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Woxlta  ^eace  Jfounlration 

PUBLICATIONS 

OF  THE 

WORLD   PEACE   FOUNDATION 


VOLUME  III 
1913 


WORLD    PEACE   FOUNDATION 
40  MT,  VERNON   STREET,  BOSTON 


,.»■' 


i^> 


.^ 


The  Pamphlet  Series  was  issued  monthly  during 
the  year  19 1 3,  instead  of  quarterly  as  in  previous 
years. 

In  this  volume,  besides  the  Pamphlet  Series,  are 
included  certain  publications  issued  in  the  same 
format  and  of  permanent  value.  With  the  exception 
of  one  that  is  closely  related  to  an  issue  of  the  Series, 
these  casual  publications  are  gathered  at  the  end  of 
the  volume. 


Contcntis 


The  World  Peace  Foundation:  Work  in  191 2 


The  Wounded 

By  Noel  Buxton,  M.P. 

Women  and  War 

By  Mrs.  M.  A.  [St.  Clair]  Stobart 


Panama  Canal  Tolls  :  The  Obligations  of  the 
United  States 

By  Hon.  Elihu  Root 

Instructions  to  the  American  Delegates  to  the 
Hague  Conferences,  1899  and  1907 

By  Hon.  John  Hay  and  Hon.  Elihu  Root 
Secretaries  of  State 

Washington,  Jefferson  and  Franklin  on  War 

By  Edwin  D[oak]  Mead 

♦    ■"'--.     "'    , 

The  Drain  of  Armaments  [Revised  Edition) 

The  Cost  of  Peace  under  Arms 
By  Arthur  W[illiam]  Allen 

Organizing  the  Peace  Work 

By  Edwin  Ginn 

''♦  Internationalism  among  Universities 

By  Louis  P[aul]  Lochner 

The  Forces  Warring  against  War 

By  [Henry]  Havelock  EUis 

-  To  the  Picked  Half  Million 

By  WiUiam  T[homas]  Stead 

Our  Duty  Concerning  the  Panama  Canal  Tolls 

By  Thomas  Raeburn  White  and  Charlemagne  Tower 


SERIES  NUMBER 
January,  No.  1 

February,  No.  2 

March,  No.  3 

April,  No.  4 

May,  No.  5 
June,  No.  6 


July, 
No.  7,  Part  I 

July, 
No.  7,  Part  II 

August,  No.  8 


September,  No.  9 


October, 
No.  10,  Part  I 


SERIES  NUMBER 

The  Record  of  The  Hague  October, 

No.  10,  Part  II 
Tables  showing  the  Cases  Decided  and  the  Ratifications  of 
Conventions,  1899  and  1907 
(  Corrected  to  November  7,  igij.  ) 
Compiled  by  Denys  P[eter]  Myers 

The   Commission  of  Inquiry  :    The  Wilson-  November, 

Bryan  Peace  Plan  No.  ii,  Part  I 

Its  Origin  and  Development 
By  Denys  P[eter]  Myers 

Mr;  Bryan V'Pcac^  Plan 

Address -by -Hon;  -Wiiliam  J,  Bryan  -at  the  Conference  «f  the  Interparliamentary.  Union  at 
fcortdon,  July  24,  1906 

^  Suggestions  for  the  Study  of  International  Relations  November, 

By  Charles  H[erbert]  Levermore  No.  11,  Part  II 


The  World  Peace  Foundation  :   Work  in  1913  December,  No.  12 

The  American  Peace  Party  and  Its  Present  Aims  and  Duties 

By  Edwin  D[oak]  Mead 


.-     The  United  States  and  the  Third  Hague  Conference 

^  Address  at  the  Mohonk  Conference  on  International  Arbitration,  May  15,  191  3 

-^-  By  Edwin  D[oak]  Mead 

O 

President  Wilson  to  College  Students 

President  Wilson  on  the  United  States  and  Latin  America 

Address  before  the  Southern  Commercial  Congress  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  October  27,  191  3 


The  Proper  Attitude  of  the  Hague  Conference 
toward  the  Laws  of  War 

Address  at  the  Mohonk  Conference  on  International  Arbitration,  May  15,  191 3 
By  Jackson  H[arvey]  Ralston 


^orlti  ^eace  Jfounliafion 


THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


WORK   IN   1912 


Published  Monthly  by  the 

WORLD   PEACE   FOUNDATION 

29A  BEACON  STREET,  BOSTON 


January,  1913 
Vol.  III.     No.  1 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  April  i8,  igii,  at  the  post-office  at  Boston,  Mass., 
under  the  Act  of  July  i6,  i8q4 


THE  WORLD   PEACE  FOUNDATION 


Trustees 

Edwin  Ginn,  A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  William  H.  P.  Faunce,  Joseph  Swain, 
Samuel  T.  Button,  Sarah  Louise  Arnold,  Edward  Cummings,  Samuel  W. 
McCall,  George  A.  Plimpton,  George  W.  Anderson,  Samuel  B.  Capen, 
Albert  E.  Pillsbury. 

Directors 

David  Starr  Jordan,  Edwin  D.  Mead,  James  A.  Macdonald,  Hamilton 
Holt,  Charles  R.  Brown,  William  I.  Hull,  George  W.  Nasmyth. 


Advisory  Council 


Miss  Jane  Addams 

President  Edwin  E.  Alderman 

Mrs.  Fannie  Fern  Andrews 

President  James  B.  Angell 

Hon.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin 

Hon.  Richard  Bartholdt 

Prof.  George  H.  Blakeslee 

Prof.  Jean  C.  Bracq 

Prof.  John  C.  Branner 

John  I.  D.  Bristol 

President  S.  P.  Brooks 

President  Elmer  E.  Brown 

President  William  L.  Bryan 

Prof.  John  W.  Burgess 

Hon.  Theodore  E.  Burton 

President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler 

Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark 

Prof.  John  B.  Clark 

Rev.  Samuel  M.  Crothers 

James  H.  Cutler 

Rev.  Charles  F.  Dole 

Prof.  Charles  T.  Fagnani 

Prof.  Frank  F.  Fett^V.  \  ;  ; 

President  John  Finley 

Mrs.  J.  Malcolm  Forbes 

Hon.  John  W.  Foster 

Hon.  Eugene  Hale 

President  G.  Stanlev  Hall 

Rabbi  Emil  G.  Hirsch 

Prof.  Jesse  Holmes 

Rev.  Charles  E.  Jefferson 

Rev.  Jenkin  Lloyd  Jones 

President  Harry  Pratt  Judson 

Hon.  William  Kent 

Prof.  George  W.  Kirchwey 

Hon.  Philander  C.  Knox 


Prof.  Edward  B.  Krehbid 
Rev.  Frederick  Lynch 
S.  S.  McClure 
Theodore  Marburg 
Mrs.  Lucia  Ames  Mead 
Prof.  Adolph  C.  Miller 
President  S.  C.  Mitchell 
John  R.  Mott 
Prof.  P.  V.  N.  Myers 
Prof.  Bliss  Perry 
H.  C.  Phillips 
Hon.  Jackson  H.  Ralston 
Prof.  Paul  S.  Reinsch 
President  Rush  Rhees 
Dean  Henry  Wade  Rogers 
Dean  W.  P.  Rogers 
Prof.  Elbert  Russell 
Dr.  James  Brown  Scott 
^President  L.  Clark  Seelye 
iMys.  May  Wright  Sewall 
Thorvald  Solberg 
Hon.  John  H.  Stiness 
Moorfield  Storey 
President  Charles  F.  Thwing 
President  Charles  R.  Van  Hise 
Dr.  James  H.  Van  Sickle 
President  George  E.  Vincent 
President  Ethelbert  D.  Warfield 
Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington 
Harris  Weinstock 
Hon.  Andrew  D.  White 
Thomas  Raeburn  White 
Prof.  George  G.  Wilson 
Rabbi  Stephen  S.  Wise 
President  Mary  E.  WooUey 
Stanley  R.  Yarnall 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  OF 
THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION  BY 
THE  MANAGING  DIRECTOR 

The  Budget  for  1913  is  separately  submitted.  The  191 2  appro- 
priations were  on  the  basis  of  an  income  of  $50,000  from  Edwin  Ginn 
and  $825  interest  on  the  invested  fund  from  the  bequest  from  the 
estate  of  Frederick  B.  Ginn.  The  Foundation  has  received  during 
the  year  additional  contributions  of  something  over  $600,  and  the 
year's  receipts  from  the  sale  of  books  will  be  about  $800,  which  item 
the  coming  year  will  be  much  increased.  In  19 13  the  second  quarter 
of  the  amount  due  Ginn  &  Company  for  the  books  taken  over  from 
them  by  the  Foundation  last  year  is  to  be  paid,  this  payment  being 
$1,872. 

Since  the  last  annual  meeting  one  volume  has  been  added  to  the 
International  Library, — the  important  volume  presenting  Senator 
Root's  argument  in  the  Newfoundland  Fisheries  Arbitration,  edited 
by  Dr.  Scott,  which  work  has  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  all  of  the 
Trustees.  Two  other  works  are  now  in  press,  and  will  be  issued  in 
December, — ^Andrew  D.  White's  work  upon  "The  First  Hague  Con- 
ference," reprinted  from  his  Autobiography,  and  a  work  upon  "The 
New  Peace  Movement,"  by  Prof.  William  I.  Hull,  whose  valuable 
work  upon  "The  Two  Hague  Conferences,"  published  in  our  Inter- 
national Library  four  years  ago,  is  the  most  popular  and  useful  brief 
history  of  the  Conferences  which  has  been  published.  Professor 
Hull's  new  work  is  an  impressive  survey  of  the  varied  activities  which 
during  the  period  beginning  with  the  First  Hague  Conference  have 
given  to  the  peace  movement  throughout  the  world  an  entirely  new 
character.  Dr.  White's  account  of  the  First  Hague  Conference  is  of 
unique  interest  and  value,  as  the  journal  written  day  by  day  by  the 
head  of  our  American  delegation,  performing  an  office  in  many  respects 
like  that  of  Madison's  journal  for  our  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1787. 

Our  pamphlet  series  has  been  strengthened  during  the  year  by  many 
new  issues,  all  of  which  have  successively  been  sent  to  the  Trustees. 
These  pamphlets,  which  have  been  circulated  in  editions  of  from  10,000 
to  20,000,  have  been  prepared  with  reference  to  the  international  exi- 

278258 


4  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

gencies  of  the  year  and  the  needs  of  the  various  classes  in  the  commu- 
nity among  whom  respectively  they  have  been  chiefly  circulated, — 
educational,  religious,  commercial,  agricultural,  and  other  groups. 
Several  of  these  pamphlets  were  prepared  for  special  service  in  the 
campaign  last  winter  in  behalf  of  the  arbitration  treaties  with  Great 
Britain  and  France;  and  two  of  these  were  prepared  by  our  own 
Trustees:  the  discussion  of  the  legal  aspects  of  the  treaties  by  Mr. 
Pillsbury  and  the  pamphlet  upon  "Arbitration  and  our  Religious 
Duty"  by  Mr.  Cummings.  I  may  here  say  that  no  pamphlet  in 
our  series  has  aroused  deeper  interest  or  wider  demand  than  the  last 
issue,  the  address  upon  "Foreign  Missions  and  World  Peace,"  by  Mr. 
Capen  of  our  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  campaign  for  the  arbitration  treaties  was  the  most  strenuous 
and,  perhaps,  the  most  important  single  effort  of  the  year  on  the  part 
of  the  Foundation  as  well  as  of  the  other  peace  forces  of  the  country. 
Besides  constant  work  for  the  treaties  through  our  pamphlet  service 
and  the  press.  Dr.  Jordan,  Dr.  Scott,  Dr.  Brown,  Mr.  Holt  and  the 
writer,  among  our  Directors,  gave  numerous  addresses  in  many  parts 
of  the  country;  and  the  services  of  Mr.  Pillsbury,  Mr.  Cummings, 
Mr.  Capen,  Professor  Dutton  and  President  Swain,  among  our  Trus- 
tees, were  hardly  less  constant.  No  man  in  Congress  served  the  cause 
more  persistently  or  more  effectively  than  Mr.  McCall,  whose  un- 
tiring service  in  our  behalf,  and  especially  his  cooperation  with  the 
writer  during  his  visits  to  Washington  in  behalf  of  the  peace  interests, 
make  him  always  one  of  the  most  valuable  members  of  our  Board 
of  Trustees.  Although  the  treaties  in  the  complete  form  submitted 
by  President  Taft  failed  to  pass  the  Senate,  they  are,  even  as  modi- 
fied, an  advance  upon  our  existing  treaties,  and  will  undoubtedly  be 
concluded  by  the  President  before  the  close  of  his  administration,  as 
the  alternative  would  be  the  renewal  of  the  existing  treaties,  which 
are  of  more  limited  scope.  Whatever  the  particular  conclusion  of  this 
matter,  the  indirect  service  of  the  long  and  earnest  campaign  was 
invaluable.  No  other  campaign  for  our  cause  was  ever  so  broadly 
conceived  or  so  well  conducted.  There  was  no  class  to  which  our 
message  was  not  carried;  there  was  hardly  any  class  whose  influen- 
tial representatives  did  not  somehow  declare  themselves  in  behalf 
of  the  broadest  possible  provisions  for  arbitration;  many  new  organ- 
izations were  established  which  will  endure;  and  vital  impulses  were 
given  in  a  thousand  places  which  will  continue  to  operate  until  treaties 
of  the  broad  scope  proposed  by  Mr.  Taft  are  ratified  between  all  the 
great  nations. 

Hardly  second  in  importance  to  the  campaign  for  the  treaties  was 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  5 

the  movement  to  secure  the  noteworthy  success  for  our  cause  which 
was  achieved  through  the  meeting  in  Boston  in  September  of  the  > 
International  Congress  of  Chambers  of  Commerce;  and  in  this  eSorH"^ 
the  Foundation  took  a  much  more  creative  and  responsible  part. 
We  have  constantly  recognized  the  fundamental  necessity  of  securing 
the  cooperation  for  our  cause  of  the  leaders  of  the  business  world  and 
especially  of  our  American  commercial  organizations;  and  many  of 
our  publications  have  been  addressed  expressly  to  this  end.  Three 
years  ago  we  saw  how  much  might  be  accomplished  if  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Chambers  of  Commerce  could  be  brought  to  the 
United  States  for  its  biennial  session  the  present  year;  and  it  was 
through  our  initiative  and  prompting  that  the  invitation  for  this 
was  presented  to  the  London  Congress  of  19 10  by  representatives  of 
our  Boston  Chamber  of  Commerce,  which  imdertook  the  provision 
for  the  Congress  in  the  United  States.  The  result  is  well  known,  as 
the  Boston  Congress  in  September  was  not  only  the  most  important 
commercial  gathering  ever  held,  but  proved  in  many  ways  the  most 
impressive  peace  demonstration  ever  seen.  For  three  years,  through 
correspondence  with  every  important  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
Board  of  Trade  in  the  country,  and  the  careful  circulation  among  them 
of  our  pamphlets  and  other  literature,  and  latterly  through  the  activ- 
ity of  the  writer  as  a  member  of  the  Program  Conamittee  of  the  Con- 
gress, we  did  ever3^hing  in  our  power  during  the  period  of  prepara- 
tion to  strengthen  the  sentiment  most  favorable  for  the  broadest 
influence  of  the  Congress  in  the  promotion  of  international  good 
understanding  and  good  will  in  the  business  world;  and  the  Founda- 
tion devoted  to  the  work  during  three  years  not  less  than  $8,000.  At 
the  Congress  itself  Mr.  Ginn,  Mr.  Capen  and  the  writer  presented 
the  special  claims  of  the  peace  movement.  The  Congress  was  by 
far  the  largest  and  most  important  which  has  been  held  by  this  great 
organization,  the  most  influential  and  representative  commercial 
organization  in  the  world.  Over  forty  foreign  countries  were  repre- 
sented by  more  than  500  delegates,  300  American  delegates  also  being 
present.  The  Congress  was  in  session  at  the  Hotel  Copley-Plaza 
during  four  days,  September  24-27;  and  the  foreign  delegates  were 
then  taken  by  special  trains  upon  a  tour  to  the  leading  commercial 
cities  of  the  country  as  far  west  as  Chicago,  concluding  their  stay  in 
America  with  a  great  meeting  in  New  York. 

The  Congress  was  a  great  peace  congress  and  a  wonderful  witness 
to  the  profoimd  and  pervasive  conviction  of  the  world's  commercial 
leaders  that  the  imperative  interests  of  trade  and  industry  to-day 
demand  decisive  action  for  the  supplanting  of  the  present  system  of 


6  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

war  and  monstrous  armaments  by  international  courts  and  the  judi- 
cial settlement  of  disputes  between  nations  as  between  men.  It 
took  no  other  action  which  aroused  such  deep  interest  or  such  great 
enthusiasm  as  its  endorsement  unanimously  of  the  effort  to  estabUsh 
the  International  Court  of  Arbitral  Justice  and  the  united  endeavor 
of  the  nations  to  prevent  the  atrocities  of  war.  The  resolution  making 
this  declaration  of  the  sentiment  of  the  Congress  was  offered  by  the 
President  of  the  Congress  himself,  M.  Canon-Legrand,  in  an  eloquent 
address.  The  resolution  was  supported  in  earnest  speeches  by  Sir 
John  E.  Bingham,  former  member  of  the  British  Parliament,  repre- 
senting the  London  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  several  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Congress,  and  the  scene  of  its  adoption  was  the  most  stir- 
ring and  impressive  scene  of  the  Congress.  At  the  great  banquet 
in  the  evening  following  this  memorable  demonstration  President 
Taft,  amidst  prolonged  and  enthusiastic  cheering,  closed  his  impres- 
sive address  with  the  following  words: — 

"I  wish  to  speak  of  the  influence  upon  the  world  by  the  coming 
of  these  delegates  and  these  chambers  of  commerce  to  meet  us  and 
our  meeting  them.  You  come  here  for  trade,  to  promote  trade;  and 
trade  is  peace.  And  if  trade  had  no  other  good  thing  connected  with 
it,  the  motive,  the  selfish  motive  in  love  of  trade  that  keeps  off  war 
in  order  that  trade  may  continue,  is  a  sufficient  thing  to  keep  up  trade 
for.  I  believe  that  we  must  have  some  escape  in  the  future  from  the 
burden  that  is  imposed  by  this  increasing  armament  of  nations.  And 
you  will  never  have  the  solution  until  you  have  furnished  some  means 
of  certainly  and  honorably  settling  every  international  controversy, 
whether  of  honor  or  vital  interest,  by  a  court  upon  which  all  nations 
may  rely.  And  if,  as  I  believe,  meetings  like  this  stimulate  the  de- 
sire and  the  determination  to  reach  some  such  result,  I  hope  they  may 
continue  year  after  year  until  the  dawn  of  permanent  peace  shall  be 
with  us." 

The  promotion  of  the  cooperation  and  friendship  of  the  great  com- 
mercial bodies  of  all  nations,  the  advancement  throughout  the  world 
of  industry  and  trade  of  honor,  integrity,  high  standards,  good  under- 
standing, and  good  will, — these  are  the  things  which  make  these  great 
international  commercial  congresses  so  beneficent  and  powerful.  It 
is  a  good  thing  for  the  captains  of  industry  and  merchants  of  the 
world  to  get  together  to  simplify  and  unify  and  make  more  intelligent 
their  usages]  about  checks  and  bills  of  lading  and  calendars  and 
systems  of  statistics;  but  far  deeper  than  these  things,  and  the  sure 
guarantee  that  all  these  will  be  rightly  and  wisely  settled  in  due  time, 
is  the  feeling  of  mutual  trust  and  common  purpose  and  reciprocal 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  7 

service  strengthened  by  such  great  gatherings  as  that  which  made 
that  September  week  memorable  in  Boston  and  throughout  the  com- 
mercial world.  Mr.  Ginn  feels,  as  does  the  writer,  and  as  all  of  us 
must  feel,  that  the  Foundation  has  rendered  no  single  service  more 
distinctive  and  far-reaching  in  its  probable  consequences  than  in  its 
initiative  of  this  Boston  Congress  and  its  long  and  generous  work  in 
preparation  for  it  and  in  helping  toward  its  signal  success;  and  from 
our  own  point  of  view  few  things  in  connection  with  it  are  more  hope- 
ful than  the  large  number  of  important  connections  which  were  es- 
tablished through  it  with  influential  leaders  in  England  and  other 
countries,  whose  cooperation  in  our  work  in  the  years  immediately 
ahead  of  us  will  be  of  peculiar  service.  I  hope  that  the  day  is  not 
distant  when  we  may  see  in  England,  with  perhaps  similar  results 
afterwards  elsewhere,  a  Foundation  essentially  like  our  own,  inde- 
pendent, yet  working  in  close  and  hearty  cooperation  with  us;  and,  if 
this  desirable  organization  is  ever  established,  I  believe  it  will  be 
largely  through  the  efforts  of  strong  English  commercial  men  who 
took  part  in  this  great  Boston  Congress. 

It  should  in  this  connection  be  repeated  that,  by  his  express  de- 
sire, the  name  of  the  founder  is  in  no  formal  or  public  way  ever 
associated  with  the  Foundation  by  the  administration.  His  strong- 
est wish  is  that  the  work  which  he  has  begun  will  so  approve  itself 
that  other  able  men  will  take  as  deep  an  interest  in  it  as  himself,  in- 
creasing its  resources  commensurately  with  its  growing  demands  and 
great  opportunities,  and  especially  ensuring  aMiated  Foundations  in 
the  other  great  countries  of  the  world. 

The  work  with  our  American  Chambers  of  Commerce,  almost  all 
of  which  are  in  sincere  sympathy  with  our  movement,  will  be  sys- 
tematically continued.  Many  of  these  bodies,  at  their  occasional 
banquets  and  other  meetings,  give  prominent  place  to  addresses  in 
behalf  of  our  cause.  Mr.  Albert  G.  Bryant,  who  comes  to  us  from 
California  early  next  year,  with  warm  commendations,  to  act  as  our 
business  agent,  to  promote  our  general  financial  interests  and  push 
the  sale  of  our  publications,  will  look  particularly  after  this  work, 
and  may  be  regarded  as  the  head  of  our  commercial  department. 

Let  me  here  say,  with  reference  to  our  International  Library  and 
other  publications,  that  the  taking  over  of  all  of  these  by  the  Founda- 
tion from  Ginn  &  Company,  who  had  heretofore  published  them  for  us, 
while  imposing  upon  us  a  great  increase  of  detail  duty,  will,  I  beUeve, 
in  the  end  be  a  distinct  advantage.  This  will  be  true,  however,  only 
if  we  push  the  sale  of  our  books  as  they  have  never  yet  been  pushed, 
with  booksellers  and  with  libraries;  and  to  do  this  will  be  one  of  Mr. 


8  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

Bryant's  special  duties.  While  our  desire  always  is  to  give  many 
books  away,  as  one  of  the  best  forms  of  propaganda,  there  is  no  reason 
why,  with  the  rapidly  growing  interest  in  the  peace  movement,  every 
new  issue  in  our  International  Library  should  not,  with  proper  busi- 
ness enterprise,  be  made  to  pay  for  itself. 

Attention  was  called  in  an  earlier  report  to  the  deep  interest  in 
the  peace  cause  manifested  by  the  National  Grange  and  other  or- 
ganizations of  our  American  farmers.  The  National  Grange  has 
for  several  years  had  a  special  committee  upon  the  peace  cause;  and 
the  resolutions  of  its  conventions  have  been  most  pronounced  in  our 
behalf.  I  ask  special  attention  to  our  pamphlet  on  "The  Grange 
and  Peace."  This  interest  has  been  manifested  especially  during 
the  campaign  for  the  treaties;  and  there  is  now  a  strong  desire  that 
the  peace  cause  shall  be  regularly  presented  to  the  different  Granges 
in  connection  with  their  annual  courses  of  lectures.  The  Grange  is 
in  many  of  our  farming  communities  the  place  where  the  people  meet 
most  frequently  and  most  freely  together;  and  it  offers  an  educational 
opportunity  which  has  not  been  adequately  utilized.  One  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  American  Forestry  Association,  whose  prac- 
tical services  in  the  great  movement  which  that  organization  repre- 
sents have  not  been  second  in  importance  to  those  of  any  other  Ameri- 
can, has  profoundly  at  heart  the  enlistment  of  the  Granges  in  the 
peace  cause,  especially  in  connection  with  our  Foundation,  of  which 
he  has  long  been  a  warm  and  useful  friend.  If  the  work  in  this  di- 
rection proves  as  large  and  successful  as  I  hope  it  will,  I  may  later 
suggest  to  the  Trustees  an  invitation  to  him  to  become  a  member 
of  our  Board  of  Directors.  There  is  perhaps  no  interest  in  the  world 
to-day  which  is  better  organized  internationally  than  the  agricultural 
interest.  The  International  Institute  of  Agriculture  at  Rome,  with 
experts  from  over  forty  nations  constantly  at  work  in  its  bureau  in 
standardizing  and  making  uniform  the  crop  reports  of  the  world, 
with  the  issue  of  monthly  bulletins  in  several  languages  sent  to  all 
countries,  is  rendering  an  incalculable  service.  The  fact  of  its 
conception  and  founding  by  an  American  citizen,  David  Lubin,  is 
something  of  which  Americans  may  well  be  proud;  and  President 
Taft  has  just  emphasized  by  his  broad  and  earnest  message  the  neces- 
sity of  our  farmers  learning  from  other  nations  of  the  rural  credit 
system,  whose  operations,  especially  in  Germany  and  France,  are 
so  beneficent.  The  central  aim  in  the  founding  of  the  International 
Institute  of  Agriculture  was  to  bring  the  farmers  of  the  world  into 
closer,  more  intelligent,  and  more  efficient  cooperation;  and  the  In- 
stitute in  its  activity,  as  was  conspicuously  true  of  its  original  motive, 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  9 

is  a  great  peace  agency.  So  important  is  this  broad  interest  that 
the  wise  establishment,  as  soon  as  it  can  be  well  done,  of  an  agricul- 
tural department  of  the  Foundation  is  something  to  be  carefully  worked 
for;  and  in  this  I  hope  for  much  help  from  the  best  men  in  the  field. 

No  less  important  is  the  establishment,  as  soon  as  it  can  be  de- 
liberately and  well  done,  of  a  department  devoting  itself  systemati- 
cally to  enlisting  and  utilizing  the  interest  of  our  workingmen.  The 
workingmen  of  the  world  are  in  essential  sympathy  with  the  peace 
movement.  Where  they  are  not  in  sympathy  with  it,  it  is  usually 
not  their  fault.  The  great  Social  Democratic  parties  of  Germany 
and  other  European  countries,  made  up  almost  entirely  of  working- 
men,  are  everywhere  anti-military  parties,  so  earnest  and  active  for 
peace  that  more  than  once  in  recent  times  their  demonstrations  in 
critical  exigencies  have  had  a  clear  and  perhaps  determining  in- 
fluence on  governments;  and  the  workingmen's  organizations  of  this 
country  have  declared  themselves  repeatedly  and  emphatically  for 
the  peace  and  arbitration  cause.  These  men  are  voters.  They  will 
largely  determine  the  issues  of  our  politics  at  home  and  abroad.  We 
are  at  last  securing  their  proper  participation  in  our  peace  congresses; 
and  a  broad  and  systematic  work  of  education  in  this  field  is  one  of 
the  cardinal  necessities  of  our  movement.  With  individual  leaders 
in  the  labor  organizations  I  have  long  been  in  close  touch,  constantly 
placing  our  literature  in  their  hands. 

The  National  Federation  of  Women^s  Clubs,  including  a  million 
women,  which  two  years  ago  at  its  Cincinnati  convention  first  gave 
our  cause  a  place  upon  its  program,  has  the  present  year,  at  its  con- 
vention in  San  Francisco,  committed  itself  definitely  to  work  for  our 
movement,  creating  a  special  committee  to  promote  its  interests, 
prepare  programs  for  the  clubs  throughout  the  country,  and  carry 
on  in  its  great  membership  a  systematic  work  of  peace  education. 
This  gives  new  importance  and  new  opportimities  for  our  own  depart- 
ment of  women's  organizations,  which,  imder  the  able  and  earnest 
management  of  Mrs.  Duryea,  has  during  the  present  year  greatly 
increased  its  activity  and  its  usefulness.  Mrs.  Duryea's  report  of 
her  year's  work  will  be  separately  submitted.  Through  the  additions 
made  by  the  late  national  election,  in  nine  of  our  states  women  now 
have  full  suffrage;  and  this  new  political  status  gives  new  importance 
and  urgency  to  work  in  this  great  field. 

No  other  influence  in  behalf  of  our  cause  among  the  women's  or- 
ganizations of  the  country  has  during  the  year  been  more  inspiring 
than  that  of  the  Baroness  von  Suttner,  who  came  here  from  Austria 
in  Jime  and  will  return  next  month  after  a  six  months'  campaign. 


lO  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

in  which  she  has  delivered  nearly  150  addresses  throughout  the  country 
from  Boston  to  San  Francisco.  Her  first  address  indeed  was  at  the 
great  convention  of  the  National  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  at 
San  Francisco,  immediately  after  which  she  spoke  at  the  convention 
of  the  National  Education  Association  at  Chicago.  In  the  preceding 
two  years  we  had  had  visits  from  Baron  d'Estoumelles  de  Constant 
and  Count  Apponyi,  both  of  whom  rendered  our  cause  most  signi- 
ficant service;  but  the  longer  campaign  of  the  Baroness  von  Suttner 
has  perhaps  been  even  more  fruitful.  She  came  upon  the  invitation 
of  an  earnest  group  of  women  in  the  Chicago  Woman's  Club,  who 
worked  indefatigably  for  the  success  of  her  campaign  during  its 
whole  period.  They  asked  our  cooperation  at  the  start,  and  it  was 
warmly  given.  The  Foundation  met  the  expenses  of  the  Baroness 
and  her  companion  from  Austria  to  New  York  ($500),  and  has  con- 
tributed otherwise  to  her  campaign.  The  American  Association  for 
International  Conciliation  contributed  $1,000.  The  Baroness's  New 
England  engagements  were  entirely  arranged  at  our  Boston  head- 
quarters; and  throughout  her  stay  we  have  cooperated  in  every  way 
in  our  power  to  ensure  for  her  work  the  fullest  measure  of  success. 

The  work  of  Miss  Anna  B.  Eckstein  in  the  circulation  of  her  World 
Petition  in  behalf  of  International  Arbitration,  which  petition  is  to 
be  presented  to  the  Third  Hague  Conference,  has  been  carried  on  un- 
tiringly throughout  the  year  with  the  same  zeal  which  Miss  Eckstein 
had  shown  in  the  previous  two  years.  She  has  spent  the  whole  year 
in  Europe,  and  has  added  millions  of  signatures  to  her  great  petition. 
This  work,  which  is  sustained  by  the  Foundation,  was  earnestly  sup- 
ported by  Mr.  Ginn,  and  is  carried  on  by  the  Foundation  in  fulfilment 
of  his  engagement  with  Miss  Eckstein,  because  he  felt  that,  aside  from 
whatever  direct  influence  the  petition  might  have  with  the  coming 
Hague  Conference  in  the  advancement  of  its  immediate  end,  the  agi- 
tation for  it  would  have  a  pervasive  indirect  influence  as  a  means  of 
popular  education,  accompanied  as  it  has  been  by  innumerable  en- 
thusiastic meetings,  and  focusing  the  minds  of  the  millions  of  signers, 
for  the  moment  at  least,  upon  the  peace  and  arbitration  effort,  in  so 
many  cases  also  prompting  them  to  definite  reading  and  study  con- 
cerning the  cause.  Miss  Eckstein's  report  of  her  year's  work  will  be 
submitted  to  the  Trustees. 

The  work  of  Dr.  Jordan,  Dr.  Macdonald,  and  Mr.  Nasmyth  during 
the  year  is  so  fully  covered  by  their  special  reports  presented  herewith 
that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  add  anything  to  what  they  say. 

Dr.  Jordan  has  probably  given  a  hundred  important  addresses 
during  the  year,  before  bodies  of  every  character.    His  work  through 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  II 

the  press  has  been  constant  and  often  of  peculiar  timeliness  and  value; 
and  the  results  of  his  summer  investigations  in  the  South  are  sure  to 
furnish  a  significant  additional  chapter  to  his  impressive  work  upon 
*'The  Blood  of  the  Nation."  The  Foundation  is  fortunate  that  it 
seems  possible  for  him  to  devote  the  entire  last  half  of  the  coming 
year  to  work  in  Europe  and  Asia,  whence  many  invitations  have  come 
for  him  to  speak.  I  wish  to  express  particularly  my  sense  of  the  value 
of  the  Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  International  Conciliation,  given  at 
Stanford  University  by  President  Jordan  and  Professor  Krehbiel, 
which  Syllabus  has  just  been  issued  in  a  volume  of  i8o  pages  by  our 
Foundation.  Nothing  of  the  sort  so  thorough  or  so  useful  as  this 
Syllabus  has  ever  before  been  prepared.  It  covers  with  remarkable 
grasp  and  suggestiveness  every  aspect  of  our  movement;  and  the 
Foundation  will  endeavor  to  secure  its  introduction  into  every  uni- 
versity in  the  country  as  well  as  into  other  countries.  Happily  atten- 
tion to  our  cause  in  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  is  spreading 
and  deepening  as  never  before;  and  this  timely  outline  of  study  will 
meet  the  needs  not  only  of  university  professors,  but  of  lecturers  and 
teachers  everywhere. 

Dr.  Macdonald  is  one  of  the  most  stirring  speakers  upon  the  Ameri- 
can platform.  His  address  at  Carnegie  Hall  in  New  York  upon 
*' William  T.  Stead  and  his  Peace  Message,"  given  on  the  Sunday 
evening  following  the  sinking  of  the  TitaniCy  on  which  Mr.  Stead  was 
coming  to  New  York  to  speak  at  this  very  meeting  upon  the  world's 
peace,  which  address  has  been  published  in  our  pamphlet  series  and 
sent  to  the  Trustees,  is  an  illustration  of  the  eloquence,  pregnancy 
and  force  with  which  he  is  speaking  before  great  assemblies  all  over 
the  United  States  and  Canada  throughout  the  year.  His  position  as 
editor  of  the  Toronto  Globe^  the  leading  paper  in  Canada  and  preem- 
inent in  the  service  of  international  progress,  gives  him  peculiarly 
auspicious  ground  for  influence  with  the  press;  and  he  is  no  less  in- 
fluential with  the  religious  world,  being  more  constantly  in  demand 
for  the  great  conventions  of  the  churches  than  almost  any  other  man 
among  us.  Important  as  Dr.  Macdonald's  journalistic  services  are, 
it  is  undoubtedly  on  the  platform  that  he  most  helps  our  cause;  and 
it  is  to  his  platform  services  that  his  accompanying  report  chiefly 
relates. 

With  respect  to  the  regular  presentation  of  our  cause  through  the 
press  of  America  and  Europe,  we  count  ourselves  singularly  fortunate 
in  being  able  to  expect  to  have  with  us  from  next  summer  on  Mr. 
Norman  Angell  Lane,  whose  newspaper  work  in  London  and  Paris 
in  recent  years  has  been  no  less  valuable  for  our  cause  than  the  service 


12         ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

rendered  by  his  noteworthy  book,  "The  Great  Illusion."  Mr.  Lane 
lived  for  many  years  in  the  United  States,  being  here  at  the  time  that 
he  prepared  his  first  important  book, "  Patriotism  under  Three  Flags"; 
and  it  is  hoped  that  his  experimental  year  with  us  will  result  in  a 
permanent  engagement. 

Mr.  Myers's  service  in  our  publicity  department  during  the  last 
year,  which  is  summarized  in  the  brief  report  which  he  submits,  has 
been  marked  by  the  same  intelligence,  devotion,  talent  for  research, 
and  indefatigable  industry  which  I  have  before  had  occasion  to  praise. 
The  pamphlets  in  our  series  prepared  by  him,  as  well  as  the  various 
bulletins  of  information  which  from  time  to  time  we  are  sending  out, 
attest  the  quality  of  his  work. 

The  extent  of  our  publicity  work  altogether  during  the  year  is  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that,  besides  circulating  200,000  copies  of  our  various 
pamphlets,  we  have  circulated  also  200,000  copies  of  various  broad- 
sides and  leaflets,  many  of  them  of  course  in  editorial  ofiices.  Our 
publicity  work  is  directed  not  only  to  the  United  States  and  Europe, 
but  ever  increasingly  to  South  America,  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
China  and  Japan. 

Mr.  Arthur  W.  Allen,  the  treasurer  of  the  Foundation  and  the 
faithful  manager  of  its  business  affairs,  supplements  his  business  ser- 
vices by  constant  contributions  to  the  statistical  information  required 
by  the  Foundation;  and  no  exhibit  of  the  cost  of  war  and  the  prepara- 
tions for  war  has  ever  been  made  in  brief  more  striking  or  more  useful 
than  that  in  Mr.  Allen's  pamphlet  upon  "The  Drain  of  Armaments." 
I  wish  here  to  pay  tribute  to  the  young  women  associated  with  the 
work  of  the  bureau.  Miss  Fraser,  Miss  MacDonald,  and  Miss  Cord, 
whose  interest  in  the  cause  and  faithfulness  in  their  duties  contribute 
so  largely  to  the  efficiency  of  the  work. 

In  my  pamphlet  upon  "The  Present  Activities  of  the  World  Peace 
Foundation,"  issued  soon  after  our  last  annual  meeting,  I  outlined 
the  remarkably  hopeful  and  inspiring  services  of  Mr.  George  W. 
Nasmyth  in  the  German  universities.  His  survey  of  his  present 
year's  work,  which  is  submitted  herewith,  shows  what  he  has  accom- 
pUshed  during  the  year.  It  is  a  noteworthy  work,  and  in  a  field  which 
seems  to  me  more  fruitful  and  promising  than  almost  any  other. 
The  International  Students*  Clubs,  which  Mr.  Nasmyth  organized 
last  year  in  Berlin  and  Leipsic,  have  been  reinforced  this  year  by 
similar  clubs  in  Munich  and  (jottingen,  with  others  already  in  sight 
at  Heidelberg,  Marburg  and  Bonn;  and  the  work  in  the  British 
universities  and  in  southeastern  Europe  is  outlined  in  Mr.  Nasmyth's 
report.    The  relations  which  he  has  succeeded  in  establishing  with 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  13 

Student  bodies  in  the  Balkan  States  will  prove  especially  valuable 
with  regard  to  the  closer  general  relations  which  it  is  incumbent  upon 
international  workers  to  establish  with  those  nations  as  they  now 
enter  upon  a  period  of  such  vastly  greater  influence.  I  have  urged 
the  directors  of  the  important  annual  conferences  at  Clark  University 
upon  inter-racial  fraternity — with  which  conferences  the  Foundation 
has  earnestly  cooperated,  recognizing  them  as  an  integral  and  cardinal 
factor  in  the  work  for  international  good  understanding  and  peace 
— to  devote  their  conference  next  autumn  to  the  peoples  of  the  Balkan 
States.  The  revolutionary  movements  in  the  Balkans  and  in  China 
during  the  present  year  enforce  anew  the  peculiar  importance  of 
attention  on  our  part  to  the  student  world,  and  emphasize  especially 
the  exceptional  opportunity  and  power  of  this  country  for  inter- 
national progress.  The  young  statesmen  who  first  organized  self- 
government  in  Bulgaria  just  a  generation  ago  were  educated  at 
Robert  College  in  Constantinople,  like  so  many  others  of  the  young 
men  who  are  to-day  shaping  public  opinion  and  policy  in  the  Balkan 
States.  The  revolution  in  China  has  been  a  revolution  wrought 
mainly  by  scholars,  largely  by  young  Chinese  scholars  who  have 
studied  in  American  colleges  and  universities;  and  Dr.  Sun  Yat 
Sen,  their  leader,  has  publicly  declared  his  ambition  and  purpose  to 
be  the  establishment  in  China  of  a  federal  repubHc  like  the  repubhc 
of  the  United  States.  One  of  the  most  flourishing  Cosmopolitan 
Clubs  organized  by  Mr.  Nasymth  during  his  campaign  last  spring 
in  the  Near  East  was  at  Robert  College,  which  is  indeed  itself  a  Cos- 
mopolitan Club;  and  the  influence  which  will  radiate  from  these 
multiplying  clubs  is  incalculable.  One  of  Mr.  Nasmyth's  young 
Berlin  associates.  Dr.  Hans  Vogel,  a  student  in  the  imiversity  and  an 
oflBicer  in  the  Berlin  International  Club,  is  about  to  visit  all  the  uni- 
versities in  Spain  and  Portugal  to  prompt  the  estabUshment  there  of 
Cosmopolitan  Clubs  and  secure  delegations ,  for  the  International 
Students'  Congress  at  Cornell  University  in  September.  The  Cos- 
mopoHtan  Club  movement  in  the  United  States  itself  has,  during  the 
year,  grown  steadily  in  strength.  We  had  hoped  that  the  general' 
secretary,  Mr.  Louis  P.  Lochner,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
would  this  year  enter  regularly  the  service  of  the  Foundation  for  the 
student  work,  to  which  during  the  past  two  years,  through  provision 
by  the  Foundation,  he  had  devoted  half  of  his  time.  His  duties 
at  the  university  have  made  this  for  the  present  impossible;  but  m 
connection  with  those  duties  he  still  acts  as  secretary  of  the  American 
Association  of  CosmopoUtan  Clubs  and  editor  of  its  magazine;  and 
he  is  secretary  this  year  of  the  International  Association,  as  Mr. 


14  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

Nasmyth  is  its  president,  it  being  a  provision  of  the  international 
organization  that  its  executive  officers  for  the  year  shall  belong  to  the 
country  where  that  year's  Congress  is  to  meet.*  There  are  not  in 
the  whole  student  world  two  other  young  scholars  who,  to  my  think- 
ing, are  accomplishing  so  much  for  the  cause  of  international  peace 
and  progress  as  Mr.  Nasmyth  and  Mr.  Lochner;  and  I  trust  that 
ultimately  we  may  be  able  to  secure  their  devotion  exclusively  to  the 
work  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation.  I  have  no  right  to  ask  our 
Trustees  to  read  too  much;  but  if  any  of  them  should  desire  to  see, 
in  addition  to  Mr.  Nasmyth's  general  survey  of  his  service  during  the 
year,  herewith  submitted,  his  inspiring  letters  dealing  particularly 
with  his  work  in  Germany,  England  and  the  Near  East,  copies  of 
either  or  all  of  these  special  reports  will  be  gladly  furnished. 

The  chief  need  of  the  Foundation  at  the  present  moment  is  a 
strong  man  to  take  charge  of  the  details  of  our  general  work  in  the 
colleges  and  universities,  the  proper  organization  of  which,  peculiarly 
imperative  and  peculiarly  incumbent  upon  us,  we  have  too  long  neg- 
lected; and  I  think  that  this  need  may  in  the  near  future  be  satis- 
factorily met. 

Dr.  Jordan,  Dr.  Macdonald  and  myself  are  the  only  regularly  paid 
Directors  of  the  Foundation.  Mr.  Holt  serves  as  one  of  our  paid 
lecturers,  having  during  the  year  given  ten  lectures  for  us  in  colleges 
and  universities.  This,  however,  is  but  a  slight  part  of  his  invaluable 
service  for  our  cause.  No  speaker  in  the  peace  movement  is  in  more 
constant  demand,  and  he  has  given  scores  of  addresses  during  the  year, 
under  various  auspices;  while  the  Independent^  which  has  now  come 
entirely  into  his  hands,  has  long  been  the  best  weekly  organ  of  our 
cause  in  the  country.  Dr.  Brown,  in  his  position  as  dean  of  the  Yale 
Divinity  School,  is  a  most  influential  force  in  our  American  religious 
education,  reaching  hundreds  of  young  men  all  over  the  country 
preparing  for  the  ministry;  and  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  no  man 
in  our  pulpit — and  he  is  preaching  every  Sunday  in  New  York  or 
elsewhere — keeps  our  commanding  cause  more  forcibly  or  more  con- 
stantly at  the  front.  Dr.  Scott's  regular  activity  is,  of  course,  through 
the  great  Carnegie  Peace  Endowment,  of  which  he  is  the  secretary; 
but  he  keeps  in  close  and  helpful  touch  with  the  Foundation,  and  at 
this  moment  he  is  preparing  for  publication  by  us  an  English  trans- 
lation of  the  chapter  from  Prof.  Otto  Seeck's  impressive  history 

*  If  any  of  our  Trustees  or  any  influential  friends  of  our  cause  could  secure  a  contribution  of 
$5, coo  to  place  in  our  hands  to  promote  the  larger  success  of  this  coming  International  Students' 
Congress,  thus  facilitating  the  coming  of  representatives  of  various  student  bodies  in  European 
and  other  countries,  who  could  not  otherwise  be  present,  it  would  do  more  for  our  interest  than 
almost  any  other  equal  expenditure. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  15 

of  "The  Downfall  of  the  Ancient  World,"  to  which  Dr.  Jordan  makes 
such  a  strong  appeal  for  confirmation  of  the  central  thesis  of  his 
"Blood  of  the  Nation."  Mr.  Mott  is  untiringly  devoted  to  his  great 
work  of  inspiring  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  of  the 
worid  to  constructive  international  service,  working  at  this  moment 
in  Europe.  The  Worid's  Student  Christian  Federation,  of  which  he 
is  the  leading  spirit,  holds  its  next  year's  convention  at  Mohonk. 

