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f  ANUFACTURERS  using  Witco  materials 
are  given  extra  assurance  of  uniform 
quality  by  Witco's  thoroughly  scientific  meth- 
ods of  pretesting.  Before  leaving  our  plants  all 
products  must  measure  up  to  standards  that 
are  frequently  more  exacting  than  required 
by  those  industries  in  which  they  are  used. 
Shown  here  is  a  close-up  of  a  step  in  a  produc- 
tion process  in  one  of  Witco's  plants,  where 
standards  are  maintained  by  an  unusually  rigid 
system  of  checks  and  rechecks.  The  following 
are  subject  to  the  same  stern  inspection: 

WITCO    CARBON  BLACKS    are   made   to   meet  indi. 


^am^ 


vidual  requirements  and  to  satisfy  the  most  exacting 
demands  for  quality. 

WITCO  TITANIUM  DIOXIDE  sets  a  new  standard  of 
fineness,  ease  of  grinding  and  uniformly  neutral 
white  color. 

WITCO  STEARITE  is  steadily  growing  in  popular- 
ity because  of  its  higher  uniformity  and  greater 
economy. 

WITCO  ClAY  has  found  wide  application  because 
of  its  unusually  soft,  fluflfy  texture. 


WISHNICK-TUMPEER,  INC. 

Manufacturers  and  Importers 
NEW  YORK     .     295  MADISON  AVENUE 

CHICAGO TRIBUNE  TOWER 

BOSTON 141  MILK  STREET 

CLEVELAND    .  616  ST.  CLAIR  AVE.,  N.  E. 

WITCO  LTD.,  BUSH  HOUSE,  LONDON 

W.C.  2,  ENGLAND 

Witco  AflFiliotesi  Witco  Oil  &  Gas  Company 

The    Pioneer    Asphalt   Company 

Panhandle  Corbon   Company 

BUY  DIRECT  AND  PROFIT  DIRECTLY 


G-E  Campus  ^ews 


TOPS' 


A  turbine-generator  set  now  l>einii  built  at  the 
Schenectady  Works  of  the  (General  Electric  Company 
will  operate  at  a  pressure  of  2500  pounds  and  at  a 
temperature  of  940  F.  This  pressure  is  nearly 
1000  pounds  more  than  that  used  for  any  other 
commercial  unit  now  in  service,  and  the  lem]>era- 
lure  is  higher. 

it  represents  the  work  of  many  men.  Experts  in 
mechanical  design  have  solved  unique  problems  — 
for  the  shell  of  the  turbine  will  have  to  withstand 
pressures  equal  to  those  more  than  half  a  mile  be- 
low the  surface  of  the  sea.  When  the  unit  is  com- 
pleted, electrical  and  chemical  engineers,  metallur- 
gists, and  research  workers  will  have  contributed 
knowledge  and  experience  to  it. 

The  design  and  construction  of  turbine-generators 
such  as  this  is  largely  the  work  of  college  graduates 
— many  of  whom  entered  (i-K  Test  only  a  few  vears 
ago.  Thousands  of  other  Test  men  are  engaged  in 
the  design,  manufacture,  and  sale  of  these  and  hun- 
dreds of  other  electric  products  that  are  used  in 
industrv  todav. 


T\VO  PERMANENT  WAVES  AT  ONCE 

Co-eds  preparing  for  a  dance  are  not  the  only  sub- 


This  wire.  19/10.000  in<'h  in  diameter,  is  first 
tightly  wound.  335  turns  to  the  inch,  with  the  coils 
1/1000  inch  apart.  After  the  wire  receives  this  first 
'"j)ernianent  wave,"  it  is  coiled  once  more.  70  turns 
to  the  inch,  with  7/1000  inch  between  the  turns. 
This  redui'cs  the  original  20  inches  of  wire  to  a  coil 
5/8  inch  long  and  having  an  outside  diameter  of 
310/10,000  inch. 

These  permanent  waves  pay  real  di\i(lcnds  in  in- 
creased efficiency  because  tungsten  wire  becomes 
more  brilliant  as  it  is  more  closely  compacted.  This 
new  process  is  only  one  of  many  developments  made 
by  G-E  engineers  in  the  field  of  illuininalion  a 
Held  which  offers  mam  o|)porl unities  for  technically 
trained  men. 


jects  for  permanent  waving- 
wire  used  in  General  Electrii 


there  is  the  tungsten 
lamps. 


WELDING  IN  THE  ARCTIC 

A  broken  gear  wheel  recently  threatened  to  shorten 
the  100-day  working  season  of  a  group  of  miners  on 
the  Alaskan  tundra,  above  the  Arctic  Circle.  No 
time  could  be  lost,  for  in  early  September  the 
ground  would  be  frozen  solid. 

There  was  but  one  chance  to  save  the  season's 
work.  The  gear  wheel  was  loaded  in  an  umiak  —  a 
native  boat  made  of  skins  —  and  for  five  days  an 
Eskimo  crew  paddled  to  the  settlement  of  Candle, 
where  the  Arctic  Circle  Exploration  Company  had 
a  General  Electric  gasoline-driven  arc-welding  set. 
Three  hours  after  their  arrival,  the  Eskimos  were 
ready  to  return  with  the  repaired  wheel.  Instead  of 
the  ruinous  loss  of  a  season's  work,  the  interruption 
lasted  only  two  weeks. 

Opportunities  for  G-E  products  to  be  of  service  to 
industry  occur  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  General 
Electric  has  built  up  an  extensive  international 
organization  to  meet  those  needs. 


GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


S/iiio 


TIME  TESTED  ELECTRICAL  FUSES 

•  •      • 

"ECONOMY" 

"NATIONAL" 

"CLEARSITE" 

"ARKLESS" 

"BEACON" 

"ECO" 

•  •     • 

WE  FUSE 

ELECTRICAL 
CIRCUITS 

EVERYWHERE 

ECONOMY  FUSE  &  MFG.  CO. 

2717  GREENVIEW  AVENUE 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

A   QUARTER   OF   A   CENTURY 

OF   DEPENDABLE   SERVICE 


ASIIM 


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''^^yl 


How  WELDING- 

makes  Better  Furniture 


Oxy-acetyleiie  welding  lias  made  tliis  modern 
metal  chair  joint  less.  The  result  is  smoother 
finish,  increased  durahility,  added  beauty,  lower 
upkeep,  greater  strength  and  lighter  weight. 
Similarly,  in  other  industries,  oxy-acetylene 
welding  allows  great  freedom  of  design,  im- 
proves countless  pro<hicts  and  saves  money  for 
tliousands  of  manufacturers. 

Tomorrow's  engineers  will  be  expected  to 
know  how  to  apply  this  modern  metalworking 
process.  Several  valuable  and  interesting  tech- 
nical booklets  describing  the  application  of  the 
oxy-acetylene  process  of  welding  and  cutting  to 
design,  construction  and  fabrication  are  avail- 
able from  Linde  offices  in  principal  cities.  Write 
to  The  Linde  Air  Products  Company,  Unit  of 
Union  Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation,  30 
East  42nd  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Chair  parts  are  asserrt- 
bled  on  jigs,  then  welded 
lit   /loints   marked  "W," 


Everything  for  Oxy -Acetylene  Welding  and   Cutting 

LIWDE  OXYGtN  «  PBEST -O-IITE  ACETYtEWE  »  OXWELO  ftPPARATUS  AND  SUPPtlis     ff^OM  III  LTlVfDE 


UNION  CARBIDE 


ARMOUR  ENGINEER 

and  ALUMNUS 


Editor 
WALTER  HENDRICKS 


Gent'ial   Maiiajier 

D.  P.  MORETON 


EDITORIAL    ASSISTANTS 

Stephen  P.  Finnegan  '39 
Bernaril  W.  Gaiiison  '38 
Daniel   W.  Jarolison   '39 
Raymond  A.  Kliphardt  "38 
Nikolas  A.  Natinihek  '40 


BUSINESS  ASSISTANTS 

Albert  N.  Schreiber,  '38 
Thomas  Waldron,  '38 


Published  in  October,  December. 
March,  and  May,  in  the  interests 
of  the  students,  college,  and  alumni 
of  Armour  Institute  of  Technology, 
under  the  direction  of  a  Managing 
Board,  at  aSOO  Federal  St.,  Chi- 
cago,   111. 


OCTOBER  193  7 

VOLUME  3  NUMBER  1 

IN  THIS  ISSUE 

ChitagoV  Lake  Shoic  Dcv.lopnifnt.  hy  Frrd  (,.  Hi'ik  lilina 6 

Fire  PiottHtioii  EngiiuHM-iiifi,  by  Joseph  B.  Vinm'unn y 

Th«>  Eiiftiiu.*>r  and  th.-  Busim-ss  oC  Li\  iug.  /,v  Hrnry  P.  Dutt„n  12 

Forward  Pass  Iiiterfcrt'iicc,  by  John  J.  SrhonuiK'r U 

Thermal    Insulation    Adds    to    Mans    Comfort,    by    James    C. 

Peebles   j^, 

President's  Report  and  Resignation 18 

Aeting-President    Speaks    20 

Armour  Teeh   News 21 

Book  Shelf    32 

Alumni  Notes.  6y  D.  P.  Moreton 37 


THE  CONTRIBUTORS 

■  Henry  P.  Diitlon  is  Professor  of  Business  Management  at  Armour  Institute 
of  Technology  and  a  consultant  in  the  field  of  engineering  economics. 

■  Joseph  B.  Finnegan,  a  graduate  of  M.  I.  T..  is  head  of  the  Deparlnu-nt  of 
Fire  Protection  Engineering. 

■  Fred  G.  Heuchling,  Armour.  \)1  is  Executive  Assistant,  (".hirago  Park  Dislricl. 

■  D.  P.  Moreton  is  Secretary-Treasurer  of  the  Alumni  Association  in  addition 
to  his  position  of  Professor  of  Electrical  Engineering. 

■  James  C.  Peebles,  a  recognized  authority  on  the  properties  of  all  kinds  of 
thermal  insulating  materials,  is  Professor  of  Experimental  Engineering  at 
A.  I.  T. 

■  John  J.  Schommer.  nationalK  kno«n  Big-Ten  f.iotl.all  and  i.a-kelball  offi- 
cial.  is   Director  of  Physical   Education   at    Armour  Tech. 

■  Book  Review  by  B.  E.  Gnetz. 

■  .Student    Editor   of   tiii-    i-ue.   St^ph^n    I'.   Fimi>-iinn. 


CHICAGO'S  LAKE  SHORE 
DEVELOPMENT 


By  Fred  G.  Heuchling 


CHICAGO,  a  ortat  center  of  in- 
dustry and  commerce,  originator 
the  skyscraper  and  the  modern 
slaughter  house,  is  truly  a  remarkable 
creation  when  we  sum  up  her  attri- 
butes as  the  City  Beautiful.  That  she 
ranks  along  with  the  most  famous 
cities  of  the  world  in  this  latter  re- 
spect, none  can  deny.  Fundamen- 
tally she  owes  her  standing  in  this 
Held  to  the  fact  that  Lake  Michigan's 
waters  wash  her  entire  eastern  boun- 
dary for  a  distance  of  thirty-five  miles. 

This  great  natural  asset  was  little 
appreciation  in  the  early  days  of 
Chicago's  history,  and  the  rail- 
roads were  permitted  to  pre-empt 
the  lake  shore  without  public  protest. 
Opposite  the  downtown  area  the  earli- 
est railroad  line  was  built  on  a  pile 
trestle  several  hundred  feet  out  into 
the  lake  and  parallel  to  what  is  now 
Michigan  Avenue,  practically  in  the 
same  location  that  the  depressed 
tracks  now  traverse  in  Grant  Park. 

From  the  present  Grant  Park  al- 
most to  Jackson  Park,  railroads  occu- 
pied a  strip  of  land  adjoining  the 
lake   shore,   cutting  off  all   the   scenic 


and  other  benefits  to  the  public  that 
now  are  so  great  an  element  in  our 
city  life.  South  of  Jackson  Park, 
private  property  owners  were  per- 
mitted to  secure  title  to  lake  shore 
property,  and  a  golf  club,  private 
homes,  and  steel  mills  took  possession. 
In  the  main,  these  still  occupy  the 
shore  line  clear  to  the  Indiana  State 
boundary,  except  for  two  city-owned 
bathing  beaches  and  a  Park  District 
controlled  park. 

On  the  north  shore,  Lincoln  Park, 
from  Diversey  Blvd.  to  North  Avenue, 
was  for  many  years  the  onlj'  public 
property  of  any  consequence,  and  the 
rest  of  the  shore  line  was  restricted 
to  private  homes,  apartments,  and  the 
like. 

Probably  the  first  public  body  to 
realize  and  appreciate  that  the  lake 
shore  was  the  heritage  of  all  the 
people,  and  to  direct  public  attention 
to  this  fact,  was  the  former  Lincoln 
Park  Commissioners.  The  practice  had 
grown  up  in  the  late  70's  and  the 
early  80's  of  dredging  sand  for  com- 
mercial use  from  the  bottom  of  the 
Lake  close  to  shore.     This  caused  the 


Aerial  view  of  lake  front  showing  Century  of  Progress  in   Burnham   Park 


shore  to  be  washed  away  and  other- 
wise damaged,  and  particularly  af- 
fected Lincoln  Park. 

In  1885  legislation  was  urged,  and 
in  1893  the  Illinois  Legislature  passed 
an  Act  forbidding  private  dredging 
operations  and  permitting  the  Lincoln 
Park  Commissioners  to  reclaim  sub- 
merged lands  along  the  entire  lake 
front  opposite  the  district  under  their 
control.  At  the  same  time  they  were 
empowered  to  acquire  riparian  rights 
from  private  owners  by  purchase, 
gift,  agreement,  or  condemnation. 
Thus,  we  may  say  it  was  not  until 
1885  that  the  development  of  Chi- 
cago's priceless  shore  line  began  in 
earnest. 

In  1871,  after  the  great  fire,  the  re- 
sulting rubbish  and  refuse  was  dumped 
along  the  thin  strip  of  land  lying  east 
of  Michigan  Avenue,  and  thus  began 
our  present  downtown  lake  front  park, 
first  known  as  "Lake  Park,"  and  later 
designated  as  Grant  Park.  The  earli- 
est government  maps  show  that  in 
1830  the  shore  line  immediately  south 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  was  over 
1200  feet  back  of  the  point  where, — 
this  very  month, — Chicago  threw  open 
lier  latest  outpost  into  Lake  Michigan, 
— the  great  Outer  Drive  Improve- 
ment. 

The  beautification  of  Grant  Park 
from  Randolph  Street  to  Adams  Street 
west  of  the  railroad  tracks  was  not 
completed  until  1917  although  the 
part  south  of  the  Art  Institute  was 
landscaped  some  years  earlier.  Later 
the  area  east  of  the  tracks  was  filled  in 
and  improved  until  today  the  total 
area  of  Grant  Park  is  303  acres,  con- 
taining the  classical  Art  Institute, 
Field  Museum  and  Shedd  Aquarium 
structures,  and  the  exquisite  Bucking- 
ham Fountain,  greatest  of  its  kind  in 
the  world. 

