carpenters' benches
All classes of irons for carjienters' planes. . .
Bope 3^am, all kinds
Forges, portable
Bits
Ownp style, with iron mouthpieces soldered.
Do., do., iron or steel, filed up halfway for
mules.
Do., Brazilian style, or those for camp use,
filed.
Do., adorned, composition or brass-plated . .
Mouthpieces, iron or nickel
Do., snecial forms, fine for carriage horses .
Do., plated or bronzed
BeUows:
Kitchen, ordinary •.
Silrersmiths', up to i5centi
Leather, for blacksmiths'
IroUjfor blacksmiths'
Hooks, iron in general, soldered or otherwise,
including those for beds and with staples for
doors.
Blocks:
Wood
Do., iron
India rubber, in sheets
Staples, in general, iron
Shackles, in general
Scythes, without handles
guid guards, iron or galvanized
nre guards. Iron and orass
nana hatchets, axes, and hoes, all classes, with
or without handle.
Buckles and metal articles:
Iron, varnished for harness, in general
Composition, brass, or plated
Horseshoes, in general
Hemp yam, in general
Twine and string:
Cotton, in general
Other fibers
Called wool tying
Thick, spring tying
Special, for reaping machines
Tarred
Billhook, in general
Tin sheets:
Cat or otherwise
Do., pain ted
Pinisned in any form, painted or japanned .
Blades, for tanners' knives
Fire gratee, iron (for native cooking range) .
Hayforks, iron, any class, with or without handles
W. C. pans:
Iron, or enameled iron
^ Earthenware or china
Bricks, bath
Lamps, soldering, any class
PbociIb, carpenters*
Without handles, in general
With handles
Unit per—
K.Gr..
....do.
Kilo...
do.
....do.
...-do.
.....do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Each..
Dozen.
....do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
....do.
Each..
....do.
Kilo...
....do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
-...do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
-...do.
K.Gr.
Kilo...
..-.do.
...do.
....do.
--.do.
....do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
....do.
....do.
Dozen.
KUo...
...do.
-.--do....
-..do...
Per cent .
Dozen
Kilo
.do.
.do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
$0.07
.15
.OSSi
.04
.06
.08
.86
.37
.30
.30
.25
.25
.60
.10
.22
.70
1.50
8.00
5.00
7.00
ao.oo
12.00
L50
6.00
16.00
.22
.15
.90
.20
LOO
.08
.10
.30
.16
.50
.85
.30
2.30
.10
.30
.40
.30
.10
.17
.20
.35
1.50
.08
.12
.36
2.00
.10
.20
.12
.30
2.50
7.00
.55
4.00
.50
Duty on |
valua- Specific,
tion. I
Per cent.
25
25
ii:
26 j.
261.
Digitized by
Google
224
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
/wipor/*— Continued.
Unit per—
IRONMONGERY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continut»d.
Pile©, fine or rasps, all sizes Kilo
Lanterns, declared value.
Knockers for doors, iron do
Keys:
For doors, called English, and all other sizes do
and qaality.
Tinned, for casks do
Blank keys, without finish, for hx-ks , do
Choppers: I
For wood Dozen
For suflfar cane, up to fine do
For kitehenuse do
(NoTB. -In the following items the unit
is by square meter of :J5 millimeters in
thickness.)
Timl>er: i
Oak, in the rough , Scj. meter .
CWiar, in rolls i Kilo
Cedar, in logs Sq. meter .
Do., in boards, not planed do
Hard, South American, in logs. ' do
Do., in biiards, in the rough I do
Do., in rolls i do
Spruce pine, white or pitch, in the rough < do
Do., do., planed do
White pine, Araucaria. Acacia, from South do
America, in the rough. ,
Do., do., planed do
Worked for floring, or called ijarquet do
Coigue, rauble, or iK>plar, in boards in the > do
rough,
o., pla
Do . , in rolls or logs ; do .
Do.
.ned.
.do.
Do., walnut, cheriy, mahogany, maple, teak, I
or Jocaranda, in the rough, in 1 '
Writing, with keys
Do., Hingle, with Ikey
Stationary engines
All spare parts, declared value
Tools for tanners in general
Marble:
White or colored, in plates of 15 to 20 mili
meters thickness. |
Do., of 22 to 70 milimeters in thickness do
Higher thickness than that mentioned ! . . . .do
Each-.
....do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
Valua-
I tion for
I duty.
r
do
_ , boards. |
Poplar, in the rough do
Cherry, oak, or walnut, in the rough do
Do., Jacaranda or mahogany ' — do
Do., rose, ebony, or sandal do
Hard, for fencing, in posts, half posts, or . Each
stumps.
Do., made into racks or masts for shii>s, de-
clared value. i
In spokes, for wheels Percent
In beds, for wheels Each
Prepared for manufacturing brooms i Per cent
Palm posts ' Each
(Note.— Wood wet by salt water is not |
considered damaged.)
landles:
Iron, ordinary, japanned, for trunks and . Kilo
boxes. I
Wrought-iron, filed and soldei*ed, or for shut- , do
ters. I
Iron, nickeled or brass do
Plated or nickel, for coflins do
Fittings for plows Pair
Machinery and spare parts ft)r same:
In general, to 500 kilograms, not specified un-
der other heading, declared value.
Sewing, hand or incases Each
Table, for sewing do
Do., in boxes do
Do., for shoemakers and saddlers do
Wire stretchers Kilo
Wood or iron, for making butter liach
Beajiers without platform ' — do
Hand, wood, for corking bottles Kilo .
Duty on
valua-
tion.
10.05
.50
.80
.50
1.00
3.00
8.00
.70
.007
.30
.50
.38
.50
.005
.35
.60
.25
.35
3.00
.40
.45
.30
1.40
.70
.12
.30
.70
.25
8.00
.86
2.00
.60
.12
.18
.40
.90
.CO
6.00
12.00
50.00
»».00
.30
3.50
.20
35.00
6.00
1,000.00
Square meter .
1.60
2.00
3.JJ0
Specific.
I
I Percent.
I 25
25
25
25
25
16
15]
15 I
15 i
25
25
25
15 '
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
26
26
25
26
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
225
Imports — Continned .
Unit pep-
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
IBOinfOirOKRT— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND
MACH INKRT— continued.
Marble— Continued.
Polished, to be valued 20 per cent more in
their reupective claasee.
Tfles
For fronts of houses
Lammersk. with or without handles
Wood miulets for carria^ wheels
Foees for mines
Tapes in boxes, up to fine from 10 to 80 meters.
Tapes, steel, 1 to2meters
Do., 3 to 20 meters
For surveyors, special
Do., wood, with metal joints :,
Do., bone or whalebone up to 120
Do., ivory up to 1 meter
Do., special for wood measurers
Flax for packinff:
Flax or similar fibers
Do., cotton
India-rubber, or classes not mentioned
Greased (to be valued 20 per cent less in
their respective classes).
Molds, wood, for cigars
Mills:
For grindingr spice, wood or iron, for fam-
ily use.
Fopcoflfee, with or without wheels
Sheaves or blocks:
Square meter.
Each
Kilo
Each
Kilo
Dozen.
....do.
....do.
Each..
Dozen.
.....do.
Kilo...
Each..
KUo...
....do.
....do.
....do.
Each ..
Dozen.
Kilo.
Do., with cylinder
Motors, wind, with pump and frame, excluding
piping.
Lev^s:
Water, fitted in wood
Do., brass
Pots, iron,31eg8, including camp ovens
Lugs, iron, for buckets
Ornaments, for coffins, including iron handles . .
Shovels:
Without handles
With handles
Dust pans, tin, in general
Paper:
Lead or tin
Sand, in general
In cloth or emery, all kinds
Oridirons, iron, ordinary
Bolts:
Wrought-iron, for doors
Mortise and for furniture
Oast-iron, in general
All other special classes, declared value
Paste:
^>edal, for cylinders of printing machines .
Powders, for cleaning metals, including tin
.do.
.do.
-do.
Cent ..
....do.
Kilo...
....do.
....do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Composition metals:
Made into sugar basins, milk jugs, or tea pots.
Made into spoons or forks
Backs, iron, for the wall
Knobs, china or bronze
Weights, iron
Latche
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
In general, including those for furniture ....
Iron, called finger
Metal, with glass or porcelain, for furniture .
Picks or axes, iron or steel
Stones:
Bound, for sharpening
Sharpening, round or square, without stand
Emery, in general 1 do
Oil, for sharpening razors and tools I do
FlsAS, in general , Square meter...
Curb ; Linear measure
Granite blocks for paving i 1,000 kilos
Lithographer's, in general , Kilo
In the rough, for paving ' 1,000 kiloe
.do.
.do.
673a— 03 15
$2.40
8.00
.20
.40
.15
4.00
6.00
25.00
4.00
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
25
25
l.flO
25.00
.80
.15
.35
.40
8.00
.25
.20
.80
.10
.005
.025
.06
.16
.40
.16
.18
.86
.70
.12
.25
.17
.17
.80
.15
.80
.20
.80
.60
.16
.40
.10
.40
.18
.60
.16
.05
.02
.25
.12
2.00
25 I
25
25 1
25
25 ,
25 I
25
25l
25
25
25
25
25
25
2.60
.12
1.00
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226
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Continued.
IRONMONGERY— NAVAI^ GOODS, WOOD, AND
MACHINERY— continued.
Pincera*
For shoemakers
Large, wood, for shoemakers
Jute:
Not elaborated —
In plaits
Plaited, for soles
Staples, iron, any form
Pivots, in general
Slates:
Roofing^ 2 to 3 millimeters in thickness
For biUiard tables, in the rough or finished..
Irons:
Iron, ordinary, for ironing
Do., noUow, American system, for ironing .
Plumb bobs, iron
Lead:
In sheets
In ingots or bars v
Pruning knives, curved (or knives for pruning).
Copying, in general
Wood^ for carpenters.
TT ^J\J\M.% M,\/M. V««« ^rct
All other classes. ( .Se** Machinery . )
Smoothers, for wood, in general
Polntes de Paris, nails (specific duty)
Brads:
Iron, for shoemakers
Bronzed
Currycombs, for horses
Rakes:
For agriculture
Iron, without handle
Wood, with handle
Horse, general
Cutters:
Iron or cast, for plows
Do., or steel
Rivets, iron
Oars, general, for boats
Springs:
For doors
For carriages
For carts
Rails:
Iron or steel, for railways, steam tramways,
horse or electric power.
Do., do., used
Iron well pulleys:
Ordinary . . .
With cylinder.
For blinds
Nutcrackers, iron or nickeled
Wheels:
Small, iron
Do., fitted in brass or iron sockets, for furni-
ture.
For carriages, declared value.
Saws:
Hand
Large or crosscut, without frame
Circular or band
Hand, with frame
Solder, lead, with tin mixture
Boards, for washing
Pans, copper
Tacks:
Wrought iron or ca^t
Porcelain headed
Braces, without bit, for carpenters
Netting:
Iron wire, painted or otherwise
Do., galvanized
Hog hair , for sieves
Pincers:
Carpenter's
Gas
Kitchen tongs
Forks, white metal . (See Spoons. )
Unit per—
KUo . . .
Dozen.
Kilo...
....do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
Square meter.
do
Kilo...
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Dozen.
KUo...
Dozen.
...do.
Kilo...
.do.
.do.
.do.
Each..
Kilo...
Dozen.
E^ach..
KUo
.....do
do
Linear measure
KUo...
do.
do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
do.
do.
do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
Dozen.
Kilo...
.do.
.do.
.do-
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
$0.60
Percent.
25
25
5
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
10
6
25
25
26
25
3.00
.07
.10
.12
.20
.30
.40
3.50
.06
.15
.20
.10
.06
1.00
.12
4.00
2.50
.06
'*'f5."0B5
.10
25
25
.30
.18
8.00
5
25
25
5
5
6
25
25
25
25
26
Free.
26
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
25
28
.30
3.00
20.00
.10
.80
.00
.18
.25
.25
.15
.04
.02
.06
.15
.16
.60
.08
.40
.60
.60
1.10
5.00
.30
LIO
.70
.09
.26
.40
.35
.60
7.00
.30
.80
.10
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
227
Imports — Continued.
IROXMONOKRY— NAVAL GOODS, WOOD, AND
M ACHi N£RY— continued.
Cement, hydranHc or roman
Mold, specnal, for plants
Fireclay
SciSBors
Iron, for cloUi
Shearing
Pniningr
For cntting horns
Types for printing, inclndiniT interlines, rulings,
and cross rulings.
Corkscrews:
Iron, ordinary
Other classes, declared value.
Knobs, for furniture, excepting brass
Tubs:
Iron
Galvanized
Screws, iron, for wood
Bolts:
Iron, with or without nut, including coach
screws.
Galvanized, with washers
Brass or copper
ToTimiqueta, iron, fitted or in pieces
Fitters* bench screws:
Iron, with or without handles for fitters
For carpenter
With wood screw
Spans, iron, for bridges
Traps, in general
Tie-rods, iron, for railways, tramways
Tripods, iron, general
Carving sets, with bone or wood handles
Carving knives in general
Zinc:
In ingots or bars
In sheets
Plain up to No. 4, cut for bottle stoppers
Nickeled or bronzed
Corkscrews, iron, ordinary
Unit per-
I Valua-
tion for
duty.
100 kilos. .
....do....
Percent .
KUo...
do.
do.
Each ..
Kilo...
PBOTI8IONB AND GROCBRS' STOKES.
Oib
In casks or tins, gross weight
Bottled, including the bottles
Otives:
In oil, including wrappings
PIckeled, including glass bottles
Pressed, including wrappings
Peas and b^ns, pressed, prepared
Chestnuts, prepared, including bag
Oats in general, including bag
Sugar:
Refined
Not refined, including bag
Ling or dried cod fish, and other similar fish .. .
Biscniits in general, including wrappings
Coffee:
In grain, including bag
Ground, including bag .
Chicory, in packei
Chicory, loose
Shrimps, dry, including the wrappings
Baw cinnamon in general
Meat, salted in casKS, including these
Com flour in general
Barley:
In general
With shell, including bag
Groats, in seneral, including bag
Chocolate, in paste or i>owder, including the boxes.
Phuns, including wrappings
Cloves, in general
Cocoanuts, from Brazil or Paraguay
ing wrappings.
•ns, lozenges, includ-
Dozen -
Kilo...
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do.
.....do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
.....do.
..-.do.
do.
Sets...
Dozen.
Kilo...
....do.
....do-
do.
Dozen.
Kilo...
do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do-
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
-do-
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.
-do.
$1.30
i.eo
12.00
.30
.80
.50
8.00
.40
.40
.20
.60
.09
.46
.20
3.00
.06
.15
.06
.10
.60
2.00
.09
.20
.16
.30
.20
.10
.06
.10
.05
.08
.06
.14
.30
.13
.24
.10
.10
.50
.30
.20
.20
.10
.02
.04
.60
.16
.24
.12
.25
.20
1.00
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Per cent.
25
25
6
25
25
25
25
25
23
25
25
40
^«,
40
25 ,
25 '
I
25
25
25
10
25
Free.
25
25
25
5
25
Specific.
50
$0.10
.10
.06
.05
.08
.02
.025
.015
.00
.07
.04
.15
.08
.06
.08
.035
.125
.06
.025
.05
.026
.075
.01
.30
.08
.06
.06
.06
.25
Digitized by
Google
228
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
ImporU — Ck)ntinued.
Unit per-
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
Kilo...
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
PROVISIONS AND GROCERS* STOBSS— continued.
Preserved vegetables:
Vegetables in bottles or tins
Any other class, as fish, mushrooms, etc
Meat or other preserves
Corks:
In general, finished
Cut in square blocks, unfinished
Dates:
In tins, up to 2 kilos
In laiver tins
Preserved fruits— sweet or any kind of fruit
Pickles:
In bottles, Including these
All other classes, in barrels or tins
Brooms: I
Com, all classes Dozen
Palm do
Spices, in powder, all kinds, including wrap- | Kilo
pings. I
Farina, including bag I do
Macaroni, all claraes, gross weight ' do
Camp biscuits, common, in bags ; do
Beans, in general ' do
Plour: I
Wheat or com, in bags or barrels, including ' do
these. I
Tapioca | do
Do.,in bags or barrels, including these do
Pigs: I
Dry, up to 2 kilos, including wrappings do
In larger quantities ' do
Eggs, in general do.
Ham, including wrappings do.
..do
..do
-.do
..do
..do
.....do..
.....do..
Gross ..
Kilo....
....do..
.do.
-do.
Petroleum oil, in general. Liter.
Milk, condensed, including tin or bottle Kilo .
Flax . ( See Articles for free inti'oduction. )
Maize. ( See Articles for free introduction. )
Mani, or monkey nuts, including bags
Butter, including tin
Lard, including tin
Honey, in general or refined
Treacle, including wrappings
Mustard:
English, in tins, packets, or bottles
Pi-ench, in tins, packets, or bottles
Playing cards, in general
Nutmeg, including bag
Oysters, including tins
Potatoes:
In general
For seed
Raisins:
In tins up to 2 kilos
In larger quantities
Do., currants
Dry fish, Peje Palo, in bales
Fish, pressed
Cayenne pepper, including wrappings
Pineapples, including wrai>pings
Beans, including bags
Cheese:
Banda Oriental, gross weight
Prom other parte
Salt:
Coarse Hectoliter
Pine, in barrels or in bags, excluding wrap- Kilo
pings. I
In glass bottles, including these do
Sauce, English, in bottles do
Sardines, m oil or sauce, with or without bones, i do
including tins.
Semola, including wrappings ' do
Soups, prepared, including tins or bottles do
'" ' ' ...do
...do
...do
.do.
-do.
do-
.do-
.do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
-do.
Tea, in {jreneral
Dry fruit, in general. Including wrappings
Bacon, including wrappings
Wheat, including bags. (See Articles for free
introduction.)
Truffies, in natural state, including wrappings . .
Verba, elaborated in general, in hide wrappings
or boxes. I
...do
...do
$0.25
.as
.50
1.00
.fiO
.35
.24
.50
.U
1.60
.50
.48
.05
.16
.06
.12
•"i
.20 I
.16
.20 ,
.12
.20 I
.50,
.08
.50
.20!
.16 ,
.12
.30
.25
10.00
.10
.20
.04
Percent.
10.12
.20
.20
Free.
.10
.06
.25
.10
.07
.12
.005
.07
.02
.04
.05
25
Free.
.04
.05
.08
.25
.08
.07
.126
.10
.06
.08
.08
.10
.10
10.00
.06
.04
8.00
.12
.15
.10
.05
.02
.04
.08
.06
.0125
.20
.20
.20
0.01
.02
.15
.0r7
.oe
.20
.15
.20
.75
.04
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Google
CUSTOMS TAKIFF8.
229
Imports — Continned.
Unit per-
Valna-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
ALCOHOLS.
[Specific duties.]
Spirits of wine:
In casks or domijohns, not exceeding 79^
oentisinials.
Bottled, not exceeding 19^ centisimals of 601
miUinoeters to 1 liter.
Absinthe:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 68**
centisimals.
Bottled, not exceeding 68** cen tisimals per liter
Aniseed:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 60<*
centisimals per liter.
Bottled, not exceeding 50<> centisimals
Arrac:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50**
centisimals.
Bottled, not exceeding W* centisimals
Bitters:
In bottles, ''Angostura brand,'' up to 68**
centisimals.
In half bottles, ''Angostura brand,'' up to
68** centisimals.
Bottled, other brands, up to 68** centisimals. .
In casks or demijohns, up to 68**
CaSa:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 79**
centisimals.
Bottled, not exceeding 79** centisimals
Beer:
Bottled
In casks or demijohns
Brandy:
In casks, not exceeding 60** centisimals per
Uter.
Bottled, not exceeding 60** centisimals per
liter.
Grappa, bottled, not exceeding 68** centisimals ..
Gin:
Bottled, "Aromatic," exceeding 50** centisi-
mals per liter.
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50**
centisimalH per liter.
Ginger ale
Kirsch:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 60<* cen-
tisimals per liter.
Bottled, not exceeding 60** centisimals per
Uter.
Pimch, bottled
Befresoos, bottled
Bum:
Im casks or demijohns, not exceeding 60** cen-
tisimals per liter.
Bottled, not exceeding 60** centisimals per
liter.
Soda water
Wine:
In general, in bottles, not exceeding 1 liter . .
Port, Sheriv, Madeira, Rhine, Chateau Mar-
gaux, Lamte, Chateau Tquem, Burgundy,
and other fine wines in casks or demijohns.
Muscatel, Marsala, Nebiolo, Sauteme, Mo-
selle, and sweet wines for dessert, up to me-
dium.
Carlon, Priorato, Seco, Bordeaux ordinary,
Barbera, and other common in casks and
demijohns, and not more than 15** centisi-
mals of alcoholic strength and 50 per cent
dry extract of 100** centisimals, including
sugar.
Vinegar:
Bottied
In casks or demijohns
YermonUi, bottled, in bottles not less than 1 liter.
a Bottle.
Liter. .
Dozen.
Liter..
Dozen.
Liter . .
Dozen.
Liter..
Dozen.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Liter . .
do.
Dozen.
do.
Liter..
do.
Dozen.
do.
.....do.
Liter . .
Dozen.
Liter..
Dozen.
.do.
.do.
Liter
Dozen
Dozen bottles.
Dozen.
Liter . .
.do.
.do.
Dozen.
Liter..
$0.10
4.00
.80
4.00
.16
4.00
80.00
4.00
80.00
15.00
4.00
.35
.16
4.00
1.80
.09
.36
6.00
Percent.
3.00
.10
2.00
.35
6.00
2.50
4.00
.25
6.00
1.60
8.00
.60
.16
.1«
$0.06
a. 26
.28
a. 84
.28
a. 83
.28
a. 88
a. 84
6.27
.27
.29
.20
a. 26
.09
.28
a. 88
.28
.50
a. 10
«.15
a. 83
.40
«.26
.25
.12
.08
<» Half bottle.
Digitized by
Google
230
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — Contmned.
ALCOHOLS— oontinaed.
Whisky:
In casks or demijohns, not exceeding 50^ cen-
tisimals per liter.
Bottled, not exceeding 50* centisimals per
Uter.
DRY GOODS.
[Duties 50, 40, 25, 5, and specific]
Fans:
Qine, palm, orwood frame
Do., Tarnished, with Sonth American pai)er,
any size.
Do., with ornaments
Do., with feathers
Button hooks in general, leather or linen, for
shoes or corsets.
Oil, perfumed, in bottles of 100 grams
Ornaments in general of glass, steel, or metal
Scent, Eau dB Cologne and toilet vinegar
2f eedles:
Sewing, knitting, crochet, with or without
handle.
For sewing machines
Chess:
Wood or bone, up to medium :
Do., do., fine
Albums for photos:
With paper covers
Ornamented with incrustation
Pins:
In packets
Loose, with glass head, safety or metal
DRUGS, PAnnra, OILS, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.
Oil:
[Duties, 40, 25, 10, 5, and specific]
Linseed, boiled or raw
Cocoa or palm
Colza, and similar
Animal or mineral, fine, for machines
In bottles up to 100 grammes
Acids:
Citric, including wrappings
Chloridic, impure
Acetic and nitric
Turpentine, ordinary, including wrappings.
Cotton, for photographers
Tar. gross weight ,
Aniline in general ,
Antimony:
Chloro, crystalized
Oxide, white
Arsenic, yellow, white, or red ,
Sulphur:
Xiumps
Do., powder
Blue:
Ultramarine, ordinary ,
Prussian
Saucu, for coloring wines
Salts of
Sulphate, white, for lithographers
Varnish:
In general
With linseed oil, for lithographers
Pitch, mineral ,
Beeswax:
Yellow, hard
White
Copper:
Filings ,
Sulphate of
Conchinilla in general
Glue:
Fish
Strong
Colodion, for photos
Unit per-
Llter.-
Dozen.
Per cent .
....do....
Dozen.
....do.
KUo...
....do.
Kilo...
Lltr«..
Kilo...
....do.
Set.
.do.
Dozen.
.....do.
Kilo...
.....do-
Kilo...
.....do.
Dozen..
Bottles.
Kilo...
.....do.
do.
.....do.
.....do.
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
....do..
....do..
10 kilos.
Kilo...
....do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Valua-
tion for
duty.
$0.80
4.50
2.00
3.00
70.00
100.00
1.00
4.50
2.00
2.50
1.00
10.00
1.00
4.00
8.00
200.00
.50
.80
.12
.16
.20
.35
.75
.05
.20
.18
.50
.06
.40
LOO
.50
.16
.015
.06
.10
1.00
.80
.80
.01
.50
.90
LOO
.15
.60
4.00
.16
L20
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Percent.
25
25
25
26
25
50
25
50
25
6
25
25
25
25
.25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
5
5
25
25
25
25
10
25
25
10
25
25
25
Specific.
$0.30
a. 30
.10
.04
.10
a Bottle.
Digitized by
Google
CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
231
Imports — Continued.
Unit per-
Valua-
tlon for
duty.
Duty on
valua-
tion.
Specific.
DBcos, PAnrrs, orija, and cHSMiqAii prod-
UCTB— continued.
Coloring matters, for butters or cheese
Chrome in general.
Emerv, gross weight
Specifics in general, for curing scab.
Medium
Solder, muriatic salt
Strychnine and its salts
Sther:
Acetic and nitric
In general
Flion>horus:
Common
Amorfo
Gelatin:
Medium or fine
Collet or similar •.
Olycenn in general
6am:
Arabic, Senegal, white
Copal, shellac, sandroc
Gutta-percha in sheet
Soap:
Oreen, soft, Sapolio and its imitations
Cocoa
Plates (negatiyes):
Dry photographic—
. Size 6 to Set
8ixe9tol«ct
Size 9 to 18 ct
Size 12 to 16 ct
Size 13 to 18 ct
Size 16 to 21 ct
Size 18 to 24 ct
Size 40 to 50 ct
Size 60 to 60 ct
All other sizes to pay in proiportion.
Silver.
In leaves
Nitrate and its salts
Platinum, metallic for capsules
Lead, pure or nitrate of
Potash, bicromat caustic, chlorat, silicat, sul-
phate, including wrappings.
Salt rock
Seeda, alcarabea, corlandro, and linseed
Tobacco, special, for curing animals
Kilo...
...do.
.....do.
....do.
.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Dozen.
— .do.
.....do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Kilo...
do.
Gram .
Kilo...
do.
Kilo...
....do.
Oil:
DRUGS AND PATENT MEDICINB8.
Cod-liver, black and white, all marks, in bot-
tles u]) to 850 grams.
Composition of cod liver, in bottles up to 200
grams.
TOBACCOS, CIGARETTES, AND SNUFF.
[Specific duties.]
Cigars:
With Habana tobacco, looee or wrapped, in
wooden boxes, including these.
With Habana tobacco, loose or wrapped, in
cardboard boxes, including these.
With conmion tobacco (not Habana), loose
or wrapped, in wooden boxes, including
these.
With common tobacco (not Habana), loose
or wrapped, in cardboard boxes, including
Cigarettes, in general
Cake tobacco
Pichua
Snuir. including wrappings
Tobacco:
In leaf or cut, Habana, including wrappings.
In leaf or cut, from other parts, excluding
Paraguay.
In leu or cut, from Paraguay, including
wrappings.
Dozen.
.....do.
Kilo...
....do.
....do.
....do.
$1.00
2.00
.10
.90
25.00
8.00
.80
20.00
2.00
2.50
.60
1.50
.70
.40
.35
.50
.80
2.60
.06
.30
.25
.80
.80
.84
.90
1.40
2.00
11.00
16.00
Percent.
26
25
25
Free.
25
25
»|.
I
25 .
25 .
25 .
25 .
25 .
I
25 .
25 .
«,.
ii:
50.00
.20
.15
.15 25
.15 25
.30 Free.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do..
3.50
3.50
5.00
7.00
1.25
1.80
2.00
.10
1.20
1.50
.60
$1.50
2.25
.60
.75
1.00
.15
.40
.70
.08 .12
Digitized by VjOOQIC
232
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Imports — CJontinned.
Unit per-
Valna- Duty on
tion for , valna-
dnty. j tion.
Specific.
RAW MATBRTAIiS.
[DutieB, 10, 5, and 24 per cent.]
Oils, tar
White lead, inclndinf? wrappings
Cotton, carded or with mixture
Aluminum, sulphate, impure
Ammonia, incvlinders
Antimony, metallic
Asphalte, for paving .
Saffron, including wrappings .
Quicksilver, in general
KUo....
.-..do..
-...do.-
-..-do..
...-do.-
...-do--
10kilo8.
Kilo...
....do..
....do..
.-..do.-
....do..
do..
do..
Sulphur, impure
Tar, in general
Cacao, in grain, including bags .
Caucho. raw
Cocoa, from Brazil or Paraguay
Split cane, fiber \ do
Fiber or wood paste, for manufacturing paper . . | do
(Gelatine, for manufacturing preserved meats .
Grease, for tanners
Worsted yam, in general
Hops, including wrappings
Malt, including wrappings
Nitrate of potash, including wrappings
Cotton wicjc, for candles
Babbit hair, including wrappings
Resin, black
Silk, in hanks or reels
Soda:
Carbonate, salicilat, nitrate, impure
Caustic
EXPORTATION DUTIES.
[Duties 4 per cent and free.]
Oil:
Seal fish, and sheep
Neatsfoot
Bran.
Spirits of wine
Birdseed
Live stock:
Horses and mares
Pigs
Sheep
Mules
Cattle in general
Do. (stall fed) :
Vetches
Horns:
Or horn tips
Sheep, or cutting from horns, in general.
Charcoal, vegetable
Meat:
Frozen beef
Extract
Salted
Sheep, frozen
Bark,for tanning purposes
Barley
Ash , from slaughter yards or bones
Beeswax:
Raw
Prepcured
Horsehair
Cow tails
Hides.
Cow, in general, dry
Do, sal ted
Ass. div or salted
Foal, salted
Do., dry
Sheep or lambs, dirty or washed, in any con-
dition, size, or quality.
Sheep, salted
Deei
Goat or kid
Carpmcho
Otter or hair
do.
....do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
..-.do.
....do.
K.Gr .
Kilo...
K.Gr.
.....do.
100 kilos.
do...
do...
Liter
lOknos..
Each...
do..
.....do-.
do..
dc-
.....do..
....do..
10 kilos.
1,000 kilos.
do
do
lOOklloB.
Kilo
100 kilos.
do...
do.
do.
1,000 kilos.
Kilo
.....do...
lOU kilos.
Kilo
lOU kilos.
.....do...
Each
lOU kilos.
do...
Kilo
.....do...
.... do...
.....do.-.
100 kilos
.....do...
10. oe
.10
.80
.06
.25
.60
.40
20.00
1.00
.015
.02
.20
1.00
.04
.00
.06
.65
.10
.80
.50
.05
.15
.60
2.00
.06
5.00
.08
.05
8.00
12.00
1.80
.06
.40
20.00
10.00
15.00
2.60
80.00
15.00
80.00
.45
80.00
12.00
15.00
6.50
2.00
8.60
5.60
2.00
2.00
9.00
.00
60.00
.30
80.00
15.00
1.60
12.00
18.00
.20
20
.25
.60
4U.00
90.00
Percent.
5
10
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
10
5
5
10
• 5
10
5
5
25
5
5
4
4
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
4
4
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
4
Free.
4
Free.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
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CUSTOMS TARIFFS.
233
Imports — Contmned.
'
Unit per—
Valua-
tion for
duty.
Duty on
Tarna-
tion.
Specific.
KXPORTATiON DUTTES— continiied.
Hide»-Oontinaed.
yimflA , , .
100 kilos
$200.00
100.00
300.00
.50
1.50
8.00
.50
.ao
1 50
2.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
40.00
6.00
1.00
3.00
8.00
.25
8.00
1.50
82.00
25.00
.35
3.60
.40
10.00
13.00
.15
2.00
4.00
16.00
80.00
.30
10.00
6.00
1.20
300
.25
40.00
620.00
40.00
10.00
1.00
.•25
2.00
11.50
4.00
.80
80 00
12.50
2. a)
200.00
.40
.50
.20
50 00
400
3.00
1.50
20.00
10.00
2.20
40.00
50.00
1.30
.10
.12
8.00
Percent.
Ostrich
do
ChTnohfllft .
do
Hog, dry or sitlted . ... ._. .
Each
do
Tiger
do
Swan
Dozen
Vizraoha ... ..,,, ,.
do
Pox or polecat
do
Tanned hidee:
Kivh ..
Free.'
Goat
Dozen
Free.
Kid
z^Ao::::::
Free.
Sheen
do
Free.
pSS^ : : :
do..:.::
Free
Free
Free
Free
4
flkfTM nr nolA Inather
Each
10 kilos
Fruit, freeh
100 kilos
do
fHyce"P, in gnnftr«.l ...
Kilo
Free.
4
*
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Oreaae:
Or potrooil
100 kilos
Margarine, in tins not lees than 50 kilograms.
Gnano:
Natural
10 kilos
1,000 kilos
do
Artificial
B^^nif ,
10 kilos
Floor:
In general
100 kilos
Powdered meat
Knn
Iron, old ...
1,000 kilos
do
$5 00
Bones, in general
4
Free.
4
Free
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
4
Free.
4
Free.
Free
Free.
Free
Free.
Free
Free.
Free.
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Fr^.
Hi^vn, 'nrdlnary
Kilo
Wool, sheep, washed or dirty
10 kilos
VegetableiB^ in general .'.
100 kilos
'''"sasi
.—do ..
Preeerred
do
Timber:
Cedar
Square meter....
rSw kilos
do
Qnebracho
Other clafses
Maixe, in g<*nerftl „ , .
100 kilos
MonVAy lintM
do
Bntterl
K\\n
Metals:
100 kilos
aoSz ::..:..:.:::::.:::::::::::::::":::
Kilo
Silver
do
Lead : :..;:::::::;:::::::..
la) kilos
Honey ;
10 kilos
Straw, in bt^ndlef^ , , ,
Bundle
Potatoes
100 kilos
H^^y, dry . . , . .
1,000 kilos
100 kilos
Kilo
Hair, cow, goat, horse, excluding tails, manes
Pepsin... IT 1 T '
Peptone
100 kilos
Hoofs, cuttings
LOOO kilos
Each
Empty barreui
Feathers, ostrich
100 kilos
Beans
10 kilos.
Posts, Nandubay
Each
Cheese
Kilo . .
Blood.dried
1,000 kilos
lUO kilos
Seed:
OthAf r»liMpiW*a
do
Tobacco in lea res
10 kilos
Oilcake
1,000 kilos
do
Bags,oId
wEeat....:::::::::::: .:::.::::;:.:::::;:::::::::;
100 kilos
Qnts:
Dry
1,000 kilos
do
Salted
Oandlefi, tff^llAW
lOkiloi
^Wines, in general
Liter
Kilo
Yerba'...r.
Zhic.old
100 kilos
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234 ABOEarmiK beptblic.
FREEOfPOSTS.
OW irr>n aDd Ktt^ 1 l.'iCtkikw .... $}"*••
Cork- in Malff« Kiio .:♦»
Live mock in t^o^ruL subject t * vt<«-rinary 4'xaixiiiuitioii
Hand and striae _.
HhipB
HoKarcaiie I'i'kil i* .♦•
rvAlandcharc-icAl l.tMikiius T <•!
Coke - do >-•«;•
Baiifl and •or«H8orie«. for Uyinf? the roads of raOwajH. trunwmTs. and
material for traction pnrpoties of electric tramways.
Dynamite ffjr mining Kilo .25
Hbeepdip« do .^>
Wbeatenand maize fU^ir dc» .i»l
BookA. newspapers, and perit*dicalj*
Linfleed f or Be«Ml Kilo .Hi
Ix>comot2ve8 and tbeir Kpare partf*
Machinery (reaping. thraBbing. mining, maize-ftbelling, sngar-reflning
etc. ) and materiau for pablic aanitary works and water supply.
Ojined money
Immigrants* famitnreand implement!* _.
Warammtmitkin
Oold duKt and grains ,..
Heed potatoes
Silver, in bars and lamps
Blasting powder
Beedwneat Kilo .t>|
NoTK.— Where items have no official vahiation, a declaration of tiieir value is required.
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STAMP LAWS.
235
STAMP LAWS AND DUTIES.
Contracts and obligations — Art No. 2. — All contracts and obliga-
tions subject to a term not exceeding ninety days must be drawn on
stamped paper in accordance with the following table :
NATIONAL.
For terms of more than thirty days.
For each ninety days or fraction.
[Natdonal money.]
From $20 to $100
101
201
301
401
501
601
701
801
dOl
1,001
2,001
8,001
4,001
6,001
6,001
7,001
8,001
9,001
10,001
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000.... -
9,000
10,000... -
15,000 15
15,001 20,000 20
20,001 25,000 25
25,001 30,000 30
30,001 40,000. 40
40,001 50,000 50
50,001 60,000.. 60
60,001 -70,000. 70
70,001 80,000 80
80,001 90,000 90
90,001 100,000 100
From $100,000 upward, 1 per mil,
$1,000 being reckoned the smallest frac-
tion when $100,000 has been reached.
Highest limit of stamp, 1 per cent.
Terms lees than ninety days, half value
of stamp. For obligations in gold the
stamp is paid in paper at legal price of
gold. For obligations at sight, or with
no term fixed, i per cent stamp.
PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES.
Irrespective of term.
For each ninety days or fraction.
[National money.]
From $5to $50 0.05
51 100 0.10
101 150 0.15
151 200 0.20
201 250 -. 0.25
251 300 ---. 0.30
301 350 0.35
351 400 0.40
401 500 0.50
501 600 --. 0.60
601 700 0.70
701 800 0.80
801 900 0.90
901 1,000 1
1,001 2,000- 2
2,001 3,000.... 3
3,001 4,000 4
4,001 5,000. 5
5,001 6,000. 6
6,001 7,000 7
7,001 8,000 8
8,001 9,000 - 9
9,001 10,000 -- 10
10,001 12,000 12
12,001 14,000... 14
14,001 16,000 16
16,001 18,000.... 18
18,001 20,000 20
20,001 24,000 24
24,001 28,000 28
28,001 32,000 32
82,001 36,000 36
36,001 40,000 40
40,001 50,000- 50
50,001 60,000 60
60,001 70,000 70
70,001 80,000- 80
80,001 90,000 90
90,001 100,000..-- 100
From $100,000 upward, 1 per mil,
$1,000 being the smallest fraction reck-
oned when $100,000 has been reached.
Highest stamp limit, 1 per cent. Obli-
gations with no fixed term, i per cent.
Obligations at sight, 1 per mil. For ob-
ligations in gold the stamp is paid in
paper at legal price of gold.
Digitized by VjQOQIC
236 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Deeds of sale or purchase, division of joint properties, donations, or
any other contract for the transfer of real estate shall bear a stamp
of 3 per mil, on the price. When no price is fixed the stamp duty
shall be paid on the basis of the official valuation for the land and
property tax. Divisions of inheritance declared before a notary
public, 3 per mil on the price of assessment for the land tax.
Commercial documents. — Bills of exchange, promissory notes, let-
ters of credit, and payment orders on the exterior are subject to pay
stamp duty at the rate of one-half per mil on the value, the smallest
fraction reckoned being $1,000. Similar instruments drawn in foreign
countries are subject to payment of the same duties prior to their
being negotiated, accepted, paid, or presented before a court of
justice. All deeds, documents, or contracts drawn in the Republic
to be executed in foreign countries shall bear the stamp duties stipu-
lated by law. Private letters or similar documents implying obliga-
tions are liable to pay the corresponding stamp duties before being
presented to a court of justice. Certificates and gold checks circu-
lated by private banks shall bear a stamp equal to 1 per mil of
their value. Checks, receipts, and vouchers bear a stamp of 5 cents
from $20 upward. All documents, petitions, tenders, proposals for
public works, deposit of shipping papers, transfers, liquidations, etc.,
to be presented before any court, judicial, maritime, administrative,
or other, must carry stamps, varying from 20 cents to $1,000. Con-
tracts for formation of all companies or associations bear stamps of 1
per cent on the amount of the nominal capital.
Commercial registratioiis, — In the month of January of each year all
exporting and importing houses and customs agents must present to
the administration a petition for the registration of their respective
firms, such petition bearing a stamp of $1 national money.
Stock Exchange, — All liquidations and operations for a term in the
Stock Exchange are liable to the following stamp duties:
Liquidations np to $80,000 '-. $6
Liquidations from $30,000 to $100,000 15
Liquidations from $100,000 upward 30
The liquidator of the exchange is liable to the jjenalty imposed by
the law in the case of omission to pay stamp duties.
LICENSE LAW.
There are 50 classes of licenses varying. in the amount payable
annually from $5 to $60,000 per annum. Among these are:
Banks - $7, 000 to $60, 000
Cooi)erative societies 3,000 4,000
Mortgage banks, etc 500 4,000
Money changers 150 800
Gas companies ..- ..- 10,000 30,000
Electric-light companies 500 1,000
Transport companies (carts) 100 800
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STAMP LAWS AND DUTIES. 237
ImpcnteTs and exporters (either) _ $200 to $5, 000
Importers and exporters (together) 500 6, 000
Importers of jewelry 500 2, 000
Exporters of bullion 5,000 20,000
Joint stock companies ..* 500 5,000
Wholesale merchants _ 150 8,000
Retail merchants 20 2,000
Bnsiness houses of all classes pay a license the same as pedlars.
Shipping licenses. — All coasting ships pay annual licenses (from
10 to 500 tons) of $5 up to $500; above 500 tons, $10 for every next
500 tons or fraction of 500 tons. National steamers registered, 25 per
cent of tariff. All ships in port service pay licenses of from $3 to
$100. Ocean steamers up to 500 tons, $25 annually; over ^00 tons,
$55 annually.
INTERNAL TAX LAW.
Wiiies. — Home and foreign, from 2 cents per liter to 14 cents.
Cigarettes. — A packet from 3 to 25 cents, the sale price being from
10 cents to $1.25.
Cigars. — A packet, each cigar from 1 to 25 cents, the price being 5
cents to $1.25.
Tohaeco. — $1 to $8 per kilo, the price being from $3 to $24.
Beer. — Home and foreign, in casks, 5 cents per liter; in bottles, from
2 to 5 cents.
Matches, — Every box containing not more than 7 dozens of matches,
1 cent.
Playing cards. — Per gross, $40, imported; $20, homemade.
LAND AND PROPERTY TAX LAW.
Land and property : Five per mil on the valuation made for the
year 1896.
INSURANCE.
Internal tax law. — The following are the taxes, licenses, and stamps
payable by insurance companies and the amounts to be invested by
the different classes of companies:
Foreign companies:
All risks 7 per cent on premimn.
Life 2 per cent on preminm.
On agricnlture No tax.
Native companies:
All risks - 1. 40 per cent on preminm.
Life I per cent on premium.
On agricnlture No tax.
Insurance li-cense law. — Foreign companies, one risk, licenses i)er
annum from $3,000 to $6,000; for each further risk, half the license.
Native companies, one risk, $2,000 per annum; for each further risk,
half the license.
Deposits. — Foreign companies todeposit with the Banco de la Naci6n
or Caja de Conversi6n: Fire, $300,000 in national bonds; other risks,
Digitized by Vji^l^V IC
238 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
$150,000 in national bonds; if other risks, in addition, $100,000 for
each.
Insurance sfumj) law, — All policies of foreign or home companies
shall bear a stamp equal to 5 cents per $1,000 or fraction of $1,000 up
to $20,000; and above, 25 cents for every succeeding $5,000 or fraction
of same.
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS BETW^EBN ARGENTINA AND OTHER
COUNTRIES.*
Ciusfom.s, — Belgium: Convention signed July 5, 1800.
AlJkince, — Brazil and Uruguay: Treaty signed May 1, 1865.
Friendships peace^ commerce^ and navigation, — Germany: Treaty
signed September 10, 1 857 ; exchanged June 3, 1850. Belgium : lYeaty
signed July 10, 1868. Bolivia: Treaty signed July 0, 1868; exchanged
Septeml)er 24, 1869. Brazil: Treaty signed March 7, 1856; exchanged
June 25, 1856; convention signed November 20, 1857; exchanged July
20, 1858; supplementary treaty signed January 2, 1859. Chile:
Treaty signed August 30, 1855; exchanged April 29, 1856. Spain:
Treaty signed September 21, 1863; exchanged June 21, 1864. United
States: Treaty signed July 10, 1853; exchanged December 20, 1854;
treaty signed July 27, 1853; exchanged December 20, 1854. France:
Treaty signed July 10, 1853; exchanged September 21, 1854; conven-
tion signed August 10, 1802; exchanged May 31, 1893. Great Britain;
Treaty signed February 2, 1825; exchanged May 12, 1825; treaty
signed July 10, 1853; exchanged March 11, 1854. Paraguay: Treaty
signed February 3, 1876; exchanged September 13, 1876. Peru:
Treaty signed March 0, 1874; exchanged December 20, 1875. Uru-
guay: Treaty signed January 2, 1859; exchanged November 13, 1891.
Sweden and Norway: Treaty signed July 17, 1885; exchanged Jan-
uary 14, 1806. Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay: Treaty signed February
12, 1889.
Arbitration, — Brazil: Treaty signed September 7, 1889; exchanged
November 4, 1880. Chile : Convention signed April 17, 1896; approved
April 27, 1806; convention signed November 2 and 25, 1898, January
11, 1899; convention signed March 21-24, 1899. Paraguay: Treaty
signed February 3, 1876; exchanged September 13, 1876.
Armaments. — Brazil: Protocol signed February 25, 1864.
Gauging of ships. — Sweden and Norway: Convention signed Octo-
ber 8, 1878; exchanged October 10, 1881.
Submarine cables. — France: Convention signed March 14, 1884.
Maintenance of roads. — Chile; convention signed February 8, 1894,
exchanged November 20, 1894.
Cartas rogatorias. — Brazil; convention signed February 14, 1880.
Ceremonials. — Uruguay, 1880.
Consular conventions. — Italy; signed December28, 1885, exchanged
«Tratado8, etc. de la Rep. Argentina. Vol. 11.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS. 239
April 17, 1896. Paraguay; signed March 14, 1877, exchanged Febru-
ary 1 9, 1878. Peru ; signed May 5, 1874, exchanged December 30, 1878.
Portugal; signed December 24, 1878, exchanged January 24, 1883.
War medals, — Brazil; protocol signed May 13, 1888. Uruguay;
January 5, 1891.
Postal, — Chile; convention January 12, 1898. United States; Janu-
ary 19, 1899. Great Britain; convention signed June 28, 1889, approved
July 3, 1889; additional article signed November 12, 1895. Para-
guay; convention signed September 15, 1892, exchanged September 24,
1896. Peru; convention August 11, 1900.
Genera convention, — Switzerland; signed August 22, 1804.
Civil rights. — Paraguay-Peru -Uruguay; treaty February 12, 1889.
Validity of legal process, — Uruguay; treaty February 1 8, 1889.
Desertion by seamen, — Brazil; protocol March 7, 1856. United
States; article signed June 23, 1884, approved July 16, 1885; addi-
tional clause August 12, 1886.
Exemptions from duties, — Uruguay; protocol signed May 14, 1892.
Extradition, — Belgium; convention signed August 12, 1886, ex-
changed November 30, 1887. Chile; protocol signed March 15, 1894,
approved July 15, 1894. Spain ; treaty signed March 7, 1881, exchanged
October 21, 1882. United States; treaty signed September 26, 1896,
exchanged June 2, 1900. Great Britain ; treaty signed May 22, 1889,
protocol December 12, 1890, exchanged December 15, 1893. Italy;
treaty signed June 16, 1886, exchanged November 14, 1900. Nether-
lands; treaty signed September 7, 1893, exchanged December 16, 1897.
Paraguay; treaty signed January 23, 1889. Per6; treaty signed Jan-
uary 23, 1889. Uruguay; treaty signed January 23, 1889.
Railways, — Chile; convention signed October 27, 1887, exchanged
January 2, 1888. Bolivia ; convention signed June 30, 1894, exchanged
December 14, 1895.
Railway freights, — Bolivia; May 12, 1895.
Military garrisons on frontiers, — Brazil; protocol signed April 29,
1884, approved May 13, 1884.
Import and export of live stock, — Uruguay; convention October 23,
1899.
Recognition of independence, — Portugal, 1821; United States, 1822;
Great Britain, 1823; Italy, 1837; Denmark, 1841; Germany, 1843
(city of Hamburg, 1844; Prussia, 1844); Sweden and Norway, 1846;
Spain, 1863.
Territorial limits, — Bolivia; treaty signed May 10, 1889, approved
November 12, 1891, exchanged March 10, 1893; protocol June 26, 1894.
Brazil; treaty signed September 28, 1885, exchanged March 4, 1886;
treaty signed September 7, 1889, exchanged November 4, 1889; deci-
sion by United States President re arbitration February 5, 1895;
protocol signed August 9, 1895, approved September 7, 1895; protocol
signed October 1, 1898, approved October 11, 1899; treaty signed
October 6, 1898, exchanged May 26, 1900; convention signed October
Digitized by Vj^^l^V IC
240 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
6, 1898, exchanged May 26, 1900; convention signed August 2, 1900,
approved August 16, 1900. Chile; treaty signed July 23, 1881,
exchanged October 22, 1881; convention signed August 20, 1888,
exchanged January 11, 1890; additional protocol signed May 1, 1893.
Paraguay ; treaty signed Febi-uary 3, 1876,exchanged September 13, 187G.
Naturalization,— Sweden and Norway; signed June 17, 1885,
exchanged January 14, 1896.
Weights and measures. — France; convention signed May 20, 1875.