The  various  peace  conventions  of  1913  will  altogether  be  of  excep- 
tional importance,  and  I  bespeak  for  them  your  earnest  interest.  The 
International  Peace  Congress  will  meet  at  The  Hague,  which  will 
be  throughout  the  summer  the  central  point  of  interest  for  our  cause 
by  reason  of  the  dedication  of  the  completed  Temple  of  Peace.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  our  American  delegation  at  the  International  Con- 
gress may  be  large  and  representative.  In  no  other  country  in  the 
world  has  the  organized  peace  movement  made  such  strides  in  the 
last  five  years  as  in  our  own;  yet  our  representation  in  the  annual 
International  Peace  Congresses  has  been  in  no  way  commensurate 
with  our  activities,  our  importance,  our  responsibiUties,  or  the  expec- 
tations of  our  European  associates.  If  any  of  our  Trustees,  or  any 
friends  of  the  peace  cause  in  their  respective  circles,  are  to  be  in  Europe 
the  coming  summer,  we  should  be  glad  at  the  headquarters  of  the 
Foundation  to  confer  with  them  with  reference  to  the  possibihty  of 
their  attendance  at  the  International  Peace  Congress  at  The  Hague. 

We  must  none  of  us  forget  that  the  Third  Hague  Conference  itself 
is  approaching,  will  undoubtedly  be  called  for  the  summer  of  191 5. 
In  that  case  the  committee  for  the  preparation  of  the  program  will 
be  created  by  the  various  governments  next  year;  and  it  is  the  strong 
effort  of  the  friends  of  our  cause  here  to  create  vital  interest  and  a 
right  public  opinion  which  will  alone  ensure  for  the  United  States  the 
position  of  influential  leadership  in  the  Conference  and  in  the  prepa- 
rations for  it  which  it  is  her  duty  to  take. 

My  own  duties  during  the  year  have  been  chiefly  those  of  the  gen- 
eral administration  and  editorship;  but  I  have  written  constantly 
for  the  press  in  behalf  of  our  cause  and  given  more  than  fifty  ad- 
dresses before  conventions,  schools,  colleges,  churches  and  gatherings 
of  every  character. 

Our  work  for  the  public  schools  has  been  carried  on  this  year  as 
heretofore  through  the  American  School  Peace  League,  to  which  this 
year  we  have  contributed  $2,500.  The  League  raises  about  three 
times  that  amount  otherwise,  but  our  cooperation  secures  the  League's 
afl&hation  with  us  and  the  best  instrumentaUty  at  present  available  for 
our  influence  in  the  schools,  which  furnish  a  field  second  surely  to  no 


l6  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

other  in  importance.  The  work  of  the  League  has  been  broadly  ex- 
tended during  the  year,  now  reaching  not  only  thirty-seven  states  in 
the  Union,  with  branches  well  organized  by  the  leading  educators  in 
those  states,  but  awakening  much  interest  in  Europe,  where  Mrs.  Fan- 
nie Fern  Andrews,  the  efficient  secretary,  has  spent  the  entire  autumn. 
The  British  School  Peace  League  is  already  doing  admirable  work, 
under  the  presidency  of  the  Bishop  of  Hereford;  and  an  International 
Council  is  now  being  created  as  a  bond  of  union  for  the  whole  work, 
with  such  influential  European  leaders  as  Baron  d'Estoumelles,  Count 
Apponyi  and  the  Baroness  von  Suttner  active  in  its  interest.  Copies 
of  the  last  annual  report  of  the  School  Peace  League  will  be  sent  to 
all  of  the  Trustees,  as  illustrating  the  public  school  work  in  which  we 
are  cooperating.  It  is  not  wise  to  create  new  machinery  for  any  great 
department  of  the  general  work  where  there  is  good  existing  ma- 
chinery which  can  be  utilized  and  strengthened.  A  primary  need 
in  the  whole  peace  work  is  that  of  economy  and  the  prevention  of 
dupUcation  and  waste;  and  to  this  end  the  various  agencies  should 
keep  in  close  touch  with  each  other,  recognize  clearly  the  fields  which 
each  can  best  occupy,  and  always  cordially  cooperate.  Both  Dr. 
James  H.  Van  Sickle,  the  president  of  the  League,  and  Mrs.  An- 
drews, the  secretary,  are  members  of  our  Advisory  Council.  The 
secretary  of  the  League  is  in  constant  touch  with  the  Founda- 
tion's central  bureau;  and  we  supplement  the  League's  efforts 
through  the  circulation  of  thousands  of  our  pamphlets  at  its  conven- 
tions and  other  meetings,  and  by  mail  among  teachers  and  school 
superintendents.  Dr.  Claxton,  our  present  national  Commissioner 
of  Education,  is  an  indefatigable  worker  for  the  League,  and  has 
cooperated  in  the  circulation  of  thousands  of  docmnents  in  its  interest. 
Dr.  Jordan,  who  is  the  president  of  the  California  branch  of  the  League, 
presented  its  special  claims,  as  well  as  the  general  claims  of  peace 
education,  at  the  conventions  of  the  National  Education  Association 
at  Chicago  and  of  the  American  Institute  of  Instruction  at  North 
Conway,  in  July;  and  the  writer  did  the  same  at  the  conventions  of 
the  New  Hampshire  State  Teachers'  Association  at  Manchester  and 
of  the  Rhode  Island  State  Teachers'  Association  at  Providence,  this 
autumn. 

With  the  American  Peace  Society,  the  Mohonk  Conference,  and  the 
other  peace  agencies  of  the  country  the  Foundation  also  constantly 
and  heartily  cooperates,  several  of  its  Directors  and  Trustees  being 
officially  identified  with  several  of  them.  Mr.  Ginn,  Dr.  Jordan,  Dr. 
Brown,  Dr.  Scott  and  the  writer  are  all  vice-presidents  of  the  Ameri- 
can Peace  Society,  and  Mr.  McCall,  Mr.  Capen,  and  Professor  Dutton 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  17 

are  among  its  directors.  Mr.  Capen  is  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Peace  Society,  and  the  writer  is  one  of  its  directors;  and,  with  offices 
immediately  adjoining,  the  Society  and  our  own  Foundation  are  able 
to  cooperate  in  very  much  here  in  Boston  and  New  England  to  great 
mutual  advantage.  I  gave  addresses  at  the  public  meetings  at  both 
Manchester  and  Portland  by  which  the  new  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine  Peace  Societies  were  inaugurated  in  February.  In  the  new 
quarters  which  the  Foundation  is  at  the  moment  seeking,  in  the 
necessity  of  vacating  its  present  rooms  by  reason  of  the  growing  needs 
of  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Company,  I  hope  that  accommodations  may  also 
be  found  for  the  Massachusetts  Peace  Society  and  the  American 
School  Peace  League,  thus  bringing  the  various  Boston  agencies 
together  in  one  Peace  Building.  To  all  the  Peace  Societies  in  the 
country,  and  to  many  in  other  countries,  we  are  regularly  sending 
our  books  and  pamphlets,  glad,  in  making  our  material  available  to 
them,  and  in  knowing  how  largely  they  do  avail  themselves  of  it,  to 
believe  that  we  are  serving  the  interests  of  our  sister  organizations 
at  the  same  time  that  we  are  serving  the  interests  of  our  own 
Foundation  and  our  common  cause. 

EDWIN  D.  MEAD. 

November  20,  19 12. 


Note. — ^The  pamphlet  upon  "The  Present  Activities  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation,"  issued 
early  in  191 2,  briefly  reviews  the  steps  leading  to  the  establishment  of  the  Foundation,  and  more 
fully  the  work  of  191 1 ;  and  this  pamphlet  will  be  sent  to  any  person  applying  for  it.  Complete  lists 
of  the  publications  of  the  Foundation  are  given  in  the  pages  at  the  end  of  the  present  report. 


l8  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


REPORT  OF  DR.    DAVID  STARR  JORDAN 

On  returning  from  Japan  in  October,  I  spent  the  months  of  Novem- 
ber and  December  in  the  field,  giving  lectures  on  ''The  Fight  against 
War"  and  similar  topics  at  Milwaukee  (2),  Racine,  Rockford  (2), 
Grand  Rapids,  Woodstock  (Vt.),  Worcester,  Boston,  Hingham, 
Salem,  Buffalo  (3),  Yale  University,  Smith  College,  Montclair 
(N.J.),  Swarthmore  College,  Washington,  Atlantic  City,  Manhattan 
(Kansas),  and  Denver  (2).  The  sum  of  $500  was  received  from  Mr. 
Frank  A.  Miller,  of  Riverside,  to  aid  in  this  campaign,  and  $25  from 
Dr.  Webster  Butterfield,  of  Pasadena. 

Later,  after  my  return  to  the  University,  lectures  were  given  at 
Palo  Alto,  Berkeley,  San  Francisco,  Watsonville,  Oakland,  San  Jose, 
Fresno,  Alameda,  Los  Angeles,  and  Pasadena.  In  the  second  semester 
1911-12  a  second  course  of  forty  lectures  was  given  by  Prof.  Ed- 
ward B.  Krehbiel  and  myself  on  International  Conciliation  to  about 
eighty  of  the  advanced  students  of  Stanford  University.  The  Sylla- 
bus of  this  course  of  lectures  has  been  published  by  the  World  Peace 
Foundation,  as  a  basis  for  similar  courses  of  lectures  elsewhere. 

In  the  winter  of  191 2  I  wrote  a  book  on  the  finances  of  war,  pub- 
lished in  June  by  the  American  Unitarian  Association  under  the 
title  of  ''The  Unseen  Empire."  Several  magazine  articles  and 
letters  to  newspapers  were  also  printed,  the  most  important  being 
"Concerning  Sea  Power"  in  the  Independent,  "Foreclosing  the  Mort- 
gage on  War,"  "The  Perennial  Bogey  of  War,"  and  "The  RisingCost 
of  Living,"  in  the  World's  Work,  and  the  "Relations  of  Japan  and 
the  United  States"  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly. 

In  the  summer  vacation  of  191 2  I  undertook,  with  the  assistance 
of  Dr.  Edward  B.  Krehbiel,  Dr.  Harvey  E.  Jordan  of  the  University 
of  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Laurence  L.  Hill,  an  investigation  of  the  effects 
of  the  Civil  War  on  the  people  of  the  South  fifty  years  after. 

This  investigation  is  a  very  difficult  one,  especially  on  the  most 
important  side,  the  biological.  It  also  very  much  needs  doing,  and 
a  few  years  hence  it  will  be  too  late.  Intensive  studies,  covering 
almost  the  entire  population,  were  made  of  Cobb  County  in  Georgia, 
on  the  line  of  Sherman's  march,  and  of  Rockbridge,  a  typical  county 
of  Virginia.  Studies  less  complete  were  made  in  Spottsylvania, 
Dinwiddle  and  Henrico  Counties  in  Virginia,  Wake  County  in  North 
Carolina,  Knox  County  in  Tennessee,  and  Clark  County  in  Ken- 
tucky. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


19 


It  is  evident  that  in  the  South  the  reversed  selection,  the  destruction 
of  the  strong  by  war,  cutting  off  a  large  part  of  the  best  from  parent- 
hood, has  been  a  large  factor  in  retarding  the  progress  of  the  genera- 
tions after  the  war.  While  nothing  sensational  is  developed  and 
while  no  numerical  estimates  of  general  application  are  possible,  the 
costliness  of  ''human  sacrifices"  in  political  matters  is  greatly  em- 
phasized by  these  studies,  the  results  of  which  will  be  duly  published. 

In  the  summer  vacation,  besides  this  work  in  the  South,  Pro- 
fessor Krehbiel  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  International  Concil- 
iation at  Columbia  University. 

Lectures  on  subjects  relating  to  Peace  and  War  were  given  by 
me  at : — 


Monterey. 
St.  Helena. 
Portland,  Ore.,  2. 
Seattle. 

Prescott,  Ariz.,  2. 
Indianapolis. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  2. 
North  Conway,  N.H. 
Chautauqua. 
Jamestown,  N.Y. 


Erie. 

Chicago,  3. 
Culver,  Ind. 
Raleigh. 
Knoxville,  2. 
St.  Paul. 
Minneapolis. 
Salt  Lake  City,  3. 
Pacific  Grove,  2. 
Sacramento. 


San  Jos€. 
San  Francisco. 
Topeka. 
Lawrence. 
Kansas  City. 
Albuquerque. 
Quincy,  Cal. 
Buena  Vista,  Va. 


For  the  current  year  I  shall  remain  at  the  University  with  only 
brief  absences.  I  am  planning,  however,  to  give  the  summer  of  19 13 
and  the  first  half  of  the  coming  academic  year  entirely  to  this  work. 
I  have  been  asked  to  give  lectures  in  Scotland  and  in  England,  and 
especially  to  visit  Persia,  in  the  interest  of  the  future  welfare  of 
that  country.  I  believe  that  I  can  spend  the  time  from  July,  1913, 
to  February,  1914,  to  better  advantage  in  Europe  and  Asia  than 
at  home.  The  effectiveness  of  our  propaganda  is  greatly  increased 
by  first-hand  knowledge  of  foreign  conditions. 

November  i,  191 2. 


REPORT  OF  DR.   JAMES  A.   MACDONALD 


The  past  year  has  been  for  me  in  the  work  of  the  World  Peace 
Foimdation  a  time  of  exceptional  opportunity  and  activity.  The  re- 
sults, I  feel  confident,  justify,  and  in  the  future  will  justify  still  more 
largely,  both  the  time  and  the  effort. 

My  efforts  have  been  devoted  mainly  to  awakening,  organizing  and 


20  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

directing  public  opinion  in  Canada  and  in  the  United  States  on  the 
peace  problem.  I  have  deemed  it  best  to  take  an  independent  course 
and  to  work  not  as  a  professional  peace  society  agent,  but  as  a  pub- 
licist. 

Apart  from  the  constant  opportimities  offered  through  the  Toronto 
Glohe^  I  have  been  in  close  relations  with  the  leading  journalists  and 
press  associations,  and  took  advantage  of  every  occasion  to  stimulate 
interest  in  the  international  problem.  Notwithstanding  the  reaction 
in  political  bitterness  through  the  reciprocity  campaign  and  the  deter- 
mination that  Canada  shall  take  over  from  Britain  the  maintenance 
of  naval  defense  on  the  North  Atlantic  and  the  North  Pacific,  there  is 
growing  up  in  the  press  of  Canada  an  intelligent  and  positive  opinion 
against  the  military  spirit  and  against  the  burdening  of  industry  by 
the  impositions  of  the  war  syndicates.  In  this  regard,  however,  a 
good  deal  remains  to  be  done,  as  the  subject  is  new  and  tradition  is 
against  reform. 

The  most  useful  instruments,  I  find,  are  the  chm^ches,  the  great  edu- 
cational institutions,  the  conventions  of  industrial,  commercial,  finan- 
cial, social,  and  religious  organizations,  and  other  gatherings  of  strong 
and  representative  people.  Invitations  to  address  these  important 
gatherings  are  many  times  more  numerous  than  can  be  accepted. 
During  the  past  year  I  have  had  opportunities  to  address  the  very 
largest  and  most  influential  national  and  international  conventions 
held  either  in  Canada  or  in  the  United  States.  Except  during  July 
and  August,  I  made  from  three  to  five  addresses  every  week,  but  on 
an  average  I  had  to  decline  two  hundred  invitations  per  month.  Be- 
tween October  i  and  May  i  I  declined  1,356  invitations  from  outside 
of  Toronto. 

The  range  and  character  of  these  activities  may  be  judged  from  my 
program  for  the  past  ten  days.  On  Friday  night  I  addressed  the 
Canadian  Club  of  St.  Thomas,  Ontario,  with  its  membership  com- 
posed, as  such  clubs  always  are,  of  the  most  important  men  in  the  life 
of  the  city.  Saturday  night  was  given  to  the  annual  banquet  of  the 
Canadian  Society  of  Chicago,  and  Sunday  afternoon  to  a  mass  meet- 
ing of  Chicago  Baptist  laymen.  On  Monday  night  I  addressed  700 
Detroit  laymen  at  their  annual  dinner  of  the  La3rmen's  Missionary 
Movement.  Tuesday  I  spent  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  On 
Wednesday  night  and  at  noon  on  Thursday  I  addressed  the  Fifth 
National  Convention  of  the  Brotherhood  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church  at  their  great  meetings,  1,500  strong,  in  Pittsburg,  and  on 
Thursday  night  spoke  for  an  hour  at  a  banquet  of  the  Canadian  So- 
ciety of  Pittsburg.    On  Saturday  night  I  addressed  the  Alma  Mater 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  21 

Society  of  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  Ontario,  and  again  on  Sun- 
day afternoon  spoke  to  more  than  a  thousand  students  and  professors, 
and  on  Sunday  night  to  a  crowded  congregation  in  the  largest  church 
in  the  city.  On  Monday  noon  I  was  the  speaker  at  the  Canadian  Club 
of  Montreal,  and  in  the  afternoon  addressed  the  students  of  McGill 
University.  On  each  one  of  these  occasions  the  problem  of  war  and 
peace  was  the  essence  of  my  theme,  and  in  one  way  and  another  I 
pressed  it  home  on  the  particular  organization  imder  whose  auspices 
the  meeting  was  held. 

My  discussions  of  these  themes  have  been  organized  aroimd  such 
lecture  subjects  as  " Some  International  Fundamentals,"  "Canada's 
Place  among  the  Nations,"  "Shall  it  be  War  or  Peace?"  "The  World 
Too  Small  for  War,"  "University  Men  and  the  World  Problem," 
"The  Responsibility  of  the  Church  for  Good  Will  among  the  Nations," 
"For  the  Brotherhood  of  the  World,"  "War  and  the  Human  Breed," 
"The  Christmas  Evangel  and  the  Christian  Church,"  "The  Frater- 
nity of  the  Nations,"  "Anglo-American  Fraternity." 

During  the  year  I  addressed  many  Y.  M.  C.  A.  conventions  as  far 
separated  as  Roanoke,  Va.,  and  Winnipeg,  Man.  In  connection  with 
the  Conservation  Congress  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward  Move- 
ment in  New  York  in  April,  I  spoke  with  Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan  on 
"Christianity  and  Governments" — that  address  has  been  widely 
published — and  on  "William  T.  Stead  and  his  Peace  Message."  I 
also  addressed  five  hundred  clergymen  in  New  York  and  the  Baptist 
Social  Union  of  Brooklyn.  In  May  I  attended  the  International 
Convention  of  the  Advertising  Clubs  of  America  in  Dallas,  Tex., 
and  gave  a  dozen  addresses,  all  touching  international  problems.  I 
also  gave  the  Fourth  of  July  address  at  Northfield  on  "The  Anglo- 
American  Fraternity."  On  both  sides  of  the  line  I  have  addressed 
banquets  of  Boards  of  Trade  and  of  Chambers  of  Commerce. 

The  prospects  for  the  coming  year  are  even  more  inviting.  My 
time,  as  much  of  it  as  can  possibly  be  spared  from  office  work,  is  mort- 
gaged in  advance  for  significant  occasions  at  strategic  points.  More 
and  more  the  subject  possesses  me,  and  for  its  sake  other  things  are 
sacrificed.  A  hard  fight  is  on,  but  time  and  right  and  the  currents 
of  life  are  on  the  side  of  those  who  fight  for  peace. 

November  20, 191 2. 


22  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


REPORT  OF  MR.  GEORGE  W.  NASMYTH 

Since  my  return  to  Europe  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  I  have 
concentrated  a  large  part  of  my  energy  upon  the  organization  of  the 
international  movement  among  the  students  of  the  German  uni- 
versities. In  this  I  have  been  impelled  by  the  same  reasons  which 
first  led  me  to  begin  the  work  in  Berlin.  I  beheve  Germany  to  be 
the  strategic  position  of  the  peace  problem  of  Europe,  and  I  beheve 
that  the  critical  hour  of  the  peace  movement  in  Germany  is  at  hand. 
Many  indications  point  to  the  coming  transfer  of  the  power  of  gov- 
ernment from  the  ultra-conservatives,  who  have  been  in  control 
since  1878,  into  the  hands  of  the  liberal  and  progressive  forces. 
Within  the  last  two  years  the  currents  of  international  thought, 
as  shown  by  the  increase  of  international  organizations  and  institu- 
tions in  Germany,  have  made  remarkable  progress.  If  the  force  of 
these  currents  can  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  students  in  the  Ger- 
man universities,  if  they  can  be  taught  to  understand  the  ideals  and 
the  problems  of  other  nations,  to  study  international  progress  and  to 
look  upon  the  nations  of  the  world  as  cooperating  units  of  a  larger 
whole  instead .  of  natural  enemies  or  destructive  competitors,  the 
result  of  their  later  participation  in  pubUc  life  will  be  of  deep  sig- 
nificance for  the  future  of  the  world's  peace  movement. 

Briefly  summarized,  the  results  of  the  work  in  Germany  this  year 
have  been  the  strengthening  of  the  international  clubs  which  had  been 
already  established  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic  universities,  the  founding 
of  two  new  clubs  at  Munich  and  Gottingen,  and  the  formation  of  an 
association  of  the  international  clubs  of  the  German  universities,  the 
*'Verband  der  Intemationalen  Studenten-Vereine  an  Deutschen 
Hochschulen,"  which  held  its  first  annual  congress  in  Gottingen  at  the 
end  of  last  July.  This  union  of  the  international  student  forces  of 
Germany  was  of  special  significance,  not  only  on  account  of  the 
strengthening  of  the  existing  movement  which  it  produced,  but  also 
on  account  of  the  extensive  plans  for  propaganda  to  which  it  gave  rise 
and  which  are  now  being  executed.  The  first  number  of  the  inter- 
national student  pubUcation  which  was  planned  at  this  congress 
has  been  printed  in  an  edition  of  10,000  copies  and  distributed  among 
the  students  of  the  German  universities.  Two  new  international 
clubs  are  in  process  of  formation  at  the  important  university  centers 
of  Bonn  and  Heidelberg,  and  the  definite  plans  for  the  future  exten- 
sion of  the  movement  include  not  only  the  other  universities  of  Ger- 
many, but  also  those  of  Switzerland  and  Austria. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  23 

I  wish  here  to  express  the  thanks  due  to  Professor  Muensterberg, 
of  the  Harvard  Cosmopolitan  Club,  to  whom  belongs  a  large  part  of 
the  credit  for  the  remarkable  growth  of  the  international  student 
movement  in  Germany  which  this  publication  of  the  *'Verband" 
reveals.  He  was  at  BerHn  as  exchange  professor  at  the  time  of  the 
formation  of  the  first  club,  in  February,  191 1,  and  was  of  the  greatest 
service  both  there  and  at  Leipsic. 

One  of  the  most  encouraging  aspects  of  the  movement  is  the  num- 
ber of  international  student  workers — organizers,  editors,  writers, 
and  effective  speakers — which  it  has  already  trained  up  or  called 
into  the  service  of  the  ideal  of  international  understanding,  friend- 
ship, and  progress. 

Although  the  active  membership  of  the  four  international  clubs 
does  not  exceed  500,  their  influence  extends  to  a  far  wider  and  a 
rapidly  growing  circle.  The  international  club  at  Gottingen,  for  ex- 
ample, which  is  the  smallest  of  the  four  universities,  has  an  active 
membership  of  only  95,  but  the  average  attendance  at  the  six  pubUc 
meetings  which  were  held  last  term  was  between  150  and  200.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  Munich  Club  at  which  Professor  Brentano  discussed 
"The  International  Character  of  Modern  Political  Economy"  the 
attendance  was  between  600  and  700,  and  the  lecture  by  Professor 
Quidde  in  the  same  club  on  "The  International  Organization  of  Politi- 
cal Life"  was  also  largely  attended.  Through  their  hterature,  which 
is  distributed  as  widely  as  their  financial  resources  will  permit,  as  well 
as  through  the  largely  attended  lectures  which  they  arrange,  the 
international  clubs  stimulate  a  discussion  of  international  movements 
and  an  interest  in  the  civilization  and  problems  of  foreign  countries 
and  in  international  subjects  among  a  large  proportion  of  the  German 
students. 

All  four  of  the  international  clubs  have  made  excellent  beginnings 
this  fall,  and  have  outlined  extensive  programs  for  the  work  of  the 
year.  The  next  congress  of  the  movement  will  be  held  at  Leipsic, 
May  8-10,  1913,  and  by  that  time,  from  present  indications,  the 
number  of  international  clubs,  which  increased  "from  two  to  four  last 
year,  will  again  have  doubled,  Bonn,  Heidelberg,  Zurich  and  pos- 
sibly Marburg  sending  their  delegates  to  join  forces  with  the  inter- 
national student  workers  of  Gottingen,  Munich,  Leipsic,  and  Berlin. 

During  the  vacation  of  the  German  universities  I  have  devoted 
all  the  time  which  I  could  spare  from  my  work  in  Germany  to  the 
organization  or  strengthening  of  the  international  movement  among 
the  students  of  other  lands.  With  this  object  I  have  made  at  various 
times  during  the  past  ten  months  three  visits  to  England,  one  to 


24  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

France,  two  to  Holland,  a  long  tour  to  the  universities  of  south- 
eastern Europe, — ^Austria,  Hungary,  Roumania,  Constantinople, 
Greece,  and  Italy, — ^and  a  trip  to  America  to  assist  Mr.  Lochner  and 
the  Cornell  committee  in  the  preparations  for  the  approaching  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Students. 

In  England  I  have  addressed  student  meetings  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  London  on  the  international  student  movement,  and  have 
visited  other  universities  to  confer  with  the  officers  of  various  student 
organizations  concerning  plans  for  international  activities.  At  Ox- 
ford I  assisted  in  the  reorganization  of  the  Cosmopolitan  Club,  and  at 
Cambridge  I  addressed  the  East  and  West  Society.  I  came  into  espe- 
cially close  contact  with  the  British  student  movement  which  has 
been  started  by  Norman  Angell  in  the  form  of  a  War  and  Peace  Society 
at  Cambridge  and  an  International  Polity  Club  at  Glasgow  for  the 
study  of  international  questions  along  the  lines  of  the  thesis  of  **The 
Great  Illusion.'*  It  is  probable  that  these  organizations  will  spread 
to  all  the  British  universities  within  a  few  years,  as  Mr.  Angell  is 
devoting  special  attention  to  the  student  field.  He  is  very  much 
interested  in  the  German  imiversities  also,  and  at  an  interview  which 
I  had  with  him  in  London  tentative  plans  were  worked  out  for  coop- 
eration between  the  international  student  movements  in  England 
and  Germany  which  give  promise  of  fruitful  practical  results. 

At  the  close  of  an  address  which  I  made  at  Robert  College  in  Con- 
stantinople last  April  a  Cosmopolitan  Club  of  forty  members  from 
ten  nationalities  was  formed.  This  club  showed  a  remarkable  activ- 
ity during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  and  was  in  the  direction  of  other 
strong  movements  making  for  a  cooperation  of  all  the  progressive 
forces  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  in  spite  of  racial  and  religious  differences, 
in  the  cause  of  unity,  civilization  and  humanity.  Plans  had  already 
been  made  to  spread  the  movement  to  Beirut  and  other  educational 
centers,  and  I  hope  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  development  of  this 
movement  after  peace  is  restored  upon  what,  I  hope,  will  be  a  perma- 
nent basis  in  the  Near  East.  In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  Italian  students  have  already  begun,  sincerely  and  ear- 
nestly, the  reconstruction  of  their  peace  movement  upon  a  more  secure 
and  lasting  foundation. 

My  chief  work  in  the  other  countries  I  have  mentioned  has  been 
to  interest  leading  students  in  international  organization,  to  build 
up  the  organization  of  the  International  Federation  of  Students,  or 
"Corda  Fratres"  movement,  which  is  now  the  most  important  inter- 
national student  organization  in  the  world,  with  the  exception  of  the 
World's  Student  Christian  Federation,  and  to  secure  delegates  for  the 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  25 

International  Congress  of  Students  next  year.  The  International  Fed- 
eration of  Students  includes  student  organizations  in  twelve  countries 
of  Europe  and  America,  North  and  South,  and  is  apparently  entering 
upon  a  period  of  rapid  expansion  in  its  history.  Negotiations  are  in 
progress  with  student  organizations  in  the  South  American  countries 
not  yet  in  the  movement,  in  Roumania  and  Bulgaria,  and  with  the 
recently  formed  World's  Chinese  Student  Federation,  which  has  its 
headquarters  at  Shanghai.  At  the  coming  International  Student 
Congress  which  the  *'Corda  Fratres"  movement  is  arranging  for  the 
end  of  next  August  at  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  it  is  planned  to  enlarge  this  move- 
ment to  what  will  be  in  effect  a  confederation  of  all  student  organiza- 
tions in  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  cooperation  in  encouraging  mutual 
understanding  and  international  friendship,  by  means  of  international 
congresses,  exchanges  of  visits,  correspondence,  and  the  establishment 
of  an  international  student  magazine. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  indication  of  the  growth  of  the  international 
spirit  in  the  imiversities  that  three  international  student  congresses 
will  be  held  next  summer.  The  World's  Student  Christian  Federa- 
tion will  hold  its  tenth  biennial  International  Conference  at  Lake 
Mohonk,  June  2-8.  The  International  Federation  of  Students,  or 
"  Corda  Fratres,"  as  it  is  known  from  its  device, ''  Corda  sunt  Fratres," 
will  hold  its  eighth  biennial  International  Congress  at  Ithaca,  with 
visits,  receptions,  etc.,  at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Wash- 
ington. Finally,  the  Dutch  students  are  arranging  an  International 
Reunion  of  Students,  probably  about  the  ist  of  September,  19 13,  in 
connection  with  the  International  Peace  Congress  at  The  Hague, 
to  celebrate  the  opening  of  the  Temple  of  Peace. 

Heidelberg,  November  15, 191 2. 


REPORT  OF  MR.    DENYS  P.    MYERS 

In  submitting  my  annual  report,  I  would  say  that  my  researches 
and  my  publicity  work  have  been  mainly  directed  to  gathering  and 
imparting  information  touching  the  economic  evils  of  war  and  the 
development  of  the  legal  solution  of  international  problems.  The 
peace  worker  to-day  must  base  his  efforts  upon  complete  and  accurate 
information  and  a  proper  appreciation  of  both  facts  and  results. 

The  policy  of  bringing  together  the  necessary  books  connected  with 
the  movement,  with  the  purpose  of  establishing  at  the  Foundation's 


26  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

headquarters  a  valuable  reference  library,  has  continued,  with  special 
attention  paid  to  the  preservation  of  fleeting  material.  Books  or 
pamphlets  to  the  number  of  some  250  have  been  purchased  or  made 
up  by  binding.  A  proportion  of  these  has  been  secured  for  definite 
uses  at  particular  times,  but  the  bulk  of  them  has  been  bought  be- 
cause they  were  such  books  as  were  of  permanent  value  in  our  work. 
A  conservative  poHcy  has  been  followed  in  this  regard,  and  purchases 
have  not  been  made  as  a  rule  unless  the  book  was  an  evident  neces- 
sity or  such  a  one  as  could  not  be  secured  in  the  Boston  Kbraries. 

Periodicals  relating  to  the  movement  itself  have  been  received 
during  the  year,  and  will  be  preserved  in  permanent  form.  By  pur- 
chase from  the  American  Peace  Society  we  have  secured  220  back 
numbers  of  the  Advocate  of  Peace ,  completing  the  set  for  about  ten 
years,  with  many  volumes  partially  complete.  We  are  also  fortunate 
enough  to  possess  a  practically  complete  set  of  the  early  Friend  of 
Peace.  Our  own  publications  have  been  collected  and  bound  in 
annual  record  copies  for  office  use,  and  a  title-page  permitting  the 
binding  of  them  by  libraries  and  others  has  proved  very  popular. 
Effort  has  been  made  to  complete  sets  of  the  peace  publications  of 
other  organizations,  and  a  number  of  volumes  of  these  has  been  made, 
including  pubHcations  of  the  American  Peace  Society,  the  American 
School  Peace  League,  National  Peace  Council,  The  Hague  Court, 
American  Association  for  International  Conciliation,  and  Conciliation 
International,  Lake  Mohonk  reports,  the  Berne  Bureau  publications, 
and  sets  of  all  the  peace  publications  issued  within  the  past  year. 

A  representative  list  of  newspapers,  eight  in  number,  has  been  read 
daily,  and  material  relative  to  our  work  taken  therefrom  for  filing. 
Last  year  about  25,000  clippings  were  filed:  this  year  probably  20,000 
have  been  filed.  The  bulk  of  these  is  necessarily  large,  because  their 
value  consists  in  the  completeness  of  the  set  on  a  given  subject,  and, 
while  a  single  clipping  may  be  of  very  small  value  in  itself,  it  is  fre- 
quently of  great  value  when  used  with  others  on  the  same  subject. 
The  Congressional  Record  is  being  received,  and  our  files  contain  the 
portions  of  it  relating  to  such  questions  as  the  arbitration  treaties  of 
191 1,  the  Panama  Canal,  the  Army  and  Navy  Appropriation  Bills, 
and  minor  questions  relating  to  our  work.  This  material  piles  up 
very  rapidly,  and  a  policy  is  followed  of  indexing  and  binding  the 
excerpts  on  a  particular  subject,  when  the  subject  itself  is  among 
those  in  which  we  are  permanently  interested. 

It  is  along  these  general  lines  that  information  for  the  use  of  the 
office  has  been  collected,  and  the  success  of  the  efforts  made  has  been 
very  gratifying,  in  that  office  inquiries  both  from  our  own  staff 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  2^ 

and  from  outside  inquirers  have  invariably,  been  answered  expe- 
ditiously. 

Aside  from  the  considerable  amount  of  work  done  in  connection 
with  the  International  Congress  of  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  nu- 
merous articles  and  letters  to  various  papers  during  the  year,  my  public 
work  has  consisted  of  issuing  accurate  information  of  general  interest 
or  in  reply  to  definite  inquiries.  Letters  asking  for  definite  facts  or 
general  assistance  have  averaged  two  or  three  a  week  during  the  year. 
Some  of  these  have  been  notable  in  character,  and  a  number  of  such 
letters  have  come  from  military  and  naval  men  who  desired  to  be 
accurately  informed  on  technical  points.  It  has  been  our  policy  to 
provide  the  public  with  accurate  information,  and  the  present  revised 
list  of  arbitration  treaties  and  the  bulletins  tabulating  The  Hague 
cases,  analyzing  the  convention  ratifications  and  tabulating  the  same, 
illustrate  this  type  of  work.  These  have  been  distributed  to  profes- 
sors of  political  science  for  use  in  their  classes,  and  their  appreciation 
of  this  phase  of  the  Foimdation  work  is  very  gratifying.  They  are 
also  being  sent  to  those  newspapers  with  reference  departments,  so 
that  it  is  hoped  that  our  work  along  these  lines  will  be  successful  in 
increasing  the  accuracy  of  all  of  those  having  to  do  with  such 
matters. 

During  the  year  I  have  acted  as  the  American  agent  of  the  Office 
Central,  and  I  am  preparing  an  article  advocating  the  centralization 
of  official  international  organs  for  its  publication,  La  Vie  Interna- 
tionale, During  the  year  an  extensive  study  of  the  extinction  of 
treaties  has  been  made,  the  publication  of  which  is  being  arranged. 
It  is  hoped  that  the  conclusions  of  this  study,  which  is  based  on  his- 
torical facts  and  a  study  of  technical  conditions,  will  enable  negotia- 
tors to  appreciate  the  value  of  including  in  treaties  definite  articles 
relative  to  their  periodicity. 

In  Morocco  since  1906  there  was  in  operation  an  internationalized 
control  centered  in  the  diplomatic  corps  of  Tangier.  This  international 
regime  was  the  result  of  Germany's  intervention  and  the  Algeciras 
Conference  of  1906.  Its  failure  by  reason  of  Germany's  own  action 
in  the  Agadir  incident  constitutes  one  of  the  strikingly  notable  de- 
velopments in  international  politics,  with  many  lessons  for  the  paci- 
fist. I  have  made  a  study  of  the  Moroccan  question  in  this  period, 
and  am  negotiating  its  pubhcation  as  a  book.  This  sort  of  work  is 
both  slow  and  laborious,  but  such  of  it  as  has  practical  application  to 
the  peace  problem  is  certainly  well  worth  doing. 

November  20, 191 2. 


28  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


REPORT  OF  MRS.   ANNA  S.    DURYEA 

My  work  this  year  has  consisted  as  usual  in  sending  out  literature, 
corresponding  with  those  interested  and  those  not  interested,  in  talk- 
ing with  individuals  and  lecturing  to  women's  organizations,  churches, 
high  schools,  normal  schools,  colleges,  and  college  and  university  clubs. 
All  the  work  except  the  lecturing  has  continued  through  the  entire 
year.  While  popular  lecturers,  like  Professor  Zueblin,  tell  me  they 
cannot  extend  their  lecture  season  beyond  the  ist  of  April,  I  carried 
mine  up  to  the  middle  of  June  and  did  some  lecturing  during  the  sum- 
mer. I  spoke  from  the  ist  of  October  till  June  15  on  an  average  every 
other  day,  but  my  dates  were  often  crowded  in  at  the  rate  of  one  or 
sometimes  two  a  day  for  certain  periods. 

The  organizations  which  call  upon  my  services  are  as  above  men- 
tioned, and  I  have  reached  this  year  many  which  were  inaccessible 
last  year,  the  Colonial  Dames  and  Women  Lawyers,  and  am  on  the 
way,  with  the  help  of  Bishop  Greer,  to  the  women  of  the  Episcopal 
Church. 

My  actual  lecture  work  has  been  confined  to  New  England  and  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Middle  States.  I  have  been  obliged  to  refuse  many 
Western  engagements.  I  addressed  the  Vermont  State  Federation 
at  MontpeUer,  and  while  there  received  an  invitation  from  officers  of 
the  Vermont  Peace  Society  to  address  them  this  winter  while  the  legis- 
lature was  in  session.  I  have  been  as  far  south  as  Philadelphia  in  my 
work.  I  took  a  trip  of  some  days  into  Maine,  as  far  north  as  Bangor, 
addressing  women's  clubs  and  college  clubs.  Interest  in  our  cause  is 
growing,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  clubs  which  two  years  ago  felt  that 
they  had  done  it  justice  by  having  one  lecture  in  several  years  now 
realize  it  to  be  a  subject  of  study  and  are  to  put  it  on  their  platforms 
{at  least  once  a  year,  which  interest  will  of  course  be  helped  by  the 
(recent  action  of  the  National  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs.  I  am 
tin  close  touch  with  the  chairman  of  the  Peace  and  Arbitration  Com- 
Vnittee  of  the  National  Federation,  which  now  numbers  over  a  million 
women.  I  am  frequently  asked  to  return  and  speak  this  year  to  clubs 
addressed  last  year,  and  especially  on  the  "gentlemen's  night."  I 
always  take  literature  with  me  when  I  speak,  and  often  have  to  send 
more  after  my  return.  I  never  send  it  indiscriminately,  but  to  special 
persons,  in  connection  with  letters  and  conversations,  and  accomplish 
much  in  this  way  in  creating  an  intelligent  interest  in  our  subject. 
In  ten  days  last  winter  our  girls  sent  out,  imder  my  direction,  forty- 
one  thousand  pieces  of  literature. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  29 

Because  the  Foundation  has  felt  its  interests  to  be  centered  more 
particularly  in  the  educational  field,  I  have  devoted  especial  attention 
this  year  to  high  schools,  normal  schools,  colleges,  college  clubs,  and 
teachers*  organizations,  though  this  is  a  wide  extension  of  my  province. 
I  could  devote  all  my  time  profitably  to  this  work.  A  high  school  of 
two  thousand  pupils,  where  I  spoke  four  times  last  year,  taking  the 
pupils  in  sections  of  five  hundred,  has  asked  me  for  additional  lec- 
tures this  year.  I  have  just  sent  out  to  schools  about  six  hundred 
lecture  announcements,  accompanied  by  letters  of  commendation  from 
Dr.  Snedden,  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Education,  and  Dr., 
Claxton,  the  United  States  Commissioner,  and  my  mail  is  immedi- 
ately crowded  with  answers.  I  have  now  engagements  to  speak  to 
the  women's  colleges  at  Brown  University  and  Columbia  University, 
and  have  been  invited  to  speak  at  Wells  College  in  New  York. 

I  have  sent  to  the  large  Catholic  schools  and  colleges  a  letter  and 
my  lecture  announcements,  accompanied  by  the  slips  giving  the  Pope's 
letter  and  Cardinal  Gibbons's  address  on  the  arbitration  treaties,  and 
have  just  received  my  first  invitation  to  speak  at  a  Catholic  college. 
Dr.  Dyer,  our  new  Boston  Superintendent  of  Schools,  promises  me 
his  written  endorsement  for  my  work.  This  is  valuable,  as  all  teachers 
are  not  yet  alive  to  the  commanding  interest  of  our  subject.  A  prin- 
cipal in  Philadelphia  recently  refused  our  services  because  she  consid- 
ered the  subject  inappropriate  for  school -girls, — I  am  inaugurating 
a  campaign  of  education  with  her.  I  meet  much  of  this  ignorance, 
though  I  have  many  letters  of  appreciation  and  gratitude  from  the 
most  intelligent  principals  and  teachers.  There  is  an  unlimited  field 
among  schools  and  colleges  and  teachers'  organizations,  and  all  efforts 
in  this  direction  yield  most  satisfactory  results. 

I  have  given  over  a  hundred  lectures  the  expenses  of  which  ranged 
from  nothing  to  $50;  and  these  expenses,  met  by  the  societies,  amount- 
ing to  perhaps  $700,  were  their  contribution  to  the  cause.  I  have 
just  returned  from  lectures  in  Wallingford  and  New  Haven,  Conn, 
(where  I  spoke  in  the  house  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor),  when 
I  received  enough  to  pay  all  expenses  and  the  expense  besides  of  a 
trip  to  New  York  for  the  cause,  besides  putting  $15  into  the  treasury, 
to  which  I  have  turned  in  during  the  year  something  over  $200  in 
fees.  I  have  paid  all  expenses  of  a  week  in  New  York,  several  days  in 
Maine,  and  a  trip  to  Philadelphia,  so  that  the  financial  contribution 
of  the  department  to  the  work  this  year  has  fallen  little  short  of  $1,000. 
I  mention  this  to  show  that,  while  so  much  of  the  work  is  mission- 
ary work  and  must  be  free,  the  clubs  are  already  waking  to  its  im- 
portance and  beginning  to  cooperate  financially. 


30  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

I  hear  repeatedly  on  all  sides  expressions  of  warm  appreciation  of 
the  work  the  Foundation  is  doing.  The  encouraging  expressions 
which  people  are  generous  enough  to  give  me  for  my  own  work  are 
very  gratifying,  and  bring  me  great  satisfaction  in  the  work  which 
I  am  permitted  to  do. 

November  20, 191 2. 


REPORT  OF  MISS  ANNA  B.    ECKSTEIN 

The  work  for  the  World  Petition  has  been  continued  by  me,  as 
in  previous  years,  along  three  lines:  (i)  by  lectures  in  public  meetings, 
before  societies,  colleges,  etc.,  at  all  of  which  petition  forms  were  dis- 
tributed to  co-workers,  signed,  and  collected;  (2)  by  personal  in- 
terviews with  men  of  science,  members  of  parUaments,  teachers, 
editors,  business  men,  leaders  of  social  and  rehgious  organizations, 
etc.;  (3)  by  letters  of  information  in  response  to  requests  from  in- 
dividuals and  organizations  of  different  countries,  and  by  writing 
articles  for  publication.  Some  of  these  were  published  in  The  Chris- 
tian Commonwealth,  London,  The  Woman  Teachers^  World,  London, 
and  Friedens-Warte, 

While  in  1 910  my  work  was  chiefly  concentrated  upon  Germany, 
and  in  191 1  upon  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  most  of  my  efforts  in 
191 2  were  devoted  to  France,  although  the  work  was  carried  on  in 
other  countries  as  well.  In  November,  191 1, 1  gave  addresses  in  the 
south  of  Germany,  one  at  the  large  public  meeting  at  Heilbronn  in 
connection  with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  peace  societies  of  Wurtem- 
berg.  An  invitation  to  speak  at  a  public  meeting  in  London  organ- 
ized by  the  Women's  Committee  in  Support  of  the  International  Ar- 
bitration Treaties,  and  presided  over  by  Lady  Courtney,  and  other 
engagements  took  me  to  London  in  December,  191 1.  (Among  other 
accounts  see  that  in  the  Westminster  Gazette ,  December  22,  191 1.) 

In  January  and  part  of  February  I  lectured  in  Germany,  Holland 
and  Belgium.  The  principal  cities  were  Konigsberg,  the  city  of 
Immanuel  Kant,  Nuremberg,  Amsterdam,  The  Hague,  Rotterdam, 
Antwerp,  and  Brussels.  In  some  places  several  public  meetings  were 
arranged,  often  briUiant  gatherings  socially  and  intellectually,  with 
instructive  debates;  also  drawing-room  meetings,  as  at  the  homes  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  C.  Bekker  van  Bosse  in  Scheveningen  and  Baron  and 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  31 

Baroness  de  Laveleye  in  Brussels.  Interesting  is  the  fact  that  a 
number  of  these  meetings  were  arranged  by  organizations  other  than 
peace  societies:  in  Nuremberg  it  was  a  commercial  organization. 
One  of  the  Amsterdam  meetings  was  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the 
Dutch  Peace  Society  and  the  Society  of  Liberal  Christianity;  another, 
under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  Dutch  Society  of  Rectors  of  Schools 
and  of  two  Teachers*  Associations.  At  one  of  the  Brussels  meetings 
I  had  again  the  pleasure,  as  in  the  previous  year,  of  sharing  the  time 
of  the  programme  with  Senator  Henri  LaFontaine,  the  president  of 
the  International  Peace  Bureau.  At  The  Hague  some  prominent 
members  of  parliament  signed  the  petition  in  the  Peace  Palace  built 
by  Mr.  Carnegie,  a  visit  to  it  having  been  granted  as  an  exceptional 
favor  to  the  organization  committee  of  the  fine  Hague  meeting  and 
to  myself;  and  arrangements  were  made  that  those  who  are  engaged 
in  building  the  Peace  Palace  shall  be  asked  to  sign  the  petition. 
Excellency  Asser,  one  of  the  delegates  of  the  Dutch  Government  at 
the  two  Hague  Peace  Conferences,  gave  me  valuable  information. 