Turning  now  to  the  shore  line  north 
of  the  river,  we  note  that  the  present 
Lake  Shore  Drive  skirting  Chicago's 
renowned  "Gold  Coast"  and  extend- 
ing today  from  Oak  Street  to  North 
Avenue,  had  its  inception  in  1884.  Its 
improvement,  however,  was  not  com- 
pleted until  1896. 

In  1915  the  former  Lincoln  Park 
Commissioners  commenced  an  ambi- 
tious   program   for   extending  Lincoln 


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■^-^fCt. 


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Aerial  view  of  Jackson  Park  showing  Boat  Harbor  and  Outer  Drives 


Park  northward  by  acquiring  riparian 
rights  and  filling  in  and  beautifying 
shore  park  areas.  This  continued  until 
1934.  when  the  Chicago  Park  District 
took  over  all  former  park  districts  in 
the  city.  Today  we  see  Lincoln  Park 
extending  clear  to  Foster  Avenue,  with 
a  total  shore  line,  as  the  crow  flies, 
of  nearly  five  miles,  enchantingly 
beautified  and  providing  many  facili- 
ties for  marine  and  aquatic  sports 
and  other  forms  of  outdoor  recrea- 
tion. 

Meanwhile  the  south  shore  was  de- 
veloping in  a  similar  way.  The 
epoch-making  Worlds  Fair  of  1893 
that  turned  the  eyes  of  all  men  on 
Chicago,  inspired  plans  for  continu- 
ing the  shore  line  improvement  from 
the  north  end  of  Jackson  Park  to 
Roosevelt  Road,  linking  with  Grant 
Park.  However,  it  was  not  until  1912- 
15  that  the  former  South  Park  Com- 
missioners found  it  possible  to  begin 
acquiring  riparian  rights   here  and  to 


rill  in  new  shore  land  east  of  the  rail- 
road tracks.  The  program  was  con- 
tinued over  many  years,  but  aside 
from  shore  protection  and  filling  in 
land  very  little  improvement  was  ac- 
complished until  "A  Century  of  Prog- 
ress" was  proposed. 

The  famous  Burnham  Plan  of  Chi- 
cago, published  in  1909,  focused  the 
attention  of  the  world  on  Chicago's 
possibilities  as  a  City  Beautiful.  It 
proposed  great  areas  of  park  land  to 
be  made  along  the  entire  shore  line 
with  broad  lagoons,  formed  by  filling 
in  long  islands  out  in  the  lake  parallel 
to  the  shore.  The  Lincoln  Park  Com- 
missioners had  this  plan  in  mind  when 
in  1915  they  started  filling  in  "picnic 
island,"  now  called  Francis  T.  Sim- 
mons Island,  opposite  Lincoln  Park. 
On  the  South  Side  the  Park  Commis- 
sioners likewise  created  what  later  be- 
came Northerly  Island,  extending 
from  about  16th  Street  to  present  Cer- 
mak  Road.     This  latter,  with  the  new 


land  forming  the  present  Burnham 
Park,  became  the  site  of  "A  Century 
of  Progress"  in  1933. 

The  proposal  of  the  Burnham  Plan 
to  create  a  ciiain  of  islands  and 
lagoons  along  the  shore  was  based  on 
the  assumption  that  the  beaches  of 
the  lagoons  would  provide  public 
bathing.  Experience  in  later  years 
with  actual  construction  of  this  kind 
proved  that  the  quiet  waters  of  such 
lagoons,  when  used  for  mass  bathing, 
created  a  serious  health  menace.  Fur- 
thermore, to  provide  ready  access  to 
the  islands  for  the  public  numerous 
expensive  bridges  would  be  necessary. 
Of  late  years,  therefore,  the  trend  in 
lake  shore  development  has  been  to 
avoid  lagoons  and  islands  and  instead 
to  create  promontories,  small  bays, 
and  sheltered  harbors.  Bathing 
beaches  are  located  on  open  water, 
protected  from  erosion,  where  natural 
currents  carry  away  pollution.  Direct 
paths  and  driveways  permit  pedestri- 


nns.    motorists,    and     bi; 


passengers 


quick  and  easy  access  to  the  shore. 
Wliile  tlie  scenic  effects  of  the  pro- 
])osed  lagoons  are  lacking,  Lake  Mi- 
cliigaii  is  truly  "brought  to  the 
jHople." 

In  May,  ]9;Ji,  all  the  Park  Dis- 
tricts in  Chicago  were  consolidated 
into  the  Chicago  Park  District,  and 
for  the  first  time  almost  the  entire 
lake  shore  line  under  public  control 
was  placed  under  a  unified  jurisdic- 
tion. Today  twenty-eight  miles  of 
shore  line  are  public  property,  and  a 
continuous  chain  of  park  development 
tinbellishes  it. 

The  original  Lincoln  Park,  extend- 
ing only  from  North  Avenue  to  Diver- 
sey  Boulevard,  now  contains  over 
1 ,000  acres,  stretching  from  Grand 
Avenue  at  the  foot  of  the  Municipal 
Pier  to  Foster  Avenue  six  miles  north. 
At  the  northerly  end  the  Chicago 
Park  District  is  just  completing  the 
improvement  of  newly  made  land,  and 
already  contracts  have  been  concluded 
for  the  acquisition  of  the  riparian 
rights  along  two-thirds  of  the  remain- 
ing shore  from  Foster  Avenue  to 
Devon  Avenue.  From  the  southern 
extremity  of  Jackson  Park  at  67th 
Street,  to  Calumet  Park  at  95th 
Street,  the  shore  line  is  still  under 
])rivate  control  except  for  a  city-con- 

Views  of  Outer  Drive  development  along 
North  Shore 

trolled  park  from  75th  to  79th 
Streets.  From  95th  Street  south 
almost  to  the  Indiana  State  line 
the  shore  is  now  park  property,  and 
the  southern  half  of  it  is  improved 
and  beautified.  The  northern  half  is 
in  the  course  of  improvement  and 
when  finished  will  make  at  this  point 
a  landscaped  area  of  194  acres. 

Although  it  may  have  taken  decades 
to  bring  the  city's  lake  shore  line  to 
its  present  state,  Chicagoans  are  now 
awake  to  the  public  value  inherent  in 
shore  property,  and  it  is  not  too  much 
to  expect  that  the  children  of  today 
will  live  to  see  a  continuous  park  de- 
velopment along  the  city's  entire  east- 
ern boundary. 

The  mere  beautification  of  the  shore 
is  in  itself  a  great  asset  to  the  city, 
but  the  surprising  development  of 
bathing,  yachting,  and  other  aquatic 
sports  that  has  taken  place  in  recent 
years,  adds  immeasurable  economic 
and  health-giving  values. 

Fourteen  bathing  beaches  have  been 
established  by  the  Park  District  at 
strategic  points,  where  throngs  go  to 
disport  themselves  on  the  sands  and 
in  the  water  during  the  summer  sea- 
son. Some  impression  of  the  popular- 
(Turn  to  page  28) 


8 


FIRE  PROTECTION 
ENGINEERING 


By  Joseph  B.  Finnegan 


WHEREVER  nun  have  accumu- 
lated property  which  may  be 
damaged  by  fire,  and  wherever  men 
live  or  work  in  surroundings  in  which 
they  themselves  may  be  injured  if  tire 
occurs,  there  is  work  for  the  fire  jiro- 
tection   engineer. 

Because  a  large  proportion  of  our 
j)eople  live  in  towns  or  cities^  there 
is  always  the  possibility  that  a  fire 
in  one  building  may  spread  to  neigh- 
boring structures  and  even  involve 
tile  whole  community.  Because  mod- 
ern industry  and  commerce  require 
the  use  of  large  manufacturing  plants, 
great  warehouses,  and  wholesale  and 
retail  stores  of,  a  size  not  known  to 
earlier  generations,  the  accumulation 
of  values  in  any  one  place  may  be 
such  that  fire  would  cause  large  de- 
struction of  wealth. 

Because  many  factories  work  with 
combustible  materials,  and  because 
manufacturing  processes  frequently 
involve  fire  hazard,  the  possibility  of 
disaster  is  always  present.  Each  new 
omplication  or  extension  of  the  so- 
ial  organization,  each  new  invention 
or  mechanical  develojjment  may  bring- 
new  jiroblems  for  the  fire  protection 
engineer. 

One  day,  about  eight  years  ago, 
newspaper  headlines  told  of  a  terri- 
ble accident  in  a  mid-western  hospi- 
tal. X-ray  films  of  hazardous  type, 
improperly  stored  in  a  basement 
room,  became  ignited.  Poisonous 
gases  spread  to  all  parts  of  the  build- 
ing. Some  patients  were  killed  at 
once;  others  died  a  few  days  later. 
Engineers  in  the  employ  of  the  fire 
insurance  inspection  bureaus  Avere  at 
once  detailed  to  cooperate  with  hos- 
pital authorities  and  municipal  officers 
to  ])revent  the  })ossibility  of  another 
such  tragedy.  Now,  more  than  3200 
hos))itals  have  been  given  tliis  expert 
service,  and  the  dangerous  variety  of 
film  has  been  almost  universally  re- 
placed by  non-hazardous  material. 
Com])lete  review  of  other  hospital 
practices  that  might   involve   fire  haz- 


ard, particularly  in  the  use  of"  im- 
portant new  anesthetics,  has  led  to 
adoption  of  efficient  safeguards 
against   fires   in   operating  rooms. 

After  the  war,  manufacturers  who 
had  been  making  military  exjilosives 
tried  to  develop  a  market  for  lac- 
quers which  could  be  made  from  cer- 
tain materials  which  they  were  able 
to  produce  in  large  quantities.  The 
attempt  was  most  successful.  The 
method  of  finishing  automobile  bodies, 
furniture,  and  scores  of  other  large 
and  small  products  made  of  metal  or 
of  wood  has  been  revolutionized  in 
a  few  years.  The  beauty  and  dura- 
bility of  surface  provided  by  the  new 
lacquers  is  admirable,  and  the  lac- 
quers do  not  introduce  a  fire  hazard 
in  the  finished  product.  However, 
while  they  are  in  the  liquid  condition 
tliev  are  exceedingly  flammable,  and, 
since  they  are  commonly  applied  by 
spraying,  the  danger  of  fire  in  the 
finishing  rooms  may  be  very  great. 
To  complicate  the  problem,  in  many 
factories  the  finishing  processes  are 
carried  on  in  buildings  which  were 
designed  for  the  use  of  less  hazard- 
ous varnishes  and  much  less  danger- 
ous   methods    of   application. 

The  safeguarding  of  lacquer  sjiray- 
ing  processes  has  been  one  of  tlie 
major  problems  and  one  of  the  im- 
portant successes  of  the  fire  protec- 
tion engineer.  There  have  been  fires, 
some  of  them  very  serious,  but  they 
have  served  to  emphasize  the  sound 
nature  of  the  engineers'  recommenda- 
tions and  the  unfortunate  results  of 
failing  to   comply   with   them. 

A  generation  ago,  the  twenty-story 
Flatiron  Building  in  New  York  was 
a  famous  "skyscraper."  A  fire  depart- 
ment officer  was  asked,  "How  would 
you  fight  a  fire  in  the  upper  stories 
i>f  tlie  Flatiron?"  He  said,  "I'd  be 
waiting  for  it  at  the  ninth  floor."  To- 
day, with  such  a  problem  to  solve, 
he  would  not  be  forced  to  wait.  Mod- 
ern high  buildings  arc  equipped  with 
stand-pipe  systems  whicji  provide   fire 


departments  with  means  for  throw 
ing  water  on  a  fire  in  any  story. 

In  modern  fire  fighting  the  most 
conspicuous  change  of  recent  years 
has  been  the  retirement  of  the  steam 
engine,  drawn  by  horses,  and  the  in- 
troduction of  motor  apparatus.  The 
old  hose  wagon  has  disappeared,  and 
the  pumper  carries  the  equipment 
that  formerh^  had  its  own  separate 
transport.  The  high  speed  of  modern 
apparatus  reduces  the  time  that  must 
elapse  before  water  can  be  thrown 
on  a  fire,  and  makes  possible  impor- 
tant changes  in  the  spacing  of  fire 
department  companies. 

Chicago  can  never  forget  the  Iro- 
quois Theater  fire.  Fires  in  theaters 
and  in  schools  have  involved  terrible 
loss  of  life.  There  will  continue  to 
be  danger  of  such  tragedies,  because 
they  are  due  in  part  to  the  swift 
spread  of  panic.  Nevertheless,  much 
has  been  done  to  reduce  even  this 
danger.  In  modern  theaters,  the  prob- 
ability that  fire  will  originate  on  the 
stage  has  been  greatly  reduced,  ade- 
quate vents  are  provided  above  the 
stage  so  that  fire  will  not  tend  to 
spread  outward  to  the  audience,  firc- 
))roof  curtains  are  provided  and  kept 
in  operative  condition,  the  lighting 
system  is  properly  designed  and  con- 
trolled, and  exits  are  many  and  are 
clearly   marked. 

Most  theater  j)rograms  e.-irry  warn- 
ings against  jianic,  and  in  ease  of  fire 
there  is  rather  general  recognition  of 
tlie  fact  that  liurry  and  confusion 
would  be  a  terrible  mistake  and  that 
each  person  should  walk,  not  run,  to 
tlie  nearest  exit.  It  is  wholesome  for 
everyone  to  fear  a  stam))cde  more 
than  he  fears  a  fire,  and  to  be  on  his 
guard  against  losing  his  self-control. 
Tile  j)rol)lem  of  the  fire  jirotection  en- 
gineer when  lie  deals  with  tile  tlieater 
problem  is  psychological  as  well  as 
material. 

A  similar  situation  is  found  in 
seliools.  Tiuy  siiould  of  course  l)e  of 
firejiroof     construction,     witli      jjrojier 


This  type  of  fire  demon- 
strates the  necessity  for 
proper  fire  prevention  and 
adequate  fire-fighting  equip- 
ment 


means  of  exit,  but  it  is  impossible  to 
over-emphasize  the  importance  of  rou- 
tine drills  that  will  make  it  easy  and 
natural  for  the  occupants  to  leave  the 
building  quickly    in    an   emergency. 

Suppose  that  we  were  suddenly  de- 
prived of  petroleum  and  its  products. 
Consider  the  millions  of  motors  that 
use  gasoline,  the  engines  that  use 
heavier  oils,  the  larger  number  of  do- 
mestic and  industrial  burners  using 
fuel  oils,  the  great  importance  of  pe- 
troleum lubricants,  the  use  of  light 
petroleum  products  in  dry-cleaning 
and  for  various  solvent  purposes. 

Crude  petroleum  has  great  fire 
hazard;  all  of  the  liquids  which  are 
obtained  from  it  are  hazardous,  some 
of  them  to  an  extreme  degree.  The 
processes  in  which  they  are  used  in- 
volve great  danger  of  fire.  At  every 
step  sound  fire  protection  engineer- 
ing principles  must  be  employed  if 
disaster  is  to  be  avoided.  Largely  for 
use  in  the  extinction  of  fires  in  such 
materials  there  have  been  developed 
the  so-called  foam  extinguishing 
equipments,  which  discharge  a  thick 
froth  which  will  float  on  the  surface 
of  the  liquid  and  smother  the  fire.  In 
other  cases,  a  gas  which  prevents  com- 
bustion of  the  oil  may  be  used  to  ex- 
tinguish fire. 