Copyright, — Adhesion to by Paraguay-Per6-Uruguay; treaty signed
January 11, 1889. Spain; January 11, 1889, exchanged January 30,
1900. France; January 11, 1889, exchanged May 3, 1896. Italy;
January 11, 1889, exchanged April 18, 1900.
Trade-marks, — Denmark; signed January 9, 1883, approved August
12, 1884. Peru-Paraguay-Uruguay; treaty signed January 16, 1889.
Patents. — Paraguay-Per6-Uruguay; treaty signed January 6, 1889.
Zdberal professions, — Paraguay-Peru-Uruguay; convention signed
February 4, 1889.
Exchange of publications, — Bolivia; convention signed May 25,
1886, approved June 28, 1886. Chile; convention signed February
8, 1894, approved June 5, 1894. Spain; convention June 20, 1884.
United States; 1895. Italy; signed December 2, 1876, and June 20,
1885, approved July 28, 1885.
Intestate estate. — Spain; July 17, 1869. France; protocol February
26, 1889.
Telegraphs. — Russia; convention 1896. Uruguay; convention
signed January 3, 1883, approved August 28, 1883, exchanged Novem-
ber 24, 1883.
Treatment of most favored naiion, — Italy; signed June 1, 1894,
exchanged February 28, 1896.
To the list of treaties and conventions enumerated above, the com-
pact which was signed in Santiago by the respective representatives
of the Argentine and Chilean Governments on May 28, 1902, with a
view to a pacific solution of the many vexed questions which not only
had endangered peace in South America for years past, but had also
led both Repbulics into serioMs political and financial excesses, calls
for special mention. Subject to certain points in the agreement, the
four documents providing for the settlement may be said to consti-
tute a treaty of arbitration. The first is a political convention con-
taining declarations of the international policy of the two Republics;
the second is an agreement for the reduction of naval forces; the
third a joint undertaking to submit to arbitration all disputes that
may hereafter arise between the two nations; and the fourth for the
demarcation of the boundary limits to be carried out by engineers to
be appointed by the British Government.^
« Treaties of arbitration have been entered into with Paraguay, Umguay, and
Bolivia since the above list was printed.
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CHAPTER X.
FnrAKCIAI. ORGANIZATION— BEVENTXES, BUDOET LAW, DEBTS.
FINANCE.
About three- fourths of the revenue of the State is derived from
customs dues. Each province and municipality levies also special
taxes. The administration of the Territories is paid by the Central
government.
TTre rer^enne and expenditure of the National Oovemnient since 1S70 for successive
periods of five years.
Year.
Revenues.
Expenditures.
Gold. Paper.
Gold.
Paper.
1870-1874
1 t&] M7U Tsa
$127,878,149
1875-1879
1-- -168
IS 22
SB 01
2S 01
S 60
S ill
6;. «3
4:^74;.:il4
114,011,947
214,579,190
1880-1884
1885-1889
858 234 796
1890-1804 .. .
$61,961,896
29,805,651
82, 0958, 072
80,466,822
83,878,267
183,631,381
24,165,329
16,942,901
29,214,764
324,181,768
83.«fi 887
1895
1896
82,003,726
1897
98,427,602
1898
Revenue of the Argentine Republic^ 188S-1901,o,
Year.
Pre-
mium on
gold.
Average
value of
£in
paper.
Paper rev-
enue.
1888..
Percent.
At par.
At par.
*148
141
188
150
197
253
277
229
224
257
250
195
190
157
124
127
127
$5.00
5.00
12.25
12.15
12.00
12.60
14.96
17.80
19.00
16.58
16.32
17.86
17.50
14.86
14.61
12.95
11.29
11.44
U.44
$80,050,000
1884
37,724,000
1885
34,416,000
1886
42,250,000
1887
51,582,000
51,640,000
72,90C^,000
73,1.50,000
1888
1889
1890
1891
73.557,000
1892
108,757,000
1898
99,:)83,000
1894
24,863,563
28,958,460
1896
1896
84,237,000
1897
61,088,008
1896
116 f^^ 11?
1899
61.419,990
1900
62,045,468
1901 . .
62,841,806
a Report of Foreign Bondholders, London, 1901-2.
573a— 03 16
241
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242
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Budget for 1899,
Paper.
Gold.
Congress J $2,589,080.00 !
' • 13,796,426.0)
1,166,660.00 ,
8,123,340.00
10,831,218.12
12,168,302.40 '
16,904,852.00
18,508,390.72 I
1,689,380.00
6,604.344.00 '
4,914,355.68 ,
Interior.
Foreign Aflfairs
Finance
Public debt.-
Justice and Educ4ition .
War
Marine
Agriculture
Public Works
Pension list -
Extraordinary 8,887,230.20 |
$2»>,34l.a0
2i,'308;33i.'e6
4,850.900.00
Total 101,186,479.12 26,453,9«.86
The revenue is placed at $42,133,292. 18, which, at 200, amounts to. . $84, 266, 584. 36
Paper receipts - 67,972,000.00
Total-.
Expenditure .
152,288,534.86
154, 043, 424. ?4
Deficit - ..-- : 1,804,840.48
BUDGET LAW FOR 1902.
The budget law of the Republic was enacted by Congress on Janu-
ary 29, 1902, and promulgated by the President on the following day.
This measure reads as follows:
*'The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Nation,
assembled in Congress, etc., sanction with the force of law —
"Article 1. The general budget of expenses of the administra-
tion for the financial year 1902 is fixed at $33,027,233.26 gold and
$102,943,692.66 currency, distributed as follows:
Ordinal^ budget.
Expenses.
Coneress
Ministry of the Interior
Ministry of Foreijrn Affairs and Worship .
Ministry of Finance
Public debt
Ministry of Justice and Education
Ministry of War
Ministry of Marino
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Public Works
Pensions , etc
Extraordinary expenditures
Total .
Gold.
I3H7, 141.30
*23,984,"i23.5i'
11,46S.40
12,000.00
aoo.ooo.oo
8,33S,486.1i>
3:3,027,223.36
Paper.
$2, 558, 18a 00
14,000,481.84
1,360,840.00
7,857,631.83
13,098,810.13
13,089,009.34
18,001,580.76
11,083,284.00
2,001,960.00
11.3fS3,086.00
6,500,748.88
3,645,000.00
103,943,698.66
'*Art. 2. The expenses established in the ordinary budget shall be
covered by the following resources :
GOLD.
Import dnties - - $33,000,000
Exportduties 3,800,000
Storage and lighterage . 1,300,000
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BUDGET LAW. 243
Lights and buoys : $210,000
Sanitary visits 35,000
Ports, moles, and docks 1, 000, 000
Cranes 220,000
Consular dues 130, 000
Statistics and stamps 800, 000
Contingencies and fines 30, 000
Service of bonds 1,832,008
Service of debt of the Province of Bnenos Aires 1, 537, 650
Service of debt of the Province of Entre Rf os 50, 000
Service of debt of the Province of Santa F^ 220, 457
National bank . . 348, 232
Total .- 48,013,347
PAPER.
Alcohol .- 13,000,000
Tobacco- 11,500,000
Natural wines 3 , 700 , 000
Sugar 3,000,000
Matches 1,900,000
Beer 1,300,000
Insurance companiejj. 350, 000
Cards 110,000
Artificial liquors 150,000
Sanitary works 5,500,000
Land tax 2,000,000
Licenses 2,000,000
Stamps. - 6,700,000
Traction. 170,000
Post-office ^--- -- 4,000,000
Telegraphs .--.*. 1,300,000
**Yerbales" 40,000
Leases of land 500,000
Leases and sales of lands — payments due 500, 000
Contingencies and fines 780, 000
Railways 4,100,000
Registry of property 40, 000
Registry of mortgages 15, 000
Registry of embargoes 15, 000
National-bank service 420,000
Province of C6rdoba '. 200, 000
Matriculation and examination fees _ 100, 000
Total - 63,390,000
"Art. 3. The extraordinary expenses shall be covered by the fol-
lowing resources:
" Five per cent of the additional duty on imports during a year
(Law No. 3871), $4,400,000 gold; sale of bonds of the Law of 1891,
♦9,500,000 gold; total, $13,900,000.
*'Art. 4. The service of the bonds delivered to the Bank of the
Nation by the National Bank in payment of the judicial deposits is
fixed at 3 i)er cent interest and 10 per cent amortization, and that of
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244 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
the bonds delivered by the National Bank to the Conversion OflBce,
in payment of the popular loan, at 6 per cent and 2 per cent amorti-
zation.
"Art. 5. Imported merchandise subject to 10 per cent or more duty
shall pay an additional 2 per cent on the value.
**Art. G. The Executive Power may exempt the subproducts of the
saladeros and extracts at meat factories from export duties during
1902.
**Art. 7. All merchandise subject to import duties shall also pay
an additional 5 per cent.
''Art. 8. The salaries and expenses of the University of the Capital
shall be paid out of its receipts.
"Art. 9. During 1902 a deduction of 5 per cent shall be made from
all civil-service salaries and pensions, including those of the masters
and pensioners of the National Council of Education, and the sums
deducted shall be deposited in the Bank of the Nation.
"Art. 10. The sum of $30,000 shall be deducted from the amount
to which each of the provinces is entitled out of the proceeds of the
National Lottery, in order to pay the respective subventions mentioned
in section 8 of the Annex C. As to the Provinces of Corrientes,
Salta, Jujuy, Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, Santiago del Estero, San
Luis, and San Juan, the amount deducted shall be divided equally
between the said subventions and the works referred to in Law No.
3967.
"Art. 11. Two special drawings of $150,000 each shall be made in
the lottery, and out of the first shall be paid 10 per cent for a Casa de
Aislamiento in Santa F6, 20 per cent to the Society of Beneficencia of
the Capital for the Sanatorium, * Siglo XIX,' and 70 per cent to the
Argentine League against Tuberculosis for the construction of a san-
atorium for poor persons suffering from that disease. The proceeds
of the second drawing shall be delivered to the Asociacion Nadonal
de Ejercicios Fisicos and to the Club de Oimnasia y Esgrima,
"Art. 12. The resources in gold referred to in article 2 shall be paid
in gold or in legal currency money at the rate of the day.
"Art. 13. The members of the civil service, with at least ten years'
service, who may lose their employment by virtue of this law, shall
receive a single donation of two months' pay."
A decree of the National Executive, after referring to articles 7 and
12 of the above law, makes the following provisions;
"Article 1. The additional duty of 5 i)er cent shall be made effect-
ive from the 1st of February next (1902), inclusive.
"Art. 2. The rate of 235 per cent for the payment in pai)er money of
the duties in gold is fixed from the 1st of February next (1902) and
until further orders of the Ministry of Finance.
"Art. 3. The new rate which may be fixed shall be communicated
by the Under Secretary of Finance to the respective collecting offices."
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BUDGET LAW.
245
BUDGET FOR 190S.
The "Review of the River Plate" of December 12, 1902, publishes
the Budget of the Argentine Republic for 1903, which stands as follows:
Gold.
Foreign Affairs $314,181
Debt 31,116,619
Navy :.... 11,462
Agricnltnre 12, 000
Public Works 1,300,000
Paper.
Congreas . - 2,617,000
Interior 14,561,000
Foreign Affairs ... 1, 241, COO
Finance.- 7,785,000
Debt - 12,060,000
Education 13,100,000
Army 14,998,000
Navy -.-- .- - --- 9,194,000
Agriculture .- .-. 2,834,000
Public Works * 9,905,000
Pensions 5,555,000
Estimated receiptSy 190S,
Imports
Exports
Storage and lighterage
Light-nouses
Sanitary inspec tion
Porta, wharves, and doclw
Consolar fees, stamps, fines, etc
Bents and amortization of bonds
Province of Buenos Ayres (public debt ) .
Province of Entre Rios
Province of San te Pe
National bank
Alcohols
Tobacco.
Domestic wines .
Sugar
Matches
Insurance
Playing caros
Artificial beverages .
Sanitation works —
Territorial taxes
Patents.
Sealed paper
Traction
Post-office
Telegranhs
Pastarelands
Sale and lease of lands
Fines, etc
Railways
Right of r egistration* etc
Income from bonds (law 2782) .
ProYlnoe of Cordoba
Gold.
n
Total 46,021,839 63,ed0,000
000,000
000,000
300,000
210,000
40,000
850,000
810,000
485,000
637,660
129,000 I
220,467
348,232 I
National
currency.
$i3,ono,ooo
11,000,(1)0
3,700,(11)
8,000.000
2,200,000
l,300,aM)
850,000
100,000
50, DM)
5, 500. aw
2,000,000
2,000,0IM)
6,600.000
180,000
4,1(X),000
1,350, UK)
60,000
1,600,000
510,000
4,450,a)0
100,000
420,000
200,000
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246
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
DEBT.
The debt of the Argentine Republic is shown in the following table :
Date.
Internal debt | Internal
(national cur- 1 debt (gold
rency). 1 currency).
External debt
(gold cnr-
rency).
December 81, 18(15.:
46,181,474.26
45,838,067.00
189,296,600
189,162,600
189,096,500
199,244,518.88
December 31, 1896
216,757,443.00
December 31, 1897
December 81, 1898
46,768,087.00
233,288,444.00
The latest unofficial figures (November, 1889) give the following:
Gold.
Paper.
Intemaldebt ! |18,304,200 i $109,646,604
External debt 875,858.218'
Total ! 894,157,413 I 109,646,604
Gold at 285 i 926,269,920
Floating debt I | 97,194,665
Total ! 1,188,111,180
The service of the foreign debt amounts to $21,547,579 gold and
went into force in 1901. The actual service is $16,537,419.
ADVANCE PAYMENT OF INDEBTEDNESS.
On February 21, 1902, the Argentine Government remitted to its
financial agent in London the sum of £2,750,000 (113,382,875 United
States currency) in payment of all debts contracted by the Govern-
ment up to July 1, 1902. The fact of this large sum being forwarded
so much in advance of the date on which it is to be paid is the highest
proof of the splendid financial condition of the Republic.
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NATIONAL DEBT.
247
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248
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
NATIONAL INTERNAL DEBT
[Argentine Yearbook, 1902.]
Paper.
Amount
Isemed.
Ontstandi]
I Dec. 31, 191
Annual
aervioe.
Law No. 1100, Sept, li, 1?*1 . . .
Law No. 1418, June Hi), l!i^. . .
Law No. 2841, Oct. 16, iKVil ...
Law No. 2788, Jtitie iSl 1^91...
Law No. 80W, Jan. 5, Ikh ....
Law No. 8490, Auj<. T, IKiir....
Law No. 3866, Nov. m. I^OT. ..
Law No. 3888, Jan. Vh. m\S . ..
Law No. 8684, May 17, 1h<.i8 . ..
Total (national money)
GOLD.
Law No. 2216, Nov. 3, 1897....
Law No. 2842, Oct. 29, 1891....
Total (gold)
$1,068,232.06
1,191,400.00
15,000,000.00
88,016,700.00
19,304,800.00
7,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
46,818,100.00
133,864,232.06
186,288.60
^,800.00
12,006,100.00
16,420,400.00
12,528,400.00
4,666,100.00
5,807,300.00
38,756,600.00
89,610,963.50
196,882,600.00
1,704,531.25 I
3,268,000.00
1,514,531.85
198,587,131.25 1 4,788,581.25
102,000.10
120,000.00
l,Q60.00aOO
8,405,336.00
2,664,000.00
840,000.00
360,000.00
4,581,810.00
12,083,146.10
208,760.00
60,454.00
264,204.00
MUNICIPAL DEBTS.
BXTKRNAL OOLD STERLING
Law No. 2318, Sept. 22, 1888
INTERNAL PAPER.
Law No. 1267, Oct. 30, 1882
Law No. 1569, Oct. 31, 1884
Law No. 2874, Nov. 22, 1891
Law No. 3465, Jan. 80, J897
Total (national money)
£ a. d.
1,984,120
£ 8. d.
1,655,660
$4^291,700.00
10,000,000.00
25,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
44,291,700.00
$3,367,668.88
7,997,300.00
19,263,800.00
4,647,100.00
35,265,868.88
£ 8. d.
110,159 17 9
$310,488.60
700,000.00
1,750,000.00
360,000.00
3,110,433.60
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CHAPTER XI.
BAVXnrG AlTD CT7BBENCY— BANKS AND FINANCIAL TBUSTS—
INST7BANCE COMPANIES.
BANKING.
Laws on hanking. — The laws and regulations relating to banking
in Argentina are principally governed by various sections in the com-
mercial code. Section 5 deals with letters of credit, section 7 with
loans and interest, section 8 with deposits, sections 10 and 11 with
contracts, bills of exchange, promissory notes, etc., and sections 12
and 13 with current accounts and checks.
CONVERSION LAW.
Paper currency, — Owing to the heavy fall in the price of gold dur-
ing the month of November, 1898, and in the latter half of 1899 it was
thought desirable to establish a law to prevent a further fall in the
premium on gold and to maintain the value of the national paper cur-
rency. For this purpose law No. 3871, known as the "conversion
law," was voted by Congress on October 31, 1899. The main pro-
visions of the law were: (1) That the total issue of paper money
should be convertible into gold at the rate of 44 cents for each 100
cents paper, thus fixing the minimum official value of $227.27 national
money for each $100 gold; (2) that the executive power should deter-
mine the time at which such conversion should take effect; (3) that a
conversion fund should be formed exclusively for the guarantee of
the paper currency; (4) that certain specified resources should be
appropriated to the establishment of the said fund, these being (a) the
5 per cent additional duties on all imports, (fe) the profits earned by
the Banco de la Naci6n, (c) the product of the liquidation of the
Banco Nacional (not yet completed), {d) the price realized by the sale
of the Andine Railway, {e) the amount of $6,907,650 gold in national
cedulas, the property of the Government and at present deposited in
London, and •(/) such other assets or resources as may be annually
set aside for the same purpose. It was also enacted that the "Caja
de Conver8i6n " should be authorized to issue the necessary number
of notes to effect the exchange of $1 paper for each 44 cents gold
deposited, and also to return an equal sura in gold, at the rate fixed,
in exchange for paper presented.
Qold quotations. — Up to the month of March, 1900, the gold quota-
249
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250
ARGENTINE REPOBLIC.
tions remained at about the price of the official limit, but siftce that
period the price has risen considerably and rendered it impossible for
the '* Caja de Conversion " to effect further operations in the matter of
exchange. In 1901 the budget law for 1902, and subseq-uently law No.
4056 of January, 1902, authorized the Government to dispose of the
conversion fund for the payment of debts incurred by the purchase of
war material, etc. The essential objects of the conversion law, viz,
the conversion of paper into gold and the existence of the reserve gold
fund, are therefore not being carried out, and, although the law is still
in force, there can be no reason for its existence until the gold pre-
mium declines below 227.27 per cent, or, say, 44 cents gold for 100
cents paper.
Money in circulation, — The money in circulation is chiefly incon-
vertible paper currency. In 1885 gold was at a premium of 143 per
cent, rising in 1890 to 253 per cent, and in 1891 to 277 per cent.
Argentine mint. — The Argentine mint, situated at Buenos Aires,
has since 1881 turned out coin in the quantities and of the value below
shown :
Denomlnatioii.
Pieces. Value in gold.
Gold:
Argrentinos ' 6,348,094
i-argentino8 480
Silver: ,
l-peso t 578,737
t-peso 2,786,847
SfMjentavos 8,8»H,9e5
lO^jentavos 3,508,801
Copper: i
2-centavoe 37,671,012
1-centavo i 12,928,336
NickeL- I
2^centavo8 7,568,857 ,
lOcentavos i 14,702,:«4
5-centavo8 7,080,685
) $31.
n6,546.00
805,639.00
882,708.60
337,544.00
Oold premium from January, 1885, to June, 190^,
[If gold 800=premlum 200.]
I
1885.
During each
month.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Quotations for the year
mgh-
est.
$28.50
30.50
38.00
65.00
46.00
33.70
40.00
48.00
46.00
56.00
52.50
46.50
Low-
est.
$13.00 '
24.00
29.50 I
38.50 I
33.00 1
28.90
29.40 !
33.50 j
37.30
38.00 I
41.50 :
40.80 I
Aver-
age
1p.m.*
official
price.
Last
price
of the
month.
$21.60
27.10
83.40
46.25
36.30
31.10
32.80
42.04
40.22
43.65
48.00
42.43
66.00 18.00 1 37.06
1886.
During each
month.
High-
est.
$28.50
30.50
88.00
46.00
83.20
29.90
82.70
45.00
39.60
49.00
45.50
44.00
$45.00
51.50
56.80
59.90
58.00
54.20
48.20
38.80
28.00
21.50
36.00
33.80
Low-
est.
Aver-
age
1p.m.
official
price.
Last
price
of the
month.
$41.80
44.40
49.80
52.80
58.30
42.60
31.00
27.80
9.80
10.40
21.50
27.60
59.90 I 9.80
$48.58
46.05
53.47
55.06
55.84
49.18
88.71
81.82
19.46
16.32
27.55
29.78
88.77
$44.40
48.80
55.00
56, W)
53.90
48.80
81.30
27.80
10.50
20.20
81.40
90.00
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GOLD PREMIUM.
251
Gold premium from January , 1885, to June, 1902 — Continued.
1887.
1888.
Daring each
month.
High-
est.
Low-
est.
Aver-
age
1p.m.
official
price.
Last
price
of the
month
During each
month.
Jannary
February...
March
^.:::::::
Jane
July
August
S^tember .
OCTober
November. .
December..
I_
$28.00 I
33.00
34.60 I
42.00
47.80 I
38.50 I
34.00 I
32.50
40.00 j
45.10 ,
52.00
53.30 I
Quotations for the year | 53. 30 I
$20.30
$23.70
$25.50
24.00
28.85
32.50
30.70
32.85
33.10
32.80
35.94
40.00
28.80
37.41
29.00
28.40
34.30
33.40
29.60
32.04
31.20
27.10
29.61
31.90
31.80
36.31
39.00
38.00
42.25
41.40
40.30
44.72
51.00
41.00
45.47
41.70
20.30
35.20
High-
est.
$47.60
61.00
54.00
50.20
4^.50
54.00
60.50
54.50
49.70
49.70
52.00
48.00
Aver-
age
Last
price
of the
$41.70
45.80
47.80
42.00
43.30
48.00
50.50
44.20
45.80
47.60
87.00
36.80
$45.34
48.04
51.09
46.76
46.60
49.73
54.48
49.95
47.76
48.41
44.78
42.08
$45.90
50.60
49.90
43.60
48.20
53.00
52.00
47.60
48.10
49.00
38.80
47.10
60.20 36.80 I 47.84 I
January
February
March
Anril
June ♦
July
August
September
October
November
December
Quotations for the year
During each
month.
High-
est.
$54.70
58.60
60.00
66.50
60.25
74.00
76.00
84.00
142.00
126.00
134.00
140.00
142.00
Aver-
age
1 p. m.
Low- I official
est. price.
Last
price
of the
month,
$47.00
63.40
56.00
55.00
56.00
60.00
69.25
73.50
74.00
99.00
in. 50
122.00
$51.10
66.26
58.68
50.05
58.30
64.64
72.62
76.82
102.77
112.52
120.63
133.27
47.00 80.47
$53.10
66.60
68.50
55.50
50.25
74.00
73.00
74.20
124.00
106.00
122.50
130.50
1890.
During each Aver-
month. eutQ
- - — 11 p.m.
High- I Low- official
est. est. I price.
$185.30
146.00
172.20
215.00
145.50
168.00
215.00
180.00
151.50
163.50
225.00
230.00
$110.50
115.00
i 141.00
I 183.00
, 113.00
I 123.50
158.00
I 137.50
I 131.00
, 143.50
I 156.50
I 193.60
$124.78
124.21
153.63
166.30
133.84
139.23
194.00
164.08
142.88
150.69
190.90
209.48
230.00 I 110.50 157.86
Last
price
of the
month.
$119.20
145.00
159.50
138.50
125,00
165.00
208.50
142.00
143.00
161.50
210.00
226.00
January
February ..
March......
April
^y
June
July
August
September.
October....
November .
December..
1891.
During each
month.
High-
est.
$241.00
265.66
276.00
2f58.50
322.73
342. :»
316.50
310. 44
333.19
360.82
296.31
286.48
LoWt
est.
Quotations for the year .
$203.60
226.00
234.60
219.00
254.50
228.11
247.78
282.18
298.24
298.24
! 249.00
266.20
Aver-
age
1 p. m.
official
price.
Last
price
of the
month.
1226.86
244.52
249.70
246.33
277.15
280.89
277.57
298.65
308. 03
336.86
272.00
275.79
360.82 I 203.60 I 273.78
$224.00
245.50
260.00
250.80
322.73
278.49
310.45
294.40
320.89
293.24
266.82
272.96
1892.
During each ; Aver- , j_.
month. I ace ' ^^^
I J "^^ price
High- Low- official ,^^ ^^^
est. est. I price.
$287.71
289.56
253.30
250.23
236.09
230.56
233.02
231.79
229.95
229.33
209.30
192.60
289.55
month.
$271.73
236.71
239.78
232.41
223.19
203.5:3
2n.52
221.85
222.58
208.44
165.50
178.00
$280.10
264.90
246.04
240.83
229.95
217. 30
22;>.73
226.40
2J7.25
217.91
189.99
183.86
$280.95
250.23
247.77
236.09
228.11
210.29
2-^5.66
228.72
226.88
210.90
176.00
192.50
166.60
229.02
I
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252
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Gold premium from January, 1886, to June, 1902 — Continued.
Jantutry
Febroary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Quotations for the year
1808.
During each Aver- , t-_.
i^^Silolthe
$218.60
227.50
215.20
219.00
247.50
244.00
286.80
261.80
243.00
229.60
229.20
261.80
Low- I official
price.
$200.04
216.49
218.95
206.91
218.63
227.85
283.18
245.17
262.83
226.42
224.11
225.18
$180.80
207.00
206.00
201.00
205.20
219.80
222. SO
286.00
246.00
213.00
214.60
219.00
month.
$215.00
217.00
206.00
206.80
219.00
947.60
289.00
260.80
248.00
213.50
229.60
228.50
1804.
During each
month.
Aver-
age
High- ' Low- ! official
est. est. price.
Last
price
of the
month.
189.80 228.88
$253.00
262.00
258.80
^6.40
831.00
315.00
281.60
276.00
289.00
244.80
209.00
277.00
$227.60
246.00
251.80
254.80
282.00
266.00
2S6.00
288.00
210.00
228.00
237.60
247.00
I 331.00
$240.01
253.96
254.09
262.20
300.22
288.88
268.75
256.08
225.06
284.84
250.60
202.18
210.00
258.07
$248.00
254.01)
26a 70
2rre.50
806.00
266.00
274.00
2U.00
281.50
286.60
209.00
258.00
1890.
During each
month.
High-
est.
Low-
est.
January $202.60 $250.80
February : 260.50 245.00
March ' 265.50 247.20
ApHl 277.011 I 253.00
May 278.50 ' 248.50
June 254.00 240.00
July 252.00 I 241.00
August I 239.00 I 282.00
September 280.80 , 218.60
October 237.00 218.50
November 238.50 229.50
December i 235.60 229.00
Quotations for the year 278. 60
213.60
$266.95
251.11
252 JB7
268.99
261.84
247.49
247.65
235.39
222.82
227.07
238.77
281.75
$251.60
286.00
248:70
274.00
248.60
246.00
240.70
283.00
227.60
232.00
280.00
229.00
244.a'> 232.60
During each
month.
High-
est.
Low-
est.
i$232.60
^18.50
224.50
228.80
200.60
204.30
192.50
182.00
184.50
188.50
186.60
184.80
$218.50
200.00
200.80
206.60
195.50
191.50
180.70
106.30
167.00
177.40
179.70
177.70
166.30
Aver-
age
1p.m.
official
price.
Last
price
of the
month.
211.81
212.14
220.44
205.81
197.44
184.94
174.68
176.52
180.11
182.84
181.67
$220.30
200.00
224.00
206.60
197.50
192.00
182.00
166.90
181.00
178.80
182.60
183.50
196.19
January
February
March
April
May
Juno
July
August
September
October
November
December
Quotations for the year
1897.
During each Aver-
month. 9MQ
— - , — 1p.m.
High- Low- official
est. I est. price.
$190.90
216.50
212.80
205.00
201.70
197.50
196.00
195.50
192.00
188.70
179.60
180.00
$183.40
193.00
205.00
192.80
189.50
186.00
182.20
184.80
186.50
180.90
174.70
174.10
215.60
$187.18
207.66
200.43
198.28
196.36
194.24
186.90
190.22
188.44
185.43
176.94
176.30
Last
price
of the
month.
174.10
$190.90
210.50
205.00
195.00
196.40
186.00
196.00
185.60
188.50
181.40
179.10
174.10
191.364, 178.80
I6y6.
During each
month. ^
High- I Low-
est. L/ est.
^I^r Last
priJ^'--"^-
$171.20
175.50
174.50
169.30
167.00
178.80
178.70
178.60
174.20
152.00
142.80
118.40
$154.90
153.40
162.60
163.80
165.40
102.60
171.80
150.60
160.60
143.20
118.60
107.00
107.00
$164.11
167.87
166.87
160.20
167.62
174.70
170.67
168.06
140.66
126.20
112.66
157.17
$154.90
176.60
164.00
168.80
161.80
177.60
174.40
160.50
152.00
144.50
113.50
107.00
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GOLD PBEHIUM.
258
Gold premium from January, 1885, to June, 1902 — Continned.
Jannarj
February
March
^.::::::-..::::::::;:..:::.::
June
July
Aogmst
September ^...
October
Norember
December
Qnotations for the year
1890.
During: each | Aver-
mouth. I cMQ
1p.m.
Last
price
High- 1 Low- o&i^\ ^i^}S
eS. ' est. price, '"*^^*^-
P 117. 00
123.00
122.50
, 1S4.70
135.80
' 122.40
I 115.20
136.00
' 138.50
143.60
138.30
, 132.90
148.50
$104.00
115.30
116.00
121.90
116.00
114.00
109.30
114.00
182.30
185.60
132.50
127.70
104.00
$106.12
119.20
119. 18
128.91
124.63
118.79
118.13
125.33
136.14
187.98
136.07
129.94
124.61
$117.00
116,00
122.50
182.30
122.30
114.00
114. 70
185.00
135.80
139.90
132.50
127.70
1900.
During each
month.
High- Low-
est, est.
$131.00
129.20
129.00
127.30
130.00
130.60
142.20
139.80
137.00
134.90
133.30
181.70
142.20
$128.30
127.30
127.30
127.80
127.30
128.70
129.30
133.50
134.50
131.90
131.70
130.10
127.80
Aver-
age
1p.m.
official
price.
$129.27
127.66
127.40
127.80
127.84
129.26
134.40
136.65
186.69
138.50
132.54
180.86
130.95
Last
price
of the
month.
$129.00
127.80
127.80
127.80
180.00
128.70
0^9.70
^.10
134.70
182.90
132.00
180.90
1901.
During each
month.
January
February.. -
March
^.-.:::::;
June
July
August
September .
October
Korember .
December..
Aver-
age
1 p.m.
official
price.
!.70
131.80
129.70
131.00
134.90
136.00
140.40
J34.70
132.80
43:^.40
133.70
148.50
$180.50
I 128.90
128.10
128.00
130.30
132.50
134.60
131.30
130.10
129.40
131.80
136.00
Quotations for the year .
148.50
128.00
Last
price
of the
month
$131.83
■^130.60
128.60
129.25
180.96
184.02
136.58
183.82
180.97
131.04
132.49
140.08
132.51
$181.30
128.90
128.20
130.30
133.80
136.21)
134.60
181.30
130.10
133.40
133.70
139.90
1902.
During each | Aver-
month. I agre
High- Low- 'officiai
est. est. price.
1139.40"
144.50
142.10
14R.60
141.90
133.40
$138.00
138.10
189.90
141.00
131. 80
129.70
$135.19
139.95
141.20
143.83
138.16
131.92
Last
price
of the
month.
$136.00
142. te
140. eo
142. SO
181.^0
129.70
Banks in 1896.
Provinces.
Num-
ber.
Capital in
national
currency.
Securities on December 31, 1894.
Bank notes. Silver.
Gold.
Eastern or littoral
Central
Western
Korthem —
Territories
Total
144
15
7
12
3
$409,466,024
5,410,800
11,249,400
10,482,000
76,450
$117,261,409
788,894
1,794,771
1,276,274
198,241
$14,104
$18,906,842
4,000
183
10,090
197
91
191 436,684,674
121,808,589
18,2
13,916,660
The paper currency in August, 1897, amounted to 285,115,964 pesos.
Of this amount 75,486,542 pesos had been issued by the nation and
the Treasury, 193,216,285 pesos by various banks (including 120,103,907
pesos by the National Bank), and 16,409,137 pesos by guaranteed
banks.
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254
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Name of banks.
London and River Plate.
London and Brazilian . . .
BritiHh Bank of South
America
Tarapac& and Argentina
Alemin Transatlantico .
Comercio— del
Popular Argpentino
Esplnol del Rio de la
Plata
Nuevo Banco Italiano . . .
France del Rio de la
Plata
Italia y Rio de la Plata . .
Banco de la Naci6n Ar-
gentina
Popular Italiano . .
H
fl-a
2=S
Sub-
rA
scHbed.
Joint-stock banks.
Capital.
Shares.
Paid up.
Beeerve
fund.
Of-
Paid
share
Price
; De-
cem-
ber,
1901.
1862
1862
1888
1884
1887
1886 I
1887 ;
1886
1872
1891
1899
I
£1,500,000
l.fiOO.OOO
1,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
$5,000,000
2,563,300
6,000,000
3,000,000
62,000,000
6 8,000,000
50,000,000
303,800
£900,000 £1,000,000 '
750,000 680,000 i
500,000 ,
750,000 1
640.000
$5,000,000
2,586,287
6,000,000
3,000,000
62,000,000
6 6,000,000 I
840,000 i
160,000 I
84,000 I
$865,967 I
809,401
1,808,740 '
506,000 I
6488,879 '
6 446,742
£25
20
20 I
10
50
$100 I
100 I
100
loo t
100
100 ,
£15
10
10,'
5 I
50
$100
100 I
100 ,
100
100
100 I
4^<
10*
90
100.20
126
108
100
95
I Divi-
I dend
for last
I oom-
I pleie
year.
Ptrct.
20
14
a7
8
7
10
10
U
f
50,000,000 62,086,508
280,066 15,909
26
26
a 1900.
6 Gold.
BANKS AND FINANCIAL TBUST8.
Banco de la Nacion Argentina. — President, Mariano IJnzu^; vice-
presidents, Manuel Correa and Carlos T. Been. The bank was
founded by law No. 2841 of October 16th, 1891.
Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (in liquidation). — Head
office. La Plata; branch in Buenos Aires, San Martin 133. By
national law of January 2, 1895 (3201), and the provincial law of
February 28, 1896, the bank was authorized to issue certificates for
it-s deposits.
Banco Hipotecario Nacionol. — Founded 1872. F. Martin y Herrera,
secretary. The bank issues' cedulas on properties mortgaged to it.
The nation guarantees the service and sinking fund of the cedulas.
Banco Hipot4'cario de la Provincia de Buerws Aires. — Charter dated
November 25, 1871. Head office. La Plata. Cedulas were issued
until 1890. In 1891 the service on the cedulas was suspended and
the bank was authorized to issue ''certificates to bearer," for service
on the coupons. By law of July 14, 1891, the bank was authorized
to meet the service on its coupons by an issue of "bonds to bearer."
By law of February :5, 1893, the service owed to the bank can be met
in bonds or coupons, with the exception of the commission, which
must be in cash. By national law 3214 of January 10, 1895, a five
years' moratoria was granted to the bank. This was renewed for a
further three years by law 3874 of November 18, 1899.
Acinnulaliva {La), — Registered July 15, 1899. Offices in Buenos
Aires, Calle Maipii 200. Telegraphic address, "Curaulaires."
Ahorro Mutuo {El) {La Bola de Nieve). — Registered February 8,
1899. This is a savings bank which gives bonds on certificates in
exchange for money deposited. Its moneys are to be invested in first-
class mortgages, purchase of property, etc.
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BANKS AND TBU8T COMPANIES. 255
Banco Alemdn TransaOdrUico (Deutsche Ueberseeische Bank). —
Head office, Berlin. Registered in Argentina June 26, 1893; branches
at Buenos Aires, Concepci6n (Chile), Iquique, Santiago (Chile),
Valdlvia, Valparaiso.
British Bank of South AmericOy Limited, — Registered July 26,
1863. Office in Buenos Aires, Bartolome Mitre 398.
Banco del Cmnercio, — Registered October 23, 1884. Statutes
reformed February 23, 1891. Offices in Buenos Aires, Bartolom^
Mitre 468.
Compania Nacional deAhorros. — Founded 1900. Offices in Buenos
Aires, Reconquista 31. Telegraphic address, *'Ahorros."
Credito Territorial de Sanfa Fe {Sociedad de), — Registered Octo-
ber 11, 1886. Statutes reformed September 21, 1895. Offices in Santa
Fe, with agency in Rosario. Head office in Paris.
Banco Espaiiol del Rio de la Plata. — Registered September 1, 1886.
Office in Buenos Aires, Reconquista 180. Branch in Once de Sep-
tiembre, calle Centre America 185. Branch in Rosario de Santa Fe.
Banco Frances del Rio de In Plata, — Registered November 20, 1886.
Statutes reformed March 18, 1889, April 24, 1891, and February 23,
1898. Offices in Buenos Aires, Reconquista 157. Branch in Bahfa
Blanca, calle Chiclana 61.
Hipotecario de la Capital (in Liquidation), — Registered January 18,
1889. Statutes reformed May 6, 1891, and July 27, 1893. Offices,
calle Reconquista 31.
Banco de Italia y Rio de la Plata, — Registered June 14, 1872.
Statutes reformed March 29, 1889. In 1901 it was resolved to continue
the bank for a further period of thirty years. Offices in Buenos Aires,
Bartolome Mitre 434 to 456. Branches in Rosario de Santa F6 and
La Plata.
L(>ndo7i and Brazilian Banky Limited. — Registered May 17, 1862.
Offices in Buenos Aires, Bartolome Mitre 402.
Xnero Banco Italiano, — Registered July 27, 1887, as" Banco Italiano
del Rio de la Plata;" changed name on December 24, 1887; statutes
reformed October 30, 1899. Offices in Buenos Aires, calle Recon-
quista and Rivadavia.
Banco Popular Argentina. — Registered April 26, 1887. Commenced
operations on May 1, 1887. Statutes reformed May 1, 1900. Offices
in Buenos Aires, calle Bartolom6 Mitre 368 to 374.
Banco Popular Italiano. — Registered November 12, 1898. Buenos
Aires principal office, 437 Bartolome Mitre; Branch, 1401 Almirante
Brown (Boca).
The Bank of Tarapacd and Argentina^ Limited. — Offices, Recon-
quista 78. Branch in Mendoza.
London Bank of Mexico and South America, Limited. — Registered
August 16, 1877.
Banco Popular de Mercede^s. — Founded in 1892.
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256 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Banco Comercial del Azul. — Registered 1899.
Banco de Olavarria. — Founded 1900.
Banco Comercial de Dolores, — Registered 1891.
Banco Popxdar de Bragado. — Founded 1896.
Banco Municipal de Prestamos. — Peril 381, Buenos Aires. This is
the official pawn shop belonging to the municipality of Buenos Aires.
Caja de Conversion. — San Martin 216.
Casa de Moneda {Mint), — Defensa 628, Buenos Aires. Director-
C4eneral, J. F. Sarhy. During the past few years the mint has limited
its operations to the coining of nickel, printing of stamped paper,
stamps, and paper money. The new issue of paper money was made
in the mint.
Compania Oeneral de Ahorros. — This company, which was regis-
tered in 1901, was established to act as a savings bank, giving bonds
on certificates in exchange for money deposited.
Caja International Mutua de Pensiones, — Registered July 18, 1901.
Offices 802-810 Avenida de Mayo. This company grants pensions to
associates on certain conditions.
Hogar Argentino (i7?).— (Building Ix)an Association.) — Registered
June 21, 1899.
Mortgage Co, of the River Plate, lAmited, — Registered April 28,
1888.
River, Plate Trust, Loan, and Agency Co., lAmited. — Roistered
July 30, 1881.
River Plate and Oeneral Investment Trust Co,, Limited. — ^Registered
April 14, 1888. Offices 645 Avenida de Mayo.
Neiu Zealand and River Plcds Land and Mortgage Co., Limited. —
Registered November 30, 1883; 467 Baiiiolom6 Mitre.
INSURANCE COMPANIES.
Progress of insurance companies. — The progress of insurance busi-
ness in Argentina may be seen from the comparative tables given
herewith. Details of the stamps, taxes, deposits, and other obliga-
tions of insurance companies carrying on business in the capital
or provinces will be found under the heading of " Stamg laws and
duties," under Chapter IX.
Life-assurance policies. — ^According to law No. 3942 (August 11,
1900), a life-assurance policy in favor of a third party is the exclusive
property of that person, and in no case is it liable for the debts that the
assured leaves at the time of his death, excepting in respect either of
such amounts received by the assurer as may be liable under the civil
code for claims on the part of the heirs at law, or of a declaration of
nullity of any act done which may defraud or injure the rights of
creditors.
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INSURANCE.
257
Insurance effected in Argentina during the years 1807, 1898, 1899,
1900, and 1901 was:
Nature.
WK. National
Foreign .
IMB. National
VareigD. .
im. National
Foreign .
ino. National
¥ore&gn. .
nOL National
Foreign .
Sums insnred.
Gold. Pai)er.
Premium.
m
9:
21.
1»1.
3!.
181.
..89
L/TO
SO
.760
H72
, «1
93
,m
,e08
,'.e5
Gold.
I
Paper.
3I-:
9
8
4i«<.
STL
'.SI, 987
13,166
;.38,083
57,995
197,441
12.840
95,879
.79,841
.15,787
^31,381
I
$160,304
549,357
188,256
608,322
204,659
747,662
282,247
814,455
193
170
37
22
70
88
i,'.«07
Tax.
Gold. ' Paper.
$27,892
81,832
9,674
157
7,355
$51,411
^,130
51,378
238,372
37,423
234,944
45,230
245,285
The analysis of the foregoing data of 1901 is as follows:
NATIONAL COMPANIES.
Biaks.
Sums insured. Premiums.
Tax.
Gold. i Paper. , Gold.
Paper. |
Gold.
Paper.
pjre
$22,108,915 1 $321,698,061 $126,679
7,897,086 38,402,632 1 74,542
2,051,407 40,420,094 | 61,028
$1,945,225 .
249,501 .
957,533 1
$31,454
Varfne
5,569
T4fA ilTMl iuv-1i1mit
$i67
8,197
Total
81,658,408 . 400,515,787 262,247
1 1
3,152,259 1
157
45,220
FOREIGN COMPANIES.
Fire
$104,164,618 $347,582,937
20,682,881 1 10,937,169
6,521,926 1 15,811,275
$558,146
104,894
151,915
$1,905,798
45,546
409, 56:^
$5,523
233
1,509
$209,782
Mi^rhiA
19,266
Life and accident
16,237
Total
181,818,925 1 374,881,381
814,455
2,360,907
7,355
245,285
The fire losses in the city of Buenos Aires for the years 1897-1901
have been as follows :
Month.
January ..
February .
March
April
««y
June
July
August
Sej^mber
October...
November
December
Total
1901.
1900.
$107,450
475,380
36,198
36,481
3,246,130
10,620
L5,725
65,920
14,510
80,905
132,211
31,480
4,252,010
$289,610
799,260
73,300
91,640
54,800
630
15,500
51,508
5,620
273,200
31,000
70,040
$273,952
291,990
169,321
88,780
45,050
51,650
5,m
22,860
46,410
93,600
338,983
125,801
$174,905
106,302
33,550
130,475
32,060
49,500
53,594
165,920
371,283
168.805
133,695
223, 115
1,756,108 1,500,068 1 1,643,174
1897.
£^,491
131,JJ75
106,450
263,715
34,445
248,900
157,194
228,892
807,550
52,8.52
208, 95(;
242,571
2,509,581
573a— 03
Digitized by
Google
258
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
List of companies registered since June, 1900,
Date of
decree.
Capital.
I National
I money.
Gold.
NATIONAL COMPANIES.
Americana de Pnblicidad
Atlas Qoarry
Azncarera del Norte
Caja intemacional de pensiones ^ntnal)
Compa&ia General de AhorroB. Bonos de acamiilaci6n .
Compaiiia Introductora de Buenos Aires
E^tancias Unidas del Cbaco
Gaggino Lauret
Ingenio Amalia
Ingenio San Miguel
La Aseguradora Espa&ola
La Contrasegoradora
La Martona
LaTentonia
Teneria de Buenos Aires
Uni6n Mercantil
Mercados Gtonerales de Hacienda
M. S. Bagley y Co
Putucourift Mining Co
Investments Trust Cassels v----
Telegr&flco Telef6nica Nacional
F&brica de tejidos de lana y tintoreria Prat
Vitivinicola El Trapiche
Cerveceria San Martin
La Blanca-Frigoriflco
Azncarera Concepci6n
Sui>er Aeration
Sindicato Argentino
La Cant&brica
South American Publishing Co., Limited
01
00
01
01
01
01
; 01
.. I'.X)1
1101
01
01
01
00
00
01
01
01
01
FOREIGN COMPANIES.
Borax Consolidated, Limited
Azncarera Resistencia, Limited
International Borax Co.. Limited
Primitiva Gas Co., Limited
Cantelbur6, Limited
Flint Eddy & Co., Limited
La Capital Traction Co
La PlataReal Cotton Co., Limited
L'Industrielle Beige
South American Asphalt Co
The Associated Estanpias, Limited
The CuUen Station, Limited
The San Julian Sheep Farming Co
Compafiia de Obras Ptiblicas del Rio de la Plata
P. H. Lenders & Co. (agenciaargentina) ,
Sociedad An6nima de Tierras y Dominio " La Patagonia '
Socledad de Aociones de Biennes Rurales ,
Compaiiia Colonial dePetr61eo
June IS
Nov. 14
Dec. 24
July It
Oct. 2E
Dec. It
Oct. It
Jan
Sept. f
Mar. 21
Oct. 31
Oct. 2J
Sept.li
Oct. 2J
Oct. 1-
Mar. i
Dec. 1'
Dec. 2] -
July a(i,iJ01
Feb. 5,1902
do
Apr. 9,1«B
Apr. 17,1902
May 38,1902
June 6,1902
June 7,1902
June 18, 1902
do
June 30, 1902
July 8,1902
July 18,1901
Mar. 28,1901
Oct. 4,1901
Mar. 28, 1901
Sept. 20, 1900
Mar. 1,1901
do
Oft, 4,1900
Mar. 8,1901
Oct. 21,1901
Aug. 6,1901
Mar. 1,1901
Sept. 16, 1900
Mar. 6,1902
do
June 30, 1902
Apr. 9,1902
May 14,1902
$100,000
l.W.OOO .
1,000,000 ;.
'i,'oo6,'o66' L
1,000,000 .
1,000,000 .
1,000,000 L
500,000 I.
1,000,000 j-
130,000 L
1,000,000 ;.
400,000 :.
500,000
500,000
4,000
1,000,000
150,000
0,0f)0
0,000
600,000
1,350,0(JO
L50,000
i,aio,ooo
200,000
250,000
250,000
500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,200,000
Statutes of companies amended from July 27, 1900, to December 31, 1901,
Name of comx)fcny.
Alemana Transatl&ntica de Elec-
tricidad
Tarapac^ and Argentine Bank,
Limited ,.
El Ancla, talleres mecAnicos
El Hogar Argentino
Do
F&brica Nacional de Cerveza ...
Gaggino Lauret
Compaiiia General de Fdsforos .
Economia Comercial
La Inmobiliaria
LaPrevisora
Pa Primitiva
Date of
decree.
Oct. 7,1901
June 13, 1901
Oct. 20,1900
Sept. 13, 1900
Dec. 12,1901
Feb. 28,1901
May 81,1901
Sept. 21, 1901
May 22,1901
Dec. 6,1901
Feb. 5,1901
Mar. 21,1901
Apr. 30,ltt)l
Name of company.
La Rural
La Transatl&ntica
Lloyd Platino, Limitado
F&brica Nacional de P61vora
Sansinena de CamesCongeladas
Do
Servicio de Mensajeros de la
Capital
Telegrftfico Telef6nica del Plata
Cerveceria Palermo
Caja Internacional Mutuade Pen-
siones
Estancia y Colonia Tomquist . . .
La Positiva
Azncarera Argentina
Dat^of
decree.
May 23,1901
July 16, 1901
July 27,1901
Jan. 11,1901
May 31,1901
Dec. 17,1901
Nov. 20,1900
Dec. 12,1901
Mar. 18,190e
Apr. 9,1902
Apr. 11,1902
June 18, 190S
June 30,1908
Digitized by
Google
DISSOLVED COMPANIES.
259
lAst of companies dissolved by official decree.
Kame of company.
Agnas Azoadas
Acrtcola Industrial
dor"
Almnbrado k Luz £16ctrica Edi-
'El Caza-
Angloargentina de Tierras
Arteeonado Argentino
Argentina de Cidastria Textil. . .
Argentina del Biachnelo
ATenida deMayo
Avicnitora M odelo
Buico Agricola Comercial del
Bk>de& Plata
Banco A^^ricola Comercial del
BioNeeTo
Banco A&>rro y peqne&os pr^
tamoe
Banco Anglo- Argentino
Banco Cokmizador Nacional
Banco Cobranzas y Anticipos
Banco Constmctor de La Plata . .