From  the  latter  part  of  February  to  the  middle  of  June  I  worked  in 
France.  My  campaign  there  was  under  the  auspices  of  the  French 
Peace  Societies,  the  "Association  de  la  Paix  par  le  Droit,"  whose 
president  is  Professor  Ruyssen,  and  the  "Societe  Fran^iaise  pour 
I'Arbitrage  entre  Nations,"  whose  president  is  Prof.  Charles  Richet. 
These  societies  were  aided  by  "La  Societe  de  I'fiducation  Pacifiste," 
by  many  teachers'  societies  and  other  organizations.  Baron  d'Es- 
toumelles  de  Constant,  president  of  the  European  branch  of  the  Car- 
negie Endowment,  kindly  placed  the  Paris  office  at  my  disposal  for 
headquarters  of  my  campaign  in  France.  Much  of  my  time  was 
spent  in  Paris.  (See  La  Paix  par  le  Droit,  March  10,  191 2,  article  by 
Dr.  J.  Prudhommeaux,  general  secretary  of  the  European  branch  of 
the  Carnegie  Endowment.)  Other  French  cities  where  I  gave  lect- 
ures are  Guise,  Clermont,  Ferrand,  Lyons,  Nimes,  Montauban, 
Nantes,  Parthenay,  La  Rochelle,  Beauvais,  Rouen,  Bourges,  Bor- 
deaux, Limoges,  etc.  The  local  organization  committees  and  the 
chairmen  of  the  meetings  were  everywhere  representative  men  and 
women;  and  the  audiences,  composed  of  various  elements  of  society, 
were  almost  always  inspiring.  It  was  especially  pleasant  that  the 
first  public  meeting  of  my  French  campaign  outside  of  Paris  was 
arranged  under  the  auspices  of  the  Peace  Society  of  the  Familistere 
at  Guise.  The  FamiHstere  of  Guise  being — thanks  to  the  wisdom  and 
generosity  of  the  noble  millionaire,  J.  B.  Andre  Godin — a  model  of 
perfect  adjustment  of  the  interests  of  capital  and  labor,  it  represents 
the  complete  and  happy  reaUzation  of  a  lofty  ideal.    The  mayor  of 


32  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

Guise  presided,  Dr.  J.  Prudhommeaux  also  addressed  the  meeting, 
and  many  new  coworkers  joined  our  ranks. 

One  of  the  very  brilliant  French  meetings  was  that  at  Lyons.  The 
large  and  beautiful  hall  of  the  Palais  de  la  Bourse  was  so  crowded  that 
many  gentlemen  and  ladies  were  obUged  to  stand  throughout  the 
whole  evening.  Mr.  Vanderpol,  the  founder  of  the  Catholic  Peace 
League,  presided.  In  several  other  cases,  leaders  of  the  peace  move- 
ment added  to  the  success  of  the  meetings  by  eloquent  addresses. 
Professor  Ruyssen,  of  the  University  of  Bordeaux,  delivered  lectures 
jointly  with  me  at  Pau,  Angouleme,  and  Bordeaux.  In  Clermont,  at 
the  University  Hall,  Professor  Desdevises  du  Dezert  presided;  and 
in  Paris,  at  the  City  Hall,  Prof.  C.  Bougie,  the  sociologist  from  the 
Sorbonne,  presided.  In  Limoges,  at  the  new  Examination  Hall  of 
the  Prefecture,  M.  Crevelier,  inspecteur  de  I'academie  of  the  Dep.  La 
Haute  Vienne,  presided,  and  Professor  Allegret  and  the  American  con- 
sul, E.  L.  Belisle,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  were  members  of  the  local  organ- 
ization committee.  At  La  Rochelle,  in  the  large,  fine  Huguenot  Ora- 
toire,  the  American  consul,  Mr.  Jackson,  also  from  Massachusetts,  was 
a  delightful  chairman.  There  would  be  much  of  interest  and  encour- 
agement to  report  of  every  meeting,  especially  of  addresses  at  colleges 
and  teachers'  meetings.  Detailed  reports  of  a  number  of  the  meetings 
were  given  in  the  fortnightly  review,  La  Paix  par  le  Droits  and  in  many 
of  the  French  daily  papers.  In  spite  of  the  high  wave  of  jingoism 
that  prevailed,  the  daily  press  has  been  exceedingly  sympathetic 
throughout:  it  has  helped  the  cause  of  the  World  Petition  very  much 
by  publishing  clear  and  often  full  accounts  of  the  meetings  and 
lectures. 

At  the  end  of  the  French  campaign  there  was  a  violent  attack  made 
upon  the  World  Petition.  The  attempt  was  made  to  prevent  individ- 
uals and  societies  from  signing  the  petition,  on  the  pretext  that  it 
stood  for  a  rigid  fixation  of  the  boundaries  of  the  nations.  The  fact 
that  this  attack  came  from  two  or  three  "pacifists"  was  a  source  of 
deep  distress  to  our  great  and  lamented  Frederic  Passy,  as  well  as  to 
other  leaders  and  friends  of  the  peace  movement  in  France.  For 
the  sake  of  conciliation  I  agreed  to  a  slight  verbal  change  of  the  text 
of  the  petition  for  France,  the  sense  remaining  unaltered.  The  con- 
flict cost  a  vexatious  waste  of  time,  money,  and  strength,  so  sorely 
needed  for  positive  work.  However,  the  polemics  served  to  strengthen 
convictions  in  favor  of  the  World  Petition;  and  a  further  conse- 
quence is  the  realization  of  the  necessity  of  defining  "vital  interests" 
and  of  finding  satisfactory  means  for  their  protection.  The  hostiUties 
thus  resulted  in  education,  and  in  giving  evidence  of  what  able  and 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  33 

stanch  friends  the  World  Petition  has  in  France.  My  French  cam- 
paign has  filled  me  with  deeper  respect,  affection,  and  gratitude  than 
ever  towards  our  French  peace  friends  and  the  French  people,  and 
has  inspired  me  with  new  courage  and  a  firmer  faith  that  the  World 
Petition  will  attain  its  ends. 

From  France  I  returned  to  Germany.  Here  a  lecture  of  far-reach- 
ing importance  was  one  I  gave  in  the  University  Extension  Courses 
at  Jena,  where  I  had  spoken  previously,  in  191 1.  This  year  the 
courses  were  attended  by  746  students,  many  from  all  parts  of  Europe 
and  from  America;  and  those  familiar  with  conditions  in  Germany 
will  appreciate  what  a  hopeful  sign  it  is  that  a  peace  worker  is  ac- 
cepted among  the  lecturers  of  these  courses.  In  the  debate  which 
followed  my  lecture.  Professor  Weinel,  the  eminent  liberal  theologian, 
again  supported  the  World  Petition  with  the  full  weight  of  his  deep 
thought  and  convincing  eloquence,  as  he  had  done  on  previous  occa- 
sions; and  the  hall  was  so  crowded  that  many  people  were  unable  to 
find  place.  The  evening  was  rich  in  results,  as  was  the  whole  fort- 
night of  my  work  in  Jena. 

I  addressed  at  Magdeburg,  by  invitation,  the  large  opening  meeting 
of  the  national  conference  of  the  Monistenbund,  at  which  its  president. 
Professor  Ostwald,  of  Leipsic,  who  has  succeeded  Professor  Haeckel, 
joined  me  with  warm  and  inspiring  words  in  support  of  the  World 
Petition.  Here  at  Magdeburg  also  hundreds  of  petition  forms  found 
men  and  women  who  made  it  their  duty  to  have  them  filled  with  signa- 
tures. My  next  lecture  was  again  in  French,  at  Lausanne,  Switzer- 
land, a  pubUc  meeting  having  been  arranged  by  the  Peace  Society  of 
the  Canton  of  Vaud.  In  September  and  October  I  attended  three 
peace  congresses:  the  Universal  Peace  Congress  at  Geneva,  at  which 
I  represented  the  World  Peace  Foundation;  the  first  Congress  of  the 
Verband  fiir  intemationale  Verstandigung  (German  Association  for 
International  Conciliation)  at  Heidelberg;  and  the  annual  conference 
of  the  German  Peace  Society  at  Berlin.  At  Geneva  Rev.  Frank 
Thomas  was  among  those  who  advanced  the  cause  of  the  World  Peti- 
tion in  an  effectual  way,  the  renowned  preacher  reading  from  his 
pulpit  in  the  magnificent  Victoria  Hall  the  text  of  the  petition,  and 
urging  his  congregation  to  sign  the  forms  distributed  in  the  vestibule 
and  to  obtain  the  signatures  and  co-operarion  of  their  friends. 

The  committee  of  the  International  Peace  Bureau,  at  its  Geneva 
meeting  on  September  27,  191 2,  in  order  to  clear  up  misunderstand- 
ings concerning  the  World  Petition,  passed  a  resolution  declaring 
that  the  texts  at  present  being  circulated  in  the  different  countries 
nowise  conflict  with  the  principles  of  pacifist  doctrine,  since  all  these 


34  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

texts  recognize,  either  by  implication  or  explicitly,  that  changes 
affecting  the  independence  and  territorial  possessions  of  States  ought 
not  to  be  brought  about  by  war,  but  by  treaties  to  be  concluded  with 
the  free  consent  of  the  nations  and  peoples  concerned, — this  without 
in  any  way  excluding  arbitration  treaties.  Furthermore,  it  again 
requested  the  friends  of  peace  to  engage  without  delay  in  propaganda  in 
Javor  of  these  petitionSy  so  that  the  signatures  may  be  laid  before  the 
International  Committee  instructed  to  draw  up  the  program  of  the 
next  Peace  Conference,  as  soon  as  it  meets. 

One  of  the  fruits  of  the  Berlin  Congress  is  the  co-operation  of  the 
editor  of  the  Ethische  Rundschau,  and  his  request  for  2,000  copies  of 
the  World  Petition  for  distribution.  At  the  Heidelberg  Conference, 
which  was  inaugurated  by  Professor  Nippold,  and  attended — among 
other  prominent  personalities,  like  Baron  d'Estoumelles  de  Constant — 
by  seventeen  leading  men  in  international  law,  such  as  Professor 
Zom,  German  delegate  at  both  of  The  Hague  Peace  Conferences, 
Professor  Niemeyer  of  Kiel  University,  Professors  Schiicking,  Piloty, 
etc.,  the  acquisition  of  signatures  to  the  World  Petition  and  of  new 
co-workers  was  in  quaUty  remarkable. 

Some  time  ago  President  Taft's  and  Mr.  Knox's  approval  of  and 
pleasure  in  the  World  Petition  were  expressed  in  letters  signed  by  them 
and  sent  to  an  English  gentleman  in  reply  to  his  letter  and  a  World 
Petition  form  with  the  signatures  of  seventeen  members  of  the  British 
Parliament.  French  students  devoted  their  Easter  vacation  to  ad- 
dressing meetings  in  order  to  collect  signatures  for  the  World  Petition. 
An  Austrian  inspector  of  schools  has  collected  1,462  signatures;  a 
German  gentleman,  1,035;  an  Alsatian  lady  recently  wrote  me  that 
she  regretted  not  to  have  been  able  to  quite  complete  the  second 
thousand;  an  English  family  sent  in  4,575  signatures. 

In  spite  of  the  Morocco  crisis,  the  actual  wars,  and  a  mad  jingoism 
everywhere,  the  signs  of  active  interest  in  the  World  Petition  continue 
to  increase.  Steadily  the  World  Petition  is  making  its  way  to  the 
attention,  the  respect,  and  the  cooperation  not  only  of  the  masses, 
but  also  of  the  men  of  authority  in  science  and  politics.  All  signs 
indicate  that  the  World  Petition  is  bound  to  attain  its  ends,  and  that 
it  will  bring  honor  and  joy  to  the  World  Peace  Foundation  and  its 
noble  foxmder. 

CoBimG,  Gekmany,  Nov.  20, 19 12, 


WORLD   PEACE  FOUNDATION 

(Formerly  the  International  School  of  Peace) 
PAMPHLET  SERIES 

April,  igii 
No.  1.  Parti.      THE  RESULTS  OF  THE  TWO  HAGUE  CONFERENCES  AND 
THE  DEMANDS  UPON  THE  THIRD  CONFERENCE.  By  Edwin 
D.  Mead 
Part  II.    SIR  EDWAR1>  GREY  ON  UNION  FOR  WORLD  PEACE,   Speech 

in  House  of  Commons,  March  13,  iqri 
Part  III.  THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION.    By  Edwin  Ginn 
Part  IV.    THE  INTERNATIONAL  DUTY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND 
GREAT  BRITAIN.   By  Edwin  D.  Mead 

July,  igii 
No.  2.  Part  I.      See  No.  6,  Part  V 

Part  II.     SOME  SUPPOSED  JUST  CAUSES  OF  WAR.   By  Hon.  Jackson  H. 

Ralston 
Part  III.  SYNDICATES  FOR  WAR.   London  Correspondence  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post 

October,  igii 
No.  3.  Part  I.       WHY  THE  ARBITRATION  TREATIES  SHOULD  STAND.    Pre- 
pared by  Denys  p.  Myers 
Part  II.    WAR  NOT  INEVITABLE.   By  Hon.  John  W.  Foster 
Part  III.  PARLIAMENTARY  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  INTERPARLIA- 
MENTARY UNION.    By  Dr.  Christian  L.  Lange 
Part  IV.   CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE  FOR  ARBITRATION 
PartV.      THE  MISSION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THE  CAUSE  OF 
PEACE.   By  Hon.  David  J.  Brewer 

January,  jgi2 
No.  4.  Part  I.       CONCERNING  SEA  POWER.   By  David  Starr  Jordan 
Part  11.     HEROES  OF  PEACE.    By  Edwin  D.  Mead 

Part  III.  INTERNATIONAL    GOOD    WILL    AS    A    SUBSTITUTE    FOR 
ARMIES  AND  NAVIES.   By  William  C.  Gannett 

April,  igi2 
No.  5.  Part  I.      THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS.   By  Arthur  W.  Allen 
Part  II.    THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  JAPAN.    By  John  H.  De  Forest 
Part  III.  THE  COSMIC  ROOTS  OF  LOVE.   By  Henry  M.  Simmons 
Part  IV.    WORLD  SCOUTS.    By  Albert  Jay  Nock 

Part  V.     THE  RIGHT  AND  WRONG  OF  THE  MONROE  DOCTRINE.   By 
Charles  F.  Dole 

July,  igi2 
No.  6.  Parti.      THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION:  ITS  PRESENT  ACTIVITIES 
Part  II.    NEUTRALIZATION:    AMERICA'S  OPPORTUNITY.    By  Erving 

WiNSLOW 

Part  III.  WILLIAM  T.  STEAD  AND  HIS  PEACE  MESSAGE.   By  James  A. 
Macdonald 

Part  IV.    EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATIONS  PROMOTING  INTER- 
NATIONAL FRIENDSHIP.    By  Lucia  Ames  Mead 

PartV.      REVISED    LIST   OF   ARBITRATION    TREATIES.    Compiled    by 
Denys  P.  Myers 

October,  igi2 
No.  7.  Part  I.      HEROES  OF  THE  SEA.   By  W.  M.  Thackeray 

Part  II.    THE  FORCES  THAT  MAKE  FOR  PEACE.    By  Hon.  William  J. 
Bryan 

Part  III.  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  AND  WORLD  PEACE.   By  Samuel  B.  Capen 

Part  IV.    THE  LITERATURE  OF  THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT.   By  Edwin  D. 
Mead 

Part  V.      THE  WASTE  OF  MILITARISM.   From  the  Report  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Commission  on  the  Cost  of  Living 
Single  copies  free.    Price  «;  quantities,  ^3.00  per  hundred  copies 

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THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 

(REVISED  EDITION) 

THE  COST  OF 
PEACE  UNDER  ARMS 

BY 

ARTHUR  W.  ALLEN 


Published  Monthly  by  the 

WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 

40  MT.  VERNON  STREET,  BOSTON 

June,  1913 
Vol.  Ill,  No.  6 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  January  15,  1913,  at  the  post  office  at  Boston,  Mass., 
under  the  Act  of  August  24,  19 12 


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THE  RESULTS  OF  THE  TWO  HAGUE   CONFERENCES  AND  THE 

DEMANDS    UPON    THE    THIRD    CONFERENCE.    By  Edwin  D. 

Mead 
SIR  EDWARD   GREY  ON    UNION  FOR   WORLD   PEACE.    Speech 

in  House  of  Commons,  March  13,  1911 
THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION.    By  Edwin  Ginn 
THE  INTERNATIONAL  DUTY  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES    AND 

GREAT  BRITAIN.    By  Edwin  D.  Mead 

See  No.  6,  Part  V. 

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THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 


BY  ARTHUR  W.  ALLEN 

The  pamphlet  issued  by  the  World  Peace  Foundation  in  April 
1912,  under  the  title  of  "The  Drain  of  Armaments,"  called  attention 
by  means  of  a  series  of  tables  to  the  present  annual  cost  of  military 
and  naval  preparation  in  time  of  peace,  and  showed  by  decades  the 
phenomenal  increase  in  such  expenditures  between  1881  and  1911, 
noting  also  the  contemporaneous  growth  of  debt  and  interest  charges 
which,  though  not  always  directly  chargeable  to  military  expendi- 
tures, might  readily  have  been  lessened  had  such  expenditures 
been  smaller. 

This  issue  supplements  and  takes  the  place  of  the  former  pam- 
phlet. It  presents  (1)  the  latest  budgets  and  reports  ;  (2)  the  former 
tables  showing  increase  in  expenditure,  debt,  and  interest  from  1881 
to  1911  (thirty  years) ;  (3)  a  new  set  of  tables  comparing  the  mili- 
tary and  naval  outlay  of  1912  with  that  of  1872,  which  may  be  said 
to  mark  the  beginning  of  the  present  era  of  great  armaments,  a 
period  of  forty  years  as  compared  with  thirty  previously  considered. 

The  figures  are  mainly  from  the  Almanach  de  Gotha,  verified  by 
reference  to  the  Statesman's  Year-Book  and  Whitaker's  Almanack. 
Those  for  the  United  States  are  directly  from  the  ojfficial  reports. 

A  brief  explanation  should  be  made  with  regard  to  the  expendi- 
tures of  the  United  States  War  Department.  In  the  previous  pam- 
phlet the  reports  of  all  nations  were  accepted  at  their  face,  and  with 
the  exception  of  the  United  States  this  seems  to  have  been  essen- 
tially correct,  our  government  apparently  being  the  only  one  to 
charge  to  its  War  Department  any  expenditures  made  for  rivers 
and  harbors  or  other  purely  civil  purposes.  In  the  present  tables 
such  expenditures  have  been  deducted,  and  the  amount  charged 
against  the  army  represents  actual  military  outlay. 

As  the  intent  was  to  call  attention  to  the  combined  expenditures 
of  all  the  great  nations  and  more  particularly  to  those  of  Europe, 

3 


4  THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 

and  as  the  amount  involved  was  relatively  small  as  compared  with 
the  total,  the  effect  on  the  general  result  was  negligible,  but  for  the 
sake  of  fairness  as  well  as  accuracy  such  charges  should  be  elimi- 
nated, whatever  the  effect  on  amounts  and  percentages,  and  the 
expenditures  of  the  War  Department  therefore  now  show  a  material 
reduction  from  the  figures  previously  given. 

Yet  notwithstanding  this  deduction  of  the  amount  expended  by 
the  War  Department  for  civil  purposes,  which  for  the  year  1911-12 
amounted  to  more  than  |43,000,000,  this  country,  with  less  than 
14  per  cent  as  many  men  in  its  army  as  France,  spent  60  per  cent  as 
much  money  on  it ;  with  less  than  13  per  cent  as  many  as  Germany, 
it  spent  almost  54  per  cent  as  much;  with  less  than  7  per  cent 
as  many  as  Russia,  it  spent  about  37  per  cent  as  much.  The  trouble 
with  us  is  not  that  our  army  is  large,  but  that  we  do  not  get  what 
we  pay  for.^  The  army  cost  us  last  year  an  average  of  more  than 
|1300.00  for  every  man  in  it  as  against  less  than  $400.00  paid  by 
any  nation  in  Europe.  At  this  rate,  if  we  had  an  army  as  large  as 
General  Wood  has  suggested,  it  would  strain  even  our  resources  to 
pay  the  bill.  Applied  to  the  Italian  army  of  305,000,  which  is 
relatively  small,  this  rate  per  man  would  demand  a  total  expenditure 
of  over  $400,000,000.  Applied  to  Russia,  with  its  1,250,000  men,  it 
would  call  for  more  than  $1,600,000,000. 

Attention  is  called  to  Tables  IV  and  V.  In  Table  IV  the  total 
expenditures  shown  (except  for  the  United  States)  are  the  footings 
of  the  several  budgets.  In  Table  V  there  has  been  deducted  the  cost 
of  operating  post  offices,  telegraphs,  telephones,  and  railroads,  wher- 
ever these  are  operated  by  the  State,  in  so  far  as  this  cost  is  offset 
by  gross  receipts  for  services.  This  elimination  of  the  outgo  for  what 
are  purely  business  ventures,  for  the  most  part  profitable,  leaves 
roughly  that  portion  of  the  annual  expenditures  of  each  nation  for 
which  the  public  pays  through  taxation.  The  figures  give  rise  to 
some  interesting  percentages,  but  it  would  be  unfair  to  compare 
these  percentages,  one  with  another.  They  show  as  a  whole  that 
military  and  naval  charges  constitute  an  abnormal  proportion  of  the 

1  This  is  true  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  United  States  soldier  receives  fair  pay, 
while  the  Continental  conscript  serves  practically  without  compensation. 


THE  DRALNT  OF  ARMAMENTS  6 

combined  total,  but  it  is  improbable  that  Germany,  for  example, 
spends  for  her  army  and  navy  19  per  cent  more  of  her  total  outlay 
than  England,  or  32  per  cent  more  than  France.  Many  classes  of 
expense  met  by  the  general  governments  in  England  and  France  are 
no  doubt  paid  by  the  separate  states  of  Germany. 

The  figures  for  the  coming  fiscal  year  will  show  material  increases, 
if  the  present  plans  are  put  into  effect.  They  are  not  yet  available, 
as  to  cost,  but  it  is  estimated  that  by  October,  1914,  Germany  will 
have,  including  the  one-year  volunteers,  an  armed  force,  ready  for 
instant  action,  of  800,000  to  900,000  men.  Whether  or  not  she  is 
justified  in  constantly  forcing  the  pace  in  the  increase  of  armaments 
we  shall  not  here  discuss,  but  that  she  does  set  the  pace  is  certain,  and 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  every  other  nation  —  to  the  west  of 
Russia  and  the  Balkans,  at  least  —  would  be  glad  to  call  a  halt. 
Europe  is  in  a  curious  psychological  state;  every  nation  dreads 
war,  and  yet  all  are  straining  themselves  to  be  prepared  for  it. 
Where  will  it  end  ? 

We  make  no  comment  further  than  to  say  that  if  the  mutual  sus- 
picion and  distrust  which  prompts  the  present  huge  armaments  of 
Europe,  with  their  galling  financial  burdens,  are  justified  by  the 
facts,  civilization  is  a  thin  veneer  and  we  are  still  savages  at  heart. 
But  it  is  easier  to  believe  that  there  is  a  universal  and  unjustifiable 
panic,  and  that  if  the  great  nations  would  be  governed  by  their 
reason  instead  of  by  their  fears,  show  sincerity  themselves  and 
credit  some  degree  of  sincerity  to  others,  the  tension  would  be 
relievied.  Could  this  happy  condition  be  brought  about  the  arma- 
ment question  would  solve  itself.  Until  the  tide  turns,  no  one  can 
say  what  will  happen. 

It  is  a  moot  question  whether  or  not  the  manufacturers  of  arma- 
ment foment  mutual  international  distrust  in  order  to  stimulate 
business.  Probably  they  are  not  overscrupulous,  and  they  are 
naturally  disposed  to  encourage  a  tendency  that  is  in  their  interest, 
but  it  is  easier  to  believe  that  suspicion,  distrust  and  fear  create 
armament  plants  than  to  credit  the  reverse.  No  government  could 
readily  be  dragooned  into  buying  armament  it  did  not  already  want, 
and  in  a  country  like  Germany  it  is  quite  possible  that  action  taken 


6  THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 

to  arouse  public  sentiment,  in  order  to  obtain  increased  appropria- 
tions for  military  purposes,  is  originally  prompted  by  the  government 
itself,  whatever  its  apparent  source. 

The  following,  from  the  speech  of  the  Right  Honorable  David 
Lloyd-George,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  discussing  the  British 
budget  before  the  House  of  Commons  on  April  22,  1913,  is  of 
interest  and  value  in  this  connection.    He  says,  in  part: 

"  The  largest  increases  since  1861  have  been  in  armaments.  I 
have  pointed  out  that  1861  represented  high  water  mark  at  that 
date  of  the  cost  of  armaments.  It  was  then  £28,285,000 ;  it  is  now 
£74,544,000  — an  increase  of  £46,000,000.  It  was  then  growing 
at  the  rate  of  hundreds  of  thousands  per  year;  it  is  now  growing 
at  the  rate  of  millions  a  year.  Since  I  have  had  the  privilege  of 
occupying  my  present  office,  expenditure  on  armaments  has  grown 
by  £15,000,000,  and  I  see  no  prospect  of  this  very  menacing 
growth  coming  to  an  end  unless  there  is  some  fundamental  change 
in  the  attitude  and  policy  of  the  nations  of  the  earth. 

"  The  expenditure  on  armaments  differs  from  every  other  expen- 
diture in  two  respects.  It  is  nonproductive  and  the  increase  or 
diminution  in  armaments  is  not  dependent  upon  the  will  of  the 
individual  government  that  initiates  the  expenditure,  or  even  of 
the  House  of  Commons  that  sanctions  the  expenditure  —  it  depends 
upon  the  concerted  or  rather  competitive  will  of  a  number  of  great 
nations  of  whom  we  constitute  one  of  the  most  potent.  Armaments 
count  for  the  largest,  and  I  think  the  most  sterile,  increase  since  1861." 


THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 


THE  WORLD'S  ANNUAL  ARMAMENT  BILL 
IN  TIME  OF  PEACE 

TABLE  I 


Country 

Fiscal  Year 

Expended  for 
Army 

Expended  for 
Navy 

Total  Military 
Charge 

Great  Britain  and 

THE  Continent 

OF  Europe 

Austria-Hungary 

1913 

1 1115,381,000 

$15,176,000 

$130,557,000 

Belgium      .     .     .     . 

1912 

13,119,000 

13,119,000 

2  Bulgaria      .     . 

1912 

7,817,000 

7,817,000 

Denmark     .     . 

1912-13 

5,337,000 

3,013,000 

8,350,000 

France    .     .     . 

1912 

1177,656,000 

81,693,000 

259,349,000 

Germany     .     . 

1912-13 

201,003,000 

111,964,000 

312,967,000 

Great  Britain  . 

1911-12 

134,850,000 

216,194,000 

351,044,000 

2  Greece    .     .     . 

1912 

4,155,000 

1,699,000 

5,854,000 

Italy  .... 

1912-13 

183,284,000 

41,859,000 

125,143,000 

Netherlands     . 

1913 

13,412,000 

8,092,000 

21,504,000 

Norway  .     .     . 

1911-12 

4,063,000 

1,539,000 

5,602,000 

Portugal      .     . 

1910-11 

9,279,000 

4,317,000 

13,596,000 

Rumania     .     . 

1912-13 

14,365,000 

14,365,000 

Russia    .     .     . 

1912 

289,911,000 

81,960,000 

371,871,000 

^Servia     .     .     . 

1912 

5,699,000 

5,699,000 

Spain      .     .     . 

1912 

136,353,000 

13,546,000 

49,899,000 

Sweden  .     .     . 

1913 

14,884,000 

7,032,000 

21,916,000 

Switzerland 

i 

1912 

8,516,000 

8,516,000 

Turkey  .     .     . 

1912-13 

39,374,000 

5,614,000 

44,988,000 

Total  (Great  Britain) 

and  the  Continent) 

$1,178,458,000 

$593,698,000 

$1,772,156,000 

United  States       .     . 

1911-12 

8 1107,787,000 

$136,390,000 

$244,177,000 

Japan   

1912-13 

47,066,000 

46,510,000 

93,576,000 

British  India    .     .     . 

1911-12 

101,409,000 

101,409,000 

Mexico  and  South 

America 

Argentina   .... 

1912 

$12,232,000 

$11,856,000 

$24,088,000 

Brazil      . 

1912 

25,425,000 

14,969,000 

40,394,000 

Chile       . 

1912 

12,164,000 

11,416,000 

23,580,000 

Colombia 

1913 

' 

2,661,000 

Ecuador 

1910 

2,031,000 

Mexico   . 

1912-13 

Army  a 

ad  Navy 

10,790,000 

Peru  .     . 

1911 

not  diffe 

rentiated 

2,425,000 

Uruguay 

1910-11 

4,946,000 

Venezuela  . 

1912-13 

1,834,000 

Total     (Mexico     and 

South   America)  . 

$112,749,000 

World  Total 

•     •     . 

. 

$2,324,067,000 

..... 

^*^fXt*t-Ky\J\r  t  y\l\M\r 

1  Including  Austrian  Landwehr  and  Hungarian  Honved  (Honved  -1912),  French  Gendarmes,  Ital- 
ian Carabinieri,  Spanish  Guarda  Civil  and  Carabineros. 

*  These  expenditures  are  the  normal  peace  expenditures  only.  The  cost  of  the  Balkan  War  was 
met  by  special  appropriations. 

3  This  excludes  civil  expenditures  charged  to  War  Department  ($43,262,000).  United  States 
Treasurer's  statement  shows  a  total  of  $151,049,000. 


THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 

MILITARY  BUDGETS  ANALYZED 
Tables  II-VI 


TABLE  II 
Cost  of  Armies  and  Navies  —  Ten  Nations 


Country 


Expended  for 
Army 


Expended  for 
Navy 


Total  Military 
Charge 


Austria-Hungary 

France   .     .     .  . 

Germany    .     .  . 
Great  Britain 

Italy       .     .     .  . 

Japan     .     .     .  . 

Russia   .     .     .  . 

Spain     .     .     .  . 

Turkey  .     .     .  . 
United  States 

Totals  .  .  . 


$115,381,000 

177,656,000 

201,003,000 

134,850,000 

83,284,000 

47,066,000 

289,911,000 

36,353,000 

39,374,000 

107,787,000 


115,176,000 
81,693,000 

111,964,000 

216,194,000 
41,859,000 
46,510,000 
81,960,000 
13,546,000 
5,614,000 

136,390,000 


,557,000 

259,349,000 

312,967,000 

351,044,000 

125,143,000 

93,576,000 

371,871,000 

49,899,000 

44,988,000 

244,177,000 


11,232,665,000 


$750,906,000 


$1,983,571,000 


TABLE  III 
Total  Military  Charge  per  Unit  of  Population  —  Nine  Nations 


Country 

Estimated 
Population 

Cost  of 
Army  and  Navy 

Cost  per  Unit  of 
Population 

Austria-Hungary      .     .     . 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain      .... 

Italy 

Japan    

Russia 

Spain 

United  States      .... 

51,000,000 

39,000,000 
65,000,000 
45,000,000 
35,000,000 
52,000,000 
160,000,000 
20,000,000 
92,000,000 

$131,000,000 

259,000,000 
313,000,000 
351,000,000 
125,000,000 

94,000,000 
372,000,000 

50,000,000 
244,000,000 

$2.56 
6.64 
4.81 
7.80 
3.57 
1.81 
2.32 
2.50 
2.65 

Totals 

559,000,000 

$1,939,000,000 

$3.47 

THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 

MILITARY-  BUDGETS  ANALYZED 

(Continued) 

TABLE  IV 

Proportion  of  Total  Military  Charge  to  Total  Expenditures 
Nine  Nations 


Country 

Total 
Expenditures 

Cost  of 
Army  and  Navy 

Per  Cent 

Austria-Hungary     .     .     . 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain      .... 

Italy 

Japan     

Russia 

Spain 

United  States       .... 

$933,902,000 
868,106,000 
686,900,000 
882,853,000 
507,623,000 
286,836,000 

1,411,281,000 
217,774,000 
901,298,000 

1130,557,000 
259,349,000 
312,967,000 
351,044,000 
125,143,000 
93,576,000 
371,871,000 
49,899,000 
244,177,000 

14.0 

29.9 
45.5 
39.7 
24.6 
32.6 
26.3 
22.9 
27.1 

Totals 

$6,696,573,000 

$1,938,583,000 

28.9 

TABLE  V 

Same  as  Table  IV,  omitting  Cost  of  Post  Office,  Telegraph,  Tele- 
phone and  Railroads,  wherever  operated  by  the  State,  in  so 
far  as  offset  by  Gross  Receipts  for  Services.  (Excluding  Japan 
and  Spain.   No  Statements  for  Post  Office,  etc.,  available.) 


Coiintry 

Total 
Expenditures 

Cost  of 
Army  and  Navy 

Per  Cent 

Austria-Hungary 
France  .... 

• 

$636,707,000 
804,758,000 
487,257,000 
780,184,000 
474,251,000 

1,112,961,000 
654,554,000 

$130,557,000 
259,349,000 
312,967,000 
351,044,000 
125,143,000 
371,871,000 
244,177,000 

20.5 

32.2 

Germany    .     .     . 
Great  Britain 
Italy       .... 

• 

64.2 
45.0 
26.4 

AUO/IJ           .... 

Russia   .... 

33.4 

United  States      . 

• 

37.3 

Totals 

$4,950,672,000 

$1,795,108,000 

36.8 

10 


THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS 


MILITARY  BUDGETS  ANALYZED 

(Continued) 

TABLE  VI 
Cost  of  Armies  per  Unit  of  Fighting  Force  —  Nine  Nations 


1  Country 

Fighting  Force 

Cost  of  Army 

Cost  per  Man 

Austria-Hungar 
France      .     . 
Germany 
Great  Britain 
Italy    .     .     . 
Japan  .     .     . 
Russia      .     . 
Spain  .     .     . 
United  States 

y 

415,000 

610,000 

656,000 

262,000 

305,000 

3  225,000 

8 1,250,000 

129,000 

82,000 

$115,381,000 

177,656,000 

201,003,000 

2  98,963,000 

83,284,000 

47,066,000 

289,911,000 

36,353,000 

107,787,000 

$278 
291 
306 
378 
273 

3  209 
232 
282 

1,314 

Totals 

3,934,000 

$1,157,404,000 

$294 

1  Turkey  omitted.    No  satisfactory  estimate  of  fighting  force  obtainable. 

2  Omitting  charges  for  noneffectives  (pensioners,  etc.),  ^18,803,000 

"  "  "    special  reserves  and  territorials,    17,084,000 

8  Approximate.  Total,  g35,S87,000 


THIRTY  YEARS'  COST  OF  ARMED  PEACE 
1881-1911 

TABLE  VII 

Summary  of  Tables  VIII-XII,  showing  the  Combined  Cost  of  Armies 
and  Navies,  and  Increase  of  Interest  Charges  of  the  Five  Great 
Military  Nations  of  Europe  during  Thirty  Years 


Country 

Armies  and  Navies 

Increase  of  Interest 
Charges  Due  to 
Increased  Debt 

Total 

Austria-Hungary  .     . 

France      

Germany       .... 

Italy 

Russia 

$2,094,540,000 
6,035,640,000 
5,606,945,000 
2,445,515,000 
5,658,425,000 

$1,548,660,000 

2,272,515,000 

474,705,000 

571,405,000 

1,732,750,000 

$3,643,200,000 
8,308,155,000 
6,081,650,000 
3,016,920,000 
7,391,175,000 

Totals 

$21,841,065,000 

$6,600,035,000 

$28,441,100,000 

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INTEREST-BEARING  DEBTS  OF  THE  SOVEREIGN 

NATIONS 

TABLE  XVI 


Country 

Date 

National  Debt 

Approximate 

Annual 

Interest  Charge 

Great  Britain  and  the 

Continent  of  Europe 
^  Austria-Hungary    .     . 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Denmark 

France 

2  Germany 

Great  Britain     .     .     . 

Greece 

Italy 

Netherlands  .... 

Norway 

Portugal 

Rumania 

Russia 

Servia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland  .... 
8  Turkey 

Jan.   1,1912 
Jan.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,1912 
Apr.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,1911 
October,  1911 
Apr.  1,  1912 
Jan.   1,1912 
July  1,  1910 

1912 
Apr.  1,  1911 
Jan.  1,1911 
Apr.  1,  1912 
Jan.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,  1912 
Jan.  1,  1912 
Aug.  1,  1912 
Sept.  1,  1912 

$3,736,248,000 

720,730,000 

115,890,000 

73,031,000 

6,014,266,000 

1,148,030,000 

3,210,243,000 

160,881,000 

2,524,035,000 

464,816,000 

95,972,000 

875,064,000 

302,209,000 

4,604,945,000 

128,078,000 

1,815,691,000 

163,646,000 

23,614,000 

477,249,000 

$149,450,000 

21,217,000 

5,679,000 

2,394,000 

185,775,000 

39,562,000 

96,811,000 

6,511,000 

88,847,000 

13,067,000 

3,359,000 

30,087,000 

12,088,000 

184,198,000 

5,764,000 

72,628,000 

5,728,000 

826,000 

19,090,000 

Total  (Great  Britain  and 
the  Continent)  .     .     . 

$26,654,638,000 

$943,081,000 

United  States     .     .     . 
Japan      

July  1,  1912 
Apr.  1,  1912 

$963,777,000 
$1,271,745,000 

$22,616,000 
$57,229,000 

Mexico  and   South 
America 
Argentina      .... 

Brazil 

Chili 

Colombia 

Ecuador    

Mexico 

Peru 

Uruguay  

Venezuela      .... 

Jan.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,1912 
October,  1911 

1911 
July  1,  1910 
July  1,  1911 

1911 
Jan.  1,1912 
Jan.  1,  1912 

$527,415,000 

647,796,000 

210,220,000 

17,045,000 

20,885,000 

219,213,000 

5,844,000 

138,450,000 

36,535,000 

$26,371,000 

32,390,000 

10,511,000 

852,000 

1,044,000 

10,961,000 

321,000 

6,923,000 

1,096,000 

Total  (Mexico  and  South 
America)  .... 

$1,823,403,000 

$90,469,000 

World  Total     .... 

$30,713,563,000 

$1,113,395,000 

1  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy,  Austria  proper,  and  Hungary  proper,  combined.  Since 
1867  no  loans  have  been  contracted  by  the  Monarchy. 

«  German  Empire  only,  Prussia  alone  has  a  separate  debt  of  nearly  ^,400,000,000. 
8  Report  of  Sir  Adam  Block,  1912. 


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Wotlh  ^eace  Jfounlration 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF 
INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS 


BY 

CHARLES  H.  LEVERMORE 


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THE    FOUNDATIONS    OF    INTER- 
NATIONAL RELATIONS. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  A  COURSE  OF  LECTURES. 

The  purpose  of  these  pages  is  to  help,  if  possible,  students  and 
teachers  of  history  and  political  science  in  the  study  of  international 
relations.  The  phrase  ''international  relations"  presupposes  among 
States  a  certain  amount  of  organization  for  common  purposes.  There 
are  many  such  organizations  in  existence,  some  public,  or  ojQ5cial, 
and  more  private,  or  unconnected  with  official  administration.  The 
last  issue  of  the  Annuaire  de  la  Vie  Internationale,  which  appeared  for 
the  years  1910-11  from  the  Office  Central  des  Associations  Interna- 
tionales at  Brussels,  shows  just  how  many  ties  of  both  classes,  public 
and  private,  are  now  binding  together  the  daily  life,  thought  and  action 
of  the  present  world-family  of  States  and  nations.  This  huge  work, 
giving  in  2660  pages  an  account  of  510  international  organizations, 
cannot  be  adequately  even  summarized  here.  The  next  Annuaire ,• 
for  the  years  191 2-13,  will  doubtless  show  600  or  more  of  these  tissues 
of  international  life  that  cross  all  national  boundaries  and  are  rapidly 
creating  a  common  acquaintance  and  solidarity  of  sentiment  through- 
out the  enlightened  world.  Out  of  this  great  number  are  selected 
here  the  principal  national  and  international  forces  that  are  working 
to  secure  the  substitution  of  peaceful,  judicial  methods  of  settling 
international  disputes  for  the  method  of  warfare.  In  connection 
with  this  list  of  associations  will  be  found  the  essential  statistical 
information  concerning  their  pubHcations,  and  also  concerning  other 
pubUcations  that  deal  with  the  same  subject. 

It  should  not  be  overlooked  that  the  chancelleries  of  the  enHght- 
ened  world  and  the  incumbents  of  chief  executive  chairs,  whether 
royal  or  presidential,  have  now  become  almost  universally  eager  and 
active  friends  of  permanent  peace.  If  philanthropic  and  religious 
motives  have  not  impelled  them  to  take  this  attitude,  economic  and 
financial  conditions  have  compelled  it.    The  empire  of  credit  and  the 


4         THE    FOUNDATIONS    OF    INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS 

vast  expenditures  in  the  mad  race  of  armaments  have  together 
forced  the  rulers  of  the  great  powers  to  dread  nothing  more  than  the 
danger  of  using  those  armaments  in  the  arbitrament  of  war. 

In  addition,  these  pages  contain  the  outline  of  a  course  of  at  least 
six  possible  lectures  on  the  organization  of  the  world  for  peace  with 
justice.  The  topics  thus  named  will  readily  suggest  many  others. 
Under  each  subject  is  a  brief  list  of  references  from  which  the  material 
for  a  lecture  or  lectures  can  be  derived.  Classified  among  these 
references  will  be  found  the  principal  publications  of  the  various 
organizations  which  promote  world  peace.  The  resources  of  local 
libraries  are  not  always  adequate  for  the  preparation  of  addresses 
upon  international  relations.  Persons  interested  in  the  subject  may 
be  pleased  to  learn  from  these  pages  how  many  valuable  publications 
may  be  obtained  for  a  moderate  outlay  and  how  much  may  be  had 
merely  for  the  asking.  Some  of  the  books  mentioned  in  these  lists 
are  now  out  of  print  and  are  so  designated,  but  they  have  been  retained 
here  because  they  are  sometimes  found  in  the  markets  and  are  useful 
to  the  student. 

Although  a  main  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  present  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  the  peace  movement  and  to  demonstrate  inferentially 
that  existing  international  relations  must  broaden  into  international 
peace  and  order,  among  the  references  all  kinds  of  scholarly  opinion 
are  represented.  The  chief  defenders  of  the  theory  that  war  is  in- 
'evitable  or  even  beneficial  are  entitled  to  their  day  in  court,  and 
General  von  Bemhardi  and  Admiral  Mahan  are  placed  here  by  the 
side  of  Norman  Angell  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mead.  The  cause  of  World 
Peace  with  Justice  under  Law  is  sure  to  profit  by  the  complete  com- 
parison of  argument. 


THE    STUDY    OF    INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS 


LIST  OF  ORGANIZATIONS  CLOSELY  CONCERNED 
WITH  THE  PROGRESS  OF  INTERNATIONAL 
RELATIONS. 

American  Association  for  International  Conciliation,  1906.  Dr. 
Frederick  P.  Keppel,  secretary,  407  West  117th  Street,  Sub- 
station 84,  New  York  City.  This  association  is  the  American 
branch  of  Conciliation  Internationale,  q.  v.  There  are  also 
English,  French  and  German  branches.  Pamphlet  publications, 
beginning  in  April,  1907,  are  distributed  free  up  to  the  limit  of 
editions  printed. 

American  Peace  Society,  founded  1815-1828.  Secretary,  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin F.  Trueblood;  executive  director,  Mr.  Arthur  Deerin  Call, 
Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D.C.  The  Advocate  of  Peace,  a 
monthly  publication,  is  the  organ  of  the  society.  The  subscrip- 
tion price  is  $1  per  year.  From  this  society  also  may  be  ob- 
tained the  Proceedings  of  the  National  Peace  Congresses  of  1907, 
1909,  191 1  and  19 13.  Each  volume  is  sold  for  75  cents.  The 
society  publishes  the  report  of  the  13th  Universal  Peace  Congress, 
held  in  Boston  in  1904,  a  volume  of  350  pages,  price  10  cents. 

American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settlement  of  International 
Disputes,  foimded  in  19 10.  Dr.  James  Brown  Scott,  secretary, 
2  Jackson  Place,  Washington,  D.C.  The  annual  conferences  of 
this  society  began  in  19 10.  Volumes  of  proceedings  are  sent 
free  to  members.  Pamphlet  publications,  now  issued  quarterly, 
are  sent  free  to  any  address.  Applications  for  them  may  be 
made  to  the  assistant  secretary,  Tunstall  Smith,  The  Preston, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

American  Society  of  International  Law,  founded  in  1905.  Dr. 
James  Brown  Scott,  secretary,  2  Jackson  Place,  Washington, 
D.C.  Since  1907  the  society  has  published  quarterly  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  International  Law,  $5  per  annum. 