It  has  become  commonplace  to  say 
that  this  is  the  age  of  electrocity. 
We  may  measure  the  industrial  activ- 
ity of  a  community  by  the  extent  to 
which  it  uses  electrical  power.  The 
material  progress  of  its  residential 
portions  may  be  indicated  by  the  ex- 


!0 


tent  to  which  electric  current  is  used 
for  light  and  for  household  appli- 
ances. Electrical  equipment  of  bad 
design,  improperly  installed,  or  im- 
properly used  is  seriously  hazardous. 
There  is  no  field  in  which  more  im- 
portant and  careful  work  has  been 
done  in  the  reduction  of  danger  to  life 
and  property.  The  National  Electrical 
Code  is  one  of  the  recognized  engi- 
neering standards   of  the   country. 

In  the  great  majority  of  fires,  ex- 
cluding those  in  electrical  apparatus, 
in  liquids,  and  in  some  chemicals, 
water  is  the  best  possible  extinguish- 
ing agent.  In  general,  the  problem  of 
extinguishing  a  fire  is  the  problem  of 
obtaining  an  adequate  supply  of  water 
and  directing  it  upon  the  burning  ma- 
terial. A  small  quantity  of  water  may 
he  enough  if  it  is  applied  when  the 
fire  is  still  small.  The  combined  opera- 
tion of  many  fire  department  pump- 
ers may  be  needed  if  the  fire  has  at- 
tained great  headway,  and  when  the 
fire  is  already  large  there  will  be 
great  difficulty  in  directing  the  water 
to  the  place  where  it  will  be  most  ef- 
fective, that  is,  to  the  heart  of  the 
fire.  The  fire  protection  engineer,  in 
considering  these  conditions,  has  real- 
ized that  extinguishing  equipment  for 
permanent  installation  in  a  building 
should  provide  means  for  discharging 
water  upon  a  fire  wherever  it  may  oc- 
cur, that  it  should  be  self-acting,  that 
it  should  operate  while  the  fire  is  still 
small,  and  that  it  should  embody  an 
alarm  system  to  indicate  that  it  has 
been   called  upon   to  discharge   water. 


All  of  these  requirements  have  beenn 
met  admirably  in  the  design  of  thet 
automatic  sprinkler  system,  whichi 
represents  the  highest  development  inr 
fire  extinguishing  equipment. 

In  many  cases  it  is  estimated  thatt 
the  fire  hazard  of  a  building  is  re- 
duced four-fifths  by  its  sprinkleri 
equipment;  that  the  probability  of  I 
loss  is  five  times  as  great  without  thiss 
protection. 

The  probability  that  fire  will  starti 
in   a   particular  building  is   ordinarilyr 
dependent  upon  the  occupancy  of  ther 
building.      Assuming    that     fire     doess 
start,  the  rapidity  of  its   spread   and! 
the   amount   of  damage   done  will  de- 
pend   largely    upon    the    construction. 
It  is  necessary  that  the  fire  protection) 
engineer    give    careful    study    to    the 
characteristics    of    all    the     principal  I 
building  materials,   and   in   particular 
to    their   behavior    when    subjected    to 
fire.    The  design  of  buildings,  as  well  I 
as  their  materials,  is  important.     The 
protection   of  stair   or   elevator   open- 
ings  through   which   fire  may   spread, 
the  protection  of  exterior  wall  open- 
ings and  roofs  against  exposing  fires, 
the   design   of  interior   partitions,   the 
subdivision   of   large   areas   by  means 
of  fire  walls,  and  a  large  number  of 
other  details  may  have  a  bearing  upon 
the  probability  of  loss  by  fire.    Many 
fire    tests    have   been   made.     We    are 
able  to  say  for  instance  that  a  particu- 
lar type  of  partition  construction  will 
retard  fire  for  about  12  minutes;  that 
a  brick  wall  of  12-inch  thickness  will 
be  an  effective  fire  stop  during  eight 


liours  or  more  of  severe  fire  exposure; 
that  one  kind  of  column  is  subject  to 
failure  in  10  minutes;  that  anotlier 
will  continue  to  carry  its  load  under 
fire  conditions  for  two  or  five  or  eight 
hours. 

Fire  protection  engineers  have  pre- 
pared elaborate  building  codes  for  all 
types  of  construction,  and  these  pub- 
lications have  been  of  importance  not 
onh'  in  the  business  of  fire  insurance, 
but  also  as  guides  in  tlie  preparation 
of   municipal   building  ordinances. 

The  protection  of  money,  jewelry, 
and  valuable  papers  is  sometimes  a 
major  problem.  The  theft  or  the 
burning  of  such  valuables  may  be  a 
staggering  loss.  Fire  protection  en- 
gineers at  Underwriters  Laboratories 
in  Chicago  have  made  scores  of  fire 
tests  on  safes.  A  purchaser  can  there- 
fore obtain  practically  any  degree  of 
protection  that  he  wants  for  his  val- 
uables; he  can  have  a  forty-five  min- 
ute insulated  cabinet,  tn-  a  oiie-liour 
two-hour,   or   four-liour   safe. 


To  a  large  extent  the  probability  of 
loss  by  fire  in  a  given  building  de- 
])ends  upon  the  construction  of  tlie 
building,  the  extent  to  which  it  is  ex- 
posed to  fire  from  other  property,  tiic 
nature  of  the  materials  and  tlic  proc- 
esses carried  on,  the  kind  and  condi- 
tion of  the  private  equipment  for 
extinguisliing  fire,  and  the  genera! 
care  and  good  iiousekeeping.  Tliis, 
iiowever,  is  not  tlie  whole  story.  Wliat 
may  be  called  tlie  public  fire  protec- 
tion of  the  community  affects  tlie  fire 
iiazard  of  every  building. 

Tlie  factors  of  most  importance  in 
public  protection  are  the  system  of 
water  supply  and  distribution,  tiie  fire 
department,  and  the  fire  alarm  sys- 
tem. Careful  inspections  and  elab- 
orate reports  covering  these  and  some 
less  important  features  have  been 
made  by  engineers  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  in  more 
than  too  cities  larger  tlian  about  20,- 
000     ])0})niatioTi.       Smaller     eomnmni- 


ties  are  similarly  covered  by  engineers 
of  tlie  insurance  inspection  bureaus. 

Wiiat  is  a  fire  protection  engineer? 
What  is  fire  protection  engineering? 
It  is  not  easy  to  answer  these  ques- 
tions in  a  single  sentence.  Our  treat- 
ment of  the  subject  has  been  intended 
to  provide  an  answer  by  citing  a  few 
— not  by  any  means  all — of  the  prob- 
lems that  a  fire  protection  engineer 
deals  witii.  His  work  is  of  major  im- 
])ortancc  in  saving  life  and  property. 
In  prosperous  times  the  rapid  accu- 
mulation of  values  and  tlie  haste  and 
hustle  of  business  activity  make  his 
services  of  obvious  value.  When  the 
affairs  of  tlie  community  are  less  pros- 
])erous,  there  is  especial  need  that  he 
help  in  tlie  conservation  of  the  na- 
tion's wealth.  In  good  times  or  in 
bad,  he  is  one  of  the  important  work- 
ers in  our  complex  industrial  and 
I'ommercial  organization. 

Wv  liave  just  eommemoriited  the 
(Turn  fo  page  30) 


Students  training  for  the  field  of  Fire  Protection  Engineering 


li 


THE  ENGINEER  AND  THE 
BUSINESS  OF  LIVING 


W 


HAT  d.K.' 


Iiis  education  after  he  gets  it? 
The  gap  is  often  wide  between  what 
he  does  and  wliat  he  thought  he  was 
going  to  do.  I  beeanie  interested  in 
electrieal  experiments  in  liigh  scliool, 
and  to  run  tlie  dynamo  which  sup- 
plied our  little  town  with  power 
seemed  the  very  pinnacle  of  engineer- 
ing achievement  and  power.  It  was 
probably  the  picture  of  myself  con- 
trolling those  mighty  and  mysterious 
forces  which  sent  me  off  to  an  engi- 
neering college. 

As  it  turned  out,  my  very  first  job 
was  in  a  totally  different  field.  But 
even  if  I  had  continued  in  the  field 
of  my   first   ehoiee,   I    would   })r(ibably 


By  Henry  P.  Dutton 

li.-ive  found  eventually  that  the  job  of 
ruiniing  the  dynamo  tenders  was  more 
interesting,  closer  to  the  real  nerve 
centers  of  community  life,  than  the 
job  of  running  the  dynamos. 

Various  studies  have  been  made  of 
the  occupations  of  engineers  after 
graduation.  These  studies  unite  in  in- 
dicating the  predominance,  as  the  en- 
gineer emerges  from  the  learning 
years,  of  work  which  is  partially  or 
predominantly  supervisory,  adminis- 
trative, selling,  or  otherwise  in  the 
category  of  what  we  generally  regard 
as  '"business"  rather  than  "engineer- 
ing." 

A  lui'ky  young  engineer  gets  a  job 
in    the    research    department    of    a    big 


The  young  engineer  presents  his  solution  to  the  problem 


company  and  starts  making  tests, 
finding  out  the  answers  to  the  ques- 
tions his  superiors  put  to  him.  As  he 
gets  a  little  further  up  the  ladder  he 
finds  that  these  questions  are  not 
asked  solely  out  of  idle  curiosity. 
They  touch  such  tangible  realities  as 
what  causes  the  trouble  the  Smith 
Company  is  having  with  its  welding- 
rod. 

Presently  the  young  engineer,  if  he 
shows  good  sense  and  an  ability  to 
work  with  people,  is  sent  out  to  the 
Smith   factory. 

Eventually  tlie  problem  is  solved. 
Only  then,  perhaps,  does  the  young 
research  engineer  learn  that  Brown, 
Jones,  and  968  other  customers  have 
been  having  the  same  trouble  and 
that  the  Smith  solution  is  to  be  put 
on  a  ))roduction  basis  and  supported 
!)y  an  advertising  and  selling  drive. 
Before  he  gets  through,  the  man  who 
started  with  "straight  engineering" 
finds  himself  drawn  into  production, 
selling,  financial,  and  managerial 
j)roblems  of  whose  very  existence  he 
may  have  been  unaware  when  he 
started.  By  this  time  he  may  well 
liave  become  indispensable  in  tlie  sales 
department,  introducing  the  new 
product  to  customers  and  showing 
them  how  to  use  it.  so  a  new  man  is 
liired  for  the  research  department, 
and   the   cycle   starts   afresh. 

So  it  goes.  Every  case  is  different. 
But  in  a  company  large  enough  to 
make  the  title  "chief  engineer"  more 
tlian  a  compliment,  even  this  job  is 
more  administrative  than  engineering. 
It  is  the  job  of  the  chief  engineer  to 
keep  a  bulk  of  work  moving,  to  get 
drawings  out  on  time,  to  select  and 
train  subordinates,  and  keep  them 
lia])py  and  productive  at  their  jobs. 
Tlie  chief  engineer  continues  to  make 
the  final  decision  on  many  important 
engineering  matters,  but  this  is  not 
necessarily  because  he  knows  the  most 
about  engineering  technique,  but  be- 
cause he  has  acquired  the  perspective 
and  breadth  to  see  the  relation  of  the 
engineering  problem  to  the  marketing, 
hnancial.  and  other  problems  of  the 
eenipany. 

Si'ientific  investigation  and  creative 
research  are  among  tlie  most  valuable 
and  absorbing  of  human  pursuits.  A 
very  small  proportion  of  any  grad- 
uating engineering  class  are  likely  to 
end  up  as  distinguished  inventors  and 


\2 


investigators.  But  outside  of  this 
necessarily  small  group,  it  remains 
true  that  the  natural  line  of  advance- 
ment for  most  engineers  lies  away 
from  the  technical  problems  which 
first  interested  them,  toward  the 
problems  of  management  and  busi- 
ness. 

Granting  that  this  is  likely  to  be 
the  future  of  the  average  successful 
engineer  the  question  arises  as  how 
best  to  prepare  for  it.  It  would  be 
a  short-sighted  institution  which 
caught  the  uninformed  imagination 
and  enthusiasm  of  youth  and  turned 
it  against  itself. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  an  engineer- 
ing education  has  proved  to  be  one 
of  the  best  of  the  various  recognized 
educational  disciplines  as  a  prepara- 
tion for  precisely  the  sort  of  future 
just  discussed.  The  training  of  the 
engineer  emphasizes  methods  of  dis- 
covering and  applying  general  prin- 
ciples to  specific  situations.  It  teaches 
the  student  to  test  his  conclusions  by 
the  facts,  to  express  in  precise  math- 
ematical statements  the  relationships 
he  finds  between  cause  and  effect.  In 
short,  the  training  of  the  engineer  is 
a  training  in  straight  thinking,  and 
straight,  disciplined  thinking  is  just 
as  important  in  business  as  it  is  in 
electricity  or  mechanics. 

Pursuing  further  the  question  of 
how  best  to  prepare  for  a  future 
which  may  combine  engineering  with 
management,  we  may  ask,  what  pro- 
portion of  the  student's  time  should 
go  to  engineering,  what  to  manage- 
ment ? 

The  content  of  college  courses  may 
be  divided  roughly  into  two  classes, 
the  specific  or  factual  and  the  general 
or  theoretical.  A  few  years  ago  it 
might  have  been  useful  to  a  sanitary 
engineer  to  have  known  how  to  wipe 
a  joint.  That  was  specific,  factual  in- 
formation whose  utility  was  perfectly 
obvious. 

But  the  day  of  wiped  joints  is 
nearly  past,  and  this  particular  knowl- 
edge has  become  obsolete  except  for 
a  few  special  applications.  A  very 
large  portion  of  the  specific,  factual 
kinds  of  information  are  likely  to  be- 
come obsolete  in  the  years  that  pass 
between  college  class  work  and  the 
responsibility  of  making  decisions  on 
the  job.  An  understanding  of  princi- 
ples is  generally  more  durable  and 
more  elastic  than  a  knowledge  of  spe- 
cific facts.  Fluids  obey  the  same  laws 
of  flow  that  they  did  when  the  sani- 
tary engineer  was  a  student;  that  part 
of  his  training  will  serve  him  as  long 
as  he  deals  with  flowing  fluids,  which 
is  apt  to  be  a  long  time. 