Banco Cr^dito Real '
Banco de la Bolaa I
Banco de Roma y Rio do la Plata, i
Banco de Saliadell
Banco Oeneral
Date of
decree.
Banco Industrial Argentino
Banco Industrial y Constructor. .
Banco Inmobiliario
Banco Sad Americano
Banco Uni6n Nacional
Ba&os P6blico8 do la Capital
Beneflciadora del Puerto M&r-
quez
Biockert*8 Brewery Co., Limited.
Bolsin Aiventino
Bon Marcn^ Argentino, Smstiem-
bre30del895y
Buenos Aires— Ediflcios y Ca jas
fnertes
Buonos Aires nustrado
Buenos Aires Seguros
Oajade Descuentos
Cunara Sindical de Empresarios
Constructores
Campos Eliseos
Canau interfluvial Paran& y
LujAn
Canteras del Minuano, Arenales
y Puerto Sauce
Oanteras y arenales del Rio Soles.
Cames congeladas de San Nico-
Usdelos Arroyos
* Oantro Comercial
Centro Vinlcola
Cerrecerla Alemana
Chateau Parry
Ciudad de Quequ^n
Club de Carreras
Colonia JuArez Celman
ColonizadoraAgricolabonaerense
Colonizadora Americana
Colonizadora Correntina
Colonizadora del Limay
Colonizadora de Misiones
Colonizadora de Santa F6
Colonizadora Foment© agricola
Colonizadora Popular
Construcciones y Afirmados . . .
Constructora del Norte
Constructora Villa Jardln
Constructora San Martin
erativas:
Almacenes (Limitada)
Alimentos
Agricola
Agricola Industrial
Argentina, objetos de metal.
Calzado
Camiseria
Ourruajes de alquller
CentrosAgricolas
Oct. 26.1896
Do.
Aug. 16,1806
Nov. 9,1886
Sept. 25,1894 |
Apr. 30,1901
Feb. 16,1894
Oct. 28,1896
Do.
July 6,1900
Do.
Dec. 30,1891
June 13,1901
May 31,1886
Feb. 16,1894
July 5,1900
Aug. 1,1894
July 5,1900
Jan. 13,1884
Aug. 11,1900
Feb. 10,1895
Aug. 11,1900
Jan. 23,1889
Oct. 6,1884
July 5,1900
Dec. 27,1898
Sept. 25, 1804
May 30,1801
July 5,1900
Oct. 27,1896
Do.
Mar. 14, 1895
Oct. 26,1896
June 19, 1889
July 5,1900
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Nov. 10,1894
July 13,1892
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
May 7,1901
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 28,1896
June 80, 1902
Jan. 31.1899
Oct. 28,1896
Dec. 11,1889
Oct. 31,1896
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
Nov. 26, 1895
Oct. 26,1896
Nov. 23, 1896
Mar. 12,1894
Mar. 23, 1895
May 22, 1901
Mar. 20,1895
Oct. 26,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do
Feb. 22,1899
June 8,1896
Oct. 28,1896
Do.
Do.
Do.
May 22,1901
Name of company.
Date of
decree.
Cooperativas— Continued .
Confeccionesparabombr^ y
seSloras
Consume de cames
Consumos
Consumes de Obreros
Cristalerla
Destiladora Nacional
Fotografia 6 Imprenta
La Argentina (Ubrerla y pa-
pelena)
LaHeladora
La Importadora
Lalntroductora, importadora
yexportadora
La Negra (heladora)
La Porteiia (almacenes)
LaPrevenida
La Util (lavado y aplanchado
al vapor)
LePrin temps
Pintores, Fot6grafo8 y Ar-
tistas similares
Sastreria
Sombrereria
Suminlstros econ6mico8 en
general
Talabarteria
Uni6n Fluvial
Vinicola Argentina
Do
Cr6dito Popular Ten*itorial. .
Cr6dito Inmobiliaro
Cr6dito Real Santafecino
Criadero de Ostras del Tuy ti
Cristdforo Colombo
Delacre del Extracto de Came. . .
Destiladora Nacional (v^ase Co-
operatives)
Destileria y Bodegas Grand val ..
Dock Sur de la Capital, retirada
Julio 21, 1896, reintegrada
Dragas Argentinas
Drogueria Central Buenos Aires .
Ediflcaci6n del Riachuelo
Ediflcadora La Floresta
Elaboradora Quimica Industrial .
El Ancla (seguros)
El Arenal Grande
El ArenalNuevo
El Censor (tipografia)
Electroquimica Argentina
Elevadores y Depdsitos de Granos
El Expreso del Plata
El Lavadero
ElMobiliario
El Paraguay Land Company
El Sal6n Argentino
Emporio Artistico (remates )
Emporio Industrial Argentino. ..
English Butchers Shops Society .
Etnol6gicade Mendoza
Estudios y reconocimientos de
terrenes carboniferos (Comp.
provisional)
Expor tadora de ganados
FAbrica Central de Qarruchos . . .
F&brica Nacional de Calzado
FAbrica Nacional de Ladrillos
Farmacia Centi*al Argentina
Perrocarriles Pobladores
Fomento de Balvanera
Frigoriflca de San Nicol&s
Front6n Buonos Aires
Ganadera de Ital6
Ganadera y colonizadora dol Sa-
lado
General do Electricidad do la ci-
ndad de Buenos Aires
General de Roaseguros
General de Tierras
Gtoneral Paraguayo-Argentina. . .
General Pobladora
Digitized by
May 4,1885
Dec. 24,1896
Oct. 26,1886
Do.
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 27,1896
Oct. 26,1896
Feb. 16,1898
Nov. 80, 1896
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 28,1896
Apr. 18,1894
Oct. 28,1896
Aug. 17,1899
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
Do.
Apr. 28,1894
Oct. 26,1886
Do.
Do.
Do.
Feb. 16,1899
Nov. 30, 1896
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
Doc. 20,1900
Feb. 16,1897
Oct. 27,1896
Doc. 27,1898
July 6,1887
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
May 12,1880
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Feb. 18,1898
Mar. 14,1895
Aug.31,lH95
Feb. 15,1897
Dec. 4,1885
July 27,1900
Dec. 4,1896
Oct. 26,1896
May 22,1901
July 6,1900
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
Do.
Jan. 4,1896
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
June 7,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
July 5,1900
Oct. 26,1896
Doc. 27,1898
Mar. 16,1894
Oct. 26,1886
Do.
Doc. 21,190)
Doc. 20,1898
May 22,1901
Feb. 27,1897
July 6,1900
Google
260
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Lint of companies dissolved by official decree — Continned.
Name of company.
Grandes Hotelee
Granero6 Mercantiles CSistema
Nort«»mericano)
GranodeOro
Haras Naciomil
Hierro y Acero de Liniers
Hip6dromo San Nicolte
Homo de ladrilloe de la Capital . .
Indicador E16ctrico Autom^tico .
Industrias Fabriles Conf ederadas
Industria Tipogrrftflca
Ingenios Bio Sail
Institnto Pollt6cnioo CATtdgvfkto
Nacional
Eidd & Co., Imprenta y Lito-
grafia
La Alimentadora Popular
La Americana (importaci6n ma-
Date of
decree.
Name of company.
Date of
decree.
deras)
Qdina .
La An(
La Anmiciadora
La Arenera de OUtos
La Argentina (combustibles)
La Argentina (f&brica de cris-
tales)
La Argentina (f&brica de curti-
dos) .-
La Aseguradora Intemacional. . .
''LaBaioise^* (seguros)
LaBonaerense
La Capital (tierras)
La Capital (diario)
La Central (conflteria)
La Colonizadora Ai*gentina
La Comanditaria
La Comercial Argentina
LaComercial (remates)
La Congeladora Argentina
La Conatmctora Argentina
La Constmctora del Oeste
La Constructor del Sud
La Constmctora de Mira Mar . . .
La Constmctora de Hor6n
La Constmctora Marl tima
La Econ6mica Argentina
La Editora Budamericana
La Elaboradora de M&rmoles
LaFiladelfla (ganaderia)
La Galvanizaoora Argentina ....
La Heladora (v^ase Cooperativas.
LaHigi6nica
La Importadora Argentina
La Imi)ortadora (vease Coopera-
tivas
Lalmpresora
La Indemnizadora
La Industria (f&brica de escobas)
La Industrial (minasde C6rdoba)
La Inspectora de Seguros
La Italo- Argentina
La Italo- Argentina (tierras)
La Luz de la Esperanza
LaHercantil
La Mec&nica PorteSia (trans-
portes)
La Nacional (tierras y coloniza-
ci6n)
La Nacional (seguros)
La Negra (f Aonca de hielo )
La Negra Heladora (v^ose Co-
operativas)
LaNomega
La Obrera Econ6mica
La Operaria Hec&nica
La Pampa (imprenta diario)
La Parisienne (limpieza )
LaPatria (imprenta diario)
La Pavimentadora
La Perseverancia (puntas y
alambres)
La Plata
La Platense (flotilla Co. Lid.) ...
Mar. 14,1885
July 30,1901
May 28,1896
Oct. 26,1896
July 5,1900
Oct. 26,1896
Oct. 81,18f6
Oct. 6, 1900
May 23,1900
Oct. 2tf,1896
Sept. 16, 1901
Dec. 13,1895
Sept. 25, 1894
Feb. 16,1897
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
May 22,1901
Oct. 81,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Aug. 81, 1895
Dec. 9,1896
July 27,1900
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 26,1896
July 21.1900
Oct. 26,1896
Oct. 27,1896
May 23,1900
Oct. 31,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Aug. 81,1895
Feb. 16,1894
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Oct. 31,1895
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 28,1896
Do.
July 11,1898
Nov. 30, 1896
Oct 26,1896
Do.
Feb. 15,1897
May 22,1901
Oct. 9,1896
Mar. 14, 1895
Sept. 20, 1894
Oc^. 26,1896
Mar. 9,1899
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
May 22,1901
Oct. 26,W96
Do.
May 8,1899
Apr. 18,1894
Do.
Nov. 23,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Feb. 16,1807
Oct. 26,1896
Feb. 15,1897
Oct. 26,1896
Nov. 23,1894
May 22,1901
Nov. 22, 1899
La Portefia (coopertiva de alma-
cenes)
La Portefia (curtiembre)
La Positiva (cloacas, ladriUoa,
etc.)
La Prevenida (seguros)
La Primitiva (aoeites)
.La Progresiya (edificioA, cloacas,
etc.)
LaPropiedad
La Protectora Agricola
La Protectora Argentina
La Protectora del Agricultor ....
La Protectora del Obrero
La Pureza (refreecos gaseoeos) .
Las Provincias Unidas
LaQuerandi
LaiUpida
La Bemolcadora
LaBept^blica
La Revendedora
La Samboromb6m
La Sanitaria
La Sembradora Nacional
La Sud Americana (haciendas) . .
La Suiza (seguros de transportes)
La Tabacalera Argentina
La Tejedora Argentina
La Uni6n (f&brica de ladrillos) .
La Uni6n Industrial (haciendas)
La Uni6n Nacional (seguros) ...
La Universal
LaUrbana
Lavadero k vapor La Unica
Lavaderoe Argentines
LavaderoB na^onales de lana ...
Lavaderos p6blicos de la Capital
La y alorizadora
LaVeloz
La Vinicultora
Liberi Muratori (homos do la- i
drillo) '
Librerla y Otsa Editora del Rio I
delaPjata '
L*Ind6pendant
Los V^te Unidos (caf6) |
Massachusetts Benefit Associa-
tion
Malec6n y Puerto Norte de Bue- i
nos Aires I
Manufacturera Argentina deTe- '
Jidos I
Manufacturera Argentina deTa- |
bacos
Minerva Moreno \
Minas Carboniferas las Herma-
nas '
Minera del Paramillo de Uspal-
lata I
Minas de oro de Milla Michic6 ..J
Minas de oro del Rio Corintos . . .
Minas Bomav
MolinoModelo i
Navegaci6n 4 vapor del alto Pa-
Navesacl^
rana...
Oct. 26,1806
Do.
Do.
Aug. 17.1890
Oct. 26,1806
Do.
Dec. 24,1805
Doc. 13.1806
Oct. 31,1865
May22.1904
Oct. 26,1806
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dec. 20,1898
Feb. 15,1897
Do.
Oct. 26,1£96
Apr. 25,1896
May 22,1901
Dec. 19,1896
Feb. 15,18W
May 22.1901
Not. 23,1896
Oct. 26,1806
Dec. 13,18C5
May 22.1901
May 19.1896
May 22.1901
Oct. 26,1806
Do.
Do.
Sept. 6,1804
Oct. 26.1806
May 31.1894
Dec 24rl896
Oct. 26.1806
Do.
Feb. 15.1807
Oct. 26.1806
Sept. 23. 1897
Mar. 26.1804
Oct. 26.1806
Sept. 25. 1804
Oct. 26,1806
Feb. 16,1807
July5,1900
Do!
Mar. 28.1900
Dec. 19,1806
Dec. 34.1804
Navegaci6n del Rio Paran& y
afiuentes (Compafiia santafo- ,
cina) Oct. 26,1806
Nacional de Impresos ' Sept.25.18M
Nacional de Omnibus Oct 26,1896
Nacional de Pavi mentaci6n I Do.
Nacional de Tierras Belgrano Do.
Nacional Tramway Circunvala- I
ci6n ' May 8,1800
Nacional de Industrias Unidas. . . Oct. 26.1806
Nueva Chicago (tierras) Feb. 28, 1800
Nuevas Minas de Oro de Milla i
Michic6 July 5,1000
Nuevo Belgrano Feb. 7,1806
New Market Anglo Argentine .... Mar. 20,1805
Omnibus and Hansom cabs Oct. 26,1806
Paniflcaci6n Mec4nica 4 Vapor . . I Do.
Digitized by
Google
DISSOLVED COMPANIES.
261
List of companies dissolved by official decree — Continned.
Puiiilcaci6n Hec4mca 4 Vapor
"La Ceres"
Popular Argentina y Construc-
tora
Popular Argentina y Canaliza-
oora
Popular Colonizadora y Con-
nructora
Popular de SeguroB y Koonomia.
Peftr61eo del Rio de la Plata
Primitiva de Qua de Buenos Aires.
Progreeo Agricola 6 Industrial . .
Productora y Constructora Na-
cional
Propietarios para la higiene de
BuenoB Aires
Progreso Kacional
Progreso del Gal)allito
Puerto y Ciudad de Campana
Saladero Cknrrientes
Salinas Argentinas
Salinas Bania Blanca
Taller Kacional de Encuaderna-
ci^o..... _
Talleres Casa AnuuiUa
Talleres Arsenales reunidoa del
Chaco, Corrientes y Misiones ..
Talleres If ec&nicos Bl Ancla
Talleres If ecAnicos Nacionales. . .
Aug. l.lflOO
Oct. 28,1«86
Sept.29,18W
May 22,1901
Nov. 18, 1898
Mar. 28, 1901
Aug. 31, 1895
Oct 26,1896
Do.
Dec. 18,1896
Sept. U, 1894
Dec. 27,1898
Oct. 31,1895
July 26,1804
May 6,1895
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Mar. 14,1895
Apr. 21,1902
Aug. 81, 1895
Telef6nica de la Provincia de
Buenos Aires
Terrenos Carbonlferoe
Terrenes Puerto Madero
Terrenos Puerto de Buenos Aires.
Tierras, canales y colonias de la
Rep^blica Oriental del Urn-
gnay
Territorial de Mendoza
Territorial de la Plata.
The Brunswick
The English Manufacturing
' Company, Limited
The Santa Isabel Estancia Com-
pany, Limited
Trabajos Pfibllcos
Transportes Fluviales
Tramway Mar del Plata
Tramway k Vapor Ciudad Uru-
guay.
Unidu Azucarera Argentina
nni6n Industrial
Uni6n Vitivinicola Argentina
Uni6n Italiana
Victoria (seguros)
i Viticola Argentina
Vai>ores Cantabro-Platense
Vinicoladel Rio Negro
2Sanja& Pique
May 26,1902
Oct. 10,1898
July 6,1900
Oct. 26,1896
Do.
Apr. 12,1897
July 15,1898
Oct. 26,1896
Not. 22, 1901
Oct. 26,1806
Do.
May 22,1001
Oct. 26,1896
June 80, 1902
Dec. 13,1895
Mar. 14,1895
Sept. 25, 1894
May 7,1901
Oct. 26,1898
Do.
Do.
Do.
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CHAPTER XII.
MEANS OF OOMMUKIC ATIOK — INTEBIOB OOMMUKICATION —
00MMX7NICATI0N WITH FOREIGN COT7NTBIES — LINES OF
STEAMERS — RAILROADS AND TRAMWAYS — CONCESSIONS,
LAWS GOVERNING THEM— MAIL, TELEGRAPH, AND CABLE
SERVICE.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
St^mnshij} linefi, — The Argentine Republic has an efficient service
of excellent lines with which to meet the demands of inter and trans-
American trade, as it may further develop, either in its normal growth
or with the assistance of reciprocity treaties. Buenos Aires is the port
of destination of numerous steamship lines, among which are the
North German Lloyd and the Hamburg- American Line, which serve ^
intermediaries between Europe and the United States and which
command considerable capital. Thus the obstacles to the inter-
change of commodities between nations are gradually disappearing
and the possibilities of commercial development have induced them to
establish direct and fast lines between the exti'eme south of the
Atlantic and the ports of the United States.
Trans- Aflaiitic lines. — The principal trans- Atlantic lines which
place the Argentine Republic in almost daily communication with
Montevideo, the ports of Brazil, and Europe are the following:
Navigazione Generale Italiana, — Every 15 days; 6,405 nautical
miles, in from 17 to 18 days. A line served by 4 steamships of from
5,000 to 6,000 tons burden.
Transports Maritimes a Vapeur, — Every 10 days; 5,861 nautical
miles, in 20 days. A line served by steamships of from 2,200 to
4,300 tons burden.
Messageries Maritimes. — Every week; 6,400 nautical miles, in 20
days. A line served by 6 steamships of troin 5,550 to (5,500 tons
burden.
Vapor es TraiisaUdnticos Espafioles. — (F. Prats & Co.) — Monthly.
A line served by 6 steamships of from 8,000 to 9,000 tons burden.
Hamburg ische und Sud'Amerika. — Every week; 6,500 nautical
miles, in 22 days. A line served by 6 steamships of from 8,000 to
9,000 tons burden.
La Veloce. — Every 10 days; 6,141 nautical miles, in from 20 to 21
days. A line served by 13 steamships of from 1,000 to 4,900 tons
burden.
262
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STEAMSHIP LINBS.
263
X(rrd Deutscher Lloyd, — ^A line served by 3 steamships of over 5,000
tons burden each.
Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, — Twice a month; 6,154 nau-
tical miles, in 20 days. A line served by 10 steamships of from 3,140
to 6,000 tons burden.
Campania TransaUdntica Espanola. — Six steamships, of from 3,100
to 5,300 tons burden; 5,296 nautical miles, in 17 or 18 days.
The navigation service between Argentine and the United States
ports is performed by several navigation companies, viz, Lamport <fc
Holt, the Prince Line, the Norton Line, and others of lesser impor-
tance. The steamers of these lines have accommodation for only a few
passengers and are not patronized by the latter but in cases of abso-
lute necessity. The Lamport & Holt carries on a regular passenger
service between Rio de Janeiro and New York with their steamers
Helvetitis, Coleridge^ and others. The same company takes passen-
gers from Buenos Aires to Rio de Janeiro — those who intend to
embark on the steamers of the above-mentioned line.
Foreign shipping. — ^The general foreign shipping movement of the
Argentine Republic during the year 1899 is shown by the following
resume :
I Vessels.
R^iHiig vessels arrived
Steamers arrived
Sailing vessels cleared.
Steamers cleared
Number.
8,319
6,829
3,551
7,800
Freight.
Tons.
646,518
0,293,049
649,945
7,717,940
Of the above general figures, the following correspond to ports in
America:
Arrival and clearance of sailing vessels and steamers.
Sailing vessels.
Steamers.
Arrived.
Cleared.
Arrived.
Cleared.
Vessels.
Tonnage.
Vessels. 1 Tonnage.
Vessels.
Tonnage.
Vessels.' Tonnage.
West Indies
4
188
190
1,756
15,722
162.651
25
179
71
16,485
37,088
56,990
1
Ri^Kfl
516
89
4
1,596
8,458
486,426
148,617
7,782
856,208
2,662,018
361
22
252,392
United States
Mexico
39,303
PiiragTiAy
105
2,621
5,866
288,791
81
2,891
4,600
276,879
1,871
8,477
988,340
TTniguay
2,609,959
As regards postal communications in the Argentine Republic,
their movement is shown by the following figures :
•
Year.
Letters and packages.
Received.
111,723,123
123,741,964
Dispatched.
1898
104,725,205
1899
121,860,071
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264 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The tiitnl number of telegraphic messages received and dispatched
was, in 1889, 5,339,223.«
INLAND NAVIGATION.^
Fluvial coinmunicationy which at one time was thought to have
become useless, with the development of railways, has of late acquired
considerable importance. The most recent progress attained in
inland navigation, in 1900, was the opening of the Grand Canal of
Canada, which has placed in direct communication vnth all other
ports in the world those situated on the inner shore of Lake Sui)erior.
Greater still will be the work — already in course of execution — pro-
jected by the congress of 1897, convened in Vienna, to communic>ate,
through three canals — the Danul>e, the Oder, and the Rhine — in such
a manner that, in the year 1904, the Baltic and the northern seas
shall communicate, through central Europe, with the Black Sea.
The Argentine Republic, on her part, has devoted her best exertions
to foster navigation.
THE PORT OF BUENOS AIRES.
Commercial intercourse. — Owing to the prohibition by Spain of all
commercial intercourse between the River Plate countries and other
nations for a period of two hundred and fifty years after the foundation
of the city, the port of Buenos Aires only came into practical existence
in the year 17*55, when the first work was initiated by Don Juan de
Echeverria in the Bajo de Catalinas. This was followed b}' some small
additions at a point near Barracas, and ultimately in the year 1821
Rivadavia put forward his scheme for the construction of a port of
greater magnitude. Rivadavia's project, however, did not assume
active shape until 1882, when a contract was entered into for its comple-
tion, and it is now known in the Argentine Republic as the Port
Madero. The work was begun in 1886 and the port was inaugurated
in 1897.
TJie present port of Buenos Aires, along the La Plata River, has cost
about $49,000,000 and is the second in importance in the whole
Western Hemisphere. It comprises also the small port of Riachuelo,
which was designed and constructed in 1877 to provide shelter for
small craft. The combined ports contain wharfage to the extent of
9,700 linear meters, which serves for loading and unloading ships draw-
ing a maximum of 7 meters 80 centimeters of water. Access to the
port, is effected through a channel from the deep waters of the River
Plate. This channel is 19 kilometers in length and is divided into
two branches at a point which gives a length of 9,800 meters to the
north channel, which enters the port at the north basin, and a length
of 10,700 meters to the south channel, which terminates at the mouth
« Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan- American Conference.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
PORT OF BUENOS AIRES. 265
of the Riachuelo River. The first of these channels is meters 30
centimeters deep at ordinary tide and the second 5 meters 40 centi-
meters deep, while their breadth is 100 meters. The entire channel
has luminous buoys, placed at equidistant points of 500 meters.
The port consists of two basins and four docks, and the total
area of water inclosed thereby is 660,200 square meters, while the
total wharfage extends to 10,602 linear meters. The north basin
possesses two dry docks, respectively 150 and 180 meters in length,
20 meters wide at the bottom, 27.92 meters at the top, and a depth
reaching 10.85 meters, which permits the dry docking of any ship able
to enter the i)ort. There are 24 warehouses, 21 of which are the prop-
erty of the Gk)vernment, the remaining 3 belonging to private firms
and being used exclusively for the storage of cereals. The frontage
of these 24 warehouses comprises 2,466 linear meters, the total capacity
being 566,486 cubic meters and the total floor space 115,907 cubic
meters.
Dock gates, — ^The opening and closing of dock gates, flood gates, etc. ,
together with all the cranes, are worked by hydraulic power, which is
provided by three separate powerhouses, situated, respectively, on the
north bank of the Riachuelo, the south end of dock 1 , and on the western
side of dock 4, the first generating 125, the second 900, and the third
300 indicated horsepower. The machinery employed includes 1 crane
to lift 30 tons, 1 to lift 10 tons, 2 to lift 5 tons, 51 fixed cranes of 1|
tons, 86 movable cranes of 1^ tons, 36 lifts of 1^ tons, 10 capstans of 5
tons and 24 capstans of 1 ton, 5 bridges, 4 dock gates, and 14 hydrants.
The piping is 10,010 meters in length, with 630 valves, and the pressure
in the pipes is 52 kilograms per square centimeter.
TTie port is lighted throughout with electric light, the power being
supplied by two x)ower houses, the first of which serves 184 arc lamps
of 280 watts and the other 261 of 400 watts. There are 46 kilometers
of railway line belonging to the port, and for the purpose of lifting
heavy weights there is a floating crane capable of raising 40 tons.
Grain elevators on the American principle are now being constructed,
and will greatly improve the existing methods of loading and classify-
ing cereals intended for shipment, while a project for the construction
of basins to contain inflammables is likewise under consideration,
and other extensions of the docks are now being effected.
Rapid growth of port. — The rapid growth and extent of the port of
Buenos Aires may be gathered from a report published in 1899 by the
French minister of public works in reference to the port of Marseilles.
In this publication the operations of the principal ports of the world
are set out in their order of importance, the figures therein contained
showing that the i)ort of Buenos Aires, which in 1887 ranked nineteenth
on the list, was in 1895 the twelfth, when the total tonnage of the ships
which entered the port was 4,925,333 tons. The tonnage of the ships
which entered the port during 1901 was 8,661,299.26 tons, being an
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266
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
increase of 614,288.82 tons on the previous year. The total annual
tonnage of ships which entered the port from the year 1880 is as
follows:
Year.
Tons.
644,570
827,072
905,507
1,207,321
1,782,382
2,200,779
2,408,323
8,309,057
3,306,212
8,804,087
4,507,096
Year.
Tons.
1880
1891
4,546,729
1881
1892
5,475,942
1882
1898
1804
1805
1896
6,177.819
1883
6,686,123
1884
6,894,834
1885 . .
8,115,547
1886
1897
1898
1890
1900
1901
7,865,406
1887
8,115,000
1888
8,741,984
1880
8,047,010
1890
8,681,299
The total amount of cargo dealt with in 1901 in the port of Buenos
Aires was 3,075,724 tons, of which 1,151,570 were imports, 1,124,153
exports, and the remaining 800,000 tons cargo shipped or in transit.
The number of wagons traversing the port lines in 1901 was 79,967,
being an increase of 18 per cent on the number employed during the
previous year.
The port dues are governed by the registered tonnage of the ships.
Total tonnage of shipping in the port of Buenoa Aires during 1901,
Qyersea.
1
Coast.
Total.
Ships.
1,106
1,099
254
231
Tons.
2,362,681.86
2,282,076.94
214,045.42
198,221.83
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
Steamers:
Entries
Departures
Sailing yessels:
Entries
Departures
2,124
2,227
9.481
9,866
1,126,302.22
1,219,968.94
689,309.61
680,678.44
8,229
3,326
9,685
9,607
3,487,964.08
3,482,000.88
863,355.08
837,899.27
Total
' 2.689
1
5,037,028.06
23,148
8,624,273.21
25,857
8,661,299.26
Ships.
Tons.
Total entries.
Steamers
3.329
9,685
8,487,064.08
Sailing yessels
855,556 03
12,914
4,841,389.11
Total departures:
Steamers
3,326
9,507
3,432,000.88
Sailing yessels
837 899 27
12,928
4,819,960.15
Totals:
Steamers
6,555
19,282
6,970.044.96
Sailing yessels
1,691,254 30
26,837
8,661,299.26
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POET OF BUENOS AIRES.
267
Nationality of ships, port of Buenos Aires, 1901.
EntrieB.
Departures.
Total.
NaticmaUty. .
Sailing
yeaeels.
Steam-
ers,
Sailing
vessels.
Steam-
ers.
SaUing
vessels.
Steam-
ers.
British -
French
60
1
7
52
3
621
76
181
2
7
26
1
61
110
7
2
49
616
74
1
61
108
8
1
109
1
16
108
8
1,237
150
QAiTfU^TI '
8
51
1
364
Norwe^n
Lunish
Dutch
4
12
49
Belgian
2
Spimlsh
Italian
Anstrian
Rnfffiian . ,
6
85
3
8
27
2
2
5
79
8
6
24
2
8
11
164
6
14
51
4
6
122
218
15
3
North Amf>ricRTi
Braiilian
Swediflh
9
2
15
2
24
4
Entries.
Departures. j Total.
Number.
Tons.
Number.! Tons. Number.' Tons.
Coast ships
11,556
1,350
1,764,611.83
2,476,727.28
11,508 1,859,661.38 ' 23,148 3,624,273.21
1,330 1,460,298.77 I 2,689 | 4,937,026.05
Orersea ships
Total
25,837 I 8,561,299.28
Port dues compared, — The following tabular statement shows the
charges which, in 1899, were levied on vessels at the chief European
seaports, as compared with those at Buenos Aires : ^
Countries.
Italy.
Belgium
Netherlands.
Germany
Prance.
England .
Spain .
Argentine Republic .
Ports, etc.
Genoa:
National vessels or assimilated.
Foreign vessels ,
Venice:
National vessels or assimilated.
Foreign vessels
Antwerp
Amsterdam.
Rotterdam, through the new mouth of the Mouse . . . .
Bremen
Hamburg:
Vessels not entering the docks provided with
whai-ves.
Vessels entering the docks and making use of
their elements.
Marseilles:
Coasting trade
Long-course vessels bringing cargo and leaving in
Vessels arriving in ballast and leaving loaded
London
Hull
Newcastle
Qlasgow
Bristol
Liverpool:
Vessels remaining in tho Mersey
Vessels that enter the docks
Cardiff
Barcelona:
Coasting trade, iron ores
Second-class navigation
Third-class navigation
Second and third class, with coal
Buenos Aii-es:
Vessels from foreign ports
Vessels from foreign ports (unclear bills of health) .
Coasting vessels
Fixed dues.
Tons
Tons of
burden.
cargo.
0.234
0.299
.434
.536
.253
.813
.436
.560
.383
.an
.362
.448
.286
.357
.230
.261
.521
.227
.364
.284
.004
.538
.426
.980
.722
.401
1.001
.425
.306
.325
.0637
.328
.648
.280
.449
.861
.746
.664
.527
1.210
.496
1.238
.525
.lfi2
.688
.938
.288
« Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan-American Conference.
Digitized by VjI^^V IC
268 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
OTHER PORTS. «
La Plata. — The total length of the entrance channel is about 8
kilometers, with a depth of 6 meters 30 centimeters. The Grand dock
is 1,200 meters long and 13 wide, and terminates with a smaller dock,
for swinging ships, 230 meters by 200 meters, which has been opened
for traffic since 1900, and has a total length of quays of 3,000 meters.
This port is accessible for vessels drawing 7 meters 20 centimeters to
7 meters 50 centimeters. The trade of the country passing through this
port was: Imports, 1898, 1.30 percent; 1899, 1.20 per cent; exports,
1898, 3 per cent; 1899, 2.30 per cent. The arrivals of vessels in 1899
were: From abroad, sailing vessels and steamers, 119, with 146,110
tons register; coasting trade, 510, with 147,095 tons register; total, 629
vessels, with 293,205 tons register. In 1900 the principal exports com-
prised: Cereals, 86,681 tons; hay, 2,560 tons; beef, 1,294 tons; hides,
849 tons; butter, 96 tons; quebracho, 6,159 tons; wool, 1,110 tons;
tallow, 360 tons; live stock, 21,015 head.
Rosario. — The trade of the country passing through this port was:
Imports, 1898, 8.60 per cent; 1899, 8.80 percent; exports, 1898, 19.20
per cent; 1899, 18.40 per cent. The principal exports in 1899 were, in
tons: Sugar, 24,251; hay, 31,716; quebracho, 5,118; agricultural prod-
ucts, 1,237,891 (of which wheat, 885,179; maize, 225,759; linseed,
90,644) ; pastoral products, 22,921. The arrivals of ocean-going vessels
^ in 1899 were : Sailing vessels, laden, 126, tons register 63,745 ; in ballast,
21, tons register 9,529; total, 147, with 73,274 tons register. Steamers,
laden, 477, tons register 542,283; in ballast, 199, tons register 302,229;
total, 676, yrith 844,512 tons register. Coasting trade: Sailing vessels,
668, with 68,497 tons register; steamers, 1,189, with 1,069,929. Total
arrivals of all vessels, 2,680, with 2,056,212 tons register. In this
port there are several wharves belonging to private enterprises and
one belonging to the National Government.
In 1899 Congress authorized the Government to call for tenders for
the construction and working of a commercial port at Rosario, to com-
prise 3,000 meters upward of wharves, which will allow vessels draw-
ing meters 60 centimeters to come alongside, construction of neces-
sary buildings and complete fitting up of port with all modern appli-
ances, the Government to maintain the channel at Martin Garcfa with
a depth of 5 meters 70 centimeters at low water and 6 meters 60 centi-
meters at high water.* The total movement in the port has been, 1879,
imports 120,000 tons; exports 140,000 tons; 1884, imports 280,000 tons;
exports 300,000 tons; 1889, imports 610,000 tons; exports 460,000 tons;
1894, imports 240,000 tons; exports 660,000 tons; 1898, imports 230,000
« Argentine Yearbook. 1902.
* In April last, the contract for the constraction of the port was entered into
snbject to certain modifications of the original tenders in regard to the working,
original cost and i)ercentage of the gross revenue to be jMiid to the Government
The official estimate of the cost of constmction amounts to $11,952,000, and a
Gk)vemment engineer has already been appointed as director of the works.
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BAHfA 6LAN0A.
269
tons; exports 770,000 tons. For number, tonnage, and class of ships,
1900-1901, see succeeding table .
Bahia Blanca, — The foreign trade passing through this port was:
imports, 1898, 1.40 per cent; 1899, 0.80 per cent; exports, 1898, 5.40
per cent; 1899, 7 per cent. The arrivals of ocean-going vessels were
in 1899, sailers 19, with 19,034 tons register; steamers 52, with 87,246
tons register; coasting vessels, sailers, 22, with 5,573 tons register.
Steamers 25, with 23,347 tons register; total, 118, with 135,200 tons
register. This port has made great development during the past ten
years. In 1885 the rails of the Great Southern Railway reached the
port, and the company constructed a wharf. This was soon found to
he insufficient for the requirements of the port, and the company is now
carrying out large extensions at a cost of about $2,500,000. The new
wharf will be 500 meters long, with spacious warehouses and about 30
kilometers of sidings. The depth of water in midstream at low tide
is 8 meters 10 centimeters and at high tide 11 meters 10 centimeters.
The channel is 3 kilometers long and 50 meters wide. (For number
of ships and tonnage, 1900-1901, see table below.)
Figures relating to ports of lesser importance are included in the
table of entries and departures.
The following table shows the number of sailing ships and steamers
and the total tonnage of all entries and departures at 57 ports of the
Republic for 1900 and 1901, respectively:
ENTRIES.
Steamers.
Sailing vessels.
Total.
Number.
Tonmige.
Number.
Tonnage.
Number. ' Tonnage .
1900.
Orerse* _
2, on
18,421
4,028.478.25
6.227,288.19
477
27,780
382,299.11
Coafftiihlim
1,506,158.45
.
20.406
10,266,706.44
28,257
1,977,457.56 | 48,755 , 12,233,224.00
1901.
Orersea
GoMit ships...
1,865
21,109
28,064
8,534,857.21
7,143,085.70
10,677,442.91
406
27,520
27,926
288,616.84
1,835,317.30
1,688,934.14 1 50,960
12, 301, 3n. 05
DEPARTURES.
1900.
Oversea
2,830
18,926
4,630,668.02
6,468,019.81
474
27,864
348,317.80
1,296,318.66
1
Coast ships
21,266
11.098,587.83
38,338
1,644,631.46
49,594
12.rd8,219.29
^ 1901
Oversea
2,078
21, 2U
3,960,944.24
7,898, 372.06
349
27,172
251,083.01
1,366.926.65
Coast ships
1
t
23.289
U. 864,816. 29
27,521
1,606,008.56
60,810
12,962,824.86
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270 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Argentine port dnes. — The fixed charges which liave to be paid by
steamers and sailing vessels arriving with cargo at any Argentine
port ai'e:
Classification. Gold.
Paper.
16.00
"Lifth t dues : Punta Indio and Banco Chico together , per register ton $0. 07
Health dues:
Vessels with clean bill of health, per register ton .01
Vessels with fonl bill of health, per register ton 02
Bill of health, steamers and sailers of all mzes
Consular fees according to veBsePs nationality, tonnage, and port or iwrtsof des-
tination.
Stamped paper:
The manifest and store list must be translated into Spanish* and presented '
at the customs bearing, for steamers, an official stamp (for the first sheet) I
of the value of ' ' 100.00
For each subsequent sheet required ' 1.00
For sailing vessels of over 500 tons register the stamps required for giving I
entry amount (for the first sheet) to 55.00
For each additional sheet j 1.00
Crew list i 2.00
Vessels arriving in ballast rec[uire stamped paper for entry of half the value
of that necessary when arriving with cargo, and pay for fight dues, instead i
of gold $0.07 only (besidesone-half of the usual health dues) 086 '
Steamers with packet privileges require no special permit for taking in car- i
go, and on clearing only present a statement of goods taken on board on |
8tami)edpai)erof the value of i 85.00
Sailing vessels leaving in ballast are only charged I 1-00
When loading, a special permit called ** opening register " must be taken out, ,
which costs I 55.00
When clearing with cargo or '* closing register," the stamped i)aper required ,
amounts to 50.00
Cargo steamers pay for packet privileges ' 200.00
Passenger steamers, provided with disln f ecting stove, for each voyage | 100. 00
Besides stamped pai)er in both cases ' 3.00
Steamers that have iiaid $100 for inward manifest or sailing vessels that have I '
paid $55 for same in any Argentine port, have only to pay $3, paper, for
the first, and $1 for each additional sheet of stamped paper in all other I
Argentine ports where they may diEcharge cargo. I |
AneJwrage. — All vessels arriving in an Argentine port, Buenos
Aires only excepted, have to pay anchorage dues at the rate of 1 cent
paper per register ton. Vessels exclusively occupied in coasting trade
pay 0.005 paper per register ton.
Steamers arriving with general cargo as a rule pay agents a com-
mission on the amount of freight for attending to the ship's inward
business, when nothing is stipulated to the contrary in the charter-
party, in addition t»o a fee of 150 gold for giving entr^^ at customs.
For clearing in ballast, *25 gold; with cargo, $100 gold. This last fee
covers custom-house work in a second Argentine port.
Sailing vessels: For giving entry at customs, $25; for clearing in
ballast, $15; for clearing with cargo, 150. The above are the usual
fees charged in Buenos Aires, La Plata, and Rosario, but in the
smaller river ports the custom-house business is frequently effected
for a reduced fee.
Brokerage: On steam charters, 4 per cent; on sail charters, 5 per
cent, including an address commission.
Pilotage in the port of Buenos Aires: Steamers or sailing vessels
towed from the Outer Roads to the anteport (i. e., the entrance to
the South Basin) or vice versa, pay pilotage according to the follow-
ing tariff, in proportion to their registered tonnage. Steamers or
sailing vessels: From 120 tons to 300, $15 paper; from 301 to 500 tons.
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PORT DUES.
271
$20 paper; from 501 to 1,000 tons, $25 paper; from 1,001 to 1,500, $30
paper. Vessels of more than 1,500 tons pay $35 paper. Steamers or
sailing vessels towed from the anteport to the Vuelta de Rocha pay
U paper, to Barraca de PeSa $8 paper, and $12 paper to the bridge of
Barracas. For every change of position in the Riachuelo itself, ves-
sels of more than 1,000 tons pay $6 paper, and those of less tonnage
♦4 paper. Vessels that enter or leave in ballast only pay 75 per cent
of amounts rated; this reduction applies equally to shifts, etc., in the
port of the Riachuelo.
G^ravijiy-docks charges. — The charges for the use of the graving
docks at the i)ort of Buenos Aires are as follows:
TONNAGE DUES.
Gold.
For the first 500 tons register $50. 00
For each 200 tons register in excess 10. 00
DOCK DUES.
Per day and per ton
(gold).
On the first 500 tons register .
On the next 250 tons register.
On the next 250 tons register.
On the next 250 tons register.
Exceeding 1,250 tons register
Fractions of a ton are counted as a ton and vessels of under 500
tons register pay the dues chargeable on a vessel of 500 tons. Work
can be done at night by an extra payment $0.04 gold per ton register
per night. Fractions of a day are counted as a whole day for pur-
pose of calculating these dues.
Lights on Argentine coast and in River Plate.
Name.
Range and compass.
Height
above
sea
level.
System.
Bearing.
Panta del Indio
^(light-ship).
Banco Chico
(light-ship).
Pnnta Piedras
(light-ship).
Boca del Ria-
chuelo.
Martin Garcia .
San Antonio
PontaMManos
Visible 14 miles
Visible 8 miles.
Visible 14 miles
Visible for 3 miles;
originally visible 7
miles.
Origrinally visible for
12 miles; now only
for 6 miles.
Visible for 21 miles in
a sector of 270* em-
bracing the whole
horizon.
Visible for 21 miles in
a sector of 225** em-
bracing the whole
horizon
Meters.
13
13
13
43
58
50.50
Revolving, catadiop-
tric, 4 double lenses.
Fixed; on Cordouan's
system, with reflect-
ors.
Catadioptric, 4 double
lenses.
Reflecting
Parabolical, with w-
tagonal lantern.
Lighting apjparatus is
on PreenePs system,
lenticular, with 8
lenses, and the re-
volving apparatus
on Baroier'ssjrstem.
White, fixed; system
. Brohner; lenticular,
with 8 lenses.
Lat. S. 35» 10'; long.W.
57° y.
Lat. S.34«48'; long.W.
57'* Sty.
Moored 24 miles S. SB"
E. of Point Indio
light-ship.
Lat. S. 34" 88' 10"; long.
W. 58" 21' 20" Green-
wich.
Lat. 8.34M1'; long.W.
58° 13' 15" Greenwich.
Lat. S. 88«» IS' 24"; long.
W. 56«» 44' 15"; long.
W. 8«» 46' 57" Green-
wich.
Lat. S. 36° 53'; long.W.
56° 38' 9" Greenwich.
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272
ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Lights on Argentine coast and in River Plate — Continned.
Height
Name.
Range and compass.
above
sea
level.
System.
Bearing.
Meters.
PuntA Mogotes.
Visible for 28 miles in
55
Lighting apnoratas is
on FresneTs system.
Lat.S.38'»06'40";long.
W. 570 31' 17" Green-
a sector of 225" em-
bracing the whole
and the revolving
wich; W. ge« 51' 30"
horizon.
apparatus on Bar-
bier's system; len-
Paris;E.0»23'15"La
Plata Observatory.
',
ticular, with 8 lenses.
Montti HenuoBo
Visible 8 to 10 miles....
57
Large lamp, lighted
Lat. S, 38^59'; long. W.
by keroeene.
61- Sy 50" Greenwich.
Bahia Blanca
Visible U miles
13 Catsdioptric, 4 doable
Situate at the entrance
(light-ship).
lenses.
to Bahia Blanca ports
and bears 13 mileB 8.
6« E. of Monte Her-
Rio Negro
19 miles is the maxi-
45. 88 Fixed, reflecting
Lat.S4lo08'23";long.
mam distance at
W. «J2« 48' 10" Green-
which this light is
1
wich.
visible.
Isla de loB E^ta-
Originally visible for
55 1 Parabolical
Lat.S.54<* 43' 24": long.
dOB.
14^ miles; now only
W. 63« 43' 1" Green-
visible at a distance
[
wich.
of 8 miles.
RAILWAYS.
First railway. — The first railway line was opened for traffic in the
Republic in the year 1857 with only 10 kilometers in operation. In
1867 there were 572 kilometers; in 1875, 1,384 kilometers; in 1880,
2,313 kilometers; in 1885, 4,541 kilometers, and in 1890, 9,254 kilo-
meters. From that time on the construction of railways has advanced
with rapidity. <»
Railway mileage. — In 1891 the railways had a mileage of 11,700
kilometers; in 1895, of 14,222 kilometers, and, finally, in 1901 they have
reached 17,062 kilometers, of which a little more than 2,000 kilometers
belong to the Government and the rest to foreign companies. The
capital invested in these lines amounts to about $553,000,000 gold."
Length of lines in 1901. — The following table gives the length of
lines open, the capital paid up, the number of passengers conveyed,
and the traffic receipts of all the railways of Argentina in 1901 :
Kilometers of line 17, 663
Total capital paid up (gold) $541 , 050, 763
Passengers carried 19, 572, 315
Tons of freight carried... 14,266,410
Total receipts (gold) $44,180,905
Total expenses (gold) $24,227,737
Interest earned 1 per cent. . 3. 11
Comparing the system with that of other countries in 1901, we have:
Kilometers.
Argentina (1901) 17,084
Brazil 14,038
Mexico (1901) _ 14,322
Chile.. -- 4,286
« Report of the Argentine delegation to the Second Pan-American Conference,
p. 55.
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55
>6J
.9Sj
y^j
^
G
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RAILWAYS.
273
Comparatire mileage. — The following table gives the order in which
the countries of the world are placed with respi>ct to their railways,
from which it will be seen that Argentina stands ninth on the list for
length of line. The returns for other countries are for 181)8 and 1899.
Order.
Cotintriefl.
United States
Germany
Russia
Prance
India
England (colonies not included)
Caisada
Anstria-Hungarv
Argentina
Italy
Brazil
Mexico(1901)
ArcA.
j RrdlwJijf,
iiirnit'trt'M^
All railways come under the jurisdiction of the minister of public
works.
Working of lines. — ^The following is a statement of some of the
details of the working of Argentine railways during 1899:
Length of line open to traffic kilometers. . 17, 062
Anthorized capital (gold) $617,886,727
Paid-np capital (gold) , $541 , 050, 763
Capital per kilometer of line (gold) $32, 964
REVENUE.
Passenger receipts (gold) $9,276,636
Passenger receipts per kilometer of line (gold) _ _ $573
Number of passengers carried 18, Oil, 503
Passengers kilometer _ 709, 526, 678
Parcel and excess baggage receipts $1, 359, 617
Parcels carried tons.. 143,373
Freight receipts (gold ) $28, 360, 475
Freight carried tons. . 11, 819, 497
Telegraph receipts (gold ) $246 , 992
Total receipts for year $39, 888, 074
EXPENDITURE.
Permanent way and works and telegraphs (gold ) . $4, 603, 148
Traction (gold) - - - . . 6, 842, 118
Movement (gold). -. 3,081,279
Management and directors - 2, 523, 433
Total expenditure . . $21,323,433
Net profit -- $18,874,192
Earned on capital. ..- percent.. 3.58
Locomotives - number. 1, 245
Passenger cars do 1,545
Freight cars. ... do... "32,897
"Report of the Pan-Anaerican Railway Committee to tlie Second International
Conference of American States, 1902, pp. 21-23.
573 a— 03 18
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274 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
Railway map, — It may be added that in the map there are not
included the following extensions and constructions of lines, which
have been commenced since the date of its publication, representing
an extension of track of over 2,000 kilometers : The line from Olavarria
to Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires Southern Railway); the lines from
Banderol6 to San Rafael and from Trenque-Lauqu^n to Carh ue (Buenos
Aires Western Railway); the line from Ital6 to Buena Esperanza
(Pacific Railway) ; the lines from Maipu to Villa Luj4n, from La Dor-
midato San Rafael, and from Panquene to Rodeo del Medio (Argentine
Great Western Railway); the line from La Oarlota to Rfo Cuarto
(Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway); the line from Libres to Santo
Tom6 (Argentine Northeastern Railway) ; the line from Punta de Vacas
to Las Cuevas (Trans-Andean itailway) ; and the extension from Trelew
(Chubut Central). The greatest distance the railways run in Argentine
territory from north to south and southwest is 2,950 kilometers, and
the following principal cities are reached: Jujuy, Salto, Tucum4n,
C6rdoba, Rosario, Buenos Aires, and Bahia Blanca, and the National
Territory of the Pampa Central, toward the Neuqu6n, thus connecting
the Cordilleras and the Atlantic.
Railway to Bolivia, — The connection of the Argentine Republic
with that of Bolivia has not been effected up to this date, owing to
the diflBculties of the region and the paucity of trade, but at present,
and by virtue of an agreement between the two governments, there
are corps of engineers of both countries on the field and the survey
of the Argentine section has been recently completed. This railway
connection will be open to the public by June, 1904.
The Economista Mexicano has published a statement of the dis-
tances which remain to be laid with rails in the different countries
of America in order to complete the Pan-American railway system,
and from said statement it is seen that the Argentine Republic needs
only to extend its railways for 125 English miles, at an estimated cost
of 14,000,000 gold.
According to the project of the Argentine Government, the line to
Bolivia is to start from the terminus of the FerrocarrH Central del
Norte (Northern Central Railway), with an extension of 300 kilome-
ters. It must be added that the Government has been offered — ^by a
building firm — to have the work completed, provided its cost be paid
with "fondos publicos" (government securities).
When this project shall be realized the Argentine Republic will
have integrally fulfilled the part allotted her in the recommendation
formulated by the conference held in Washington City.** '
Railroad trackage, — According to a table published in the Review
of the River Plate, there are 16,563.5 kilometers of railroad trackage
in the Argentine Republic. Of this total length the State railways
« Report of the Argentine Delegation to the Second Pan-American Conference,
pp. 55-56,
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KAILWAYS.