Association  de  la  Paix  par  le  Droit,  founded  1887.  M.  Jules 
Prudhommeaux,  secretary,  10  rue  Monjardin,  Nimes  (Card), 
France.  Bimonthly  organ,  La  Paix  par  le  Droit.  See  also 
Sociite  Franqaise  pour  V Arbitrage  entre  Nations. 


6  THE    STUDY    OF     INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS 

Association  of  Cosmopolitan  Clubs,  a  league  of  students  in  colleges 
and  universities  iu  the  United  States.  Mr.  Albert  F.  Coutant, 
secretary,  Cornell  Cosmopolitan  Club,  Ithaca,  N.Y.  The  first 
Cosmopolitan  Club  was  founded  at  Cornell  University  in  1904 
by  Modesto  Quiroga,  a  student  from  Argentina.  In  the  pre- 
ceding year  an  International  Club  had  been  founded  at  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  by  a  Japanese  student,  K.  K.  Kawakami. 
This  club  later  became  a  member  of  the  association.  The  organ 
of  the  association,  The  Cosmopolitan  Student ,  is  published 
monthly  at  the  CosmopoUtan  Club  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, Ann  Arbor.  The  Cosmopolitan  clubs  are  now  affiliated  with 
European  and  South  American  student  organizations  in  the 

Corda  Fratres,    F6d6ration  Internationale  des  Etudiants. 

Of  the  central  committee  of  this  federation  the  president 
is  Dr.  John  Mez,  "Die  Bruecke,"  Schwindstrasse  30, 
Munich,  Bavaria.  The  secretary  is  Mr.  Miguel  A.  Mufioz, 
P.O.  Box  1 1 12,  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico.  The  American 
members  of  the  committee  are  Mr.  Louis  P.  Lochner 
and  Dr.  G.  W.  Nasmyth,  director  of  the  International 
Bureau  of  Students,  40  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Bureau  International  Permanent  de  la  Paix,  Berne,  Switzerland. 
See  below,  International  Peace  Bureau. 

Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  Dr.  James 
Brown  Scott,  secretary,  2  Jackson  Place,  Washington,  D.C.  Its 
Year  Books ^  first  issued  in  191 1,  are  sent  free  to  any  address. 
Its  European  Bureau  is  at  24  rue  Pierre  Curie,  Paris. 

Conciliation  Internationale,  founded  in  1905  by  Baron  d'Estour- 
nelles  de  Constant.  Secretarial  office,  78  bis  Avenue  Henri  Mar- 
tin (16°),  Paris,  France. 

"Corda  Fratres,"  Federation  Internationale  des  Etudiants.    See 

above.  Association  of  Cosmopolitan  Clubs. 

Deutsche  Friedensgesellschaft,  founded  1892.  86  branches  and 
5  affiliated  societies.  Dr.  Arthur  Westphal,  secretary,  Neck- 
arstrasse  69a,  Stuttgart,  Germany.  This  society  publishes 
monthly  Volker-Friede,  subscription  one  mark  per  annum. 

Federation  Universelle  des  Etudiants  Chretiens.  See  World's 
Student  Christian  Federation. 

Garton  Foimdation.  An  endowment  for  the  study  of  international 
relations  with  especial  reference  to  the  teachings  of  the  book 


THE    STUDY    OF    INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS  ^ 

"The  Great  Illusion,"  by  Norman  Angell,  who  is  one  of  the 
prime  movers  in  the  foundation.  Capt.  the  Hon.  Maurice  V. 
Brett,  secretary,  Whitehall  House,  Whitehall,  London,*  S.W., 
England.  The  Garton  Foundation  has  several  allied  societies, 
and  not  less  than  31  Study  Clubs  have  been  formed  under  its 
auspices.  Its  organ  is  War  and  Peace^  published  monthly  from 
October,  19 13,  and  sold  for  3^. 

Institut  de  Droit  International,  founded  in  1873,  is  now  closely 
associated  with  the  Carnegie  Endowment.  The  address  of  the 
secretary-general  is  11  rue  Savaen,  Ghent,  Belgium.  The  In- 
stitut publishes  a  valuable  Annuaire,  price  6  francs. 

Institut  International  de  la  Paix.  Gabriel  Chavet,  secretary,  4 
rue  de  Greffuhle,  Paris,  VIII.  Founded  by  Prince  Albert  of 
Monaco  in  1903,  to  publish  documents  important  for  the  study 
of  international  relations.  It  has  published  a  voluminous  bibli- 
ography of  Peace  and  Arbitration,  prepared  by  Henri  La  Fontaine, 
under  the  title  ^'Bibliographic  de  la  Paix  et  de  I'Arbitrage  Inter- 
national." Vol.  I,  "The  Peace  Movement,"  appeared  at  Brus- 
sels in  1904,  price  5  francs.  It  includes  publications  prior  to 
May  I,  1893.     Its  other  publications  are  numerous. 

Institutions  Internationales,  Office  Central  des,  3  bis  rue  de  la 
Regence,  Palais  des  Beaux  Arts,  Brussels,  Belgium.  Directors, 
Henri  La  Fontaine  and  Paul  Otlet.  This  executive  bureau, 
founded  in  1907,  is  the  organ  of  the  World  Congresses  of  Inter- 
national Associations,  comprising  nearly  600  organizations  that 
are  international  in  character  and  influence.  It  is  supported  by 
various  governments,  by  the  Institut  International,  and  by  the 
Carnegie  Endowment.  It  publishes  (i)  the  reports  of  the  Con- 
gresses, (2)  U Annuaire  dela  Vie  Internationale,  which  wasfoimded 
by  Dr.  Alfred  H.  Fried  in  1905,  and  now  appears  in  alternate 
years  (price  varying;  vol.  for  1910-11,  unbound,  40  francs) 
and  (3)  La  Revue  de  la  Vie  Internationakj  monthly,  price  per 
annum  25  francs,  or  $5. 

International  Arbitration  and  Peace  Association.  Mr.  J.  Fred- 
erick Green,  secretary,  40-41  Outer  Temple,  Strand,  London, 
W.C.,  England.  The  organ  of  this  association  is  Concord,  pub- 
lished monthly,  subscription  is.  6d.  per  annum. 

International  Arbitration  League.  Mr.  F.  Maddison,  secretary, 
183  St.  Stephen's  House,  Victoria  Embankment,  London,  S.W., 
England.  The  organ  of  the  league,  the  Arbitrator,  is  pubUshed 
monthly,  2s.  6d.  per  annum. 


8  THE    STUDY    OF    INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS 

International  Law  Association,  founded  in  1873.  28  conferences. 
Secretary's  office,  i  Mitre  Court  Buildings,  Temple,  London,  E.G. 

International  Peace  Bureau  (Bureau  International  Permanent  de 
la  Paix).  Dr.  Albert  Gobat,  director,  M.  Henri  Golay,  secre- 
tary, Kanonenweg  12,  Berne,  Switzerland.  Organ,  The  Peace 
Movement,  published  at  least  monthly  in  French,  German  and 
English.  Price,  10  francs  per  annum;  for  subscribers  to  peace 
papers,  5  francs.  The  bureau  publishes  also  an  "Annuaire  du 
Mouvement  Padfiste,''  which  covers  with  admirable  thorough- 
ness nearly  the  same  ground  as  the  "Peace  Year  Book,"  pub- 
lished by  the  English  National  Peace  Council. 

Interparliamentary  Union.  Dr.  Christian  L.  Lange,  secretary, 
251  Avenue  du  Longchamps,  Uccle-Brussels,  Belgium.  The 
union  has  published  since  191 1  an  "Annuaire  de  I'Union  Inter- 
parlementaire,"  price  5  francs.  It  also  publishes  a  series  of 
"Documents  Interparlementaires,"  beginning  in  1910,  i  franc 
each. 

National  Peace  Council.  Mr.  Carl  Heath,  secretary,  167  St. 
Stephen's  House,  Westminster,  S.W.,  London.  A  central  body, 
representing  180  organizations.  Publications:  " The  Peace  Year 
Book,"  beginning  19 10,  price  i  shilling;  Monthly  Circtdar,  price 
IS.  2d. ;  and  many  pamphlets. 

Navy  League  of  Great  Britain,  11  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  S.W., 
London.    Publishes  "The  Navy  League  Annual,"  a  complete 

[  review  and  critical  study  of  naval  conditions  throughout  the 
world,  seventh  year,  1913,  2s.  6d. 

Nobel  Institut,  Drammensvei  19,  Kristiania,  Norway.  Librarian  and 
secretary  of  the  Nobel  Committee  of  the  Norwegian  Parliament, 
M.  Ragnvald  Moe.  The  library  of  the  institute,  founded  in 
1904,  has  been  divided  into  four  sections;  viz..  The  Peace  Move- 
ment, International  Law,  Political  and  Diplomatic  History,  and 
Social  Sciences  (Political  Economy  and  Sociology).  The  insti- 
tute has  published  a  volume  entitled  "  Bibliographie  du  Mouve- 
ment de  la  Paix,"  and  a  similar  bibliography  of  international 
law  is  announced  for  19 13. 

Pan-American  Union  (formerly  International  Bureau  of  American 
Republics).  Hon.  John  Barrett,  director-general,  Washington, 
D.C.  This  organization  is  charged  with  the  business  of  the 
quadrennial  Pan-American  Conferences  (the  last  one  at  Buenos 
Aires  in  19 10),  and  it  publishes  a  monthly  Btdletin  in  English, 
Spanish,  Portuguese  and  French,  price  of  English  edition  per 


THE    STUDY    OF    INTERNATIONAL    RELATIONS  9 

annum  $2,  single  copies  25  cents.    The  Union  also   publishes 
books,  pamphlets  and  maps  upon  Latin-American  topics. 

Peace  Society,  The,  of  England,  founded  in  1816.  Dr.  W.  Evans 
Darby,  secretary,  47  New  Broad  Street,  London,  E.G.  34 
branches  and  aflfiliated  societies.  This  society  publishes  monthly 
The  Herald  of  Peace  and  International  Arbitration j  subscription 
per  annum  is.  6d. 

Societa  Intemazionale  per  la  Pace — Unione  Lombarda.  Signor 
Doro  Rosetti,  secretary,  Portici  Settentrionali  21,  Milan,  Italy. 
This  society  publishes  bimonthly  La  Vita  Internazionalef  sub- 
scription 12.50  lire. 

Societe  Frangaise  pour  ^Arbitrage  entre  Nations,  founded  in 
1867.  M.  le  Dr.  J.  L.  Peuch,  secretary,  24  rue  Pierre  Curie, 
Paris.  Monthly  publication.  La  Paix  par  le  Droit ^  3  francs  75 
per  annum. 

Verband  fur  Intemationalea  Verstandigung,  German  branch  of 
Gonciliation  Internationale,  but  autonomous.  Secretariate, 
Oberursel  bei  Frankfurt  a.  M.,  Liebfrauenstrasse  22.  This  so- 
ciety publishes  ''Mitteilimgen  des  Verbandes  fiir  intemationale 
Verstandigung."    Fee  for  membership,  3  marks. 

World  Peace  Foundation,  founded  by  Edwin  Ginn  of  Boston  in 
1909  as  the  International  School  of  Peace,  reorganized  and  in- 
corporated under  the  present  name  in  19 10.  Cliief  director, 
Edwin  D.  Mead,  40  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass.  This 
Foundation  publishes  a  series  of  pamphlets,  and  in  addition  the 
volumes  of  an  International  Library.  The  lists  of  these  publi- 
cations down  to  date  will  be  sent  to  any  address,  and  single 
copies  of  the  pamphlet  issues  may  be  obtained  gratuitously. 

World's  Student  Christian  Federation  (Federation  Universelle 
des  fitudiants  Chretiens),  the  outgrowth  of  the  international 
activities  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  The  moving  spirit  is  Dr.  John  R. 
Mott,  and  the  central  office  is  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building  at 
124  East  28th  Street,  New  York.  Organ,  The  Student  World, 
quarterly,  per  annum  25  cents.  Dr.  Mott  is  also  president  of 
the  "continuation  committee"  of  the  World  Missionary  Con- 
ference of  All  Protestant  Churches,  office  100  Princes  Street, 
Edinburgh,  which  publishes  quarterly  The  International  Review  of 
Missions. 

World's  Young  Women's  Christian  Association.  Office  of  general 
secretary,  26  George  Street,  Hanover  Square,  London.  Organ, 
The  World^s  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Quarterly ^  subscription  per  annum  6d. 


lO  THE  STUDY  OF  INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS 

In  addition  to  the  publications  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  list 
the  inquirer  may  be  interested  to  note  the  following: — 

Australia:  Pax,  the  organ  of  the  New  South  Wales  Peace  Society. 
Monthly,  2S.  6d.  per  annum.  Foy's  Chambers,  i  Bond  Street, 
Sydney,  N.S.W. 

The  Commonweal,  monthly,  35.  $d.  per  annum.  Australian 
Church,  Flinders  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria. 

Denmark:  Fredshladet,  monthly,  subscription  per  annum  50  ore, 
Falledvej  14,  Copenhagen.     Organ  of  the  Danish  Peace  Society. 

England:  The  Peacemaker.  Organ  of  the  British  section  of  the 
Associated  Councils  of  the  Churches.  42  Parliament  Street, 
London,  S.W. 

France :  Bulletin  de  la  Ligue  des  Catholiques  Franqais  pour  la  Paix 
(formerly  the  Society  Gratry  for  advocating  international  peace). 
Organ  of  the  French  section  of  the  International  League  of 
Catholic  Pacifists.  There  are  also  Belgian,  English,  Spanish  and 
Swiss  sections.  Quarterly,  free  to  members  of  the  society,  40 
rue  Franklin,  Lyon. 

Le  Courrier  de  V£.cole  de  la  Paix,  28  Boulevard  St.  Marcel, 
Paris.     Occasional  issues,  each  15  centimes. 

Revue  Generale  de  Droit  International  Public,  founded  1893, 
conducted  by  M.  Paul  Fauchille,  published  by  A.  Pedone,  13 
rue  Soufflot,  Paris,  6  numbers  yearly,  price  20  francs. 

Germany :  Die  Friedenswarte,  monthly,  6m.  60  per  annum.  Edited 
by  Dr.  Alfred  H.  Fried,  Widerhofergasse  5,  Vienna;  published 
by  Pass  &  Garleb,  Berlin,  W  57. 

Holland :  Vrede  door  Rechl.  Organ  of  La  Ligue  Generale  Neerland- 
aise,  monthly,  i  florin  per  annum.  Prinsessegracht  6,  The 
Hague. 

Italy:  Rivista  di  Diritto  Internazionale,  conducted  by  Prof.  D. 
Anzilotti,  8  via  Bartolomeo  Eustachio,  Rome.  Quarterly,  per 
annum  16  lire. 

Sweden:  Fredsfanan.  Organ  of  the  Swedish  Society  of  Peace  and 
Arbitration.  Regeringsgatan  74,  Stockholm.  Monthly,  per 
annum  2k.  50. 

Switzerland :  Les  Etats  Unis  d' Europe.  Journal  of  La  Ligue  Inter- 
nationale de  la  Paix  et  de  la  Liberte.  Lausenstrasse  43,  Berne. 
Monthly,  price  per  annum  4  francs. 


THE  STUDY  OF  INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS  II 

Der  Friede.  Organ  of  the  Swiss  Peace  Society.  B.  Geering- 
Christ,  Baumleingasse  lo,  Bale.  Monthly,  subscription  3  francs 
60  per  annum. 

United  States:  The  Army  and  Navy  Journal,  20  Vesey  Street,  New- 
York  City,  $6  per  annum.  A  journal  which  represents  the  senti- 
ment of  military  and  naval  ofl5cers.  Advocates  of  peace  and 
students  of  international  relations  who  read  this  publication  will 
know  the  militarist  point  of  view. 

The  student  of  international  relations  will  occasionally  need  to  use 
one  or  all  of  the  following  works  of  reference : — 

Almanach  de  Gotha.  Edited  by  Dr.  Wendelmuth.  A  Year  Book  of  Genea- 
logical, Diplomatic  and  Statistical  Information.  Gotha:  Justus  Perthes, 
151st  year  of  publication.     $3. 

The  Statesman's  Year  Book.     London  and  New  York:    Macmillan.    $3. 
A  work  giving  special  prominence  to  the  British  Empire.    Issued  since  1863. 

The  American  Statesman's  Year  Book.  New  York:  McBride,  Nast  &  Com- 
pany.    $4. 

The  American  Year  Book.     Begun  in  1910.     New  York:    Appleton.     $3.50. 

Hazell's  Annual  Cyclopedia.  Begun  in  1885.  New  York:  Scribner  (impor- 
ter).    $1.50. 

Contains  an  admirable  account  of  all  the  important  events  of  each  year  in  each  coun- 
try on  the  globe,  with  summaries  of  political  information  and  illustrative  material. 

Annuaire  du  Mouvement  Pacifiste.  Published  by  the  International  Peace 
Bureau  at  Berne,  Switzerland. 

Treaties,  Conventions,  International  Acts,  Protocols  and  Agreements  between 
the  United  States  of  America  and  Other  Powers,  1 776-1909.  Com- 
piled by  William  M.  Malloy.  2  vols.  Washington:  Government  Print- 
ing Office,  1910.     $2.50. 

There  is  also  a  supplementary  volume,  covering  the  years  1909-19 13, 
compiled  by  Garfield  Charles  (Sen.  Doc.  1063,  62d  Cong.,  3d  Session). 

Navy  Year  Book.  Compilation  of  Annual  Naval  Appropriation  Laws  from 
1883  to  date.  Issued  annually.  Washington:  Government  Printing 
Office.  The  volume  for  1913  is  U.S.  Senate  Doc.  No.  955,  62d  Congress, 
3d  Session. 

The  Naval  Annual.  By  J.  A.  Brassey.  Portsmouth,  England:  J.  Griffin 
&  Company;  London  agents,  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Company;  imported 
by  Scribner.     $5. 

This  work  is  the  most  complete  and  scholarly  presentation  of  naval  conditions  that 
is  published  in  English. 


12  THE   RELATION  OF  WAR   TO   CIVILIZATION 


Lecture  I. 

THE    RELATION    OF    WAR    TO    CIVILIZATION    IN    ITS 
VARIOUS  STAGES  OF  DEVELOPMENT. 

1.  War  as  an  historical  institution.     Progress  from  Fist-Right  to 
Law-Right;  the  right  of  private  war  is  no  longer  recognized. 

2.  War  as  an  arbiter:  a  test  of  strength,  not  of  justice. 

3.  War  now  always  wasteful  and  injurious,  to  the  victors  as  well 
as  to  the  vanquished. 

4.  Biological  results  of  warfare,  the  survival  of  the  unfit. 

5.  The  influence  of  warfare  upon  morals,  public  and  private. 

6.  Preventives  of  warfare  and  substitutes  for  it: 

1.  Good  offices  and  mediation. 

2.  Arbitration. 

3.  Commissions  of  inquiry — the  Bryan  peace  plan. 

4.  Neutralization  of  territory. 

5.  Refusal  of  financial  support.     Isolation  and  non-inter- 

course. 

6.  Proposed  establishment  of  a  Court  of  Arbitral  Justice. 

Cf.  publications  of  the  A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.^ 

Allen,  Arthur  W.     The  Drain  of  Armaments.     P.,  ^  W.  P.  F.     Free. 

Angell,  Norman.  The  Great  Illusion;  a  study  of  the  relation  of  military 
power  to  national  advantage.  Latest  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 
London:  Heinemann,  191 2.  25.  6d.  American  edition  published  by 
Putnam,  New  York,  191 3.     $1. 

.     War  and  the  Essential  Realities.     London :  Watts  &  Company,     gd. 

.     Peace  Theories  and  the  Balkan  War.     London:   Horace  Marshall 


&  Son,  191 2,  paper,  is. 

Bloch,  Jean  de.     The  Future  of  War.     W.  P.  F.     65  cents. 

A  translation  of  the  more  popular  portion  of  the  encyclopedic  original  work,  "La 
Guerre,"  which  was  published  in  six  volumes. 

•The  following  abbreviations  are  used: — 

P.  indicates  pjamphlet  issues. 

A.  A.  I.  C.  =  American  Association  for  International  Conciliation;  address,  407  West  117th  Street, 
Sub-station  84,  New  York  City.  .  ^. 

A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.=  American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settlement  of  International  Disputes; 
address,  Tunstall  Smith,  The  Preston,  Baltunore,  Md. 

W.  P.  F.  eWorld  Peace  Foundation;  address,  40  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


THE   RELATION   OF  WAR   TO   CIVILIZATION  I3 

Butler,  Charles  H.  Disarmament  on  the  Great  Lakes.  P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191  o. 
Free. 

Chittenden,  Gen.  Henry  M.     War  or  Peace,  a  Present  Duty  and  a  Future 
Hope.     Chicago:   McClurg,  191 1.     $1. 
A  discussion  of  war  by  an  army  ofl5cer. 

Ellis,  Havelock.  The  Forces  Warring  against  War.  P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1913. 
Free. 

Foster,  John  W.     War  not  Inevitable.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1911.     Free. 

Hayward,    Charles   W.     War,    Conscription,    Armaments   and    Sanity.     P. 
London:   Sherratt  &  Hughes,  191 3.     6d. 
A  bitter  attack  upon  Lord  Roberts's  plea  for  compulsory  military  service. 

Hirst,  F.  W.     The  Six  Panics  and  Other  Essays.     London:   Methuen  &  Com- 
pany, 1913.     35.  6d. 
Contains  an  excellent  analysis  of  six  militarist  panics  in  England  since  1847. 

How  War  reaches  into  your  Pocket.    P.,  W.  P.  F.     Free. 
Analysis  of  freight  rates  as  affected  by  war. 

James,  William.  The  Moral  Equivalent  of  War.»  P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1910.  Pub- 
lished also  in  a  volume  of  essays,  "Memories  and  Studies."  Longmans, 
1911,  $1.75;  and  printed  in  McClure's  Magazine,  August,  1910,  vol.  35. 

Jefferson,  Charles  E.  The  Delusion  of  Militarism.  P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909. 
Free. 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  Unseen  Empire.  Boston:  American  Unitarian  As- 
sociation.    $1.25. 

.     Concerning  Sea  Power.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

.     What  shall  We  Say?     Comments  on  War  and  Waste.      P.,  W.  P-IF. 

35  cents. 

.     The  Blood  of  the  Nation.     P.,  W.  P.  F.     15  cents. 

-; .     The  Human  Harvest.     Boston:    American  Unitarian  Association, 

1907.     $1. 

An  enlargement  of  the  pamphlet,  "The  Blood  of  the  Nation." 

.     War  and  Waste.     A  collection  of  essays.     New  York:   Doubleday, 

Page  &  Company,  1913.     $1.25. 

and  Krehbiel,  Edward  B.     Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  International 


Conciliation,  Lectures  II.-XV.,  XXVIII.-XXXI.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2. 
75  cents. 

Kirkpatrick,   George  R.     War, — What   for?     Published   by   the   author  at 
West  Lafayette,  Ohio.     1910.     $1.20. 
A  violent  attack  upon  militarism  from  the  Socialist  standpoint. 

Krehbiel,  Edward  B.     Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  International  Conciliation,  in 
collaboration  with  Jordan,  David  Starr,  q.  v.  passim. 

The  Sixty-seven  Reasons  of  the  Navy  League.      P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1913. 


Free. 

•  Out  of  print. 


14  THE   RELATION  OF  WAR   TO   CIVILIZATION 

Mahan,  Admiral  Alfred  Thayer.  A  defender  of  military  establishments  and 
expenditures.  Of  this  author's  voluminous  works,  the  most  significant 
in  connection  with  our  topics  are  the  following: — 

.     The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  History,  1660-1783.     $4. 

.  The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French  Revolution  and  Em- 
pire.    2  vols.     $6. 

.     The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  in  its  Relations  to  the  War  of  181 2 

2  vols.     $8. 

.  The  Interest  of  America  in  Sea  Power,  Present  and  Future.     $2. 

.  The  Interest  of  America  in  International  Relations.     $1.50. 

.  Some  Neglected  Aspects  of  War.     $2. 

.  The  Problem  of  Asia  and  its  Effect  upon  International  Relations.    $2. 

.     Lessons  of  the  War  with  Spain,  and  other  articles.     $2. 

All  of  these  books  are  published  in  Boston  by  Little,  Brown  &  Company. 

Massachusetts  Commission  on  Cost  of  Living.  The  Waste  of  Militarism. 
P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

Mead)  Edwin  D.,  ed.  Shall  Great  Britain,  Germany  and  the  United  States 
now  unite  for  the  Limitation  of  Naval  Armament?  Contains  also 
excerpts  from  W.  J.  Bryan,  N.  M.  Butler  and  others.  P.,  W.  P.  F. 
Free. 

Mr.  Bryan's  Peace  Plan.  P.,  W.  P.  F.  Free.  Address  at  the  conference 
of  the  Interparliamentary  Union,  July  24,  1906,  annotated. 

Myers,  Denys  P.  The  Commission  of  Inquiry:  The  Wilson-Bryan  Peace  Plan. 
P.,  W.  P.  F.    1913.     Free. 

Novikov,  Jacques.     War  and  its  Alleged  Benefits.     London:    Heinemann, 

1912.  2S.  6d.    American  edition  published  by  Holt,  New  York,  191 1.    $1. 

Penis,  George  Herbert.  A  Short  History  of  War  and  Peace.  London: 
Williams  &  Norgate,  191 1.  American  edition  published  by  Holt.  50 
cents. 

A  review  of  historical  facts  from  the  earliest  times,  with  many  suggestive  generaliza- 
tions. 

Ralston,  Jackson  H.  Some  Supposed  Just  Causes  of  War.  P.,  W.  P.  F., 
1911.     Free. 

Root,  Elihu.     Causes  of  War.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909.     Free. 

Stratton,  Geo.  M.     The  Control  of  the  Fighting  Instinct.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 

1913.  Free. 

What  does  Militarism  mean  to  the  Business  Man?    P.,  W.  P.  F.    Free. 

Wilkinson,  Henry  Spenser.  War  and  Policy.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Company.     $3.50. 

.     The  Nation's  Awakening.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Company.     $1.50, 

A  defender  of  the  military  system. 


THE   INFLUENCE   OF   DEMOCRACY  1 5 


Lecture  II. 

THE  INFLUENCE  OF  DEMOCRATIC  IDEALS  IN  INTER- 
NATIONAL RELATIONS  AND  IN  THE  SETTLEMENT 
OF  INTERNATIONAL   CONTROVERSIES. 

1.  The  principles  of  popular  sovereignty  and  human  fraternity. 
Ideals  of  public  service. 

2.  Efficient  organs  of  Public  Opinion;    the  sovereign  power  in 
Democracy. 

3.  The  federal  principle  as  an  ideal  of  government;  its  bearing 
upon  questions  of  war  and  peace. 

4.  Attitude  of  organized  Labor  and  of  organized  Capital. 

5.  Influence  of  Socialism. 

Addams,  Jane.     Newer   Ideals   of   Peace.     New   York:    Macmillan,    1907. 

$1.25. 

Brewer,  David  J.  The  Mission  of  the  United  States  in  the  Cause  of  Peace. 
P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 1.     Free. 

Butler,  Nicholas  Murray.     The  International  Mind.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 2. 

Free. 

.     The  International  Mind.     New  York:  Scribner,  1912.     75  cents. 

The  volume  contains  Dr.  Butler's  addresses  at  the  Lake  Mohonk  Conferences. 

Gary,  Edward.  Journalism  and  International  Affairs.  P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909. 
Free. 

Coolidge,  Archibald  Gary.  The  United  States  as  a  World  Power.  Mac- 
millan, 1908.     50  cents. 

Groly,  Herbert.  The  Promise  of  American  Life.  New  York:  Macmillan, 
1911.     $2. 

Gunningham,  W.  An  Essay  on  Western  Civilization  in  its  Economic  Aspects; 
Medieval  and  Modern  Times.  Cambridge:  University  Press,  1900. 
$1.10. 

Deming,  William  G.  The  Opportunity  and  Duty  of  the  Press  in  Relation 
to  World  Peace.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1913.     Free. 

Egerton,  Hugh  E.  Federations  and  Unions  within  the  British  Empire. 
Oxford:  Clarendon  Press,  191 1.     8s.  6d. 

Begins  with  the  New  England  Confederation  of  1643  and  ends  with  the  South  African 
Act  of  Union,  1909. 


^6  THE   INFLUENCE   OF   DEMOCRACY 

Fiske,  John.     American  Political  Ideas.     Houghton  Miflflin  Company.     $1.50. 

Freeman,  Edward  A.  History  of  Federal  Government  in  Greece  and  Italy. 
Edited  by  J.  B.  Bury.     2d  edition.     Macmillan,  1893.     $3.75. 

Gould,  F.  J.     Brave  Citizens.     London:    Watts  &  Company,  191 1.     is. 

Grange,  The,  and  Peace.  Committee  Report  adopted  by  the  National 
Grange,  1907.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1911.     Free. 

Hart,  Albert  Bushnell.     National  Ideals.     New  York:   Harper.     $2. 
In  American  Nation  Series. 

Herv6,  G.  My  Country,  Right  or  Wrong.  Translated  by  G.  Bowman. 
London:  Fifield,  19 10.     35.  6d. 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  America's  Conquest  of  Europe.  Boston:  American 
Unitarian  Association,  1913.     60  cents. 

Kelly,  Myra.  The  American  Public  School  as  a  Factor  in  International  Con- 
ciliation.    P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909.     Free. 

Kirkpatrick,  George  R.     War,— What  for?    Cf.  Lecture  I. 

Kraus,  Herbert.  Die  Monroedoktrin,  in  ihren  Beziehungen  zur  Amerikan- 
ischen  Diplomatie  und  zum  Volkerrecht.  Berlin:  J.  Guttentag.  Un- 
bound, 9m.;   bound,  lom. 

Latan6,  J.  H.     America  a  World  Power.     New  York:   Harper.     $2. 
In  American  Nation  Series,  edited  by  A.  B.  Hart. 

Low,  A.  Maurice.  The  American  People.  Vol.  I,  The  Planting  of  a  Nation; 
Vol.  II,  The  Harvesting  of  a  Nation.  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Com- 
pany.    $2.25. 

Mead,  Edwin  D.  Washington,  Jefferson  and  Franklin  on  War.  P.,  W.  P.  F., 
1913.     Free. 

.     Heroes  of  Peace.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

Mead,  Lucia  Ames.  Patriotism  and  the  New  Internationalism.  P.,  W.  P.  F. 
20  cents. 

Moore,  John  Bassett.  American  Diplomacy:  its  Spirit  and  Achievements. 
New  York:  Harper,  1905.     $2. 

.     Four  Phases  of  American  Development:  Federalisrn.,  Democracy, 

Imperialism,  Expansion.     Baltimore:    Johns  Hopkins  University  Press, 
1912.     $2. 

Moritzen,  Julius.     The  Peace  Movement  of  America.     New  York:   Putnam, 
1912.     $3. 
A  wide-ranging  accoxmt  of  forces  and  personalities. 

Neill,  Charles  P.  Interest  of  the  Wage-earner  in  the  Peace  Movement. 
P.,A.  A.  I.  C,  1913.     Free. 

Novikov,  J.  La  Critique  du  Darwinisme  Social.  Paris:  Felix  Alcan,  1910. 
7  francs  50. 


THE   INFLUENCE   OF   RELIGION  1 7 

Perns,  George  Herbert.     Pax  Britannica,  a  Study  of  the  History  of  British 
Pacification.     New  York:  Macmillan,  1913.     5^. 

Reinsch,  Paul  S.     American  Love  of  Peace  and  European  Skepticism.     P., 
A.  A.  I.  C,  1913.     Free. 

Ross,  Edward  A.     Social  Control.     A  Survey  of  the  Foundation  of  Order. 

New  York:  Macmillan.     $1.25. 
In  Citizen's  Library. 

Schaffle,   A.     Impossibility   of    Social    Democracy.     New    York:    Scribner, 
$1.25. 

.     Quintessence  of  Socialism.     New  York:    Scribner.     $1. 

Keenly  critical  discussions  of  Socialist  doctrines. 

Smith,  J.  A.     The  Spirit  of  American  Government.     New  York:  Macmillan. 
$1.25. 
In  Citizen's  Library. 

Snow,  Alpheus  H.     Development  of  the  American  Doctrine  of  the  Jurisdic- 
tion of  Courts  over  States.     P.,  A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.,  1911.     Free. 

Sumner,  Charles.     Addresses  on  War.     W.  P.  F.     60  cents. 

Trueblood,  Benjamin  F.     The  Federation  of  the  World.     3d  edition.    Boston: 
Houghton  Mifflin  Company,  1908.     $1. 

Walling,  William  English.     Socialism  as  it  is;  a  survey  of  the  world-wide  revo- 
lutionary movement.     New  York:  Macmillan.     $2. 
A  book  by  one  of  the  most  thoughtful  Socialist  leaders. 

Weyl,  Walter  E.     The  New  Democracy.     New  York:   Macmillan,  191 2.    $2. 
Written  from  the  Progressive  standpoint. 

Wilson,  Woodrow.     The  New  Freedom.     New  York:    Doubleday,  Page  & 
Company,  1913.     $1. 

Wylie,  F.  J.     Cecil  Rhodes  and  his  Scholars  as  Factors  in  International  Con- 
ciliation.    P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909.     Free. 


Lecture  III. 

INTERNATIONAL  INFLUENCE  OF  RELIGION,  IN  THEORY 
AND   IN  PRACTICE. 

1.  Principles  of  ethics  for  individuals  and  for  nations. 

2.  Progress  from  physical  to  spiritual  force. 

3.  **Am  I  my  brother's  keeper?"    What  principles  caused  the 
"Wars  of  ReUgion"? 


l8  THE   INFLUENCE   OF   RELIGION 

4.  Duty  of  Christian  nations  with  reference  to  the  injunctions  in 
Matt.  V.  9  and  Luke  v.  27. 

5.  The  significance  and  influence  of  Christian  missions. 

Barr,  James.  Christianity  and  War.  London:  Simpkin,  Marshall,  1903. 
IS.  6d. 

Capen,  Samuel  B.  Foreign  Missions  and  World  Peace.  P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2. 
Free. 

Channing,  William  E.     Discourses  on  War.     Boston:  W.  P.  F.     60  cents. 

Churches  and  the  Peace  Movement,  The.     P.,  W.  P.  F.     Free. 

Dodge,  David  L.  War  Inconsistent  with  the  Religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  P., 
W.  P.  F.     60  cents. 

Essays  towards  Peace.  By  John  M.  Robertson,  Edward  Westermarck,  Nor- 
man Angell  and  S.  H.  Swinny,  with  an  introduction  by  Hypatia  Brad- 
laugh  Bonner.  Published  by  the  Rationalist  Peace  Society.  London: 
Watts  &  Company,     gd. 

Grane,  Canon  William  Leighton.     The  Passing  of  War.     New  York:    Mac- 

millan,  1912.     $2.50. 

Kellogg,  Vernon  Lyman.  Beyond  War.  A  chapter  in  the  natural  history  of 
man.     New  York:   Holt,  191 2.     $1. 

Lawrence,  T.  J.  The  Church's  Duty  in  furthering  International  Peace. 
London:  167  St.  Stephen's  House,  Westminster,  S.W.,  National  Peace 
Council,     id. 

Mead,  Edwin  D.     Heroes  of  Peace.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

Mott,  John  R.  Religious  Forces  in  the  Universities  of  the  World.  Report 
to  the  Conference  of  the  Federation  of  Christian  Students,  1913.  New 
York:  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  124  E.  28th  Street. 

Myers,  Philip  Van  Ness.  History  as  Past  Ethics.  An  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  Morals.     Boston:   Ginn  &  Company,  1913.     $1.50. 

Rauschenbusch,  Walter.  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis.  New  York: 
Macmillan.     $1.50. 

.     Christianizing  the  Social  Order.     New  York:  Macmillan.     $1.50. 

Simmons,  Henry  M.     The  Cosmic  Roots  of  Love.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

Stratton,  George  M.  The  Double  Standard  in  regard  to  Fighting.  P., 
A.  A.  I.  C.     Free. 

Sumner,  William  G.  War  and  Other  Essays.  New  Haven:  Yale  University 
Press,  1911.     $2.25. 

Walsh,  Walter.     The  Moral  Damage  of  War.     W.  P.  F.     90  cents. 

A  searching  analysis  with  illustrations  derived  from  the  war  between  England  and  the 
Boers. 

Warner,  Horace  Edward.     The  Ethics  of  Force.     W.  P.  F.     55  cents. 


DISCUSSION  OF  ARBITRATION  19 


Lecture  IV. 

HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  DISCUSSION  OF  ARBITRA- 
TION, THE  FACT  AND  THE  FORMS. 

1.  Arbitration  in  its  broadest  sense  is  a  plan  for  settling  a  dispute 
by  obtaining  and  abiding  by  the  judgment  of  a  selected  person  or 
persons  instead  of  taking  the  dispute  to  the  national  courts  or  to 
the  battlefield. 

2.  Historical  review  of  arbitration. 

a.  Influence  of  industrial  and  commercial  arbitration,  recog- 

nized in  the  Roman  law.  Pandects,  Bk.  IV,  sec.  8, 
in  the  medieval  Law  Merchant,  in  the  common  law 
of  Great  Britain,  and  in  voluntary  and  compulsory 
arbitration  laws  of  modem  times. 

b.  Public  arbitration,  a  usage  familiar  among  the  cities  of 

ancient  Greece  and  in  the  Roman  repubHc,  in  the 
Middle  Ages  usually  a  function  of  high  ecclesiastical 
dignitaries,  and  of  such  monarchs  as  Louis  IX  of 
France. 

17th  century  arbitration  agreements  were  made  between 
England,  France,  Holland  and  other  powers;  cf. 
Darby,  International  Tribunals,  pp.  240-270. 

i8th  century,  6  arbitrations;  19th  century,  471  arbitra- 
tions. Since  1900  about  150  arbitrations;  cf. 
Myers,  Revised  List  of  Arbitration  Treaties,  notes. 

3.  Arbitrations  in  which  the  United  States  has  been  a  party. 
Disputes  about  boundary  lines.     The  Geneva  arbitration. 

4.  Should  considerations  of  "national  honor  and  vital  interests" 
prevent  recourse  to  arbitration? 

5.  Arbitrations  under: — 

1.  Mutual  agreements. 

2.  Clauses  in  commercial  and  political  treaties;  arbitration 

treaties. 

3.  The  Hague  conventions,  by  the   Hague   Tribunal,  in 

operation  since  1902. 

4.  Constitutional    requirements,    Brazil,    Venezuela,    San 

Domingo,  Portugal. 

Baty,  T.     International  Law.     New  York:   Longmans,  1909.     $2.25. 

A  misleading  title.    This  is  really  a  study  of^the  progress  of  international  relations 
from  conditions  of  Independence  toward  conditions  of  Interdependence. 


20  DISCUSSION  OF  ARBITRATION 

Botime,  Randolph  S.     Arbitration  and  International  Politics.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 

1913.     Free. 

Darby,  W.  Evans.     International  Tribunals.     4th  edition.     London:  J.  M. 
Dent  &  Company,  1904.     $3.50. 
An  historical  review  with  reprints  of  important  documents. 

Fitzpatrick,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Charles.     International  Arbitration.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 

191 1.  Free. 

Gibbons,  James  Cardinal.  Arbitration  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1911.     Free. 

Hay,  John,  and  Root,  Elihu.  Instructions  to  the  American  Delegates  to  the 
Hague  Conferences,  1899  and  1907.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1912.     Free. 

Hyde,  Charles  Cheney.  Legal  Problems  Capable  of  Settlement  by  Arbitra- 
tion.    P.,  A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.,  1910.     Free. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  and  Krehbiel,  Edward  B.     Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  In- 
ternational Conciliation.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     75  cents. 
Especially  Lectures  XXI.-XXIII. 

La  Fontaine,  Henri.     Pasicrisie  Internationale.     Berne:    Staempfli  &  Com- 
pany, 1902.     40  francs. 
A  documentary  history  of  international  arbitrations  since  Jay's  treaty,  1794. 

Lammasch,  Heinrich,  and  Ralston,  Jackson  H.  The  Anglo-American  Arbi- 
tration Treaties,  and  Forces  making  for  International  Conciliation  and 
Peace.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 1.     Free. 

Mahan,  Admiral  A.  T.  Armaments  and  Arbitration,  or  the  Place  of  Force  in 
the  International  Relations  of  States.  New  York:  Harper,  1912.  $1.40. 
A  study  of  arbitration  from  the  militarist  point  of  view. 

Mead,  Edwin  D.  The  International  Duty  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1911.     Free. 

Moore,  John  Bassett.  History  and  Digest  of  the  International  Arbitrations 
to  which  the  United  States  has  been  a  Party.  Washington:  Government 
Printing  Oflfice,  1898.  Out  of  print.  6  vols.  1-2,  History;  3-4,  Digest; 
5,  Domestic  Commissions,  Notes  and  Treaties;  6,  Maps. 
A  new  edition  is  being  prepared,  and  will  be  published  by  the  Carnegie  Endowment. 
The  new  edition  will  include  all  arbitrations  between  all  nations. 

Morris,  Robert  C.     International  Arbitration  and  Procedure.     New  Haven: 
Yale  University  Press,  1911.     $1.45. 
From  the  time  of  Herodotus  to  the  Hague  Conferences. 

Myers,  Denys  Peter.     Revised  List  of  Arbitration  Treaties.     P.,  W.  P.  F., 

1912.  Free. 

Oppenheim,  Lassa.  The  Panama  Canal  Conflict  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  of  America.  2d  edition.  Cambridge:  University 
Press.     75  cents. 

Phillipson,  Coleman.  The  International  X-aw  and  Custom  of  Ancient  Greece 
and  Rome.     2  vols.     Lond(5n:  Macmillan,  1911.     $6.50. 


WORK   OF   INTERNATIONAL   ORGANIZATIONS  21 

Pillsbury,  Albert  E.     The  Arbitration  Treaties.     P.,  W.  P.  F.     Free.     An 

examination  of  the  majority  report  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Foreign 
Relations. 

Pius  X,  His  Holiness  the  Pope.  Letters  to  the  Apostolic  Delegate  to  the 
United  States  of  America.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 1.     Free. 

Raeder,    A.     L' Arbitrage    international     chez    les     Hellenes.      Kristiania: 
Nobel  Institut,  191 2. 
The  best  work  on  this  subject  yet  written. 

Ralston,  Jackson  H.     International  Arbitral  Law  and  Procedure.     W.  P.  F., 

1910.     $2,20. 

An  exhaustive  digest  of  arbitral  procedure.     See  also  under  Lammasch  and  Ralston, 
"The  Anglo-American  Arbitration  Treaties." 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  together  with  the  Views  of 
the  Minority  upon  the  General  Arbitration  Treaties  with  Great  Britaia 
and  France,  signed  on  August  3,  191 1.  With  Appendices.  Sen.  Doc. 
No.  98,  62d  Cong.,  ist  Session.     Washington,  191 1. 

Root,  Elihu.     Panama  Canal  Tolls:    The  Obligations  of  the  United  States. 
P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1913.     Free. 
See  also  under  Hay,  John. 

The  General  Arbitration  Treaties  of  1911.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 1.     Free. 

Tod,    Marcus    Niebuhr.     International    Arbitration    amongst    the    Greeks. 
Oxford:    Clarendon  Press,  1913.     85.  6d. 
A  learned  essay  with  a  review  of  the  epigraphlcal  evidence. 


Lecture  V. 

EXISTING  INTERNATIONAL  ORGANIZATIONS  AND  AS- 
SOCIATIONS. THE  WORK  OF  THE  HAGUE  CONFER- 
ENCES AND   COURT. 

1.  Modem  business  is  international,  ignores  political  boundary 
lines.    The  "Unseen  Empire"  of  Finance. 

2.  Scope  of  the  work  of  the  Central  OflSce  of  International  Associ- 
ations at  Brussels. 

a.  International  organizations  not  connected  with  any  gov- 
ernmental activities.    Among  about  450  such  associa- 
tions there  are: — 
41  international   associations  concerning  labor,  chiefly 

organizations  of  artisans; 
93  international  associations  of  persons  interested  in  the 

applications  of  scientific  knowledge,  as  in  medicine 


22  WORK   OF  INTERNATIONAL   ORGANIZATIONS 

and   hygiene,   chemistry,   physics,   engineering   and 
agriculture; 
no  international    associations  of  persons  interested  in 
scientific  research  and  education; 
77  international  associations  of   persons  interested  in 
philosophy,  morals,  religion  and  law. 
b.  Public  international  associations  in  which  governments  are 
represented,  about  50  in  number. 

Hague  Conferences;  Pan-American  and  Central  American  Con- 
gresses; international  conferences  or  committees  for  conservation, 
police  administration,  protection  and  promotion  of  commercial  and 
business  interests  (as  the  International  Institute  of  Agriculture  at 
Rome,  founded  in  1905,  includes  representatives  of  48  countries); 
for  scientific,  educational  and  judicial  purposes,  and  for  the  improve- 
ment of  conditions  of  transportation  and  communication  (as  the 
Universal  Postal  Union). 

3.  "The  Concert  of  Europe"  as  an  international  influence.  Is 
there  such  a  thing  as  Pan-Americanism?  The  Pan-American  Union. 
The  Central  American  Congresses  (yearly  since  1909).  The  Central 
American  Court  of  Justice  at  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica.  The  Inter- 
parliamentary Union. 