Admitting  the  importance  of  the 
emphasis  on  general  principles  and  on 
disciplining  thinking  in  education,  as 


Problem  in  the   process  of  solution 


opposed  to  imparting  specific  details, 
we  come  to  another  principle  of  cur- 
riculum building.  Education  is  a 
massive  process,  not  a  cafeteria-style 
collection  of  intellectual  tid-bits.  The 
main  structure  of  the  students'  courses 
should  possess  a  well  knit  unity,  it 
should  build  up,  line  upon  line  and 
precept  upon  precept,  an  orderly  pic- 
ture of  a  world  in  which  effect  inex- 
orably follows  cause,  should  impress 
again  and  again  until  it  becomes  in- 
stinctive, the  idea  that  the  control  of 
effects  lies  in  a  knowledge  of  causes. 
Any  proposal  which  disturbs  this 
essential  unity  is  of  questionable 
value,  and  the  answer  to  the  educa- 
tion for  the  combined  career  of  en- 
gineer-administrator does  not  lie  in 
a  proportionate  distribution  of  class- 
room time.  The  discipline  of  engi- 
neering has  been  built  around  the 
natural  sciences  and  mathematics.  A 
similar  discipline  might  well  be  built 
up  about  the  social  sciences  (one  of 
whose  more  specialized  applications 
is  business),  were  we  as  far  advanced 
in  these  sciences  or  were  they  as  sim- 


ple as  the  natural  sciences,  physics  or 
chemistry,  for  example.  Because  these 
things  are  not  yet  so,  there  is 
a  strong  argument  for  leaving  undis- 
turbed the  present  foundation  train- 
ing in  the  natural  sciences.  This 
training,  which  is  the  backbone  of  en- 
gineering, has  proved  its  worth  as  a 
preparation  for  practical  administra- 
tion and  has  even  produced  such 
great  students  as  Taylor,  the  father 
of  Scientific  Management,  and  Pareto, 
the  Italian  sociologist. 

But  if  the  strength  of  the  engineer- 
ing education  is  tlioroughness,  its 
weakness  is  apt  to  be  narrowness.  Too 
often  the  world  of  the  engineer  lies 
upon  the  single  plane  of  technical  ma- 
nipulation of  materials.  He  is  igno- 
rant of  and  bewildered  by  the  great 
currents  of  economic  change  sweeping 
the  world,  often  blissfully  ignorant 
even  of  the  economic  implications  of 
his  own  work.  Knowing  nothing  of 
the  principles  of  economical  manufac- 
turing, he  designs  special,  costly 
screws  where  a  standard  one  would 
(Turn  to  page  34) 


13 


FORWARD    PASS 
INTERFERENCE 


By  John  J.  Schommer 


THE  forward  pass  in  football  has 
afforded  many  thrills,  and,  con- 
versely, the  penalties  invoked  by 
breaking  the  rules  governing  this  type 
of  plaj'  have  frequently  caused  vehe- 
ment outbursts  of  passion  directed  at 
tlie  football  rules  committee,  who  make 
the  rules,  and  at  the  football  officials 
who  legislate  on  the  legality  of  for- 
ward pass  plays  on  the  gridiron. 

The  rules  committee  tries  to  con- 
struct a  set  of  rules  that  minimize  cas- 
ualties, prevent  unfair  plays,  and  bal- 
ance defensive  football  against  offen- 
sive football  without  undue  favor  to 
either  type. 

The  forward  pass,  introduced  in 
1906  as  an  offensive  weapon,  could 
be  thrown  from  anywhere  on  the  field 
of  play  by  the  team  that  had  the  ball 
(called  the  offensive  team).  The  de- 
fensive team  was  promptly  taught  to 
knock  down  eligible  players.  This  in- 
volved frequent  injuries,  because  tense 
receivers  of  passes  running  full  tilt, 
eyes  on  the  ball,  were  struck  with 
frightful  velocity  by  defensive  men. 

This  type  of  blocking  gave  rise  to 
that  famous  saying,  "Coaches  do  not 
look  for  blocks  but  listen  for  them." 

The  rule  was  changed.  Now,  after 
a  forward  pass,  the  defensive  man  and 
the  offensive  man  can  not  interfere 
with  each  other  until  the  ball  is 
touched  excepting  they  clash  in  an 
honest  effort  to  catch  or  bat  the  ball. 
The  rule  says  "bona  fide"  effort. 

The  penalty  for  the  offensive  man 
who  blunders  is  the  loss  of  15  yards 
from  the  spot  where  the  ball  was  put 
in  play  and  the  loss  of  a  down.  The 
penalty  for  the  defensive  man  is  loss 
of  ball  at  the  spot  of  interference. 
To  explain  the  latter,  i.e.,  if  a  pass 
is  made  by  A  (the  offensive  team) 
down  the  field  and  B  (the  defensive 
team)  interferes  in  the  field  of  play 
with  A  in  any  manner  whatsoever, 
except  in  a  bona  fide  effort  to  catch 
or  bat  the  ball,  A  is  given  the  ball  at 
the  spot  of  interference.  A  and  B  have 
equal  rights  and  the  question  of  hon- 
est effort  turns  on  whether  the  ball  or 
the  man  was  played. 


The  interference  by  either  might 
consist  of  a  push  with  the  hand  or 
hands,  elbow,  chest,  shoulder,  head, 
hip,  or  knee;  or  A  might  jump  off 
B's  foot  or  vice  versa.  B  might  smash 
headlong  into  A,  never  looking  at  the 
ball,  or  A  might  trip  B  or  vice  versa. 
A  and  B  could  kill  one  another,  each 
making  an  honest  effort  playing  the 
ball,  and  still  no  penalty  would  result. 
The  play  is  often  complicated,  and  the 
close  decisions  bring  a  torrent  of 
abuse. 

Last  year  there  was  a  tremendous 
windstorm  of  abuse  on  interference  of 
passes  at  the  Iowa-Illinois  game, 
Minnesota-Wisconsin  game,  Purdue- 
Indiana,  and  many  others,  finally  cul- 
minating in  the  Army-Navy  game.  In 
this  latter  game  Army  smeared  a 
Navy  pass-receiver  at  the  Army's 
three-j^ard  line  on  a  long  pass.  There 
was  no  question  about  the  interfer- 
ence. The  Navy  man  was  set  to  catch 
the  pass  coming  his  way,  and  would 
have  probably  scored  a  touchdown.  Of 
course.  Navy  was  awarded  the  ball  on 
Army's  three  yard  line  and  scored, 
beating  the  Army  after  15  years' 
effort. 


The  reaction  of  the  press  was  that 
the  penalty  was  too  drastic.  If  it 
were  not  drastic  no  receiver  would 
ever  catch  a  long  pass  if  there  was  a 
defensive  player  close  by.  B  would 
play  A  and  not  the  ball  more  often 
than  has  been  done  in  the  past.  To 
me  there  is  no  question  about  that 
type  of  play  where  the  ball  is  thrown 
to  A  and  A  is  in  a  position  to  receive 
it  and  can  do  so  before  it  touches  the 
ground  (in  the  estimation  of  an  offi- 
cial), but  that  when  A  is  interfered 
with  illegally,  he  has  been  robbed  of 
an  opportunity  to  catch  the  ball  and 
should  justly  receive  it  at  the  spot  of 
the  foul. 

On  questions  of  interference  remote 
from  the  proximity  of  the  ball,  where 
in  the  judgment  of  the  officials  neither 
A  nor  B  had  a  chance  to  reach  the 
ball  before  it  struck  the  ground,  is  an- 
other matter.  In  these  cases,  no 
doubt,  a  lesser  penalty  than  is  now 
the  rule  should  be  given. 


[Note:  The  iollowing  numbered  captions 
refer  to  the  figures  on  page  15,  reading 
from    left    to    right    and    top    to    bottom.] 


1.  Pass  caught  simultaneously :  Op- 
posing players  making  a  bona  fide 
effort  to  get  the  ball.  Both  players 
have  equal  right  to  the  ball,  and 
therefore  no  penalty  results  from  such 
a  collision. 


2.  Breaking  up  pass:  Black-jersey 
man  going  high  into  the  air  making  a 
bona  fide  effort  to  break  the  pass.  In 
doing  so  he  crashed  into  the  would-be 
pass-receiver.    No  penalty. 

Clarification:  On  a  forward  pass 
play  defensive  players  have  as  much 
right  to  the  ball  as  their  eligible  op- 
ponents. Even  though  severe  bodily 
contact  occurs,  as  players  make  a  bona 
fide  effort  to  catch  or  bat  the  ball,  it 
shall  not  be  construed  as  interference. 


14 


^^r;o.,,_ 


3.  Illegal  interference  by  ieam 
which  did  7iot  make  pass:  White-jer- 
sey team  (offensive  team)  attempting  a 
forward  jiass.    Continued  in  Figure  i. 


1.  Black  jersey  player  (defensive 
team)  making  a  blind  stab  at  the  ball 
at  the  same  time  pushing  his  oppo- 
nent. Ball  goes  to  opponents  at  spot 
of  foul  as  first  down.  Continued  in 
Figure    5. 


5.  Pass  Interference:  Black-jersey 
player  making  a  stab  at  the  ball  and 
at  the  same  time  pushing  the  offensive 
player  just  as  he  touched  the  ball.  He 
was  unable  to  hold  it.    The  ball  goes 


to  the  white-jersey  team  at  the  spot  of 
tile  foul  as  first  down. 


6.  Interference  by  the  team  zchich 
did  7iot  make  pass:  Opposing  players 
going  after  a  passed  ball.  Defensive 
player  has  caught  the  ball,  but  has 
violated  tiie  rules  by  pushing  his  op- 
ponent. Penalty:  Ball  goes  to  white- 
jersey  team  at  the  spot  of  foul  as  a 
first  down. 


7.  Interference  hi/  passing  team: 
Opposing  players  going  after  a  passed 
ball.  Offensive  white-jersey  player 
has  caught  the  ball,  but  violated  rules 
b_v  using  his  knee  on  his  opponent. 
Penalty:    Loss  of  1.5  yards  from  spot 


of  preceding  down,  the  play  to  count 
as  a  down. 

8.  Interference  by  the  team  ivhich 
did  not  make  pass:  Black-jersey  play- 
er tripped  wiiite-jerscy  player  while 
jolaying  the  man  and  making  only  a 
blind  effort  to  stop  the  ball.  Cannot 
be  classed  as  a  bona  fide  effort  to 
catch  or  bat  the  ball.  Penalty:  Ball 
goes  to  white- jersey  team  at  spot  of 
foul  as  first  down. 

9.  .In  attempt  to  intercept  pass: 
Opposing  players  going  after  a  passed 
ball.  Black-jersey  player  stepped  on 
white-jersey  player's  foot,  tripping 
him  and  causing  him  to  miss  the  ball. 
However,  he  was  making  a  bona  fide 
attempt  to  intercept  the  pass. 


15 


THERMAL  INSULATION  ADDS  TO 
MAN'S  COMFORT 


THE  term  "thermal  insulation" 
should  be  understood  as  including 
all  those  materials  which  are  used 
throughout  industry  for  the  conserva- 
tion of  heat.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  the  public  in  general  will  be  in- 
terested in  thermal  insulation  chiefly 
through  its  application  in  the  building 
industry,  particularly  in  the  construc- 
tion of  dwelling  houses.  Therefore,  in 
reviewing  briefly  the  story  of  insula- 
tion, we  shall  confine  ourselves  to  its 
application  in  the  construction  of  Mr. 
Average   Man's   home. 

To  begin  witli,  it  may  be  instruc- 
tive to  consider  the  particular  mate- 
rials which  are  used  for  this  purpose, 
what  they  contain,  how  they  are  made, 
and  how  they  are  used.  For  purposes 
of  convenient  classification  we  shall 
group  them  as  follows : 

Board-Form  Insulation:  These 
materials  consist  chiefly  of  vegetable 
fibers  obtained  from  wood,  sugar  cane 
stalks,    corn    stalks,    straw,    flax,    etc. 


By  James  C.  Peebles 


After  proper  chemical  treatment  the 
fibers,  mixed  with  a  large  amount  of 
water,  and  a  small  portion  of  suitable 
binder,  are  fabricated  into  a  board- 
like structure,  usually  by  rolling  the 
wet  mass  of  fibers  on  a  screen,  and 
then  drying  in  a  steam  or  air-heated 
dryer.  The  boards  are  usually  about 
one-half  inch  thick,  and  are  used  in 
house  construction  as  plaster-base  or 
slieathing,  and  often  as  both. 

Blanket-Form  Insulation:  In 
this  group  fibers  of  vegetable,  animal, 
or  mineral  origin  may  be  used.  These 
include  wood,  kapok,  sea  weed,  cot- 
ton, animal  hair,  wool,  feathers,  as- 
bestos, mineral  wool,  and  glass  wool. 
The  fibers  are  felted  into  a  mat  and 
frequently  covered  on  both  sides  with 
water-proof  paper,  burlap,  or  asbes- 
tos paper.  Such  insulations  have  little 
pliysical  strength  and  must  be  held 
securely  in  place,  usually  by  means  of 
special  nails  or  wood  nailing  strips. 
They   are    soft   and   flexible    and    can 


be  fitted  into  any  desired  shape  when 
being  applied.  They  are  used  to  in- 
sulate dwelling  house  walls  and  ceil- 
ings, being  placed  between  studs  or 
joists  and  nailed  along  the  edges. 

Bulk  or  Loose-Fill  Insulation: 
These  usually  consist  of  mineral  wool 
and  glass  wool,  or  asbestos  fibers 
mixed  with  wood  fibers,  ground  paper, 
or  gypsum.  Recently  expanded  ver- 
miculite  has  come  into  quite  general 
use,  and  from  time  to  time  various 
mixtures  are  offered  as  bulk  insula- 
tion. Perhaps  the  original  insulation 
of  this  kind  was  sawdust,  widely  used 
in  insulating  ice-house  walls.  As  in 
the  case  of  the  ice-house  these  bulk 
insulations  are  used  to  fill  the  hollow 
space  between  the  wood  studs  in  frame 
construction,  or  are  placed  between 
the   joists    for   ceiling   insulation. 

Batt  Insulation:  This  group  uses 
chiefly  mineral  wool  or  glass  wool 
fibers  formed  into  a  loose  mat  or 
"batt,"   and  protected   on   both  sides 


Blanket  insulation  between  attic  joists 


Board  form  insulation  being  used  as  plaster-base 


16 


with  paper  or  other  covering.  They 
are  used  largely  for  ceiling  insula- 
tion, the  batts  being  placed  between 
the  joists. 

Reflective  Insulation:  This  form 
differs  radically  from  those  already 
considered.  The  usual  form  is  a  sheet 
of  metal  foil,  usually  aluminum. 
Sometimes  the  foil  is  mounted  on  kraft 
paper  as  a  protection  against  tearing. 
The  foil  may  be  as  thin  as  0.0003 
inch,  and  is  readily  torn  or  otherwise 
damaged  unless  provided  with  a  tough 
paper  carrier.  In  practice  the  foil 
may  be  applied  to  one  or  both  sides  of 
the  paper,  thus  providing  one  or  two 
reflective  surfaces.  In  addition  to 
aluminum,  certain  non-metallic  re- 
flective insulations  have  been  pro- 
duced recently.  They  consist  of 
paper  sheets  having  a  reflective  coat- 
ing of  a  non-metallic  nature.  These 
reflective  insulations  depend  for  their 
efficiency  upon  their  ability  to  re- 
flect radiant  energy,  much  as  a 
mirror  reflects  light.  When  we  re- 
member that  more  than  50  per  cent  of 
the  heat  which  passes  through  the 
hollow  space  in  a  frame  wall  is  in 
radiant  form,  we  can  understand  the 
effect  produced  when  an  efficient  re- 
flector is  placed  in  that  space. 