275
aggregate 2,007.2 kilometers. The Government also owns 119 locomo-
tives, 110 coaches, 55 brake vans, 1,966 freight cars, and 127 special
freight cars. The Government railways are the Andine, Central Norte,
and Argentine del Norte. Their combined capital is $54,958,782 gold.
The railroads belonging to private corporations have a combined
length of 14,556.3 kilometers. On these are employed 1,141 locomo-
tives, 1,456 passenger cars, 951 brake vans, 31,649 ordinary and 448
special freight cars. The combined capital of the 21 railroads con-
trolled by private corporations is $471,657,859 gold.
Railway receipts in 1900. — In 1900, including partial estimates for
the last quarter, the receipts of the Government roads aggregated
$1,615,990 gold and the expenditures $1,215,471, leaving a net profit
of $400,419. The receipts and expenditures of the private roads were,
respectively, $39,778,179 and $22,305,385, leaving a net profit of
$17,540,340.
Railway retu/ms in 1902. — The "Review of the River Plate" for
January 4, 1902, published a table giving the approximate returns of
the Argentine railways, from which the appended statistics are
obtained, the capital, receipts, expenses, and profits being expressed
in gold.
GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS.
Name of line. Length.
i
Capital.
Receipts.
Ex-
pensee.
Profits.
Passen-
gers.
Freight.
Inter-
est.
Andino
Central Norte
Aixentino del N< rte
Km.
855
1,098
563
18,655,607
S, 243, 838
13,060,337
$639,450
1,209,510
142,447
$327,508
853,661
178,851
$311, «V2
355,849
a35,904
92,890
281,097
35,485
Tons.
460,588
557,069
40,699
Perct.
3.60
1.07
Total
8,016
54,058,782
1,991,407
1,350,610
631,797
408,972
1 068 376 1 1R
PRIVATE RAILWAYS.
Great Sontliem
Western
Buenos Aires and
Bosario
CmtnU Agentine . . .
Baenos Aires and
Pacific
Oreat West Argen-
tine
Bafaia Blanca and
^orthweetem
Argentine east
Northeast Argen-
tine
Central Entre-Riano
Prorince of Santa F6
Central C6rdoba
(north)
Central C6rdoba
<««t)
C6rdobaand Rosario
Northwest Argen-
tine
C6rdoba North west-
Trans-Andine
Central of Chnbnt.
Total
3, 683 $112.
949, 97, 814; 112
474,878|$12,265,996
~ "-'^ 715,269
1,889 58,
1,571 72,
241,836
780,815
1,042 37,567,999
630 22,176,090
161
653 26,
648 16,
1,811| 20,
316,000
596,265
181,106
174,040
250,720
885, 23,398,482
210' 6,
280, 10,
451,200
744,408
>, 600, 232
r, 685, 863
), 295, 296
8,758,014
271,231
197,663
268,464
466,219
8,285,604
1,273,625
666,678
867,510
196, 5,500,479 519,406
158, 6,
142< 6,
70 1,
618,528
276,474
008,000
95,750
72,332
19,984
$5,971,
2,026,
8,183,
3,674,
1,724,
1,401,
205,
163,
269,
850,
1,250,
915
$6,294,
2,688,
2,566,
4,010,
1,570,
1,356,
981,
299,
467
65,318
33,082
9,
115,
1,084,
291,650
366,
269,
^1
278,401 341,006
80,
125,
16,
5101
006
440
15,
«52,
3,
14,745 486,616,881 43,428,11622,542,995,20,880,12110,696,250
6,190,384
3,574,0861
3,312,732
3,696,2531
I
614,884
448,398
19,330
20,984
54,489
147,261
361,630
210,226
80,406
73,757
839,168
40,342
10,158
1,718
3,105,067
1,539,252
1,712,447
2,604,114
789,469
413,605
37,808
52,367
81,874
215,148
718,113
565,074
471,849
448,630
630,201
48,966
9,170
5,257
3,443,899
5.60
7.11
4.41
5.51
4.18
6.11
.79
.61
.04
.72
3.53
L24
5.66
2.51
4.81
4.29
a Loss.
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276 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
RAILWAY COMPANIES."
Argentine Oreat Western Railway, — This line was constructed by
the Government, and the last section opened to public service on
May 6, 1885. On June 14, 1887, it was taken over by an En^rlish
company, by which it is at present worked.
The line runs from Villa Mercedes, in the province of San Luis, to
the city of San Juan, passing through the important wine-making
districts of Mendoza and San Juan, which constitute its chief source
of traffic.
At Villa Mercedes Junction the railway is connected with Buenos
Aires by the Pacific line, and with Rio Cuarto and Rosario by the
Andine and Central Argentine railways.
Passengers and other traffic for Chile pass over the Great Western
as far as Mendoza, where a change is made for the Trans-Andine Rail-
way Company's narrow-gauge line.
The company's headquarters (management) are at Mendoza.
Argentine Northeastern Railway Company^ Limited (registered
October 31, 1887). — Directors and management: W. Bailey Hawkins,
chairman ; the Hon. H. L. Gibbs, E. M. Underdo wn, L. Cahen d'Anvers,
Sir Chas. A. Turner, K. C. I. E., G. Zwilgmeyer; Harrison Hodgson,
London manager and secretary.
Buenos Aires Oreat Southern. — ^This is the largest railway in the
Argentine Republic, both in regard to its mileage, its earnings, and
its capital (company registered October 8, 1862). — Directors and man-
agement: F. Parish, chairman; R. J. Neild, David A. Shennan, Jason
Rigby, H. Bell, Col. Sir C. B. Euan Smith, K. C. B. Gauge, 1 meter
67 centimeters, consisting of the following lines and branches: From
Buenos Aires through Chascomus, Tandil, Tres Arro3'os to Bahia
Blanca; Buenos Aires, through Cailuelas, Olavarria, Bahia Blancato
Neuquen; Buenos Aires through Lobos, Navarro, General Alvear,
Bolivar, and Saavedra; Buenos Aires, Quilmes, La Plata, Dock Cen-
tral, and Rio Santiago; Buenos Aires to Temperley and San Vicente;
Altamirano to Las Flores; Maipu to Mar del Plata; Ayacucho to
Necochea; Las Flores to Tandil; Bahfa Blanca to Port and Military
Port; La Plata, Atalaya, and Alvarez Jonte La Plata and Ferrari,
Pereira and Ensenada. Total length, 3,697 kilometers.
The equipment of the line in the matter of passenger cars, sleeping
and restaurant cars, and in everything pertaining to the convenienoe
and comfort of the passengers, leaves nothing to be desired.
There are 210 for the most part well and substantially built stations
on the line.
The total capital of the company is slightly over $100,000,000 gold.
The company owns 248 engines, 246 passenger cars, with seating
capacity for 13,750 persons, including commodious and convenient
sleeping cars sufficient for the accommodation of some 1,200 passen-
« Argentine Yearbook, 1902.
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RAILWAYS. 277
gere. It also possesses 129 passenger and 113 goods brake vans, and
8,486 wagons with a carrying capacitj' of 81,330 tons.
During the year 1899 nearly 5,400,000 passengers were carried,
while the goods traffic amounted to 1,915,760 tons, 37 per cent of
which was represented by general goods, 8 per cent by wool, 18 per
cent by wheat, 13 per cent by maize, and 12 per cent by stone; the
remaining 12 per cent being miscellaneous goods.
The Great Southern Railway serves three ports, viz, those of Buenos
Aires, Ensenada, and Bahfa Blanca, where a very considerable busi-
ness is done. They are furnished with extensive wharves, equipped
with steam and hydraulic cranes, and with every convenience for the
loading and unloading of all kinds of goods, and with sheds for their
storage when desired.
The line is chiefly a single one. A double track, however, exists
between Buenos Aires and Altamirano and between Barracas and La
Plata. Stone ballast is gradually replacing the black earth, so that
the parts where the traffic is hea\dest will be proof against the heavy
rains, which would otherwise make their satisfactory maintenance a
matter of extreme difficulty, if not at times altogether impossible.
Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway (registered October 10, 1882). —
Directors and management: J. W. Phillips, chairman; C. E. Gunther,
T. P. Gaskell, E. Norman, consulting engineers. This company was
formed to carry out a concession for a 1 meter 67 centimeters gauge
railway from Villa Mercedes (San Luis) to Mercedes (Buenos Aires),
578.358 kilometers (359.392 miles). It was opened for public traffic
on October 8, 1886. Total length, 1,031 kilometers.
An extension from Mercedes to the city of Buenos Aires, about
108 kilometers (67 miles), was opened March 20, 1888. A junction
from Chacarita to Colegiales with the Buenos Aires and Rosario
Railway was opened on April 1, 1898. A branch from Rufino in a
southwesterly direction to Italo, 117 kilometers (72.7 miles), will shortly
be completed.
The railway serves rich agricultural and pastoral districts. The
chief towns at which it touches are Pilar, Mercedes, Chacabuco,
Junfn, Vedia, Orellanos, Rufino, and Villa Mercedes.
It connects with the Western Railway system at Chacarita and
Mercedes, with the Rosario Railway at Colegiales, the Central Argen-
tine Railway at Junfn, the Villa Maria and Rufino and the Great
Southern of Santa F^ and C6rdoba companies' lines at Rufino, and
with the Andine and the Argentine Great Western companies at
Villa Mercedes. The last- mentioned connection gives through com-
munication between Buenos Aires and the provinces of San Luis,
Mendoza, and San Juan, known as the Cuyo provinces, the great
wine-producing districts of the Republic.
The only direct route to Chile is via the Pacific Railway from
Buenos Aires. The passes over the Andes are as a rule open from
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278 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
December to April, and the journey from Buenos Aires to Valparaiso
and Santiago, Chile, including transport by mule and coach over the
unfinished course of the Transandine Railway from Punta de Vacas
to Salto del Soldado, is accomplished in seventy-two hours.
With the addition of the branch line from Rufino to Italo, the total
length of the company's system will be 804 kilometers.
The principal workshops and store deposits are at Junin, 250 kilo-
meters (155.3 miles) from Buenos Aires, and furnish employment to
about 000 men.
Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway Company y Limited (incorpo-
rated Februaiy IQ, 1873). — Directors and management: Walter Mor-
rison, chairman; Carlos Darbyshire, J. B. Davison, Col. F. J. G. Mur- ^
ray, R. J. Neild, Campbell P. Ogilvle, P. Riddich, J. Rigby, J, W.
Todd, J. Wilson Theobald. Gauge, 1 meter 67 centimeters, consisting
of the following main line: From Buenos Aires to TucumAn, passing
through San Nicolas, Rosario, San Lorenzo, Irigoyen, Galvez, Rafaela,
Sunchales, Santiago del Estero, with branches from Belgrano to Tigre,
San Lorenzo to Puerto Martin, Irigoyen to Santa F6, Galvez to Mor-
teros. Villa Constituci6n to Rfo Cuarto. Length, 1,855 kilomet'Crs.
The present title of the Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway is some-
what of a misnomer, for it has long overgrown its name, and is now
the direct trunk line from the capital to the north of the Republic
and may justly be called the Argentine Great Northern.
The Rosario Railway takes the lead with its symmetrical trains of
splendidly equipped modern cars, and in point of accommodation and
attention to the personal wants of its passengers.
The line has a length of 1,472 kilometers, namely, the main trunk line
from Buenos Aires to Tucuman, running in a northwesterly direction
through the provinces of Buenos Aires, C6rdoba, Santa Fe, Santiago
del Estero, and TucumAn, with the following branches: Local line,
Buenos Aires to Tigre, 32 kilometers; small branch to port of Corana,
4i kilometers; branch to Santa F6, 77 kilometers; branch to Las Mor-
teros, 188 kilometers; branch to Santiago, 6^ kilometers; branch to El
ChaKar, 16 kilometei*s.
The total capital of the company is $48,750,000 gold. The comjMiny
finds employment for over 4,300 men and owns 109 engines; 173 pas-
senger cars, with a seating capacitj' for 11,487 persons, including com-
fortable sleeping cars suflficienb for 486 passengers; also 147 brake
vans, and 4,409 wagons, with a carrying capacity of 46,263 tons.
There are 110 stMions on the line, and during the year 1898,
2,935,945 passengers and 1,231,093 tons of cargo were carried.
The land in the province of Buenos Aires through which the line
passes is richly fertile, being almost entirely alluvial soil and admi-
rably adapted for both pastoral and agricultural purposes, the princi-
pal cereal grown being maize, of which over 74,000 tons were trans-
ported by this company during the year 1899.
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RAILWAYS. 279
The potato district deserves remark, an extensive area being devoted
to the cultivation of this vegetable, of which produce the railway
company carried over 50,000 tons during 1809.
A number of sawmills have been started along the line, giving a
new impetus to this business. In the vicinity of Tucum4n sugar-cane
plantations abound on every side (the irrigation of which is conducted
on a large scale through innumerable small canals), the raising of
cane and the manufacture of sugar being the staple industry of the
province. The branch to Chafiar, 16 kilometers long, runs through the
heart of the sugar district, convenient sidings connecting the factories
with the line, some of which are quite up to date, being illuminated
by electric light and furnished with the most modern machinery.
During 1899, this railway carried 37,340 tons of sugar cane and 43,300
tons of sugar.
Immense quantities of wood are consumed by the factories as fuel,
brought by rail, and 84,000 tons of firewood were carried for this pur-
pose during 1897. A by-product of sugar is alcoho^, of which this
company carried 26,000 tons during 1899.
The company's enterprise is again manifest in the new overhead
line, now finished, entering the city along the shore of the river Plate,
which, with its complement, the extension to the Buenos Aires docks,
will place the company in a most advantageous position on the north-
ern side of the city and complete the splendid system so carefully
built up.
Btcenos Aires and Valparaiso Trans-Andine Railway Company,
Limited, — Directors and management: E. M. Underdown, K. C.
(chairman); Herman Gwinner, Frederick William Lawrence, W.
Wilson, Hon. Arthur Stanley, M. P. Consulting engineers, Livesey,
Son & Henderson. Secretary, Arthur Rimmer. This company was
formed in London in the year 1886 to take over a concession with
a 7 xier cent guarantee for twenty years, granted originally by the
Argentine Government in 1874, for the construction and working
of a meter gauge line from Mendoza to the summit of the Cordil-
lera de los Andes, via the Uspallata Pass, to connect with a similar
concession, to start from Santa Rosa de los Andes, granted by the
Chilean Government. The works were commenced early in 1887,
and in February, 1891, the first four sections — Mendoza to Uspallata,
92 kilometers — were opened to public service. In May, 1892, the fifth
section to the Rio Blanco was opened to service. ^In December, 1893,
the sixth section was also available for trains from Mendoza up to
Punta de Vacas.
On the Chilean side the works were commenced and carried up to
the Salto del Soldado, 27 kilometers from Los Andes, up to which
point trains now run. The total length of the line to connect Men-
doza and Los Andes is some 243 kilometers, so there remain 73 kilo-
meters to be constructed.
Digitized by
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280 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The work involved in the constniction of this line are of a heavy
nature, and the railway offers more points of interest than probably
any other in the Republio.
Throughout there are many elaborate works in cuttings, both in
gravel and rock, and extensive defenses have been required to pro-
tect the line against river floods. Perhaps the most interesting point
of all is the Abt system of rack railwa3\s, which is already working in
the last 10 kilom(»ters before reaching Punt^a de Vacas, on the Argen-
tine side.
The works remaining to be done will also he of a most interesting
nature, involving tunnels of considerable length at the summit. As
to the scenery that this route offers, some idea may be formed of the
gigantic masses of the Andes by the following table of elevations
above sea level, viz:
Localities.
I Elevation above
sea level.
Mendoza....
Cacheuta station
Uspallata
Pnnta de las Vacas
Pnente dellnca Baths
Las Cuevas camp
Summit of railway .*
Summit of rid^ of Pass la (^umbre.
La Calavera Valley
El Fortillo Plain
ElJnncal
Guardia Vieja
Salto del Soldado
Los Andes
Meters.
Feet.
719
2,350
1,196
3,090
1,702
5,570
2,333
7,650
2, no
8,870
3,188
10, «0
3,200
10.500
3,900
12.800
3,022
9,900
2,810
9,250
2,218
7,:©0
1,662
5,440
1,276
4,180
830
2.720
The above elevations are^ with the single exception of the summit
ridge, all hovels of the bottom of the valleys, which throughout are
bordered by great mountains rising from 3,000 meters (9,850 feet)
near the lower extremities to 5,500 meters (18,000 feet) in the upper
portion of the line, while those lieights, great as they are, are dwarfed
by imposing masses of the Aconcagua, 7,300 meters (24,000 feet), and
Tupungato, 7,000 meters (23,000 feet), which to the north and south of
the pass respectively flank the valleys.
In the incomplete state of the undertaking but little idea of its
importance can be formed, though the route is already used by some
8,000 persons a year, who by its means can travel between the east
and west coast in three days, against at least ten days that the pas-
sage by the Magellan Straits involves, besides economizing two-thirds
of the cost. The steamship companies appear to have quickly recog-
nized this transcontinental route as a serious opponent, as through
tickets are already obtainable.
The passage of the 73 kilometers that still have to be constructed
have been greatly simplified of late years by the construction by the
Governments of excellent coach roads on both sides and by hotel
accommodation, which, if not luxurious, is, considering the temporary
nature, very^ fair. Passengers, too, by the competition between two
Digitized by
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RAILWAYS. 281
express companies, are transported over the gap at reasonable rates,
all of which has tended to popularize this route and make the number
of people using it an ever increasing one, both for business and
pleasure, for which latter purpose there is nothing more interesting
in South America.
Buenos Aires Western Railway Company ^ Limited (registered May
17, 1890). — Directors and management: R. J. Neild, chairman; H. G.
Anderson, J. W. Batten, K. C\; Ily. Bell, J. W. Todd, W. Parish.
Consulting engineers, Livesey, Son & Henderson. This company was
formed to acquire, under a law dated September 23, 1889, from the
provincial government of Buenos Aires the railways of 1 meter 67 cen-
timeters gauge belonging to the State (about 1,062 kilometers). It
serves the western and southwestern portion of the province of Buenos
Aires, stretching from the city of Buenos Aires to Toay, in the Pampa
Central, where it connects with the Bahia Blanca and Northwestern
Railway, thus affording through communication with the port of
Bahla Blanca.
A branch has also been constructed in recent years from Bragado
on the main line to the fifth meridian, thQ limit of the province of
Bnenos Aires.
The first rails of this important concern were laid in the year 1857
by the provincial government, which was the owner of the line until
1890, when it was purchased by the present proprietors, an English
company formed for the purpose in London, where its head offices are
permanently established.
llie total length of the line is 915 kilometers and the principal towns
through which it passes are Luj4n, Mercedes, Chilicoy, Bragado, 9 de
JoUo, Pehuajo, Trenque Lauquen, General Lagos, Toay, Lincoln,
Pinto, and Villegas.
The working capital of the company is $43,500,000 gold, and in 1901
a 6 per cent dividend was declared on both the ordinary and pr':^^rred
shares.
The rolling stock of the company comprises 116 locomotives, 201
passenger saloons and brake vans, and 3,887 wagons.
The chief products of the country which the line serves are cereals
and alfalfa, while the goods traffic in an average year exceeds 1,000,000
tons. The average number of passengers carried annually is about
3,500,000, and of live stock of all descriptions, 750,000 head.
An accommodating local train service exists between Once de
Setiembre station (the Buenos Aires terminus) and the western
suburbs of the city, the more important among which are Flores,
Ramos Mejia, Mor6n, and Merlo. The main line night trains, which
nm twice a week between Buenos Aires and the Toay and Villegas
terminus, are provided with commodious sleeping cars, and to the long
distance trains are attached well-appointed restaurant cars, which
contribute considerably to the comfort of the traveling public.
Bahia Blanca and Northwestern Railway Company^ Limited
Digitized by Vj^^V^'
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282 ARGENTINE REPtJBLlO.
(registered May 11, 1889). — Directors and management: J. W. Phil-
lips, M. P., chairman; P. P. Mosley, M. Van Raalte, E. Norman, F.
O. Smithers. Consulting engineer, Charles H. Fox. Gauge, 1 meter
67 centimeters, consisting of the main line from Bahia Blanca to Toay ,
a distance of 371 kilometers. Connections with the Buenos Aires Great
Southern at Bahia Blanca; with the Buenos Aires Western at Toay.
Central Argeniine Railway (registered March 10, 1864). — Direct-
ors and management: Walter Morrison, chairman; C. Darbyshire,
Col. Lawrence Heyworth, Col. Fred. Murraj^ C. P. Ogilvie, Rt. Hon.
Sir Ed. Thornton, G. C. B. , P. Riddoch. Gauge, 1 meter 67 centimeters,
consisting of the following main lines and branches: Rosario through
Canada de GUSmez and Villa Maria to C6rdoba; CaSada de G<Smez,
Pergamino, and San Antonio to Luj4n; from San Nicol&s through
Pergamino to Junfn; Buenos Aires, via Victoria, to Capilla del Sefior
and San Antonio; Rosario to Peyrano; Rfo Segundo to Alta Gracia;
Klar to Villa del Rosario; Pergamino to Melincu^; Buenos Aires
to Tigre. In 1900 this company purchased the West Santa F6 Railway
Company. Total length, 1,562 kilometers.
Cdrdoba Central Railway Company^ Ldmited (registered August
11, 1887). — Directors and management: E. L. Weigall, chairman ; W.
Hume, J. Van Raalte, P. Norman, T. Wood, G. W. Houghton, W.
Henty. Consulting engineers, Livesey, Son <fc Henderson. Gauge, 1
meter, consisting of the following main lines and branches: Cordoba
to Frontera; C6rdoba, through Dean Funes, Recreo and Frfas, to
Tucum&n; Recreo to Chumbicha; Frfas to Santiago del Estero.
Total length, 2,137 kilometers. Line and connections: With the
CiSrdoba and Rosario at Frontera; with the Central Argentine at
C6rdoba; with the C6rdoba and Northwestern at C<Srdoba; with the
Buenos Aires and Rosario at Santiago del Estero and TucumAn;
with the Northwest Argentine at La Madrid and Tucumdn.
Cdrdoba and Northwestern Railway Company^ Ldmited (regis-
tered March 21, 1889). — Directors and management: Col. Paget Mos-
ley, chairman; F. C. Norton, J. Oelsner, C. D. Rose. This line is
worked by the Central Cordoba. Formed to acquire a concession
granted by the provincial government of Cordoba for the construction
of a line of railway (153 kilometers, or 95 miles, of 1 meter gauge,
excluding two short branch lines from near La Calera to Las Canteras
de Mai Paso, and from near Santa Maria to Tanti Cuchi) from the
city of C6rdoba to the town of Cruz del Eje, a station on the line from
Dean Funes to Chilecito, owned by the national government. With
the consent of the government, however, the construction of the
branch lines has been postponed. The first section, from C<Srdoba to
San Roque (45 kilometers), was opened on September 8, 1891, and
the whole line on July 2, 1892.
Cdrdoba and Rosario Railway Company, Limited (registered
January 16, 1889). — Directors and management: E. B. Meriman
(chairman), T. Wood, W. Hume, G. W. Houghton, J. A. Le Lachear,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
RAILWAYS. 283
J. H. Whittle. Gauge, 1 meter (narrow gauge), consisting of the fol-
lowing main line and branches: From Rosario to Frontera; Frontera
to Rafaela. Totiil length, 205 kilometers. Connections and competi-
tive jmints: (1) With the Buenos Aires and Rosario at Rosario and
Rafaela; (2) with the Central Argentine at Rosario; (3) with the Cor-
doba Central at Frontera; (4) with the Western Santa Fe at Frontera;
(5) with the Northern Santa F6 at Rafaela.
Entre Rios Railway (registered November 19, 1891). — Directors and
management: R. J. Neild, chairman; Lord Farrer, Col. F. G. Oldham,
Hon. R. C. Parsons, Woodbine Parish. Gauge, 1 meter 42 centimeters,
consisting of the following main line and branches: Bajada Grande
(Parana) to Concepci6n del Uruguay, NogoyA to Victoria, Tala to
Puerto Ruiz, Basavilbaso to Villaguay, and Basavilbaso to Guale-
guaychu. Sola to Marci4, and a new line, nearing completion, from
Villaguay to Concordia. Average length of line worked, 643 kilo-
meters. Extension of line, 115 kilometers.
East Argentine Railway Company, Limited (registered May 11,
1871). — Directors and management: Sir G. B. Bruce (chairman), Chas.
Burt, R. W. Graham, Wilson Noble, W. Wilson, Jason Rigby. Offices,
Concordia, Entre Rfos. Gauge, 1 meter 42 centimeters, consisting of
the following main line and branch : From Concordia to Monte Caseros,
and branch from Monte Caseros to the Ceibo Creek on the River
Uruguay. Total length, 159 kilometers. Connections: With the
Argentine North Eastern at Monte Caseros; with the North Western
of Uruguay by the company's steamers, which ply up the River
Uruguay.
The North Argentine Railway, — In October, 1887, the construction
of the Dean Funes to Chilecito and Chumbicha to Catamarca Rail-
way was commenced. On March 20 the line was opened to the public
between Dean Funes and Tuclame, in the province of Cordoba, and on
July 11, 1891, the Tuclame and Santa Rosa section. The remainder
of the distance traverses the province of La Rioja.
The Chumbicha and Catamarca section, in the province of Cata-
marca, was opened to the public service in September, 1899, with G6
kilometers (41 miles) extension. The Santa Rosa section to Chilecito
and the Santa Rosa to La Rioja, both in the province of La Rioja,
were opened to the public service in July, 1889, and November, 1897.
The total capital invested in the construction of these lines
amounted to $14,979,337.
The name of this line was "The Dean Funes to Chilecito and
Chumbicha to Catamarca National Railway," but it was changed in
January, 1898, to "llie North Argentine Railway," Rioja and Cata-
marca section. The gauge of this line is 1 meter.
The rails employed are of rolled steel, for the most part, and all
other constructions are of "quebracho Colorado" (hard wood), the
sleepers also being of quebracho Colorado, and placed at the rate of
1,250 per kilometer.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
284
ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The starting point of the Rioja section is Dean Funes, which is
situated at the height of 596 meters above gea level. The principal
line is terminated at Chilecito, at the height of 981 meters above sea
level. The branch to La Rioja, which is situated at a height of 404
meters, starts from Santa Rosa, at the height of 338 meters. The
greatest height reached by the line in the Rioja section is 981 meters
above the sea level, and the least 112 meters, which point is to be
found in the Salinas Grandes.
The steepest gi'ades on this railway are 13 per cent.
The rolling stock and motive power with which the line is equipped
are as follows:
Passenger locomotives 15
Freight locomotives 3
Wagons ** 349
First-class carriages 11
Second-class carriages 18
Sleeping carriages ^ 3
Special carriages 5
Combination first and second class carriages 2
Water tanks 23
Gas deposit 1
Province of Santa Fe^ French Company, — ^Directors and manage-
ment: Chairman, L. Ewald, Paris. Directors, O. Mirabaud, L. Odier,
Count R. Lavaurs, Marquis des Roys, G. Thenon, L. Villars, J. Du-
plan, M. Boucard. Length of line, 1,311 kilometers. Gauge, 1 meter.
System, Santa Fe, San Cristobal, Reconquista, Rasario, Colastine.
Sunwiary of operationH^ 1901.
GOVERNMENT KAIL.WAY8.
Andino
Central Norte
Norte Argentino.
Total
Great Southern
Buenos Aires Western
Buenos Aires and Rosario
Central Argentine
Buenos Aires and Pacific
Argentine Great Western
Bania Blanca and Northwestern
East Argentine
Argentine Northeastern
Entre Rlos Railways
Santa F^R R
Cordolm Central: North section
East section
C6rdobaand Rosario
Argentine Northwestern
Cordoba and Northwestern
Buenos Aires and Valparaiso Transandine .
Chubut Central R.R
Total .
Length.
Kilometere.
8&4.9
1,108.0
563.2
Gross
income
(gold).
$589,748
1,219,610
136,496
rORBION COMPANIRK.
2.000.1 I
3,696.8
1.010.2
1,888.7
1,571.6
1,107.2
529.9
377.6
100.9
661.9
648.0
1,308.4
884.6
210.5
288.9
196.1
153.2
158.0
70.1
1,945,856
Capital
(gold).
18,655,607
^,248,888
13,060,337 ,
Working
expenaee
(gold).
54,968,782
14,917.1
12,153,1i»
4,518,580
5,407,009
7,160,149
8,070,514
2,582,3n
288,784
200,316
272,887
449,885
2,226,370
1.274,797
647,900
788,815
494,767
92,727
78,858
19,420
116,669,151
as, 785, 390
60,741.072
76,283,475
86.288.000
21,876,206
8,313,480
5,598,406
26,181,106
16,174,040
29,250,720
23,398,482
6.461,200
10,744,408
5,690,479
6.618,628
6,276,474
1,008,000
41,701,276 I 495,148,616
$324,737
841.280
168,197
1,334, IM
&,924,7ti)
2,06^,008
3,068,371
3,571,a5«
1.678.aOB
1,709,842
207,511
163,278
268,506
848,251
1,242,635
1,015,115
804, sao
582,707
282,754
81.700
115.300
16,012
22,614,073
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RAILWAYS.
285
Summary of operations ^ 1001 — Continued.
OOVKRIVMENT RAILWAT8.
Andino
Central Norte
Norte Argentlno
Total -
FOREIGN COMPANIES.
Great Sonthem
Buenos Aires Weetem
Buenos Aires and Boeario
Central Argentine
Boenos Aires and Pacific
Argentine Oreat Western
Bama Blanca and Northwestern
East Argentine
Argentine Northeastern
Entre Rios Railways
Santa F6R.R
C6rdoba Central: North section
East section
C6rdoba and Rosario
Argentine Northwestern
C6rdoba and Northwestern
Bnenos Aires and Valparaiso Transandine .
Chubnt Central B. R
Total 18,880,178
Passen-
gers.
73,7»6
348.148
35,946
457,889
17M.
I \'.i
'M':.
Cargo.
Tons.
399,715
564,661
39,125
1,008,401
2,331,
1,118,
1,547,
2,353,
596,
383,
36,
51,
78,
207,
760,
546,
409,
415,
518,
46,
8,
5,
11,417,381
Net
earnings
on
capital.
Per cent.
3.06
1.14
Locomo-
tives.
5.38
6.87
8.87
4.77
3.84
8.99
.74
.66
.05
.62
3.36
1.11
5.32
1.92
3.79
.17
a.66
.84
RoUing
stock
(cars, all
classes).
118
267
116
146
164
90
63
20
14
36
30
71
92
13
29
30
8
9
2
6 8.858 I
1,190
482
1,672
314
2,368
9,976
4,017
6,281
5,383
2,372
1,122
271
313
484
552
2,061
1,829
708
762
642
122
149
36,001
a Loss. b Average.
[The returns for other countries are for 1896 and 1899; those of Argentina for 1900.]
United States
Qermany
Russia
France
India
England (colonies not included)
Canada
Austria
Arg3ntina
Italy
Brazil
Mexico
Spain
Victoria
New South Wales
Chile
Queensland
New Zealand
Algiers
Egypt
Cape Colony
South Australia
Hquare kilo-
meters.
9,212,300
540,627
22,429,998
636,408
5.068,340
314,839
8,767.700
300,193
2.885,620
286,648
8,387,218
1,987,324
504,552
229,078
799.139
753,216
1.730,721
268,461
797,770
994,300
756,808
966,720
Kilometers.
(K.i*wd,a44
299,968
V? :rr'.i. \m
48,280
i2-^.'.i;ti.;'{27
43,061
:£-^.r)[;,'.»75
37,424
i^M\-.t.jm
85,340
^^i.:mi»,^64
34.866
:>,V^U.\fjO
27,930
n..^^^:ua3
18,182
kimi.nil
17,062
:u.ii<;7,^>46
15.643
n.:r>:^^H6
14.088
^^'^^►..H63
13,389
Isji'^Li.riOO
12,916
H?1J)48
6,087
i^tsiteo
4,331
;;.^l^. L46
4.286
1M..00
4.199
:-'^(.il56
8,576
1. 47^1,1100
3,472
'^.^■^\.:M
3,247
M.U*> fWO
8,208
:i.'^^."J24
8.009
Digitized by
Google
286
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Argentine railway working compared with that of other countrieJt,
Lengrth of line, kilome-
ters
Paaaengrera carried
Pasaenger kilometers . .
Freight carried, tons. . . .
Freight ton, kilometers.
Passenger receipts
Freight receipts
Total receipts
Total expenses
Total profits
Capital
Employees
Length of line:
Per 100 kilometers
area
Per l,UX)inhabitant8
t4^£«. ^f'
France,
1809.
Cape I United
Colony, States,
1000. , 1890.
3,361
13,640 ^
"hm\
"fiioss'
$13,196
117,744
$11,079
$6,665
5E^,7T4
Wif*. 7B4
$110,086 in.ii:{<.n&5
J W3y.9»4
0.44
7.34
India, Canada,
1900. I 1809.
I
900
$i,ioi!i6i
380, m
Comimrative statement h of working of Argentine railways from 1S97 to 1900,
Length of line oi>en to traflSc Dec. 31, kilo-
meters
Length of line constructed during the
year kilometers..
Authorized capital (gold)
Paid up capital (gold)
Capital per kilometer of line (gold )
1897.
14,754 I
298
$307,247,811
i^, 247, 811
1898.
16.475
696
1.517, 095
1,517,095
1890.
RKVBNUE.
Passenger receipts (gold)
Passenger receipts per kilometer of line
(gold)
Receipts (gold) per passenger, kilometer,
cents
Percentage of total receipts
Number of passengers carried
Passenger kilometers..
Average kilometers per passenger
First-class passengers jwrcent..
Parcel and excess luggage receipts
Percentage of total receipts
Parcels carried tons . .
Freight receipts (gold)
Freight receipts per kilometer of line
Cents (gold) per ton kilometer..
Percentage of total receipts
Freight carried tons..
Average kilometers -per ton of freight
Telegraph receipts (gold)
Telegraph receipts per kilometer of line
(gold)
I
Total rect'ipts for year (gold)
Total receipts per Kilometer of line
Total receipts per 1,000 train kilometers
Total receipts per 1,000 axle kilometers
Total receiptsper 1,000 kilometer, tons gross
weight (not including locomotives)
Total receipts to expenses percent..
Total receipts of capital do
KXPKNDITURE.
Permanent way and works and telegraphs
(gold)
Permanent way per kilometer of line
Traction (gold)
Per 1,(100 locomotive kilometers (gold) ..
Per 1,000 car kiiometers ( gold )
Per 1,000 tons, live weight ( gold)
Per 1,000 tons, dead weight (locomotives
not i ncluded )
Movement (gold)
Per 1,000 axle kilometers
$7,258,147
$498
1.14
26.6
16,410,945
637,342,196
39
52
$1,082,072
8.8
113.659
$18,895,09:^
$1,295
1.24
67
8,981,129
169
$136,684
$9
$28,293,081
$1,940
$1,203
$«
5.2
171
5.7
$3,281,004
225
$6,363,321
$157
' .20
^:1
' I
99
$2,429,960
1.90
$8,044,212
$524
1.25
25.0
16,478,058
641.466,487
30
51
$l,m,150
3.7
126,992
$22,366,420
$1,466
1.34
70
9,429,141
176
$189,472
$32,138,301
$2,004
$1,311
5.6
176
6.1
$3,832,201
2S0
$6,121,006
$168
U56
161
S:i
1.06
$2,886,179
i.n
16,392
917
$617,886,727
$541,060,763
$32,964
$9,276,636
$573
1.31
23
18,014,508
709.5a6,678
39
50
$1,359,617
3.4
143,87:3
$28,360,475
$1,753
i.37
71
11,819,407
176
$246,902
$15
$^,888,474
$2,465
$1,504
PTi
6.0
187
7.57
$4,608,148
284.60
$6,842,118
$175
14.56
$3.16
1.08
$:i081,279
2.06
190a
16,568
171
$635,006,046
$654,499,338
$33,477
$9,200,919
$558
L26
23
18,296,422
732,825,3M2
40
48
$1,441,566
3.6
161,264
^,:i06,716
$1,723
1.3
71
12,(90,831
160
$247,296
$15
$30,958,2
S;
!,425
,431
5.7
m
7.88
$5,2L5.8U
316.57
$7,386,081
$178
$4.58
$3.27
1.04
$3,206,471
2.U0
Digitized by
Google
RAILWAYS. 287
Citmparative atateinents of tnyrking of Argentine railways, etc. — Continued.
KX PBiTDiTUiUC— continaed.
Traffic (gold)
Pra* nlometer of line
Per locomotive kflometer
Per 1^000 axle kilome4-/era
P^r 1,000 tons, live II 3ight
Management and directors (gold)
P^r kilometer of line
Ptor 1,000 locomotive kilomet«)r8
Per 1,000 axle kilometers of cars
Per 1,000 ton kilometers, live weight
Total expenditure (sold)
P^r kilometer or line
Per 1.000 locomotive kilometers
Per 1,000 train kilometers
Per 1,000 car axle kilometers
Per 1,000 ton kilometers, live weight
Expenditure (gold) per 1,000 ton kilometers,
dead weight (locomotives not included) . .
Net profit
Per cent gained on capital
Accidents
Killed
Injured
(Compensation jMiid by companies ( gold ) .
Employees:
WagesVgoidy'l^'*!!.""".."'*.".".".""!.*!!"!!!
Locomotives number..
PlMMUgercars do —
Freight cars do —
1897.
13,288,712
221
95
2.58
2.02
$2,256,406
1.55
66
1.76
1.41
$16,568,408
1,185
486
704
12.96
10.35
$3.04
$11,784,078
. 2.38
171
188
$18,479
36,571
$11,627,914
1,153
1,493
32,425
1808.
$3,001,745
235
99
2.68
2.06
$2,394,063
156
06
L78
1.37
$18,384^284
1,194
503
748
13.61
10.51
$8.18
$14,138,888
2.70
142
170
$32,127
37,539
$13,694,579
1,180
1,545
32,400
1899.
$4,273,207
264
109
2.85
1.97
$2,508,433
156
64
1.68
1.17
$21,323,185
1,318
544
804
14.23
9.85
1900.
$4,414,269
268
106
2.76
1.97
$2,261,424
149
59
L&4
1.10
$22,684,006
1,374
542
810
14.13
10.10
$3.19 , $8.21
$18,874,192 $17,6(»[594
k58 k26
195
an
$34,041
39,004
$15,556,485
1,245
1,547
32,897
164
43,486
$16,188,051
1,276
1,412
84,118
Railroads in construction, — The following lines are in course of.
construction :
Great Southern Railway r Branch from Olavarrf a to Bahia Blanca.
Buenos Aires Western : Extension from Trenque Lauquen to Car-
hue and from Van Pret to 60 miles west.
Pacific: Extensions from Italo to Buena Esperanzaand from Safor-
cada to Colonia Isabel.
Argentine Great Western: P2xtension from La Dormida to San
Rafael and rectification of line between Rodeo del Medio and Pan-
quehua.
Grovemment lines: Wire cable line from Chilecito to the mines at
Famatina, expenses to be covered by State funds.
Transandine: Extension from Punta del Inca.
Central Chubut: Extension of 50 kilometers from Trelew and a line
from Puerto Pirdmides to Salinas Grandes.
A branch from Villaguay to Concordia, to connect the Entre Rios
and East Argentine railways and to pass through lands belonging to
the Jewish Colonization Society.
Railroad concessions granted. — The following concessions have
been granted and are still in force:
Great Southern Railway: Further extension fi-oni Loberia to Tres
Arroyos.
Buenos Aires Western: Extension from Lincoln, in a westerly
direction,
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288 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Entre Ri08 Railway (French Santa Fe Railway): Line from San
Francisco to Villa Maria, connecting with the Andine.
East Argentine : A branch from Chajari to Sauce.
North East Argentine: A branch from Santo Tome to Posadas.
Pacific: A line from Chacabuco to Sargento Cabral.
The following concessions have also been granted : Line from RosaHo
to Bahia Blanca and branches to the Federal Capital, La Plata, and
Puerto Militar; to London Company (CompaSia de Ferrocarriles Indus-
triales), a network of railways to establish communication between
the various departments in the province of Mendoza; line from Puerto
Pir4mides to Salinas Grandes, in the territory of Chubut; a railway
from the river Paran4, opposite Corrientes, to the Bolivian frontier;
line from Piray Guazu to Brazilian frontier, passing through San
Pedro; a line from Colonia Ocampo to connect with the line from San
Cristobal to Tucum4n ; a line from Puerto Tilly, following a westerly
direction through the colony of Sarmiento and terminating in the
colony of San Martin; a line from Parque de Lezama to Almirante
Brown, and a line from Col6n, to connect with the Pacific Railway at
Orellano on Rufino.
The Government will shortly construct 600 kilometers of line (75
centimeters) in the south. In 1901 the government of the province
of Buenos Aires granted a concession for a line from Necochea to Tres
Arroyos. A concession was also granted for an electric tramway from
the Riachuelo to General Mitre and La Plata. A concession was
granted in 1900 for a similar line from the limits of the city of Buenos
Aires to the Tigre. (Full particulars of the working of the various
railway companies will be found under railways in this chapter, page
272.)
The following lines are projected:
Andine Railway: From La Toma de Dolores, through a fertile zone.
Ferrocarril Norte: Extension from Jujuy to Bolivia. During the
year 1901 1,700 kilometers of new line were in course of construction.
In 1002 a concession was granted for 200 kilometers of line in the
Santiago Chaco, starting from a point on the Central Northern.
CK)VERNMBNT LINES.
Andine (Villa Maria to Villa Mercedes): Length, 355 kilometers.
General manager, E. Diaz. Offices, Rio Cuarto, C6rdoba. Gauge,
1 meter 67 centimeters.
Central Northern: From Tucum4n to Jujuy. San Cristobal to
Tucuman. Salta-Zuviria and various branches. Gauge, 1 meter.
General manager, V. Rapelli. Offices, Tucumdn. Length of line,
1,102 kilometers.
SECONDARY LINES.
Chubut Railway: Length, 70 kilometers. Directors, II. Stokes,
W. Tod, A. Isaacson, R. H. Rodger. Agents in Buenos Aires, Lock-
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TBAMWAYS. 289
wood <fc Co., Cuyo 631. Gauge, 1 meter. Congress has granted
permission to the company to extend its lines 50 kilometers.
Malagueiio Railway: From C6rdoba to Malagueno and Ferreyra.
Concession, May 16, 1883; opened to public service on November 1,
1885. Gauge, 75 centimeters.
Florencia-Piragua: Gauge, 1.05 meter. Length of line, 42 kilo-
meters. Agents in Buenos Aires, Luis Urdaniz & Co., 535 Callao.
Colonia Ocampo to Puerto Paran4: Gauge, 1 meter. Length of line,
40 kilometers. Proprietor, Sr. M. Ocampo, 655 Corrientes, Buenos
Aires.
Corrientes to San Luis de Corrientes: Gauge, 60 centimeters.
Length, 30 kilometers. Proprietor, F. Bolla, Corrientes.
Catalinas Railway Company: By decree of October 7, 1892, the
Catalinas Warehouse Company was accorded the same rights as other
railway companies. Decrees of April 30 and August 3, 1891, author-
ized the construction of the lines. Gauge, 1.676 meters. Length, 8}
kilometers.
Buenos Aires Port Lines: Gauge, 1.676 meters. Length, 25 kilo-
meters. Worked by National Government.
TRAMWAY COMPANIES.
First tramway. — The first tramway in Argentina was established by
the Northern Railway Company, whose service was limited to the rail-
way passengei's only. It was a horsepower system, and the coaches,
which were called "imperiales" or ** double-deckers," were built in
the style of an English omnibus. This enterprise was followed by a
second one, inaugurated by the Southern Railway, to carry passengers
from Lima Station to Constitucion. These two lines did not allow
intermediate fares nor take passengers at intermediate points. Their
advent was hailed with general acclamations, and the first journey was
the occasion for demonstrations of admiration on the part of the peo-
ple. The first important move in the direction of success was in 1870,
when the first public tramway company was inaugurated, and soon
afterwards several others were formed. In 1873 Rosario and Paran4
had their first lines open. Rosario has been granted a concession
since for electric traction. In 1875 the Barracas line was laid,
and soon afterwards the principal towns throughout the country
had each its system of tramways. In May, 1895, there were tram-
ways in 11 provinces and in 19 towns. The number of tramways in
that year was 39, of which 28 were Argentine and 11 foreign. The
amount of capital expended was $84,044,581 national money. The
length of line was 798 kilometers. These companies included in the
city of Buenos Aires, 10; Barracas al Sud, 2; Luj&n, 1; La Plata, 5;
San NicolAs, 1; Mar del Plata, 1; Rafaela, 1; Rosario, 5; Santa F6, 2;
Gualeguaychu, 1 ; Parand, 2, and one each also in Corrientes> C6rdoba,
Rfo Cuarto, Mendoza, San Juan, Catamarca, Tucum&n, and Salta.
573 a— 03 19
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290 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Electric traction, — In 1892 experiments were tried with electric trac-
tion, and in 1897 the first electric tramway was constructed. Since
then some 25 concessions for electric traction have been granted by the
municipality. The tramway companies in Buenos Aires have to con-
tribute to the municipality 6 per cent of their gross receipts and have
to pay $50 per annum per square of single track of lines laid in paved
streets. Thirty-three per cent of the cost of repaving or renewals must
be paid by the companies and 5 per mil must be paid on the value of
the property. The municipality may alter existing tariff rates. The
tramways running in Buenos Aires, in La Plata, and in Rosario are
owned by public companies. The remainder are private concerns.
Tramway companies in 1895, — According to the census of 1895,
there were in that year 39 tramway companies in the country, of
which 28 were Argentine and 11 foreign ; the length of lines amounted
to 740 kilometers. The capital amounted to $84,000,000 paper, or
about $38,000,000 gold. The number of passengers carried in 1894
was 88,306,866. In 1897 the passengers carried by the tramways in
the city of Buenos Aires, which has a population of more than 850,000
people, passed 100,000,000.
TELEGRAPHS.
The telegraph system of the ArgeAtine Republic embraces national,
provincial, railway, and private companies' lines, and all belong to
the ** Argentine convention," which also includes those of neighbor-
ing provinces.
The tariff is uniform over the different systems. The lines are all
aerial, and the construction is on iron, palm, or quebracho poles.
'Now that the forests of quebracho are brought within easy transport
by means of the railway, quebracho poles are coming largely into use,
as they are the most durable of any yet known.
The wire is generally No. 7 galvanized iron, although the cable
companies employ copper.
The insulators are of the Bell pattern. The cost of construction
varies from $155 per kilometer to $300 and more in outlying districts.
AU telegraph material for existing lines is imported duty free; the
usual tariff ranges from 5 to 25 per cent.
Wireless telegrajjhy. — In 1899 the Marconi system of wireless teleg-
raphy was introduced with a view of revalidating the patents. This
system will, in all probability, be adopted by the Argentine Govern-
ment for the fa outh and also between Martin Garcia (an island at
the mouth of the ParanA River) and the mainland.
First telegraph line, — The fii'st telegraph line constructed in this
country dates back to August 30, 1857, and belonged to the Western
Railway of Buenos Aires, and its length was only 10 kilometers (6.2
miles). The instruments used were those of the Breguet pattern.
From this date to 1869 the length of the telegraph lines did not
increase much, but on May 7 of that year a line was opened to Rosa-
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TELEGRAPHS.
291
no, with a length of 410 kilometers (255 miles). The province of
Buenos Aires built the line up to Arroyo del Medio, the boundary
between the two provinces, and the National Government continued
the line to Rosario. About the same time the towns of Mercedes,
Carmen, Salta, Rojas, Pergamino, and San NicolAs were placed in
telegraphic communication with the capital.
The instruments used were of the Morse pattern. All the early
lines were constructed by the province of Buenos Aires, and it was
only in 1870 that the National Government commenced the construc-
tion of lines.
Length of line in 1897. — At the end of 18J)7 the length of line was
18,531 kilometers (11,515 miles) and of the conductors 41,038 kilo-
meters (25,510 miles). The number of offices was 383 and the number
of telegrams sent was 5,296,184, which, for a population of 4,020,541
inhabitants, gives an average of 1.314 telegrams per inhabitant.
Length of line in 1900,— In 1900 the length of line was 19,609 kilo-
meters (12,185 miles) and of conductors 44,578 kilometers (27,701
miles), with 465 offices.
Length of line in 1902, — The total length of the telegraph lines in
1902 was 21,000 kilometers with a development of 45,000. These lines
transmitted 6,425,773 telegrams which give a percentage of 1.2 per
capita.
Gradual development from 1870-1898, — The following table shows
the gradual development of the national lines, viz:
Year.
1«70.
1871.
1872
1K73.
1874.
1878.
1880.
1881
1888
Kilome-
ters.
MUes.
eoo
1
372.8
2,300
1,387
a,fiOO
2,237
4,200
2,610
4,400
2,784
4,800
2,982.7
6,000
3,728
7,200
4; 474
8,000
5,344
Miles.
6,960
7,333
9,072
9,(rr2
9,383
10,191
11,247
11,682
From this it will be seen that from 1880 to 1889 the system was
more than doubled, and it was not until 1894 that any further con-
struction was undertaken.
In June, 1898, there were 1,544 telegraph offices in the country, of
which 422 belonged to the nation.