4.  The  First  Hague  Conference,  May  18,  1899.  26  states  repre- 
sented.    Conventions: — 

1.  Concerning  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes. 

a.  Mediation.     CJ\  President  Roosevelt  and  the  Ports- 

mouth Treaty  between  Russia  and  Japan. 

b.  International  Commissions  of  Inquiry.     Cf.  the  Dog- 

ger Bank  affair  and  the  Bryan  peace  plan. 

c.  The  Permanent  Tribunal  of   Arbitration,  organized 

1 90 1.  First  case  between  Mexico  and  the  United 
States,  1902.  A  dozen  cases  have  been  tried  and 
decided. 

2.  Concerning  the  laws  and  customs  of  war  on  land.  A  code 
of  Articles  of  War,  based  on  the  Lieber  Code,  restricting 
warfare  in  the  interests  of  humanity  and  health. 

3.  Concerning  the  adaptation  to  maritime  warfare  of  the 
principles  of  the  Geneva  Convention  of  August  22,  1864 
(the  Red  Cross  rules). 

The  Conference  also  adopted  three  declarations,  which  prohibited 
the  throwing  of  projectiles  from  balloons  or  other  analogous  means 


WORK  OF   INTERNATIONAL   ORGANIZATIONS  23 

of  transportation  (adopted  for  a  term  of  five  years) ;  the  use  of  pro- 
jectiles having  as  their  sole  object  the  diffusion  of  asphyxiating  or 
deleterious  gases;  and  the  use  of  bullets  which  expand  or  flatten  easily 
in  the  human  body. 

5.  The  Second  Hague  Conference,  1907.  44  states  represented. 
Conventions: — 

1.  Concerning  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes. 
Rules  of  international  procedure  codified. 

2.  Concerning  the  limitation  of  the  use  of  force  for  the 
recovery  of  contractual  debts.  Adoption  of  the  Porter- 
Drago  doctrine. 

3.  4.  Concerning  rules  of  war.  There  must  be  a  declaration 
of  war  before  hostilities  begin;  areas  of  warfare  defined 
and  restricted. 

5,  13.  Rights  and  duties  of  neutral  powers  and  persons  de- 
fined so  as  to  increase  the  protection  of  neutrals. 

6-1 1.  Rules  for  maritime  warfare;  unfortified  places  must 
not  be  bombarded;  inviolability  of  neutral  property  fa- 
vored, but   subject  deferred  for  the  sake  of  England. 

12.  An  International  Prize  Court  agreed  upon  (c/.  Declaration 
of  London  in  1908-1909). 

The  Conference  also  adopted  a  declaration  prohibiting  the  launch- 
ing of  explosives  from  balloons  and  air-craft  "until  the  end  of  the 
next  conference." 

The  Conference  also  adopted  a  Draft  Convention  containing  the 
constitution  of  a  Court  of  Arbitral  Justice,  and  called  the  attention 
of  the  powers  to  the  advisability  of  adopting  it. 

The  Final  Act  of  the  Conference  recommends  the  assembly  of  a 
third  Peace  Conference  and  the  preparation  of  a  program  for  it. 

35  of  the  44  nations  voted  for  a  general  treaty  of  obligatory  arbi- 
tration. 

6.  Agenda  for  the  Third  Hague  Conference.  The  question  of  ex- 
penditures for  armaments.  Significance  of  the  Peace  Palace  at  The 
Hague,  opened  August  29,  1913. 

Annuaire  du  Mouvement  Pacifiste.     Published  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  by  the 
International  Peace  Bureau. 

Annuaire  de  la  Vie  Internationale.     Published  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  by  the 
Office  Central  des  Institutions  Internationales  (1910-11).     40  francs. 

Choate,  Joseph  H.     The  Two  Hague  Conferences.     Princeton:    University 
Press,  1913.     $1. 


24  WORK   OF   INTERNATIONAL    ORGANIZATIONS 

Foster,  John  W.      Arbitration  and  the  Hague  Court.     Boston:    Houghton 
Mifflin  Company,  1904.     $1. 
Discusses  the  events  which  led  to  the  First  Conference. 

Hay,  John,  and  Root,  Elihu.     Instructions   to  the  American  Delegates  to  the 
Hague  Conferences,  1899  and  1907.     P.,  W.  P.  F.     Free. 

Heath,  Carl.     The  Peace  Year  Book.      (Issued  since    1910.)     London:  The 
National  Peace  Council,  167  St.  Stephen's  House,  Westminster,  S.W.     is. 

.     The  Work  of  the  Hague  Tribunal.     P.     London:    National  Peace 

Council,     id. 

—.     Cost  of  the  War  System  to  the  British  People  for  Fifty  Years.     P. 


London:   National  Peace  Council,     id. 

Holls,  Frederick  W.  The  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague  and  its  Bearings 
on  International  Law  and  Policy.     New  York:    Macmillan.     $2.25. 

Hull,  William  I.     The  Two  Hague  Conferences.     W.  P.  F.     $1.65. 

.     The  New  Peace  Movement.     W.  P.  F.     $1. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  and  Krehbiel,  Edward  B.  Syllabus  of  Lectures  on 
International  Conciliation,  especially  Lectures  XXIV. -XXVII.  P., 
W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     75  cents. 

Lange,  Christian  L.  Parliamentary  Government  and  the  Interparliamentary 
Union.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 1.     Free. 

.     The  Interparliamentary  Union.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1913.     Free. 

Lawrence,  Thomas  J.  International  Problems  and  Hague  Conferences. 
London:  J.  M.  Dent  &  Company,  1908.     $s.  6d. 

Mead,  Edwin  D.  The  Results  of  the  Two  Hague  Conferences  and  the  De- 
mands upon  the  Third  Conference.     P.,  W.  P.  F.     Free. 

.     The  United  States  and  the  Third  Hague  Conference.     P.,  W.  P.  F. 

Free. 

Myers,  Denys  P.  The  Record  of  The  Hague.  Tables  showing  cases  de- 
cided and  Conventions  ratified  to  November  i,  1913.    P.,  W.  P.  F.    Free. 

.     Twelve  Years  of  the  Hague  Tribunal.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1913.     Free. 


Politis,  N.     The  Work  of  the  Hague  Court.     P.,  A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.,  191 1.     Free. 

Rehisch,  Paul  S.     Public  International  Unions,  their  Work  and  Organization. 
W.  P.  F.,  1911.     $1.65. 

Scott,  James  Brown.     The  Hague  Peace  Conferences  of  1899  and  1907.     Bal- 
timore: Johns  Hopkins  University  Press,  1909.     2  vols.     $5. 
Contains  full  text  of  conventions. 

Scott,  James  Brown,  Editor.     Texts  of  the  Peace  Conferences  at  The  Hague. 
W.  P.  F.     $2.20. 

American   Addresses  at  the  Second  Hague  Conference.     W.  P.  F. 


$1.65. 

Tryon,  James  L.     The  Hague  Peace  System  in  Operation.     P.,  Massachusetts 
Peace  Society. 


HOW   CAN   A   WORLD-ORGANIZATION   SECURE   PEACE?       25 

Whelpley,  James  D.     The  Trade  of  the  World.     New  York:    The  Century 
Company,  1913.     $2. 

White,  Andrew  D.     The  First  Hague  Conference.     W.  P.  F.     55  cents. 
A  diary,  written  during  the  Conference. 

Wilson,  George   G.     International   Justice.     American    Baptist   Publication 
Society,  191 1.     10  cents. 


Lecture  VI. 

HOW  CAN  A  WORLD-ORGANIZATION  SECURE  AND 
INSURE  PEACE  WITH  JUSTICE? 

1.  Problems  of  racial  differences  and  antagonisms. 

2.  Problems  of  conflicting  political  and  economic  ambitions. 

3.  Problems  of  disarmament. 

4.  Rivalries  in  commerce  and  industry. 

5.  Common  fundamental  purposes  and  ideals. 

6.  Foundations  of  co-operation.    The  international  State. 

Andrews,  C.  M.  The  Historical  Development  of  Modern  p:urope,  1815- 
1897.     Students'  Edition.     2  vols,  in  i.     Putnam,     $2.75. 

Angell,  Norman.  Peace  Theories  and  the  Balkan  War.  London:  Horace 
Marshall  &  Son.     i^. 

Baldwin,  Simeon  E.  The  New  Era  of  International  Courts.  P.,  A.  S.  J.  S. 
I.  D.,  1910.     Free. 

Barclay,  Sir  Thomas.  The  Turco-Italian  War  and  its  Problems.  With  a 
chapter  on  Moslem  Feeling  by  Rt.  Hon.  Ameer  Ali,  and  appendices 
containing  a  full  documentary  history.  London:  Constable  &  Com- 
pany, 191 2.     55. 

Bemhardi,  Gen.  Friedrich  von.     Germany  and  the  Next  War.     London: 
Edward  Arnold,  191 2.     10^. 
The  work  of  a  sincere  defender  of  warfare, 

Bingham,  Hiram.  The  Monroe  Doctrine,  an  Obsolete  Shibboleth.  New 
Haven:   Yale  University  Press,  1913.     $1.15. 

Bishop,   Joseph  B.     The   Panama   Gateway.     New   York:     Scribner,    19 13. 

$2.50. 

Bridgman,  Raymond  L.     World  Organization.     W.  P.  F.,  1905.     60  cents. 

.     The  First  Book  of  World  Law.     W.  P.  F.     $1.65. 

Bryce,  James.  The  Relations  of  the  Advanced  and  Backward  Races  of  Man- 
kind.    Oxford:   Clarendon  Press,  1902.     70  cents. 


26      HOW   CAN  A  WORLD-ORGANIZATION   SECURE   PEACE? 

China  Year  Book,  The.     191 2  and  1913.     London:   Routledge;   New  York: 
E.  P.  Button  &  Company.     10s. 

A  complete  analysis  of  Chinese  conditions  during  the  change  from  empire  to  republic 
with  translations  of  original  documents. 

DeForest,  John  H.     The  Truth  about  Japan.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 2.     Free. 

Dole,  Charles  F.     The  Right  and  Wrong  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine.  P.,  W.  P.  F., 
191 2.     Free. 

Eliot,  Charles  William.     Japanese  Characteristics.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1913. 
Free. 

Some  Roads  towards  Peace.    A  Report  to  the  Trustees  of  the  Endow- 


ment on  Observations  made  in  China  and  Japan  in  1912.    P.,  Cam^ie  En- 
dowment for  International  Peace.     Free. 

Finot,  Jean.  Race  Prejudice.  Translated  by  Florence  Wade-Evans.  Lon- 
don:  Constable,  1906;   New  York:   Dutton,  importer.     $3. 

►    Fish,  G.  M.     International  Commercial  Policies.     New  York:    Macmillan. 

$1.25. 

In  Citizen's  Library. 

Fullerton,  William  Morton.  Problems  of  Power.  A  study  of  international 
politics  from  Sadowa  to  Kirk-Kilisse.  London:  Constable,  1913.  ys.6d. 
The  work  of  a  journalist  who  fears  the  ambitions  of  German  statesmen. 

»  Gannett,  William  C.     International  Good-will  as  a  Substitute  for  Armies 
and  Navies.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1912.     Free. 

♦  Haldane,  Viscount,  of  Cloan.     Higher  Nationality.     A  study  in  law  and 

ethics.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1913.     Free. 
Also  reprinted  complete  in  a  special  bulletin. 

'  Hill,  David  Jayne.     World  Organization   as  affected  by  the  Nature  of  the 
,     Modern  State.     New  York:   Columbia  University  Press,  1911.     $1.50. 

•  Hirst,  Francis  W.     The  Logic  of  International  Co-operation.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 

1909.     Free. 

Hobson,  John  Atkinson.     Psychology  of  Jingoism.''    London:  A.  Moring  & 

Company.     25.  6d. 

.     Imperialism.     A  study.'    London:  Constable.     2s.  6d. 

International  Trade.^     An  explication  of  Economic  Theory.     Lon- 


don:   Methuen  &  Company.     2^.  6d. 

HuU,  William  L     The  International  Grand  Jury.     P.,  A.  S.  J.  S.  I.  D.,  191 2. 
Free. 

International  Conciliation  in  the  Far  East.     Papers  by  five  difiFerent  authori- 
ties.    P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1910.     Free. 

Johnston,  Sir  Harry.     Common  Sense  in  Foreign  Policy.     London:  Smith, 
Elder  &  Company,  1913.     25.  6d. 

A  pragmatic  study  of  present  conditions  in  the  British  Empire. 
•Out  of  print. 


HOW  CAN  A  WORLIMDRGANIZATION   SECURE   PEACE?       27 

Jordan^  David  Starr,  and  Krehbiel,  Edward  B.     Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  In-    1 
ternational  Conciliation.     Especially  lectures  XXXII.-XXXVII.     W.  P. 
F.     75  cents. 

Kraus,  Herbert.    Die  Monroedoktrin.     See  Lecture  II. 

La  Fontaine,  Henri.     Existing  Elements  of  a  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
of  the  World.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 1.     Free. 

Lange,  Christian  L.     Parliamentary  Government  and  the  Interparliamentary     q 
Union.    P.,  W.  P.  F.,  1911.     Free. 

Loria^  Achille.    Les  Bases  ficonomiques  de  la  Justice  International.     Kris- 
tiania:  Nobel  Institut. 

Lorimer,  James.     The  Institutes  of  the  Law  of  Nations.    2  vols.     Edinburgh:    • 
Blackwood,  1884.     $6. 

Especially  Book  V.  in  Vol,  II.,  "The  Ultimate  Problem  of  International  Jurispru- 
dence," pp.  183-299. 

Lowell,  A.  Lawrence.     Governments  and  Parties  in   Continental  Europe. 

2  vols.     Boston:    Houghton  MiflQin   Company,  1896-97.     $5. 

Macfarland,  Henry  B.  F.     The  Supreme  Court  of  the  World.     P.,  A.  S.  J.  S.    ♦ 

I.  D.,  November,  1913.     Free. 

Mead,  Edwin  D.     The  International  Duty  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.     P.,  W.  P.  F.,  191 1.     Free. 

Mead,  Lucia  Ames.     Swords  and  Ploughshares.     New  York:  Putnam,  191 2. 

$1.50. 
Nabuco,  Joaquim.     The  Approach  of  the  Two  Americas.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 

1908.     Free. 

Novikov,  Jacques.     La  F6d6ration  de  TEurope.     Paris:    F61ix  Alcan,  1901. 

3  francs,  50. 

There  is  an  Italian  edition,  Milan,  Verri,  1895,  and  a  German  edition,  edited  bj 
Dr.  A.  H.  Fried.  Berlin  and  Berne,  Edelheim,  igoi.  A  careful  consideration  of  the 
helps  and  hindrances  and  of  the  possibilities  of  realization. 

Osborne,  John  Ball.     Influence  of  Commerce  in  the  Promotion  of  Interna-  • 
tional  Peace.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  1909.     Free. 

Pratt,  Sereno  S.,  and  four  others.     Finance  and  Commerce,  their  Relation   • 
to  International  Good- will.     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C,  191 2.     Free. 

Reinsch,  Paul  S.     International  Political  Currents  in  the  Far  East.     Bostoa: 
Houghton  MiflSin  Company,  191 1.     $2. 

World  Politics  as  influenced  by  the  Oriental  Situation.     New  York: 


Macmillan,  1900.     $1.25. 

Reprints:   from  the  London  Economist,  "Profit  and  Patriotism";   from  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  "Money-making  and   War."     P.,  A.  A.  I.  C, 
1913.     Free. 
Only  the  first  article  is  commended  to  the  student. 

Rowe,  Leo  S.     Possibilities  of  Intellectual  Co-operation  between  North  and 
South  America.     New  York:  A.  A.  I.  C,  1908.     Free. 


28      HOW   CAN  A  WORLD-ORGANIZATION  SECURE  PEACE? 

Sarolea,  Charles.     The  Anglo- German  Problem.     London  and  New  York: 
Thomas  Nelson  &  Sons,  191 2.     1$. 

Written  to  prove  that  Imperialism  is  the  enemy  of  World  Peace,  and  especially 
German  Imperialism. 

Spiller,   Gustav.     Inter-racial   Problems.     W.   P.    F.     $2.40.     Papers   com- 
municated to  the  first  Universal  Races  Congress,  London,  191 1. 

Sumner,  William  G.    Folkways.     Boston:  Ginn  &  Company.    $3.00. 

Tryon,  James  L.     The  Proposed  High  Court  of  Nations.     P.,  American  Peace 
Society,  1910.     Free. 

Usher,  Roland  G.     Pan- Germanism.     Boston:   Houghton  MiflBin  Company, 
1913.     $1.75. 
A  study  of  recent  international  politics. 

Wilson,  President.     On  the  United  States  and  Latin  America.     P.,  W.  P.  F. 
1913.     Free.     Speech  at  the  Southern  Commercial  Congress. 


Among  the  pamphlet  publications  of  the  A.  A.  I.  C.  the  following  additional 
items  may  be  here  particularly  noted: — 

Cole,  Percival  R.     The  United  States  and  Australia,  19 10.     Free. 
Douglas,  James.     The  United  States  and  Mexico,  1910.     Free. 
Hume,  Martin.     The  United  States  and  Spain,  1909.     Free. 
Ladd,  George  T.     The  United  States  and  Japan,  1908.     Free. 
Von  Lewinski,  Karl.     The  United  States  and  Germany,  19 10.     Free. 
Wendell,  Barrett.     The  United  States  and  France,  1908.     Free. 
Willison,  J.  S.     The  United  States  and  Canada,  1908.     Free. 
Yen,  Wei-Ching.     The  United  States  and  China,  1909.     Free. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons  publish  a  series  of  volumes  upon  the  ^history  of 
our  South  American  neighbors.  Each  volume  costs  $3.  The  following  are 
either  ready  or  in  press: — 

Dalton,  L.  V.     Venezuela. 
Dennis,  Pierre.     Brazil. 
Eder,  P.  J.     Colombia. 
Elliott,  G.  F.  S.     Chile. 
Enock,  C.  R.     Mexico. 

"       "    "      Peru. 
Hardy,  M.  R.     Paraguay. 
Hirst,  W.  A.     Argentina. 
Redway,  James.     Guiana,  British,  French  and  Dutch. 


Wfjitlh  ^eace  jFounbation 

^ampfjlet  Series 


THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION 


WORK  IN   1913 


Published  Monthly  by  the 
WORLD   PEACE  FOUNDATION 

40  MT.  VERNON  STREET,  BOSTON 


December,  1913 
Vol.  III.     No.   12 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  January  is,  igi3.  at  the  post-office  at  Boston,  Mass. 
under  the  Act  of  August  24,  191 2 


WORLD   PEACE    FOUNDATION 

PAMPHLET  SERIES 

Volume  I  was  issued  quarterly  from  April  to  October,  191 1,  and  sets  as  complete  as  possible 
may  be  had  on  request  for  binding.    Pamphlets  in  the  volume  include: — 

THE  RESULTS  OF  THE  TWO  HAGUE  CONFERENCES  AND  THE  DEMANDS 
UPON  THE  THIRD  CONFERENCE,  by  Edwin  D.  Mead;  SIR  EDWARD  GREY  ON 
UNION  FOR  WORLD  PEACE,  speech  in  House  of  Commons,  March  13,  1911;  THE  WORLD 
PEACE  FOUNDATION,  by  Edwin  Ginn;  THE  INTERNATIONAL  DUTY  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  AND  GREAT  BRITAIN,  by  Edwin  D.  Mead;  SOME  SUPPOSED 
JUST  CAUSES  OF  WAR,  by  Hon.  Jackson  H.  Ralston;  SYNDICATES  FOR  WAR  (Lon- 
don correspondence  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post) ;  WAR  NOT  INEVITABLE,  by  Hon.  John 
W.  Foster;  PARLIAMENTARY  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  INTERPARLIAMENTARY 
UNION,  by  Dr.  Christun  L.  Lange;  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE  FOR  ARBITRA- 
TION; and  THE  MISSION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THE  CAUSE  OF  PEACE, 
by  Hon.  David  J.  Brewer. 

January  Volume  II,  I9I2  (Quarterly) 

No.  4.    Part  I.       CONCERNING  SEA  POWER.     By  David  Starr  Jordan 
~       "      HEROES  OF  PEACE.     By  Edwin  D.  Mead 

INTERNATIONAL  GOOD  WILL  AS  A   SUBSTITUTE  FOR  ARMIES 

AND  NAVIES.    By  William  C.  Gannett 
See  Volume  III.  No.  6 

THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  JAPAN.    By  John  H.  De  Forest 
THE  COSMIC  ROOTS  OF  LOVE.    By  Henry  M.  Simmons 
WORLD  SCOUTS.    By  Albert  Jay  Nock 
THE  RIGHT  AND  WRONG  OF   THE    MONROE   DOCTRINE.    By 

Charles  F.  Dole 
THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION:   ITS  PRESENT  ACTIVITIES 
NEUTRALIZATION:      AMERICA'S     OPPORTUNITY.       By    Irving 

WmsLow 
WILLIAM    T.    STEAD    AND    HIS    PEACE    MESSAGE.     By  James 
A.  Macdonald 
Part  IV.    EDUCATIONAL  ORGANIZATIONS  PROMOTING  INTERNATIONAL 
FRIENDSHIP.    By  Ldcia  Ames  Mead 
REVISED    LIST     OF     ARBITRATION     TREATIES.     CompUed    by 
Denys  p.  Myers 


April 
No.  6. 


July 
No.  6 


Part  II. 
Part  III. 

PartL 
Part  II. 
Part  III. 
Part  IV. 
PartV. 

PartL 
Part  II. 

Part  III. 


PartV. 


October 
No.  7. 


PartL       HEROES  OF  THE  SEA.    By  W.  M.  Thackeray 

Part  II.  THE  FORCES  THAT  MAKE  FOR  PEACE.  By  Hon.  William  J.  Bryan 
Part  IIL  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  AND  WORLD  PEACE.  By  Samuel  B.  Capen 
Part  IV.  THE  LITERATURE  OF  THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT.  By  Edwin  D.  Mead 
Part  V.  THE  WASTE  OF  MILITARISM.  From  the  Report  of  the  Massachusetts 
Commission  on  the  Cost  of  Living 


January, 

February, 

March, 

April, 

May, 

June, 
July, 


August, 


Volume  III,  1913  (Monthly) 

No.  1.    WORK  IN   1912 

(  THE  WOUNDED.    By  Noel  Buxton,  M.P. 


No.  2. 


No.  3. 
No.  4. 
No.  6. 


No.  6. 
No.  7. 


1  WOMEN  AND   WAR.    By  M.  A.  Stobart 


PANAMA   CANAL  TOLLS.     By  Hon.  Elihu  Root 

INSTRUCTIONS  TO  AMERICAN  HAGUE  DELEGATES,  1899  and  1907 

Part  I.     WASHINGTON,  JEFFERSON  AND  FRANKLIN  ON  WAR.    By 

Edwin  D.  Mead 
Part  II.    THE  INTERNATIONAL  LIBRARY 
THE  DRAIN  OF  ARMAMENTS.    By  Arthur  W.  Allen 
Part  I.    ORGANIZING  THE  PEACE  WORK.    By  Edwin  Ginn 
Part  II.    INTERNATIONALISM  AMONG  UNIVERSITIES.    By  Louis 

P    LOCHNFR 

No.  8.    THE  FORCES  WARRING  AGAINST  WAR.    By  Havelock  Ellis 


Sepumber,  No' 9*    TO  THE  PICKED  HALF  MILLION.     By  William  T  Stead 
October,      No.  10.  OUR  DUTY    CONCERNING    THE    PANAMA    CANAL    TOLLS 


By 


November  Thomas  Raeburn  White  and  Charlemagne  Tower 

No.  11.    PartL      THE  COMMISSION  OF  INQUIRY:   THE  WILSON-BRYAN  PEACE 
isij  PLAN.     By  Denys  P.  Myers 

SPartn.    SUGGESTIONS    FOR    LECTURES    ON    INTERNATIONAL    RELA- 
TIONS.    Byr  Charles  H.  Levermore 
December,  No.  12,    WORK  IN  1913 
35(a        .  Volume  IV.  1914 

January,   No.    1.    AMERICAN  LEADERSHIP  FOR  PEACE  AND  ARBITRATION.    By 
Carl  Schjjrz 

Single  copies  free.    Price  in  quantities  on  application 

Volume  title-pages  for  binding  furnished  on  request 

WORLD   PEACE   FOUNDATION 


40  Mt.  Vernon  Street 


Boston,  Mass. 


We  have  before  us  a  task  that  few  comprehend.  It  is  for  us  not 
only  to  institute  the  measures  necessary  to  curtail  this  awful  waste 
of  life  and  property,  but  to  bring  conviction  to  the  masses  that  this 
question  cannot  be  handled  successfully  by  a  few  people.  It  is  a 
work  for  the  whole  world.  We  must  do  our  part  towards  bringing 
the  subject  so  forcefully  before  each  and  every  one  that  all  will  feel 
that  it  is  necessary  to  take  a  hand  in  it.  We  go  about  our  vocations 
of  every  kind,  giving  ninety-nine  per  cent,  of  our  time  and  money 
to  them,  with  hardly  a  thought  or  a  dollar  to  the  greatest  of  all  needs, 
and  expect  these  terrible  evils  of  war  wUl  be  done  away  with, — that 
in  some  way  the  powers  of  the  earth  or  the  heavens  will  remove  them. 
Great  changes  in  the  established  order  of  things  do  not  come  about 
in  this  way.  The  All-wise  Power  has  no  hands  or  voices  but  oiurs. 
He  must  work  through  His  creatures;  and,  if  we  fail  to  take  up  His 
commands,  the  work  will  have  to  wait.  Latent  feeling  must  be 
transformed  into  action.  The  peace  leaders  have  not  impressed  the 
people  sufficiently  with  the  idea  that  this  is  a  work  that  must  be  imder- 
taken  by  the  people  as  a  whole  in  a  large  way  if  any  great  change  is 
to  be  made,  and  that  it  will  never  succeed  with  an  indefinite  and  un- 
certain source  of  supply.  We  must  place  responsibility  as  broadly 
a3  possible  upon  the  people,  and  ask  each  to  take  a  hand  in  contribu- 
tions of  both  money  and  time.  It  is  not  enough  for  the  minister  in 
the  pulpit  to  devote  one  Sunday  in  the  year  to  a  peace  sermon;  nor 
for  the  teacher  in  the  school  to  give  one  day  in  the  year  to  peace 
lessons;  nor  the  newspaper  one  editorial  in  the  year;  nor  for  the  men 
of  business  and  finance  to  have  a  convention  once  a  year  to  talk  over 
these  matters.  All  must  be  awakened  to  the  necessity  of  taking  a 
vital  hand  in  this  work.  The  future  of  our  cause  depends  especially 
upon  the  co-operation  of  vigorous  yoimg  men  who  wish  to  devote 
their  whole  lives  to  carrying  it  forward;  and  to  such  our  schools  and 
colleges  and  churches  and  the  press  should  earnestly  appeal. 

Edwin  Ginn. 


THE  WORLD   PEACE  FOUNDATION 


Trustees 

Edwin  Ginn,  president;  A.  Lawrence  Lowell,  William  H.  P.  Faunce,  Joseph 
Swain,  Samuel  T.  Dutton,  Sarah  Louise  Arnold,  Edward  Cummings,  Samuel 
W.  McCall,  George  A.  Plimpton,  George  W.  Anderson,  Samuel  B.  Capen, 
Albert  E.  Pillsbury. 

Directors 

Edwin  D.  Mead,  chief  director;  David  Starr  Jordan,  James  A.  Macdonald, 
Hamilton  Holt,  Charles  R.  Brown,  William  I.  Hull,  George  W.  Nasmyth, 
Charles  H.  Levermore,  Albert  G.  Bryant. 

Treasurer 
Arthur  W.  Allen,  40  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston 


Advisory  Council 


Miss  Jane  Addams 

President  Edwin  A.  Alderman 

Mrs.  Fannie  Fern  Andrews 

Ex-president  James  B.  Angell 

Hon.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin 

Hon.  Richard  Bartholdt 

Prof.  George  H.  Blakeslee 

Prof.  Jean  C.  Bracq 

Prof.  John  C.  Branner 

John  I.  D.  Bristol 

President  S.  P.  Brooks 

President  Elmer  E.  Brown 

President  William  L.  Bryan 

Prof.  John  W.  Burgess 

Hon.  Theodore  E.  Burton 

President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler 

Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark 

Prof.  John  B.  Clark 

Rev.  Samuel  M.  Crothers 

James  H.  Cutler 

Rev.  Charles  F.  Dole 

Prof.  Charles  T.  Fagnani 

Prof.  Frank  A.  Fetter 

Dr.  John  H.  Finley 

Mrs.  J.  Malcolm  Forbes 

Hon.  John  W.  Foster 

Hon.  Eugene  Hale 

President  G.  Stanley  Hall 

Rabbi  Emil  G.  Hirsch 

Prof.  Jesse  Holmes 

Rev.  Charles  E.  Jefferson 

Rev.  Jenkin  Lloyd  Jones 

President  Harry  Pratt  Judson 

Hon.  William  Kent 

Prof.  George  W.  Kirchwey 

Hon.  Philander  C.  Knox 


Prof.  Edward  B.  Krehbiel 
Rev.  Frederick  Lynch 
*S.  S.McClure 
Theodore  Marburg 
Mrs.  Lucia  Ames  Mead 
Prof.  Adolph  C.  Miller 
President  S.  C.  MitcheU 
»John  R.  Mott 
Prof.  P.  V.  N.  Myers 
Prof.  Bliss  Perry 
H.  C.  Phillips 
Hon.  Jackson  H.  Ralston 
Prof.  Paul  S.  Reinsch 
President  Rush  Rhees 
Judge  Henry  Wade  Rogers 
Dean  W.  P.  Rogers 
Prof.  Elbert  Russell 
Dr.  James  Brown  Scott 
President  L.  Clark  Seelye 
Mrs.  May  Wright  Sewall 
Thorvald  Solberg 
Hon.  John  H.  Stiness 
Moorfield  Storey 
President  Charles  F.  Thwing 
President  Charles  R.  Van  Hise 
Dr.  James  H.  Van  Sickle 
President  George  E.  Vincent 
President  Ethelbert  D.  Warfield 
Dr.  Booker  T.  Washington 
Harris  Weinstock 
Hon.  Andrew  D.  White 
Thomas  Raebum  White 
Prof.  George  G.  Wilson 
Rabbi  Stephen  S.  Wise 
President  Mary  E.  Woolley 
Stanley  R.  Yamall 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  OF 
THE  WORLD  PEACE  FOUNDATION  BY 
THE    CHIEF   DIRECTOR 

Early  in  1913  the  headquarters  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation 
were  removed  from  29  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  to  40  Mt.  Vernon 
Street,  at  the  corner  of  Walnut  Street,  where  they  are  likely  to  re-  y 
main  for  a  long  period.  The  new  quarters  are  commodious  and 
most  satisfactory.  The  building,  bought  by  Mr.  Ginn,  is  the  fine 
old  mansion  so  long  occupied  by  Mrs.  Mary  Hemenway.  The 
Foundation  occupies  the  first  two  floors  of  the  house,  and  the  upper 
floors,  together  with  the  whole  of  the  adjoining  house,  the  two  being 
treated  together,  will  be  rented  for  ofiice  and  residential  purposes. 
The  floors  occupied  by  the  Foundation  furnish  ample  ofiice  and 
storage  room,  with  good  opportunity  for  expansion  when  necessary, 
and  an  admirable  conference  room,  which  well  meets  our  multiply- 
ing educational  and  public  needs.  The  Foundation  takes  satisfac- 
tion in  the  noble  traditions  of  the  house  which  now  becomes  its 
home.  Mary  Hemenway  was  the  generous  giver  who  secm-ed  the 
saving  of  the  Old  South  Meeting-house  for  Boston  and  also  founder 
of  the  Old  South  work  for  promoting  attention  to  American  history 
and  good  citizenship  among  the  Boston  young  people.  This  was  but 
one  of  her  many  inspiring  and  generous  activities  in  behalf  of  edu- 
cation and  patriotism.  Her  home  was  a  temple  of  public  spirit,  and 
in  the  peace  cause  itself  and  in  all  that  pertained  to  international 
progress  she  was  profoundly  interested.  It  would  be  an  occasion  of 
satisfaction  to  her  that  our  sacred  cause  finds  its  home  in  her  old 
home,  as  it  is  a  satisfaction  to  us  that  the  rooms  where  our  work 
now  goes  on  inherit  the  consecration  of  her  spirit.  \ 

Provided  thus  with  a  new  and  permanent  home,  the  Foundation 
has  during  the  year  largely  added  to  its  regular  force  of  workers. 
Prof.  Charles  H.  Levermore,  for  the  five  years  preceding  1893  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  and 
since  then  the  president  of  Adelphi  College  in  Brooklyn,  came  to  us 
in  April  to  take  charge  of  our  department  of  work  in  colleges  and 
imiversities.    Dr.  George  W.  Nasmyth,  who  for  two  years  had  been 


6  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

devoting  a  large  part  of  his  time  to  our  service  in  the  German  uni- 
versities and  elsewhere  in  the  student  field  in  Europe,  and  who  served 
as  president  of  the  International  Students'  Congress  which  met  at 
Cornell  University  at  the  end  of  August,  came  in  September  to  join 
the  regular  office  force  in  Boston,  taking  charge  especially  of  the 
Foundation's  work  among  the  student  bodies  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Albert  G.  Bryant  of  California,  whose  engagement  was  announced 
in  my  last  annual  report,  who  has  so  long  been  devoted  to  the  peace 
cause,  and  who  was  highly  commended  by  Dr.  Jordan,  came  to  us 
also  in  September,  to  work  particularly  among  commercial  organiza- 
tions and  to  devote  himself  as  well  to  the  general  business  interests 
of  the  Foundation. 

I  spoke  in  the  last  annual  report  of  our  expectation  that  Mr. 

Norman  Angell  would  become  regularly  attached  to  the  Foimdation 

some  time  during  the  present  year.    This  expectation  also  has  been 

partially  realized.    Mr.  Angell  will  not  spend  his  entire  time  with 

us  in  the  United  States,  the  development  of  the  work  during  the 

last  year  having  made  it  more  than  ever  important  that  he  should 

carry  on  his  activities  largely  in  London  and  Paris;    but  he  will 

spend  a  portion  of  his  time  with  us  each  year,  being  now  numbered 

as  a  member  of  our  staff,  and  his  London  headquarters  will  serve 

in  many  ways  as  our  London  headquarters.    He  spent  the  greater 

/  part  of  May  and  Jime  with  us  here,  giving  many  addresses  in  the 

/  United  States  and  Canada,  and  he  will  return  for  an  extended  lect- 

1  ure  tour  early  in  1914,  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the  World  Peace 

I  Foundation  and  the  Carnegie  Endowment. 

^  Two  volumes  have  been  added  to  our  International  Library  during 
the  year, — ^Andrew  D.  White's  work  upon  "The  First  Hague  Con- 
ference" and  Prof.  William  I.  Hull's  work  upon  "The  New  Peace 
Movement."  We  have  now  in  press  Immanuel  Kant's  "Eternal 
Peace  and  Other  International  Essays,"  continuing  our  work,  begun 
with  the  publication  of  "The  Great  Design  of  Henry  IV,"  of  making 
the  classics  of  the  peace  movement  available  to  students  and  to  the 
,^^  public;  and  we  have  in  preparation  a  volume  of  the  collected  peace 
^^ssays  and  addresses  of  Rev.  Charles  E.  Jefferson,  making  a  pecu- 
liarly strong  appeal  to  the  churches,  and  a  volume  containing  many 
of  the  prize  essays  upon  various  aspects  of  the  movement,  prepared 
in  the  last  few  years  by  students  in  our  colleges,  accompanied  by  an 
itroduction  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Weston,  the  secretary  of  the  Intercol- 
legiate Peace  Association,  detailing  the  remarkable  recent  progress 
of  our  cause  in  this  important  field. 

Among  the  pamphlets  which  have  been  added  to  our  pamphlet 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  7 

series  during  the  year  have  been:  Hon.  Elihu  Root's  speech  upon 
the  Panama  Canal  Tolls;  Instructions  to  the  American  Delegates 
to  the  Hague  Conferences  in  1899  and  1907,  by  Secretary  Hay  and 
Secretary  Root;  address  at  the  Mohonk  Conference  of  191 3  upon 
"Organizing  the  Peace  Work,"  by  Edwin  Ginn;  "Washington, 
Jefferson  and  Franklin  on  War,"  by  Edwin  D.  Mead;  "Interna- 
tionalism among  Universities,"  by  Louis  P.  Lochner;  "To  the 
Picked  Half  Million,"  by  William  T.  Stead;  "The  Forces  Warring 
against  War,"  by  Havelock  Ellis;  "Outline  of  Lessons  on  War 
and  Peace,"  by  Lucia  Ames  Mead;  and  "The  Record  of  The  Hague," 
compiled  by  Denys  P.  Myers.  In  one  pamphlet  drawing  lessons 
from  the  wars  in  the  Balkans  were  included  Noel  Buxton's  report 
upon  "The  Wounded"  and  Mrs.  Stobart's  paper  upon  "Women 
and  War."  Other  pamphlets,  not  in  the  regular  series,  issued  to 
meet  various  exigencies,  have  been:  "The  American  Peace  Party 
and  its  Present  Aims  and  Duties"  and  "The  United  States  and 
the  Third  Hague  Conference,"  by  Edwin  D.  Mead;  "The  Proper 
Attitude  of  the  Hague  Conference  toward  the  Laws  of  War,"  by 
Jackson  H.  Ralston;  "Mr.  Bryan's  Peace  Plan";  "The  Militia 
Pay  Bill,"  by  Hon.  James  L.  Slayden;  "After  the  Battle,'*  a  scene 
from  Mrs.  Trask's  "In  the  Vanguard";  President  Wilson's  address 
to  college  students  at  Swarthmore;  and  his  address  at  Mobile  upon 
the  relations  of  the  United  States  to  Latin  America.  Earlier  issues 
of  the  regular  pamphlet  series,  like  "The  Drain  of  Armaments  "  and 
the  "List  of  Arbitration  Treaties,"  have  been  revised  and  brought 
up  to  date,  and  large  new  editions  of  many  of  the  earlier  pamphlets 
have  been  demanded.  Twenty  thousand  copies  of  many  issues  are 
necessary  to  meet  the  constantly  growing  needs.  The  pamphlets 
are  prepared  for  many  special  classes,  for  schools,  colleges,  women's 
organizations,  business  men  and  political  workers,  as  well  as  for 
the  general  public.  It  will  be  recognized  that  three  of  the  new' 
pamphlets  mentioned,  those  by  Mr.  Stead  and  Mr.  Lochner  and 
President  Wilson's  Swarthmore  address,  were  to  meet  the  great 
demand  of  this  year  in  the  college  field. 

In  addition  to  its  pamphlet  service  the  Fotmdation  carries  on  a 
large  and  growing  service  through  leaflets,  broadsides,  and  slips  of 
various  kinds,  generally  prepared  to  meet  immediate  and  pressing 
needs,  and  sent  out  largely  to  the  press,  to  Congress,  to  conventions, 
to  the  peace  organizations,  and  to  various  societies,  to  supply  the 
information  needed  at  the  moment  for  agitation  and  for  education. 
A  score  of  such  leaflets  have  been  sent  out  in  large  numbers  during 
the  year. 


8  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

Our  relations  to  the  southern  American  republics,  kept  constantly 
before  us  by  the  Mexican  situation  and  the  discussions  prompted 
by  the  approaching  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal,  have  persistently 
demanded  much  attention  from  us,  through  newspaper  channels  as 
well  as  through  our  leaflet  service.  The  Conference  upon  Latin 
America  at  Clark  University  in  November,  giving  to  this  great  field 
the  most  thorough  attention  which  it  has  ever  received  among  us, 
had  the  Foundation's  heartiest  co-operation;  and  we  are  taking  an 
earnest  interest,  in  this  case  a  responsible  interest,  in  the  plans  for 
the  next  International  Students'  Congress,  which  is  to  be  held  in 
191 5  at  Montevideo. 

The  strong  agitation  in  England,  still  going  on  so  widely  and 
urgently,  for  international  action  for  the  joint  limitation  of  the  pres- 
ent monstrous  naval  armaments  and  expenditures  is  another  com- 
manding interest  of  the  time  which  has  prompted  us  to  large  activity 
in  our  leaflet  service  and  our  general  publicity  work.  The  declara- 
tion of  Mr.  Asquith  in  his  Leeds  address  of  November  27  that  this 
portentous  problem  must  be  met  by  international  action  on  the  part 
of  the  governments  having  behind  them  the  strong  demands  of  the 
peoples  is  one  of  the  many  recent  declarations  in  high  places  which  call 
the  American  people  especially,  in  their  peculiarly  auspicious  posi- 
tion for  leadership,  to  resolute  and  decisive  action;  and  here  every 
peace  organization  should  make  itself  felt,  as  the  Foundation  con- 
stantly endeavors  to  do. 

It  will  also  be  recognized,  by  a  glance  at  its  recent  publications, 
that  it  endeavors  to  make  itself  felt  no  less  with  reference  to  the  ini- 
tiative to  the  Third  Hague  Conference  and  the  timely  and  thorough 
preparation  of  the  program  for  it,  to  insure  for  the  Conference  the 
broad  and  radical  influence  for  which  the  whole  world  calls. 

It  was  our  government  that  not  only  took  the  initiative  for  the 
Second  Hague  Conference,  which  went  so  far  to  determine  that  these 
Conferences  should  be  regular,  but  also,  through  its  delegation  at  the 
Second  Conference,  secured  the  provision  that  a  Third  Conference 
should  meet  in  or  about  1915,  with  an  international  committee 
created  two  years  before  to  prepare  its  program.  The  United  States 
thus  made  doubly  certain  the  regularity  of  these  official  international 
Peace  Conferences.  Our  obUgation  is  therefore  paramount  to  see 
to  it  that  the  provisions  made  by  the  nations  at  our  instance  are 
observed  efficiently.  Our  government  is  in  a  peculiarly  propitious 
position  to  take  the  initiative  for  the  Third  Conference;  and  the  In- 
ternational Peace  Congress  at  The  Hague  in  August  last  properly 
urged  the  American  peace  organizations  to  move  in  the  matter.    The 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  9 

World  Peace  Foundation  has  already  done  so;  but  there  should 
now  be  concerted  demand  for  action,  which  is  the  more  incumbent 
as  there  are  intimations  of  an  effort  in  influential  European  quarters 
to  delay  the  Conference.  Any  such  delay,  imless  for  reasons  not 
apparent,  would  be  most  prejudicial  to  the  great  interests  which  the 
Hague  Conferences  ser^;  and  the  peace  party  of  America  and  of  the 
world  should  unite  to  press  action  and  especially  to  promote  the  most 
intelligent  preparation  for  the  Conference.  With  a  view  to  this 
we  have  recently  sent  out  to  many  quarters  our  collection  of  pam- 
phlets relating  to  the  Hague  Conferences,  with  a  statement  as  to  the 
urgent  importance  of  attention  to  the  approaching  Conference,  and 
called  renewed  attention  to  the  volumes  in  our  International  Library 
relating  to  the  Conferences,  including  "The  Texts  of  the  Hague 
Conferences"  and  "American  Addresses  at  the  Second  Hague  Con- 
ference," both  edited  by  Dr.  James  Brown  Scott,  "The  First  Hague 
Conference,"  by  Andrew  D.  White,  and  "The  Two  Hague  Confer- 
ences," by  Professor  Hull.  The  influential  co-operation  in  this 
matter  of  all  who  are  associated  with  the  Foimdation  is  earnestly 
asked  for. 

The  four  points  which  the  American  peace  party  should  press  at 
this  time  are:  (i)  international  action  for  the  joint  limitation  of 
armaments,  with  firm  opposition  meantime  to  any  increase  of  our 
own  naval  program,  (2)  immediate  and  thorough  preparation  for  the 
Third  Hague  Conference,  (3)  the  prompt  renewal  in  their  original 
or  an  improved  form  of  our  arbitration  treaties  with  Great  Britain 
and  other  countries,  which  have  expired,  and  (4)  the  repeal  of  the 
exemption  of  American  coastwise  shipping  from  tolls  at  the  Panama 
Canal.  As  respects  this  last,  the  Foundation  co-operated  earnestly 
in  the  agitation  so  well  organized  by  the  committee  in  New  York 
last  spring;  and,  in  addition  to  promoting  the  wide  circulation  of 
Senator  Root's  address  upon  the  subject,  we  are  now  adding  to  our 
pamphlet  series  another  powerful  presentation  of  the  issue,  by  Thomas 
Raeburn  White,  the  able  international  jurist,  president  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Arbitration  and  Peace  Society,  and  by  Charlemagne  Tower, 
our  former  ambassador  to  Germany.  It  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  the  renewal  of  our  expiring  arbitration  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
last  summer  was  prevented  by  a  group  of  senators  whose  motive  was 
the  distinct  and  discreditable  desire  to  make  the  reference  of  the 
Panama  tolls  issue  to  arbitration  more  difficult. 