Let  us  now  suppose  that  Mr.  Aver- 
age Man  is  planning  to  build  a  home. 
Naturally  he  wants  it  to  be  every- 
thing that  he  and  his  family  have 
dreamed  about,  but  at  the  same  time 


expense  must  be  watched  carefully. 
If  he  is  well  informed  he  will  cer- 
tainly decide  that  his  shall  be  an  in- 
sulated house.  From  the  list  of  in- 
sulating materials  considered  above, 
which  ones  should  he  choose  in  order 
to  get  the  best  returns  possible  from 
his  investment  in  insulation? 

Naturally  no  definite  answer  can 
be  given  to  such  a  question  which  will 
be  true  in  all  cases.  It  will  depend 
upon  the  type  of  construction  to  be 
used,  the  climate,  the  amount  of  money 
available  for  insulation,  and  perhaps 
somewhat  upon  building  regulations. 
Furthermore,  the  variety  of  materials 
to  choose  from  is  so  great  that  heat- 
ing engineers  would  doubtless  differ 
somewhat  in  their  recommendations. 
Nevertheless,  certain  basic  principles 
can  be  followed,  and  if  this  is  done 
a  satisfactory  insulation  job  will  be 
reasonably  sure  to  result. 

Let  us  suppose  that  our  home 
builder  proposes  to  build  a  two-story 
house  of  brick  or  tile  construction, 
with  unfinished  attic.  What  procedure 
could  he  follow  to  produce  a  well- 
insulated  house,  one  that  will  be  easy 
to  heat  in  the  winter  time  and  mucli 
more  comfortable  than  usual  in  the 
hot  summer  months? 

Everyone  who  has  inspected  such 
a  house  during  construction  has  no- 
ticed wooden  strips  placed  vertically 
on  the  inside  of  the  walls.  These 
strips    are    about    one    inch    thick    and 


two  inches  wide,  and  are  usually 
placed  sixteen  inches  apart.  They  are 
known  in  tlie  building  trades  as  "fur- 
ring," and  it  is  to  these  strips  that 
the  lath  or  otlitr  plaster-base  will  be 
nailed.  In  insulating  such  a  wall  one 
good  method  is  to  apply  blanket-form 
insulation,  one-half  inch  thick  and 
preferably  with  waterproof  covering, 
cut  to  the  proper  width,  and  placed 
between  the  furring  strips.  In  some 
cases  a  2x2-inch  furring  has  been 
used  instead  of  the  usual  lx2-ineh. 
This  makes  possible  the  use  of  one 
inch  of  blanket-form  insulation  and 
still  leaves  an  air  space  between  in- 
sulation and  plaster-base.  In  addition, 
board-form  insulation  can  be  used  as 
plaster-base,  which  will  increase  con- 
siderably the  thermal  resistance  of  the 
wall.  Furthermore,  it  should  be  noted 
tliat  this  type  of  plaster  base  provides 
insulation  oi-er  the  furring,  whereas 
the  blanket  insulation  is  placed  ^e- 
frceen  the  furring.  This  insulation 
over  the  furring  tends  to  prevent  cold 
strips  on  the  inside  of  the  wall,  which 
soon  collect  dust  and  produce  the  fa- 
miliar black  streaks  often  noticed  on 
interior  walls  and  ceilings. 

In  addition  to  the  walls,  the  second 
floor  ceiling  should  be  insulated,  be- 
cause much  of  tlie  heat  which  is  lost 
from  a  dwelling  house  goes  out 
through  the  attic.  For  this  purpose 
(Turn  to  page  26) 


Blanket  insulation  between  partition  studding 


Board  form  insulation  being  applied  as  sheeting 


17 


PRESIDENT'S 
REPORT  AND 
RESIGNATION 


Q^O 


THE  President's  report  for  the 
year  1936-37  is  primarily  a  rec- 
ord of  the  progress  made  during  the 
past  few  years  toward  making  eacli 
of  the  units  embraced  in  the  follow- 
ing program  an  effective  reality. 

Recognizing  progress  already  made, 
the  Board  of  Trustees  at  its  May 
meeting  this  year  approved  a  plan  for 
a  composite  school  of  applied  science 
and  design,  of  whicii  the  present  In- 
stitute would  be  the  nucleus  and, 
doubtless  for  some  time,  the  most  im- 
portant unit.  In  addition  to  the 
undergraduate  school  of  engineering, 
the  proposed  institution  would  include 
a  school  of  architecture,  a  graduate 
school  of  applied  science  and  design, 
a  school,  with  an  appropriate  name, 
to  be  developed  out  of  the  present 
evening  division  with  the  purpose  of 
serving  persons  who  are  employed, 
and,  finally,  a  research  foundation 
adequately  endowed  to  carry  on  basic 
research  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  at  the  same  time  that  it  serves 
industry.  The  objective  of  this  pro- 
gram is,  of  course,  to  give  Chicago  an 
educational  and  research  institution  of 
the  highest  distinction,  covering  the 
whole  field  of  science  and  design  as 
they  find  application  in  an  ever  ad- 
vancing technology. 

The  undergraduate  school,  which 
chiefly  occupies  our  thought  when 
Armour  Institute  is  mentioned,  has  of 
course  been  operating  effectively  for 
many  years.  The  progress  of  recent 
years  has  to  do  primarily  with  de- 
veloping  the    curriculum    as,    for    ex- 


18 


ample,  the  reorganization  of  engineer- 
ing shops  and  the  development  of 
courses  in  such  subjects  as  English 
and  the  Social  Sciences.  Equally  im- 
portant is  the  progress  made  in  rais- 
ing standards  of  teaching,  both 
through  reduction  of  teaching  loads 
and  the  enrichment  of  teaching  per- 
sonnel. 

The  report  opens  with  an  an- 
nouncement of  the  additions  to  the 
teaching  staff  which  became  effective 
at  the  beginning  of  the  current  year. 
Dr.  Linton  E.  Grinter,  who  comes  to 
Armour  from  the  Texas  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College,  and  is  re- 
garded by  the  profession  as  an  out- 
standing leader  in  the  field  of  Civil 
Engineering,  has  been  appointed  Di- 
rector of  the  Option  in  Civil  En- 
gineering and  Dean  of  the  Graduate 
Division.  Dr.  Lester  R.  Ford,  one  of 
the  outstanding  mathematicians  of  the 
country,  comes  to  Armour  from  Rice 
Institute  to  be  Chairman  of  the  De- 
partment of  Mathematics.  Mr.  Jerrold 
Loebl,  an  alumnus,  who  has  been  serv- 
ing as  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Com 
mittee  of  Architects,  to  which  refer- 
ence will  be  made  later,  has  become 
Professor  of  Architecture  and  Acting 
Director  of  the  Department.  Charles 
Dornbusch  has  been  appointed  Asso- 
ciate Professor  of  Architecture,  in 
charge  of  Design;  Dr.  Robert  C. 
Kintner,  Associate  Professor  of  Chem- 
ical Engineering;  Dr.  John  Day 
Larkin,  Associate  Professor  of  Polit- 
ical Science;  and  Dr.  Paul  Copeland, 
Associate  Professor  of  Physics. 


There  is  a  registration  of  approxi- 
mately 950  in  the  regular  day  course, 
as  compared  with  833  last  year  and 
771  two  years  ago.  Moreover,  the 
creation  of  the  Division  of  Educa- 
tional Tests  and  Measurements,  whicli 
becomes  fully  operative  this  year,  has 
made  it  feasible  to  select  new  stu- 
dents more  discriminately  than  ever 
before.  Tlie  number  of  applicants  for 
admission  was  substantially  twice  the 
number  of  those  admitted.  Day  regis- 
tration is  further  augmented  by  182 
students  in  the  Cooperative  Course, 
a  description  of  which  has  been  pub- 
lished in  past  issues  of  the  Engineer. 
In  February,  1937,  102  cooperative 
students  entered,  while  80  were  car- 
ried over  from  those  who  entered  in 
February,  1936.  A  new  group  of  co- 
operative students  will  enter  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1938.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
day  registration  in  the  regular  four- 
year  and  Cooperative  Courses  this 
year  will  be  over  1200. 

Numerically,  the  most  extraordin- 
ary development  has  been  in  the  Eve- 
ning Division.  The  large  increase  last 
year  over  the  preceding  year  made  it 
essential  to  place  the  Division  under 
the  administration  of  a  Dean.  Dr. 
B.  B.  Freud,  who  is  well  known  to 
alumni  as  a  highly  esteemed  scholar 
and  teacher,  became  Dean,  effective 
September  1,  1937.  There  is  a  regis- 
tration in  the  Evening  Division 
around  2200  this  year,  compared  with 
1331  in  the  first  semester  last  year 
and  777  two  years  ago. 

It  is  highly  significant  that  such  a 


large  number  of  employed  persons 
find  opportunity  for  engineering  edu- 
cation in  our  evening  classes.  More 
important  still  is  the  soundness  of  the 
program  under  which  the  Evening- 
Division  is  administered  and  the  high 
standards  which  it  embodies.  These 
standards  are  controlled  by  the  regu- 
lar Institute  faculty  through  the  re- 
spective departments.  Many  of  the 
courses  are  necessarily  given  by  in- 
structors who  are  not  members  of  the 
regular  faculty  but  wiio  are  selected 
in  each  case  with  the  approval  of  the 
appropriate  department.  Day  school 
instructors  participate  in  evening- 
teaching  as  a  part  of  their  regular 
teaching  loads  rather  than  as  an  ex- 
cess burden,  as  was  formerly  the  ease. 
As  result,  evening  work  does  not  over- 
tax the  energy  of  the  day  staff. 

There  are  three  types  of  evening 
school  students ;  those  taking  graduate 
courses,  primarily  courses  leading  to 
advance  degrees ;  those  taking  special 
engineering  courses,  with  or  without 
college  credit;  and  high  school  gradu- 
ates who  are  completing  part  of  their 
undergraduate  requirements  in  the 
evening  school.  It  is  significant  that 
the  greatest  concentration  is  in  the 
group  who  are  taking  first  and  second 
year  college  subjects. 

Another  opportunity  wliich  Armour 
is  now  offering  to  citizens  of  Chicago 
and  vicinity  is  embodied  in  conference 
courses  for  executives.  Trustee  Al- 
fred L.  Eustice  is  responsible  for  in- 
augurating a  series  of  such  courses, 
the  first  of  which  was  given  last  win- 
ter, and  consisted  of  informal  dinner 
meetings  held  at  the  Hotel  LaSalle 
from  January  to  April.  The  subject 
of  this  course  was  Plant  Engineering 
and  Maintenance.  From  36  company 
registrations,  there  was  an  average 
weekly  attendance  of  72.  Henry  P. 
Dutton,  Professor  of  Industrial  Man- 
agement, who  was  in  charge  of  the 
course,  has  been  appointed  Director 
of  Conference  Courses,  and  plans  are 
under  way  for  offering  during  the 
current  year  courses  similar  to  the  one 
given  last  year. 

The  appointment  of  Dr.  Grinter  as 
Dean  of  the  Graduate  Division,  al- 
ready noted,  is  a  definite  step  toward 
the  creation  of  a  graduate  school  as 
one  of  the  units  in  the  program  above 
outlined.  Graduate  study  has  pre- 
viously been  administered  by  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Dr.  Freud,  Chair- 
man, and  Professors  Freeman  and 
Peebles.  The  largest  registration 
hitherto  has  been  in  the  Evening 
Division.  This  year  there  are  about 
210  graduate  registrations  in  the  eve- 
ning and  about  20  graduate  day  stu- 
dents. 

Last    year's    report    carried    notice 


of  the  establishment  of  the  Research 
Foundation  and  the  appointment  of 
Dr.  Thomas  C.  Poulter  as  Director. 
Other  articles  which  appeared  in  the 
Engineer  and  Alumnus  during  the 
year  outlined  in  some  detail  the  work 
which  the  Foundation  is  doing.  The 
scientific  staff  of  the  Foundation  con- 
sists of  three  groups,  (1)  scientists 
whose  work  is  exclusively  or  pre- 
dominantly with  the  Foundation,  (2) 
men  employed  primarily  on  research 
projects  who  do  part-time  teaching, 
and  (3)  regular  members  of  the  In 
stitute  faculty  who  carry  on  collateral 
work  with  the  Foundation. 

The  most  significant  addition  to  the 
staff  during  the  year  was  the  appoint- 
ment of  Dr.  Max  Jakob  to  establish 
and  direct  a  laboratory  on  heat  ex- 
changes. Dr.  Jakob  was  for  many 
years  Director  of  the  Division  of  Heat 
Exchanges  in  the  Physikalisch-Tech- 
nische  Reichsanstalt  in  Berlin,  and 
is  one  of  the  world's  foremost  scholars 
in  that  field.  The  appointment  fol- 
lowed correspondence  covering  a 
period  of  nearly  a  year,  during  which 
a  careful  survey  had  been  made  of 
the  demand  for  the  kind  of  service 
wiiich  a  laboratory  on  heat  exchanges 
could  perform. 

Significant  changes  have  been  made 
in  the  campus  and  the  plant  of  the 
Institute  during  the  past  year.  New 
classroom  space  has  been  provided  by 
internal  improvements  in  Chapin  Halj, 
and  much  new  equipment  has  been 
added.  There  has  also  been  a  gradual 
raising  of  the  standards  of  sightliness 
through  better  maintenance  and  the 
planting  of  slirubs   and  lawns. 

Extraordinary  expansion  of  the 
Evening  Division,  the  establishment 
of  the  Cooperative  Course,  increased 
registration  in  the  four-year  day 
course,  and  the  development  of  in- 
dustrial research  represent  an  ex- 
tremely intense  utilization  of  the 
plant  throughout  the  college  year.  It 
is  clear  to  everyone  who  is  familiar 
with  the  problems  of  the  Institute 
that  improvements  in  the  present 
plant  solve  our  plant  problem  only 
temporarily.  During  the  past  year 
a  committee  has  given  careful  thought 
to  this  problem  with  the  result  that 
efforts  are  now  being  focused  upon  a 
specific  program. 

Among  the  services  to  which  recog- 
nition is  given  in  the  report,  particu- 
lar mention  is  made  of  the  work  of 
the  Advisory  Committee  of  Architects, 
the  creation  of  which  was  noted  in 
last  year's  report.  The  committee 
consists  of  John  A.  Holabird,  Chair- 
man, Alfred  S.  Alschuler,  C.  Herrick 
Hammond,  Jerrold  Loebl,  and  Alfred 
Shaw.  Mr.  Jerrold  Loebl  of  the 
Class  of   1921    is  not  only  a  member 


of  this  Committee  but,  at  considerable 
sacrifice  to  himself,  lie  is  serving  as 
Acting  Director  of  the  Department  of 
Architecture. 