School of telegraphy . — Attached to the central office in Buenos Aires
there is a school of telegi^aphy, and the department has also a very
well-equipped workshop for repairs as well as for manufacturing
instruments.
The instrument in use on the national line is the Morse, which has
been reformed in the workshops, and is known as the '* modelo Argen-
tino, 1898" (Argentine model, 1898). The principal modifications are
in the clockwork, which is hermetically, closed. The cont.acts for the
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292 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
bobins are much stronj?er. Tlie galvanometers have also been
modified.
The province of Buenos Aires was the first to construct a tele-
graph line in the country.
Average cost ofllne^. — The average cost of the lines in this province
is $247 (paper currency) per kilometer (0.6214 mile), using palm
poles. In 1898 the telegrams numbered 1,430,483, and the revenue
was $527,959 (paper currency).
The transmission and delivery of telegrams for and from all points
of the Republic and the exterior which are in communication with the
national lines are controlled by the Central Telegraph Department at
Buenos Aires.
TTie service of cable between the Argentine Republic and foreign
countries is largely in the hands of private companies, which are
bound to adhere to the terms of the St. Petersburg Convention and of
the Revisions of the Berlin and Budapesth Conferences.
These companies have a uniform tariff fixed at 8 cents gold per word
for the passage of international telegrams over the lines of the Repub-
lic or of the countries which have subscribed to the Argentine Tele-
graphic Convention. The proceeds of this tariff rate are divided pro
rata between the companies intervening in the transmission, the same
principle being applied to press messages, which pay half tariff. The
international cable and. telegraph companies can not forward by the
national lines other messages than those dispatched from the interior
for other countries, or those which are received from abroad for places
in the interior to which their lines do not extend, the Government of the
Republic having in all cases the right to control the regulations of the
private companies, as also the railway telegraphs, which are compelled
to be open for public service at all times at such places where Gov-
ernment oilices have not been established.
The companies must cu-cept telegrams for any place in which either
one of them has an office, provided the telegram submitted has to pass
over any portion of the lines belonging to the company to which it is
presented. According to the terms of the St. Petersburg Convention,
the right of all persons to communicate by the international tele-
graph lines is legally established and the States belonging to the con-
vention undertake to secure secrecy in regard to all messages without
holding themselves responsible, except in the case cited below, for
the service thereof.
Classification of tnessages. — Messages are classified under three
heads, viz: Government telegrams, service telegrams, and private tele-
grams. The transmission of private telegrams may be suspended
when considered necessary in the interests of the State or when such
telegrams shall be regarded as constituting a breach of the laws of
the Republic. In the agreement between the various Governments
as to uniformity and tariffs, the franc is the monetary unit applied.
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TELEGRAPHS. 293
In the convention (January, 1899) between the Argentine and
Uruguay Republics, the latter undertook to establish a telegraphic
office at Martin Garcia for the purpose of effecting a junction of the
national lines of the two countries. The Uruguay Republic may also
effect junctions with the Ai^entine lines at any other point on the
coast of the River Uruguay, but it is precluded from entering into
any similar undertaking with private companies already established
or to be established in either country. The tariff for all messages is
that charged by the companies at the time the convention was con-
cluded, the minimum charge for a telegram being at the rate of ten
words and the maximum at the rate of a hundred words. All points
not dealt with in this convention are governed by the terms of the
International Telegraph Convention. There is also a special conven-
tion (June, 1899) between Argentina and Brazil based more or less
npon the conditions set forth in the convention between Argentina
and Uruguay.
Telegraph law. — The service of all national telegraph lines in Argen-
tina is governed by the national telegraph law of 1875, the following
being regarded as national lines for this purpose: (1) Telegraphs
belonging to the nation; (2) those guaranteed or subsidized by the
nation; (3) those which connect the federal territory with any of the
provinces, and (4) those which connect one province with another.
All the telegraph comjjanies operating in the Republic are liable
for any loss sustained by the receiver or sender of a telegram arising
out of fraud nondispat<3h, excessive delay, errors in transmission, or
other contributory neglect.
Collated telegrams, — On all private and public lines within the
Republic *' collated" telegrams may be dispatched. These messages,
for which an additional rate is charged, are repeated from office to
office until it. is ascertained that no mistake has been made, the
national department as well as private companies being responsible
for all damages arising out of errors in the transmission of messages
accepted under this head.
Registered telegrams, — Telegrams accepted as *' registered" mes-
sages are those in respect of which the receiving office is compelled to
advise the sender of the exact time at which a message has been
delivered.
Code telegrams. — Code telegrams are accepted, as well as multiple
messages, the latter being at slightly higher rates. Telegrams may
be sent at double rates in the following languages: French, English,
Italian, German, Portuguese, and Latin. The identity of the receiver
must be established in all cases where messages relate to : (1) An order
for payment of moneys; (2) to the quotation of public securities; (3)
to orders for the acceptance of drafts; (4) to instructions for sale or
purchase of public securities, and (6) to proposals and acceptance for
conditions of contracts.
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•294 AKGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Total length of lines, — The total length of telegraph lines in the
Republic is 45,262 kilometers, made up as follows:
National 19,808
Provincial 5, 074
Railway. 16,317
Other private lines 4, 063
From Buenos Aires toward the south, as far as Cabo de las Vir-
genes, there is a direct and continuous telegraph line 3,100 kilometers
in length. From Buenos Aires toward the north, as far as La Qui-
aca, there is another direct and continuous line of over 1,900 kilo-
meters in length. The line from Cabo de las Virgenes is, therefore,
5,000 kilometers in length.
In 1902 there were 2,442 kilometers of telegraph lines in course of
construction, and in addition to the private lines already in operation
the following national lines are projected : Brandzen to Mar del Plata,
Buenos Aires to Mendoza, Posadas to Villa Encarnaci6n, Soconcho
to Sauce, Burruyacu to Potrero, Salta to Cachi, Perico to Oran, San
Martin to La Rioja.
The total number of post and telegraph employees of the nation in
1902 was 0,472, and the total expenses of this department amounted
to $433,680 currency per month.
TARIFFS.
Telegraph tariffs, — Art. 3. For the application of the tariff in dis-
patches transmitted over the national telegraph lines and of those
other companies which form part of the Argentine Convention ten
words have been declared as the minimum to be taken on any internal
telegram.
Simple dispatch: For each one of the first ten words 5 cents, and for
every successive word 3 cents.
Urgent telegrams pay double that of a simple telegram.
Conferential dispatches, four times that of a simple telegram con-
taining an equal number of words.
Conferential urgent dispatches, tariff six times that of a simple
telegram of equal length.
Dispatches with acknowledgment of receipt, in addition to the
cost of the telegram 60 cents is charged for advice of delivery.
Telegram duplicates, 20 cents for each copy of 100 words or fraction.
Copies of telegrams, a fixed charge of $1.
Conventional or abbreviated addresses, a fixed charge of $10 for
six months for each separate address.
For telegrams in language agreed upon, in letters or secret cipher,
and which are admissible according to the law of October 7, 1875,
four times the simple tariff.
The charge for a telegraphic conference is $20 for the first fifteen
minutes and $5 for each subsequent five minutes. Passing one hour.
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POSTAL OBOANIZATION.
295
the charge is $10 for each five minutes in excess. No conference may
last more than two hours.
' Telegrams in foreign languages pay double.
No telegram can exceed 100 words.
All words underlined, whether in plain or secret language, are
charged double tariff.
Telegrams to the press or stock exchange are allowed a rebate of 50
per cent on the ordinary tariff.
Cablegrams. — The national oflBces receive and dispatch cablegrams
for all countries of the world at lower rates than those charged by
the private companies, as may be seen in the following table :
Destination.
National
offices
per word
(gold).
$1,085
.98
.9d5
.99
.95
.97
.95
.91
.96
1.915
.97
.995
.995
1.01
.945
.915
.995
.998
1.05
1.015
2.815
2.205
.976
1.215
Private
companies
t)er word
(gold).
Austria-Hungary
$1.28
1 0*
Belf^um
Bonnia and Hensftgovina ,
1.15
DflnmarV .
1 12
France
1 04
O^mnany
1 04
GibraltM*
1 18
OreatBritain
1 04
Netherlands
1 04
India
2 05
Italy
1 11
T/TxxemVuirg ,
1 09
Monten^rro
1 15
Norway
1 14
Portugal ...
1 13
IV^^mapia
1 15
Serria
1 16
Spain
1.11
Sweden
1 16
Switzerland
1.06
Trtp1ri« . ,
2 44
Tr^vvnrniLl
1 80
Turkey in Euroi>o
1 16
Turkey in As a
1.28
Unite«l States
1 04
Victoria
2.125
1.925
2.166
2 26
Yemen
2 07
Ti^nribf^i*
2 81
POSTAL ORGANIZATION.
Organization of mails, — Under the constitution of the Argentine
Republic the control of the organization and establishment of the
national i)ostal and telegraphic services is vested in Congress, which
body passed a law in 1878 amalgamating the two branches, placing
them under the direct supervision and responsibility of the ministry of
the interior. The postal service comprises official mail matter, ordi-
nary correspondence (letters and post cards), printed matter, samples
and business papers, parcels post, registered letters, express letters,
insured letters containing valuables, postal orders, and postal notes.
The Argentine Republic having joined the postal union, all the above
matter with the exception of postal notes is available for interchange
with foreign countries.
Postal service. — As showing the magnitude of the postal service of
the Argentine Republic there ai-e 38 post-offices in the capital and
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296 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
1,345 provincial branches. In the capital there are also 367 pillar
boxes distributed over various parts of the city and in addition 1,700
post-office boxes for subscribers, exclusive of outside deliveries.^
Hourly collections from the district offices and pillar boxes take place
throughout the day, while there are 68 daily deliveries of letters with
the result that a letter posted in any part of the city may be delivered
in any other part within an average space of two hours. Correspond-
ence for the interior of the Republic is dispatched daily to all those
provinces and districts with constant railway service. To other parts
of the Republic, twice or three times weekly, according to railway
facilities. For all oversea countries in the postal union mails are dis-
I)atched biweekly, via Genoa (Italian mail) on Tuesdays, and via
Lisbon (alternately English and French mails) on Fridays, other
steamers being also subventioned, but have no fixed days for sailing.^
In 1902 there were open to the public 1,676 postal and telegraph
offices, of which 137 were in the national territories. During the year
337,803,492 pieces of mail matter were carried, which means an
increase of 6.69 pei cent over the preceding year.*
Mails for the United States of America are sent direct to New York,
while for other countries the bags are divided into a number of sec-
tions embracing various cities and towns. In reference to the dis-
patch of mails to England and the United States the reason for con-
fining the delivery of letters to the respective capitals of those
countries is due to a special request to that effect by the two post-
office administrations.
The postal tariffs are as follows:
DOMBSTIO.
Letter, for every 15 grains or fraction |0.05
Postcards __ .-. .04
Newspapers, for every 50 grams or fraction ^ OOi
Periodicals and reviews 01
Printed forms, for every 100 grams or fraction .02
Business papers, for every 100 grams or fraction 04
Samples for first 100 grams 05
Samples, for each additional 50 grams or fraction 01
Registered letters, in addition to x>ostage 25
Correspondence by express to interior, in addition to postage 25
Correspondence by express, suburban, in addition to postage .20
Declared values, in addition to postage 12
Declared conmiission for every $100 (national money) or fraction 1. 00
Advice re reception of declared values 15
Postal orders for every $50 (national money) or fraction 50
Advice of payment - 20
Telegraphic orders for every $50 (national money) or fraction 1. 00
Advice payments 70
Parcels, for every 8 kilograms or fraction 1.00
« Argentine Yearbook, 1902. ^La Prensa, January 1, 1903.
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POSTAL OBGANIZATION. 297
Parcels, over 3 kilograms and not exceeding 5 kilograms $1. 50
Parcels delivered at destination 50
Mayjmnm weight allowed, 5 kilograms.
MayJmnTn size allowed, GO by 30 cubic centimeters.
POREIGN POSTAGE.
Letters, for every 15 grams or fraction $0.15
Letters, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia .10
Post cards:
Single _ .06
With reply paid .12
Businees papers:
Up to 50 grams.- 12
And every successive 50 grams 03
Samples:
Up to 50 grams-.- - 06
And for every successive 50 grams to maximum of 350 grams 03
Newspax^ers and printed forms, for every 50 grams or fraction 03
Begistered letters:
With return receipt in addition to postage 24
Without return receipt in addition to postage 12
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CHAPTER XTII.
IBOCIQRATION AND COLONIZATION— STATISTICS, liAWS, AND
BEGTJIiATIONS.
IMMIGRATION. «
Firsi immigrant colony y 1856, — The Province of Santa F6 was the
first to possess an emipjraut colony, established on a practical basis in
1856. Later on Entre Rios followed, and afterwards other provinces
enacted laws in favor of developing such colonies. The Argentine
Central Railway concession contributed to this effect, due to the Grov-
ernment ^rantin^ a league of land on either side of the railroad track,
with the provision that these strips of land be colonized.
CoUytiizafion law, 1876. — In 1876 the National Congress passed the
colonization law which secured the development of these rural estab-
lishments by means of land concessions and special facilities, and since
then, with the exception of a period of two years (1887-89), the pros-
perity of the immigrant colonies has been very marked.
Increase of colonies , 1895. — The following list shows the increase in
the number of colonies from 1856 to 1895 :
Colonies.
1856 - 3
1860 5
1870 96
1880 74
1890 .- - 257
1895 - 865
Immigration from 1857 to 1901, — The following are the numbers of
immigrants arrived from 1857 to 1901 :
1857-1860 20,000
1861-1870 119,570
1871-1880.. 260,613
1881-1890 - 846,568
1891-1900... _.. 648,336
Total 1,935,077
« C. Lix Klett (Studies on the Argentine Republic) , Vol. II, pp. 1158-1159.
298
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IMMIGRATION.
299
Nationalities, 1857 to 1901.
Italians...
Spaniards
French . . .
British - ...
Anstri&ns .
Germans _ . ...
Swiss
Belgians
Other nationalities
,198,550
361,079
162,636
34,031
31,698
27,834
24,873
19,082
75,294
Total 1,935,077
Nationalities^ 1901,
Italians
Spaniards
French .
English .
Anstrians .
Germans _
Swiss
Belgians...
Other nationalities.
58,314
18,066
2,788
439
2,742
836
363
117
6,462
Total 90,127
Immigration in 1897, — In 1897, out of the total immigration of 72,978,
there were 27,593 who availed themselves of the laws of immigration
in respect to taking up publiclands. The provinces of the center and
south have not so far attracted colonists, notwithst-anding the numer-
ous stations built at Rufino, Salas, Labunlaye, General Roca, etc., and
the laying of the Pacific railroad. The reason of this may be found
in the buying up by corporations of the land near the railway lines
by which squatters are kept too far from them. The southern prov-
inces of the Republic are in like manner practically closed to colonists
from speculators having bought up most of the valuable land on them.
Influence of immigration, — The direct influence of immigration on
the trade of the Republic is shown by Charles Wiener in the following
table:
Number
of immi-
grants.
Export trade.
1857
4,000
28,000
64,000
144,000
200,000
296,000
520,000
674,000
343,664
France.
90,000,000
iai8-1862
245,000.000
1063-1867
450,000,000
180^1872
750, 000. ax)
1878-1877
1,880,000,000
lK7g-1882
1,815,000.000
1H83-1887-
2, 000, (XK), 000
1888-1898
2,520,000,000
1883-1897
2,340,000,000
Immigration returns for 1901, — The immigration returns for 1901
have been published and show that, during the twelve months cov-
ered, 160,582 persons amved in the Argentine Republic and 112^065
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300
ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
departed. Of the arrivals 125,951 were immigrants, of whom 90,127
came direct from foreign lands and 35,824 by way of Montevideo. The
departures wei'e represented by 80,251 emigrants and 32,414 passen-
gers. In the year 1900 the total number of arrivals was 132,456, of
whom 105,902 were immigrants; in 1899 the arrivals numbered 145,699,
including 111,083 immigrants. The greater number of immigrants in
1901 were Italians, though an increase in the arrivals of Polish Jews
and Roumanians was also noted. The occupations of most of the
immigrants were embraced under those connected with agriculture.
Immigration returns for 1902, — According to official data, supplied
by the director of immigration, returns for the year 1902 were as
follows:
Months.
January .
Febmary
March ...
April
May
June
July
Immifranta from
abroad.
Arnvals.
Depar-
ture.
4,797
4,089
3,627
2,590
2,966
3,419
2,066
2,795
4,868
4,0U4
5,622
5,573
5,692
4,649
Months.
Im]
migrants]
^road.
its from
'atHvi^ ^SS'-
August
September
October...
November
December .
Total
2,968
3,701
8,220
10,159
11,853
50,980
3,341
2,444
1,809
1,704
1,668
44,834
There remained, therefore, in the country but 15,626 persons. Of
the immigrants arrived in 1902, 25,234 formed 7,858 families and of
those who departed 17,952 formed 5,546 families.
The nationality of the immigration was distributed as follows:
Italians, 30,287; Spaniards, 13,190; French, 2,323; Austrians, 2,109;
Russians, 1,716; Syrians, 1,653; Germans, 946; British, 401; Rouman-
ians, 281; Swiss, 262; Danish, 182; Belgians, 143; North Americans,
126; Dutch, 37, and the remainder of different nationalities.
The general movement of arrivals and departures of immigrants and
passengers during the year 1902 from abroad and through Montevideo
was the following:
Arrivals
Departures .
Passengers.
Abroad.
Immigrants.
7,095
6,685
Monte-
video.
31,977
31,812
Abroad.
Monte-
video.
TotaL
69,980
44,834
38,028
34,460
137,060
116,900
Advantages for immigrants, — The country affords many advantages
for immigrants, who are taken charge of on their arrival by Govern-
ment officials; are housed and fed for several days after reaching the
country, and given free transportation to any part of the country.
The immi^fration department is under able management, and full
particulars regarding advantages offered, etc., can be obtained by
addressing the department direct. The first returns are for the year
1857, when 4,951 immigrants and 900 first-class passengers arrived in
the country.
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IMMIGRATION.
301
The returns for the last five years are:^
Year.
Immi-
grants.
Passen-
gers.
Total.
1805
80,968
185,205
106,148
96,190
111,083
2,564,391
19,648
29,013
26,483
28,966
84,616
587,629
100,636
im
164,218
IfflfT
130,626
Iggg
124,146
IWO
145,609
1867-1889
3,102,020
The nationality of the immigrants in 181)8 and 1899 was as follows:
Nationality.
1808.
1890.
TtAliskflR
89,136
18,716
2,449
632
TT9
503
140
261
1,460
1,508
182
1,272
53,205
Spaniards . .
19,798
p^nch
2.478
477
F.nirlifth
(fArrn AMS _. _ ... ... -.
782
Aofftrians - - -
960
Bebnans
130
Sras
843
RoflRJans . ,
1,686
TnrkB
2,658
Aiubs
481
Unclaasifled --
1,410
Total
67,180
84,442
The diffei-ent jjarts of the country to which the greater number was
sent by the immigration department were:
Destination.
Federal capital
Boenos Aires..
EntreBios
Corrientee
Santa F6
C6rdoba
TnciimAn
Santiago..'.
Salta
Mendoza
San Jnan
Cbaco
Misiones
Pamjia
1809.
1,736
9,991
1,575
194
9,646
8,953
514
141
224
1,695
269
21
509
117
Steamers eonveytng passengers and immigrants arrived at the port of Buenos
Aires during the year 1900.
Gonntries.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
9
9
5
6
2
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Ang.
8
10
7
6
2
Sept.
8
5
5
5
2
Oct.
8
6
6
5
3
Nov. , Dec.
7| 7
8 ' 6
7 6
5 6
4 8
Total.
Prench
8
7
4
5
2
8
7
6
5
2
9
7
6
4
1
7
8
5
6
1
7
7
5
5
2
8
8
5
5
3
94
Oomtan
88
Tt^nan
66
Bnglteh
63
Apfthitth
27
Total
26
28
31
27
27
26
29
83
25
27
81
28
888
« John Grant's Argentine Commercial Qnide, 1901-2.
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302 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
COMPARISON WITH FORMER YEARS.
Year.
Number!
of steam-
1 era from 1
1 abroad.
Conveying—
Paaeen- . Immi-
gers. 1 grants.
1895
269
4,333 61,2»
1896
826
5,6e9 ' 102^673
1897
327
5.445 , 72,978
1898
330
5,221 1 67,130
1899
349 1
5,710 1 84.442
1900
338
7.10K 84,tSl
1
i
Imviigraiion problem. — The Argentine Republic has in a satisfac-
tory manner solved the vit^l problem of foreign immigration and
colonization. In the speech which, at the meeting of the International
American Conference, April 2, 1890, was delivered by the eminent
statesman and accomplished scholar. Dr. Don Roque Saenz Peiia, the
fact was forcibly stated that the Argentine Republic, by her wise
laws and clever management in regard to this subject, had succeeded
in attracting to her territory a regular and steady current of immi-
gration, which amounted to about 300,000 persons annually, and which
in no manner endangered or obstructed either the institutions of the
country or the peace and safety of its inhabitants.
Article 20 of the constitution of the Argentine nation reads as
follows:
Rights of aliens, — * 'Aliens shall enjoy in the territory of the nation
the same civil rights as its citizens. They have full liberty to engage
in all kinds of business, industrial, commercial, or professional, and
are authorized to own, hold, and possess real estate, acquire it by
purchase, inheritance, or any other legal means, and to sell or convey it
to others. They are also allowed to navigate the rivers of the Repub-
lic, and along the coasts of the same, and to practice freely their own
religion. They can dispose by will of the property of which they are
possessed, provided that the disposition which they make is not in
contravention of the law of the country, and contract valid marriages,
subject to the same proviso. They are entitled to obtain naturaliza-
tion in the Republic if they so desire, upon application for tliat pur-
pose, and sufficient proof that they have resided continuously within
the limits of the country for the period of two years; but this period
may be shortened at the discretion of the proper authorities, at the
request of the applicant, and upon proof that he rendered some
service to the Republic."
By other sections of the constitution the following rights are guar-
anteed to all residents of the Argentine nation:
Liberties granted. — Absolute liberty to engage in all kinds of lawful
work, industry, navigation, or commerce. Absolute and unrestricted
right of petition to the authorities. Absolute and unrestricted freedom
to enter the Argentine territory, travel through it, remain in it, or
leave it. Absolute liberty to give the public, through the press, their
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RIGHTS OF ALIENS. 303
own ideas on all matters, without previous censorship of any kind.
Absolute right to hold and possess property of all kinds and freely
dispose of it. Absolute freedom of association for all kinds of useful
purposes. Unrestricted freedom of worship. Absolute liberty to
teach and to learn.
Equality before the law. No privileged classes, titles of nobility,
or personal distinctions on account of biilh, profession, etc., are rec-
ognized by law. Equality also prevails in matters of taxation and in
the distribution of public duties and burdens.
Private property, — Private property can not be taken for public
use, unless by operation of law and u-pon the previous payment of the
proper indemnity. The penalty of confiscation of property is abso-
lutely abolished.
No punishment can be inflicted upon any inhabitant of the Republic
except upon i^egular trial and for offenses which are declared to be
such by laws previously enacted, nor can those trials be conducted by
special commissions or by courts different from those which were of
competent jurisdiction under the general laws in force prior to the
offense. Absolute inviolability is guaranteed by law, both to the
defense of all the inhabitants of the Republic in all their cases,
whether civil or criminal, before the courts, and to the domicile of
all of them and their private papers and correspondence. The penalty
of death can not be inflicted for political offenses.
Exemption from military service. — Naturalized citizens are exempted
from military service during the ten years subsequent to theii* admis-
sion to citizenship. But this privilege may be waived by them if they
wish, and in that case they will be allowed to render. this service.
Ajrticle 25 provides as follows:
Government promotes immigration. — *'The Federal Government
shall promote and encourage European immigration. It shall have
no power to restrict, to limit, or to burden with taxes or charges of
any kind the influx to the territory of the Republic of any foreigners
coming to it to cultivate its soil, to improve its industries, or to
introduce and teach the sciences and arts."
Law of immigration and colonization. — The law of immigration
and colonization for the Argentine Republic, enacted October 6, 1876,
and still in force, established a general bureau of immigration, under
the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. To the able manage-
ment of this office and the liberality shown by the Government in
the distribution of the jmblic lands, as well as to the natural fertility
of the country, the great success secured in this matter has undoubt-
edly been due.
This important law consists of two parts: I. "Immigration;" II.
"Colonization."
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304 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The first part, subdivided into ten chapters, substantially provides
as follows:
Bureau of immigration, — Chapter I (sections 1 to 3), for the organi-
zation of the bureau of immigration and the determination of its
duties and powers.
Immigration agents. — Chapter II (sections 4 and 5), for the appoint-
ment of immigration agents in several localities of Europe and
America.
Immigration commissio7is, — Chapter III (sections 6 to 8), for the
establishment of several commissions of immigration, subject to the
general bureau, to sit at the capital of each province and at certain
ports where immigrants are accustomed to land, and, if necessary, at
any other place.
Kmplotjment bureaus, — Chapter IV (sections 9 to 11), for the estab-
lishment of employment bureaus, under the control and supervision
of the local commission and the central bureau of immigration, to
assist immigrant's in finding profitable work and advising them in the
matter of whatever contracts; or obligations are proposed to them.
Rights and duties of imm^ig rants, — Chapter V, on immigrants, is as
follows :
**Sec. 12. Foreigners of both sexes, of good moral character and
under the age of 60 years, whether day laborers, or capable of exer-
cising a trade, or of working in an industrial establishment, farmers,
or teachers who come to the Republic for the purpose of settling on
its soil, and have arrived either on board a sailing vessel or a steamer
as a second or third class passenger, or have had their passage paid
by the nation, by some one of the provinces, or by some private colo-
nization board or association, shall be, for all the purposes of the
present law, deemed to be immigrants.
**Sec. 13. Those, however, who may be unwilling, for reasons of
their own, to be considered as such immigrants, even if they have all
the qualifications required by the preceding section, shall be per-
mitted to set forth their wishes, either before starting on their voyage,
by representing to the captain or master of the vessel, who shall be
bound to make a record of it in his books, that they waive all their
rights and privileges as immigrants, or after their arrival in the
Argentine Republic by making a declaration to the same effect before
the proper authorities. In both cases said passengers shall be deemed
to be ordinary travellers.
"This provision nevertheless shall not be applicable to those per-
sons coming to the Republic, under proper contracts, to settle on its
territory, whether in any colony or elsewhere.
"Sec. 14. Every immigrant who gives sufficient evidence of his
good moral character and shows his aptitude to engage in any indus-
trial business, or in any trade or useful occupation, shall be entitled,
upon his arrival in the country, to the following:
"First. To be lodged and supported at the expense of the nation
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IMMIGBATION LAW. 305
for the time set forth in sections 45, 46, and 47 of the present law
(5 days to be counted from the. date of landing if the immigrant is in
good health, and in case of illness which prevents his removal at the
expiration of 5 days, as many days as the illness may last. But
immigrants under contract shall have board and lodging gratuitously
until sent to their destination).
"Second. To be given occupation in such branch of labor or indus-
try existing in the country as he may wish to engage in.
"Third. To be carried, at the expense of the nation, to any place
of the Republic in which he may wish to establish his domicile.
"Fourth. To be allowed to introduce, free from duty, his wearing
apparel, household furniture, agricultural implements, tools, instru-
ments of his particu^r trade or art, and a fowling piece for each
adult immigrant, up to the amount fixed by the Executive.
"Sec. 15. The foregoing provisions shall be applicable, as far as
possible, to the wives and children of the immigrants.
"Sec. 16. The good moral conduct and industrial ability of the
immigrant may be proved by certificates issued either by the Argen-
tine consul or immigi*ation agent at the place from which the immi-
grant comes, or by the local authorities of the same place. In the
latter case the certificates must be authenticated either by the consul
or the immigration agent.
"Sec. 17. All immigrants, farmers, who come under contracts to
settle on any of the colonies established in the Republic, and engage
therein in agricultural purposes, or who in the absence of such con-
tracts are willing to go to the said colonies for the same purposes,
shall be given the same special privileges and advantages in regard
to the payment of passages, concessions of land, facilities for the cul-
tivation of the lands, etc., as are granted under Chapter III, part
second of the present law."
TransportaUonofirrvmigranis, — Chapter VI, "On the vessels engaged
in the transportation of immigrants," carefully regulates this matter.
Its provisions (sections 18 to 37) are calculated to insure the safety
and comfort of the immigrants, and to prevent abuses on the part of
the captains or masters of the ships, and seem to have worked satis-
factorily.
Landing of immigrants, — Chapter VII, "On the landing of the
immigrants." secures by its provisions (sections 38 to 41) the super-
vision of the National Government, according to the rules made for
that purpose.
Immigrant depots, — Chapter VIII, "On the lodging and board of
the immigrants" (sections 42 to 47), contains provisions for the estab-
lishment of lodging houses, or depots for the immigrants and for their
support, as follows:
"Sec. 45. The immigrants shall be entitled to proper decent board-
573a— 03 20
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806 ARGEin?lNE REPUBLIC.
ing and lodging at the expense of the nation during the five days
immediately following the date of their landing.
"Sec. 46. In case of serious illness, which rendered it imi)os8ible for
the immigrant, at the expiration of the said five days, to move from
that place, he shall be allowed to remain there and the Government
shall continue to attend to his lodging and support until he recovers.
"On all other circumstances the immigrant who remains at the
establishment for a longer period than the five days above stated
shall be bound to pay for it at the rate of half a dollar per day each
pei'son over 8 years of age and 25 cents each child under that age.
"Sec. 47. The foi'egoing provisions shall not be applicable to such
immigrants as come to the country under contracts made and entered
into between them and the nation to settle in tl^e colonies, said immi-
grants being entitled to gratuitous boarding and lodging until they
are sent to their places of destination."
SecuHng occupation for immigrants, — Chapter IX deals with secur-
ing occupation for the immigrants, their transportation to the respec-
tive localities wherein they are to settle, and contains among others
the following important provision:
" Sec. 51. Whenever an immigrant should express his wish to reside
in any province or colony of the Republic, in preference to any other
place, he shall be immediately transport^ed free, together with his
family and baggage, to the locality selected by him.
"Sec. 52. If he has chosen to reside in any of the provinces, he
shall be supported by the respective commissions of immigration until
reaching the place of destination during ten days. At the expiration
of this time each person over 8 years shall pay half a dollar per day
and each child under that age 25 cents. But in case of serious illness
the State shall continue to pay as long as it lasts.
"Sec. 53. If the immigrant has chosen to go to a colony he shall be
granted all the advantages to which colonists are entitled under the
present law."
Imniigraf ion fund, — Chapter X, under the heading of "The Immi-
gration Fund," provides for the creation of a fund to this effect, con-
sisting, first, of all moneys appropriated by Congress to encourage
immigration; second, of all moneys collected through the office of
lands and colonies; third, of all fines imposed to punish violations of
the present law; fourth, of all moneys which the immigrants them-
selves may pay under the provisions of this law. This chapter regu-
lates, also, the distribution to be made of these funds and by whom
and with what requisites and formalities.
Part second, devoted to "Colonization," contains seven chapters,
as follows:
Land office, — Chapter I, "On the central office of lands and colo-
nies," establishes a central office at the capital of the Republic, under
the immediate supervision of the Secretary of the Interior, and regu-
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COLONIZATION. 807
lates its functions and duties as well as its relations with the bureau
and the commissions and agents of immigration.
Division of territories. — Chapter II, '*0n the national territories
and their divisions," provides for surveying the territories belonging
to the nation, and the division of those best adapted for agriculture
in sections of 20 kilometers square. This area, however, may be
lesser or greater whenever a natural limit can be taken advantage of
on any side, provided that the increase or the decrease resulting
thereby does not exceed the 20 per cent of the regular size of the sec-
tion. Each section is to be subdivided into 400 " lots " of 100 hectares.
Four lots shall be set apart in the center of each section, if no
better locality is found elsewhere, for the erection of a town, and
76 others devoted to use as commons. The remaining 320 lots shall
be subdivided in halves and quarters, designating the lots by num-
bers, beginning at the northwestern angle and continuing from left
to right to the end of the section and back again to the southwestern
comer. The subdivisions shall be marked by letters.
Each section so subdivided shall be called a **partido," which shall
be crossed from north to south and from east to west by two streets
or roads 50 meters wide, meeting in the center of the principal square
of the town. The roads between lot and lot shall be 25 meters wide.
The four lots set apart for the building of the town shall be sub-
divided into 256 manzanas, or blocks, of 100 meters on each side.
The streets shall be 20 meters wide, but that one which marks the
boundary shall have a width of 48 meters. The four central blocks
shall be set apart to be used as principal square, and two other blocks
opposite to them shall be left for the public buildings.
The blocks or manzanas shall be subdivided into building lots
{solares) of 50 meters on each side.
Sale and reservation of lands. — Chapter III, **0n colonization,
donations, sale, and reservation of lands," provides for the transpor-
tation of the families destined to each section when ready for settle-
ment. The first one hundred colonists in each section who are farmers
and heads of a family shall be given gratuitously a lot of 100 hectares,
the lots to be distributed alternately. The remaining rural lots shall
be sold at the rate of $2 a hectare, to be paid in ten installments, the
first not payable until the end of the second year.
The sales may be limited to the fourth part of a lot, but can never
exceed four lots in favor of only one purchaser.
The office of lands and colonies shall advance the money neces-
sary for the payment of the pas^ge of the colonists from the place of
embarkation to destination, also for their lodging, support, the ani-
mals which they may acquire for breeding and working purposes, as
well as seeds and implements, all of this for one year at least. But
the sums so advanced shall never exceed *1, 000 per colonist, and shall
be repaid to the Government in five installments, the first of. which
shall not be due until after the expiration of the third year.
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308 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The building lots shall be sold at the rate of $2 each.
The purchasers of lots, both building and rural, shall be bound to
settle and dwell on the former within the period of one year, and to
have the latter under cultivation for two continuous years. The
failure to fulfill this requisite shall cause the lands to be forfeited.
The Government may reserve some sections for colonization by
private enterprises, for Indian reservations, or for grazing purposes.
In case any private colonization company should ask the Govern-
ment for any of the sections which it has the power to reserve for
this purpose, the same shall be granted on condition that the survey
and subdivisions of the ground be made in strict conformity with the
provisions of law, and that at least 140 families devoted to agriculture
be brought there and settled within two years.
Each one of these families shall be the owner, either through dona-
tion or purchase, of at least 50 hectares, and the colonists are to be
provided with proper lodgings, implements of labor, animals for work-
ing and breeding puri)oses, seeds, and board for at least one year, the
actual value of which shall be repaid by them with an additional
charge of 20 per cent, and int-erest at 10 per cent i)er annum, in
easy annual installments, after the third year.
All contracts entered into between the private associations and the
colonists are to be examined by the office of lands and colonies so as
to secure strict compliance with the provisions of the law.
The colonization companies must give bonds in the sum of $4,000,
which shall be forfeited in case of violation of the terms of the con-
cession, and the concession itself shall be also forfeited in such cases
as under the law such an additional penalty ought to be imposed.
The national executive may grant tracts of lands in territories
belonging to the nation but not yet surveyed and open to coloniza-
tion as may be asked for by private colonization companies; but
these concessions shall be made on condition that the company will
strictly comply with the provisions of this law, and cause at least
250 families devoted to agriculture to settle on the lands within a
period of four j^ears. A bond of $10,000 will be required.
No more than two sections of land shall ever be granted to one
and the same company, which shall always pay for the surveys and
all other expenses, except the transportation of the colonists from the
place of landing to the site of the colony, which shall be paid by the
nation.
Land fund. — Chapter IV, consisting of six sections — from section
106 to 111 — provides for the creation and management of a special
land fund to meet all the necessities of this branch of the service.
Donation of lands, — Chapter V empowers the National Executive to
encourage by all possible means the development of agriculture, and
make gratuitous concessions of lands to those colonists who have dis-
tinguished themselves by their steady work and exceptional industry.
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COLONIZATION. 309
But no more than two lots shall be granted in this way to the same
person.
Elach colonist shall be entitled, within the first six years of his estab-
lishment in the country, to a reward of $10 for each thousand trees
two years old which he proves to have planted and to be in existence
on his grounds.
The national colonies shall be exempted from direct taxation of all
kinds during the first ten years of their existence as such colonies.
The agricultural implements, seeds, tools, furniture, and arms
imported for the use of the immigrants shall be introduced in the colo-
nies f 1*66 from duties.
Administration of colonies. — Chapter VI provides for the adminis-
tration of the government of the colony under a commissioner {comis-
ario) appointed by the Executive, who shall take charge of everything
relative to lands, sui-veys, and colonization matters properly, and a
justice of the peace and five aldermen elected by the colonies. But
said election shall not take place until after the settlement on that
jmrticular locality of at least 50 families.
Orcduitous transportation. — Chapter VII, which is the last, author-
izes the National Executive to assist the provinces in promoting and
encouraging colonization by granting gratuitous transportation of the
colonists, by contributing $200 for each hundred families settled in the
province, and by other measures of no less liberal character.
Indtucemenis to laborers. r— The Immigration Law of the Argentine
Republic affords abundant inducements to laborers of all classes. Its
provisions were originally framed with a view to attracting an essen-
tially agricultural population to the Provinces of the Republic where
vast areas of rich soil, awaiting cultivation, are at the disposal of the
National and Provincial Governments; but modifications have since
been introduced into the regulations, framed in terms of the law, which
offer equal advantages to the skilled or unskilled laborer in all branches.
The Department is under the chief control of Dr. J. A. Alsina, Director-
General of Immigration, who has organized depots and agencies in
many European countries and in the United States of America, while,
locally, employment and labor offices have been established at differ-
ent points in the Republic for the purpose of procuring work on a
liberal scale of wage to all immigrants who may apply for same.
The agents abroad are instructed to supply the fullest information to
applicants, and on being satisfied as to their character and quali-
fications to give them all facilities, including free passages to the
Republic.
Immigration statistics. — During 1901, 90,127 immigrants from over-
sea landed at various ports of entry in the Republic, which, together
with the number of persons who otherwise entered its territory, aggre-
gate 160,582. Comparing these figures with those of other countries,
it will be found that Argentina ranks second among the countries of
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310
AKGENTINE REPUBLIC.
the world in its power to attract immigrants, its only rival in this resx)ect
being the United States of America. A table given below shows the
proportion for 1901 of 18 immigrants per 1,000 of the population of the
Argentine Republic as against 6 per 1,000 in the United States.
The 90,127 actual immigrants referred to above came from their
respective countries in the following proportions :
Italy .-- - 54,866
Spain - -- - -. .14,778
Brazil 8,206
France .-. 8,193
Germany. 2,581
England 784
Belgium 246
Portugal - 116
Various 837
Total -- -- 90,127
In the previous 44 years, from 1857 to 1900, inclusive, 1,935,077 immi-
grants from oversea and 735,216 via Montevideo (all exclusive of first-
class passengers) entered the Republic, the immigrants of known
nationality during that period being supplied by the following coun-
tries in the respective proportions set out:
Italy 1,198,550
Spain 361,079
France 162,636
Great Britjiin 34,031
Austria _ 31,698
Switzerland . 24,873
G^ermany 27,834
Belgium ---. 19,082
The explanation of the wide difference between the number of Italian
and other immigrants is to be found in the fact that the climate, soil,
language, and other conditions in the Argentine Republic are similar
to those obtaining in Italy.
Comparative table of the superficial area, population, and proportion of immi-
grants in the United States of America and the Argentine Republic.
Superficial area square kilometers.
Population ,
Immigration daring 1901 ,
Square kilometers per immigrant
Immigrants per square kilometer
Immigrants per each 1,000 inhabitants
Unit<Mi States
of America.
7,758,810
n,896,000
487,918
15
.063
6.90
Argentine
Republic.
2,285,620
4,794,149
90,127
18.80
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CHAPTER XIV.
IKSTBXTOnON— liAWS ON EDUCATION— BEGXTLATIONS AND
SCHOOL STSTEMS.
EDUCATION.
Public education comprises three divisions, viz: Primary, second-
ary, and higher.
Primary instruction is compulsory for all children of either sex from
6 to 14 years of age, irrespective of nationality or religion, all ministers
of religion being precluded from teaching other than secular subjects
in public schools, except only in case of children who voluntarily
remain after official hours. Public schools of this class extend through-
out the country, while in all barracks, prisons, and public institu-
tions there are also primary or common schools controlled by the
National Board of Education. The whole of the instruction received
in all these public schools is gratuitous. In the provinces where suf-
ficient money is not voted for their support, subsidies in money are
granted by the National Government under the national schools sub-
ventions law. In the same class of primary education there are also
schools for persons over 14 years of age, which may be attended dur-
ing the day or evening, in which arithmetic, reading, writing, elemen-
tary history, geography, etc., are taught free.
Secondary education is not compulsory. It is, however, practically
gratuitous, the only fees payable being those for matriculation and
the annual examinations. The instruction comprised in secondary
education includes the following subjects: Spanish grammar and lit-
erature, arithmetic, geometry, algebra up to equations of the third
grade, rectilinear trigonometry, physics, chemistry, natural sciences,
and ancient, modern, and contemporaneous history, etc. These insti-
tutions are known as national schools, of which there are 4 in the
capital of the Republic and 1 in each of the capitals of the provinces.
Pupils generally enter these national schools at the age of 14 and
remain for five years. Upon the termination of their studies in the
national schools students enter one of the faculties which form
the university. There are 3 universities in Argentina, 1 in C6r-
doba (the oldest), 1 in Buenos Aires, and another at La Plata,
recently founded. To qualify in any of these universities for the
practice of medicine, law, or engineering, a seven years' course is
necessary for the first and six years for the two latter. Minor terms
of special study are required for qualification for the professions of
chemist, accoucheur, dental surgeon, surveyor, and architect. The
qualification for a notar}' public is not granted by the university
311
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312 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
council, find can only be acquired by examination before the supreme
court of the particular province in which the applicants seek admis-
sion to practice. Further studies are required in addition to those
of the faculties to obtain the degree of doctor in physical sciences,
mathematics, and natural sciences.
Technical education is largely encouraged throughout the Republic,
there being several institutions created and maintained by the Gov-
ernment for this purpose.
National schools. — Prominent among these are the National School
of Commerce, which trains and prepares meroaatile experts, public
accountants, and sworn translators; the Indns^trial School with its
own workshops for the teaching of trades; the Aja^rariaii and Vet-
erinary School of Santa Catalina (province of lUieiioa Aires) ; a School
of Mines in San Juan; two commercial schools in Cordoba and Bahla
Blanca; the Viticultural Training School of IVleiidozaj where practical
cultivation of the vine is taught; the National School for Pilotaj and
various conservatories of music, as well as a drawing school enjoying
of&cial support. A number of schools for the study of agriculture and
horticulture are being established by the Government,
Naval and military colleges. — ^The naval an<] military colleges do
not come within the scope of the Ministry of I 'iiblie Instruction. The
Argentine Government has likewise founded numerous scholarships
and sends students to England, United States, Italy, France, and Ger-
many. In the case of private schools, where primary and secondary
education are imparted under the conditions imposed by the Ministry
of Public Instruction, the students are permitted to pass the examina-
tions at the national schools and to secure the necessary qualification
for entrance into the university. Education has been much advanced
in the Argentine Republic during recent years, and its promotion is
largely encouraged by an annual vote in the national budget.
School attendance^ 1885 to 1901, — The following table shows the
attendance at the schools during the quinquennial periods covering
1885-1901:
Year.
Schools.
Pupils.
I8a5 .
4,181
4,462
4,538
158.188
1880
1^786
1896
285,854
1899
3»,752
1900
451,247
1901
400,289
Schools in the Capital^ 190^. — The report of the National Depart-
ment of Education for 1902 states that the Government schools in the
Federal Capital numbered 246, with 81,602 pupils, and that there were
261 private schools, with 26,309 pupils, making a total of 507 schools,
with 107,911 pupils, for the city of Buenos Aires.
Schools in Territories, — The national territories, with 139,000 inhabi-
tants, had 115 schools, with 7,006 pupils. The enrollment of pupils
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GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.
313
throughout the Republic numbered 472,425, an increase of 12,196
over 1901. The attendance at the schools represents 9.4 per cent of
the population, the highest proportion of any South American State;
Uruguay coming next, with 8.6 per cent.
Expenditure on Qovemment schools, — The expenditure on the
Government schools was $4,426,726, and the revenue amounted to
$4,429,206. New school buildings estimated at $2,600,000 are being
erected.
The return for 1895, of 285,854 school children, according to the cen-
sus of that year, gives an average of 7.5 per 100 of the population,
the following being the proportion per 100 of the population in the
various countries named :
United States, 23; Prussia, 21; Canada, 21; Germany, 19; Great
Britain and Ireland, 17.7; France, 17; Norway, 14.6; Austria, 13.3;
Spain, 9.3; Uruguay, 8.2; Portugal, 5.4; Chile, 5.4; Mexico, 4.7;
Colombia, 2.4; Peru, 2.6; Russia, 3; Bolivia, 1.3.
University of Buenos Aires. — The number of students attending
the University of Buenos Aires in 1901 amounted to 3,562, distributed
as follows in the diflferent faculties:
i acuity of law and Bocial sciences 1, 211
Faculty of medicine 1,964
Faculty of exact, physical, and natural sciences 828
I acuity of philosophy and letters 59
Total 3,562
The proportion of students attending the univei'sities during 1001
was at the rat« of 1 per 238.17 of the inhabitants of the capital on the
municipal census returns of 848,367 at the end of December, 1901.
The university budget in 1901 reached the sum of $974,000 currency,
divided proportionately among the various faculties.
Attendance. — The number of students attending the University of
C6rdoba in 1901 amounted to 288.
Budgets in 1896^ 1899 , and 1900. — The succeeding table shows the
educational budgets of the National and Provincial Government for
the years 1895, 1899, and 1900:
The Nation...
Bnenos Aires .
Santa P6
Entre Rios
Corrientes
C6rdoba
San Luis
Santiago
Mendoza
San Joan
Rioja
Oatamarca
Tncum&n
Salta
Jujny
Total 15,485,466
18»5.
590,561
256,6934
900,060
462,400
296,186
468,640
127,720
148,060
869,280
190,140
56.280
111,800
806,800
250,560
62,896
1899.
$8,201,171
3,699,828
674,460
711,279
819,109
441,600
67,819
185,280
86,910
865,271
21,076
42,799
488,819
65,364
102,569
15,457,344
1900.
$8,588,314
4,112,196
6:S.460
52,960
819,110
493,620
54,079
119,220
111,636
21,076
42,800
185.280
487,740
77,168
13,124,589
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314
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Tlie classification of the schools in 1900 wsis: Official, .'3,231; applied,
38; private, 1,183; a total of 4,452, as against 4,294 in 1809, and 4,087
in 1898.
The x)^^pi^s inscribed numbered 451,247; average attendance was
365,087, and the number of teachers 11,736.
The number of pupils receiving State education in the normal and
higher schools was 368,822, of whom 107,591 were boys and 171,231
girls. The private schools had 82,425 pupils, of whom 43,932 were
boys and 38,493 girls.
Of the 4,538 primary schools in 1901, 3,298 were official, and 374,950
alumni, and 1,240 were private, with 85,279 alumni.
During the same year 16, 160 pupils received instruction in the normal
schools and national colleges and 3,850 took university courses, mak-
ing a total expense to the nation and the provinces of $13,124,539 for
the year 1900.
The returns for 1900, 1895, and 1869 of the population of 6 years
and upward who could read and write were:
Population, 6 years and over
Able to read and write
Proportion per thousand
1900.
3,906,238
l,K«.r)80
495
1895.
3,245,888
1,479,704
456
1869.
1,421,278
310,260
218
The returns for the different provinces of those knowing how to
read and write, per 1,000 inhabitants, were, in 1900: Federal capital,
750. Provinces — Buenos Aires, 550; Santa Fe, 554; Entire Rfos, 460;
Mendoza, 450; San Juan, 400; C6rdoba, 580; San Luis, 400; Rjoja,
350; Tucumdn, 260; Catamarca, 300; Corrientes, 320; Salta, 265;
Jujuy, 240; Santiago del Estero, 180; National Territories, 29b.
Tlie, returns for 1900 on an estimated total population of 4,518,593
inhabitants within the Republic were as follows:
Population under 6 yearn of age
Population fromOto 14 years of age
Population over 15yearoof age
Of the population of 6 to 14 years:
Attended Government schools
Attended applied schools
Attended private schools
Did not go to school, but could read and write
Did not go to school and were illiterate
Of the population over 16 years:
Comdr read and write
niiterates
Of the population over 6 years:
Could read and write
Illiterates
Per cent.
Number.
18
22
60
813,340
994.080
2,711,165
36
1
8
13
41
866,668
i2,a«)
82,425
134, 2oe
408, ®i
46
54
1,247,181
1. 464,084
49.5
50.5
1,832,680
1,872,658
Grades of public sclwols, — There are three different grades of pub-
lic schools — schools for j^oung children, elementary, and graduated
schools. The kindergarten system has also been introduced as an
annex to primary schools for children from 3 to 6 years of age. The
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PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 315
normal schools for training teachers are divided into three classes:
(1) Those for males only; (2) those for females only; (3) mixed schools
for both sexes.
A conijneroial school for women was founded in Buenos Aires in
1897. The students must be over 12 years of age, and the course of
study is two years. The term of study in t\e two national schools
of commerce is three years.
The School of Pilots has for its object the training of young men
for the position of officers in the national mercantile marine. The
terra of study is three years.