All  of  these  questions  and  others  are  being  considered  in  a  series  of 
fortnightly  "Peace  Conferences  for  Peace  Workers"  now  being  held 
in  the  conference  room  of  the  Foundation.     These  conferences  were 


lO  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

arranged  primarily  in  response  to  the  increasing  need  for  the  better 
information  and  education  of  leaders  for  societies  and  classes  study- 
ing the  international  movement,  groups  in  churches,  schools,  women*s 
clubs,  granges,  patriotic  societies,  and  other  organizations;  but  it  is 
hoped  that  they  will  lead  the  way  and  furnish  the  program  for  similar 
conferences  in  all  the  influential  centers  of  the  country.  The  pres- 
ent conferences  are  conducted  in  turn  by  members  of  the  Foundation's 
own  stafif  and  other  leading  Boston  peace  workers;  and  the  topics 
studied  include  the  Nature  of  War,  Common  Fallacies  about  War  and 
Peace,  National  Dangers  and  National  Defense,  the  Modern  War 
System  and  its  Cost,  the  Great  Illusion,  Early  History  of  the  Peace 
Movement,  the  Two  Hague  Conferences,  Arbitration  and  a  World 
Congress,  Various  Ways  of  Preventing  War,  Patriotism  and  Inter- 
nationalism, Education  and  the  Peace  Movement,  the  Moral  Dam- 
age of  War,  and  New  Peace  Agencies.  The  attendance  is  so  large 
and  the  interest  so  deep  as  to  show  that  this  is  a  form  of  activity 
which  can  profitably  be  taken  up  in  a  hundred  places;  and  it  is  ear- 
nestly conmiended  to  the  attention  of  the  peace  organizations  every- 
where. 

The  point  should  again  be  emphasized  that  the  World  Peace  Foun- 
dation will  always  render  its  best  service,  among  the  various  peace 
agencies  of  the  country,  by  clearly  defining  its  own  purpose  and  pro- 
gram, by  working  in  intelligent  co-operation  with  the  other  impor- 
tant agencies,  and  by  maintaining  such  mutual  understanding  as  shall 
prevent  duplication  and  waste.  The  Carnegie  Peace  Endowment, 
with  its  great  resources,  is  discharging  with  breadth  and  thorough- 
[ness  certain  lines  of  duties  which  we  therefore  are  relieved  from  the 

)ligation  to  imdertake;  the  American  Peace  Society  and  its  branches 
[are  the  natural  agencies  for  other  activities,  and  it  is  for  us  to 
strengthen  these  in  every  way  in  our  power;  and  other  organizations 
fulfil  their  defined  fimctions.  While  therefore  there  are  certain 
influences  which  all  the  peace  organizations  must  exercise  alike,  and 
while  perhaps  the  cause  distinctly  gains  from  mutual  reinforcement 
upon  certain  margins,  the  Foundation,  like  each  of  the  other  impor- 
tant agencies,  should  lay  the  emphasis  upon  its  own  special  task. 
That  task  in  our  case  is  the  educational  work  both  in  its  broader  and 
»^its  stricter  aspects,  the  work  of  informing  and  enlightening  the  gen- 
eral public,  and  the  carrying  of  peace  instruction  and  peace  principles 
into  the  schools  and  colleges.  Our  own  most  satisfying  advance 
during  the  last  year  has  been  in  the  great  improvement  of  our  facili- 
ties for  this  latter  oflSce. 

Professor  Levermore  brings  to  the  conduct  of  our  department  of 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  IX 

work  in  colleges  and  universities  a  broad  knowledge  of  history  and 
politics,  a  large  and  varied  experience  in  the  work  of  education,  un- 
usual acquaintance  with  the  college  and  university  men  of  the  coun- 
try, administrative  and  organizing  ability,  and  deep  devotion  to  the 
peace  cause.  I  ask  careful  attention  to  his  own  report  and  sugges- 
tions, which  will  be  printed  with  this  statement.  The  critical  analy- 
sis which  he  has  made,  through  a  thorough  study  of  their  catalogues, 
of  the  courses  of  study  in  all  the  important  colleges  and  universities 
of  the  country,  their  courses  especially  in  history  and  politics,  is  in 
some  respects  most  encouraging.  In  many  places,  in  entire  inde- 
pendence of  any  distinct  influence  through  peace  agencies,  simply 
in  obedience  to  the  new  international  spirit  of  the  age  affecting  edu- 
cation as  it  affects  our  whole  life,  attention  to  world  relations  and  the 
evolution  of  world  organization  is  markedly  manifest  in  the  historical 
and  political  courses,  and  more  or  less  considerable  study  of  inter- 
national law  is  recognized  as  a  part  of  general  culture.  The  colleges 
and  universities  are  everywhere  hospitable  to  us,  and  ready  to  ar- 
range for  addresses  upon  the  cause  where  they  have  not  yet  resources 
to  make  regular  provision  for  the  study  and  teaching  of  international 
relations.  Such  regular  provision  in  the  curriculum  is  the  thmg 
everywhere  to  be  desired  and  worked  for.  Professorships  on  inter- 
national relations  will  only  gradually  come;  but  lectureships  could  be 
established  immediately  and  imiversally  if  there  were  adequate 
financial  resources  for  it;  and  one  of  our  college  presidents  has  re- 
cently emphasized  the  important  results  which  we  should  see  in 
every  college  where  provision  could  be  made  for  ten  lectures  each 
year  on  peace  topics  by  a  scholar  of  recognized  ability  and  distinc- 
tion, with  the  course  open  to  all  students  and  the  public.  The  num- 
ber of  professors  in  some  of  our  universities  who,  occupying  different 
chairs,  are  conspicuous  and  influential  workers  for  international 
friendship  is  large;  and  men  like  Professor  Reinsch  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin  have  made  their  chairs  such  true  professorships  of  in- 
ternational relations  that  their  influence  has  been  widely  felt.  I  spoke 
in  my  last  annual  report  of  the  important  course  on  international 
relations  arranged  at  Stanford  University  by  Dr.  Jordan  and  Pro- 
fessor Krehbiel;  and  the  syllabus  of  this  course  prepared  by  them 
and  published  by  the  Foundation  has  been  of  great  service  in  many 
quarters  during  the  past  year.  It  is  regular  and  systematic  work  that 
Professor  Levermore  will  commend  to  our  colleges  and  universities; 
and  from  the  results  of  multiplying  courses  upon  international  rela- 
tions we  have  much  to  hope.  I  unite  with  Professor  Levermore  in 
feeling  that  our  pamphlet  service  should  be  vastly  extended  among 


12  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

our  college  students.  Indeed,  there  are  few  fields  where  it  might 
not  be  most  profitably  extended,  the  limits  of  useful  service  here  being 
simply  limits  of  our  resources.  In  a  multitude  of  cases,  where  we 
now  circulate  twenty  thousand  pamphlets  we  could  profitably  cir- 
^jculate  a  hundred  thousand. 
.  yT^  Dr.  Nasmyth's  work  is  with  the  student  bodies  in  our  imiversities, 
\as  Professor  Levermore's  is  mainly  with  the  teaching  force.  Dr. 
JMasmyth  remained  in  Europe  until  midsummer,  chiefly  continuing 
his  work  in  the  Q^frpan  universities  along  the  lines  detailed  in  last 
year's  report,  but  doing  important  work  also  in  Switzerland  and  Eng- 
land, besides  visiting  important  student  groups  in  the  Scandinavian 
countries  and  in  Russia,  receiving  there  the  impressions  of  great 
opportunities  for  the  peace  movement  which  he  reports  in  his  state- 
ment which  will  be  printed  herewith.  For  the  important  campaign 
of  Norman  Angell  among  the  German  universities  last  winter,  Mr. 
Nasmyth  chiefly  made  the  arrangements.  Throughout  the  year  he 
was  directing  preparations  for  the  International  Students'  Congress 
at  Cornell  University  at  the  end  of  August,  he  having  been  elected 
president  of  that  Congress  at  the  session  at  Rome  in  1911.  To  him 
in  great  measure  was  due  the  success  of  the  Congress  at  Cornell, 
by  far  the  most  important  Congress  yet  held  in  this  international 
series.  I  leave  to  him  further  remarks  upon  it;  but,  having  been 
present  at  the  Congress  as  one  of  its  speakers,  I  wish  to  express  the 
profoimd  impression  which  I  derived  of  the  significance  and  poten- 
tiality of  this  great  student  movement,  the  promotion  of  which  in 
every  aspect  becomes  now  so  important  a  part  of  the  Foundation's 
work  under  Dr.  Nasmyth's  direction.  It  was  a  satisfaction  to  hear  at 
Cornell  his  tribute  to  the  Foundation  for  its  continuous  and  decisive 
part  in  the  promotion  of  the  Congress;  and  I  think  that  I  may  rightly 
say,  as  he  said,  that,  but  for  the  service  of  the  Foundation  at  each 
critical  stage  in  the  preparation  for  it,  its  great  success  would  have  been 
impossible.  I  ask  the  attention  of  our  Trustees,  as  well  as  of  all  who 
have  at  heart  the  progress  of  the  peace  movement  in  our  imiversities, 
to  the  carefully  prepared  and  richly  illustrated  handbook  upon  "  The 
Students  of  the  World  and  International  Conciliation,"  published  for 
the  International  Congress  at  Cornell  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  all 
the  delegates;  and  I  ask  special  attention  to  the  outline  there  given 
of  work  for  the  proposed  International  Students'  Bureau,  which 
important  and  inspiring  program  Dr.  Nasmyth  comes  to  the  Founda- 
ytion  to  carry  out.  I  spoke  at  length  in  last  year's  report  of  the  Cos- 
f  mopolitan  Club  movement  in  our  universities,  with  which  for  four 
\  years  the  Foimdation  has  kept  in  such  close  connection;  and  I  only 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  13 

need  to  add  that  I  have  addressed  several  of  these  clubs  during  the 
year,  and  that  Dr.  Nasmyth  will  constantly  serve  them  in  every  way, 
having  himself  formerly  been  the  president  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Cosmopolitan  Clubs. 

Mr.  Nasmyth 's  return  from  Europe  imposes  the  duty  of  careful 
thought  for  the  future  of  the  student  field  there,  in  which  he  has 
worked  with  such  encouraging  results.  We  have  secured  the  ser- 
vices of  Mr.  Edmond  Privat,  an  able  and  devoted  young  Swiss 
scholar,  for  certain  important  work  among  the  Paris  students.  In 
London  important  provisions  will  be  made  by  Norman  Angell  and 
other  friends;  but  we  should  have  a  good  worker  at  Berlin  associ- 
ated with  the  Foundation,  to  follow  up  systematically  the  work 
among  the  students  of  the  German  universities  which  Mr.  Nasmyth 
has  so  well  begun. 

While  the  Foundation  does  not  stanjlia^es^oHsibte^elation'to 
IntercoUegiatfiJBeace-Asaecia^n,  I  wish  to  commend  the  work  6* 
that  miportant  organization  most  earnestly  to  all  of  our  friends  an 
helpers,  because  it  promotes  precisely  the  kind  of  education  an< 
inspiration  with  which  the  Foundation  is  primarily  concerned.  Mon 
than  a  himdred  colleges  and  universities  of  the  West  are  now  united 
in  this  Association,  and  nearly  four  hundred  college  students  pre- 
pared peace  orations  during  the  last  year  in  connection  with  the 
competitions  for  prizes.  The  high  order  of  some  of  the  prize  orations 
will  appear  when  the  collection  of  them  which  we  have  in  prepara- 
tion is  published.  The  organization  should  be  extended  to  include 
every  college  and  imiversity  in  the  country.  Its  financial  resources 
are  utterly  inadequate  to  its  great  opportimities  and  even  for  the 
limited  work  which  it  is  doing  at  this  hour;  and  there  are  few  lines 
of  work  which  I  commend  so  earnestly  for  the  financial  assistance 
of  generous  friends  of  the  peace  cause,  or  which  I  could  wish  were 
more  closely  affiliated  with  the  Foundation  itself  at  this  time  of  the 
large  extension  of  its  influence  in  the  college  and  imiversity  field.  I 
trust  that  the  volume  which  we  are  about  to  publish  will  accomplish 
much  in  making  this  great  work  better  imderstood.  f^ 

But  we  must  never  forget  that  not  one  in  ten  of  the  pupils  in  our 
high  schools  enters  college  at  all,  and  that  hardly  one  in  twenty  of 
the  pupils  in  the  lower  schools  enters  the  high  school.  This  shows 
us  the  stupendous  importance  of  peace  education  in  the  public  schools, 
if  we  are  to  affect  ^he-immense  maj^ifey^ -of  the  rising  generations. 
This  fact  brings  home  to  us  the  peculiar  importance  of  the  work  of 
the  American  School  Peace  League,  with  which  the  Foundation  is 
responsibly  associated.    We  have  from  the  beginning  appreciated  not 


/ 


14  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

only  the  urgency  of  the  field  which  the  work  of  the  League  covers, 
but  the  fortunate  character  of  its  organization.  It  is  most  favorable 
to  devotion  and  to  eflSciency  that  this  organization  for  work  in  the 
-public  schools  of  the  country  should  be  in  the  hands  of  the  public 
/school  leaders  themselves,  with  Dr.  Claxton,  the  National  Commis- 
^Y  sioner  of  Education,  co-operating  in  the  work  with  such  untiring 
zeal.  The  presidency  of  the  League,  until  a  year  ago  held  by  Super- 
intendent Van  Sickle  of  Springfield,  is  now  held  by  Superintendent 
Condon  of  Cincinnati;  while  among  the  vice-presidents  and  coun- 
cillors are  such  men  as  President  Jordan,  Professor  Hull  and  the 
writer,  of  our  own  directors.  President  Swain  and  Professor  Button, 
of  our  trustees,  and  such  prominent  school  superintendents  as  Max- 
well of  New  York,  Dyer  of  Boston,  Brumbaugh  of  Philadelphia, 
Blewett  of  St.  Louis,  Chadsey  of  Detroit,  Emerson  of  Buffalo,  Jordan 
of  Minneapolis,  Greenwood  of  Kansas  City,  Francis  of  Los  Angeles, 
and  Mrs.  Young  of  Chicago.  Its  treasurer  is  Superintendent  Spauld- 
ing  of  Newton,  Mass.;  and  the  secretary  from  the  beginning  has 
been  Mrs.  Fannie  Fern  Andrews  of  Boston,  to  whose  broad  outlook, 
devotion  and  organizing  power  too  high  tribute  cannot  be  paid. 
y^/Branches  of  the  League  are  now  established  in  37  of  our  48  States. 
The  annual  conventions  of  the  League  are  held  regularly  at  the  same 
time  and  place  as  the  annual  conventions  of  the  National  Education 
Association,  which  latter  organization  has  so  warmly  indorsed  the 
work  and  co-operates  so  cordially  with  it.  The  League's  great  meet- 
ings at  Salt  Lake  City  last  summer  were,  as  is  always  the  case,  among 
the  most  impressive  of  the  convention  week.  The  valuable  program 
pamphlet  prepared  by  the  secretary  of  the  League  for  the  use  of 
the  schools  of  the  country  in  their  Peace  Day  celebrations.  May  18, 
was  published  by  the  National  Bureau  of  Education,  which  itself 
distributed  7,500  copies,  and  altogether  nearly  60,000  copies  were 
used  by  teachers.  The  annual  report  of  the  League  covering  the 
work  of  the  present  year  will  be  sent  to  our  trustees  next  month, 
and  they  are  asked  to  consider  it  as  supplementary  to  this  state- 
ment, as  it  is  through  the  School  Peace  League  that  our  own  work 
in  the  public  schools  is  so  largely  done.  This  great  organization  of 
our  public  school  leaders  themselves  must  remain  the  great  agency 
for  work  in  this  broad  field,  and  I  cannot  emphasize  too  strongly  my 
feeling  that  there  is  no  field  more  important.  I  am  glad  to  say  that 
the  receipts  of  the  League  for  the  year  have  been  about  $14,000, 
more  than  $5,000  above  the  receipts  of  the  preceding  year;  but  this 
is  a  most  inadequate  income  for  this  immense  field  of  work,  for  which 
the   organization  furnishes  such  admirable  machinery.    Here,  as 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  IS 

elsewhere,  there  should  be  no  duplication  of  machinery  where  there 
is  now  eflSciency;  and  all  the  peace  agencies  of  the  country  should 
reinforce  the  League  in  every  possible  way.  I  wish  that  our  own 
annual  contribution  of  $2,500  might  be  greater,  as  with  additions  to^^i^ 
our  resources  may  be  possible.  The  present  afl&liation  is  of  large 
mutual  benefit,  bringing  us  into  close  and  influential  touch  with  the 
great  body  of  public  school  leaders,  enabling  us  to  make  suggestions 
which,  I  trust,  are  as  useful  as  they  always  seem  welcome,  and  open- 
ing wide  and  varied  avenues  for  our  literature  to  places  where  it  is 
calculated  to  render  the  best  possible  service.  I  spoke  last  year  of 
the  extension  of  the  work  to  Great  Britain,  and  this  British  League 
is  steadily  growing  in  influence,  while  the  earnest  attention  of  the 
educational  public  in  many  of  the  European  coimtries  has  been 
enlisted. 

Distinctly  educational  is  the  Foundation's  work  among  women's 
organizations  of  the  country,  carried  on  under  the  efficient  direction 
of  MT^,.JJ^ifyt^  whose  report  will  be  printed  with  this.  During 
the  present  year  that  work  has  been  greatly  broadened.  The  Na- 
tional Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  which  last  year  made  the  peace--^ 
cause  one  of  its  own  regular  causes,  has,  through  its  standing  Peace 
Committee,  warmly  supported  by  the  president  of  the  Federation, 
Mrs.  Pennyha  rker»_a  devoted  friend  of  our  cause  and  an  impressive 
speaker  in  its  behalf,  done  much  to  enlist  the  attention  of  the  local 
clubs  in  systematic  study  of  the  cause.  The  Foundation  has  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet,  prepared  by  Mrs.  Mead,  entitled  "  Club  Women 
and  the  Peace  Movement,"  ofiicially  approved  by  the  Federation, 
with,  many  useful  suggestions  for  that  study,  which  has  been  sup- 
plemented by  important  sections  of  her  later  and  larger  "Outlme  of 
Lessons  on  War  and  Peace."  These  reinforce  Mrs.  Duryea  in  her  lect- 
ures and  work  in  a  hundred  places;  and  from  all  places  to  which  she 
goes  warm  reports  come  here.  Although  she  has  been  to  Chautauqua, 
and  to  various  conventions,  her  work  has  necessarily  been  mainly  im 
New  England,  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Washington;  although 
she  deals  as  she  can  with  the  large  correspondence  from  the  West — 
and,  if  there  were  two  of  her,  one  could  be  kept  hard  at  work  in 
Chicago.  We  must  not  forget  that  the  National  Federation  alone 
includes  a  million  women,  and  that  the  organized  women  of  the 
country  are  becoming  a  force  in  the  creation  of  public  opinion  such 
as  we  have  never  seen  before  in  this  country  or  in  the  world.  The 
girls'  schools  and  colleges  are  more  and  more  asking  for  peace  ad- 
dresses, and,  in  addition  to  her  work  with  women's  organizations 
during  the  year,  Mrs.  Duryea  has  spoken  to  a  score  of  schools.    The 


l6  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

State  Federations  of  Women's  Clubs  are  now  making  regular  place 
for  the  presentation  of  the  cause  in  the  programs  of  their  annual 
conventions.  There  has  been  no  more  impressive  peace  meeting  in 
Boston  during  the  year  than  the  great  meeting  in  Tremont  Temple 
last  spring,  arranged  by  the  Massachusetts  Federation,  for  the  suc- 
cess of  which  Mrs.  Duryea  and  the  Foimdation  earnestly  co-operated; 
and  it  was  to  us  a  pleasing  coincidence,  although  an  undesigned  one, 
that  the  three  speakers  at  this  stirring  meeting  were  a  trustee  and 
a  director  of  the  Foundation  and  a  member  of  its  Advisory  Council, 
Hon.  Samuel  W.  McCall,  Rev.  Charles  R.  Brown  and  Prof.  George 
H.  Blakeslee,  its  presiding  officer  being  Mrs.  Mulligan,  the  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. 

Miss  Eckstein,  although  at  one  time  breaking  down  as  a  result 
of  too  close  application,  has  carried  on  indefatigably  in  Europe  dur- 
ing the  year  her  zealous  campaign  in  securing  the  millions  of  signa- 
tures to  the  petition  to  be  presented  to  the  next  Hague  Conference 
in  behalf  of  international  arbitration,  to  which  work  she  has  already 
consecrated  long  years  of  effort, — effort  of  no  more  significance  in  its 
possible  direct  results  than  in  seciuring  the  distinct  personal  attention 
of  so  many  persons  to  the  cause  and  leading  them  to  reading  and 
study  concerning  it. 

I  cannot  praise  too  highly  the  work  of  Mr.  Myers  of  our  publicity 
department.  I  wish  to  express  anew  my  constant  obligation  to  him 
and  my  personal  gratitude  for  the  thoroughness,  accuracy  and  un- 
tiring industry  with  which  he  does  his  work.  He  is  a  repository  of 
knowledge  upon  which  we  all  constantly  draw,  and  he  has  a  genius 
for  research.  His  long  journalistic  experience  stands  him  in  stead 
in  his  present  work,  and  few  men  follow  more  closely  the  utterances 
of  the  American  and  European  press  concerning  whatever  touches 
the  international  problems.  His  masses  of  carefully  classified  clip- 
pings, as  well  as  the  Foimdation's  library,  are  at  the  service  of  all 
students  of  the  cause  as  freely  as  at  the  service  of  our  own  force;  and 
there  are  few  places  where  knowledge  of  all  that  is  going  on  in  the 
international  field  is  more  exact  or  more  available  than  in  the  corner 
which  Mr.  Myers  occupies. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Albert  G.  Bryant,  our  new  business  director, 
^hile  primarily  concerned  with  local  organizing  and  the  promotion 
of  our  financial  and  general  business  interests,  will  also  at  many 
points  have  to  do  with  educational  activities.  For  the  varied  ser- 
T^ices  which  Mr.  Bryant  is  called  to  perform  for  the  Foundation  he 
has  had  a  peculiarly  propitious  preparation,  for  his  life  hitherto  has 
%  ^been  associated  both  with^bjisiness  and  .with^db^ jpi^^      His  work 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  1 7 

as  a  preacher  has  made  him  a  warm  and  ready  speaker,  and  in  busi- 
ness he  has  achieved  success.  From  this  success  he  comes  to  us 
through  his  great  devotion  to  the  peace  cause.  He  has  already,, 
during  the  brief  period  of  his  association  with  the  Foundation,  dem- 
onstrated unusual  organizing  capacity,  which  promises  much  for  the 
future.  Beginning  in  Colorado,  he  has  visited  a  dozen  states,  bring- 
ing together  in  conference  at  their  chief  centers  leaders  in  education, 
in  politics  and  in  business,  often  the  governors  of  states  and  the 
mayors  of  cities,  to  create  from  such  groups  the  beginnings  of  strong 
state  commissions,  to  co-operate  in  their  respective  places  in  the 
Foundation's  various  activities  and  in  the  better  organization  of  the 
peace  cause.  Commercial  leaders,  men  of  affairs,  will  take  especially 
conspicuous  part  in  these  organized  groups,  which,  it  is  hoped,  will 
gradually  contribute  distinctly  to  the  larger  resources  of  the  work. 
While  developing  these  local  centers  of  activity,  Mr.  Bryant  also 
establishes  connections  with  leading  booksellers  in  various  cities  to 
extend  the  sale  of  the  Foundation's  books,  promotes  closer  relations 
with  the  press,  the  churches,  the  educational  institutions,  the  women's 
clubs,  and  other  organizations  in  the  centers  which  he  visits,  and 
does  whatever  seems  most  practical  and  promising  to  fertilize  the 
fields  in  which  the  Foundation's  various  departments  work.  He  will, 
in  due  course,  cover  all  sections  of  the  country  by  his  visitations, 
while  doing  everything  in  his  power  at  the  central  office,  by  corre- 
spondence and  otherwise,  to  keep  the  whole  field  vitalized. 

On  certain  business  sides  the  work  of  Mr.  Bryant  will  touch  the 
work  of  our  treasurer  and  accountant,  Mr.  Arthm:  W.  Allen;  but 
their  provinces  are  distinct.  Mr.  Allen  is  the  Foimdation's  faithful 
housekeeper,  supervising  the  endless  business  details  at  headquarters 
with  an  accuracy  and  care  which  make  us  all  his  debtors.  A  scholar 
as  well  as  a  business  man,  competent  and  ready  upon  occasion  to 
prepare  pamphlets  as  well  as  to  balance  books,  he  furnishes  steadily 
much  of  the  mortar  which  holds  our  bricks  together.  Nor  must  I 
fail,  in  this  survey  of  our  office  force,  to  name  every  one  of  our  other 
helpers, — Miss  Fraser,  Miss  Macdonald,  Miss  Cord, — ^for  my  per- 
sonal obligations  to  every  one  are  constant.  All  are  devoted,  all 
are  efficient,  all  loyal  to  our  great  cause,  and  all  work  harmoni- 
ously together  in  the  place  to  which  all  come  together  each  day 
with  enthusiasm  and  joy. 

Dr.  Jordan,  during  his  last  year,  has  entered  into  a  new  relation 
with  Stanford  University,  of  which  he  has  been  president  from  the 
beginnmg.  A  new  office,  that  of  chancellor,  has  been  created  for 
him  by  the  university,  while  Dr.  Branner  succeeds  him  in  the  active 


l8  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

duties  of  president.  The  university  will  continue  his  former  salary, 
T^hile  allowing  him  one-half  of  the  year  for  whatever  public  service 
lie  elects,  recognizing  that  the  country  and  the  world  have  proper 
claims  upon  him,  and  that  in  such  public  service  he  truly  serves  the 
high  interests  of  the  university  itself.  This  public-spirited  action  is 
deserving  of  public  recognition  and  public  gratitude.  Dr.  Jordan  is 
the  type  of  scholar  and  of  publicist  in  honoring  whom  by  such  pro- 
vision of  freedom  for  largest  service  our  imiversities  honor  them- 
selves. President  Eliot  is  pre-eminently  such  a  man,  and  such  is 
President  Butler  of  Columbia.  There  is  not  in  the  world  to-day  any 
man  who  is  rendering  the  peace  cause  larger  service  by  voice  and 
pen  than  President  Jordan.  It  is  not  simply  the  scholar's  service, 
although  it  is  emphatically  that,  but  the  service  of  the  prophet  and 
of  the  hot  hater  of  injustice,  ignorance  and  the  wild  waste  of  the 
precious  resources  of  men.  To  the  peace  cause,  therefore,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation  and  as  one  of  its  direc- 
tors, Dr.  Jordan  will  continue  to  devote  substantially  all  the  time 
which  he  is  free  to  take  from  the  imiversity,  upon  most  generous 
conditions,  the  Foundation  simply  providing  for  his  expenses  in  such 
service.  How  large  and  varied  that  service  has  been  during  the 
year,  both  in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe,  his  own  statement, 
which  will  be  printed  with  this  report,  indicates.  The  Foundation 
has  published  during  the  year  a  collection  of  his  peace  papers,  en- 
titled "What  shall  We  Say?"  many  of  which  papers  are  included 
likewise  in  his  later  volume  entitled  "War  and  Waste."  He  has  also 
lately  published  another  little  peace  volume,  "America's  Conquest  of 
Europe,"  uniform  with  his  "Unseen  Empire"  and  earlier  books. 

If  Dr.  Jordan  has,  in  "The  Blood  of  the  Nation"  and  "The  Human 
Harvest,"  shown  more  convincingly  than  any  other  that  war,  with 
"the  fighting  edge,"  so  far  from  being  the  great  gymnasium  for  a 
nation  and  the  promoter  of  its  virility,  as  is  recklessly  asserted  and 
often  believed,  has  really  been  the  chief  occasion  of  national  drain 
and  ruin,  Norman  Angell  has  brought  home  to  serious  men  more 
powerfully  than  any  other  the  fact  that,  in  the  transformed  modern 
world,  where  industries,  commerce  and  investments  are  ever  more 
international  and  peoples  ever  more  interdependent,  war  can  no 
longer  bring  any  material  gain  even  to  the  victor,  comparable  with  the 
loss  arising  from  the  catastrophes  involved.  "The  Great  Illusion" 
is  the  most  significant  and  most  beneficent  arraignment  of  the  war 
system  since  Bloch's  "The  Future  of  War";  audit  has  been  followed 
up  by  numberless  essays  and  addresses  by  its  author,  now  supple- 
mented by  a  special  journal,  "War  and  Peace,"  devoted  to  its  doctrine. 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  19 

which  constitute  a  distinct  new  factor  in  the  peace  movement. 
Mr.  Angell's  identification  with  the  Foundation  has  been  noted;  and 
in  connection  with  this  report  will  be  printed  a  statement  by  him 
indicating  something  of  his  more  recent  activities  in  Europe.  In 
addition  to  other  expenses  in  connection  with  his  work,  the  Founda- 
tion provides  for  a  secretary  in  his  London  office,  where  our  publica- 
tions will  always  be  available;  and  in  every  possible  way  we  co-operate 
with  him,  as  he  co-operates  with  us.  We  met  a  portion  of  the  ex- 
penses of  one  of  his  London  helpers,  Mr.  Langdon-Davies,  on  a  visit 
to  this  country  during  the  autumn,  in  which  he  has  given  many  ad- 
dresses both  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  primarily  to  make  the 
arguments  of  "The  Great  Illusion"  better  known  and  to  prepare  for 
Norman  Angell's  own  coming  here  early  in  19 14. 

Dr.  Macdonald,  although  suffering  from  a  serious  accident  a  few 
months  ago,  has  done  splendid  service  for  the  Foundation  through- 
out the  year  by  his  stirring  addresses  to  religious  and  educational 
conventions  and  gatherings  of  every  character,  which  work  is  de- 
tailed in  his  own  report.  Mr.  Holt,  in  addition  to  many  lectures 
otherwise  arranged  and  to  his  constant  service  for  the  cause  in  the 
pages  of  the  Independent^  has  given  a  dozen  addresses  before  colleges 
and  universities  imder  the  auspices  of  the  Foundation.  Dean  Brown 
is  always  serving  the  cause  in  the  pulpit  and  with  great  student  bodies 
as  influentially  as  any  man  in  the  American  Church.  He  was  the 
moderator  of  the  recent  National  Congregational  Council  at  Kansas^ 
City,  at  which  Rev.  Charles  E.  Jefferson  was  also  present,  which 
passed  strong  resolutions  pledging  the  churches  of  that  great  body  to 
earnest  activity  in  behalf  of  the  peace  cause;  and  it  may  here  be^ 
noted  that  the  National  Unitarian  Conference,  at  its  session  in  Buffalc 
at  almost  the  same  time,  took  similar  action.  The  activities  of  Pro- 
fessor Hull,  of  our  board  of  directors,  and  of  President  Swain,  of  our 
board  of  trustees,  always  keep  Swarthmore  College  at  the  front  in 
the  peace  movement.  We  have  just  published  for  our  student  work 
the  recent  address  of  President  Wilson  at  the  Swarthmore  celebration. 
Professor  Hull  is  the  secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania  Peace  and  Arbi- 
tration Society.  Our  recent  publication  of  his  volume  upon  **The 
New  Peace  Movement"  has  already  been  noticed;  and  there  is  no 
other  brief  history  of  the  two  Hague  Conferences  so  good  as  that  by 
him,  previously  published  by  the  Foundation. 

The  services  of  many  of  our  trustees  in  behalf  of  the  peace  cause  are 
almost  as  constant  as  those  of  our  directors.  Mr.  Ginn  gave  an  ad- 
mirable address  at  the  Mohonk  Conference  in  May  upon  "Organiz- 
ing the  Peace  Work,"  which  we  have  widely  circulated.    President 


20  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

p     /Fannce  returned  from  what  may  be  called  his  Sabbatical  year  abroad, 
/  as  Dr.  Jefferson  returned  shortly  before,  with  a  deepened  sense  of  the 

j/f  wickedness  and  waste  of  militarism  and  the  war  system,  to  which 
\^ feeling  he  has  given  repeated  powerful  expression;  and  he  is  always 
the  earnest  peace  advocate.  Professor  Button,  in  addition  to  his 
regular  services  as  director  of  the  New  York  department  of  the  Ameri- 
can Peace  Society  and  his  constant  devotion  to  the  Foundation's 
interests,  was  a  member  of  the  commission  recently  sent  by  the 
Carnegie  Peace  Endowment  to  investigate  the  causes  and  conse- 
quences of  the  Balkan  wars.     Mr.  Capen  is  now  upon  a  tour  around 

/>^  the  world  in  the  interest  of  foreign  missions,  as  president  of  the 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions.  The  Foun- 
dation utilized  this  mission  to  enlist  his  special  activity  during  it, 
also  in  behalf  of  the  peace  cause,  which  he  has  already  strongly  pre- 
sented in  Rome,  Cairo  and  elsewhere.  To  say  that  Mr.  Cummings 
faithfully  sustains  in  Dr.  Hale's  pulpit  its  great  traditions  affecting 
our  cause  is  to  say  that  he  is  one  of  the  most  devoted  of  American 
preachers  of  peace.  Mr.  Pillsbury  has  lately  written  most  whole- 
somely upon  our  relations  with  South  America.  I  have  spoken  of 
Mr.  McCall's  address  at  the  great  Tremont  Temple  meeting  of  the 
Massachusetts  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs.  He  was  also  the  chief 
speaker  at  the  peace  session  of  the  Massachijsetts  State  Grange  at  its 
recent  annual  convention  at  Faneuil  Hall. 

I  spoke  last  year  of  the  deepening  interest  of  our  American  Granges 
in  the  peace  cause,  which  they  had  already  had  at  heart  for  several 
years,  the  National  Grange  maintaining  its  standing  Peace  Commit- 
tee. The  interest  in  the  cause  in  the  Massachusetts  State  Grange  is 
conspicuous,  the  master  of  the  Massachusetts  Grange,  Charles  M. 
Gardner,  being  a  devoted  friend  of  the  peace  movement.  Provision 
was  made  at  a  dozen  of  the  large  field  meetings  of  the  Granges  in 
Massachusetts  last  summer  for  presenting  the  peace  cause;  and  the 
speakers  were  furnished  by  ovir  Foundation  upon  request  from  the 
State  Grange.  We  were  also  requested  to  arrange  for  speakers  for 
the  afternoon  session  of  the  State  Grange's  annual  convention  at 
Faneuil  Hall  in  October,  as  above  mentioned,  Mr.  McCall  and  Mr. 
Tryon  kindly  accepting  invitations  to  address  the  meeting,  which  was 
a  large  and  enthusiastic  one,  and  which  followed  their  addresses  by 
adopting  strong  resolutions  condemning  the  present  inordinate  arma- 
ments and  expenditures  and  calling  upon  our  government  to  lead  in  a 
policy  of  limitation.  I  was  invited  to  address  the  annual  convention 
of  the  National  Grange  at  Manchester,  N.H.,  in  November;  and  my 
address  there  was  followed  by  equally  strong  peace  resolutions.    The 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  21 

Peace  Committee  of  the  National  Grange  has  asked  the  Foundation 
for  regular  assistance  in  its  work;  and  the  co-operation  of  this  great 
organization  of  a  million  farmers  in  behalf  of  our  cause  may  be  steadily- 
counted  on.  In  hundreds  of  places  the  Grange  is  the  place  where  the 
people  of  our  rural  communities  come  together  most  regularly  and  in 
largest  niunbers;  and  the  desire  on  the  part  of  many  of  their  leaders 
to  give  conspicuous  place  to  the  peace  cause  in  the  larger  educational 
work  which  they  contemplate  for  the  Granges  is  most  hopeful. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor,  at  its  recent  convention  in 
Seattle,  expressed  itself  upon  no  subject  more  strongly  than  upon 
international  peace.  It  adopted  resolutions  sharply  condemning 
any  thought  of  armed  intervention  in  Mexico  and  urging  international 
action  for  the  limitation  of  naval  armaments.  "It  is  not  lack  of  love 
of  country,"  it  declared,  "which  prompts  the  toiler  to  protest  against 
international  fratricide,  but  they  are  unwilling  to  be  exploited  or 
killed  for  the  promotion  of  selfish  ends.  The  constantly  growing 
system  of  the  international  acceptance  and  recognition  of  trade  imion 
cards  is  another  influence  that  is  quietly  and  surely  creating  a  fra- 
ternal spirit  among  workers  of  all  lands.  Labor  organizations  the 
world  over  have  committed  themselves  to  the  policy  of  interna- 
tional peace."  I  wish  in  this  connection  to  express  my  obligations 
to  Mr.  James  Duncan,  the  Massachusetts  vice-president  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  with  whom  I  keep  in  useful  touch, 
suppljdng  him  and  others  in  the  organization  with  our  literature,  and 
always  finding  them  most  friendly  and  co-operative.  Mr.  Duncan's 
last  letter  to  me,  a  month  ago,  speaks  warmly  of  the  devotion  to  the 
peace  cause  which  obtains  among  the  Labor  Unions  of  Massachusetts, 
and  of  the  work  in  its  behalf  which  is  being  done  among  them;  and 
I  believe  that  this  is  representative  of  the  general  spirit  of  organized 
labor  in  all  our  states.  I  emphasize  anew  my  deep  sense  of  the  im- 
portance of  this  great  body  to  the  influence  and  success  of  our  cause. 

We  must  never  overlook,  while  utilizing  in  fullest  measure  the 
platform  and  the  pamphlet,  the  varied  popular  educational  methods 
which  appeaLtQ,t.hgLhearts  and  theeyes  of  the  people.    In  the  anti-^  * 

slavery  conflict  "Uncle  Tom's  CaBuT^^'Was as  potent -as  Garrison 

or  Phillips.  Story  and  song  and  drama  and  picture  are  coming  to 
our  service  also.  Verestchagin  preaches  as  forcibly  as  Bloch.  The 
Baroness  von  Suttner's  "Lay  down  your  Arms"  has  been  called  the 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  of  our  own. struggle;  and  who  can  overesti- 
mate the  influence  in  the  present  year  of  "The  Human  Slaughter 
House"  and  "Pride  of  War"?  Mrs.  Trask's  drama,  "In  the  Van- 
guard," is  rendering  as  great  service  through  being  read  aloud  to 


22  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

popular  audiences  as  it  renders  through  individual  reading  at  the  fire- 
side. Mayor  Lunn  of  Schenectady  has  read  it  with  deep  effect  to  a 
dozen  Sunday  congregations;  and  the  Foundation  recently  arranged 
for  half  a  dozen  readings  of  the  drama  by  Mr.  Alfred  H.  Brown, 
head  of  the  dramatic  department  of  the  Brooklyn  Institute,  before 
audiences  of  various  kinds  in  Boston.  The  effect  of  the  reading  be- 
fore 600  girls  of  the  Girls'  High  School  was  so  profound  that  he  was 
persuaded  to  return  the  next  day  to  read  it  to  600  more;  and  I  wish 
that  it  might  be  read  before  hundreds  of  schools  and  churches 
throughout  the  country. 

The  possibilities  of  pageantry  to  enforce  our  lessons  are  no  less, 
and  we  have  not  utilized  them  enough.  For  the  recent  Columbus 
Day  parade  in  Boston  the  World  Peace  Foundation  and  the  Massa- 
pgKlifsetts  Peace  Society  united  to  contribute  two  of  the  picturesque 
floats.  Our  own,  with  the  motto  "Forty -four  Nations  at  The 
Hague,"  presented  that  number  of  bright  Boy  Scouts,  each  waving 
the  flag  of  a  different  nation;  and  the  other,  with  the  motto  "Law 
replaces  War,"  contrasted  by  striking  figures  the  old  method  and 
\the  new.  Few  floats  in  all  the  long  parade  attracted  more  notice, 
knd  none  certainly  enforced  more  salutary  lessons. 

Of  my  personal  activities  for  the  year  it  is  not  necessary  to  speak  in 
great  detail.  They  have  consisted  largely  in  the  general  direction 
and  correlation  of  the  activities  of  the  Foundation  here  outlined.  I 
have  perhaps  devoted  more  attention  to  writing  and  general  publicity 
work  than  to  any  other  particular  activity,  preparing  large  numbers 
of  newspaper  and  other  articles,  often  editorial  articles,  and  leaflets 
and  broadsides  for  newspaper  use,  in  addition  to  the  Foundation's 
general  editorial  work;  but  I  have  also  given  a  hundred  or  more 
addresses.  My  longest  trip  took  me  as  far  as  Omaha  and  Lincoln, 
Neb.,  twenty-five  addresses  being  given  during  the  three  weeks,  before 
universities,  chambers  of  commerce,  churches  and  other  organiza- 
tions. Mrs.  Mead  and  I  have  campaigned  together  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont  and  Buffalo,  in  Buffalo  addressing  eight  meetings. 
Affairs  at  Washington  have  commanded  much  of  my  effort,  espe- 
cially in  this  latest  time.  I  gave  two  addresses  at  the  National  Peace 
Congress  at  St.  Louis,  addressed  the  Mohonk  Conference  and  the 
International  Students'  Congress.  I  was  chairman  of  the  Boston 
committee  which  received  the  German  delegation  which  spent  a 
week  here  on  its  way  to  the  Congress;  and  I  was  chairman  of  the 
Boston  committee  that  received  the  British  delegation  which  came 
to  the  United  States  last  spring  for  the  conference  to  prepare  for  the 
approaching  centennial  of  peace.    I  represented  the  Foundation  at 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  23 

the  recent  conference  in  Richmond,  Va.,  upon  the  centennial  program. 
My  duties  as  a  director  of  the  American  Peace  Society,  as  a  director 
of  the  Massachusetts  Peace  Society  and  as  one  of  the  American 
members  of  the  International  Peace  Bureau  at  Berne,  have  claimed 
time  and  attention;  but  all  of  these  services,  like  my  more  regular 
duties  for  the  World  Peace  Foundation,  are  parts  of  one  and  the  same 
service,  of  promoting  by  all  means  the  peace  and  better  organization 
of  the  world.  A  matter  to  which  I  attach  significance  is  my  care- 
ful proposal  to  the  president  of  the  Berne  Bureau  last  summer  for 
the  creation  of  a  regular  standing  International  Committee  of  the 
ablest  men,  commanding  universal  confidence,  to  investigate  every 
threatening  international  situation  thoroughly  and  betimes  and  sub- 
mit its  conclusions  to  the  world  while  it  is  yet  possible  for  en- 
lightened public  opinion  to  exert  influence. 

The  year  which  is  closing  has  enforced,  like  few  years  in  recent 
history,  the  solemn  lessons  of  the  futility  of  war  as  a  means  to  the 
settlement  of  the  disputes  of  peoples,  the  growing  burden  and  menace 
of  armaments,  the  dangers  which  continually  beset  the  world  while 
its  organization  is  yet  so  imperfect,  and  the  urgency  of  broader  efforts 
to  establish  the  principles  of  international  order.  Three  hundred 
thousand  men,  the  flower  of  youth,  have  been  swept  to  death  or  ruin 
in  the  Balkans,  no  man  to-day  knows  for  what  end.  The  heritage 
is  not  only  unexampled  rivalry  and  hatred  between  all  the  nations 
directly  involved,  but  imexampled  increase  of  armaments,  of  taxa- 
tion, and  of  distrust  among  the  greater  European  powers.  The 
chronic  disorders  in  Mexico  not  only  paralyze  that  most  unhappy 
country,  but  burden  and  alarm  the  whole  family  of  American  repub- 
lics. Surely  there  is  a  more  excellent  way  than  this  for  the  world; 
and  surely  the  sum  total  of  intelligence  and  of  conscience  in  the  world 
must  be  sufficient  to  find  it  and  prescribe  it,  if  it  will.  The  Third 
Hague  Conference  offers  the  greatest  opportunity  in  the  immediate 
future  for  united  action.  It  is  for  the  world's  peace  party  and  peace 
agencies  to  rise  to  the  occasion. 

EDWIN  D.  MEAD. 
DECiaiBER  10, 1913. 


24  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


REPORT  OF  DR.   DAVID   STARR  JORDAN 

Permit  me  to  present  the  following  as  my  annual  report  in  behalf 
of  the  activities  fostered  by  the  World  Peace  Foundation.  For  the 
first  half  of  the  year,  until  the  first  of  June,  I  was  engaged  in  my  duties 
as  president  of  Stanford  University.  On  August  i,  1913,  the  duties 
of  the  president  of  the  university  were  divided  between  the  presi- 
dent and  the  chancellor.  I  was  appointed  to  the  latter  position, 
with  freedom  from  desk  work  at  the  university,  and  was  granted 
leave  of  absence  until  September  i,  1914.  This  period  of  absence 
on  leave  I  have  given  thus  far  to  the  study  of  conditions  in  Europe 
as  related  to  problems  of  war  and  peace  and  of  social  economics  as 
affecting  these  problems. 

In  April  I  attended  the  National  Peace  Congress  in  St.  Louis. 
In  July  I  was  present  at  the  World's  Peace  Congress  at  The  Hague, 
acting  there  as  a  member  of  the  Berne  Bureau,  and  being  elected 
as  vice-president  of  the  World's  Congress,  representing  the  United 
States.  In  September  I  attended  the  gathering  of  the  coworkers 
with  Norman  Angell,  called  at  Le  Touquet  in  France,  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  Garton  Foundation.  In  October  I  was  present  at  the 
Congress  of  the  German  Friedensfreunde  at  Nuremberg.  I  was 
present  also  at  the  Congress  of  Liberal  Religions  in  Paris,  speaking 
there  on  the  "  Federation  of  Europe,"  and  at  the  Congress  of  Directors 
of  Education  at  Brussels  and  Ghent,  speaking  at  Ghent  on  the  sig- 
nificance of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent.  I  have  also  made,  with  the  valu- 
able aid  of  Prof.  Albert  Leon  Guerard,  of  the  Rice  Institute  of  Texas, 
a  somewhat  extended  study  of  the  actual  conditions  in  Alsace  and 
Lorraine  and  their  relation  to  the  peace  of  Europe.  I  have  also  made 
a  visit  to  Montenegro  and  Albania.  Later  it  is  my  purpose  to  visit 
Bulgaria,  Servia  and  Rumania,  with  a  view  to  the  study  of  the  later 
effects  of  war. 