The  report  also  calls  attention  to 
the  excej)tional  effectiveness  of  the 
Treasurer's  office  in  liandling  student 
accounts,  of  the  Dean's  office  in  han- 
dling its  responsibilities  and  enlisting 
cooperation  of  associates,  and  of  the 
faculty  which  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  the  develojjincnts  wliich  have  just 
been   outlined. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  report,  there 
is  a  financial  review  of  the  past  four 
years  in  comparison  with  the  years 
immediately  ])reeeding.  Whereas  the 
excess  of  expenditures  over  income 
from  endowment,  student  receipts  and 
services  from  192(5  to  1933  averaged 
nearly  .$150,000,  the  average  for  the 
past  four  years  has  been  approxi- 
mately $55,000,  and  for  the  past  three 
years  considerably  less  than  $10,000. 
The  improved  showing  has  been 
brought  about  through  personnel  and 
other  internal  adjustments,  through  a 
raise  of  $50  per  year  in  tuition,  and 
through  expansion  of  the  educational 
program  so  as  better  to  occupy  the 
plant.  At  the  same  time,  work  in  the 
regular  four-year  course  has  been  en- 
riched; the  average  salary  })aid  to 
teachers  has  risen;  teaching  loads 
have  been  reduced;  and  much  new 
talent  has  been  added.  After  set- 
ting forth  the  developments  above 
sketched,  the  report  continues  with 
the  following  paragraph: 

The  President's  report  last  year,  as 
well  as  earlier  reports,  strongly  em- 
jjhasized  the  need  for  increased  en- 
dowment. We  have  all  been  working 
to  that  end  and  have  received  substan- 
tial encouragement.  At  the  same 
time,  we  have  been  carrying  on  in  the 
belief  that  a  sound  approach  to  efforts 
for  new  endowment  would  be  found 
in  developing  our  services  and  in  the 
effective  interpretation  of  these  serv- 
ices as  they  contribute  to  the  needs 
of  industry  and  the  community  gen- 
erallj'.  In  pursuance  of  that  policy, 
we  now  have  a  personnel  which  is 
capable  of  serving  the  community  ef- 
fectively in  many  ways  appropriate 
to  our  tj'pe  of  institution.  We  are 
probably  better  prepared  to  sell  our 
services  than  we  have  been  at  any 
previous  time.  Unless,  however,  the 
recognition  of  our  actual  and  potential 
service  to  the  community  speedily 
takes  the  form  of  increased  endow- 
ment, the  advances  we  have  made  will 
not  be  secure.  In  that  fact  lies  the 
major  problem  with  which  you  as  the 
governing  body  of  Armour  Institute 
of  Teclinology  are  confronted. 

The  facts  concerning  the  Presi- 
(Tum  to  page  35) 


19 


ACTING 

PRESIDENT 

SPEAKS 


Henry   Townley  Heald 


THE  report  of  the  retiring  Presi- 
dent points  out  real  evidence  of 
progress  during  the  past  five  years. 
The  educational  objectives  have 
clearly  crystallized  around  a  strong 
undergraduate  school  of  engineering 
and  architecture,  a  strong  graduate 
school,  a  well-developed  evening  divi- 
sion, and  the  Research  Foundation 
concentrating  on  the  problems  of  in- 
dustry. The  Institute  begins  the  year 
1937  with  all  of  these  divisions  per- 
forming a  greater  service  than  ever 
before. 

Important  additions  to  the  staff, 
listed  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  materi- 
ally strengthen  the  faculty,  as  well  as 
provide  the  instruction  necessary  for 
the  largest  enrollment  in  the  history 
of  the  School.  It  is  difficult  to  com- 
pare faculty  competence  on  any  quan- 
titative basis,  but  it  can  be  said  with 
certainty  that  the  Armour  faculty  is 
now  better  qualified  to  present  first- 
class  engineering  instruction  than 
ever  before.  Constant  study  of  the 
curriculum  with  improvements  each 
year  suffice  to  insure  the  Institute  a 
place  in  the  forefront  of  engineering 
schools.  The  courses  in  Chemical  En- 
gineering, Civil  Engineering,  Electri- 


cal Engineering,  and  Mechanical  En- 
gineering appear  in  the  list  of  accred- 
ited engineering  curricula  in  the 
United  States  just  released  by  the 
Engineers  Council  for  Professional 
Development.  The  accrediting  of 
curricula  has  been  in  every  case  pre- 
ceded by  a  searching  investigation  of 
the  institution  by  a  committee  of  the 
Council. 

A  systematic  program  of  improve- 
ment in  physical  facilities  begun  two 
years  ago  has  added  greatly  to  the  use- 
fulness and  comfort  of  the  Institute 
plant  and  has  effected  a  marked 
change  in  atmosphere,  as  well  as  ma- 
terially improving  the  appearance  of 
the  campus.  This  program  is  being 
continued  as  rapidly  as  resources  per- 
mit. 

Alumni  and  friends  of  the  Institute 
have  long  been  aware  of  its  financial 
problems.  The  problem  of  current  op- 
erations on  the  present  scale  is  now 
easily  manageable  through  the  support 
regularly  being  provided  by  Trustees, 
individual  alumni,  and  friends  in  the 
community.  However,  the  rapid  de- 
velopment of  Armour  into  the  great 
technological  institution  which  its 
plan  calls  for  and  which  this  commu- 


nity requires,  is  something  which  waits 
primarily  for  money:  money  for  build- 
ings, for  endowment,  and  for  all  the 
activities  which  have  come  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  American  educational  in- 
stitutions. 

A  committee  consisting  of  three 
members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and 
two  faculty  members  elected  by  the 
faculty  council  is  now  at  work  on  the 
selection  of  Armour's  fourth  Presi- 
dent. This  committee  is  agreed  that 
the  new  President  must  bring  to  the 
position  exceptional  talents  to  carry 
forward  Armour's  program.  Such  a 
man  will  find  an  educational  institu- 
tion already  performing  an  outstand- 
ing service  to  its  community  and  with 
an  opportunity  for  development  un- 
surpassed anywhere  in  America.  He 
will  find  an  influential  Board  of  Trus- 
tees, a  loyal  alumni  body,  all  ready  to 
cooperate  in  the  common  purpose: 
building  a  greater  Armour  Institute 
of  Technoloffv. 


*[Ed.  Note:  By  action  of  the  Board  ol  Trus- 
tees. Henry  Townlev  Heald.  Dean  oi  the  Insti- 
tute, has  been   appointed  Acting-President.] 


20 


ARMOUR  TECH  NEWS 


tl.n 


NEW  TRUSTEE 

MR.  R.  J.  KOCH,  newly  elected 
trustee,  is  a  graduate  of  Armour, 
having  received  his  B.  S.  in  C.  E.  in 
1913  and  his  C.  E.  five  years  later. 
After  three  years  in  the  bridge  de- 
partment of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & 
St.  Paul  Railroad  as  designer  of  con- 
crete structures,  he  transferred  to  the 
General  Fireproofing  Company,  soon 
becoming  sales  engineer.  Two  years 
later  he  began  a  ten  year  connection 
with  the  Ilg  Electric  Company,  dur- 
ing which  time  he  served  as  engineer, 
credit  manager,  and  assistant  treas- 
urer. In  1930  he  became  associated 
with  Felt  &  Tarrant  Manufacturing 
Company,  holding  first  the  position  of 
treasurer  and  in  1934  becoming  its 
president. 

In  1918  he  married  H.  Virginia  Felt 
of  Chicago;  and  now  they  are  the 
proud  parents  of  a  son  and  three 
daughters.  Mr.  Koch  is  a  member  of 
Delta  Tau  Delta  and  Tau  Beta  Pi. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Union 
League  Club,  Skokie  and  Shawnee 
Country  Clubs,  and  of  the  Academy  of 
Political  Science  of  New  York.  He  is 
a  director  of  Felt  &  Tarrant  Manu- 
facturing Company  and  of  the  Em- 
ployers' Association  of  Chicago. 


GRADUATE 
SCHOOL  DEAN 

DR.  L.  E.  GRINTER.  nationally 
known  authority  on  steel  structures, 
comes  to  Armour  from  Texas  A.  &  M. 
College,  where  he  was  professor  of 
civil  engineering. 

A  native  of  Kansas,  he  received  his 
B.  S.  from  the  state  university. 
Awarded  a  fellowship  at  the  U.  of  I., 
he  did  graduate  work  there,  receiving 
his  M.  A.  and  Ph.  D.  degrees  in  1924 
and  1926,  respectively.  Soon  after 
this  he  was  appointed  engineer  in 
charge  of  Design  for  the  Standard  Oil 
Co.  From  1928  to  1936  he  was  con- 
nected with  Texas  A.  &  M.  as  pro- 
fessor of  structural  engineering,  and 
in  1930  the  University  of  Kansas 
awarded  him  the  professional  degree 
of   civil   engineer. 

Dr.  Grinter  has  been  appointed 
Head  of  the  Civil  Enginering  De- 
partment and  Dean  of  the  Graduate 
School.  He  has  been  associated  with 
many  concerns  as  consultant  and  is  the 
author  of  two  books  on  steel  struc- 
tures. He  is  a  member  of  the  A.  S. 
C.  E.  and  of  the  S.  P.  E.  E.,  being 
especially  active  in  both  organizations. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  honorary 
scholastic  societies,  Tau  Beta  Pi  and 
Sigma  Xi. 


GRADUATE  SCHOOL 

GRADUATE  study  at  Armour  In 
stitutc  of  Tcclmolofiv  lias  .icvrl- 
itlitr  rajiidly  during  the  jjast 
Lars.  'I'lic  (Irinaiui  lor  graduatr 
cour.sfs  ill  tiif  evening  sciiool  is  evi- 
denced by  the  present  enrollment  of 
more  than  two  hundred  men.  This 
may  be  compared  with  the  enrollment 
of  forty  students  in  1935-1936,  and 
of  one  hundred  and  forty  students  in 
193()-1937.  The  day  seliool  has  had 
a  less  startling  but  equally  gratifying- 
enrollment  of  gradaute  students. 

Located  in  a  community  of  five  mil- 
lion persons.  Armour  Institute  can 
and  is  oii'ering  the  only  opportunity 
available  for  employed  graduate  en- 
gineers to  obtain  advanced  graduate 
work  leading  to  the  master's  degree. 
This  explains  not  only  the  success  of 
the  graduate  program  in  the  evening 
school  but  the  great  number  of 
schools  represented  by  the  graduate 
student  body.  This  cosmopolitan 
group  forms  one  of  the  most  unique 
in  the  entire  country-.  Much  of  the 
value  of  graduate  study  in  the  Ar- 
mour graduate  division  comes  from 
association  with  these  men  of  diversi- 
fied educational  and  industrial  experi- 
ence. 

It  appears  that  engineers  in  ever 
increasing  numbers  are  recognizing 
the  advantage  that  the  man  with  spe- 
cialized education  represented  by  the 
master's  degree  has  over  the  unspe- 
cialized  graduate  of  a  four-year  en- 
gineering curriculum.  The  students 
registering  in  our  graduate  courses 
speak  unhesitatingly  of  tlicir  need  for 
specialized  information  to  help  them 
handle  their  present  jobs  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  will  merit  advance- 
ment. It  seems  that  most  graduates 
progress  satisfactorily  in  industry  for 
a  year  or  two,  but  that  a  time  comes 
when  the  demand  upon  the  engineer's 
scientific  background  necessitates 
further  study.  Naturally,  the  en- 
gineer finds  such  study  most  effective 
when  it  is  formally  guided  by  his 
registration  in  graduate  courses  lead- 
ing to  the  master's  degree. 

Although  the  evening  school  is 
serving  an  immediate  need  in  the  field 


21 


of  graduate  education,  tliere  is  little 
question  but  that  most  of  these  adult 
students  Avould  have  bettered  their 
positions  by  an  earlier  completion  of 
the  master's  work.  If  the  engineer 
starts  a  tliree  or  four  year  master's 
program  in  the  evening  school  a  year 
or  two  years  after  receiving  his  B.  S. 
degree,  he  is  not  benefited  by  the  pro- 
fessional recognition  accorded  one 
with  the  M.  S.  degree  until  he  has 
passed  the  critical  first  five  years  of 
his  professional  life.  It  seems  evi- 
dent that  his  advancement  could  have 
been  accelerated  if  he  had  completed 
a  master's  program  during  the  first 
year  after  his  graduation  from  a 
standard  four-year  engineering  school. 
The  Armour  Institute  anticiaptes  the 
student's  recognition  of  this  important 
fact  and  is  preparing  to  extend  and 
improve  its  services  in  the  field  of  full 
time  graduate  work  in  the  day  school. 
The  financial  problem  need  not  en- 
ter as  an  insurmountable  obstacle  to 
full  time  or  iialf-time  graduate  work 
for  the  recent  graduate.  Aided  by 
possible  scholarships,  fellowships,  re- 
search and  teaching  assistantships, 
and  by  cooperative  arrangements  with 
industry,  as  well  as  by  tuition  loans, 
prospective  graduate  students  of  ex- 
cellent qualifications  will  in  most 
cases  be  able  to  arrange  for  the  nec- 
essary time  to  complete  the  require- 
ments for  the  M.  S.  degree.  Such 
requirements  are  standardized  at 
thirty-two  iiours  of  graduate  work  of 
which  one-quarter  is  usually  devoted 
to  research  work  and  the  thesis.  On 
a  full  time  basis  this  program  can  be 
completed  in  any  field  of  engineering 
in  one  academic  year  of  two  semesters. 
L.  E.  Grinter, 
Dean,  Graduate  School. 

EVENING  DIVISION 

THE  extraordinarj'  expansion  of 
"evening  class"  activities  in  the 
last  two  years  has  made  it  desirable  to 
organize  this  part  of  the  Institute's 
educational  program  as  a  .  separate 
school  under  the  name.  The  Evening 
Division,  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, and  to  place  it  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  a  Dean.  It  is  con- 
templated that  all  activities  of  the 
type  usually  described  by  the  phrase 
"adult  education"  will  also  be  ad- 
ministered by  this  Division  eventually. 
The  importance  of  the  Evening  Di- 
vision in  the  scheme  of  the  Institute's 
functions  may  be  seen  most  readily 
from  its  registration  data.  There  are 
at  present  2067  students  enrolled  in 
80  different  subjects.  It  is  necessary 
to  schedule  128  separate  sections  and 
to   engage   26   instructors   in   addition 


to  tile  regular  staff  to  accommodate 
tliis  enrollment.  Last  year  there  were 
1,112  enrollments;  and  in  1932,  the 
depression's  low,  there  were  370  in 
tile  first  semester,  and  263  in  the  sec- 
ond. The  attendance  data  for  tiie 
years  1925  to  1937  are  given  in  the 
accompanying  graph. 

The  size  of  the  Division  has  fluctu- 
ated widely.  It  is  dependent  upon 
several  factors,  the  dominant  one  at 
present  being  the  economic  situation. 
It  has  been  found,  for  example,  that 
the  per  capita  steel  production  is  a 
fairly  accurate  measure  of  that  situa- 
tion. The  almost  precise  parallelism 
between  tlie  two  is  surely  more  causal 
than  coincidental.  It  would,  of  course, 
be  desirable  to  stabilize  tlie  enroll- 
ment if  possible.  Certainly  it  can- 
not become  much  larger,  in  the  Insti- 
tute's present  physical  plant,  which 
is  now  carrying  a  capacity  load.  And 
it  ougiit  not  be  permitted  to  remain 
as  sensitive  as  it  is  to  the  economic 
situation,  if  it  is  at  all  possible  to 
make  it  less  so.  But  how  this  may  be 
done,  if  at  all,  is  not  clear  at  present. 