The National School of Mines, situated at San Juan, was reorgan-
ized in 1897, educating mining assayers, land surveyors, and mining
engineers, the courses varying considerably in each case. There is
an important agricultural school at San Juan and several others in
various parts of the Republic.
A school of viticulture was established in 1897 in the province of
Mendoza.
The national colleges fill the same place in the plan of secondary
education that the high schools do in other countries, except that
their term of studies is longer, six years being required for graduation.
Impulse to public instruction, — It was in 1869 that the first impulse
was given to the primary and normal schools. At that time the cen-
sus of the Argentine Republic showed that 218 per thousand inhabit-
ants could read and write. Twenty- five years later, in 1895, when the
second census was taken, the number of persons who were able to
reml and write reached 476 per thousand, which meant an increase
of five times the previous number.
Attendance in 1869. — In 1869 the number of pupils from the ages
of G to 14 years who attended schools amounted to 412,816, and in
1895 to 877,810; the total attendance of both years being, respectively,
82,671 and 259,865. Out of a population of 4,523,900 inhabitants in
1899, there was an inscription of 995,259, an attendance of 351,659,
and 134,202 who could read and write. The number of public and
private primary schools in 1899 had reached a total of 4,294 with an
inscription of 422,659 pupils and an attendance of 346,242. The-e
schools were under the charge of 11,518 masters, of which 3,017 cor-
respond to the 1,121 private schools. The Argentine Republic there-
fore imparts instruction to an average of 43 per cent of its population,
and 13 per cent ea.n read and write but does not attend schools.
There remains a 44 per cent which receives no instruction, but this
percentage diminishes constantly in some provinces and in the Federal
capital.
This is the work which has been carried out by the National Gov-
ernment, those of the provinces, and by private institutions. Regard-
ing normal schools, there are now 25 in existence, from which 3,000
masters have graduated.
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316 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Special institutions supported. — The special institutions supported
by the nation are as follows: Three common schools, 2 in the Fed-
eral capital and 1 in the city of Rosario; a school for pilots, 2 for the
blind and dumb, a military school, a naval school, and many others
for the perfection of the army and navy, besides the industrial and
agricultural schools.
The common school of the capital was established in 1892. It is a
day and night school. In 1899 the courses were attended by 318 day
and 793 night pupils.
The common school for womsn is a night school, dating from 1896,
and has an attendance of 118 pupils.
The common school for men in Rosario was attended in 1899 by 130
day and 57 night pupils.
The school for pHotSy established in 1896, had an attendance of 50
students. The schools for the deaf and blind date from 1900 — one for
men and another for women.
TTie military school was established in 1870. It had an inscription
of 150 students in 1899 and turned out 34 lieutenants. The expense
incurred in its maintenance was $193,500, silver.
T?i6 naval school was established in 1872, from which 34 marine
guards graduated in 1900.
School of viticulture, — The next in importance after the agronomical
and veterinary faculty of the province of Buenos Aires is the national
school of viticulture of Mendoza, which is a branch of the education
division of the Department of Agriculture. It was opened in 1807,
constitutes an experimental plant, and contained in 1899 over 20,000
vine trees of different varieties.
Three new agronomic and live stock schools are to be established in
Villa Casilda in Las Delicias and in the outskirts of C6rdoba.
Agricultural stations. — There are in existence four national agricul-
tural stations in Tucum4n, Bella Vista, San Juan, and in the colony
of TemL
The province of Entre Rios has an agronomic school in Villa Urquiza.
Industrial and agricultural normal instruction have just been started
in the provinces.
Congress passed a resolution establishing 25 scholarships for young
men from the ages of 18 to 25 years to be sent to the United States and
Canada to follow special courses of study in industrial, live stock and
agricultural schools. Three scholarships have been duly awarded.
ARTICLES OP THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ACT.
Art. 1. The sole object of the primary schools is to foster and
direct simultaneously the moral, intellectual, and physical develop-
ment of every child from six to fourteen years of age.
Art. 2. The primary instruction must be compulsory^ graiuitauSy
gradual, and given according to hygienic principles.
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PUBLIC IN8TBU0TION. 317
Art. 3. The scholastic obligations are binding upon all parents,
tutors, or guardians of children within the ages established in article 1.
Art. 4. The scholastic obligations may be fulfilled in public or
private schools or in the homes of the children ; they may be con-
firmed by means of certificates and examinations and the observance
of them enforced by warnings and progressive fines, employing public
force- in extreme case^ to conduct the children to school.
Art. 5. The scholastic obligations suppose the existence of a gratui-
tous public school within reach of the children of a school-going age.
With this object, each neighborhood of a thousand to fifteen hundred
inhabitants in the towns, and three hundred to five hundred in the
colonies and national territories, shall constitute a scholastic district,
with the right of possessing at least one public school, where the pri-
mary instruction established by law may be given in all its branches.
Art. 6. The rainimum of compulsory instruction comprises the fol-
lowing subjects: Reading and writing; arithmetic (the four rules of
whole numbers, and the knowledge of the decimal metrical system
and national law of money, weights, and measures) ; special geogra-
phy of the Republic and notions of general geography; special his-
tory of the Republic and notions of general history; the national
language; morality and politeness; notions of hygiene; notions of
mathematical, physical, and natural sciences; notions of drawing and
vocal music; gymnastics and a knowledge of the national constitution.
It is further compulsory to girls to have a knowledge of sewing and
notions of domestic economy.
And to boys, a knowledge of simple military drill and evolutions;
and in the country districts, notions of agriculture and cattle industry.
Art. 7. All the subjects comprised in the minimum of compulsory
instruction shall be taught in the public schools, the teaching being
in accordance with the necessities of the district and the capacities of
the scholastic edifices.
Art. 8. Religious instruction shall only be given in the public
schools by authorized ministers of the different persuasions to the
children of their respective communions, before or after school houre.
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CHAPTER XV.
PATENT AND TBADE-MABK BEGXJIiATIONS— THE ASMT ANB
NAVY— WEIGHTS, MEA8UBES, AND VAI^UES.
PATENTS.
First patent laws. — The first reference to legislation in regard to
patents in the Argentine Republic is to be found in the minutes of
the Constitutional Assembly of one of the sessions of the year 1813,
wherein it is recorded that two patents had been conceded for a term
of twelve years to a citizen of the United States of America. In the
amended Constitutions of 1819, 1826, and 1853 the right of inventors
to the exclusive privileges arising out of their inventions is duly
recognized.
Patent grants, — Patents are granted or refused after careful exami-
nation regarding the originality and utility of the invention for which
protection is claimed. This examination is conducted by a body com-
posed of all the heads of the technical departments of the Gk)vem-
ment, this body being described as the sub-Commissioners of Patents.
Fees. — The fees payable on patents granted for five, ten, or fifteen
years are, respectively, $82.66, $206.66, and $301.66, half to be paid on
application and the remainder on the final cession of the patent.
Inventors tuithout means. — In the case of poor inventors, facilities
under conditional guaranties are granted for the payment of the neces-
sary fees by annual installments.
Certificates of provisional protection are granted for the term of one
year, with annual renewals, for a fee of $50, all payments made on
account of provisional protection being deducted from the amount to
be paid when the final and definite patent is granted.
Provisional patents are granted without examination into their
merits or originality, provided that the inventions for which protec-
tion is sought are not of such a nature as to bring them into conflict
with any of the laws of the Republic; and no other patent will be
granted for the same inventions, or even with improvements therein,
without previous notice, for purposes of opposition, to the holder of
the definite patent. All inventions for which patents have been
granted must be exploited in the Republic within a period of two
years from date of grant, otherwise they will be liable to annulment.
The patent latv at present in force in the Republic was sanctioned
and promulgated as far back as 1864, but notwithstanding its com-
parative antiquity, many of its provisions were highly commended at
the International Congress on Patents recently held in Paris. No
318
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PATENTS AND TRADE-MARKS. 319
patent will be granted in the Argentine Republic for pharmaceutical
compositions, financial plans, discoveries or inventions which have
been made public in or out of the country, either in works, pam-
phlets, or printed periodicals ; ideas and discoveries which are entirely
theoretical; and all such matters as have no industrial application
and which may be contrary to the benefit or laws of the Republic.
The authors or owners of inventions patented in other countries may
be granted a patent in the Argentine Republic.
Patent terms. — Patents are granted for terms of five, ten, and fifteen
years, according to the merits of the inventions and the desire of the
owners thereof. Foreign patented inventions can only be patented
in the Republic for a maximum term of ten years or for such lesser
term as may be current on the original patent granted to the inventor
or owner abroad.
A jyatent and trade-rnarks office was established in the Federal
capital of the Republic in 1866, since which date 3,964 patents have
been granted; 610 of these are inventions previously patented abroad,
principally in England, Spain, France, United States, Belgium, and
Germany; while of the remaining 3,354 it is estimated that not less
than 50 per cent are the property of i)ersons residing abroad. The
same office has granted protection to 9,601 trade-marks, 40 per cent
of which relate to articles produced in foreign countries. The total
receipts of the office in fees from the date of its creation to December
31, 1901, amounts to $1,055,173.
Infringements, — Although no special legislation has been enacted
in the Republic for the legal protection of patents granted other than
the penalty clauses provided in the patent and trade-marks laws, the
penal code and the general principles of the civil law are applicable
to the repression of abuses or frauds in the matter of infringements
or colorable imitations.^
TRADE-MARKS.
Industrial rights, — This important branch of the rights to indus-
trial property has received constant attention at the hands of the Leg-
islature of the Republic since the first law was established, on August
19, 1876.
Neiv lata enacted, — An entirely new law, radically reforming previ-
ous legislation, which was merely the adoption of the French law of
1857 (which is still in force in that country), has been brought into
operation. The two principal clauses in this enactment relate to the
exclusive ownership of a registered mark and to the procedure ante-
cedent to registration, allowing opposition thereto by third parties
who may claim similar rights.
Penalties, — The penalty clauses applying to infringements or imita-
tions have likewise been modified in favor of the registered owners of
« Argentine Yearbook, 1902.
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320 ABGBNTIKE BEPUBLIO.
trade-marks. In certain cases industrial models and designs may also
secure official protection, a project law upon this subject Imng now
under consideration.
Applications for 'patents. — It is desirable that all applications lov
patents or registration of trade-marks should be made through a
qualified attorney of the Republic.
Specification of a trade-mark, — The following constitute trade-
marks in the Argentine Republic: The names of the objects them-
selves, or those of persons' emblems, monograms, either engraved or
stamped; seals, plain or in relief; words or fancy names; letters or
numbers, either drawn in some special way or forming a combina-
tion ; the wrappers or packages of the article, or other sign used for
distinguishing a particular manufacture, commercial commodities, or
other agricultural products; while the following can not be registered
as trade-marks: The letters, words, names, or distinctive emblems
which the nation uses or may use; the shape given to the articles by
the manufacturer; the color of the product; terms or phrases which
are in general use, or signs which do not show characteristics of nov-
elty or specialty; the designations usually employed to describe tl-e
nature of the products or the class to which they belong, and all
immoral drawing and expressions.^
THE ARMY.
Maintenance of army. — The maintenance of a standing army in
time of peace, the number of troops, as well as the cost of the differ-
ent branches of the service in detail, have to be sanctioned by an
annual vote of Congress. The minister of war, who is assisted by
an under-secretary, exercises administrative control over all army
services, and the heads of the principal departments, both military
and civil, are responsible to him for the discharge of their duties.
Army footing. — According to the army estimates for 1900, the regu-
lar army on January 1, 1900, comprised 698 commissioned officers and
7,648 noncommissioned officers and rank and file.
The nationcd guard stood at 471,912 enrolled, being 263,857 on the
active list, 94,069 reserve, and 111,986 territorial. The national guard
is formed of all Argentine-born citizens from 18 years of age. At
present, conscription exists for all youths of 20 years of age.
Military port. — A strong military port is in course of construction
at Puerto Belgrano, in the neighborhood of Bahfa Blanca, on the
South Atlantic coast of the Republic. It will be the largest in South
America. The estimated cost is $7,000,000, gold.
Compulsory service. — In 1901 a law (No. 4031) was sanctioned cre-
ating compulsory military service. The obligation is for twenty-five
years. Only Argentines or naturalized Argentines are allowed to
serve in the army. By this law the army is comi)osed of (1) the line,
a Argentine Yearbook, 1902.
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ARMY AND NAVY. 321
which includes the reserve, and consists of 120,000 men; (2) national
guard; (3) territorial guard. The line is formed of citizens from 20
to 28 years of age.
Conscripts of 20 years of age have to serve either two years or six
months.
The national guard is formed of citizens between 28 and 40 years,
and the territorial guard of those between 40 and 45 years.
Military districts, — The territory of the Republic is divided into
seven military districts, with a general officer as district commander
in each.
The standing army is made up as follows: Eighteen battalions of
infantry, 12 regiments of cavalry, 8 regiments of artillery, and 4 bat-
talions of engineers. Among these are the following officers: Five
lieutenant-generals, 3 generals of division, 12 brigadier -generals, 86
colonels, 190 lieutenant-colonels, 195 majors, 210 captains, 220 fii-st
lieutenants, 265 second lieutenants, and 280 sublieutenants and cadets.
Paraguayan warriors, — In addition to these there are the officers
known as the Paraguayan warriors, those attached to the headquar-
ters staff and the officers of the medical and sanitary corps.
War budget. — It is estimated that under the new military law 500,000
men could be placed in the field at short notice in case of war. The
following is the war budget for 1902:
Ministry , $825,596
War council 94,200
Army (salaries) 8,846,808
Schools 374,852
Administration 5, 437 , 404
Remount inspection 104,040
Army, sanitary department 739,940
War arsenals 1,064,580
Shooting societi^ 120,000
Invalids 176,160
G^eneral expenses 480,000
Maneuvers 240,000
Total.... 18,001,580
THE NAVY.
Constittdion, — According to a report of the minister of the navy,
presented to Congi*ess in 1901, the list of of&cers comprised 1 rear-
admiral, 2 commodores, 17 capitanes de navio, 59 frigate captains, 76
first lieutenants, 29 second lieutenants, and 84 sublieutenants, mak-
ing a total of 321 officers on active service. The corps of engineers
is composed of 1 inspector, 2 subinspectors, 8 chief engineers, 27 first-
class, 53 second-class, 67 third-class; 4 first-class mechanics, 5 second,
and 95 third. Eighty per cent of the engineers are Argentine citizens.
The electrical staff is composed of 1 chief electrician, 3 first-class, 5
573a-^-03 21
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322 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
second, 5 third, and 1 first-class mechanic, 3 second, and 25 third.
There is a naval school at Flores, a school of mechanics in the North
Basin, a school for artillery on board the cruiser Patagonia, and a
school of torpedo practice at La Plata. The military port, Zarate ,
Arsenal, and naval prison are garrisoned by a corps of coast artillery
of 450 men. The total personnel of the navy varies from 5,000 to
6,00Q men.
Organization. — Up to the year 1898 the ministries of war and marine
constituted one organization. Since that time, however, the naval
administration has been entirely remodeled and placed upon an inde-
pendent basis so far as the general conduct of the department is con-
cerned. All questions relating to movement of the fleet, armaments,
machinery, observatories, hydrography, light-houses, buoys, and per-
sonnel are dealt with by the various sections of the department.
There is also an intelligence department in whose charge are all plans
of maneuvers and information concerning foreign navies.
Recruiting and service, — Recruiting for the navy is chiefly from
the national guard and is effected by means of a conscription lottery,
the term of service being for two years. The average number of con-
scripts is about 2,000 per annum, all these being enrolled in the first
reserve for a term of six years after the expiration of a fixed service.
The reservists are liable to be called out for service at any time during
thQ six years, after which they are placed in the second reserve (only
called out in time of war), in which they remain until, by reason of
age, their liability to serve ceases. It is estimated that the require-
ments of the fleet in time of war would be at least 10,000 men. Under
no circumstances can a conscript or reservist be awarded promotion
to a higher rank, for the reason that all noncommissioned officers and
the men belonging to the technical branches of the navy are compul-
sorily recruited from the special training schools. The higher per-
sonnel attain their rank by competitive examination and seniority,
but a projected law dealing with the promotion and retirement of
naval officers, now under the consideration of the Government, is
likely to effect a change in the prevailing system.
Laws and discipline, — The naval codes in force in Argentina pro-
vide for tribunals composed of officers belonging both to the army
and the navy. There is a supreme council of war with appellate juris-
diction, which consists of four generals and two commodores, and is
presided over by a lieutenant-general or vice-admiral, these being the
highest ranks attainable in the respective services. There are also
minor councils of war consisting of officers of both branches.
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ABMT ABTD NAVY. 823
Forts and material. — The following military aixd naval establish-
ments supply the material and requirements of the fleet:
The naval arsenal, situated in the north basin of the port of Buenos
Aires, possesses the largest mechanical workshops in South America,
and effects all the necessary repairs to the ships. The dockyard at
La Plata is the station for partially disarmed ships, and the torpedo
division with an arsenal in which are deposited materials for subma-
rine defense. The military port of Bahfa Blanca, which is well forti-
fied and contains submarine mines, has also repairing shops, a basin
for the heavier ships, and a dry dock, said to be the largest in the
world. The artillery depot at Zarate, on one of the affluents of the
Parand, where are stored all the reserve cannon, cartridges, and other
projectiles for the ships. And, lastly, there are the depots on the
island of Martin Garcia and at Tigre on the River Luj4n.
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324
ARGENTINE. REPUBLIC.
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SANTA FELlCITAS CHAPEU
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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
827
WEIGHTS, MBASURBS, AND VALUES.
The metrical system of weights and measures is legalized for use in
Argentina, but some of the old Spanish or old Argentine denomina-
tion still survive in the provinces.
The following are the old measurements:
Vara = 34.09 inches English = 0.866 meter.
One hundred varas = cuadra = 86.600 meters = 94.70 y^rds.
One hundred and fifty varas = cuadra = 129.900 meters = 142.06
yards.
Six thousand varas = league = 5,196 meters = 5,682.51 yards.
National metric league = 5,000 meters = 3.1069 miles.
Square vara = 0.749956 square meters = 0.8969 square yards.
Ten thousand squai'e varas = square manzana = 7,499.56 square
meters = 8,969.72 square yards.
Cuadra (old square 150 varas X 150) = 4.17 acres = 22,500 square
varas = 2,699.84 hectares = 16. 874 square meters = 1 hectare, 68 areas,
71 cent.
Square league = 6,672 acres = (1,600) squares = 10.424 square miles.
Concession of land, usually 62^ acres.
Cubic vara = 0.6494 cubic meter =r 0.8495 cubic yard.
Quintal or fanega = 100 kilos = 220 pounds English = 3.67 bushels
of 60 pounds = 1.37 hectoliters = 0.47 quarter.
Fanega of 220 pounds per square == 0.85 bushel of 60 x)ounds per
acre.
Fanega of 220 pounds per hectare =1.47 bushels of 60 pounds per
acre.
Beciprocal tables,
LINEAB MEASURE.
Varaa.
Meters.
Yards. '
1
Meters.
Varas.
Yards.
Yards.
Meters.
Varas.
1
0.87
0.95
1
1.16
1.00
1
0.91
1.06
2
1.73
1.89
2
2.31
2.19
2
1.83
2.U
8
2.60
2.84
8
8.46
8.28
8
2.74
8.17
4
3.46
8.79
4.62
4.38
4
8.66
4.22
5
4.88
4.78
5.77
5.47
6
4.67
5.28
6
5.20
5.68
6.96
6.66
6
6.40
6.84
7
6.06
6.68
8.08
7.66
7
6.40
7.89
8
6.03
7.68
9.24
8.76
8
7.82
8.46
9
7.79
8.62
10.89
9.84
9
8.28
9.60
10
8.66
9.47
10
U.65
10.94
10
9.14
10.66
SQUARE MEASURE.
Sqtiare
Centia-
Sqtiare
Centia.
[Square
Square
Square
Centia-
Square
yaras.
res.
yards.
res.
varas.
yards. ■
yards.
res.
varas.
1
0.75
0.90
1
1.88
1.20
1
0.84
1.11
2
1.60
1.79
2
2.87
2.89
2
1.67
2.28
8
2.26
2.69
4
8.60
8
2.61
3.86
4
8
8.69
5.88
4.78
4
8.84
4.46
5
a76
4.48
6.67
6.98
6
4.18
6.67
6
4.60
5.88
8
7.18
6
6.02
6.69
6.26
6.28
9.84
8.87
7
6.86
7.80
8
6
7.18
8
10.67
9.67
8
6.69
8.92
9
6.75
8.07
9
12
10.76
9
7.62
10.08
10
7.60
8.97
10
18.88
U.96
10
8.86
11.16
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328
ARGENTINK REPUBLIC.
Reciprocal *a6Ze«— -Ck)ntintied.
DRY AND FLUID MEASURES.
Liters.
Inches.
Feet.
Gallons.
Bushels.
Milliliter — .. - .
0.001
.01
.1
1.
10
100
1,000
10,000
0.061
.61
6.1
61.02
610.28
0.00022
.0022
.022
.22
2.2
22
220
2,200.967
Centiliter
Deciliter
6."6868"
.868
8.63
36.317
858.17
O.OOOT
Litera
.0275
Decaliter
.276
Hectoliter
2.751
Kiloliterft
27.512
Myriallter
27.5121
LINEAR MEASURE.
Meters. Reciprocals.
Inch -. .
0.02580064
.80tTM6
.91438848
5.029109
20.11644
201.1644
1,609.3149
30.37079
Foot
8.280099
Yard
1.093633
Pole
.1968424
Chain
.0497106
Furlong . -
, .004971
Mile
.00062138
SQUARE MEASURE.
Square inch
Square foot.
Square yard
Perch
Rood
Acre
Square mile
Square meters.
0.00064513?
.886007
26.29194
1,011.678
4,046.71
2,589,894.5
Reciprocals.
1,560.691
ia7643
1.196038
.00096846
.00034711
.00000088612
CUBIC MEASURE.
Cubic inch
Cubic foot.
Cubic yard
Cubic meters. Reciprocals.
0.000016886
.0283158
.764618
6,027.05'
35.31658
1.30602
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
GUI
Pint
8uart....
allon...
Peck
Bushel...
Quarters
0.141988
7.048094
.66708
1.760778
1.18586
.8808868
4.543457
.2200067
9.086915
.1100483
86.84766
.027512
290.7818
.003439
a Liter »0.22009668 gallon^a cubic decimeter.
^Kilolitersa cubic meter.
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BECIPBOOAL TABLES.
829
Reciprocal tables — Continued.
WEIGHTS.
Drachm, avoirdnpois
Onnoe, avoirdniKMs
Poand, avoirdupois
Hundredweight, avoirdupois
Ton, avoirdupois
OrauL, troy
Pennyweight, troy
Ounce, troy
Pound, troy
Grammes.
i.maae
28.840376
458.58265
50,802.38
1,016,047.5
.06479695
1.555175
81.1084615
878.2419
Reciprocals.
0.664888
.0852789
.00220462
.00001968
.000000984
15.48285
.6480146
.082150r3
SQUARE MEASURE.
Square
zana
22,500
square
Hec-
tares.
Acres.
Hec-
tares.
Square
man-
Acres.
Acres.
Hec-
tares.
Square
man-
vara.
' 1
1.68
4.17
1
0.50
2.47
1
0.40
0.24
1 2
8.38
8.34
I 2
1.19
4.94
2
.81
.48
8
6.06
12.51
; 8
1.78
7.41
3
1.21
.72
4
6.75
16.68
4
2.37
9.88
4
1.62
.96
! s
8.44
20.86
5
2.96
12.86
5
2.02
1.20
6
10 12
25.02
6
3.56
14.83
6
2.43
1.44
1 7
11.81
29.19
7
4.15
17.30
7
2.83
1.68
! 8
13. .50
83.36
8
4.74
19.77
8
8.24
1.98
9
15.19
37.58
9
5.8:3
22.24
9
8.64
2.16
10
16.87
41.70
10
5.98
24.71
10
4.06
2.40
SOLID MEASURE.
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
Cubic
vara.
meter.
yards.
meter.
vara.
yards.
yards.
meter.
vara.
1
0.65
o.«>
1
1.54
1.31
1
0.77
1.18
2
1.30
1.70
2
8.08
2.62
2
1.53
2.35
8
1.96
2.56
3
4.62
8.92
3
2.29
8.53
4
2.60
8.40
4
6.16
5.23
4
3.06
4.71
5
3.25
4.26
5
7.70
6.54
5
3.82
6.89
6
3.90
6.10
6
9.24
7.86
6
4.59
7.06
7
4.55
5.96
7
10.78
9.16
7
5.85
8.24
8
5.20
6.80
8
12.82
10.46
8
6.12
9.42
9
5.85
7.65
9
13.86
11.77
9
6.88
10.59
10
6.49
8.50
10
15.40
13.08
10
7.65
11.77
LIQUID MEASURE.
Argen-
tine
, gallons.
Liters.
Enfflish
gallons.
Liters.
gallons.
English
gallons.
English
gallons.
Liters.
Argen-
tine
gallons.
1
8.80
0.84
1
0.26
0.22
1
4.54
1.20
2
7.60
1.67
2
.53
.44
2
9.00
2.89
8
11.40
2.61
8
.79
.66
3
13.68
8.59
15.20
3.35
4
1.06
.88
4
18.17
4.78
19.00
4.18
5
1.32
1.10
6
22.72
5.96
22.80
5.02
6
1.58
1.32
6
27.28
7.17
26.60
5.85
7
1.84
1.54
7
81.80
8.37
8
80.40
6.69
8
2.11
1.76
8
86.85
9.56
34.20
7.58
9
2.87
1.98
9
40.80
10 76
10
88.00
8.86
10
2.63
2.20
10
45.48
11.96
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ABGEimNE BEPUBTJC.
Reciprocal tables — CkmtinTied.
MEAJSUBES OP CAPACITY-DRY.
FanegaB.1
Hectoli-
ters.
"^l
Hectoli-
ten.
Panegas.
*ss:-^
ts-
HectoU-
ters.
FanegiM.
1 ,
1.87
0.47
1
0.78
0.84
1
2.91
2.12
2 !
2.74
.94
2
1.46
.68 ,
2
5.82
4.24
8 1
4.12
1.42
2.19
LOB
8.T2
6.86
4 '
5.48
1.89
2.92
1.88
11.68
8.48
^ 1
6.86
2.86
8.64
1.72
14.54
ia60
6 '
8.28
2.88
4.87
2.06 ,
17.45
12.72
7 1
9.60
8.30
6.10
2.41 1
20.86
14.84
8 !
10.98
8.77
5.88
2.75 1
23.26
16.96
9 1
12.86
4.25
6.56
aio
26.17
19.07
10
iaT2
4.72
10
7.28
8.44,
10
29.06
21.19
WEIOHT8.
Argen-
tine
pounds.
Metric
kilo-
grams.
English
pounds 1
avoirdu-
pois.
Metric
kilo-
grams.
pounds.
English
pounds
avoirdu-
pois.
English
pounds
aroirdu-
pois.
Metric
kilo-
grams.
pounds.
1
i
10
0.46
.92
1.8B
1.84
• 2.80
2.76
8.22
8.68
4.13
4.58
1.01
2.06
8.04
4.05
6.06
6.08
7.08
8.10
9.12
10.18
1
2
8
10
2.18
4.85
6.58
8.71
10.88
iao6
W.24
17.41
19.68
21.77
2.20
4.41
6.61
8.88
11.02
1&28
15.48
17.64
19.84
22.05
1
2
8
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
0.45
.91
1.86
1.81
2.27
2.72
ai8
8.68
4.08
4.54
0.90
1.97
2.96
a96
4.94
5.92
6.91
7.90
8.88
9.87
SUBFACE MEASURE.
Square
league, a
meter.
Square
miles.
meter.
Square
league, a
Square
milee.
1
Square
miles.
Square
meter.
Square
league, a
1
27.00
10.42
1
a04
0.89
1
2.58
0.10
2
54.00
20.85
2
.07
.77
2
5.18
.19
8
81.00
81.27
8
.11
1.16
i 8
7.n
.28
4
107.99
41.70
4
.16
1.54
, 4
10.86
.88
6
184.98
52.12
5
.18
1.96
1 5
12.96
.48
6
161.90
62.55
6
.22
2.82
6
15.54
.58
7
188.90
72.97
7
.26
2.70
1 7
18.18
.67
8
215.90
88.40
8
.80
ao8
! 8
20.72
.77
9
242.98
9a82
9
.88
8.48
' 9
28.81
.86
10
268.98
104.25
10
.87
8.86
! ^^
25.90
.96
^Square league of 86,000,000 square varas: there is also the square league of the National Met-
rical System used in national territories which equals 26 square kilometers or 9.65 square miles.
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BEOIPBOOAL TABLES.
881
Specific gravity and weight per cubic meter of Argentine woods compared with
foreign woods.
Glass of timber.
Specific
gravity.
Weight per
cubic meter.
Ligninn vitsd........
Unmday, A.Ra
Box
Qoebracho Colorado, A. R
Ebony
Lapacho, A. R
Palo bianco. A. R
Oaebracho bianco^ A. R. .
Oreo moya, A. R
Orcooebil,A. R
Coropay, A. R
Lanza. A. R
English oak.
Algarrobo negro, A. R ...
Pitch pine
Laurel, A. R
Ttpa, A. R
ViTar6, A. R
N^al,A.R —
Teak"".".'.".!".".'"!'".'".'.'."."
Oedar,A. R
Deal
Cochncho, A. R
Ehn and larch
White pine
Pacar&,A. R
Cork
0.90 to
.77
.82 to
.70
.77
.77
.78
.74
.70 to
.62
.70
.70
.70 to
.46
Kilograms.
1,880
1,280
1.280
1,270
1,180
1,100
1,040
1,020
1,000
1,000
070
020
900 to 770
820 to 700
770
770
760
740
700 to 620
700
700
700 to 460
680
570
560
450
870
240
Table of dedmul equivalents offra>ctions of an inch.
Eighths: 1 Thirty-seconds:
Sixty-fourths: Slxty-fourths:
=.126 1 A
=.08125
^'=.016625 1
=.516685
».260 1 J
,=.09876
^=.046875 ' i
=.646875
=.876 3
=.15626
A=. 078125
%=. 109875
=.578126
=.600 i
r=. 21875
=.009675
=.626 ^
=.28125
=.140625
=.640626
=.760 I
= .84375
=.171876
=.671875
=.876 1 I
=.40625
=.206125
=.706125
Sixteenths: {
=.46876
=.284875
=.784375
A=3.0625 1
=.58126
= .265625
=.765626
A=.1875
A=.8126
=.68875
=.296875
=.796876
= .65625
=.828126
= .828125
A=.4876 1
=.71875
=.359376
=.859875
A=.5625
= .78126
=.800625
=.890625
|=.6876 1
=.84875
=.421875
=.921875
l».8125 1
=.90825
=.463125
=.958125
if =.9675
=.96875
=.484875 1 i
=.084375
QUEBRACHO COLORADO POSTS.
Posts.
Length.
ence.
Point.
Weight.
^SK^
?^°
Eflonineroa ........
Vara.
11/4
11/4
10/4
10/4
10/4
10/4
0/4
Cm.
238
288
216
216
216
216
105
280
260
260
800
Inch.
20-22
18-20
18-20
16-18
14-18
12-14
10-12
Cm.
48^53
43-48
43-48
38-48
34-43
20-84
24-20
48-48
45-60
45-60
46-60
Inch.
13
12
12
11
10
8
Cm.
81
20
20
26
24
22
10
20
80
80
40
Kao8.
54-67
42-54
40-61
81-41
24-41
17-26
11-17
42-63
46-00
46-65
60-120
KUos.
62
60
44
86
80
22
16
48
62
54
75
Number.
165
En teres
205
220
Medios reforzadofl
280
Medics
840
Medics livianos
450
EfftaHoniw
660
210
Poete8de2m60
100
Poetesde2m60
186
PoeteedeSmOO
185
o Argentine Republic.
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832
ABGBKTINE BEPUBLIO.
Metrical system {compared with English),
LONG MEA8UBB.
Meters.
Inches.
Feet.
Yards.
Miles.
MilUmoter
.001
.01
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
.08887
.8067
8.«7
89.87079
.00328
.0828
.828
8.280U
32.809
828
8,280.9
.00109 ,.
.0109 .
.1098 1
1.09068
10.936
109.88
1,006.6
nnntimAtAr ,
Decimeter
.OQVW
Meter
unoti^
Decameter
.0062
Hectometer
06214
KilnmAter ._
.62138
Myriameter
6 21382
1
SQUARE MBASUBE.
Square
meters.
Square
inches.
^str
Square
yards.
Acres.
Milliaie
.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
155
1,550
15,501
1.076
10.764
107.64
1,076.4
.119
1.19
11.96
119.6
1,196
11,960
OntiarA
.00025
Declare
0Q25
Are
.02*7
Decare
.2471
Hftotar^
2.4711
SOLID MEASURE.
i Cubic
meters.
Cubic
inches.
Cubic
feet.
Cubic
yards.
MlUistere
.001
.01.
.1
1
10
100
61.028
610.28
6,102.8
61,028
Centistere
.858
8.5817
85.817
Decistere
.IdOB
Stere, or cubic meter
1.808
Decastere
13.08
Hectostore
:::::::::;::::::::::::::
180.802
1
WEIGHTS.
MiUi&rram....
CentafiH'am ...
Decifirram —
Gram
Decagram
Hectogram...
Kilogram
Myrmgram...
Snintal
iUier or bar
Grams.
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
.001
.01
.1
Avoirdu- l Avoirdu-
pois I pois
ounces. ' pounds.
.085
.85
8.527
85.2789
.0022
.022
.22046
2.2046
22.04
220.46
2,204.62
Hun-
dred-
weight.
Ton.
.019
.1968
1.9684
19.684
.00006
.00884
.0884
.964206
Grains
troy.
.016
.154
1.543
15.
Ozs.trop.
82.15
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CONVEBSIOK TABLE.
883
Foreign coins conversion table.
Value of foreign coins in paper
dollars with gold at following
prices.
Valne of SI paper in fol-
lowing coins.
Gold
at par.
&, $5,040.
Francs
80, $4.
Marks
20, $4,940.
JB47|d.
Francs 6.
Marks
4.048.
m
11.441
9.060
11.214
20}
2.202
1.788
828
11.491
9.120
11.263
Sol
2.196
1.775
2S9
11.642
9.160
U.818
201
2.188
1.768
280
11.502
9.200
11.862
201
2.178
1.760
231
11.642
9.240
11.411
aof
2.166
1.752
282
11.696
9.280
11.461
20i
2.155
1.745
238
11.743
9.820
11.510
20i
2.146
1.737
234
11.794
9.860
11.660
201
2.188
1.729
286
11.844
9.400
11.600
20i
2.128
1.728
236
11.894
9.440
11.668
20i
2.119
1.715
237
11.945
9.480
U.708
20?
2.110
1.708
288
11.996
9.520
11.767
20
2.101
1.701
239
12.046
9.560
11.807
l»t
2.092
1.694
24D
12.096
9.600
11.866
19}
2.068
1.687
241
12.146
9.640
11.906
191
2.076
1.680
242
12.197
9.680
11.965
m
2.066
1.672
243
12.247
9.720
12.004
m
2.067
1.666
244
12.296
9.760
12.064
2.049
1.660
245
12.348
9.800
12.108
19|
2.041
1.652
246
12.898
9.840
12.162
19f
2.088
1.646
247
12.449
9.880
12.202
19}
2.024
1.639
248
12.499
9.920
12.251
19}
2.016
1.632
249
12.650
9.900
12.801
19}
2.008
1.626
250
12.600
10.000
12.850
19
2.000
1.619
261
12.650
10.040
12.399
18}
1.992
1.618
252
12.701
10.080
12.449
18}
1.984
1.606
258
12.761
10.120
12.498
18}
1.976
1.600
264
12.802
10.160
12.548
181
1.968
1.604
256
12.852
10.200
12.597
18f
1.960
1.688
266
12.902
10.240
12.646
18}
1.963
1.581
267
12.958
10.280
12.696
18}
1.946
1.575
258
13.008
10.820
12.745
18}
1.987
1.569
259
13.054
10.380
12.795
181
1.980
1.663
260
13.104
10.400
12.844
18}
1.928
1.657
261
13.154
10.440
12.893
18}
1.916
1.561
262
ia206
10.480
12.943
18}
1.908
1.646
263
13.256
10.520
12.992
18}
1.901
1.589
264
13.306
10.560
13.042
18
1.894
1.533
266
13.856
10.600
10.640
13.091
17}
1.886
1.527
266
13.406
13.140
17}
1.879
1.622
267
13.467
10.680
13.190
17}
1.872
1.516
268
13.507
10.720
13.239
17}
1.865
1.610
269
13.668
10.760
13.289
17}
1.868
1.605
270
18.608
10.800
13.838
17}
1.861
1.499
271
13.668
10.840
13.887
17}
1.845
1.494
272
18.709
10.880
18.487
17
1.888
1.488
273
18.750
10.920
13.486
17}
1.831
1.488
274
18.810
10.960
18.536
17}
1.824
i.4n
276
18.860
11.000
13.585
17}
1.818
1.472
276
18.910
11.040
13.634
17}
1.812
1.466
277
13.961
11.080
ia684
17}
1.806
1.461
278
14.011
11.120
13.783
17}
1.800
1.456
279
14.062
11.160
13.788
17
1.798
1.450
280
14.112
11.200
13.832
17
1.787
1.445
281
14.162
11.240
13.881
16}
1.780
1.441
282
14.218
11.280
13.981
16}
1.773
1.436
283
14.263
11.320
13.980
16}
1.766
1.431
284
14.314
11.360
14.080
16}
1.760
1.428
286
14.364
11.400
14.079
16}
1.754
1.420
286
14.414
11.440
14.128
16}
1.748
1.415
287
14.466
11.480
14.178
16}
1.742
1.410
288
14.515
11.520
14.227
16}
1.736
1.405
289
14.566
11.560
14. 2n
16}
1.730
1.400
290
14.616
11.600
14.826
16}
1.724
1.395
291
14.666
11.640
14.876
16}
1.718
1.891
292
14.717
11.680
14.426
16}
1.712
1.886
293
14.767
11.720
14.474
16}
1.706
1.381
294
14.818
11.760
14.524
16}
1.700
1.376
296
14.868
11.800
14.578
16}
1.694
i.3n
296
14.918
11.840
14.622
16^
1.688
1.366
297
14.969
11.880
14.672
16
1.682
1.362
298
15.019
11.920
14.721
16
1.677
1.8b8
299
15.070
11.960
14.771
16}
i.en
1.368
800
15.120
12.000
14.820
16}
1.666
1.349
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CHAPTER XVI.
BIBUOGRAPHT AND OABTOGRAPHT.
Aside from the official publications of the Argentine Government,
there exists an immense amount of literature, historical and descrip-
tive, of the country, of which no extensive bibliography has been
published.
In 1892, with the assistance of the Museo de La Plata, Sefior Jose
Toribio Medina issued the second part of his important work entitled
" Historia y bibliografia de la imprenta en la America espanola," with
the title "Historia y bibliografia en el antiguo vireinato del Rio de
la Plata." It is an elaborate work giving the most minute biblio-
graphical details and beautifully illustrated with portraits and fac-
similes. Reference should also be made to the " Relacion de mapas,
pianos, etc., del vireinato de Buenos Aires existentes en el Archivo
General de las Indias " (Se villa), by Pedro Torres Lanzas.
A list of maps of the Argentine Republic is published in the ** List
of Maps of America," compiled by Mr. P. Lee Phillips, Chief of the
Division of Maps and Charts, Library of Congress, Washington. For
those who may wish to push their inquiries farther than the limits of
the present book, a useful list of works on the Argentine Republic is
given below. A list of maps is also added, as is one of the principal
periodicals published in the Republic.
A SOUTH AMERICAN NEW^SPAPER.
The "World's Work" for February, 1902, contains a description
by Bernard Meiklejohn of what is one of the most remarkable
newspaper plants in the world, that of "La Prensa" (The Press),
of Buenos Aires. The office of "La Prensa" is an imposing build-
ing of gray marble, five stories in height, surmounted by a tower, and
crowned by a colossal figure of golden bronze, typical of the press.
This building is situated on the finest boulevard of the city. Upon
the ground floor, besides the usual business offices, are: A luxurious
consulting room, where a physician with five assistants attends to the
ailments of an average of 110 patients daily, free of charge; a law
office, where the indigent can secure free legal advice; and a museum,
where all the products and manufactures of the Argentine Republic
maybe inspected without charge. On the second floor are the sump-
tuous offices of the proprietor, the editor, and the editorial writers;
also a well-stocked library, particularly rich in legal, medical, and
engineering works, which is open at all times to students without pay-
ment; in an adjoining room the Spanish language is taught at the
884
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PALACE OF "LA PRENSA," BUENOS AIRES.
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BIBLIOGBAPHY. «^35
expense of the journal; while there is a great hall in which the people
of the city are at liberty to hold public meetings. Distinguished for-
eigners visiting Buenos Aires find on the third floor the most remark-
able feature of the establishment — a palatial suite of apartments for
their reception. In addition, there is a ^' Salon des FStes," copied
exactly from the drawing-room at Fontainebleau, where litei'ary,
charitable, and scientific meetings are held on the invitation of *'La
Prensa." The proprietor's idea in providing such apartments is to
glorify the city. On the top floors are the composing room, the
rex)orters' room, a restaurant, and a fencing salon.
** La Prensa " is an eight-page journal, with the inside pages devoted
to news, and the outside sheets to advertisements. It was established
in 1869 by J. C. P. Paz, as editor and sole owner. The present editor
is his son, Ezequiel P. Paz. The present home of the paper was com-
pleted in 1896, at a cost of $2,000,000 gold. " La Prensa" has a cir-
culation of 100,000 copies, and is sold for about 3 cents per copy
(United States currency). For the first six months of 1901 its treas-
urer's report showed gross receipts amounting to $1,033,905.47 gold,
and expenses aggregating about $650,000. In the main the equip-
ments for this magnificent establishment were purchased in the
United States, where its supply of type and blank paper is also
obtained.
NEWSPAPERS IN THE CAPITAL.
Buenos Aires boasts the possession of 189 newspapers and periodi-
cals printed in the following languages:
Spanish 154
Basque 1
Italian 14
English 6
French 2
Scandinavian 3
Russian 1
German 8
The greater part of the daily and weekly publications deal with
news and general information, while many others treat special sub-
jects only. The following classification, however, conveys a general
idea of the nature of the periodical literature provided for the mixed
I>opulation of Buenos Aires:
General information (daily and weekly) 68
Science and art 14
Oonunercial 25
Literary, historical, illnstrated, etc 37
Indnstrial 9
Judicial, legal, and official 8
Agricnltnre, camp, and sport 8
Educational, statistical, etc 9
Military and naval 5
Directories and guides (varions) j6
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836 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The first daily newspaper published in Argentina, of which there
is any record, was El Telegrafo Mercantile in the year 1801 ; and the
second, Sumario de Agrictdtit/ra, Industrias y Comercio^ established
in 1802. The leading daily newspapers of to-day are La Na/ndUy La
Prensa, El Paus, El Diario^ El Tiempo^ and La Tribwna, There
are, besides, among the foreign publications, 2 English, 2 French, 2
German, 1 Spanish, and 2 Italian daily papers.
REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS ON THE ARGENTINE
REPUBLIC.
GENERAL REFERENCE
Almanach de Gotha. (Annnal.)
American encyclopedia. New York.
Appleton's annnal encyclopedia, New York.
Argentine yearbook. Bnenos Aires and London.
Encyclopedia Britannica. London and New York.
Lamed's history for ready reference. Springfield, Mass., 1896.
International encylopedia. New York.
Statesman's yearbook. London.
OFFICIAL PUBUCATIONS.
Annnal reports of the Ministers of State to the Argentine Congress.
Messages of the President of the Repnblic to the Argentine Congress,
The Argentine Repnblic as a field for Enropean emigration; a geographical review
of the conntry and its resources, with all its various features, by Francisco
Latzina, Chief of the Argentine Statistical Bureau. Buenos Aires, 1883.
(With map.)
Census. Reports of the national census bureau (Oficina Nacional del Censo).
Segundo censo de la Rep^blica, mayo 10 de 1895.
Tomo 1. Territorio.
Tomo 2. Poblaci6n.
Tomo 3. Censos complementarios.
Commercial statistics.
Bulletins of the national bureau of statistics. Buenos Aires. (Direcci6n general
deestadlstica.)
Bulletins of tho International Bureau of the American Republics, Washington.
Commercial relations of the United States. Department of Conmierce and Labor,
Washington.
United States consular reports. Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington.
British diplomatic and consular reports. Foreign Office, London.
Bulletins of the United States Bureau of Statistics. Department of Commerce
and Labor, Washington.
NONOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.
History,
Argentine (The) confederation, by an American. The history of South America
translated from the Spanish by Adnah D. Jones. London, 1899. 345 pp. 8**.
Butterworth, HezeMah: History of the Argentine Republic. (In his South
America, New York, 1898.)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 887
Deberle, Alfred-Joseph: Histoire de rAm^nqne du Snd depnis la conqu^te jasqu'4
nos jours . . . Paris, 1897. xix, 416 pp. 12".
Garcia M^ron, Martin: Historia de la Rep^blica Argentina. Obra escrita de
acnerdo con el programa de los colegios nacionales de la Republica. Bnenos
Aires, 1899. 2 vols. 8°.
Mitre, Bartolom6: Historia de Belgrano y de la independencia argentina. 4*
edici6n. Bnenos Aires, 1887. 3 vols. 4".
Historia dQ San Martin y de la emancipaci6n sndamericana. Bnenos Aires,
1887,1888. 3 vols. S\
Poncel, Benjamin: Les otages de Dnrazno: Souvenirs du Rio de La Plata pendant
I'intervention anglo-frangaise de 1845 k 1851 . . . Paris & Marseille, 1864.
vii, 351 pp. 8^
Power, J.: ** The land we live in." History of the Argentine Republic from the
landing of Soils to the present day. Buenos Aires, 1891. 132 pp. illus.,
port. 8^
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, DESCRIPTION, AND TRAVEL.
Aguirre, Di6genes: De Buenos Aires k la Isla de los Estados. 1884. (In the
Revista de la Sociedad G^ogrMca Argentina, T. 2, p. 291.)
Akers, C. E.: Argentine, Patagonian, and Chilian sketches, with a few notes on
Uruguay. London, 1893. vi, 190 pp. 8^
Alsina, Juan A.: La inmigraci6n europea en la Republica Agentina. Buenos
Aires, 1898. 336 pp. 8^
Andr^, Qustave: Colonies agricoles de TEntre Rios. Deux cartes colorizes. Paris,
1890. 160 pp. 8°.
Bemardez, Manuel: De Buenos Aires al Iguazti. Cr6nicas de un viaje periodls-
tico 4 Corrientes y Misiones. Con numeros grabados, un panorama y un piano
de las grandes cataratas. 2a edici6n. Buenos Aires, 1901. illus., 128 pp. 8**.
Bove, Giacomo: Expedici6n austral argentina. Buenos Aires, 1883. Maps, illus.,
217 pp. 8\
Burmeister, H.: Description physique de la R^publique Argentine d'apr^ des
observations personnelles et etrangeres . . . Tr. de I'allemand par E. Maupas.
Paris, 1876-1880. 4 vols. S\ Atlas, fol.
Carraeco, Gabriel y Ballesteros-Zorraquin, A. J. : La provincia de Santa Fe. Bue-
nos Aires, 1888. Map. , 14,136 pp. 8^
Church, George Earl: Argentine geography and the ancient Pampean sea. Lon-
don, 1898. 2 pis., maps, 16 pp. 8^
Corthell, Elmer L.: Argentine, past, present, and future. New York, 1903.
IUus.,64pp. S\
Crawford, Robert: Across the Pampas and the Andes. London, 1884. 366 pp. 8*.
Curtis, William Eleroy : Between the Andes and the Ocean; an account of an inter-
esting journey down the west coast of South America, from the Isthmus of
Panama to the Straits of Magellan. Chicago, 1900. 4 pis., 442 pp. 8^
Daireaux, £niile: La vie et les moeurs de ttSk Plata. Paris, 1898. 2 vols. 8"*.
De Rancourt, l^tienne: Fazendas et estancias. Notes de voyage sur le Brdsil et
la R^publique Argentine. Paris, 1901. illus., maps, 286 (1) pp. 8".
bibelot, Alfred: La Pampa; moeurs sud-am^ricaines. Illustrations par Alfred
Paris. Paris and Buenos Aires, 1890. 312 pp. 8°.
Edgcumbe, Sir Edward Robert Pearce: Zephyrus; a holiday in Brazil and on the
river Plata, with illustrations. London, 1887. 4 pis., 242 pp., front, map,
illus. S\
573a~03 22
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838 ABGENTINE EEPUBLIO.
Fitz Gerald, E. A.: The highest Andes. A record of the first ascent of Aconcagua
and Tnpengato in Argentina, and the exploration of the smronnding valley
. . . with two maps, 51 illustrations, and panorama. London, 1899. 390
pp. S\
Gubematis, Angelo D.: L' Argentina. Ricordi e lettere . . . Firenze, 1898.
334 pp., 91 pp. 8°.
Gnilaine, Lonis: La R^publique Argentine, physique et ^onomique: expos^ de
ses conditions et ressources naturelles, de son agriculture, de ses industries, de
son commerce, de son crMit et de ses finances, au point de vue de Temigratioii
et des capitaux europ6ens, d'apres les demiers documents oflSciels . . .
Preface d'&nile Gautier. Paris, 1889. xxxiii, 348 pp. 8°.