During  the  year  I  have  written  about  forty  editorial  articles,  pub- 
lished in  various  papers  of  America,  Europe  and  Asia,  imder  the 
heading  of  "  What  shall  We  Say?  "  I  have  prepared  for  the  Atlantic 
Monthly  an  article  on  "The  Spirit  of  Alsace-Lorraine";  one  for  Holt's 
new  review  on  "The  Machinery  for  Peace";  one  for  the  Norman 
Angell  journal,  War  and  Peace,  on  the  "Eugenics  of  War";  and 
one  (in  French),  in  the  Vie  Internationale  at  Brussels,  on  "What 
America  may  teach  Europe"  {Ce  que  VAmeriqtie  pent  enseigner  d 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  2$ 

V Europe),  I  have  also  written  an  article  for  the  World^s  Work  on  the 
"Interlocking  Syndicate"  in  its  relation  to  international  disputes. 
I  have  prepared  for  the  Bulgarian  press  an  article  on  "  Bulgaria,  as 
seen  by  Europe."  Other  articles  have  been  published  in  Harper^ s 
Weekly,  the  Independent  and  Life.  Several  of  these  essays,  addresses 
and  editorials  have  been  gathered  together  in  a  volume  called  "War 
and  Waste,"  published  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Company.  The  Uni- 
tarian Association  has  in  press  a  volume  on  "America's  Duty 
toward  Europe."  In  conjunction  with  Prof.  Harvey  E.  Jordan, 
of  the  University  of  Virginia,  I  have  ready  for  the  press  a  volume 
called  "War's  Aftermath,"  a  study  of  the  effects  of  the  Civil  War  in 
Virginia,  fifty  years  after.  A  Phi  Beta  Kappa  poem  at  Stanford 
University  has  been  published  under  the  title  "In  the  Wilderness." 

I  have  spoken,  when  favorable  opportunity  offered,  in  behalf  of 
World  Peace  and  International  Co-operation.  Since  my  last  report 
I  have  given  addresses,  mostly  before  university  audiences  or  before 
chambers  of  commerce,  in  the  following  towns: — 

Topeka,  Kansas  City,  Lawrence  (2),  Albuquerque,  San  Fran- 
cisco (6),  Oakland,  Berkeley,  Palo  Alto,  Omaha,  Salt  Lake  City  (3), 
Provo,  Denver,  Greeley  (3),  Klamath  Falls,  Valley  City,  St.  Louis  (3), 
Fargo,  Grand  Forks,  Casselton,  Morehead,  Winnipeg,  Lincoln  (2), 
Ghent,  Paris,  Wiesbaden,  Frankfort-am-Main,  London  (3). 

I  propose  to  give  the  time  from  November  9  to  the  middle  of  Decem- 
ber to  lectures  on  different  phases  of  the  problems  of  peace.  At 
the  present  time  I  have  engagements  before  university  or  other  au- 
diences in  the  following  towns:  London  (4),  Cambridge  (2),  Oxford, 
Brighton  (2),  Hastings,  Lewes,  Birmingham  (2),  Edinburgh,  Dimdee, 
St.  Andrews,  Aberdeen,  Glasgow  (3),  Darlington,  Manchester  (3), 
Liveipool,  Stuttgart  and  Munich.  In  this  work,  I  shall  have  the 
invaluable  help  as  secretary  and  assistant  of  Dr.  John  Mez  of  Frei- 
burg, in  Breisgau,  president  of  the  Corda  Fratres,  or  International 
Association  of  University  Cosmopolitan  Clubs. 

The  primary  purpose  of  these  lectures  is  to  test  for  my  own  in- 
struction the  feelings  of  the  people  in  different  regions,  with  a  view 
to  making  my  own  work  and  perhaps  that  of  my  colleagues  in  America 
more  effective.  The  United  States,  free  from  the  burdens  of  aris- 
tocratic domination  and  relieved  from  its  traditions,  must  take  a 
leading  part  in  the  peace  work  of  the  world.  As  this  work  is  mainly 
educational,  the  formation  of  sound  public  opinion  and  the  undoing 
of  the  perverted  teachings  of  history,  morals  and  patriotism  fostered 
by  the  war  system,  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be  well  grounded  in 
actual  knowledge.    Our  antipathy  to  war  is  primarily  a  moral  one, 


26  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

but  there  is  no  moral  issue  that  is  not  at  bottom  and  to  an  equal 
degree  an  intellectual  or  scientific  issue  also. 

In  January  I  intend  to  sail  for  Australia,  returning  by  way  of 
China  and  Siberia  to  Europe.  I  have  various  invitations  to  lecture 
in  these  regions,  and,  so  far  as  time  and  strength  permit,  I  shall  accept 
these. 

Wiesbaden,  Germany,  November  6,  1913. 


REPORT   OF   PROF.   CHARLES   H.   LEVERMORE 

Entering  the  service  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation  in  April, 
1913,  I  was  requested  to  study  the  ways  and  means  of  developing 
close  and  fruitful  relations  between  the  Foundation  and  members 
of  the  faculties  of  colleges  and  universities  throughout  the  country. 
At  that  time  the  office  possessed  little  information  of  value  concern- 
ing collegiate  instruction  in  subjects  related  to  our  work.  There 
are  in  the  United  States  about  750  colleges  and  universities,  596 
of  which  are  listed  in  the  latest  report  of  the  United  States  Commis- 
sioner of  Education  (191 2).  In  Canada  and  Newfoimdland  there  are 
57  more,  many  of  which  are  subordinate  members  of  McGill  Uni- 
versity, Toronto  University,  and  especially  of  L'Universite  Laval. 
With  the  latter  are  affiliated  also  15  seminaries,  which  do  some  col- 
legiate work. 

My  first  action  was  to  send  for  the  official  publications  of  the  750 
institutions  of  higher  education  in  this  country  and  for  all  the  impor- 
tant ones  in  British  America.  Time  and  repeated  effort  have  been 
necessary  to  secure  returns  in  many  cases,  but  at  the  present  date 
600  of  the  750  have  communicated  with  us.  The  missing  ones  are  all 
obscure  and  small,  but  their  reports  are  still  coming  in,  and  eventually 
we  shall  obtain  practically  every  one  that  has  anything  more  than 
a  paper  existence.  As  these  documents  were  received,  a  careful 
study  of  them  was  made  in  order  to  discover:— 

First,  What  is  the  character  and  extent  of  all  instruction  offered 
in  International  Law  and  Politics  and  the  History  of  Diplomacy? 

Second,  What  courses  are  offered  in  the  departments  of  History  and 
Political  Science  (including  Economics  and  Sociology)  that  are  likely 
to  kindle  and  direct  student  interest  in  international  relations — any 
courses  in  Comparative  Government,  Comparative  Politics,  Asiatic 
and  South  American  History  and  Politics,  and  Current  Problems 
and  Events,  being  particularly  noted  ? 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  27 

Third,  What  courses  are  offered  in  connection  with  the  study  of 
Psychology  and  Education,  Religious  History,  Missions  and  Social 
Ethics,  that  will  be  likely  to  develop  *'the  international  mind"? 

Fourth,  Who  are  the  chief  executive  officers  of  each  institution, 
who  are  the  responsible  instructors  in  the  departments  named,  and 
especially  any  members  of  the  faculties  who  by  official  utterances  in 
the  announcements  of  their  courses,  or  otherwise,  reveal  their  opin- 
ion of  the  cause  in  which  we  are  engaged? 

The  results  of  this  analysis  have  been  recorded  upon  a  card  cata- 
logue containing  now,  in  round  numbers,  2,500  names  of  members 
of  college  faculties.  The  only  states  of  our  Union  in  which  there  is 
no  evidence  of  positive  collegiate  instruction  in  the  field  of  Interna- 
tional Law  and  Relations  are  Arizona  and  Delaware.  In  the  former 
there  is  but  one  degree-granting  institution:  in  the  latter  there  are 
two.  195  colleges  and  universities  maintain  one  or  more  courses 
in  International  Law.  44  of  these  fortify  their  instruction  in  Inter- 
national Law  with  one  or  more  courses  in  the  History  of  Diplomacy. 
Eight  other  institutions  offer  courses  in  the  History  of  Diplomacy 
and,  although  International  Law  is  not  mentioned,  it  must  inevitably 
be  included  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  historical  study.  It 
appears,  therefore,  that  in  203  of  our  institutions  of  higher  educa- 
tion the  students  may  obtain  instruction  in  the  legal  or  diplomatic 
phases  of  international  relations.  It  should  be  remembered  that 
in  four-fifths  of  these  institutions  these  studies  are  elective,  so  that 
only  a  fraction  of  the  total  number  of  students  in  the  larger  institu- 
tions are  likely  to  avail  themselves  of  this  instruction.  In  the  small 
colleges  the  study  is  more  often  required.  In  this  scrutiny  no  attempt 
has  been  made  to  include  law  schools  not  connected  with  colleges  or 
imiversities,  although  several  important  schools  of  that  sort  offer 
instruction  in  International  Law,  as  their  circulars  testify. 

Eighty-eight  out  of  the  600  colleges  and  universities  in  the  United 
States  offer  courses  or  maintain  departments  which  are  devoted  to 
some  form  of  world  politics,  and  which  might  fairly  be  called  courses  in 
International  Relations,  57  of  the  88  having  courses  especially  adapted 
to  evoke  *'the  international  mind".  Of  this  nimiber  26  offer  no 
instruction  in  International  Law  or  Diplomacy,  so  that  the  total 
number  of  our  colleges  and  universities  which  now  maintain,  in  one 
form  or  another,  at  least  the  nucleus  of  a  department  of  International 
Relations  is  229,  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  all  that  have  come 
under  scrutiny. 

It  should  be  noted  that  102  of  these  institutions  offer  courses  in 
the  comparative  study  of  the  governments  and  political  systems  of 


28  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

Europe  and  America,  courses  in  which  the  books  of  President  Lowell 
and  James  Bryce  are  usually  mentioned  among  the  guides.  Al- 
though these  courses  do  not  directly  deal  with  International  Rela- 
tions, they  are  obviously  most  valuable  auxiliaries  to  such  studies. 
All  but  28  of  the  102  are  among  those  that  give  instruction  in  Inter- 
national Law  or  Diplomacy.  Of  the  229  institutions  that  direct  their 
students  to  the  study  of  International  Relations  in  some  form,  there 
are  no  fewer  than  86  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  instructors  pay 
especial  attention  to  the  organization  of  the  world  for  peace  with 
justice  under  law;  and  in  48  cases  formal  reference  is  made  to  this 
movement  in  the  official  outlines  of  courses  offered.  Of  course  these 
figures  give  no  idea  of  the  number  of  the  friends  of  our  cause  among 
the  teachers  in  our  colleges  and  universities.  These  figures  relate 
to  institutions,  but  my  belief  is  that  nearly  all  of  the  professors  whose 
work  touches  our  subject  are  either  actively  or  potentially  in  sym- 
pathy with  us. 

Of  the  57  colleges  and  universities  in  Canada,  returns  have  been 
received  from  33.  Eleven  of  these  offer  courses  in  International  Law, 
six  of  them  only  in  their  law  schools.  In  addition,  Queen's  Uni- 
versity in  the  province  of  Ontario  offers  a  course  in  Comparative 
Government,  and  Toronto  University  offers  courses  in  Comparative 
Politics  and  in  International  Trade.  McGill  University  at  Montreal 
offers  a  course  in  Recent  Political  Problems  and  Arbitration,  and  the 
far-away  University  of  Saskatchewan  presents  a  course  in  Inter- 
national Relations.  Three-fourths  of  the  catalogues  on  file  in  our 
office  give  the  complete  post-office  addresses  of  all  students  as  weU 
as  instructors,  and  more  than  one-fourth  of  them  contain  complete 
directories  of  all  graduates. 

Without  considering  the  latter  class,  it  is  evident  that  we  have 
here  a  correct  mailing  list  for  more  than  150,000  young  men  and 
women  whom  we  could  reach  with  our  Uterature  whenever  we  please. 
It  is  a  great  privilege  to  address  at  will  so  many  young  people,  and  I 
believe  that  three  or  four  of  our  pamphlet  issues  should  be  sent 
annually  to  some  or  all  of  this  great  college  audience. 

The  surest  method  of  arresting  attention  is  by  the  picture.  I 
believe  that  we  should  be  prepared  to  offer  lectures  illustrated  with 
well-chosen  lantern-slides,  and  that  films  containing  pictures  that 
preach  our  gospel  should  be  prepared  and  placed  in  every  moving- 
picture  show.  That  is  a  language  universally  understood  in  every 
country.  In  the  belief  that  such  lantem-sUdes  and  films  could  derive 
effective  material  from  the  cartoons  that  have  appeared  from  time  to 
time  in  the  public  press,  I  have  made  an  exhaustive  examination 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  29 

of  the  files  of  London  Punch  and  New  York  Life.  The  former 
journal  yielded  but  nine  suitable  cartoons,  but  the  latter  publication 
was  a  mine.  The  incomplete  files  in  the  Boston  Public  Library 
showed  in  14  years  no  less  than  30  cartoons  upon  our  subject,  many 
of  them  admirable  for  any  use  that  we  may  wish  to  put  them  to. 
And  these  are  but  two  of  many  files  to  which  we  could  go. 

My  scrutiny  of  the  courses  of  study  in  our  colleges  and  universi- 
ties has  convinced  me  that  we  must  direct  our  energies  toward  the 
stimulation,  expansion  and  perfection  of  the  study  of  International 
Relations.  As  my  figures  show,  of  the  229  institutions  that  offer 
instruction  in  some  aspect  of  International  Relations  there  are  only 
88  that  aim  more  or  less  directly  at  the  center  of  that  subject. 

In  general,  the  collegiate  instruction'^ upon  which  we  base  our 
hopes  consists  of  fragments  from  several  departments.  The  courses 
now  offered  in  Current  Problems  and  Events,  International  Politics, 
Law  and  Diplomacy,  Colonization  and  Social  Ethics  need  to  be 
grouped  together  in  a  Department  of  International  Relations  or  In- 
ternational Sociology.  Perhaps  the  department  of  International  Civ- 
ilization would  be  a  fairly  descriptive  title.  Text-books  for  the 
work  of  such  a  department  are  already  provided  except  in  the  cen- 
tral subject  of  International  Relations.  We  should  have  a  text- 
book there,  presenting  a  sympathetic  analysis  of  the  needs,  duties 
and  ideals  of  the  great  races,  proceeding  to  a  comparison  of  their 
mutual  influence  in  politics,  religion  and  the  arts,  and  of  their  various 
associations  for  common  action  since  the  French  Revolution,  con- 
cluding with  a  study  of  the  gradual  emergence  of  various  forms  of 
world-organization,  of  the  peace  movement  and  of  the  financial, 
commercial  and  industrial  developments  that  have  already  provided 
the  world  organism  with  a  single,  sensitive,  nervous  system. 

I  have  sketched  the  outline  of  such  a  text,  have  invited  a  famous 
scholar  and  publicist  to  prepare  the  book,  and  am  now  awaiting  his 
answer.  In  any  event  we  shall  need  to  accompany  such  a  volume 
with  a  book  of  "Readings,"  containing  the  essential  "Sources."  An 
important  chapter  of  such  a  text-book,  or  an  indispensable  adjunct  to 
it,  will  be  a  carefully  studied,  modern  bibliography  of  International 
Relations.  This  bibliography  I  have  already  outlined,  and  have 
made  some  progress  in  its  preparation. 

Such  a  work  will  consume  much  time.  As  a  preliminary  step,  I 
have  made  ready  the  manuscript  of  a  pamphlet  containing  the  out- 
line of  a  half-dozen  lectures  on  the  Foundations  of  International 
Relations,  with  suitable  references,  largely  drawn  from  the  pubHca- 
tions  of  the  American  Association  for  International  Conciliation,  the 


30  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

American  Society  for  the  Judicial  Settlement  of  International  Dis- 
putes and  the  World  Peace  Foimdation.  With  these  I  have  joined 
some  pages  giving  a  sort  of  bird's-eye  view  of  the  peace  movement 
and  of  its  periodical  literature.  This  pamphlet  has  been  prepared 
in  the  hope  that  it  may  be  useful  in  the  500  colleges  and  universities 
in  our  country  that  are  not  now  offering  any  instruction  in  this  sub- 
ject, and  perhaps  also  in  the  141  institutions  that  give  courses  in 
International  Law  or  Diplomacy,  but  make  no  further  incursion  into 
the  international  field.  It  is  hoped  that  the  course  of  lectures  thus 
outlined  may  awaken  interest,  be  adopted  for  immediate  use,  and 
prove  an  entering  wedge  for  a  later,  more  formal  and  systematic  study. 

It  seems  reasonable  to  hope  that  this  pamphlet  invitation  to  the 
study  of  International  Relations  may  also  be  fruitful  in  the  hands 
of  the  professors  of  history  and  politics  in  many  of  our  normal  schools 
and  colleges.  I  have  already  communicated  with  277  of  these  insti- 
tutions, which  have  enrolled  90,000  students.  Up  to  this  date  190 
of  them  have  responded.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  emphasize  the 
importance  of  bringing  the  "international''  message  into  these  pro- 
fessional schools,  where  the  great  army  of  our  public  school  teachers 
is  trained  for  its  life-work. 

The  virtual  completion  of  our  collection  of  official  information 
concerning  colleges  and  universities  in  this  country  and  Canada,  and 
the  study  of  the  possibilities  involved  therein,  not  only  for  my  own 
work,  but  for  that  of  Dr.  Nasmyth,  have  convinced  me  that  the 
Foundation  should  justify  its  title  by  securing  similar  knowledge  of 
the  institutions  for  higher  education  throughout  the  world.  I  have, 
therefore,  initiated  a  correspondence  with  every  such  institution  in 
the  British  Empire,  and  also  with  the  ministries  of  education  in  ,all 
other  countries.  I  expect  these  inquiries  to  result  in  the  acquisition 
of  a  complete  file  of  official  returns,  which  should  hereafter  come  to 
us  every  year. 

During  the  summer  I  secured  the  consent  of  28  able  speakers  to 
appear  as  advocates  of  the  peace  movement  under  the  auspices  of 
this  Foundation.  Information  concerning  these  speakers,  the  sub- 
jects on  which  they  will  speak,  and  the  rates  of  compensation  will 
be  sent  promptly  to  any  inquirer.  I  have  corresponded  about  them 
extensively  with  various  Chautauqua  managers  and  lecture  bureaus, 
and  could  undoubtedly  send  many  speakers  to  such  platforms  if  we 
were  ready  to  assume  all  or  a  large  part  of  the  expense. 

I  have  also  come  into  touch  with  all  the  institutions  that  partici- 
pate in  the  competitions  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Intercollegiate  Peace  Association.    The  principal  result  of  this  effort 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  3I 

thus  far  is  the  placing  of  our  literature  in  the  libraries  and  reading- 
rooms  of  many  institutions  that  were  not  previously  familiar  with  it. 
The  college  world  in  this  country  is  undoubtedly  ripe  for  our 
propaganda.  Wherever  sentiment  has  been  formulated,  it  is  usually 
favorable.  We  do  not  so  much  need  to  convert  opponents  as  to 
convince  indifferent  friends  that  something  can  be  done,  and  to  put 
into  their  hands  the  tools  for  the  performance. 

December  9,  1913. 


REPORT  OF  DR.    GEORGE  W.    NASMYTH 

The  universities  of  Germany,  so  important  for  the  triumph  of  the 
peace  movement  in  the  world,  have  been  the  chief  field  of  my  work 
for  peace  in  the  past  year,  as  in  the  two  previous  years.  In  addition 
to  the  important  work  in  Germany,  I  have  been  able  to  establish 
a  strong  International  Club  in  Switzerland,  and  to  make  a  tour  of 
propaganda  through  the  universities  of  Scandinavia  and  Russia, 
conferring  with  student  leaders,  writing  articles  for  the  student 
magazines,  giving  addresses  on  peace,  and  establishing  valuable  con- 
nections for  future  work.  The  organization  of  a  study  tour  of  35 
German  students  to  the  United  States  in  connection  with  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Students,  and  the  preparation  and  work  of  the 
Congress  itself,  have  also  claimed  a  large  share  of  my  time  and  energy 
during  the  past  year. 

The  results  of  the  work  in  Germany  have  been  most  encouraging. 
The  International  Student  Clubs,  which  last  year  increased  from  two 
to  four,  have  again  been  doubled  in  mmiber.  To  the  clubs  at  the 
strategic  centers  of  Berlin,  Leipsic,  Munich  and  Goettingen  have 
been  added  strong  organizations  at  the  important  universities  of 
Heidelberg,  Bonn,  Freiburg  and  Zurich.  The  Association  of  Inter- 
national Clubs  formed  last  year  has  grown  in  strength  and  activities. 
Two  publications  have  been  maintained,  and  a  powerful  propaganda 
has  made  its  influence  felt  in  every  corner  of  the  university  field. 
The  movement,  after  occupying  the  most  important  university  centers 
in  Germany,  has  spread  to  those  of  Switzerland,  and  a  beginning 
has  been  made  toward  the  establishment  of  similar  centers  of  activity 
in  the  Austrian  imiversities. 

Lectures,  personal  conferences  with  student  leaders  and  writing 
articles  for  student  publications  have  each  claimed  a  portion  of  my 
time;  but  the  greater  part  of  my  energy  has  been  devoted  to  organiza- 
tion.   This  is  by  far  the  most  effective  form  of  propaganda,  because, 


32  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

when  it  is  thoroughly  done,  the  organization  multiplies  many  times 
the  activity  of  the  individual,  and  continues  to  spread  its  influence 
and  make  new  converts  after  the  organizer  has  gone  on  to  establish 
other  centers  of  activity. 

The  remarkable  activity  maintained  by  the  eight  international 
clubs,  the  formation  of  which  marked  the  first  entrance  of  modern 
international  and  peace  ideals  into  the  German  universities,  is  shown 
by  the  detailed  reports  of  all  the  clubs  published  in  the  propaganda 
organ  Zur  Internationalen  KuUur-Bezvegung,  which  is  distributed  in 
an  edition  of  12,000  copies  to  the  students  of  the  German  universi- 
ties at  the  beginning  of  each  semester.  The  clubs  have  also  created 
a  monthly  organ,  Vaterland  und  Welt,  which  serves  as  a  bond  of 
unity  and  a  stimulus  to  all  the  members  of  the  individual  clubs. 
The  mental  horizon  of  thousands  has  been  widened,  chauvinism  has 
been  replaced  in  many  cases  by  the  international  mind,  and  a  better 
imderstanding  of  the  people  and  civilizations  of  foreign  countries  has 
been  spread  among  the  German  students  by  hundreds  of  "  National 
Evenings,"  and  lectures  on  international  subjects,  by  debates  and 
discussions,  prize  competitions  and  Hterature,  and  by  the  national 
conventions  of  the  movement. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  of  the  year  was  the  lecture  tour 
through  the  largest  German  universities  which  I  arranged  for  Norman 
Angell  in  February.  In  connection  with  this  tour  a  great  stimulus 
was  given  to  the  study  of  international  problems  by  the  distribution 
of  40,000  copies  of  an  *'Open  Letter  to  the  German  Students,"  plead- 
ing for  a  scientific  study  of  international  relations  along  the  lines 
laid  down  in  *'The  Great  Illusion."  This  "Open  Letter"  of  fifteen 
pages  contained  the  essential  arguments  of  "The  Great  Illusion," 
and  was  sent  to  every  student  and  member  of  the  Faculty  in  the 
Universities  of  Berlin,  Leipsic,  Munich,  Goettingen,  Wiirzburg  and 
Heidelberg,  together  with  an  invitation  to  attend  a  meeting  of  the 
International  Club  at  which  Norman  Angell  would  speak.  This 
literature  and  the  lecture  tour  produced  a  great  intellectual  ferment 
all  over  Germany.  20,000  copies  of  the  German  edition  of  "The 
Great  Illusion"  were  sold  within  a  month;  and  practically  every 
important  German  work  on  war  which  has  appeared  since  this  cam- 
paign shows  the  influence  of  this  attack  on  the  current  axioms  and 
fallacies  concerning  war.  Prizes  have  been  offered  for  essays  on  the 
economic  and  financial  interdependence  of  nations,  open  to  students 
in  the  German  universities  both  inside  and  outside  the  International 
Clubs,  and  a  new  interest  has  been  awakened  in  the  economic  sig- 
nificance of  the   peace  movement  among  business  men  and  the 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  33 

universities  of  Germany,  which  is  leading  to  a  re-examination  of  inter- 
national relationships  and  the  old  axioms  and  theories  of  war  and 
peace  in  the  light  of  modem  facts. 

The  annual  conventions  of  the  International  Clubs  are  growing  in 
importance  and  attendance,  and  furnish  a  most  promising  beginning 
for  what  may  develop  into  international  congresses  of  European 
students  as  soon  as  funds  become  available  for  the  necessary  ex- 
penses. The  last  convention,  held  at  Leipsic  May  14-18,  1913,  was 
attended  by  70  representatives  from  the  eight  German  International 
Clubs,  and  by  delegates  from  English,  Swiss  and  Austrian  student 
organizations  as  well.  The  approaching  third  annual  convention  at 
Munich,  June  4-6, 1914,  will  be  still  more  international  in  scope. 

With  my  own  return  from  the  German  field,  my  longing  has  in- 
creased to  see  the  work,  begun  with  such  promise  and  so  pregnant 
with  results  for  the  peace  movement  of  the  world,  continued  through 
the  critical  years  of  the  immediate  future  in  Germany.  "Send  us 
another  like  yourself  in  your  place,"  were  the  last  words  I  heard,  as 
I  said  farewell  to  a  group  of  the  leaders  of  the  movement  at  the 
station  after  the  convention  in  Leipsic.  The  greatest  need  of  the 
German  movement,  if  it  is  to  reach  its  fullest  development  and  take 
advantage  of  the  opportunities  before  it  of  bringing  the  great  cur- 
rents of  international  thought  to  bear  upon  the  present  generation 
of  German  students,  is  a  paid  secretary  who  can  devote  a  large  share 
of  his  time  to  the  work  of  organization  and  the  strengthening  of  the 
whole  German  movement.  The  international  peace  work  must  be 
internationally  done,  and  we  must  develop  a  powerful  peace  mis- 
sionary spirit,  and  use  the  resources  of  countries  like  America,  where 
the  movement  is  strong,  to  establish  new  centers  of  activity  and 
strengthen  the  peace  movement  in  coimtries  like  Germany  where  it 
most  needs  development. 

In  no  country  in  the  world  can  limited  funds  accomplish  so  much 
directly  for  the  educational  work  for  peace  as  in  Germany  in  the 
student  field.  For  $750  a  year  a  devoted  worker  and  a  permanent 
center  of  international  activity  could  be  maintained  at  the  important 
University  of  Berlin,  with  its  10,000  German  students  and  1,500 
foreign  students.  A  part-time  or  full-time  secretary  could  greatly 
strengthen  the  Berlin  International  Club  and  permeate  the  whole 
student  field  with  the  modern  international  and  peace  ideas  by 
means  of  literature,  lectures  by  prominent  men,  discussions  and 
prize  essay  competitions,  and  at  the  same  time  could  act  as  general 
secretary  for  the  whole  German  movement  and  be  a  source  of  strength 
to  all  the  other  clubs.    For  $250  enough  publicity  could  be  secured 


34  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

for  the  annual  conventions  to  make  them  representative  pan-Euro- 
pean student  congresses,  and  thus  contribute  greatly  to  the  move- 
ment toward  international  conciliation  and  understanding  which  is 
beginning  to  lessen  the  strained  relations  of  the  European  countries. 
A  small  amount  for  traveUng  expenses  and  international  literature, 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  president  of  the  International  Federa- 
tion of  Students,  one  of  the  splendid  German  peace  leaders  who  has 
been  trained  up  in  the  work  of  the  International  Clubs,  would  enable 
him  to  spread  the  new  international  and  peace  ideas  among  the  stu- 
dents of  all  the  neighboring  countries. 

Although  Germany  is  the  center  of  gravity  of  the  international 
peace  movement  at  the  present  time,  Russia,  with  its  165,000,000 
people,  immense  area  and  rapidly  developing  natural  resources,  is 
still  more  important  for  the  future.  My  experience  in  the  Russian 
universities  has  convinced  me  that  a  great  opportunity  awaits  the 
international  student  movement  in  this  country,  so  important  for  the 
future  peace  of  the  world.  At  the  universities  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Moscow  and  Warsaw,  where  I  addressed  various  groups  of  students  and 
conferred  with  some  of  the  leaders,  I  met  with  a  most  sympathetic 
and  enthusiastic  response.  The  Russian  students,  shut  out  from 
political  activity,  and  from  religious  work  on  account  of  the  supersti- 
tion and  the  alliance  of  the  Russian  Church  with  the  political  forces 
of  reaction,  are  seeking  an  outlet  for  the  idealism  of  their  nature,  and 
are  ready  to  throw  themselves  without  reserve  into  a  great  movement, 
such  as  the  peace  cause,  fraught  with  so  much  promise  for  the  future 
of  humanity.  Great  changes  are  impending  in  Russia,  and  this  stu- 
dent field  should  be  the  center  of  concentration  for  some  of  our  most 
earnest  efforts  within  the  next  few  years.  The  thousands  of  Russian 
students  who  are  compelled  to  seek  an  education  in  the  universities 
of  other  countries  can  be  reached  in  part  through  the  international 
student  movement  in  Germany,  Switzerland  and  other  countries, 
and  I  am  in  correspondence  with  a  score  of  Russian  student  leaders, 
both  inside  and  outside  Russia,  who  are  trying  to  spread  the  modern 
international  ideas  among  their  comrades.  As  soon  as  opportunity 
offers,  student  peace  workers  should  be  sent  to  St.  Petersburg  and 
other  great  imiversity  centers,  in  order  that  the  powerful  currents  of 
international  thought  and  the  modern  peace  ideals  may  be  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  new  generation  in  Russia. 

In  Great  Britain  most  effective  work  is  being  done  in  the  student 
field  by  the  International  Polity  Clubs  and  War  and  Peace  Societies 
established  by  the  Garton  Foundation  for  the  study  of  the  economic 
facts  concerning  the  futility  of  armed  aggression  on  which  Norman 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  35 

Angell  has  focused  attention  in  "The  Great  Illusion."  The  relation 
between  this  British  student  movement  and  the  German  Interna- 
tional Clubs  has  been  increasingly  intimate  during  the  past  year. 
Members  of  the  War  and  Peace  Societies  of  Cambridge  and  Manches- 
ter have  arranged  study  tours  of  English  students  to  Germany,  and 
delegates  from  the  Garton  Foundation,  which  is  in  such  close  rela- 
tions with  the  World  Peace  Foundation,  have  taken  a  leading  part 
in  the  conventions  of  the  German  movement.  In  return  the  Garton 
Foundation  has  been  the  host  of  the  German  students  on  the  study 
tour  arranged  by  the  International  Student  Clubs  in  co-operation 
with  other  German  student  organizations.  The  president  of  the 
International  Federation,  Dr.  John  Mez  of  Munich,  is  now  prepar- 
ing for  a  lecture  tour  of  all  the  British  student  organizations,  and  plans 
for  more  effective  co-operation  in  the  future  are  being  outlined. 

The  success  of  the  Eighth  International  Congress  of  Students, 
held  at  Ithaca,  N.Y.,  August  29  to  September  3,  was  made  possible 
by  the  strong  support  of  Mr.  Mead  and  the  World  Peace  Founda- 
tion and  the  American  Association  for  International  Conciliation. 
It  was  by  far  the  largest  Congress  ever  held  by  the  International 
Federation  of  Students,  and  was  attended  by  200  represen- 
tatives of  student  organizations  from  30  countries.  The  Chinese, 
South  American  and  German  delegations  were  especially  large,  and 
a  striliing  feature  of  the  gathering  was  the  presence  of  nearly  every 
student  leader  of  the  world  who  has  made  important  contributions 
to  the  cause  of  international  friendship  and  understanding.  The 
time  of  the  Congress  was  chiefly  taken  up  with  constructive  plans 
for  strengthening  the  organization  of  the  international  student  move- 
ment in  the  countries  in  which  it  already  exists,  and  extending  it 
to  new  countries.  Notable  addresses,  which  made  a  deep  impres- 
sion upon  the  members  of  the  Congress,  were  those  made  by  Mr. 
Edwin  D«  Mead,  by  the  Commissioner  of  Education,  Philander  P. 
Claxton,  by  President  Thwing,  Prof.  Nathaniel  Schmidt  and  Dr. 
John  R.  Mott  at  Ithaca;  by  President  Wilson  and  Secretary  of 
State  Bryan  at  Washington;  and  by  Hamilton  Holt  in  New  York. 
The  contributions  made  by  students  already  enlisted  in  the  peace 
cause  were  exceptional,  and  many  members  of  the  Congress  who  had 
not  before  come  into  direct  contact  with  the  peace  movement  were 
brought  to  realize  its  importance  for  civilization  and  humanity. 
This  was  especially  true  of  the  German  delegates,  several  of  whom 
have  told  me  that  they  were  returning  as  converts  to  work  with  new 
energy  for  the  peace  cause  in  Germany.  One  of  the  most  gratify- 
ing results  of  the  Congress  was  the  election  of  Dr.  John  Mez,  the 


36  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

founder  of  the  International  Student  Club  at  Freiburg  and  now 
president  of  the  International  Student  Club  at  Munich  and  a  devoted 
worker  in  all  branches  of  the  international  and  peace  movements,  as 
the  president  of  the  Central  Committee  of  the  International  Feder- 
ation. 

As  a  result  of  the  Congress,  there  will  be  a  great  stimulus  to  the 
international  student  movement  which  has  already  been  started 
with  such  great  promise  in  South  America.  It  was  decided  to  hold 
the  next  International  Congress  of  Students,  August  15-30,  191 5,  at 
Montevideo,  Uruguay;  and  a  Latin- American  student  in  close  sym- 
pathy with  both  South  American  and  North  American  feeling,  Mr. 
Miguel  A.  Mufioz  of  Porto  Rico,  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Central 
Committee.  In  connection  with  the  Congress  two  important  publi- 
cations have  been  issued:  "The  Students  of  the  World  and  Interna- 
tional Conciliation,"  which  gives  the  most  comprehensive  survey  of 
the  history  of  the  international  student  movement  which  has  yet 
been  published;  and  the  "Proceedings  of  the  Eighth  International 
Congress  of  Students." 

Another  important  action  of  the  Congress  was  the  decision  to 
establish  an  International  Bureau  of  Students  for  the  purpose  of 
strengthening  the  international  organization  of  the  Federation  and 
bringing  the  new  international  influences  to  bear  upon  all  parts  of 
the  world's  student  field.  The  objects  are:  to  unite  student  move- 
ments and  organizations  throughout  the  world,  and  to  promote 
among  them  closer  international  contact,  mutual  understanding  and 
friendship;  to  encourage  the  study  of  international  relations  and 
problems  in  the  universities  and  colleges;  to  encourage  the  study 
of  the  culture,  problems  and  intellectual  currents  of  other  nations, 
and  to  facilitate  foreign  study  and  increase  its  value  and  effective- 
ness. The  Bureau  seeks  to  co-operate  with  all  organizations  having 
similar  objects  in  all  countries.  Mr.  Lochner  and  I  were  elected 
secretary  and  director,  respectively,  of  this  Bureau,  and  as  rapidly 
as  the  funds  can  be  raised  the  various  activities  of  the  Bureau  will 
be  entered  upon.  The  opportunities  open  to  it  are  unlimited,  and 
with  the  establishment  of  the  International  Student  review,  which 
the  Congress  authorized  the  Bureau  to  publish,  it  will  become  a 
center  of  international  effort  from  which  powerful  influences  will  go 
out  to  carry  the  new  international  ideals  into  every  part  of  the  student 
field. 

At  present,  in  connection  with  my  work  for  the  Foundation,  I  am 
carrying  on  special  studies  and  research  in  economics  and  international 
relations  in  the  graduate  school  of  Harvard  University,  laying  the 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  37 

foundations  for  the  new  science  of  international  relations  which  is 
slowly  taking  form,  and  preparing  for  the  increased  demand  for  ex- 
perts which  the  scientific  trend  of  the  modern  peace  movement  is 
making  upon  all  workers  in  the  cause. 

For  the  immediate  future,  besides  serving  the  International  Student 
movement  in  other  countries  and  building  up  the  activities  of  the 
International  Bureau,  I  expect  to  devote  a  large  part  of  my  time  to 
the  peace  work  in  American  universities  and  colleges.  Wherever 
possible,  I  shall  strengthen  the  existing  Cosmopolitan  Clubs  and  the 
Cosmopolitan  Movement,  which  has  already  achieved  notable  results 
in  breaking  down  race  prejudice  and  creating  a  new  sense  of  the  unity 
of  the  world  and  a  devotion  to  the  ideal  of  humanity  among  American 
as  well  as  foreign  students.  In  other  places  I  hope  to  co-operate 
with  peace  workers  among  the  faculty  and  students  in  building  up 
study  groups  and  clubs  for  the  intensive  study  of  modem  inter- 
national relations.  The  student  field  is  so  important  for  the  futiure 
of  the  peace  movement  that  an  effective  program  for  reaching  every 
student  in  the  United  States  within  the  next  three  or  four  years 
should  be  outlined.  With  the  co-operation  of  all  the  peace  agencies, 
the  chambers  of  commerce  and  business  men,  the  churches  and 
every  person  interested  in  the  peace  cause  and  international  concilia- 
tion, a  thorough  campaign  should  be  carried  through  in  one  state 
after  another.  Literature  in  the  form  of  a  plea  for  the  study  of  mod- 
em international  relations  and  giving  the  essential  facts  of  the  peace 
cause  should  be  sent  to  every  student  in  each  university,  together 
with  an  invitation  to  attend  a  meeting  to  be  addressed  by  a  noted 
speaker  and  followed  by  the  organization  of  a  study  circle  or  Inter- 
national Polity  Club.  The  study  circles  or  clubs  should  be  strength- 
ened by  traveling  libraries  and  by  a  well-planned  series  of  booklets 
exposing  the  common  fallacies  of  militarism  and  dealing  scientifically 
with  various  aspects  of  the  peace  movement.  On  the  foundations 
thus  broadly  laid  and  the  interest  created,  lectures  on  the  economic 
interdependence  of  nations,  international  law  and  other  aspects  of 
intemational  relations  should  be  arranged,  thus  greatly  stimulating 
the  demand  for  regular  university  instruction  in  these  subjects. 
Then  at  the  apex  of  a  broadly  conceived  educational  policy  should 
come  the  prize  competitions  for  essays  and  for  orations,  such  as  those 
of  the  Mohonk  Conference,  the  Intercollegiate  Peace  Association,  and 
Oratorical  League. 

Since  in  the  student  field  we  are  dealing  with  the  sources  of  power, 
a  comprehensive  plan  such  as  this,  placing  in  the  hands  of  every 
student  a  statement  of  the  ideals  and  the  essential  facts  of  the  peace 


38  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

movement,  followed  up  by  organization  and  the  more  intensive  work 
of  study  and  propaganda,  would  weave  the  peace  ideal  into  the  men- 
tal tissue  of  the  new  generation,  and  assure  in  the  future  a  public 
opinion  which  can  be  relied  upon  to  settle  every  international  ques- 
tion in  the  right  way,  the  way  of  justice,  and  which  would  make  the 
United  States  the  leader  and  the  most  powerful  force  in  the  move- 
ment for  the  organization  of  the  world. 


REPORT   OF  MR.  DENYS   P.  MYERS 

During  the  year  since  my  last  report  my  energies  have  been  de- 
voted to  five  fields  of  work:  (i)  the  office  routine  activities  in  my 
particular  province;  (2)  studies  and  investigations  with  the  general 
purpose  of  broadening  the  basis  of  our  movement;  (3)  purely 
technical  studies  to  promote  advance  along  our  lines,  the  results  of 
which  are  being  conununicated  to  those  able  to  act  officially;  (4)  a 
service  of  information  through  which  serious  students  may  obtain 
material  for  their  own  work;  (5)  actual  propaganda. 

I.  The  office  routine  for  which  I  am  responsible  is  described  some- 
what at  length  in  my  previous  report  (Work  in  191 2,  p.  25),  and  its 
earlier  features  have  been  continued  in  practically  the  same  form. 
Additions  to  our  working  collections  of  printed  matter  naturally 
divide  into  two  sections,  general  publications  of  many  types  neces- 
sary for  the  work  and  the  publications  of  organizations  similar  to 
our  own.  Owing  to  the  richness  of  the  libraries  of  this  vicinity,  it 
has  not  been  the  policy  of  the  Foundation  to  attempt  a  complete 
collection  of  the  publications  of  service  in  our  work,  because  so  large 
a  number  of  them  are  of  infrequent  use,  and  it  has  been  felt  that  casual 
consultation  of  many  series  can  be  satisfactorily  made  in  the  general 
libraries.  Our  aim  is  to  make  our  own  collection  supplement  in  a 
specialized  sense  the  general  Hbraries.  It  is  significant  that,  even 
with  this  restricted  purpose,  it  has  been  necessary  to  add  some  250 
books.  Pamphlets,  brochures,  unbound  publications  of  govern- 
ments, etc.,  have  been  added  to  the  number  of  950,  a  large  part  of 
which  have  been  obtained  by  exchanges,  through  personal  connections 
or  at  the  nominal  government  prices.  The  result  in  the  year  is  that 
the  library,  though  small,  is  now  remarkably  serviceable;  and,  as 
it  now  contains  a  large  proportion  of  the  older  works  necessary  to 
our  use,  the  future  increases  will  have,  to  a  greater  extent,  only  to 
keep  abreast  of  current  publications. 

The  policy  regarding  strictly  peace  publications  has  been  very 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  39 

different.  It  is  the  desire  to  have  our  collection  in  respect  to  these 
as  complete  as  possible.  The  co-operative  interchange  between  or- 
ganizations throughout  the  world  provides  us  with  most  of  this 
material,  as  it  provides  them  with  ours.  It  is  desirable  that  this 
co-operation  should  be  even  more  efl&cient  and  much  more  rapid,  in 
order  to  avoid,  so  far  as  possible,  duplication  of  work  and  effort.  This 
can  be  secured  by  establishing  a  central  mailing  office  for  each  coun- 
try; and  correspondence  to  this  end  has  been  initiated.  Some  suc- 
cess has  attended  the  completing  of  the  sets  of  peace  organization 
issues  by  securing  back  numbers. 

The  principal  basis  of  our  propaganda  work  must  remain  the  daily 
journal,  whose  reports  of  events  affecting  our  work  are  at  once  quicker 
and  fuller  than  those  from  other  sources.  All  material  relating  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  to  our  work  as  reported  in  a  representative  se- 
lection of  newspapers  is  filed,  and  constantly  proves  its  value  in 
affording  detailed  information  for  all  phases  of  our  activity.  The 
work  connected  with  these  activities  requires  much  of  the  time  de- 
voted to  routine,  and  much  is  given  to  the  direction  of  the  sending 
out  of  our  publications.  Requests  are  ordinarily  of  a  very  general 
character,  and  hundreds  necessitate  time  and  thought  to  determine 
what  the  writer  really  wants.  Since  it  is  generally  my  office  to  put 
our  publications  through  the  press,  the  requisite  detailed  knowledge 
of  their  contents  is  naturally  acquired;  and  many  requests  that  are 
not  clear  are  referred  to  me  for  elaboration  of  the  writer's  wants.  In 
order  to  encourage  the  rnaking  of  requests  by  title,  pamphlet  lists 
are  issued;  and  now  a  list  of  the  miscellaneous  publications  has  been 
prepared,  to  bring  these  also  to  the  wider  knowledge  of  the  public. 
The  decision  to  print  all  miscellaneous  broadsides,  etc.,  on  a  standard 
size  will  increase  their  influence  by  making  them  more  easily  kept  for 
reference. 

The  Pamphlet  Series  title-pages  have  made  it  possible  for  libraries 
to  bind  these  varied  and  valuable  publications,  and  thus  to  make  their 
influence  permanent.  Over  900  sets  are  bound  in  the  libraries  of 
this  and  other  countries.  A  quadrennial  or  quinquennial  index 
would  enhance  their  use  in  this  permanent  form.  Almost  daily 
evidence  indicates  that  libraries  appreciate  and  desire  the  volumes 
of  pamphlets. 

As  the  office  force  has  increased,  the  nimaber  of  requests  for  in- 
formation has  risen.  Almost  daily  conferences  with  others  regarding 
such  information  have  now  become  the  rule,  and  frequently  special 
investigations  are  imdertaken  for  results  not  otherwise  available. 