The  Evening  Division  has  always 
performed  a  scholarly  and  dignified 
educational  function.  Its  standards 
are  controlled  by  the  regular  Institute 
faculty  operating  through  the  respec- 
tive departments.  The  quality  of  tlie 
work  it  is  doing  and  the  educational 
results  ensuing  therefrom  are  in  no 
way  incompatible  witli  the  high  repu- 


tation of  tiie  College  earned  in  its  for- 
ty-four years  of  existence. 

The  Division  reaches  a  type  of  stu- 
dent which  the  College  traditionally 
cannot  reach.  It  furnishes  special 
courses  in  engineering,  architecture, 
and  the  basic  sciences  to  adults  not 
interested  in  college  credit  or  degrees 
which  wish  to  secure  training  in  those 
subjects  and  who  prefer  to  study  un- 
der the  auspices  of  a  standard  Col- 
lege of  Engineering.  Tiiese  courses 
enable  those  employed  during,  the,  day 
to  extend  their  education  by  the  use 
of  their  leisure  time,  so  as  to  satisfy 
not  only  the  immediate  needs'  of  their 
technical  occupations,  but  a.lso'  their 
necessarily  more  remote  ambitions  to 
become  "college  trained."  '(And  as  tlie 
work-day  and  the  work-\veek  become 
shorter,  the  number  of  ambitious  men 
willing  to  spend  a  portion  of  their 
new  leisure  in  this  type  of  study  is 
sure  to  increase. 

The  Division  also  offers  tiie  first 
two  years  of  the  regular  College  cur- 
ricula of  all  the  departments  in  eve- 
ning classes.  And  approximately  350 
students  who  could  not  otherwise  at- 
tend college  are  seizing  this  oppor- 
tuiiitiy.  In  the  Department  of  Elec- 
trical Engineering,  regular  junior 
work  is  this  year  being  ofi'ered  for 
the  first  time.  It  is  not  unreasonable 
to  expect  that  in  time  it  may  be  pos- 
sible to  offer  a  complete  undergradu- 
ate program  in  evening  classes. 


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Tlie  graduate  program  in  tlie  Eve- 
ning Division  is  also  a  popular  one. 
About  200  students  are  enrolled  in 
tiie  20  courses  offered  by  the  Graduate 
Division.  While  many  of  these  are 
taking  tlie  courses  as  advanced  special 
ones,  many  also  are  taking  them  as 
part  of  a  graduate  program  leading 
to  a  Master's  degree   in  Engineering. 

And  this  year  a  very  interesting  ex- 
periment is  being  conducted.  The 
Evening  Division  is  giving  tliree 
courses  in  Metallurgy  at  Wauktgaii. 
Illinois,  under  the  joint  sponsorsliip 
of  the  American  Steel  and  Wire  Com- 
pany to  approximately  ninety  tech- 
nical employees  of  that  Company.  The 
results  of  this  experiment  cannot  be 
foretold,  but  they  are  certain  to  be 
pertinent  as  well  as  interesting.  In 
this  connection,  it  should  be  said  that 
the  Evening  Division  is  prepared  to 
discuss  the  question  of  co-operation 
with  professional  and  industrial  so- 
cieties and  with  corporations  inter- 
ested in  the  problems  of  engineering 
education  as  applied  to  employed 
adults. 

Benjamin  B.  Freud. 
Dean,   Evening  Division. 

RESEARCH 
FOUNDATION 

THE  Research  Foundation  is 
starting  its  second  year  of  re- 
search for  industry'  with  considerable 
additional  talent  on  its  Research  Staff 
as  well  as  additional  laboratories  and 
equipment. 

Dr.  F.  W.  Godwin  in  charge  of 
the  Coal  Research  Laboratory  of  the 
Foundation  is  starting  a  program 
which  has  to  do  with  the  better  util- 
ization of  fines  which  accumulate  in 
a  normal  operation  of  a  coal  mine. 
This  is  a  problem  of  considerable  im- 
portance where  soft  coal  is  being 
mined  and  where  the  operator  de- 
ducts the  coal.  The  program  on 
which  Dr.  Godwin  is  working  is  one 
which  will  utilize  these  fines  in  the 
production  of  a  fuel  which  can  be  con- 
veniently transported  and  used,  and 
which  in  addition,  will  provide  a  sat- 
isfactory outlet  for  these  materials. 

Unusual  talent  in  the  persons  of 
Dean  L.  E.  Grinter  and  Dr.  F.  C. 
Dohrenwend  has  been  added  to  the 
Staff  of  the  Research  Foundation  in 
the  division  of  Civil  Engineering,  and 
a  most  interesting  program  is  con- 
templated in  that  field. 

Dr.  Paul  L.  Copeland,  a  Research 
Physicist,  will  have  charge  of  the 
Foundation  Electronics  Laboratory 
doing  work  in  the  field  of  thermionics, 
photoelectric  and  secondary  electron 
emission  as  a  basis  for  vacuum  tube 
design,  and  discharge  tube  work. 

Mr.  Robert  I.  Wishnick  has  estab- 


lished the  Eli  ^Vishnick  Fellowship  in 
the  Researcii  Foundation  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  fundamental 
studies  in  the  field  of  extreme  pres- 
sure research.  The  research  work 
conducted  under  this  Fellowship  will 
serve  as  material  for  a  Doctor's  De- 
gree thesis,  and  Mr.  Robert  M.  Wil- 
liams of  Fox  Lake,  Wisconsin,  has 
been  appointed  Eli  Wishnick  I'ellow. 
Mr.  Williams  is  starting  a  series  of 
fundamental  studies  of  the  effect  of 
pressure  upon  the  physical  properties 
of  various  jjure  materials  and  solu- 
tions which,  it  is  expected,  will  throw 
considerable  light  upon  some  of  the 
very  puzzling  everyday  problems  en- 
countered in  the   engineering   field. 

The  division  of  Heat  Transfer  of 
the  Research  Foundation  is  equipped 
to  carry  on  an  extensive  program  in 
this  field,  which  is  of  such  great  im- 
portance to  most  of  the  large  indus- 
tries. Dr.  Max  Jakob  who  is  in 
charge  of  this  work,  is  one  of  the 
world's  foremost  scholars  in  that  field. 
He  was  for  many  years  Director  of 
the  Division  of  Heat  Exchange  in 
the  Physikalisch  -  Technische  Reich- 
sanstalt  in  Berlin.  Adjacent  to  the 
Heat  Transfer  Laboratory  is  being- 
installed  a  constant  temperature  room 
which  will  provide  adequate  facili- 
ties for  extensive  programs  in  various 
types  of  insulation  problems.  It  will 
provide  facilities  for  maintaining  a 
wide  range  of  air  temperatures  and 
humidities  under  controlled  conditions 
so  that  it  will  be  possible  to  deter- 
mine the  reason  for  failure  of  exist- 
ing insulation  methods  and  arrive  at 
a   proper   solution   to    such    problems. 

The  Research  Foundation  was  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  providing 
an  industry  or  group  of  industries, 
with  a  physical  plant  and  scientific 
aid  necessary  in  the  solution  of  indus- 
trial research  problems.  In  this  con- 
nection, it  is  serving  many  industries 
in  the  fields  of  physics,  combustion 
engineering,  mechanical  engineering, 
automotive  engineering,  chemical  en- 
gineering, and  electrical  engineering. 
Thomas  C.  Poulter, 
Director,  Research   Foundation. 

CO-OPERATIVE 
COURSE 

THE  third  Cooperative  Class  in 
Mechanical  Engineering  and  the 
first  in  Electrical  Engineering  are  now 
being  formed,  the  first  group  of  stu- 
dents coming  to  the  Institute  on  Jan- 
uary .31,  1938,  and  the  second  or  alter- 
nate group  on  April  i.  Many  compa- 
nies will  be  sending  boys  for  the  third 
time,  some  for  the  second,  and  a 
goodly  number  for  the  first. 

In  the  two  classes  which  started 
February    3,    1936     and     February    1, 


l!i;i7.  most  of  the  students  were  sent 
out  by  tlie  Institute  to  the  companies 
as  prospective  employes.  In  the  third 
class,  there  will  be  a  decided  change, 
in  tiiat  many  of  the  companies  co- 
operating witli  the  Institute  are  se- 
lecting prospects  from  among  their 
own  employes.  These  students  have 
already  been  tried  out  in  industry, 
and  where  they  wish  to  come  into  the 
Cooperative  Course  the  companies  are 
b.icking  them  as  tlieir  candidates. 
Since  the  tendency  toward  seniority 
rights  has  increased,  it  now  appears 
that  more  and  more  companies  will  be 
selecting  boys  from  among  their  own 
employes. 

Industries  wishing  to  find  prospec- 
tive students  interested  in  the  co- 
operative education  usually  post  the 
Institute  circular  on  their  bulletin 
boards,  requesting  the  employe  to  see 
the  superintendent  or  employment 
manager.  Employes  selected  are  sent 
to  the  Institute  for  certain  tests  of 
scholastic  ability  before  final  selection 
is  made.  Out-of-town  industries  send 
their  candidates  to  the  local  high 
school  principal,  to  whom  tests  have 
been  sent  by  the  Institute. 

It  is  gratifying  to  see  how  the  in- 
dustries are  taking  advantage  of  the 
opportunity  to  advance  and  train 
young  men  of  outstanding  ability  and 
how  industries  which  have  not  previ- 
ously cooperated  in  this  work-study 
plan  are  responding  to  this  movement. 

Industries  in  Rockford,  Peoria,  and 
the  Tri-Cities  will  have  students  en- 
rolled in  this  third  class.  Their  addi- 
tion to  present  cooperating  companies 
outside  the  city,  Aurora.  Joliet,  Wood- 
stock, Hammond,  and  East  Chicago, 
indicates  a  widening  interest  in  this 
method  of  training. 

This  work-study  plan  covers  a  pe- 
riod of  five  years,  at  the  end  of  which 
the  successful  student  receives  a  bach- 
elor of  science  degree.  The  curricu- 
lum is  the  same  as  for  the  students 
taking  the  regular  full-time  four-year 
program,  and  the  opportunity  for  ex- 
tra-curricular activities  during  their 
school  term  is  almost  as  good  as  for 
the  regular  students.  The  student 
must  enter  this  work-study  plan 
through  a  cooperating  industry,  and 
the  Institute  is  in  a  position  to  assist 
industries  in  securing  or  selecting  can- 
didates. 

The  prerequisite  for  acceptance  by 
the  Institute  is  three  semesters  of 
algebra,  three  of  geometry,  two  of 
physics,  and  two  of  chemistry.  Stu- 
dents with  one  or  two  years  of  engi- 
neering from  an  accredited  college 
may  also  become  candidates  in  the 
Mechanical  Engineering  Course. 
L.  J.  Lease, 
Coordinator,  Co-operativr   Course. 


23 


NEW  MEMBERS  OF 
THE  FACULTY 

Every  Armour  man  likes  an  instruc- 
tor who  is  himself  an  Armour  gradu- 
ate. WILLIAM  B.  AHERN  re- 
ceived his  degree  here  in  '35.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Department  of  Electrical 
Engineering,  Ahem  has  continued  his 
work  at  De  Paul  U.  and  has  held  a 
position  with  Wilson  &  Bennett  Mfg. 
Co.  His  graduate  work  is  now  being 
completed  at  the  Institute  in  the  field 
of  electrical  power  engineering. 

He  is  a  member  of  Tau  Beta  Pi, 
Eta  Kappa  Nu,  and  Sphinx. 


Another  faculty  member  who  has 
found  his  way  back  to  his  Alma  Mater 
is  DAVID  CHAPMAN.  After  re- 
ceiving his  degree  in  Architecture  in 
'32,  Chapman  took  a  position  with 
Montgomery  Ward  and  Company  as 
a  draftsman  and  designer.  His  ability 
as  an  architect  has  been  increased 
through  opportunities  of  extensive 
travel  in  foreign  countries. 


The  Department  of  English  has  an 
able  and  ambitious  co-worker  in  the 
person  of  HOMER  C.  COMBS. 
After  attending  Georgetown  College, 
Kentucky,  and  Washington  Univer- 
sity, he  continued  his  training  at 
Northwestern  University,  where  he 
received  his  degree  of  M.A.  in  1933. 

Before  coming  to  Armour,  Mr. 
Combs  held  teaching  positions  at 
Lake  Forest  Univ^ersity,  Lewis  Insti- 
tute, Stephens  CoUege,  and  North- 
western University.  Some  may  be  in- 
terested to  know  that  he  has  been  a 
radio  announcer  for  KMOX,  St. 
Louis;  that  he  is  a  soloist,  a  lecturer, 
and  a  director  of  choruses;  and  that 
he  has  traveled  widely.  Mr.  Combs 
has  already  assumed  charge  of  dra- 
matics in  addition  to  his  regular 
teaching. 


PAUL  L.  COPELAND  is  a  recog- 
nized authority  in  the  field  of  electron 
physics.  His  academic  degrees  in- 
clude B.A.,  M.S.,  and  Ph.D.,  the  lat- 
ter two  having  been  earned  at  Iowa 
State  University. 

While  his  chief  interests  lie  in  the 
study  of  classical  electricity,  he  is  also 
well  acquainted  with  all  of  the  princi- 
pal divisions  of  physics.  He  has  pub- 
lished  numerous    papers     relating    to 


electron  emission,  many  of  which  have 
been  found  valuable  in  the  electrical 
world  of  research. 

Dr.  Copeland's  experience  as  a 
teacher  of  physics  includes  an  envi- 
able record  of  service  on  the  faculty 
of  several  leading  American  technical 
institutions.  He  is  a  member  of  Sigma 
Xi  and  Phi  Kappa  Phi;  and  his  mem- 
bership in  professional  societies  in- 
cludes the  American  Physical  Society 
and  the  American  Association  of  Phy- 
sics Teachers. 


Since  his  graduation  from  Rensse- 
laer Polvtechnic  Institute  in  1931, 
CLAYTON  O.  DOHRENWENDhas 
been  actively  engaged  in  the  develop- 
ment of  theories  in  the  field  of  me- 
chanics. His  researches  have  in- 
volved studies  of  the  photo-elastic 
properties  of  materials  and  the  distri- 
bution of  stresses  in  various  types  of 
structures.  He  holds  the  degree  of 
M.C.E.,  and  has  been  an  instructor  at 
Rensselaer  Institute  since  1981. 

Mr.  Dohrenwend  is  a  member  of 
Sigma  Xi,  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  and  the  S.P.E.E."  His 
primary  interests  are  in  teaching  and 
research,  and  as  a  hobby  he  selects 
photography. 


A  man  of  wide  and  diversified  in- 
terest is  CHARLES  HENRY  DORN- 
BUSCH.  Having  studied  at  Colum- 
bia University,  he  received  an  Archi- 
tectural Prize  Scholarship  at  Prince- 
ton in  1921.  His  talents  led  him  to 
greater  scholastic  honors,  namely,  fin- 
alist in  the  Beaux-Arts  Institute  of 
Design  (1924-25). 