Hoskold, H. D.: The Argentine Republic. (The International Geography, edited
by Hugh R. Mill. New York, 1900.)
Kaerger, Karl: Landwirtschaft und kolonisation im Spanischen Amerika. 2 vols.
8°. Leipzig, 1901. Argentina, v. 1.
Keane, A. H.: Central and South America. (Stanford's compendium of geog-
raphy and travel.) Map and illustrations. London, 1901. 611 pp. 12\
Konig, Abraham: A traves de la Republica Argentina; diario de viaje por Abra-
ham Konig. Santiago de Chile, 1890. 422 pp. 4°.
Latzina, Francisco: Diccionario geografico argentine. Buenos Aires, 1895. 619
pp. r.
G^graphie de la R^publique Argentine, par F. Latzina . . . avec une
introduction par M. Levasseur. . . . Buenos Aires, 1890. 488 pp. pis., maps.
8^
Lix Elett, Carlos: Estudios sobre produccion, comercio, finanzaa 6 intereses gene-
rales de la Republica Argentina. Con una introducci6n de Enrique M. Nel-
son. Buenos Aires, 1900. 2 vols. , illus. 4°.
Martens, P.: Sud- Amerika unter besonderer Berflcksichtigung Argentiniens.
Nach den neuesten amtlichen Quellen und auf Grund eigener Anschauung.
Map, illus. Berlin, 1899. 284 pp. S\
Markwick, W. Fisher, and Smith, William S. : The South American Republics.
(The world and its people series.) New York, 1901. 348,96 pp. S\
Martinez, Alberto B.: Baedeker de la Republica Argentina. Ciudad de Buenos
Aires. Lineas ferreas, etc. Buenos Aires, 1900. 369 pp. 12''.
Medina, Jos6 Toribio: Historia y bibliografia de la imprenta en el antiguo \-irei-
nato del Rio de la Plata . . . Buenos Aires and London, 1892. 4 pts., pis,,
port., facsim., initials, vign. fol. (In his Historia y bibliografia de la
imprenta en la America espafiola. Pte. 2.)
Mill, Hugh Robert, editor: The littoral, central. Andean, and northern provinces.
New York, 1900. (In his International geography.)
Resources and prosi)ective advantages of the Argentine Republic. (In his
New lands. London, 1900.)
Mitre, Bartolome: Arengas. Colecci6n de discursos parlamentarios, politicoe,
econ6mico8 y literarios . . . 1848-1888. 2' edici6n. Buenos Aires, 1889.
915 pp. 4'.
Mulhall, M. G. & E. T.: Handbook of the River Plate. Buenos Aires, 1892.
686, 80 pp. 8°.
Napp, Richard D.: The Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 1876. 240 pp. 8".
National Association of Manufacturers of the United States: Foreign trade of
Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Philadelphia, 1897. 119 pp. 8^
Odescalchi, Baldassare: Un viaggio in Argentina. Roma, 1900. 83 pp. 8\
Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe: Diccionario geografico, estadistico, nacional argen-
tino . . . Buenos Aires, 1885. pi., x, 485 pp., fold. maps. 8^ BibHog-
raphy, p, 4S7.
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OARTOGBAPHY. 389
Prichard, Hesketh Vernon: Through the heart of Patagonia . . . ; with illiw-
trations from drawings in color and black and white, by John Gnille Millais
. . . and from photographs. New York, 1902. xvi, 346 pp., maps. 8\
Bnmbold, Horace: The great Silver River. Notes of a residence in Buenos Aires
in 1880 and 1881. London, 1890. illus. 566 pp. 8\
Schmitz, Otto: Die Finanzen Argentiniens. Nach den neuesten amtlichen Quellen.
Leipzig, 1895. 267 pp. 8".
Seeber, Francisco: Importance ^onomique et financi^re de la R6publique Argen-
tine. Buenos Aires, 1888. 342 pp. 8".
Simons. £. M.: Eine Siidamerikafahrt: Reisekizzen von Dr. E. M. Simons* Mit
Abbildungen . . . Berlin, 1901. 98 pp. , incl. illus. pi. 8^.
Turner, Thomas A. : Argentina and the Argentines. Notes ... of a five years'
sojourn in the Argentine Republic, 1885-1890. New York, 1892. 370 pp. 8^ .
Varela, Luis Vicente: El Brasil y la Argentina: confratemidad sudamericana.
Obra descriptiva, ilustrada con fotograbados . . . Buenos Aires, 1901. xviii,
461 pp. pi., port. 4°.
Vicufia Mackenna, B. : Estudios geograficos y politicos. Santiago de Chile, 1880.
254 pp. 8°.
Villegas, Ck>nrado: Campaila de los Andes al sud de la Patagonia. Buenos Aires,
1883. 664 pp. 8^
Wiener, Charles: La R^publique Argentine. Paris, 1899. 677 pp. 4^
Walmesley, Oswald: Notes on the mining laws of the Argentine Republic. (In
his Mining laws of the world. London, 1894. 199 pp. 8.)
Yfemet, Jean-M.: La R^publique Argentine et ses colonies; description physicjue
et statistique. Buenos Aires, 1885.
Zeballos, Estanislao: Descripci6n amena de la Repriblica Argentina . . . Bue-
nos Aires, 1881-1883. 2 vols. 8".
Zubiaur, J. B.: Sinopsis de la educaci6n en la Republica Argentina. Buenos
Aires, 1901. 103 pp. 8°.
MAPS.
1756. Carte de la Riviere de la Plate dans T Americjue meridionale. Par M. Bellin,
Ing^ de la Marine, 1756. 38.5 x 25 cm.
[In Histoire da Paraguay, Charlevoix, 1766. Follows p. i5() in v. 2.]
[1756] . Plan de la Ville de Buenos Ayres. 85 x 25 cm.
[In Histoire dn Paraguay, Charlevoix, 1756. Follows p. 166 in v. 1.]
1806. Map of the city of Buenos Ayres. Published 4th Oct., 1806, by H. D.
Symonds, London, England. 12.8x21.4 cm.
[In History and description of the Republic of Bnenos Ayren, Samnel Hnll
Wilcocke, 1830.]
[1820]. Map of the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres with the surrounding states.
26.5x21.4 cm.
[In History and description of the Republic of Bnenos Ayros, Samuel Hull
Wilcocke, 1830.]
[1853] . Map of the principal rivers of the Argentine Provinces. 20 x 32 cm.
[In Two thousand miles through the Argrentine Provinces, McCann.]
1860. Piano de los terrenos del bajo y barranca del Rio Parana vendidos por el
Gtobiemo de Santa Fe frente 4 la Ciudad del Rosario. Bustinxa, Mayo
22 de 1860. 70x38 cm.
[In Informe sobre la propiedad de las Riberas 6 Islas del Rio Parand.]
[1861]. Map of part of Patagonia by Henry L. Jones, Esq., to accompany his
notes. 21 X 27 cm. Q^ographical Journal, London, v. 31, 1861, p. 204.
1864. Map of part of the Argentine Republic to illustrate the paper by Mr.
Consul Hutchinson. (Edw. Weller.) 21 x 20 cm. Gfeographical Jour-
nal, London, y. 84, 1864, p. 226.
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840 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
[1865] . Map of the delta of the River Paran4. 46 x 39.5 cm.
[In Buenos Ayres and Argentine Oleanlngs, Hntchinson.]
1869-70. Patagonia, to illustrate Capt. Muster's route. 1869-70. 21x23 cm.
G^eograplucal Journal, London, v. 41, 1871, p. 59.
1873. Map showing the projected railway route from Buenos Ayres to Chile, to
accompany the paper by R. Crawford, Esq. 21 x 59 cm. G>eographical
Journal, London, v. 43, 1873, p. 47.
1879. Itinerario del viaje al pals de los Araucanos i)or E. S. Zeballos. 86 x 65 cm.
[In Descripcidn amena de la Beptiblica Argentina, Zeballos, T. 1.]
1879. Francisco P. Moreno's Erforschung eines Theiles von Patagonien 1876
& 1877. Mit Benutzung alterer Quellen haupts&chlich reducirt von
Moreno's Originalkarte. (Buenos Aires, 1879.) Scale, 1: 1,750,000.
24.6 X 19.4 cm. Petermann's Mitteilungen, Gotha, v. 25, 1879, p. 444.
1880. Reise im stldwestlichen Patagonien von J. T. Rogers und E. Ibar, 1877.
Scale, 1:3,500,000. 12.2x11 cm. Petermann's Mitteilungen, Gkrtha,
V. 26, 1880, p. 49.
1881. Territorio Argentine del Sur conquistado k los Indios Araucanos por el
ej6rcito nacional 4 las 6rdenes del Ministro de la Guerra Don Jwlio A.
Boca. Carta construida bajo la direcci6n del Doctor Dn. Elstanislao S.
Zeballos . . . para ilustrar el 1*^ tomo de la obra: '' Descripci6n
amena de la Republica Argentina. " 62 x 49 cm.
[In D^ri];)ci6n amena de la Republica Argentina, Zeballots T. 1.]
1882. Mapa geogr4fico de la Republica Argentina compilado sobre la base de loe
datos m4s recientes. Buenos Aires, 1882. Scale, 1: 6,000,000. 60 x
89.5 cm.
1883. Map of east central Patagonia. 9.6 x 10.6 cm. Geographical Proceedings,
n. s., V. 5, 1883, p. 85.
[1883] . Piano de la provincia de Santa F6 y sus colonias. 25 x 42 cm.
[In De8cripci6n amena de la Republica Argentina, Zeballos, T. 2.]
1888. Divisi6n administrativa de la provincia de Santa F6 en Departamentos y
Distritos segun decreto de 12 de Julio de 1887. 24 x 32.5 cm.
[In G^c^rraphio de la B^publiqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 23(8.]
1888. Ferro-carriles y colonias [de la Provincia de Santa F6] . 24 x 41 cm.
[In La Provincia de Santa P6 . . . por Gabriel Carrasco, 1888. Follows p. 154.]
[1888] . Piano escolar municipal de la Ciudad del Rosario de Santa F6. 66 x 50 cm.
[In Elscuelas Municipales del Rosario de Santa F6. Leyes y decretos nacionalee y
provinciales sobre Instmccidn Primaria. 1888.]
1888. Provincia de Salta. Scale 1 : 980,000. 27 x 33 cm.
[In G^graphie de la R^pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1880. Follows p. 8M.]
1888. Provincia de Mendoza. Scale 2: 025,000. 24 x 30 cm.
[In G^grapbie de la B^pabUque Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 316.]
1888. Provincia de C6rdoba. 23.5 x 38.5 cm.
[In G^6ograpbie de la R6pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1880. Follows p. 280.]
1888. Provincia de Catamarca. Scale 2: 100,000. 24 x 32 cm.
[In G^graphie de la B^publique Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 866.]
[1889.] Carte de la R6publique Argentine. 33 x 50 cm.
[In Exposition Universelle Internationale, Paris, 1889.]
1889. Distribution de la pluie et de la chaleur dans la R^publique Argentine.
Scale 1 : 16,000,000. 24 x 81.5 cm.
[In G^ographie de la R^publiquo Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. 90.]
1889. The Grand Chaco, Argentine Republic, to illustrate the journeys of Ciq;»t.
John Page, Argentine Navy. (F. S. Weller.) 15 x 23.5 cm. Geo-
graphical Proceedings, n. s., v. 11, 1889, p. 130.
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CABTOGEAPHY. 841
1889. Mapa general de la Repnbllca Argentina. 29.5 z 48.5 cm.
[In G6ographie de la R^abliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. S8.]
[1889.] Mapa itinerario de las lineas de mensajerias naclonales. Scale
1:6,000,000. 44x58 cm.
[In Anuario de la Direocidn Oeneral de Correos y Tel^grafos, 1889.]
1889. Mapa parcial de la Repnbllca Argentina entre la latitnd 35 hasta 42 and y
longitnd desde 62 hasta 74 oeste de Greenwich, con nn registro gr4fico
de las Gtobemaciones Naclonales de la Pampa, del Rio Negro y del
Nenqnen y con las provincias correspondientee de la Repnblica de Chile.
Pnblicado con antorizaci6n oficial . . . por Jorge J. Rohde. . . Bne-
nos Aires, 1889. Scale, 1:1,000,000. (In 4 sheets.) Each sheet
64 X 54.8 cm.
[In DeacripciOn de las Gobemaciones Naclonales de la Pampa, del Rio Negro y
del Nenqnen . . . por Jorge J. Rohde, 1889.]
1889. Piano de la cindad de Bnenos Aires y de los partidos federalizados de San
Jos^ de Flores y de Belgrano. 60 x 49 cm.
[In (}6ographie de la R^pnbUqne Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. 196.]
[1889] . Piano de la Cindad de Buenos Aires con sn actual divisi6n en 26 secciones
de policia. 63 x 55 cm.
[In Estndio topogr&flco 6 historia demogr&flca de la cindad de Buenos Aires,
Martinez.]
NoTS.— This Tolnme also contains 6 small maps relating to the city of Bnenoe
Aires.
[1889.] Piano topogrMco de la cindad de Santiago del f^stero . . . hecho bajo la
administraci6n del Gk>bemador D. Absal6n Rojas por el ingeniero Tnlio
Rusca. 21 X 52 cm.
[In Memoria descriptiya de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, por Lorenzo
Fazio. Follows p. 668.]
1889. Provlncia de Buenos Aires. Scale 1 : 3,000,000. 24 x 83 cm.
[In O^ogrraphie de la R^pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 156.]
[1889.] Provincia de Corrientes. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 31.7 x 24 cm.
[In 06ographie de la R^publiqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 864.]
1889. Provincia de Entre Rios. Scale 1 : 1 ,800,000. 24 x 82 cm.
[In O^ographie de la R6pabliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. 260.]
1889. Provincia de Jujuy. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 32 x 24 cm.
[In Q^graphie de la R^nbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. 416.]
1889. Provincia de La Rioja. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 30.5 cm.
[In G^ographie de la R6pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 844.]
1889. Provincia de San Juan. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 31 cm.
[In G^^ographie de la R6pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 888.]
1889. Provincia de Santa F6. Scale 1 : 3,000,000. 24 x 31 cm.
[In G^eographie de la R6pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 280.]
1889. Provincia de San Luis. Scale 1 : 1 ,800,000. 24 x 82 cm.
[In G^^graphie de la R^pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1800. Follows p. 80g.]
1889. Provincia de Santiago del Estero. Scale 1 : 1 ,800,000. 24 x 82 cm.
[In G^^ographie de la R6pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 870.]
1889. Provincia de Tucum4n. Scale 1 : 1,800,000. 24 x 31 cm.
[In G^^grapbie de la R^pnbUqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 882.]
[1890.] Plan de Province de Entre Rios. 31 x 54 cm.
Iln Colonies agricoles de TEntre Rios, Andr^.]
1890. Mapa de los ferro-carriles, correos y tel^grafos de la Republica Argentina,
formado con los datos oficiales mas recientes. Pnblicado por Felix
Lajouane, editor. 1890. 58x98 cm. Scale 1 : 4,000,000.
[In G^^ographie de la R^pnbliqne Argentine, Latzina, 1890. Follows p. 484.]
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842 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
[1890.] Piano de la delineaci6ii de la Colonla del Yema de propiedad del Exmo.
GK)biemo Nacional, Provincia de Entre Rios. 90 x 44 cm.
[In La Colonia Yenrn 1890. ]
1891. Agrictdttiral and climatic map of Argentine Republic. Climatic fignres
and lines according to the observations of the National Observatory of
Cordova. By Alois E. Fliess. 43 x 57 cm.
[In Report for the year 1898 on the agricultural condition of the Argentine Repub-
lic, Dip. & Cons. Repts., Ann. Ser. no. 1283, 1893. Follows p. 16.]
[1891.] Piano general de los ferro-carriles de la provincia de Santa Fe. Copia
exacta de los originales respectivos de los ferro-carriles. 27 x 47 cm.
[In La Producci6n agrlcola de la Pi'ovincia de Santa F6, Fliess.]
1893. Map of the Argentine Republic reproduced from the latest map published
by the Argentine Geographical Institute. Scale 1 : 8,000,000. Wash-
ington, D. C, 1893. 49 X 60 cm.
[1893.] Map showing Dr. Siemiradski's routes in northwest Patagonia. (Turner
and Shawe.) 15 x 23.5 cm. Geographical Journal, London, n. s., v. 2,
1893, p. 158.
1893. Map of the Argentine Republic reproduced from the latest map published
by the Argentine Geographical Institute. Scale, 1:8,000,000. Wash-
ington, D. C. , 1893. 44 X 56 cm.
[In Handbook of the Argentine Republic, Bureau of the American Republics. 1891.]
1893. Mapa catastral grafico de la Provincia de Corrientes, Republica Argentina.
Construido con los datos oficiales por el agrimensor Zacarias Sanchez.
Talleres del Museo de La Plata, 1893. (In 16 sheets.) Each sheet,
64 X 57 cm.
[1894.] Map of the Argentine Republic, showing the railway lines existing in
January, 1894, with the isothermal lines and rainfall zones, 39 x 57 cm.
[In Elementary education in the Argentine Republic. Offices of the Immigration
Department.]
[1894.] Provinces of Santa F6, Entre Rlos, Corrientes. Scale, 1:3,000.000.
25 X 35.7 cm.
[In Rei>ort on Baron Hirsch's Jewish colonization scheme, Great Britain, Foreign
Office, Dip. & Cons. Bepts., Misc. Ser. No. 323, 1894.]
[1894.] Provincia de San Luis. Publicado por Angel Estrada y Cia. Gteneral
Commissioner's Office, General Department of Immigration, Buenos
Aires. 20.5 x 28.5 cm.
[In Province of San Luis, Offices of the Immigration Department.]
1896-97. Itin^raires en Patagonie par le Comte Henry de La Vaulx. Scale,
1:7,000,000. 21x37 cm.
[In Journal de la Soci6t6 des Am^ricanistes de Paris. T. 2. Follows p. 70.]
1896. Mapa general de la Republica Argentina y de los Paises Limitrofes. Pu-
blicado bajo los auspicios del Instituto Geografico Argentino por el Coro-
nel Don Jorge J. Rohde. Buenos Aires, 1896. Scale, 1: 2,500,000. (In
four sheets.) Each sheet, 64 x 91.5 cm.
1897. Inset map of South Patagonia. (W. & A. K. Johnston.) 11 x 11.1 cm.
Geographical Journal, London, n. s., v. 10, 1897, p 464.
1897. Mapa demostrativo de la divi8i6n politica [de la Republica Argentina] , por
Carlos do Chapeaurouge. 60 x 90 cm.
[In Segundo Censo Republica Argentina, 1885. III. Censos complementarios.]
1897. Sketch map of the southwestern Patagonia from a survey by Otto Norden-
skj61d. (W. & A. K. Johnston.) 23.7 x 39 cm. Geographical Journal,
London, n. s., v. 10, 1897, p. 464.
1898. Atlas de la Republica Argentina construido y publicado por el '* Instituto
Gteografico Argentino." Buenos Aires, 1898. 28 maps, 26 pp.
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CARTOGRAPHY. 343
[1898] . Limits between Chile and the Argentine Republic.
See Puna de Atacama.
1898. Map to illustrate Argentine geography and the ancient Pampean Sea by
CJolonel George Earl Church. (F. S. Weller.) 23.6 x 23.7 cm. Geo-
graphical Journal, London, n. s., v. 12, 1898, p. 444. (Two sheets of
railway sections.)
[1898] . Mapa especial de la Puna de Atacama. Scale 1 : 2,000,000. 14 x 24 cm.
[In Boundary agreements in force between the Argentine Republic and Chili, by
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.]
[1898] . Mapa de los territorios litigiosos entre la Republica Argentina y la Repu-
blica de Chile. Editado por Teodoro Alemann. Scale 1:4,000,000.
18 X 100 cm. «
[In Boundary agreements in force between the Argentine Republic and Chili, by
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.]
[1898]. Mapa parcial de la regi6n Andina Patag6nica. Scale 1:1,500,000.
17 X 59 cm.
[In Boundary agreements in force between the Ai*gentine Republic and Chili, by
Dr. Emilio Lamarca.]
[1898] . Puna de Atacama. 17.5 x 19 cm.
[In Limites con Chile, "M. A. Montee de Oca.]
Note.— This volume also contains two small maps relating to limits between Chile
and the Argentine Republic.
1898. A railway map of the Argentine Republic to illustrate rgentine geography
and the ancient Pampean Sea. By Colonel George Earl Church.
(Stanford's Geogl. Estabt.) 41.5x51 cm. Geographical Journal,
London, n. s., v. 12, 1898, p. 444.
1899. Argentine Railways. Issued by the Buenos Ayres and Pacific Railway
Company, London, England. 66 x 86 cm.
[This map appeared as a supplement to the South American Journal, London,
Dec. 2, 1899.]
1899. Limites Argentino-Chilenos. Croquis de la Puna de Atacama y regioens
vecinas. 28. 5 x 43 cm .
[In La Cordillera de los Andes entre los paralelos 23* y 23*' 52' 45".]
[1900.] Mapa general de la Repdblica Argentina. 39 x 58 cm.
[In Estudios sobre produccidn, comercio, finanzas 6 intereses generales de la
Reptiblica Argentina, ix>r Carlos Lix Elett. Follows p. 1666.]
[1900] . Map of the railway system of Argentina. 6.5 x 9 cm. The International
(Geography, edited by Hugh R. Mill . . . New York, 1900, p. 853.
1900. Mapa de los ferrocarriles de la Repdblica Argentina. 24 x 31 cm.
1900. Piano parcial del Territorio de Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Scale 1: 666,800.
70x106 cm.
[In Memoria sobre el Territorio de Santa Cruz, por Carlos Burmeister, 1901.]
[1900]. Piano topograficode la regi6n Norte Argentina. Scale 1 : 575,000. 50x100
cm.
1901. Argentine Railways. Presented by the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway
Company, Ld. London, Waterlow & Sons, [1901]. 66x85 cm.
1901 . Delta of the Rio Parana. From surveys by the Staff Engineers of the
Department of Public Works, Argentine Republic, 1901. Published
by the Royal Geographical Society. 54 x 26 cm. Geographical Journal,
London, v. 17. (3d map following p. 460.)
[1901], Argentine Republic. 41.2x35.5 cm. Stanford's compendium of geog-
raphy and travel. Central and South America, v. 1 . (Precedes p. 419. )
[1901] . Map of Patagonia. London, Bickers & Son. 21 x 35.5 cm.
[In Thi^ough Patagonia, by W. O. Campbell. Follows p. 96.]
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844 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
1901. Mapa de Iob ferrocarriles de la Rep^blica Argentina. (Ministerio de
• ObrasPublicas.) AfiolOOl. Scale 1 : 2,000,000. (In two sheets.) Each
sheet 84x70 cm.
[1901]. South Argentina. 25x46 cm. Stanford's compendium of geography
and travel. Central and Sonth America, v. 1. (Precedes p. 373.)
[1901]. Atlas meteoroldgico de la Repdblica Argentina. Primera x>arte: Pro-
vincia de Bnenos Aires. Por Enrique A. S. Delachaux. Buenos Aires,
1901. 23 pp. 24 maps. 4^
Mapas de los ferro-carriles de la Bepublica Argentina. Formado con
los datos oficiales mas recientes . . . Publicado por W. Wassermann.
Buenos Aires, n. d. 6 maps in x)amphlet form. 4**.
LIST OF PEBIODICALS PUBLISHED IN ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The Anglo- Argentine. Buenos Aires. Weekly. Subscription $11.00 per annum.
(Contains fashions, sports, and the usual illustrated magazine articles.)
Archivos de Criminologfa, Medicina Legal y Psiquiatria. Buenos Aires. Di-
rector: Jo86 Ingegnieros. Monthly. Subscription $5.00 per annum. (Con-
tains climatic observations, review of reviews, scientific articles, and bibli-
ography.)
Argentinisches Wochenblatt. Buenos Aires. Oeschaftleitung und Redaktion,
M. und Th. Aleman. Weekly. Subscription $6.00 per annum. (Contains
market reports, statistics, and general information.
El Banco y los Negocios. Buenos Aires. Director: Rafael Quintana. [Monthly.]
Subscription $1.00 gold per annum. (Banks, commerce and industries. ASo
1 , N^m. 1 , was issued March 5, 1903. )
Boletin de Agricultura y Ganaderfa con las publicaciones y resoluciones oficiales
del Ministerio de Agricultura. Buenos Aires. [Mensual.] Suscripci6n 12
pesos por un a&o. (Contains statistics and general information on agricul-
ture.
Boletin del Centre Naval. Principi6 4 publicarse en 1882 y continua hasta el dfa.
Boletin del Institute Geogr4fico Argentine. Published monthly since February,
1879.
Boletin de la C4mara Mercantil. Barracas al Sud. Editada por la Comisi6n
directiva de la Camara Mercantil. General industrial information.
Boletin de la Uni6n Industrial Argentina. G^rente de la Asociaci6n: L. C. Han6n.
Buenos Aires. ((Contains general information relating to industries in the
Argentine Republic.)
Boletin Demogr4fico Argentine. Publicaci6n de la Gficina Demogr&fica Nacional
(Ministerio del Interior) . Irregular. Este Boletin se remitira gratuitamente
4 todas las sociedades, instituciones cientificas, peri6dicos y hombres de letras
que le soliciten remitiende en canje sus prepias publicaciones. Issued in
French and Spanish. ((Contains demographic statistics.) Afio 1, Num. 1,
was issued in August, 1899.
Boletin Mensual. Direcci6n General de Estadistica de la Provincia de Buenos
Aires. La Plata. Director general: Carlos P. Salas. (Ck>n tains general sta-
tistics relating to the Province of Buenos Aires. ) Afio 1 , Ndm. 1 , was issued
in August, 1900.
Boletin Cficial de la Repdblica Argentina. Buenos Aires. Administraci6n: Mi-
nisterio de Justicia 6 Instrucci6n P6blica, Divisidn de Justicia. Daily. Sus-
cripci6n $6.00 por un afio. (Contains decrees, laws, reports, etc.)
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BoUettmo mensile della Camera Italiana di Ck)inmercio ed Art! in Buenos Aires.
Bnenos Aires. Associazione nn anno lire it. 10.00. (Contains general com-
mercial information.)
Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires. Boletin Qnincenal de Precios Corrientes.
Bnenos Aires. (Contains general commercial statistics.)
Bnenos Aires Handels iZeitnng. Bevista financiera y comercial. Propiedad de
E. Kohn y Cia. Bnenos Aires. Weekly. Subscription $2.50 gold for 3
months. (Contains general trade notes, published in German and Spanish.)
El Comercio Exterior Argentino. Buenos Aires. I>irecci6n (General de Estadls-
tica de la Rep^blica Argentina. Irregular. (Contains statistics of the Argen-
tine Bepublic.) (Published in French and Spanish.)
La Ilu8traci6n Sud- Americana. Buenos Aires. [Semimonthly.] Subscription
$10.00 gold. (An illustrated review of South America.)
La Industria Molinera. Buenos Aires. Director: Carlos M. Maldonado. Semi-
monthly. Subscription $8.00 per annum. (Organ of the flour and cereal
industries.)
La Industria de Cueros y Calzado. Buenos Aires. Director: Antonio P. Mas-
car6. Monthly. (National review of the leather industry.) [Afio 1, No. 1,
was issued November 1, 1902.]
Industria y Comercio. Buenos Aires. Director: Carlos M. Maldonado. Semi-
Monthly. Subscription $10.00 gold per annum. (An illustrated review relat-
ing to production, importation, and exportation in the Argentine Bepublic.)
La Ingenierla. Buenos Aires. Donnell & Co., 203 Bennett Building, New York,
United States agent. Semimonthly. Subscription $7.50 gold per annum.
(Official organ of the ** Centro Nacional de Ingenieros.*')
Monthly Bulletin of Municipal Statistics of the City of Buenos Aires. Buenos
Aires. Issued by the Municipal Statistics Bureau. Monthly.
LaNaci6n. Buenos Aires. Daily. Subscription $36 per annum. (Newspaper.)
Suplemento Ilustrado. (An illustrated weekly supplement containing the
usual magazine articles. ) First edition appeared September 4, 1002.
Patentee y Marcas. Bevista Sud Americana de la Propiedad Intelectual 6 Indus-
trial con la publicaci6n oficial del Ministerio de Agricultura y Oficina Nacional
de Patentee. Monthly. Director: T. A. Le Breton. (The official publica-
tion of the Patent Office of the Argentine Bepublic.)
El Plata Literario. Peri6dico mensual, dirigido por Gregorio Uriarte y C. Vega
Belgrano. Published since May 15, 1876.
La Plata Poet. Buenos Aires. Herausgeber. : Hermann Tjarcks & Co. Weekly.
Subscription $1 per annum. (Contains general trade information) .
La Prensa. Buenos Aires. Daily. Subscription $36 per annum. (Established
October 18, 1869.) (Newspaper.)
La Quincena. Bevista de Letras. Buenos Aires. Subscription 20 pesos por afio.
The Review of the River Plate. Buenos Aires. A weekly journal of commercial
and general news.
Revista Argentina de Historia Natural. Publicaci6n bimestral dirigida por Flor-
entino Ameghino. Buenos Aires. (Contains articles relating to zoology,
botany, mineralogy, etc.)
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346 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Revista Fotografica Dnstrada del Rio de La Plata. Buenos Aires. Director:
Francisco Pociello. Monthly. Subscription 2 pesos oro un ano. (Ck>ntains
general information relating to the photographic industry in Argentina.)
Revista Industrial, Patentes y Marcas, L^^islacidn, Jurisprudencia, comercio 6
Industria. Publicada por G. Breuer. Buenos Aires. Monthly.
Revista Jurldica y de Ciencias Sociales. Buenos Aires. Dr. C. O. Bunge, pub-
lisher. Monthly. (Organ of the '*Comisi6n Directiva del CentroJuridico y
de Ciencias Sociales. ' ' )
Revista Mensual de la C4mara Mercantil. Barracas al Sud. Gtorente, Manuel
Gterpe. Monthly. (Organ of the '' Camara Mercantile' Barracas al Sud.)
Revista Nacional. Buenos Aires. Director: Rudolfo W. Clarranza. Monthly.
(Oontains articles relating to American history, social science, bibliography,
etc.)
Revista de la Sociedad G^eogr&fica Argentina. Buenos Aires. Organized July 1 ,
1881.
Revista de la Sociedad Rural Santafecina. Roeario de Santa F6. Published by
the society. Semimonthly. (Organ of the agricultural and cattle interests
of the Province of Santa F6.)
The Standard. Buenos Aires. (Daily newspaper.)
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Appendix No. 1.
FUIilj TEXT AND AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
ABGENTINE NATION.
We, the representatives of the people of the Argentine Nation,
assembled in constitutional convention by the will and election of the
Provinces of which it is composed, in pursuance of previous agree-
ments, for the purpose of framing a constitution for the National
Union, to establish justice, insure domestic peace, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the benefits
of liberty to ourselves, our posterity, and to all men in the world who
may desire to inhabit the Argentine soil, invoking the protection of
God, source and origin of all reason and justice, do hereby ordain,
decree, and establish this constitution for the Argentine Nation.
PART FIRST.
Sole Chapter. — Declarations^ Rights, and Ouaranties,
Article 1. The Argentine Nation adopts for its Government the
Federal republican representative form, as established by this Con-
stitution.
Art. 2. The Federal Grovemment supports the Apostolic Roman
Catholic Church.
Art. 3. The authorities exercising the Federal GrOvemment shall
reside in the city which may be declared by special act of Congress
to be the capital of the Republic, a proper cession of the territory
upon which it shall stand being previously made by one or more of
the provincial Legislatures. <*
Art. 4. The Federal Government shall defray the expenses of the
Nation with funds of the National Treasury, consisting of the receipts
from import and export duties; the duties to he levied irntU 1866 on the
exports of domestic mercliandise as provided in paragraph No. 1 of
Article No, 67 of the present ConstitiUion;^ the sale or lease of
national lands; the postal service; the taxes which the general Con-
gress may levy, equitably and in proportion to the population; and
o A law passed in 1880 established the national capital in the city of Buenos
Aires, ceded by the legislature of the State of the same name.
ft The words printed in italics were ordered to be stricken out by the national
convention held at Santa F6 on September 12, 1866. —See Amendment, page 366.
847
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848 AEGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
the loans and financial operations which the same Congress may
decree to meet urgent national necessities, or for works or under-
takings of national utility. '
Art. 5. Each Province shall have its own Constitution, framed upon
the basis of a republican representative system of government, and in
harmony with the principles, declarations, and guaranties of the
National Constitution, which shall provide for the administration of
justice, the administration of the local government, and the impart-
ing of primary instruction. Upon these conditions, the Federal Gov-
ernment guarantees to each Province the exercise and enjoyment of
its own institutions.
Art. 6. The Federal Gtovemment shall intervene in the territory of
the Provinces to guarantee the republican form of government or repel
foreign invasion; and, at the request of their constituted authorities,
to sustain them in power, or to reestablish them if deposed by sedition
or by invasion from another Province.
Art. 7. Full credit shall be given in each Province to the public
acts and judicial proceedings of all the others; afad Congress shall
have the power to provide by general laws how said acts and pro-
ceedings shall be proved, and what legal effects they shall produce.
Art. 8. The citizens of each Province shall enjoy in all the others
all the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizenship. The extra-
dition of criminals from one Province to another is reciprocally
obligatory.
Art. 9. There shall be no custom-houses in the whole Argentine
territory unless they are national, which shall be governed by the
tariff laws enacted by Congress.
Art. 10. The circulation in the interior of the Republic of all arti-
cles the product or manufacture of the Nation, and of all other goods
and merchandise of all classes introduced into the country through
the national custom-house, shall be free from duties.
Art. 11. Articles of national or foreign production or manufacture,
and cattle of all kinds, when passing from the territory of one Prov-
ince into the territory of another shall be exempted from the duties
called "of transit." The same freedom shall be enjoyed by the car-
riages, ships, or beasts of burden used for their transportation, and
no other duty, whatever its name may be, shall be levied upon said
articles and vehicles for passing through the territory.
Art. 12. Vessels bound from one Province to another shall not be
compelled to cast anchor and pay duties on account of transit, and
in no case shall any preference be given by law or commercial regu-
lations to one port over another.
Art. 13. New Provinces may be admitted into the Nation, but no
new Province shall be erected within the territory of another, nor
shall two or more Provinces be consolidated into one, without the con-
sent of the Legislatures of the interested Provinces and of Congress.
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CONSTITUTION. 849
Art. 14. All the inhabitants of the Nation shall enjoy, subject to
the laws regulating their exercise, the following rights, namely: The
right to work and engage in lawful industry; the right to navigate
and engage in commerce; the right to petition the authorities; the
right to enter the Argentine territory, remain in it, travel through it,
or leave it; the right to publish their own ideas through the press
without previous censorship; the right to use and dispose of their
own property; the right to associate themselves for useful purposes;
the right to freely profess their own religion, and the right to teach
and to learn.
Art. 15. There shall be no slaves in the Argentine Nation. Those
few who now exist in it shall become free at the very moment in which
this Constitution goes into effect. The indemnifications which this
declaration may entail shall be provided for by special law. Any
contracts involving the purchase or sale of a person shall be held to
be a criminal offense, for which the contracting parties, as well as the
notary or ofl&cial before whom the agreement was executed, shall be
made responsible. Slaves introduced in any way whatever into the
country shall become free by the mere fact of treading on the territory
of the Republic.
Art. 16. The Argentine Nation does not recognize privileges of
blood or birth, personal privileges, or titles of nobility. All her
inhabitants are equal before the law, and their eligibility to ofl&ce shall
depend only upon their fitness. Equality is the basis of taxation and
of all public burdens.
Art. 17. Private property is inviolable, and no inhabitant of the
Nation shall be deprived of it except by judicial decision founded on
law. Condemnation of property for public use shall be regulated by
law, and the payment of the indemnification shall be previously made,
Congress alone shall have the power to impose the taxes referred to in
Article 4. No personal service shall be required of anyone, except
when provided by law or by judicial decision founded on law.
Authors or inventors are the exclusive owners of their works, inven-
tions, or discoveries for the length of time established by law.
Confiscation of property is forever stricken out of the Argentine
penal code. No armed body can make requisitions or demand assist-
ance of any kind.
Art. 18. No inhabitant of the Nation can be punished except upon
proper trial and conviction, and for charges based on laws preexist-
ing the offense; neither shall he be tried by special commissions, nor
removed from the jurisdiction of the courts which, under the laws in
force at the time in which the offense was committed, had cognizance
of the case. No one shall be compelled to testify against himself;
neither can anyone be arrested unless upon an order in writing issued
by the proper authority. The defense of persons and rights during
the trial is inviolable. The domicile is inviolable, as also private cor-
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350 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
respondence and papers; and a law shall estarblish when and upon
what evidence the seizure thereof may be ordered. The penalty of
death for political offenses is hereby abolished, and also all kinds of
torture and the^ whipping post. The national jails shall be healthy
and clean, intended for the safe-keeping and not for the punishment
of the prisoners, and any measure which, under color of precaution,
may tend to subject the prisoners to more hardships than are required
for their security shall render the court authorizing it liable to answer
for it.
Art. 19. Private actions which in no way offend public order or
morals, or are not injurious to a third party, are reserved to Grod alone,
and are declared to be beyond the jurisdiction of the constituted
authority. No inhabitant of the Nation shall be bound to do what is
not ordered by law, nor shall he be forbidden to do that which it does
not prohibit.
Art. 20. Aliens shall enjoy in the territory of the Nation the same
civil rights as the citizens; they shall be allowed to engage in indus-
trial, commercial, and professional occupations; to own, hold, and sell
real estate; to navigate the rivers and travel along the coasts; to prac-
tice freely their religion; to dispose by will of their property, and to
contract maiTiage according to th6 laws. They are not bound to
become citizens or to pay forced extraordinary taxes. Thej' can obtain
naturalization by residing two consecutive years in the Republic, but
this period of time can be shortened upon application and sufficient
proof that the applicant has rendered services to the Republic.
Art. 21. Every Argentine citizen is bound to do military service in
defense of his country and of the present Constitution in the manner
and way which may be provided by the laws of Congress and the
decrees of the National Executive enacted to that effect. Citizens by
naturalization are free to render or refuse military service during the
ten years following the day of their naturalization.
Art. 22. The people do not deliberate or administei the Govern-
ment except through their representatives and authorities created by
this Constitution. Any armed force or gathering of persons assuming
to represent the rights of the people and petitioning in their behalf
commit the crime of sedition.
Art. 23. In case of domestic disturbance or foreign attack which
places in danger the execution of this Constitution and the authorities
created by it, a state of siege will be declared in the Province or terri-
tory wherein the peace is disturbed, and the constitutional guaranties
.shall be suspended there. But during this suspension the President
of the Republic shall have no power by himself to condemn or to
inflict punishments. His power shall be limited in such cases, so far
as the persons engaged in the affair are concerned, to cause them to
be arrested or removed to some other section of the country should
they not prefer to leave the Argentine territory.
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CONSTITUTION. 351
Abt. 24. Congress shall promote the reform of the present legisla-
tion in all its branches, and the establishment of trials by jury.
Art. 25. The Federal Government shall encourage European immi-
gration, and shall not restrict, limit, or encumber, by taxation of any
kind, the entry into the Argentine territory of foreigners who come
for the purpose of engaging in the cultivation of the soil, the improve-
ment of industrial business, or the introduction and teaching of arts
and sciences.
Art. 26. Navigation on the rivers in the interior of the Republic is
free to all nations and subject only to such regulations as may be
enacted by the national authority.
Art. 27. The Federal Government shall be bound to strengthen, by
means of treaties consistent with the principles of public law estab-
lished by this Constitution, the commercial and peaceful relations of
the Argentine Nation with foreign countries.
Art. 28. No principle, guaranty, or right recognized in the forego-
ing articles can be altered by the laws which may be enacted to carry
it into practice.
Art. 29. Neither the National Executive nor the provincial gov-
ernors can ever be vested by Congress or by the provincial legislatures,
resi)ectively, as the case may be, with extraordinary faculties, or the
whole of the public authority, or be empowered to accept submission
or supremacy through which the lives, the honor, or the property of
Argentines may be placed at the mercy of governments or persons
whatsoever. Acts of this character shall be utterly void, and shall
render its authoi's, or those who consent to it, or authorize it with
their signatures, liable to be adjudged and punished as infamous
traitors to their country.
Art. 30. The Constitution can be amended either wholly or in part.
The necessity for such amendment shall be declared by Congress, by
a vote of at least two-thirds of the members; but the amendment
itself shall not be made except by a convention convoked for that
purpose.
A.RT. 31. The present Constitution, the national laws which in pur-
suance thereof may be enacted by Congress, and the treaties with
foreign nations are the supreme law of the Nation; and the provincial
authorities shall be bound to abide by them, any provision in their
own provincial constitution or laws to the contrary notwithstanding.
This rule is not applicable to the Province of Buenos Aires so far as
the treaties ratified after the compact of the 11th of November, 1859,
are concerned.
Art. 32. The Federal Congress shall not pass any law restrictive of
the liberty of the press or subjecting it to Federal jurisdiction.
Art. 33. The declarations and statements of rights and guaranties
made by the present Constitution shall not be construed as involving
the denial of any other rights and guaranties not enumerated, but
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852 ABGENTINE BEPUBLIO.
naturally derived from the principle of the sovereignty of the people
and of the republican form of government.
Art. 34. The justices and judges of the Federal courts shall not be
allowed to serve at the same time in any judicial capacity in the pro-
vincial courts. The tenure of a Federal position in any branch of the
service, whether civil or military, shall not confer domicile in the
Province wherein it is held, unless it is the habitual abode of the
employee, this provision being made to prevent said officers from
soliciting positions in the Province in which they accidentally find
themselves.
Art. 35. The names of " The United Provinces of the River Plate,"
**The Argentine Republic," " The Argentine Confederation," adopted
in succession ever since 1810, shall be allowed in the future to be used
indistinctively for the official designation of the government and the
territory of the Provinces, but the name of "The Argentine Nation"
shall be used in the enactment and approval of the laws.
PART 8EC0ND,-^AUTH0RITIES OF THE NATION.
TITLE I.— THE FEDERAL GK)VERNMENT.
SECTION I.— THE LBOISLAXrVE POWER.
Art. 36. — The legislative power of the Nation is vested in a Congress
consisting of two Chambers, one called the Chamber of Deputies and
the other the Chamber of Senators of the Provinces or of the capital.
Chapter I. — The Chamher of Deputies,
Art. 37. <» — The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of repre-
sentatives elected directly by the people of the Provinces and of the
capital. Both the Provinces and the capital shall be considered for
this purpose as mere electoral districts of the whole Nation. The elec-
tion shall be by plurality of votes in the proportion of 1 Deputy for each
20,000 inhabitants or fraction of this number not less than 10,000.
Art. 38. The Deputies for the First Congress shall be selected in
the following proportion: For the Province of Buenos Aires, 12; for
the Province of C6rdoba, 6 ; for the Province of Catamarca, 3; for the
Province of Corrientes, 4; for the Province of Entre-Rios, 2; for the
Provinceof Jujui, 2; for the Province of Mendoza, 3; f or the I^rovince
of Rioja, 2; for the Province of Salta, 3; for the Province of Santiago,
4; for the Province of San Juan, 2; for the Province of Santa Fe, 2;
for the Province of San Luis, 2; for the Province of Tucumdn, 3.
Art. 39. A general census shall be taken before the Second Con-
gress, and the election of Deputies shall then be made according to
its return. The census shall be taken every ten years and no oftener.
Art. 40. No person can be elected a Deputy who is not over 25 years
oSee amended article, page 366.
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CONSTITUTION. 353
of age and a citizen for four years, and either a native or a resident
for the two preceding years of the Province electing him.
Art. 41. The measures to secure the election of Deputies by direct
vote of the people of the Province shall be taken this time by the
provincial legislatures. In the future, the whole matter shall be regu-
lated by Federal law, enaeted by Congress.
Art. 42. The Deputies shall be elected to serve for four years, and
are reeligible. The Chamber, however, shall be renewed by halves
every two years, and for this purpose the Deputies elected to the First
Congress shall draw lots as soon as they meet, and determine in this
way those who shall leave at the end of the first period.
Art. 43. In c^se of vacancy, the governor of the Province or of the
capital shall order the election of a new member.
Art. 44. The initiative of all laws touching the levying of taxes
and the recruiting of troops belongs exclusively to the Chamber of
Deputies.
Art. 45. The Chamber of Deputies alone has the right to present
before the Senate articles of impeachment against the President,
the Vice-President, the members of the Cabinet, the Justices of the
Supreme Court, and the judges of other national tribunals for mal-
feasance in the exercise of their functions, or for crimes and misde-
meanors of any kind; said presentation to be made upon resolutions
passed by two-thirds of the Deputies present, after full discussion of
the subject.
Chapter II. — The Senate,
Art. 46. The Senate shall consist of two Senators for each Province,
elected by a plurality of votes by the respective legislatures. There
shall be also two Senators for the capital or Federal district, who shall
be elected in the same way as the President of the Nation. Each Sen-
ator shall have one vote.
Art. 47. Xo person shall be elected Senator who does not possess
the following qualifications: To be at least 30 years old, to have been
a citizen of the Nation for six years, to have an annual income of
12,000, and be either a native of the Province which elects him or have
resided in it the two next preceding years.
Art. 48. Senators shall serve for nine years, and are reeligible
indefinitely. But the Senate shall be renewed by thirds every three
years. To this effect the Senators themselves shall decide by lot
those who shall leave at the expiration of the first and second period
of three years.
Art. 49. The Vice-President of the Nation shall be President of
the Senate; but shall have no vote unless the Chamber be equally
divided.
573a— 03 23
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354 AKGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Art. 50. The Senate shall elect a President pro tempore to replace
the Vice-President in case of absence, or when the latter is called to
act as President of the Republic.
Art. 51. The Senate shall have the sole power to try in public the
officials impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, and Senators, when
sitting for that purpose, shall be sworn. When the impeached offi-
cial is President of the Nation, the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court shall preside in the Senate. No person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
Art. 52. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend fur-
ther than to removal from office or disqualification to hold and enjoy
any office of honor, trust, or profit under the Nation, but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
and punishment according to law, in and by the ordinary courts.
Art. 53. It is also incumbent upon the Senate to authorize the
President of the Nation to declare a state of siege at one or more
points in the national territory in case of foreign aggression.
Art. 54. When a vacancy happens on account of the death or resig-
nation of a Senator or for any other reason, the executive authority
shall order immediately the election of a new member.
Chapter III. — Provisions governing both Clmvibers.
Art. 55. Both Chambers shall meet in ordinary session on the 1st
day of May of each year and shall continue their sessions until the
30th of September. They may also be convene! in extraordinary
session or adjourned by the President of the Nation.
Art. 56. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, rights, and
titles of its own members, in so far as the question of their validity is
concerned. Neither House shall meet to do business without a quorum
consisting of an absolute majority of its members; but a smaller num-
ber shall have the power to compel the attendance of absent members
by such means and under such penalties as each House may provide.
Art. 57. Both Chambers shall sit simultaneously. Neither shall
have the power, during the session of Congress, to adjourn, without
the consent of the other, for more than three days.
Art. 58. Each Chamber may determine the rules of its proceedings,
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of its members, punish any
one of the same for disorderly behavior in the discharge of his func-
tions, remove him for phj'sical or moral inability subsequent to his
admission, or expel him from the body. An absolute majority shall
be sufficient to act upon the resignation of a member voluntarily
made.
Art. 51). Senators and Deputies, on taking their seats, shall be
sworn to perform their duties in the proper way and to act in all
things in accordance with the present Constitution.
Art. (50. No member of Congress shall be indicted, judicially
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CONSTITUTION. 355
questioned, or molested for opinions or speeches delivered by him
while fulfilling his duty as a legislator,
Art. 61. No Senator or Deputy, from the day of his election to the
day on which he ceases to be such, can be arrested for crimes or
offenses, unless when caught in the act, and the crime or offense is of
the kind punished by death, or any other penalty entailing bodily
suffering or disgrace, in which case the proper report shall be made
to the Chamber to which the member belongs, accompanied by a sum-
mary statement of all the facts.
Art. C2. Should any charge be made in writing, before the ordi-
nary tribunals, against a Senator or Deputy, the Chamber to which, he
belongs may, by a two-thirds vote, and upon examination in public
of the merits of the case, suspend him from his legislative functions
and surrender him for trial to the proper court.
Art. 63. Each Chamber may summon to its presence the members
of the Cabinet, in order to hear from them such explanation or
reports as it may be deemed advisable to ask from them.
Art 64. No member of Congress shall receive from the Executive
any appointment for any office of honor, trust, or profit without first
obtaining the consent of the Chamber to which he belongs. This
article is not applicable to cases in which the appointment is merely
a promotion.
Art. 65. Ecclesiastics of the regular orders can not be elected mem-
bers of any Chamber. Provincial governors are also disqualified to
serve in representation of the Province where they exercise their
functions.
Art. 66. The remuneration of the services of both Senators and
Deputies shall be fixed bylaw and paid out of the funds of the National
Treasury.
Chapter IV. — Powers of Cmigress.
Art. 67. The National Congress shall have power:
(1) To legislate in regard to custom-houses for foreign commerce
and establish import duties, which, as well as the appraisements on
which they must be based, shall be uniform in the whole nation, it
being understood, however, that both these duties and all other taxes
of national character may be paid in the currencj^ of the respective
Provinces in their just equivalent value. The power to establish
export duties also belongs to Congress; bitf iht^se duties shall cease to
he levied as a naiio7ial tax on and after 1866. They shall not belerled
either as a provincial tax,^
(2) To raise funds, through direct taxation, for a fixed period of
time and in a manner proportionately equal in all the territory of the
«The words printed in italics were ordered to be stricken out by the National
Convention of Santa F4, September 12, 1866.