2.  In  my  responsibility  for  the  advance  of  the  peace  movement  in 


40  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

relation  to  our  own  Foundation,  I  come  most  directly  into  contact 
with  the  world's  body  of  facts.  Unless  these  are  interpreted  in  our  own 
terms,  their  value  to  us  is  lost.  There  are,  of  course,  many  phases  of 
the  work  that  he  who  runs  may  read;  but  even  these  require  accuracy. 
The  not  imcommon  old  opinion  that  the  peace  movement  smacks 
of  impracticality  is  of  course  rapidly  changing;  and  certainly  it  is 
daily  belied  by  all  in  this  office.  It  is  my  own  pleasure  and  duty 
to  add  to  its  practicality  by  doing  what  is  possible  not  only  to  make 
our  material  absolutely  accurate  from  our  own  point  of  view,  but 
from  every  point  of  view.  It  is  of  little  purpose  to  draw  facts  and 
figures  from  economics  and  point  a  moral  that  the  economist  would 
not  recognize  or  accept.  There  is  waste  of  effort  if  we  use  military 
material  with  conclusions  that  an  auditor  or  a  strategist  must,  from 
specialized  knowledge,  reject.  In  dealing  with  military  and  naval 
budgets,  for  instance,  one  must  not  only  recognize  totals,  but  take 
account  of  expenditures  that  are  illogically  charged  to  such  accounts, 
American  rivers  and  harbors  construction  being  an  illustration. 
Multiply  such  technicalities  for  each  nation,  and  some  conception 
of  the  labor  involved  may  be  obtained.  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Allen,  the 
treasurer  of  the  Foundation,  has  done  much  of  this  work  with  the 
same  care  that  I  always  aim  to  exercise,  and  the  illustration  here 
given  comes  from  his  study.  See  his  pamphlet  upon  "The  Drain  of 
Armaments."  It  may  be  said  with  satisfaction  that  no  capital  errors 
have  ever  been  called  to  our  attention.  It  is  also  notable  that  the 
statistical  support  of  the  peace  movement  becomes  steadily  stronger, 
the  deeper  one  goes  into  it. 

A  very  valuable  portion  of  our  work  consists  not  simply  in  in- 
creasing the  accuracy  of  information,  but  in  broadening  the  bases  of 
the  movement  and  widening  the  field  of  its  attack.  Such  work  in- 
volves the  making  precise  what  has  been  hazy.  An  analysis  of  Black 
Sea  freight  rates  during  a  normal  period  and  a  period  of  war,  making 
a  direct  appeal  to  the  shipper  in  his  own  language,  is  a  case  in  point. 
Another  investigation,  covering  months,  has  strongly  fortified  the 
general  conclusion  that  a  modern  war  reaUy  involves  the  neutral 
world  as  truly  as  the  two  belligerents.  The  neutral  has  heretofore 
been  too  much  considered  a  passive  and  negative  factor,  but  the 
evidence  to  the  contrary  now  rapidly  accumulates.  To  interpret 
this  condition  to  the  pubUc  and  secure  action  is  one  most  important 
means  of  broadening  the  bases  of  the  peace  movement.  On  this 
line  I  have  written  several  articles  for  general  publication,  and  am 
continuing  the  study.  A  third  such  investigation  has  been  partly 
completed  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  total  investment  in  military 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  41 

and  naval  establishments,  as  distinguished  from  annual  budgets.  A 
fourth  concerns  the  responsibility  for  declaring  war  in  all  countries. 
Still  another  now  under  way  will  make  clear  the  extent  of  the  foreign 
financial  stake  in  various  portions  of  the  world;  while  one  just  begun 
compares  existing  arbitration  treaties  respecting  the  extent  of  their 
terms  of  reference. 

Mention  was  made  in  my  last  report  of  a  study  of  the  extinction  of 
treaties.  It  was  decided  to  make  this  work  complete,  and  during 
the  year  much  new  material  has  been  added,  though  the  actual  com- 
pletion of  the  study  has  not  yet  been  reached.  The  other  study 
mentioned,  on  the  Moroccan  problem  and  its  international  crises, 
has  advanced  rapidly  and  is  approaching  completion. 

We  are  constantly  halted  in  our  advance  by  encountering  obsolete 
conceptions  of  statecraft  in  both  official  and  popular  quarters.  Mr. 
Angell  has  very  forcibly  called  attention  to  this.  More  could  and 
should  be  done,  for,  when  the  people  in  general  see  public  questions  in 
terms  of  interdependence,  as  do  we  in  our  work,  the  ideals  and  results 
for  which  the  peace  movement  stands  will  gradually  determine  the 
people's  attitude.  History  itself  should  be  made  a  diagnosis  rather 
than  an  autopsy.  Wars  receive  exceptionally  rapid  historical  at- 
tention, but  it  is  almost  useless  to  expect  an  authentic  history  of  a 
war  in  less  than  ten  years  after  its  close.  Wars  themselves  often 
have  not  half  the  potency  for  creating  bad  feeling  that  the  crises  of 
foreign  policy  have  through  which  almost  all  nations  pass,  and  an 
instance  of  which  occurs  every  year  or  so.  Usually,  pubhc  opinion 
on  such  crises  is  based  on  what  information  the  periodical  press  has 
been  able  to  give.  Opinions  thus  built  up  from  day  to  day  are  sure 
to  become  distorted,  and  the  origin  of  many  a  traditional  national 
enmity  can  be  traced  to  such  distorted  opinions.  The  actual  history 
of  international  crises  is  invariably  written  long  after  the  lessons  are 
directly  applicable  to  current  affairs.  If  provision  were  made  at  a 
university  like  Harvard  or  Yale  or  Columbia  for  an  annual  series  of 
lectures  on  some  topic  of  international  politics  resulting  in  a  crisis, 
and  if  these  lectures  were  regularly  published  in  book  form,  the  prog- 
ress toward  sanity  in  international  relations  would  be  greatly  accele- 
rated. Such  subjects  as  the  Agadir  crisis,  the  concert  of  Europe  and 
the  Balkans,  the  Mexican  problem,  the  Persian  problem  and  the 
foreign  relations  of  the  Chinese  Republic  would,  under  such  provi- 
sion, be  diagnosed  at  a  time  when  other  patients  might  at  least 
be  saved  thereby. 

3.  The  result  of  some  of  the  studies  outUned  above  are  being 
prepared  both  for  general  propaganda  work  and  for  submission  in 


42  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

quarters  capable  of  acting  upon  them  directly.  During  the  year  I  have 
published  in  La  Vie  Internationale  a  project  of  a  convention  on  the 
"Concentration  of  Public  International  Organs,"  providing  for  the 
consolidation  of  some  thirty-five  administrative  organs  conducted 
by  the  governments  themselves.  The  French  text  of  the  project  is 
now  with  the  various  ministries  of  foreign  affairs  and  with  many 
publicists. 

One  of  the  phenomena  of  the  present  time  is  the  break-up  of 
sovereign  states  into  articulate  though  connected  parts.  The  self- 
governing  dominions  of  the  British  Empire  show  the  highest  form  of 
this  development;  and  Great  Britain  has  pledged  herself  to  these 
dominions  to  consult  them  before  action  in  any  international  diplo- 
matic conference.  In  international  administrative  organs  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  give  colonies  autonomous  membership.  All  of  this  is  a 
direct  attack  upon  the  sovereign-state  idea  that  is  now  the  basis  of 
international  relations.  The  prospect  of  the  movement  increasing 
rapidly  is  great,  and  its  significance  for  the  peace  movement  in  its 
ofl&cial  phases  can  scarcely  be  exaggerated.  For  these  reasons  I  have 
studied  "Non-sovereign  Representation  in  Public  International 
Organs  "  in  a  somewhat  lengthy  paper  contributed  to  the  proceedings 
of  the  Deuxieme  Congres  mondial  des  Associations  Internationales 
(Actes,  pp.  753-802),  which  has  since  been  pubHshed  in  pamphlet 
form. 

Every  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  should  in  these  days  of  the  in- 
creasing interdependence  of  nations  and  multiplying  international 
conferences  have  a  bureau  qualified  to  deal  with  those  special  rela- 
tions. International  conference  technique  is  extensive,  and  the  very 
number  of  such  meetings  held  annually  should  warrant  special  pro- 
vision for  handling  official  business  connected  with  them.  Such  a 
provision  would  be  of  great  service  in  encouraging  the  development 
of  such  institutions.  Studies  along  this  line  are  being  made  for  sub- 
mission to  the  governments,  France  already  having  such  a  sub- 
bureau. 

4.  One  of  the  most  interesting  and,  I  hope,  a  valuable  feature  of  my 
work  consists  in  answering  inquirers  definitely  interested  in  phases  of 
the  peace  movement,  in  which  I  like  to  include  all  activities  making 
for  better  international  relations.  Care  is  taken,  of  course,  not  to  do 
their  work  for  contestants  in  prize  competitions.  To  indicate  the 
nature  of  these  questions,  I  note  a  few  which  have  been  answered: — 

Will  you  please  send  me  a  list  of  the  bills  pending  in  Congress  which  favor  or 
endanger  the  cause  of  peace? 

What  is  being  done  to  arbitrate  between  Persia  and  Russia? 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  43 

What  was  the  opinion  of  the  negotiators  of  the  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty  on 
the  question  of  free  Panama  Canal  privileges  for  American  vessels? 

Has  the  Senate  ratified  the  Hague  Convention  for  an  International  Prize  Court? 
and,  if  not,  why? 

What  is  the  extent  of  international  co-operation? 

Is  there  a  federal  law  against  dissuading  men  from  enlisting  in  the  army? 

Can  you  direct  me  to  publications  setting  forth  how  the  laws  of  war  were  ob- 
served by  belligerents  in  the  various  wars  in  which  the  United  States  has  been 
engaged? 

The  samples  could  be  extended  to  several  hundred  for  the  year,  but 
the  questions  quoted  will  show  the  range  of  inquiries.  Such  ques- 
tions originate  from  outside  the  office,  but  information  required  by 
us  within  the  Foundation  is  equally  diverse. 

5.  Though  routine  and  the  broader  phases  of  work  already  dealt 
with  occupy  much  space  in  the  relation,  I  never  lose  sight  of  the  fact 
that  the  essential  purpose  of  our  Foundation  is  to  reach  the  people 
with  our  message.  The  activities  outlined  indeed  have  for  the  most 
part  been  undertaken  to  insure  that  our  message  should  be  not  only 
vital,  but  accurate,  not  only  good  propaganda  for  the  moment,  but 
for  all  time.  The  spirit  of  our  whole  office  is  a  responsible  one,  and 
the  frequent  office  conferences  have  enabled  us  all  to  exchange  ideas 
and  to  avoid  errors. 

During  the  year  I  have  put  through  the  press  practically  all  of  our 
publications,  and  have  used  all  possible  care,  not  only  in  matters  of 
typography,  but  in  regard  to  questions  of  fact  and  clear  statement. 
From  time  to  time  material  on  public  events  has  been  prepared  and 
circulated,  many  special  btdletins  being  issued  on  the  underlying 
conditions  of  the  Balkan  War,  the  advances  made  in  arbitration,  the 
Hague  machinery  for  international  justice,  etc.;  and  on  numerous 
occasions  I  have  prepared  material  of  special  appeal  to  newspapers. 

A  lecture  has  been  prepared  for  presentation  with  lantern-slides 
which  is  intended  for  the  convenience  of  those  organizations  which 
desire  entertainment  without  the  necessity  of  securing  or  bearing  the 
expense  of  an  outside  speaker.  The  lecture  covers  the  peace  move- 
ment and  its  principles,  and  copies  of  it  will  be  loaned  for  local  deliv- 
ery, organizations  bearing  the  expense  of  transporting  slides.  I  have 
myself  during  the  year  had  occasion  to  accept  several  invitations  to 
speak. 

December  10,  1913. 


44  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 


REPORT  OF  MR.  ALBERT  G.  BRYANT 

Having  been  actively  connected  with  the  Foundation  only  since 
September  i,  it  may  be  that  the  most  valuable  feature  of  this  report 
will  consist  in  the  statement  of  a  few  general  impressions  which  have 
been  the  source  of  encouraging  promise  and  the  inspiration  of  sev- 
eral suggestions  which  I  modestly  propose,  being  aware  that  I  make 
them  to  men  who  have  made  a  longer  study  of  the  peace  movement 
and  whose  devotion  and  ability  have  been  so  strongly  demonstrated. 
During  the  past  two  years  I  have  been  increasingly  confident  that 
the  securing  of  a  basis  of  justice  and  friendliness  in  international 
relations  offers  one  of  the  widest  fields  of  service  for  humanity; 
and  for  this  conviction  I  am  in  a  large  degree  indebted  to  Dr.  David 
Starr  Jordan.  It  is  a  source  of  deepening  satisfaction  that  any 
effort  of  mine  in  this  direction  is  to  be  in  connection  with  this  or- 
ganization; for  I  believe  that  no  man  has  had  a  larger  vision  or  been 
prompted  by  a  more  imselfish  piupose  than  is  expressed  in  the  gift 
of  Mr.  Ginn  and  also  in  his  well-formulated  ideas  of  the  methods  by 
which  that  international  understanding  is  to  be  secured.  My  faith 
in  the  contribution  to  the  peace  movement  rendered  by  the  Foimda- 
tion  has  been  strengthened  by  my  association  with  Mr.  Mead,  and 
I  am  happy  that  this  enterprise  is  being  directed  by  so  able  a  man 
and  one  who  is  given  to  the  work  with  such  consecration.  It  will  be 
a  constant  joy  to  work  with  him  in  such  entire  harmony. 

The  general  departments  and  activities  of  the  office  clearly  in- 
dicate the  character  of  the  service  rendered  in  the  propaganda  of 
the  peace  work  and  the  creation  of  a  wide-spread  right  sentiment. 
Through  its  various  efforts  the  education  of  the  general  public  has 
been  advanced,  and  a  more  intelligent  understanding  of  international 
affairs  promoted.  The  work  done  by  each  person  on  our  staff  in 
his  particular  line  has  been  valuable  and  efficient,  and,  now  that 
the  force  is  increased,  much  good  would  result  from  regular  and 
frequent  conferences,  so  that  each  might  be  informed  with  reference 
to  what  the  others  were  doing  and  the  work  of  each  dovetail  into 
and  supplement  that  of  the  others.  By  such  close  touch  we  might 
keep  steadily  and  definitely  in  mind  exactly  what  is  proposed  in  each 
department,  and  the  efforts  of  the  entire  force  would  be  united  and 
systematized. 

With  reference  to  outside  organization,  it  would  be  well  to  have 
committees  appointed  in  connection  with  commercial  bodies  in  as 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES         45 

many  large  cities  as  possible;  for  our  business  men  are  alive  to  the 
situation,  and  through  organization  they  can  do  much  to  create  an 
active  sentiment  in  their  various  localities,  can  arrange  for  lectures, 
and  be  of  assistance  to  us  in  countless  ways.  Such  committees  I 
have  already  created  in  seventeen  cities,  and  they  should  be  mul- 
tiplied as  fast  as  possible.  We  are  also  taking  steps  to  organize  the 
Granges  and  to  introduce  into  their  programs  a  stereopticon  lecture 
prepared  in  this  office  and  delivered  by  members  of  the  Grange 
throughout  the  state.  The  warmest  support  is  promised  by  this 
order. 

While  these  things  and  many  similar  activities  are  important,  my 
journey  from  California  to  Boston  and  my  recent  trip  of  five  weeks 
through  the  South  and  West  have  served  to  strengthen  my  con- 
viction that  we  need  to  aim  at  a  much  more  comprehensive  organiza- 
tion, through  which  the  Foundation  may  become  a  greater  power 
in  the  nation  and  the  world  at  large.  We  can  bring  to  our  support 
the  interest  and  influence  of  the  most  representative  men  of  every 
state  in  the  nation.  On  account  of  the  long  habits  of  party  politics 
these  men  have  been  so  segregated  that  they  have  supported  their 
own  administrations  respectively  in  all  state  and  national  issues. 
Because  of  this  very  division  into  parties,  there  has  been  no  adequate 
way  in  which  the  strong  men  who  make  our  national  policies  could 
give  expression  to  their  views  and  convictions  as  to  how  our  inter- 
national relations  should  be  determined.  When  we  leave  our  own 
shores,  party  lines  disappear,  and  we  who  are  devoted  to  the  work 
of  international  peace  must  secure  and  retain  the  organized  support 
of  these  men,  regardless  of  politics,  in  all  our  endeavors  to  influence 
the  national  administration  to  adopt  the  foreign  policies  in  which 
we  believe.  To  this  end  it  is  necessary  to  select  from  25  to  50  of  the 
strongest  and  most  influential  men  in  every  state,  to  be  connected 
with  our  office,  and  to  whom  may  be  referred  all  propositions  which 
we  think  ought  to  be  advanced  for  the  consideration  of  the  admin- 
istration; and,  so  far  as  possible,  we  should  seek  to  have  the  same 
carefully  considered  and  reported  upon,  so  that  the  result  of  such 
reference  may  be  expressive  of  the  best  judgment  of  the  leaders  of 
the  people. 

By  each  state  board  there  should  also  be  appointed  a  board  of  lect- 
urers, five  or  seven  of  the  most  trusty  speakers,  who  shall,  with  the 
approval  of  this  office  and  the  authority  of  the  state  board,  speak 
throughout  the  state  on  the  various  aspects  of  the  international 
situation.  In  such  a  manner  we  shall  have  throughout  the  country, 
instead  of  the  few  whom  we  are  now  able  to  send  out,  a  large  number 


46  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

of  voices  proclaiming  world  peace  and  the  evils  of  the  present  gigan- 
tic waste.  Each  state  would  be  responsible  for  its  own  lectures  and 
expenses. 

With  these  and  other  functions  in  mind,  I  endeavored  to  ascertain 
the  possibility  of  such  organizations  when  on  my  way  through  the 
South  and  West.  On  a  rapidly  planned  trip  I  was  able  to  stop  for 
only  one  or  two  days  in  each  place,  and  was  compelled  to  introduce 
the  idea  after  my  arrival,  which  should  rather  be  done  prior  to  the 
visit.  In  each  of  the  following  states  I  was  fortunate  in  meeting  men 
who  made  it  possible  for  me  to  meet  and  speak  to  a  group  of  the 
most  representative  men,  through  whom  there  was  started  the 
organization  of  state  boards:  Louisiana,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, Indiana,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Colorado,  Nebraska  and  Iowa, 
eleven  in  all.  These  boards  are  composed  of  members  of  the  supreme 
bench,  presidents  of  the  leading  colleges  and  universities,  state  officials, 
editors,  attorneys,  clergymen,  business  men  and  bankers.  In  all  of 
the  states  but  two  I  went  in  company  with  a  conomittee  of  these  men 
appointed  at  the  meetings  to  confer  with  the  governor,  before  whom 
we  laid  our  plans.  In  every  instance  he  was  not  only  interested 
in,  and  in  support  of,  the  proposition,  but  frequently  was  a  member 
of  the  committee  to  select  the  state  board.  In  each  state  the  gov- 
ernor was  requested  and  agreed  to  appoint  the  board  from  his  office 
and  advise  the  gentlemen  that  they  were  invited  to  serve  for  his 
state  on  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  World  Peace  Foundation. 

In  each  state  there  is  selected  a  chairman,  who  becomes  by  virtue 
of  this  appointment  a  member  of  the  national  board  of  commissioners 
of  this  office,  and  through  whom  we  can  keep  in  touch  with  each 
state  board.  This  national  board  should  be  made  a  part  of  our 
organization  and  so  recognized.  The  most  encouraging  sign  evident 
on  this  trip  was  the  fact  that  these  men  who  count  so  largely  in  our 
national  life  are  so  heartily  with  us,  and  are  ready  to  accept  responsi- 
bility and  to  unite  their  influence  for  the  carrying  out  of  those  prin- 
ciples for  which  this  Peace  Foundation  exists.  Through  these  men, 
who  have  been  tried  and  have  been  recognized  by  their  fellows,  we 
can  do  much  to  mold  the  future  foreign  policy  of  this  country;  for 
they  are  the  men  who  control  our  national  life.  It  will  require  time 
and  careful  consideration  to  perfect  the  organization  of  these  boards ; 
for,  in  order  to  appeal  to  this  class  of  men,  our  message  must  be  virile, 
and  they  must  be  persuaded  that  there  is  a  worthy  work  for  them  to 
do,  and  that  in  these  world  affairs  our  office  stands  for  the  highest 
type  of  efficiency.  When  such  a  national  organization  is  completed, 
it  may  not  be  too  much  to  hope  that  we  shall  exert  a  growing  influence 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  47 

in  the  determination  of  the  foreign  policies  of  this  country  and  in 
encouraging  our  administration  in  taking  the  initiative  in  much- 
needed  world  reforms. 

Since  October  I  have  traveled  6,300  miles,  spoken  at  the  Southern 
Commercial  Congress  in  Mobile,  and  introduced  there  a  peace  resolu- 
tion following  the  President's  address,  which  was  unanimously 
passed  by  the  congress  and  the  women's  auxiliary,  delivered  40  ad- 
dresses, 20  of  which  were  before  colleges  and  universities,  interviewed 
9  governors,  started  the  organization  of  11  state  boards  and  14  local 
committees.  The  organization  of  other  states  should  be  pushed 
with  the  greatest  possible  speed;  for  the  forces  back  of  the  old  war 
system  and  armaments  are  too  strong  to  be  greatly  affected  or  modi- 
fied by  anything  but  this  combined  effort  of  our  strongest  leaders  in 
the  country,  whose  expressed  will  may  ultimately  become  the  law 
governing  our  foreign  relations. 

December  10,  1913. 


REPORT  OF  MRS.  ANNA  S.  DURYEA 

The  Department  of  Women's  Organizations  has  during  the  year  sent 
out  letters  of  information  and  advice  by  thousands,  and  pamphlets 
by  tens  of  thousands,  and  arranged  a  lecture  for  every  alternate  day 
of  the  entire  lecture  season,  refusing  many  opportimities  to  speak 
on  account  of  distance  and  conflicting  dates.  I  have  at  present  on 
my  calendar  lecture  engagements  which  extend  my  season  to  June  i. 
While  the  work  of  the  department,  being  confined  essentially  to  New 
England  and  the  Eastern  Middle  States,  has  kept  my  hands  full,  we 
are  steadily  drawn  to  extend  our  borders,  and  are  constantly  doing 
so  in  the  matter  of  giving  assistance  and  advice  and  sending  litera- 
ture. Sooner  or  later  we  should  have  another  worker  in  this  de- 
partment in  the  West.  My  earlier  efforts  were  devoted  largely  to 
New  England,  but  the  past  year  I  have  given  more  attention  to 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washington  and  their  vicinities. 
Three  different  periods  were  spent  in  these  localities,  giving  lectures, 
stimulating  interest  and  planning  future  work.  One  of  my  regrets 
was  in  my  inability  to  accept  an  invitation  from  Mrs.  Owen,  president 
of  the  Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  Southern  Commercial  Congress, 
which  met  at  Mobile  in  October.  As  head  of  this  department,  I  was 
invited  to  speak  at  one  of  the  sessions  of  the  Congress  and  "plant" 


48  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

a  peace  flag.  Fortunately,  Mr.  Bryant  was  to  represent  the  Founda- 
tion at  the  Congress,  and  was  at  my  suggestion  invited  to  present 
the  flag.  In  this,  as  in  many  other  cases,  we  have  had  only  to  let 
the  purpose  of  our  work  be  known  to  meet  with  a  cordial  response. 

Through  the  effective  operation  of  the  many  peace  influences,  as 
well  as  through  those  of  this  department,  understanding  of  our  work 
and  active  interest  in  it  are  steadily  increasing  among  the  women's 
organizations  of  the  country.  Owing  to  the  large  demand  for  infor- 
mation regarding  the  purpose  and  development  of  peace  work  and 
because  of  plans  made  by  many  organizations  for  definite  study  of 
the  subject,  the  character  of  our  own  efforts  this  year  has  been  some- 
what varied  from  that  of  previous  years.  We  are  more  and  more 
giving  suggestions  and  advice,  directing  and  helping  all  sorts  of 
organizations  in  the  systematic  study  of  the  movement.  Since  the 
purpose  of  this  department  is  to  act  mainly  through  already  existing 
channels,  we  are  not  required  to  spend  much  time  in  organizing  work 
itself,  but  devote  ourselves  to  getting  into  closer  and  more  in- 
fluential touch  with  those  bodies  of  women,  multiplying  so  rapidly, 
which  adopt  and  advance  peace  work  as  one  of  their  appropriate  and 
regular  interests.  The  women  of  the  country  are  now  so  thoroughly 
organized  in  national,  state,  and  local  bodies  that  we  are  directly 
provided  with  numerous  and  effective  channels  for  furthering  our 
efforts.  We  find  a  cordial  spirit  of  co-operation  in  all  quarters 
where  our  purposes  are  understood,  and  we  are  working  constantly 
through  the  National  and  State  Federations  of  Women's  Clubs  and 
the  local  clubs,  through  church  and  patriotic  organizations,  prepara- 
tory and  normal  schools,  Parent-Teachers  Associations,  women's  col- 
leges, college  and  university  clubs,  the  Association  of  Collegiate 
Alumnse,  these  organizations  reaching  altogether  several  milHons  of 
the  representative  women  of  this  country. 

The  publication  by  the  Foundation  of  the  pamphlet  of  "Lessons 
on  War  and  Peace,"  prepared  by  Mrs.  Mead,  has  greatly  simplified 
and  fortified  my  own  work;  and  we  are  now  sending  it  with  a  letter 
of  explanation  and  suggestion  to  several  thousand  clubs.  Mrs. 
Mead's  pamphlet  upon  *'Club  Women  and  the  Peace  Movement" 
has  also  been  of  distinct  ser\dce.  The  great  growth  of  interest  and 
of  opportunity  for  the  department  shows  itself  in  the  rapidly  increas- 
ing number  of  calls  for  advice,  for  literature  and  lectures,  from  large 
central  organizations  and  those  as  well  in  remote  country  towns,  and 
in  the  fact  that  our  lecture  season  begins  earlier  and  continues  later 
every  year.  We  find  encouragement  in  the  fact  that  many  organi- 
zations are  having  more  frequent  lectures  for  the  purpose  of  keeping 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  49 

abreast  of  the  subject,  many  are  doing  more  definite  and  continu- 
ous work,  and  more  are  planning  to  pay  for  what  they  get.  We 
realize  the  growth  of  work  among  women  when  we  receive  an  appeal 
from  an  oflScer  of  the  Congress  of  Women's  Clubs  of  Western  Penn- 
sylvania, who  has  secured  an  afl51iated  membership  of  1,600  women 
devoted  to  the  peace  cause,  the  purpose  of  the  organization  being  to 
introduce  our  subject  into  every  woman's  club,  public  and  private 
school  in  the  district.  To  show  how  far  our  service  reaches,  let  me 
say  that  we  are  in  cordial  co-operation  with  the  able  chairman  and 
five  district  chairmen  of  the  Peace  Committee  of  the  State  Federa- 
tion of  California,  and  are  providing  them  with  material  for  study 
and  offering  them  our  continued  help.  The  organizations  through 
which  we  work  are  not,  of  course,  officially  connected  with  us,  and 
are  not  under  obligation  to  report  their  activities  to  us;  but  every 
day  shows  the  results  of  the  work.  The  constant  question  which 
follows  lectures  and  letters,  *'What  can  we  do?"  is  answered  by  a 
list  of  specific  things  that  can  be  done  in  the  home,  school,  club, 
church  and  community  and  through  influence  on  legislation;  and  we 
receive  continuous  assurances  of  many  forms  of  definite  achieve- 
ment. We  are  continually  realizing,  however,  how  wide-spread  is 
the  ignorance  of  the  real  meaning  and  purpose  of  our  movement,  and 
how  persistent  and  sustained  must  be  the  effort  to  bring  even  the 
intelligent  and  educated  public  to  a  thorough  understanding  of  the 
subject. 

The  department  owes  especial  thanks  for  hearty  co-operation  in 
various  ways  to  Mrs.  Stanley  Plummer  of  Maine,  the  Eastern  mem- 
ber of  the  Arbitration  and  Peace  Committee  of  the  General  Federa- 
tion of  Women's  Clubs,  to  Mrs.  Arthur  W.  Lane,  chairman  for 
Massachusetts,  and  to  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Bond,  vice-president-general 
from  Massachusetts  of  the  National  Association  of  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution.  Our  thanks  are  also  due  to  those  who  have 
helped  us  in  emergencies  with  lectures, — besides  Mr.  Myers  and  Mr. 
Nasmyth  of  the  Foundation's  own  staff,  Mr.  Moorfield  Storey,  Rev. 
Charles  F.  Dole,  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole  and  Miss  Lucile  Gulliver. 
I  have  myself  given  about  80  lectures  during  the  year,  and  ar- 
ranged for  20  by  others.  Among  my  lecture  subjects  oftenest  called 
for  by  the  clubs  are  "Women  and  the  International  Movement," 
"World  Peace  through  World  Union,"  "What  the  Hague  Confer- 
ences have  Done,"  "The  World  Peace  Foundation,"  "The  Story  of 
Baroness  von  Suttner,"  "The  Economics  of  Internationalism,"  and 
"Recent  Advances  in  the  Peace  Cause." 

The  decision  of  the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  last 


50  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

year  to  make  the  peace  cause  one  of  its  own  regular  interests,  and  to 
urge  attention  to  it  upon  all  the  clubs  of  the  country  was  of  the 
highest  moment  to  this  department.  The  creation  of  the  special 
national  committee  for  the  work,  with  Mrs.  J.  E.  Cowles  of  Cali- 
fornia at  its  head,  was  the  guarantee  of  systematic  care  for  the  in- 
terest; and  all  peace  workers  feel  a  constant  sense  of  gratitude  to 
Mrs.  Pennybacker,  the  president  of  the  Federation,  for  her  warm 
personal  interest  in  the  cause. 

It  is  never  to  be  forgotten  that  the  peace  cause  has  from  the  be- 
ginning been  one  of  the  leading  interests  of  the  International  Coun- 
cil of  Women.  The  meeting  of  the  peace  department  at  The  Hague 
last  spring  to  plan  for  its  part  at  the  quinquennial  convention  of  the 
Council  at  Rome  next  May  was  presided  over  by  its  head,  our  veteran 
American  peace  worker,  Mrs.  May  Wright  Sewall;  and  Mrs.  Proudfoot, 
another  American  worker,  acted  as  its  secretary.  The  meetings  in 
Rome  should  be  of  distinct  importance  in  promoting  devotion  to  the 
cause  among  the  women  of  all  nations. 

December  io,  1913. 


REPORT   OF   DR.   JAMES   A.   MACDONALD 

The  past  year  presented  features  of  exceptional  significance  in  the 
world-peace  program  all  over  the  world.  In  America  the  reflex 
of  the  wars  in  Europe  was  more  distinct  and  more  effective  than  that 
of  any  similar  experience  in  past  history.  In  my  journeyings  over 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  both  in  the  East  and  in  the  West,  I 
found  the  average  man  growingly  intelligent  and  more  thoughtful  con- 
cerning the  bearing  of  foreign  international  complications, — the  war 
between  Italy  and  Turkey  and  the  wars  among  the  Balkan  States, — 
upon  the  financial  and  industrial  situation  in  America,  than  would 
have  been  possible  even  a  few  years  ago.  This  experience  has  made 
clear  and  emphatic  to  the  man  in  the  street  the  fact  of  the  growing 
interdependence  of  all  the  nations.  The  withdrawal  of  thousands 
of  Europeans,  upon  whose  work  on  great  constructive  undertakings 
and  industrial  operations  the  people  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 
had  come  to  rely,  brought  home  the  fact  and  the  burden  of  those 
European  wars  to  thousands  in  America  who  formerly  thought  of 
war  as  something  remote  from  the  average  American's  life.  The 
money  stringency  resulting  from  the  drain  of  European  wars  and  war- 
scares  on  the  money  markets  of  the  world  has  been  a  wholesome 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  5 1 

lesson  to  many  Americans  who  thought  of  themselves  and  their  in- 
terests as  isolated  and  free  from  the  burdens  and  the  barbarisms  of 
Europe  and  the  world. 

The  past  year  afforded  many  timely  and  useful  opportunities  for 
interpreting  to  the  American  people  these  world  events.  On  all 
hands  I  found  the  people  not  only  interested  in  world  affairs,  but  eager 
to  have  some  clue  to  the  confusions  and  the  complications  of  home  inci- 
dents with  world  currents.  I  found  it  easier  than  ever  before  to  corre- 
late world  events  into  a  world-wide  social  movement  in  which  is 
involved  all  that  is  progressive  in  science  and  education  and  religion 
and  industry  and  finance.  As  never  before,  the  world  is  beginning  to 
see  itself  as  one  great  social  organism  in  which  all  the  members  suffer 
or  rejoice  together.  The  growing  socialization  of  the  nations  is  the 
idea  taking  shape  in  the  common  mind  the  world  round. 

During  the  year,  at  great  conventions  under  various  auspices, 
educational,  political,  social,  religious,  I  had  opportunities  to  present 
the  international  idea  in  its  essential  relations  to  the  great  human 
interests.  At  great  anniversary  celebrations,  like  Washington's 
Birthday  and  the  centennial  of  events  in  the  War  of  1812,  the  unity 
and  fraternity  of  the  English-speaking  peoples  was  utilized  to  crowd 
out  and  to  cancel  the  hoary  falsifications  of  history  on  both  sides  of 
past  conflicts.  Great  assembUes  and  representative  conventions  of 
religious  denominations  and  other  convocations,  in  Toronto,  in  At- 
lanta, in  Los  Angeles,  in  Portland,  Ore.,  in  Kansas  City,  in  New 
York,  in  Chicago  and  other  centers,  through  the  most  prominent 
places  in  their  programs  afforded  large  opportunities  for  creating 
and  organizing  public  opinion  on  questions  fundamental  to  inter- 
national good  relations. 

During  the  year  two  things,  two  currents  from  opposite  directions, 
the  two  sides  of  a  struggle  in  which  the  issue  is  clearly  joined,  have 
greatly  impressed  me.  On  the  one  hand  is  this  responsiveness  of  the 
great  body  of  the  people  to  the  international  appeal,  this  growing 
horror  of  war  and  hatred  of  war  ideals.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
miHtarists  and  the  military  interests  are  unusually  active  and  loud, 
as  though  they  had  begun  really  to  fear  that  their  craft  is  in  danger. 
The  attempt  is  made  with  new  vigor  to  capture  the  schools,  to  seduce 
the  Boy  Scouts  movement  to  the  military  ideals  and  purposes  of  the 
Big  Army  and  Big  Navy  agitators.  The  struggle  is  on,  but  the 
activity  of  the  military-minded  is  a  tribute  to  the  effectiveness  of  the 
peace  argument. 

Educationists  as  never  before  are  beginning  to  face  the  question  of 
the  educational  effect  of  guns  and  cartridges  and  military  uniforms, 


52  ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

and  all  the  accompaniments  of  the  cadet  movement  on  the  minds  and 
characters  of  boys  who  in  a  democracy  are  supposed  to  be  trained  in 
public  schools  for  peaceful  and  constructive  citizenship,  and  not  for 
suspicion  and  strife.  If  the  law  of  suggestion  plays  any  part  in  edu- 
cation, the  miUtary  features  in  the  public  school  program  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  contradict  and  tend  to  subvert  the  most 
distinctive  characteristics  and  the  most  hopeful  purposes  of  true 
democracy.  This  question  is  now  raised.  It  cannot  be  evaded  or 
frowned  down  or  bluffed  out  of  countenance.  Once  raised,  it  will 
not  down. 

Toronto,  December  lo,  1913. 


REPORT  OF   MR.    NORMAN  ANGELL 

The  work  of  educating  public  opinion  in  Europe  upon  the  question 
of  War  and  Armaments,  so  far  as  it  has  been  affected  by  my  recent 
activities  and  those  of  my  associates  here,  may  be  summarized  as 
follows: — 

Great  Britain.  About  forty  International  Polity  Clubs  and  Study 
Circles  have  been  formed  for  promoting  the  study  of  the  relation- 
ships between  nations,  which  have,  I  believe,  really  been  effective  in 
bringing  the  whole  question  of  whether  war  is  worth  while,  of  the 
armament  business  and  whether  it  cannot  be  stopped  in  Europe, 
before  groups  that  would  not  otherwise  have  asked  themselves  such 
questions  at  all.  These  organizations  have  sprung  up  all  over  the 
country,  especially  in  academic  centers  and  in  great  commercial 
towns.  The  members  of  them  have  shown  great  interest  in  the 
subject,  and  many  of  them  are  doing  useful  work.  The  Manchester 
Norman  Angell  League,  which  was  founded  by  the  president  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  lord  mayor  and  other  leading  citizens, 
and  the  Cambridge  University  War  and  Peace  Society,  which  in- 
cludes the  keenest  men  in  the  university,  are  particularly  active; 
while  the  A.  R.  U.  I.  I.  (Association  for  the  Right  Understanding  of 
International  Interests)  is  doing  valuable  propaganda  work  of  a 
more  popular  character  than  that  undertaken  by  the  Garton  Foun- 
dation. 

The  lecture  courses,  which  have  been  given  under  the  aegis  of  the 
Garton  Foundation,  have  in  many  cases  been  followed  by  the  forma- 
tion of  permanent  bodies  for  further  study  of  the  subject.  Many 
other  lectures  are  also  being  arranged  by  the  various  organizations, 
and  I  personally  receive  many  applications  for  lectures,  which  I  am 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  S3 

enabled  to  fill  by  sending  one  of  the  men  associated  with  me  in  the 
work.    Lectures  are  being  arranged  for  teachers. 

A  nimiber  of  influential  men  have  been  induced  to  offer  prizes  for 
essays  and  examinations  on  subjects  bearing  upon  our  thesis,  and  it 
is  hoped  by  this  means  to  awake  what  may  prove  a  permanent  inter- 
est in  the  subject  in  many  intelligent  young  men. 

Several  of  the  societies  have  produced  booklets,  pamphlets  and 
leaflets  of  a  useful  nature. 

Germany,  In  Germany  prizes  are  being  offered  to  students  at  the 
imiversities  for  essays  on  subjects  connected  with  international  rela- 
tionships and  the  interdependence  of  nations  through  the  Verband  fur 
Internationale  Verstandigung,  which  has  been  induced  to  undertake 
the  management  of  the  scheme.  These  prizes  are  about  to  be  an- 
nounced, eminent  professors  have  been  induced  to  act  as  judges, 
and  it  is  confidently  believed  that  the  result  will  be  very  greatly 
to  stimulate  the  study  of  these  subjects  by  the  best  minds  of  the 
German  universities.  At  some  of  the  universities  study  clubs  have 
been  f  oimded  on  the  lines  of  those  already  at  work  in  England.  The 
funds  for  the  prize  scheme  have  been  voted  by  the  Garton  Foxmda- 
tion. 

France.  In  France  we  are  getting  into  working  order  a  somewhat 
similar  plan  of  prizes  among  imiversity  students  to  that  arranged 
for  Germany.  We  are  hoping  also  to  start  a  lecture  scheme  by 
which  men  of  the  standing  of  Lord  Esher  and  Mr.  Balfour  will  give 
a  lecture  in  Paris  and  Berlin  on  some  international  subject,  and  some 
eminent  Frenchman,  like  Anatole  France,  will  deliver  a  similar  lecture 
at  London  or  Cambridge  or  Oxford.  Fimds  for  this  scheme  have 
been  offered  by  an  Englishman. 

The  whole  organization  of  these  societies,  the  teaching  of  lectiirers, 
the  co-ordinating  of  the  literature  published,  need  linking  up;  and 
it  has  fallen  to  me  to  undertake  a  large  share  of  this  work. 

Conference  at  Le  Touquet.  The  first  step  toward  the  co-ordination 
of  the  whole  of  the  work  in  Great  Britain  (both  within  and  without 
the  sphere  of  the  Garton  Foundation's  activities),  in  Germany  and 
in  France  was  taken  by  the  holding  of  a  Conference  at  Le  Touquet, 
near  Boulogne,  which  was  a  European  equivalent  of  the  Lake  Mohonk 
Conference.  This  inaugural  Conference  was  attended  by  about  sixty 
guests,  who  included  Prof.  David  Starr  Jordan,  Professor  Sieper 
of  Munich,  M.  Prudhommeaux,  M.  Dumas,  Sir  John  and  Lady 
Barlow,  Sir  John  Bingham,  Sir  Richard  Garton,  Captain  Brett  (the 
secretary  of  the  Garton  Foimdation),  Mr.  Arnold  Rowntree,  M.P., 
Sir  Herbert  Raphael,  M.P.,  Professor  Sarolea,  Principal  Graham 


54         ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES 

of  Manchester,  Mr.  E.  D.  Morel,  Sir  Robert  Hadfield,  Professor 
Guerard,  and  others,  whose  names  appear  in  the  little  printed  report. 
The  Conference  was  really  most  successful,  and  I  believe  it  has 
given  a  very  valuable  stimulus  to  the  work. 

Professor  Guerard  writes  concerning  it:  ^'I  have  never  attended  any 
meeting  that  seemed  to  me  so  earnest,  so  practical,  so  whole-heartedly 
devoted  to  a  high  ideal.'' 

M.  Dumas  says:  "During  the  twenty-five  years  that  I  have  been 
present  at  assembHes  of  this  kind,  I  have  never  seen  one  so  marvel- 
lously organized.  Each  person  and  each  thing  were  in  their  place  and 
remained  there.  Neither  bore  nor  windbag  nor  blauffeur,  but  a  gath- 
ering of  men  which,  though  including  extreme  differences  of  opinion, 
were  able  to  agree  together  in  the  service  of  a  common  cause.  Never 
surely  was  there  such  a  choice  of  speakers  of  the  first  order  and  of 
business  men  of  great  capacity  gathered  together  in  a  pacifist  meet- 
ing. A  statistician  present  estimated  that  Norman  Angell's  guests 
represented  £20,000,000  sterling  of  money;  but  their  wealth  was  not 
the  outstanding  feature, — that  was  the  talent  and  goodwill  which 
they  all  showed.  .  .  .  There  was  disposed  of  in  forty-eight  hours  a 
program  much  heavier  than  the  average  program  of  a  congress  of 
six  or  eight  days;  and,  while  in  the  average  congress  the  most  essen- 
tial points  are  sometimes  ignored  and  the  best  speakers  condemned 
to  silence,  at  Le  Touquet  all  the  questions  were  debated  and  no  one 
could  complain  that  he  had  not  an  opportunity  of  contributing  to  the 
debate." 

I  may  perhaps  add  that  among  the  most  cordial  of  the  letters  of 
regret  written  by  those  who  were  unable  to  be  present  were  those 
from  Lord  Esher,  Lord  Weardale,  Sir  William  Mather  and  the 
Bishop  of  Oxford.  In  the  addresses  of  Captain  Brett  and  Mr.  John 
Hilton  there  was  given  a  summary  of  what  is  being  done  by  the 
Garton  Foundation  and  the  allied  bodies,  and  in  the  speech  of  Dr. 
Warden  an  outline  of  the  plan  upon  which  we  propose  to  proceed  in 
France.  But  the  whole  proceedings  were  of  peculiar  interest,  as  show- 
ing the  attitude  taken  up  by  this  very  diverse  group  of  people  toward 
the  common  object. 

Monthly  Review,  Since  the  holding  of  the  Conference  at  Le  Tou- 
quet a  monthly  review,  entitled  War  and  Peace,  has  been  produced 
by  a  group  of  Cambridge  men  interested  in  the  movement,  and  it 
has  had  what  in  the  circumstances  is  a  really  extraordinary  success. 
Within  a  week  of  its  publication  they  had  booked  subscriptions  paid 
in  advance  for  about  800  copies;  and,  although  they  printed  10,000 
copies,  they  have  since  had  to  print  more.    It  looks  as  though  this 


ANNUAL  REPORT  TO  THE  TRUSTEES  55 

would  be  a  commercial  success  on  its  own  merits,  and  it  will  have 
great  propaganda  value  as  a  means  of  linking  up  the  various 
organizations. 

What  is  mainly  needed  now  is  help  in  organization,  in  such  mat- 
ters as  keeping  in  touch  with  the  various  societies  and  their  activities, 
keeping  them  in  touch  with  one  another,  seeing  that  their  work  does 
not  overlap,  seeing  that  their  literature  is  suitable,  seeing  that  they 
are  pushing  the  distribution  of  literature  that  we  or  you  may  pro- 
duce, arranging  that  their  lecturers  are  efficient,  and  so  on.  Part 
of  this  work  is  done  by  the  Garton  Foundation,  but  a  large  part  of 
it  has  to  be  done  by  me  personally,  because  it  does  not  fall  within  the 
scope  of  the  Foundation's  work.  For  the  present  this  kind  of  work 
must  be  done  by  my  own  assistants.  In  the  mean  time  all  this  work 
of  organization  delays  original  book  work  and  articles  for  the  gen- 
eral press,  etc.,  the  phase  perhaps  in  which  I  can  do  the  most  good. 
The  school  text-book,  which  I  have  so  much  at  heart,  has  to  wait. 
Yet  this  organization  work  is  most  necessary.  England  is  a  great 
place  for  debating  clubs,  mutual  improvement  societies,  mock  par- 
liaments, lectures  in  small  towns,  etc.  This  body  of  agencies  is  the 
natural  and  most  easily  available  medium  for  the  dissemination  of 
ideas,  but  to  use  it  means  just  that  sort  of  detailed  organization 
which  I  have  indicated.  To  see  that  lectures  are  properly  reported, 
that  the  propositions  at  debates  are  properly  presented  by  the  right 
men,  and  that  our  case  gets  the  chance  of  a  good  statement  instead 
of  a  weak  one  easily  demolished,  is  a  work  of  organization  as  difficult 
as  the  running  of  a  great  department  store;  and  at  present  we  are 
trying  to  do  it  with  an  inadequate  although  enthusiastic  little  force. 
The  additional  assistance  which  the  Foundation  is  now  to  provide 
will  here  be  an  immense  help. 

London,  October,  1913. 


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