The words printed in italics were again included in the National Constitution,
according to respective amendment, page 366.
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356 ABGENTINE REPUBLIC.
nation whenever the defense of the conntry, the common safety, or
the public good may require it.
(3) To contract loans, pledging to their payment the nation's credit.
(4) To provide for the use, sale, and disposition of the national lands.
(5) To establish at the capital a national bank, with power to estab-
lish branch offices in the Provinces, to issue paper currency, and make
rules for the transaction of its business.
(G) To make arrangements for the payment of the national debt,
both foreign and domestic.
(7) To make annually the necessary appropriations to meet the
expenses of the National Government, and to approve or disapprove
the accounts of their disbursement.
(8) To grant subsidies, to be paid out of the National Treasury- to
those Provinces whose revenues, according to their own estimates,
prove to be insufficient to meet their ordinary expenses.
(0) To make rules for the free navigation of the rivers in the inte-
rior of the country, to declare ports of entry those which may be
deemed fit therefor, and to establish and abolish custom-houses; but
the custom-houses for forcing commerce, existing in each Province at
the time of its coming into the National Union, shall not be abolished.
(10) To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin,
and adopt a uniform system of weights and measures for the whole
nation.
(11) To enact the civil, commercial, penal, and mineral codes of
the nation, provided that such codes do not alter the local jurisdic-
tions, and their provisions shall be enforced either by Federal or pro-
vincial courts, as the case maj" be, according to the nature and con-
dition of the things or persons affected by them; and especially to
pass and enact laws on naturalization and citizenship, general for the
whole nation, and based upon the principle of citizenship by nativity;
laws on the subject of bankruptcy, forgery, and counterfeiting of
current money and State public documents, and the establishment of
trial by jury.
(12) To regulate the commerce by land and sea with foreign coun-
tries, and with the Provinces among themselves.
(13) To establish post-offices and regulate the national postal
service.
(14) To settle finally the limits of the Republic, to fix those of the
Provinces, to create new provinces, and to provide by special laws for
the organization and the administration of the government of the
national territories, which are left outside the limits of the Province.
(15) To provide for the security of the frontiers and the preserva-
tion of peaceful intercourse with the Indians, and to promote their
conversion to the Catholic religion.
(16) To provide for everything conducive to increasing the pros-
perity of the country, the progress and welfare of all the Provinces,
and the enlightenment of the people, and by promoting industrial
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CONSTITUTION. 357
enterprise, foreign immigration, the construction of railroads and
navigable canals, the colonization of the national lands, the intro-
duction and establishment of new industries, the importation of for-
eign capital, and the exploration of the interior rivers, all of it by
means of protective laws conducive to those ends, and of temporary
concessions of privileges and rewards offered as inducements.
(17) To establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court of Justice,
to create and abolish offices, to fix the duties of the same, to grant
pensions, to decree honors, and to promulgate general amnesties.
(18) To accept, or refuse to accept, the resignation of the Presi-
dent or Vice-President of the Nation, and declare that the time has
arrived to proceed to a new election, to count the returns thereof, and
to ascertain the result.
(19) To approve or reject the treaties concluded with any foreign
nations, and the concordats entered into with the Holy See, and to
make rules for the exercise of patronage in. church matters in the
whole Nation
(20) To admit into the Republic new religious orders additional to
those now existing.
(21) To authorize the ex.ecutive power to declare war or make
peace.
(22) To grant letters of marque and reprisal and make rules con-
cerning prizes.
{2li) To fix the strength of the land and naval forces of the Nation,
both in time of peace and of war, and to make rules and ordinances
for the government of the army and navy.
(24) To authorize the calling out of the militia of any or all of the
Provinces whenever necessary for the execution of the laws of the
Nation, or for repressing insurrections, or repelling invasions; and to
provMe for the organization, equipment, and discipline of said militia,
and the command and government of the part thereof which may be
employed in the service of the Nation, leaving to the Provinces them-
selves the power to appoint the chiefs and officers of their respective
militias, and to enforce in them the discipline established by Congress.
(25) To permit the introduction of foreign troops into the territory
of the* Republic, and the departure from it of the national ones.
(26) To proclaim a state of siege in one or more places in the Nation
in case of internal disturbances, and to approve or susi>end th© state
of siege declared during the recess of Congress by the Executive Power.
(27) To exercise exclusive legislation in all the territory of the
national capital and in all other places acquired by purchase or
cession in any Province for the establishment of forts, arsenals,
magazines, or other useful national establishments.
(28) To enact all the laws and regulations which may be deemed
necessary to carry into effect the powers and faculties hereinbefore
enumerated and all others granted by the present Constitution to the
Government of the Argentine Nation. ^ I
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358 ARGENTINE BEPUBLIC.
Chapter V. — The enacting and approving of the lairs.
Art. QS. Laws may originate in either Chamber of Congress by
means of bills introduced by the members thereof or recommended by
the Executive, but this provision does not apply to laws dealing with
the subjects mentioned in article 44.
Art. 69. When a bill has been passed in the Chamber where it
originated, it shall be sent to the other Chamber for discussion. Hav-
ing been passed by both, it shall be sent to the Executive of the Nation
for consideration and approval. If approved, the Executive shall
promulgate it as a law.
Art. 70. All bills not returned by the Executive within ten working
days shall be considered approved.
Art. 71. No bill totally rejected in one Chamber shall be introduced
again during the same year. But if the bill was not totally rejected
but merely amended or modified by the other Chamber, it shall then
be returned to the one where it originated, and if the amendments or
modifications are adopted there by absolute majority, then it shall be
sent for approval to the Executive Power of the Nation. If the addi-
tions or amendments are rejected, the bill shall be sent back a second
time to the Chamber where they were made, and if insisted upon by a
majority of two-thirds of the members, the bill shall come again to
the other Chamber, where it will not be deemed to be rejected unless
the rejection is made by a majority of two-thirds of the members
present.
Art. 72. A bill not approved, whether wholly or in part, by the
Executive shall be returned with the objections made to it by the latter
to the Chamber where it originated. Said Chamber shall discuss it
again, and if it passes it by a two-thirds majority shall send it for the
second time to the other Chamber. If the bill passes both Chambers
by the said majority it becomes a law and passes to the Executive for
its promulgation. The vote in this case shall be by yeas and nays,
and the names of the members who took part- in the vote as well as
the grounds upon which they founded their votes and the objections
of the Executive shall be immediately published by the press. If the
Chambers disagree in regard to the objections, the bill shall fail and
shall not be allowed to be presented again during that year.
Art. 73. The form of the enacting clause of the laws passed by Con-
gress shall be as follows: ** The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies
of the Argentine Nation, in Congress assembled, decree and enact:"
SECTION II.— THE EXECUTIVE POWER.
Chapter I. — Its nature and duration.
Art. 74. The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a
citizen with the title of "President of the Argentine Nation."
Art. 75. In case of illness, absence from the capital, death, resig-
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CONSTITUTION. 359
nation, or removal of tlie President, the Executive Power shall be
exercised by the Vice-President of the Nation. In case of removal,
death, resignation, or inability of both the President and Vice-
President of the Nation, Congress shall determine what officer shall
then act as President until the disability is removed or a new Presi-
dent is elected.*
Art. 76. To be elected President or Vice-President of the Nation it
is necessary to have been bom in the Argentine Territory, or if born
in a foreign country to be the son of a native citizen; to belong to the
Apostolic Roman Catholic religion, and to have all the other qualifi-
cations required to be a senator.
Art. 77. The President and the Vice-President shall hold their
offices during a term of six years, but neither can be reelected until
after an intermission of a full term.
^Vrt. 78. The President shall cease to exercise his powers on the
same day on which his term of six years expires, and no event of any
kind which may have interrupted said term may ever be alleged as a
reason for completing it afterwards.
Art. 79. The President and Vice-President shall receive salaries,
to be paid by the National Treasury, which can not be changed during
their term of office. During the same period they shall not be quali-
fied to fill any other office or receive any other emolument, either
national or provincial.
Art. 80. On taking possession of their offices the President and the
Vice-President shall take an oath, which shall be administered to
them the first time by the president of the Constitutional Congress
and subsequently by the president of the Senate, Congress being in
session, in the following terms:
**I, , do swear, before God our Lord and these Holy
Gospels, to fill loyally and patriotically the office of President (or
Vice-President) of the Nation, and observe and cause to be observed,
« Littv No. jr).i of September 10, JStiS.
The Senate and the Honse of Representatives, etc.
Article 1 . In case of vacancy of the Presidency, due to the default of a President
or Vice-President of the Nation, the Executive Power will be vested in the first
instance in the provisional President of the Senate and in the second in the Presi-
dent of the Honse of Representatives, and in default of these in the President of
the Supreme Court.
Art. 2. For the purposes of this law each House- shall appoint its President
thirty days before the closing of the ordinary session.
Art. 8. The functionary called upon to exercise the National Executive Power
in the cases of article first shall convene the people of the Republic to a new elec-
tion for President and Vice-President within the thirty days following his assum-
ing command, provided that their inability be permanent.
Art. 4. The functionary who shall exercise the Executive Power in the cases of
article first of this law, on taking possession of the office, before Congress, and
in its absence before the Supreme Court of Justice, shall take the oath prescribed
by article eighty of the Constitution.
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360 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
faithfully, the Constitution of the Argentine Nation. Should I fail to
do so, may God and the Nation demand it from me."
Chapter II. — Manner and time of electing the President and Vir-e-
President of the Nation,
Art. 81. The election of the President and the Vice-President of the
Nation shall be made in the follo\ving manner: The Capital and each
one of the Provinces shall appoint, by direct vot«, an electoral college,
consisting of twice as many members as the number of Senators and
Deputies constituting their respective representation in Congress, who
shall have the same qualifications, and shall be elect<*d in the same
manner, as provided in the present Constitution for the election of
Deputies.
Deputies, Senators, or officials receiving pay from the Federal Grov-
ernment shall be disqualified to be electors.
The electors shall meet as follows : Those chosen by the Capital in
the Capital, and those chosen by the Provinces in their respective
Capitals, four months before the expiration of the Presidential term,
and then they shall proceed to elect by ballot the President and Vice-
President of the Nation. Each elector shall give his vote by means of
two tickets signed by him, one expressing his choice for President and
the other for Vice-President.
Two lists shall be made of all the persons named for President and
two others of those named for Vice-President, with the expression in
each case of the number of votes cast in favor of the respective can-
didates. These lists shall be signed by the electors and sent by them
under sealed envelope, two (one of each class) to the President of the
Provincial Legislature, and in the cO'Se of the capital to the President
of the Municipal Council — to be filed and kept, with their seals
unbroken, in their respective archives — and the other two to the
President of the Senate (the first time to the President of the Constitu-
tional Congress).
Art. 82. The President of the Senate (the fii^t time the President
of the Constitutional Convention), having all the lists in his posses-
sion, shall open them in the presence of the two Chambers. Four
members of Congress, selected by lot, shall assist the secretaries in
counting and announcing the votes cast for each candidate, either
for President or for Vice-President of the Nation. Those recei\ing
in each case an absolute majority of all the votes shall be immediately
proclaimed President or Vice-President.
Art. 83. In case the vote is divided and no absolute majority can
thus Ije obtained. Congress shall make the election by choosing one
out of the two persons who obtained the greatest number of votes.
If the first majority obtained proves to be in favor of more than two
persons. Congress shall make its choice out of all of them.
If the first majority proves to be in favor of only one person and
two or more persons are favored with the next largest majority, the
choice of Congress shall be made out of all thogfjti^Jii^ <^(^e(tvsuch
majorities.
CONSTITUTION. 361
Art. 84. This choice shall be made by an absolute majority of
votes, the name of each voting to be entered on the record. If the
absolute majority is not secured on the first ballot, a second vote
shall be taken, but only to select one out of the two persons in whose
favor the greatest number of votes was cast. If the vote is equally
divided the balloting shall be repeated, but if it again results in an
equal division, the President of the Senate (the first time the Presi-
dent of the Constitutional Convention) shall decide by his vote. The
counting of the votes in these elections shall not be made without
three-fourths of all the members of Congress being present.
Art. 85. The election of the President and the Vice-President of
the Nation shall be made only in one sitting of Congress, and the
result thereof, as well as the journal of the electoral proceedings,
shall be published immediately through the newspapers.
Chapter III. — Pmvers of the Execidive,
Art. 86. The President of the Nation shall have the following
powers:
1. He is the Chief Magistrate of the Nation, and has in his charge
the general administration of all the executive business of the country.
- 2. He can issue such instructions and make such rules as may be
necessary for the execution of the laws of the Nation, taking care not
to change the spirit thereof with exceptional regulations.
3. He is the immediate and local Chief Magistrate of the Nation.
4. He assists, in the manner provided for in the Constitution, in the
making of the laws, gives them his approval, and causes them to be
promulgated.
5. He appoints, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the Jus-
tices of the Supreme Court and of all the other Federal tribunals.
6. He can grant pardons and commute sentences in cases of offenses
subject to the Federal jurisdiction, except, however, in cases of
impeachment by the Chamber of Deputies. Before granting such
pardons and commutations the report of the court which passed the
sentence shall be heard and considered.
7. He can place on the retired list with pay or pension, when per-
mitted by the laws of the Nation, all classes of national officials, and
^ant pensions and leaves of absence in accordance with the same
laws.
8. He exercises the riglit of ecclesiastical patronage in the nomina-
tion of bishops for the cathedral churches of the Nation by selecting
one name out of three suggested to him for this purpose by the Senate.
9. He can, with the advice and consent of the Supreme Court, grant
or refuse assent to the decrees of the councils, the bulls, briefs, and
rescripts of the Supreme Pontiff of Rome, but said granting or refusal
shall have to be made hy law whenever the ecclesiastical enactments
affected by either action contain provisions of general or permanent
character. ^ I
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362 ABGTJSmSTE RKPTBLIC.
10. He apxK>mtB or removes, with the advice and consent of the
Senate, the ministers plenipotentiary and charges d'affaires, and by
himself alone, without Senatorial action, the Cabinet ministers, the
officials of the Departments, the consular agents, and all the Govern-
ment employes when appointment is not otherwise regulated by the
present Constitution.
11. He opens every year, in the presence of the two Chambers assem-
ble<l for this purpose in the hall of the Senate, the sessions of Con-
gress, and gives on this occasion information to them of the state
of the Nation, and of the stage which has been reached in the work of
reform promised by the Constitution, and makes such recommenda-
tions as he may deem to be proper and advisable.
12. He can prorogue Congress when sitting in ordinary session, or
convene it in extraordinary session, whenever a grave interest of
order or progress may require it.
13. He causes the revenue of the Nation to be collected, and decrees
the disbursement of the national money, in conformity with the pro-
visions of the appropriation laws.
14. He concludes and signs the treaties of peace, commerce, naviga-
tion, alliance, limits, and neutrality, as well as the concordats and all
other arrangements or agreements required for the maintenance of
friendly relations with the foreign powers. He also receives the
Ministers accredited by the latter and admits their Consuls.
15. He is the commander in chief of all the land and naval forces
of the Nation.
16. He makes the appointments for all the military officers in the
Nation; but the advice and consent of the Senate shall be required
when the position to be filled, or the rank to be given, is that of a
superior officer in either the Army or the Nav>'. He does not need, how-
ever, Senatorial approval for any appointment or concession of rank
he may make on the battlefield.
17. He manages the land and naval forces of tlie Nation and attends
to their organization and distribution, according to the necessities of
the case.
18. He can, with the authority and approval of Congress, declare
war and grant letters of marque and reprisal.
19. He can, in case of foreign attack, for a limited time and with
the consent of the Senate, declare some place or places of the Nation
to be in a state of siege. Should the trouble be merely domestic, the
power to make the declaration shall be exercised only during the recess
of Congress; otherwise it belongs to the latter. The President shall
exercise this power with the limitations provided for in Article 23.
20. He can ask of the heads of all the bureaus and departments of
the Government, and through them of all other employes, whatever
information he may desire, and said officials are bound to give it.
21. The President shall not leave the national capital without the
permission of Congress. During the recess of the latter, he may.
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CONSTITUTION. 363
however, absent himself from the capital without such permission if
some grave necessity of the public service demands it.
22. He shall have the power to fill all vacancies which may happen
during the recess of Congress and which need the approval of the
Senate. In this case the appointment shall expire at the closing of
the next session.
Chapter IV. — The Members of the Cahinet
Art. 87." Five Ministers, Secretaries of State — respectively named
of the Interior; of Foreign Affairs; of the Treasury; of Justice, Wor-
ship, and Public Instruction, and of War and the Navy — shall have
charge of the Nation's business, and shall countersign and attest all
the acts of the President; and none of these acts shall have validity
when lacking the signature of the respective Ministers. The scope of
the business of each Department shall be determined by law.
Art. 88. Each Minister is individuallj'^ responsible for the acts
signed by him, and jointly with his colleagues for all others agreed
upon between him and the other Ministers.
Art. 89. The Ministers can not, in any case, take individual action
on any subject, unless it is concerning the internal government of
their own respective Departments.
Art. 90. As soon as Congress meets, each Minister shall submit to
it a report on the state of the Nation, as far as represented by his own
Department.
Art. 91. No Minister can be either Senator or Deputy without first
resigning his position in the Cabinet.
Art. 92. The Ministers may attend the sessions of Congress and
take part in the debates, but they can not vote.
Art. 93. The Ministers shall receive for their services such salary
as may be established by law; but this salary can not be increased or
decreased in favor or against the incumbent of the position.
SECTION III — THE JUDICIAL POWER.
Chapter I. — Us Nature and Duration,
Art. 94. The judicial power of the Nation shall be vested in a
supreme court of justice and in the inferior tribunals which Congress
may establish in the national territory.
Art. 95. The President of the Republic shall have no power in any
case whatever to exercise judicial functions, or take cognizance of
any pending case or reopen or revive cases already decided.
Art. 96. The Justices of the Supreme Court and the judges of the
inferior tribunals shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall receive for their services such compensation as may be fixed by
oSee article amended, page 366,
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364 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
law, which shall never be diminished in any waj'^ or manner while
exercising their functions.
Art. 97. No person can be made a Justice of the Supreme Court of
the Nation who is not a lawj^er admitted to practice in the Nation and
in actual practice for eight years, and who has not the qualifications
necessary to be a Senator.
Art. 98. On the first assembling of the Supreme Court'under the
present Constitution, the Justices thereof shall take an oath, which
shall be administered to them by the President of the Nation, to fulfill
their duties, and administer justice well and legally and in accordance
with the provisions of the Constitution. In the future the oath shall
be administered by the Chief Justice.
Art. 99. The Supreme Court shall make its own rules and regula-
tions for the proper conduct of its business, and shall appoint all its
subordinate employes.
Chapter II. — Fiinctixms of the JxuUcial Power,
Art. 100. The Supreme Court, as w^ll as the Federal inferior tri-
bunals, shall have jurisdiction in all cases and causes not mentioned
in Number 11 of Article 67 of the present Constitution, involving
points to be decided either by the same Constitution, the Federal laws,
or foreign treaties, and also in all cases and causes concerning ambas-
sadors, public ministers, and foreign consuls, admiralty cases, or cases
falling under mantime jurisdiction, or cases and causes in which the
Nation has an interest as a party thereto, or cases between two or
more Provinces, or between a Province and the citizens of another,
or between citizens of different Provinces or between a Province or its
citizens against a foreign citizen or State.
Art. 101. In all the cases and causes above named the Supreme
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, under such rules and excep-
tions thereto as (Congress may establish. But in the cases concerning
foreign ambassadors, ministers, and consuls, and in those in which a
Province shall be a party, the jurisdiction of the court shall be original
and exclusive.
Art. 102. The trial of all ordinary crimes, except in cases of
impeachment, shall be by jury, as soon as this institution is estab-
lished in the Nation. Such trial shall be held in the Province where
the offense was committed; but when the wrong was done outside the
limits of the Nation, and in violation of the law of nations. Congress
shall decide, by a special law, the locality in which the trial shall
take place.
Art. 103. Treason against the Nation shall consist only in taking
up arms against it or in joining its enemies and lending them aid and
succor. Congress shall by a special law fix the penalty for this crime,
but the punishment shall not go beyond the person of the offender,
nor shall any infamy resulting therefrom attaint his relatives in what-
ever degree.
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CONSTITUTION. 365
TITLE II.— PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS.
Art. 104. The Provinces retain all the powers not delegated by
the present Constitution to the Federal Government, as well as all the
powers expressly reserved by them through special agreements at the
time of their admission into the Union.
Art. 105. Each Province shall have its own local institutions and
laws and shall be governed by them. They elect their governors,
legislators, and provincial functionaries of all classes without inter-
vention of the Federal Government.
Art. 106. Each Province shall enact its own constitution, subject to
the provisions of Article V.
Art. 107. The Provinces shall have the power to conclude, with the
knowledge of the Federal Congress, such partial treaties as may be
necessary for the purposes of administration of justice or for regulat-
ing financial interests or undertaking public works, and to promote,
by means of protective laws and at their own expense, their own
industries, immigration into their territories, the building of railroads
and navigable canals, the settlement and colonization of the provincial
lands, the introduction and establishment of new industries, the
importation of foreign capital, and the exploration of their rivers.
Art. 108. The Provinces can not exercise any power .delegated to
the Nation. They can not, without authority from the Federal Con-
gress, enter into any partial treaties of a political character, or pass
laws relating to the domestic or foreign commerce or navigation, or
establish provincial custom-houses, coin money, or create banks of
emission; neither can they enact any civil, commercial, criminal, or
mineral codes, subsequent to the promulgation of the national ones
enacted by Congress, or pass laws especially applicable to themselves
on the subjects of citizenship, naturalization, bankruptcies, and coun-
terfeiting of money or State bonds, or establish tonnage dues, arm
war vessels, or raise armies, except in case of foreign invasion or of
such imminent danger as to admit of no delay, and on condition that
they give full and prompt account of it to the Federal Government,
or appoint or receive foreign agents, or admit new religious orders.
Art. 109. No Province can declare or wage war against another.
Their complaints against each other must be admitted to and settled by
the Supreme Court of Justice. Actual hostilities on the part of one
Province against another shall be deemed acts of civil war, seditious
and^ riotous, which the Federal Government should put down and
repress according to the laws.
Art. 110. The governors of the Provinces shall be the natural agents
of the Federal Government for the enforcement of the Constitution
and the laws of the Nation.
Hall of Sessions of the National Convention at the city of Santa Fe,
on the 25th day of September, 1800.
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366 AEOENTINE EEPUBLIO.
AMEKBMEKTS AMFTSD 8EPTEHBEB 12, 1866.
The National Convention enacts the following:
First. That part of Article 4 of the National Constitution which
reads: *' Until 1866^ in conformity with the enactments of Art. 67,
Clause I," shall be stricken out, the said article to read as follows:
*' The Federal Government shall defray the expenses of the Nation
with funds of the National Treasurj% consisting of the receipts from
import and export duties; the sale or lease of national lands; the
postal service; the taxes which the general Congress may levy, equi-
tably and in proportion to the population, and the loans and financial
operations which the same Congress may decree to meet urgent national
necessities or for works or undertakings of national utility."
Second. The last part of Clause I, Article 67, which reads: "Until
1866, at which time they will cease as a national tax, the same being
prohibited as provisional taxes," shall be stricken out and therefore
said clause will read :
" (1) To legislate in regard to custom-houses for foreign commerce
and establish import duties which, as well as the appraisements on
which they must be based, shall be uniform in the whole Nation, it
being understood, however, that both these duties and all other taxes
of national character may be paid in the currency of the respective
Provinces in their just equivalent value. The power to establish
export duties also belongs to Congress."
AMENBMENTS ADOPTEB MARCH 15, 1898.
The National Convention assembled in the capital of the Republic,
in accordance with law No. 3507 of September 3, 1867, sanctions:
First. Articles 37 and 87 of the National Constitution are hereby
amended as follows:
'*Art. 37. The Chamber of Deputies shall be composed of repre-
sentatives elected directly by the people of the Provinces and of the
capital. Both the Provinces and the capital shall be considered for
this purpose as mere electoral districts of the whole Nation. The
election shall be in the proportion of one deputy for each thirty-three
thousand inhabitants or fraction not less than sixteen thousand five
hundred. After the taking of each census Congress shall fix, accord-
ing to its results, the rate of representation, which in no case shall be
less than the one now established for each deputy.
"Art. 87. Eight ministers secretaries shall have charge of the
despatch of the aifairs of the nation, and shall countersign and
attest with their signatures the acts of the President, without which
requisite they lack validity. A special law shall determine the class
of business belonging to each department."
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INDEX
Page.
Administration of justice 58
Agriculture HI
Acquisition of land 124
Agricultural census —
1888 Ill
1895 112
Agricultural products 186,201
Agricultural provinces 114, 121
Area under cultivation. Ill, 112, 114
Cereals 119
Cost of cultivation 115
Crop estimates for 1903 116
Economical conditions 113
P^xports of flaxseed 123
Exportd of maize 123
Exports of wheat 123
Export products, value of 120
Landlaws 126
Linseed crop 117,123
Maize crop 117,122
Pastoral industrj' 123
Peanuts 117
Progress in 121
Rye crop 122
stations, agricultural 316
Sugarcane 118
Tobacco 117
Vines 117
Vineyards 119
AVheatcrop 116,121
Wheat market 121
Wool clip 123
Agronomic schools 316
Alcohols 163
Allotment*^, mining 160
Amen<led statutes of companies . . 258
Analysis of industries 174
Ancient Pampean l^ke 24
Andes, territory of the 107
Animals 33
Animal pro<iucts 168
Page.
Animal sanitary laws 143
Animal sanitary regulations 145
Aj>plication for mining concessions 160
Area in vineyards 173
Area and population 9
Area under cultivation 1 11 , 1 1 2, 1 14
Argentine Great Western Railway . 276
Argentine Northeastern Rail way . . 276
Army 320
Compulsory service 320
Footing 320
Forts and materials 323
Maintenance of 320
Military districts 321
Military i)ort 320
National Guard 320
Standing 321
War budget 321
Award of King Edward VII 12
Bahfa Blanca, i)ort of 269
Banks 254
Banks and financial trusts 254
Banks, joint-stock 254
Banking laws 249
Bankruptcy 65
Administration 70
Assets, distribution of 69
Assignment 66
Closing of proceedings 71
Composition 66
Culi:>ability of a bankrupt 71
Legal effects of 70
Liquidation in ()7
Ranking of creditors 68
Remuneration 70
Bankruptcy law (>5
Barometric pressures 17
Basins, lacustrine 22
Beef-salting factories .• 1 42
Bibliography a'^>-339
Bills of exchange law 64
367
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368
IXDEX.
BirtU 3:5
Bcmrviari**, {"^ettiemf^t of 11
Boan*iar%* :
AwarrI tfi King K^iwani VII ._ lii
With B^.li\-ia 11
With Brazil 14
With Chile 12
With Paragnay 11
With rniimay 12
Brazil, c-^^njineix-e with 20»t
Brewerif* __ \&2
Bodget law 242
Boeno^ Aires, t-ity of 73
Area in I860 7:t
Arwnal 76
A}*pect of 74
Buenw Airvfi BoLna • ex<'hange ; n »
Buildinp*, height of 74
BaiMing^, pnhlir 7f»
Central prochire market SI
Committ*;^ of 12 77
Conveyanc-es 7ft
Council, deliljerative 77
Councilors, town 77
I)emographi»* retunw for 1902. 74
Dei>artment of hygiene 7H
Division, territorial 73
Drainage 75
Entries of g'KKls ( lftJ*6-1901) . 82
Foundation of 73
Harl>or works 76
Ho?-i>ital.*« and asylums 76
Length of city 74
Libraries 76
Lighting 78
Manufactures 78
Munici|)al divisions 77
Newsj^perg ^Vy
Numl)er of houses 74
Origin of name 73
Police force 77
Population —
mv.) 73
liK)2 -74
Pref'H, the 78
Principal square 75
Provincial municipalities 78
Public charities 78
Railroa<iH (starting point) 77
Rate of wages 80 '
Scho<jl8 76 '
Situation of 73 i
Social institutions 75 i
K*jeD«ji* _Vires- city o: — Cootmoefi.
S»iuartea? 74
Street VAT rvtum* VAr2 79
Street car ^ervi'-e 79
Territt 'rial tiixz^i n 73
Water s^ j :>Iy 75
Bnen«^e Aires, ti«>-k5 • -f lv»S
Baen«>? A ires, tf x j -^n- from l'^2
Baent^«> Aires Great S at hem Rail-
way 276
Baenr»e Aires and Pacinc Railway. 277
Boen* e* Aires an* 1 R. >:?ari< » Raii way . 278
Buenoe Aires and Valparaiso Trans-
antiine Railway 278
Bnencjs Aires Western Railway 2S1
Buentis Airesr, port of 197, 264
Buenos Aires, pnninee «-£ 83
Buentje* Aires, taxes on prodoction
in the provim-e «>f 84
Buen< IS Aires, University of 313
Bureau of mines 156
Butcher industry- 138
Butter and cheese factories 142
Cabinet 57
Cartography 339-344
Cataman-a, pro\ince **( 93
Cattle 140
Cattl**, sheep, etc. —
Exports of 140
Imports of 141
Census —
Agricultural 112
1895 7
Central A rgentine Rail way 282
Central I*roduce Market 81
Cereals 119
Chatx> Territory 99
Changes in gold premium 250
Channel, proposed 27
Chille<lmeat 194
Process 194
Chubut territor\' 104
Cities-
Comparative altitude and lon-
gitude 31
Population of 10
Principal height of 31
Various 109
City of Buenos Aires 73
City of Cordoba 108
City of I^ Plata 108
City of Mendoza 109
Citv of Roeario 107
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
369
Pftflre.
City of Santa F^ 109
City of Tucumdn 108
Citizenship, law of 60
Civil and commercial cases 59
Civil and commercial laws 63
Classification of mines 156
Firstclass 157
Second class 157
Third class 157
Climatology 15
Coast lights 271
Code, mining 156
Code telegrams 293
Collated tel^rams 293
Colleges —
National 315
Naval and military 312
Colonization law 298,307
Commerce 178
Additional ad valorem duty .. 193
Administration of 178
Agricultural products 186, 201
Balance of trade ( 1893-1901 ) . 180
Chilled meat 194
Process 194
Comparative tables 191
Competitors 196
Customs duties 197
Domestic 178
Electric installations 194
Foreign 178
Foreign trade —
1900 189
1901 183
1902 180
Forestry products 201
Importers 196
Live stock products 184
Manufactured vegetable prod-
ucts : 201
Mineral products 201
Percentage of foreign trade. . . 206
Preparation of salt 194
Principal ports 197
Statistics 182
Tariffs 178
Terms of credit 197
Trade conditions 196
Values 178
With Brazil 200
Wool exports 207
Wool production 186
573a— 03 24
Commercial conditions 178
Commercial documents 236
Commercial intercourse 264
Commercial registrations 236
Commercial school for women 315
Commercial statistics 182
Commercial travelers 196
Communication, means of 262
Companies, amended statutes of . . 258
Companies dissolved by official
decree 259
Companies, insurance 254
Companies, railway 276
Companies registered 258
Companies, tramway 289
Comparative tables, commerce 191
Comparative table of railways 286
Comparison of port dues 267
Compulsory military service 320
Concessions for mining 155,158
Conditions, trade 196
Constitution 56
Constitution, full text of 347-366
Constitution and Government 56
Constitution of navy 321
Consumption, national 175
Conventions and treaties 238
Conversion foreign coins 333
Conversion law 249
Copper deposits 153
C6rdoba Central Railway 282
■ C6rdoba, city of 108
C6rdoba and Northwestern Rail-
way 282
j OSrdoba, province of 85
j C6rdoba and Rosario Railwky 282
Corrientes, province of 86
' Cost of Government schools 313
Courts, federal and provincial 58
Courts in the capital 59
Credit, terms of 197
Crops 122
Estimates for 1903 116
Linseed 116
Maize 117,122,123
Rye 122
Wheat 116
Cultivation of land, cost of 1 15
Currency 249
Currency, paper 249
Customs duties 197
Customs tariff 208-234
Digitized by
Google
370
INDEX.
Customs tariffs, methods of assess-
ing 208
Dairying 142,162
Data, mining 150
Debtfl 246
Debt, municipal 248
Debt, national external, 1901 247
Debt, national internal 248
Declarations, articles regarding ... 61
Declaration of independence 56
Deeds and contracts law 64
Defrayal of expenses 242
Delta of River Plate Estuary 29
Department of hygiene of Buenos
Aires 78
Departures of steamships 269
Deposits, copper 153
Deposits, gold 153
Deposits, lime 152
Depth of waters, law governing... 27
Development, industrial 174
Dispositions, transitory 61
Dissolved companies by official
decree 259
Distances from Buenos Aires, com-
parative 31
Distilleries 162
Dock dues 271
Docks of Buenos Aires 198
Documents, commercial 236
Domestic commerce 178
Drainage of Buenos Aires 75
Dredging of San Pedro Bar 29
Dues:
Dock i 271
Tonnage 271
Duty, additional ad valorem 193
Duties:
Customs 197
Import 179
Specific 208
Duties of ministers 58
East Aiigentine Railway 283
Economical conditions 113
Education 311
Public 311
Secondary 311
Technical 312
Electric installation 194
Entre Rfos, province oi 87
Entre Rfos Railway 28:^
Pa«e.
Entries, steamship 260
Estimate of population ( 1901) 7
Executive power 57
Exemption from military service . 303
Expenses, defrayal of 242
Exports:
Agricultural and pastoral
(1900-1901) 192
Articles (1900) 191
By articles for 1900 191
By countries ( 1900-1901 ) 192
Butter 194
Cattle 182
Cattle and sheep 140
Destination of 188
Flaxseed 123
Flour 167
Forestry products 201
From Buenos Aires 182
From 1892 to 1901 206
Frozen mutton 208
Horses 141
InlOOl 183
Livestock 138,208
Maize 123
Manufactured vegetable prod-
ucts 201
Minerals 154
Mineral products 1 201
Nature of 204
Principal (1898-1901 ) 206
Products, value of 120
Quebracho wood 195
To different countries 181
Total value of ( 1880-1901 ) . . . 205
Valueof 179,200
1901 184
Wheat 123
Wool 207
Extension of River Plate 29
External debt, national 247
Fabrics, textile 170
Facilities for mining 155
Factories —
Beef-salting 142
Butter and cheese 142
Hat 171
Match 169
Fauna —
Birds , 33
Camivora 33
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
371
Page.
Fauna — Continued.
Larger Fauna 33
Monkeys 33
Reptiles 33
Ruminante 33
Federal and provincial courte 58
Financial ox^ganization 241
Financial trusts 254
Financial trustd and banks 254
Flaxseed, exports of 123
Fleet ."- 326
Flora —
Alpine Prairies formation 32
Antarctic Woods formation . . 32
Chafiar formation . .^ 32
Mesopotamian formation 33
Patagonian formation 32
Pampa formation 32
Paraguayan formation 33
Sub-Tropical R^on formation 32
Flour 163
Flour, exportation of 167
Foreign coins conversion table . . . 333
Foreign commerce 178
Foreign postage 297
Foreign shipping 263
Foreign trade:
In 1900 189
Tnl901 183
Inl902 180
Percentageof 206
Forestry products, exportation of. 201
Formation, geological 14
Formosa Territory 98
Forts and materials 323
Free imports 234
Frozen meat industry 167
Geographical position 7
Greography, physical 15
Geological formation 14
Gold deposits , 153
Gold premium, changes in 250
Gold quotations 249
Grovemment 56
Government lines 288
Government railways 275
Government schools 313
Grants, patent 318
Grasses 138
Guarantees, articles regarding 61
Hailstorms 21
Page.
Harbor works of Buenos Aires 75
Hat factories 171
Horses, export of 141
Hospitals and asylumns of Buenos
Aires 76
Houses, number of, inhabited 11
Humidity 17
Hydrography 22
Hygiene, department of Buenos
Aires 78
Immigration 298
Administration of colonies . . . 309
Advantages for immigrants. . . 300
Colonization law 298
Destination 301
Donation of lands 308
Exemption from military serv-
ice 303
First immigrant colony 298
Freedom granted 302
Gratuitous transportation 309
In 1897 299
Increase of colonies 298
Inducements to laborers 309
Influence of 299
Land fund 308
Law of 303
Nationality of immigrants 301
Private property 303
Returns for 1901 299
Rights of aliens 302
Solution of immigration prob-
lem 302
Statistics 310
Transportation of immigrants . 305
Immigration law 303
Immigration statistics 310
Imports:
Articles (1900) 191
Automobiles 194
Cattle 182
Cattle, sheep, et^' 141
Classified ( 1900-1901 ) 192
Coal 193
Duties 179
(1901) 187
Electrical appliances 195
Free 234
From different countries 181
From the United States 184
From 1892 to 1901 206
Digitized by
Google
872
INDEX.
Imports — Continued. Page.
Increase in 1901 191
Livestock 137
Lumber 195
Mineral oils 196
Nature of 204
Principal 193
Ratio of, by articles 193
Special reduction in 179
Total value of ( 1880-1901 ) . . . 205
Value of 179,200
Importers 196
Indebtedness, advance payment of . 246
Impo'^erished inventors 318
Independence, declaration of 56
Industrial development 174
Industries, analysis of 174
Butcher 138
Dairying 162
Frozen meat 167
Iron and steel 169
Livestock 141
Manufacturing 162,196
Mining 155
Pastoral 123
Textile , 171
Wine 172
Inhabitants, nationality of 10
Inhabited houses, number of 11
Inland navigation 264
Institutions, social 75
Instruction 311
Public 315
Insurance 237
Insurance companies 254
Progress of 256
Insurance-stamp law 238
Intercourse, commercial 264
Internal debt, national 248
Internal-tax law 237
Iron and steel industries 169
Joint-stock banks 254
Joint-stock companies, law 64
Judicial power in provinces 59
Judicial power in territories 59
Jujuy, province of 95
Justice, administration of 58
Lacustrine basins 22
Lakes 25
Land, acquisition of 124
Land and property tax law 237
Land laws ••• •••••••••••••• 126
La Plata: Page.
City of 108
Portduesat 199
Portof 198,268
La Bioja, province of 92
Laws:
Animal sanitary 143
Banking 249
Bankruptcy 65
Bills of exchange -. 64
Budget 242
Citizenship 60
Civil and commercial 63
Colonization 298,307
Conversion 249
Deeds and contract 64
Groveming depth of waters. . . 27
Immigration 303
Insurance stamps 238
Internal tax 237
Joint-stock companies 64
Land 126,131
Land and property tax 237
Legal status 64
license 236
Mercantile books 64
Mining 155
Mortgages 65
Public education 316
Naturalized citizens 60
Patent 318
Real estate 64
Succession 64
Telegraph 293
Laws and discipline, naval 322
Laws and duties, stamp 235
Legal labor, mining 160
Legal-status laws 64
Legislative power 56
Libraries of Buenos Aires 76
License law 236
Lighting of Buenos Aires 78
Lights:
Coast 271
River Plate 272
Lime deposits 152
Limits, mining 161
Lines:
Government 288
Secondary railway 288
Steamship 262
Trans-Atlantic 262
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
373
Page.
Linseed 117
Live stock 135
Export of 138
Imports of 137
Live-stock industry 141
Live-stock products 184
Low-water plane 27
Maintenance of army 320
Maize 117,122
Exports of 123
Manufactured vegetable products,
exportation of 201
Manufactures in Buenos Aires 78
Manufacturing industries 162, 196
Map, railway 272,274
Match factories 169
Means of communication 262
Measures 327
Mendoza:
atyof 109
Province of 89
Mercantile books law 64
Meteorology 15
Methods of assessing customs tar-
iffs 208
Military districts 321
Military port 320
Military service, exemption from. 303
Mine ownership 158
Mineralogy 150
Mineral exports 154
Minerals in provinces and territo-
ries -.-. 154
Mineral products, exportation of. . 201
Mineral regions 150
Mineral resources 155
Minerals, transportation of 152
Mineral veins 151
Mineral wealth 153
Mines:
Bureau of 156
Classification of 156
National school of 315
Sales of 161
Mines in operation 156
Mining:
Allotments 160
Code 156
Concessions 155-158
Application for 160
Data 150
Page.
Mining— Continued.
Facilities 155
Industry 155
Laws 155
Legal labor 160
Limits 161
Operations 150
Prospecting permits 159
Provinces 151
Survey 160
Ministers, duties of 58
Mint 250
Misiones Territor>' 95
Money in circulation 250
Mortgages law 65
Municipal debt 248
National colleges 315
National consumption 175
National external debt 247
National Guard 320
National internal debt 248
National schools 312
National territories 95
Nationality of inhabitants 10
Native races 33, 55
Naturalized citizens, law of 60
Naval and military colleges 312
Navigation, inland 264
Navy 321
Constitution 321
Fleet 326
Laws and discipline 322
denization 322
Recruiting service 322
Newspapers in Buenos Aires 335
Neequ^n Territory 103
North Argentine Rail way 283
Operations, mining 150
Organization —
Financial 241
Postal 295
Organization of navy 322
Orography 14
Ownership of mines 158
Pampa, territory of the 100
Paper currency 249
Patagonia 109
Patents 318
Application for 320
Fees 318
Impoverished inventors 318
Digitized by
Google
374
INDEX.
Vtige.
Paten to— Continued .
Industrial rights 319
Infringements 319
Penalties 319
Patent and trade-marks office 319
Patent grants 318
P&tent law 318
Payment of indebtedness, advance 246
Peanutfi 117
Percentage of foreign trade 206
Periodicals 344-346
Physical geography 15
Pilots, school for 315
Police force of Buenos Aires 78
Political rights of Argentines 61
Population 7
Areaandsex 9
At various periods 8
Estimate of 1901 7
Foreign —
Inl899 10
*Inl900 10
Of Buenos Aires (1902) 73,74
Of cities 10
Urban and rural 8,9
Port dues at La Plata 199
Port dues, comparison of 267
Port of Bahfa Blanca 269
Port of Buenos Aires 197,264
Port of La Plata 198,268
Port of Rosario 268
Port of San Nicole... ; 199
Port of transshipment 198
Ports, principal 197
Postage, foreign 297
Postal organization 295
Postal tariffs 296
Press, the 78
Principal ports 197
Private railways 275
Products:
Agricultural 186,201
Animal 168
Average price of 140
Livestock 184
Production of wool 186
Progress in agriculture 121
Progress of insurance companies . . 256
Proposed channel 27
Prospecting permits, mining 159
Provinces and territories 8
Provinces of the Republic 83
Page.
Provinces:
Agricultural 121
Judicial power in 59
Mining 151
Provinces and territories, minerals
in : 154
Province of Buenos Aires 83
Province of Oatamarca 93
Province of C6rdoba , 85
Province of Corrientes 86
Province of Entre Rfos 87
Province of Jujuy 95
Province of La Rioja 92
Province of Mendoza 89
Province of Salta 94
Province of San Juan 91
Province of San Luis 88
Province of Santa F6 87
Province of Santa F6 Railway
(French) 284
Province of Santiago del Estero.. 89
Province of Tucum^ 93
Public education 311
Public education law 316
Public instruction 315
Quarries 169
Quebracho wood 195,283,290
Quotations, gold 249
Races,native 33-55
Railways 272
Railway companies 276
Argentine G reat Western 276
Argentine Northeastern 276
Buenos Aires Great Southern. 276
Buenos Aires and Pacific 277
Buenos Aires and Rosario 278
Buenos Aires and Valparaiso
Transandine 278
Buenos Aires Western 281
Central Argentine 282
C6rdoba and Rosario 282
C6rdoba Central 282
C6rdoba and Northwestern ... 282
East Argentine 283
Entre Rlos 283
North Argentine 283
Provinceof SantaF4 (French) . 284
Railways:
Comparative table of 286
• Government 275
Private 275
Starting point 77
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
375
Page.
Rail way 8 in course of construction . 287
Railway map 272,274
Railway receipts for 1900 275
Railway returns for 1902 275
Railway trackage 274
Rainfall:
Comparative 19
Distribution of 18
Heaviest 20
In Buenos Aires ( 1900) 19
Intensity of 20
In various parts of country. . . 20
Yearly 18
Yearly average in various
cities 20
Rate of wages in Buenos Aires ... 80
Real estate law 64
Receipts for 1900, railway 275
Recruiting iand service, naval 322
Regions, mineral 150
Registered companies 258
Registered telegrams 293
Registrations, commercial 236
R^ulations, animal sanitary 145
Religion 72
Reptiles 33
Resources, mineral 155
Returns for 1902, railway 275
Revenues 241
Rights, articles regarding 61
Rights of Argentines, political 61
Rfo Negro Territory 101
Rivers:
Argento-Patagonian River ... 22
Bermejo River 31
Paraguay River 30
ParanaRiver 22,24,25
Pilcomayo River 30
RioNegro 31
River Plate Estuary 28
Uruguay River 22,26
River-bed improvements 26
River Plate and tributaries 23
River Plate, extension of 29
River Plate lights 272
River system 22
River systems, union of three 28
Rosario:
City of 107
Port of 268
Rule of Spanish Government 56
Rye 122
Sales of mines
Salt, preparation of
Salta, p'X)vince of
San Luis, province of
San Pedro bar, dredging of
Santa Cruz Territory
Santa F6:
City of
Province of
San Juan, province of
San Nicole, port of
Santiago del Estero, province of . .
Schools:
Agronomic
Attendance
Commercial, for women
For pilots
Government
Cost of
In Buenos Ayres
Live stock
National
National School of Mines
Of telegraphy
Of viticulture
Secondary education
Secondary railway lines
Settlement of boundaries
Sheep, export of
Shipping, foreign
Social institutions
Spanish Government, rule of
Specific duties
Stamp laws and duties
j Starting point, railroads
I Standing army
I Statistics:
' Commercial
Immigration
Steamship departures
Steamship entries 1 .
I Steamship lines
Stock exchange
I Stock of wine
Stock raising
Animal sanitary laws and regu-
lations
Arable land
Average price of products
Beef-salting factories
Butcher industry
Butter and cheese factories. . .
Page.
161
194
94
88
29
105
109
87
91
199
316
312
315
315
313
313
76
316
312
315
291
315
311
288
11
140
263
75
56
208
235
77
321
182
310
269
269
262
236
173
134
143
134
140
142
138
142
Digitized by
Google
376
INDEX.
Stock raising — Continued.
Conditions 134
Dairying 142
Export of cattle and sheep . . - 140
Export of horses 141
Export of live stock 138
Imports of cattle, sheep, etc.. 141
Imports of live stock 137
Livestock .135
Live-stock industry 141
Sheep and cattle 135
Soil 134
Water supply 138
Wells 138
Storms:
(ieographical distribution of. . 21
Hailstorms 21
Succession law 64
Sugar 170
Sugarcane 118
Survey of mines 160
Trnfl:
Customs 208-234
Postal 296
Telegraph 294
Technical education 312
Telegrams:
Code 293
Collated 293
Registered 293
Telegraphs 290
Telegraph law 293
Telegraph tariffs 294
Temperature:
Average, region 16
Average, season 16
Daily average difference 16
Maximum and minimum 17
Territories, national 95
Territory of the Andes 107
Territory of Chaco 99
Territory of Chubut 104
Territory of Formosa 98
Territory of Missiones 95
Territory of the Neuqu^n 1 03
Territory of the Pampa 100
Territory of Rio Negro 101
Territory of Santa Cruz 105
Page.
Territory of Tierra del Fu^;o 106
Territories, judicial power in 59
Terms of credit 197
Text of Constitution 347-366
Textile fabrics 170
Textile industries 171
Tierra del Fuego, territory of 106
Tobacco 117,171
Tonnagedues 271
Topography 14
Trackage, railway 274
Trade, conditions 196
Trade-marks 319
Tramway companies 289
Trans-Atlantic lines 262
Transitory dispositions 61
Transportation of minerals 152
Transportation, system of 28
Transshipment, port of 198
Travelers, commercial 196
Treaties and conventions 238
Trusts, financial 254
Tucumto;
City of 108
Province of 93
University of Buenos Aires 313
Values 327
Vineyards 119
Vineyards, area in 173
Viticulture, school of 315
Wages, rate of, in Buenos Aires. .. 80
War budget 321
Watersupply 138
Weights 327
Measures and values 327
Wells 138
Wheat 116
Exports of 123
Wheat crop 121
Wheatmarket 121
Winds 17
Wind velocity 21
Wine industry 172
Wine, stock of 173
Wood, quebracho . . .^. 195, 283, 290
WoolcUp .^ 123
Wool exports 207
Wool production 186
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/international BCREAO of the AMERICAN REPUBLICS,
' WASHINGTON, D. C.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
A GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
WITH SPECIAL IU:i-KKKN( K TO
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, ACTUAL DEVELOPMENT, AND
PROSPECTS OF FUTURE GROWTH,
COMPILED BY THE
INTEBNATIOKAL BUBEAU OF THE A'MEBICAN BEFUBLICS.
.1 9 O H
WASHINGTON:
OOVKKNMENT PKIXTING OFKICK.
1 y 3 .
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
■
■
LIBRARY
OK THE
PEABODY MUSEUM OF AMEBIOAH
ARCHJEOLOGT AND ETHNOLOOY.
OIFT OF
Received
^
1
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LSOC.ta0,T4tJ.0t 1
3 2044 043 342 658
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