Besides  being  an  able  teacher,  Mr. 
Dornbusch  has  held  such  responsible 
positions  as  Chief  of  Design  at  the 
Century  of  Progress  Exposition,  and 
Chief  of  Reporting  Service,  Tennessee 
Valley  Authority. 

Armour  is  pleased  to  have  such  a 
versatile  architect  as  an  addition  to  its 
faculty. 


The  Department  of  Mathematics  is 
fortunate  in  having  as  new  head  of 
the  department,  DR.  LESTER  R. 
FORD,  recently  of  Rice  Institute. 

Dr.  Ford  received  his  first  degree 
at  Missouri  State  University  in  1911, 
and  the  A.M.  at  Harvard  in  1913.  A 
Traveling  Fellow  at  Paris  in  1915-16, 
he  returned  to  Harvard  and  received 
his  Ph.D.  in  '17,  and  for  the  next  three 
years  was  an  instructor  there.     Since 


that  time  he  has  been  on  the  faculty  of 
Rice  Institute,  and  has  continued  to 
be  actively  engaged  in  research. 

Dr.  Ford  has  lectured  before  the 
leading  mathematical  societies,  he  has 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
the  American  Mathematical  Society, 
and  is  on  the  editorial  board  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Mathematics  and 
Duke  Mathematical  Journal.  He  is 
listed  in  Who's  Who  in  America  and 
in  American  Men  of  Science. 


In  June  of  this  year,  ERNEST 
FREIREICH,  received  his  M.  S. 
from  Armour,  and  he  now  returns  to 
his  alma  mater  as  an  instructor  in 
chemical  engineering.  Mr.  Freireich 
plans  to  continue  with  his  research 
work  and  to  remain  in  the  teaching 
profession.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Chemical  En- 
gineering and  of  Phi  Lambda  Upsilon. 


DR.  D.  G.  FULTON,  a  member 
of  the  mathematics  staff,  graduated 
with  honors  from  Acadia  University 
in  1929.  A  graduate  student  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  for  the  next 
three  years,  he  devoted  himself  to 
study  in  the  various  fields  of  mathe- 
matics and  physics,  receiving  his  doc- 
torate in  1932  for  his  research  in  the 
Cauchy  Integral  Formula.  In  the 
same  year  he  presented  a  paper  on 
this  subject  before  the  American 
Mathematical  Society. 

Dr.  Fulton  is  a  member  of  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  and  Sigma  Xi. 


DR.  FRANCIS  W.  GODWIN  is 
the  new  Head  of  the  Coal  Research 
Division  of  the  Research  Foundation. 
He  spent  his  undergraduate  years  at 
San  Diego  State  College,  receiving  a 
B.  S.  degree  in  chemistry.  From 
there  he  went  to  Iowa  State  Univer- 
sity, taking  his  M.  S.  in  1934  and  his 
Ph.  D.  in  1937. 

Dr.  Godwin  is  singuarly  well  quali- 
fied for  his  new  position,  as  evidenced 
by  the  amount  and  extent  of  his  re- 
search work  on  coal  and  his  published 
papers  on  that  subject. 

He  is  a  member  of  Phi  Lambda 
Upsilon,  Lambda  Delta  Lambda,  and 
Sigma  Xi. 

[Ed.   Note:   The   photograph   of   Dr.    Godwin    was 
inadvertently    omitted.] 


DR.  WILLIAM  HAMMER  has 
been  appointed  Instructor  in  French 
and    German    in    the    Department    of 


24 


Wm.  B.  Ahem 

Chas.  H.  Dombusch 

Robt.  C.  Kinfner 


David  Chapman 
Lester  R.  Ford 
John  D.  Larkin 


Homer  C.  Combs 
Ernest  Freireich 
Alfred  L.  Mell 


Paul  L.  Copeland 
Dawson  G.  Fulton 
Mrs.  Anna  C.  Orcutt 


Clayton  O.  Dohrenwend 
Wm.  Hammer 
Irwin    E.    Perlin 


English  and  Modern  Language.  Born 
in  Germany,  he  attended  such  famous 
universities  as  Bonn,  Cologne,  and 
the  Sorbonne.  After  extensive  travel 
throughout  Europe,  he  came  to  the 
University  of  Chicago  to  accept  a  Fel- 
lowship. In  1936  he  received  his 
M.  A.  degree  and  a  year  later  his 
Ph.D. 

Dr.  Hammer's  major  fields  of  study 
are  language,  pliilosophv,  and  peda- 
gogy. If  necessity  arises,  he  is  capa- 
ble of  teaching,  besides  French  and 
German,  Latin,  Greek,  Italian,  Swed- 
ish, and  Russian.  Armour  is  espe- 
cially fortunate  in  having  secured  the 
assistance  of  so  accomplished  a  scholar 
and  teacher. 


DR.  ROBERT  C.  KINTNER  has 
been  appointed  Associate  Professor  of 


Chemical  Engineering.  Dr.  Kintner 
received  his  training  at  Ohio  State 
University  where  he  had  the  degrees 
of  Bachelor  of  Science,  Master  of 
Science,  and  Doctor  of  Philosophy 
conferred  upon  him.  He  has  had  sev- 
eral years  of  experience  in  industrial 
chemistry  in  various  phases.  He  was 
for  four  3-ears  foreman  and  assistant 
superintendent  of  plants  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  chemicals.  Dr. 
Kintner  taught  in  the  Departments  of 
Chemical  Engineering  at  Ohio  State 
University  and  at  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute  until  1930.  After  several 
years  of  work  not  connected  with  an 
educational  institution  he  resumed 
teaching  at  Bucknell  University  in 
1933.  It  is  from  Bucknell  that  he 
comes  to  us. 


Dr.  Kintner  is  a  member  of  C.  P. 
E.  E.,  Alpha  Chi  Sigma,  and  various 
other  chemical  societies. 


DR.  JOHN  D.  LARKIN  joins  the 
staff  of  the  Institute  as  Associate  Pro- 
fessor of  Political  Science.  He  is  an 
alumnus  of  Berea  College  (B.  A.) 
and  the  University  of  Chicago  (M. 
A.).  After  taking  his  master's  de- 
gree in  1925  Dr.  Larkin  taught  at 
Hamline  University  (St.  Paul),  Rut- 
gers, the  University  of  North  Dakota, 
and  at  Harvard. 

Since  receiving  his  doctor's  degree 
(Harvard,  1930)  he  has  been  an  in- 
structor at  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  where  he  has  also 
served    as    departmenti    head    of    the 


25 


School  of  Business  and  Civic  Admin- 
istration. 

Dr.  Larkin  has  published,  besides 
several  reviews,  a  monograph  on 
"The  President's  Control  of  the  Tar- 
iff." 


As  a  boy  of  8,  ALFRED  LORENZ 
MELL  went  to  Germany  to  live  for  a 
few  years  with  liis  grandfather.  This 
grandfather  was  an  architect,  and  the 
young  Alfred  then  and  there  decided 
to  follow  in  his  hero's  footsteps.  In 
1931,  his  ambition  was  realized. 
After  working  for  a  number  of  years 
and  making  his  own  way,  Mell  gradu- 
ated in  architecture  from  Armour  In- 
stitute of  Technology.  Not  only  tiiat, 
he  won  the  Art  Institute  scholarship 
and  traveled  in  Europe  for  the  pur- 
pose of  furtlier  study. 

He  now  returns  to  his  alma  mater 
as  Instructor  in  Architectural  Design. 
He  has  also  his  own  office  as  an  Indus- 
trial Designer,  and  he  is  associated 
with  the  office  of  Cowles  &  Colean, 
Chicago  architects. 

In  college,  Mr.  Mell  was  a  member 
of  Delta  Tau  Delta  and  Scarab. 


ANNA  C.  ORCUTT,  Instructor  in 
Orientation,  has  the  distinction  of  be- 
ing the  only  instructor  of  the  fair  sex 
in  the  Institute.  She  is  not  really  a 
new  member  of  the  faculty,  however, 
since  siie  conducted  several  remedial 
classes  last  year  for  freshmen  and 
sophomores. 

Mrs.  Orcutt's  undergraduate  work, 
taken  at  various  schools,  led  to  an 
A.  B.  degree  from  the  Western  Re- 
serve University  in  1925.  Her  grad- 
uate work  at  the  same  school  and  at 
the  University  of  Chicago  led  to  her 
M.  A.  At  the  present  time  she  is 
completing  the  requirements  of  the 
University  of  Chicago  for  her  Ph.  D. 
Psychology,  psychiatry,  and  education 
are  her  principal  interests. 

Mrs.  Orcutt's  extensive  experience 
in  teaching,  acquired  at  nine  differ- 
ent schools,  well  equips  her  for  her 
work  in  the  remedial  classes  and  for 
the  new  course  offered  in  psychology. 


DR.  IRWIN  E.  PERLIN,  In- 
structor in  Mathematics,  received  his 
Ph.  D.  from  the  University  of  Chicago 
in  1935  and  his  Master's  and  Bach- 
elor's degrees  from  Northwestern 
University  two  and  three  years  pre- 
viously. During  part  of  his  residence 
at  Northwestern  he  served  as  an  As- 
sistant Instructor.  He  is  a  member  of 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  Sigma  Xi. 


INSULATION 

(From  page    17) 

either  loose  fill  or  batt  insulation  can 
be  used  with  good  results.  It  can 
easily  be  placed  between  the  ceiling 
joists,  working  from  the  attic  side, 
at  a  minimum  of  labor  expense.  Such 
a  treatment  will  greatly  reduce  heat 
losses  into  the  attic  and  produce  more 
nearly  uniform  temperatures  between 
first  and  second  floors. 

If  a  frame  house  is  to  be  built  the 
insulation  procedure  with  respect  to 
the  ceiling  can  well  be  the  same  as 
for  the  brick  liouse.  But  when  we 
come  to  the  walls  a  different  practice 
must  be  followed,  although  just  what 
this  practice  should  be  lieating  engi- 
neers are  not  in  agreement.  For  some 
time  it  has  been  quite  common  prac- 
tice to  fill  the  hollow  space  between 
the  studs  with  some  form  of  bulk  or 
loose-fill  insulation.  However,  prac- 
tical experience  with  this  metiiod  has 
not  been  entirely  satisfactory.  In  the 
first  place  the  insulation  sometimes 
settles,  thus  leaving  a  considerable 
portion  near  the  top  of  the  wall  witli- 
out  any  insulation.  In  the  second 
place  it  has  been  found  that  moisture 
tends  to  collect  in  the  insulation, 
greatly  reducing  its  efficiency.  This 
moisture  condition  is  aggravated  by 
artificial  liumidification  during  the 
winter  time,  a  practice  which  is  in- 
creasing rapidly.  It  seems,  therefore, 
that  to  pack  a  wall  full  of  insulation 
is  not  good  practice;  in  fact  many 
heating  engineers  no  longer  recom- 
mend it.  There  is,  on  the  other  hand, 
a  growing  conviction  that  one  or  more 
air  spaces  within  the  wall  will  help 
to  solve  the  problem  of  moisture  con- 
densation. Under  certain  conditions 
moisture  will  probably  be  deposited, 
no  matter  how  we  build  our  wall.  But 
with  air  spaces  in  the  wall,  a  certain 
amount  of  re-evaporation  can  take 
place  when  weather  conditions  are 
favorable  for  it. 

For  the  wall  of  the  frame  house 
then,  it  seems  better  to  use  a  blanket- 
form  insulation,  at  least  one  inch 
thick,  placed  between  the  studs  and 
so  located  as  to  provide  an  air  space 
between  insulation  and  plaster-base  on 
the  inside  and  between  insulation  and 
sheathing  on  the  outside.  The  insula- 
tion should  be  provided  with  a  good 
moisture-resisting  covering,  and  if 
that  covering  can  be  provided  with  a 
reflective  coating  so  much  the  better. 
If  the  house  is  to  be  built  in  an  ex- 
posed position,  a  sheathing  of  board- 
form  insulation  will  prove  an  excel- 
lent wind  stop.  In  some  cases  such 
sheathing,  and  plaster-base  also,  are 
covered   with   a   reflective   coating  on 


tlie  air-space  side.  Thus  conventional 
insulation  is  combined  with  the  reflec- 
tive principle  to  give  excellent  results. 

If  the  prospective  home  builder, 
when  planning  his  home,  will  apply 
the  principles  and  materials  discussed 
lierein  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  re- 
sults will  be  gratifying.  The  cost 
should  not  be  more  than  3  to  5  per 
cent  of  the  cost  of  the  house,  depend- 
ing upon  the  type  of  insulation  de- 
cided upon.  In  any  event,  there  is 
scarcely  a  single  item  of  cost  which 
can  so  amply  justify  itself  on  sound 
economic  grounds.  Insulation  should 
paj'  for  itself  in  not  to  exceed  five 
years,  through  fuel  savings  alone.  In 
addition,  tiiere  is  the  greater  comfort 
whicli  tile  family  will  enjoy,  particu- 
larly during  the  summer  time.  Sec- 
ond floor  temperatures  will  be  much 
lower  because  of  the  insulation,  and 
bake-oven  bedrooms  should  be  only  an 
evil  memory. 

When  tiie  home  owner  and  his  fam- 
ily move  into  their  insulated  home, 
there  are  a  few  points  which  they 
sliould  keep  in  mind  in  order  to  secure 
maximum  comfort  in  tiieir  home.  They 
should  remember  tiiat  tiie  liouse  is  a 
shelter,  a  protection  from  the  sum- 
mer heat  just  as  surely  as  from  the 
winter  cold.  But  observe  how  many 
families  behave  when  the  first  hot  day 
comes  along.  They  open  the  windows 
wide  and  invite  the  heat  in,  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  the  house  was  insu- 
lated for  the  very  purpose  of  keeping 
the  heat  out.  Windows  should  be  kept 
closed  during  the  heat  of  the  day  and 
opened  only  at  night.  Furthermore, 
efforts  should  be  made  to  keep  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  off  the  window 
glass.  Unless  protected,  the  glass  can 
easily  reach  a  temperature  of  140°  F 
or  more,  and  when  we  remember  that 
the  flow  of  heat  through  the  windows 
is  at  least  ten  times  as  rapid  as 
through  the  walls,  the  importance  of 
keeping  the  surface  temperature  of 
the  glass  as  low  as  possible  becomes 
apparent.  An  awning  over  a  window 
can  reduce  the  glass  temperature  as 
much  as  40°  F  and  reduce  by  more 
than  half  the  flow  of  heat  through  the 
windows. 

With  such  simple  precautions  as 
these  it  is  possible  to  maintain  for 
several  days  a  temperature  inside  a 
well-insulated  house  about  20°  below 
the  daytime  maximum.  Then,  as  soon 
as  cool  weather  comes  again  the  house 
can  be  opened  up  and  well  aired,  thus 
losing  the  heat  that  the  walls  have 
gradually  accumulated  during  the  hot 
spell.  In  this  way  the  house  can  be 
reconditioned  and  made  ready  to  serve 
as  a  welcome  refuge  during  the  next 
heat  wave. 


26 


THOUGH  the  Bell  System  is  made  up  of 
315,000  men  and  women  serving  every 
corner  of  the  country,its  structure  is  simple. 
[i^  The  American  Telephone  and  Tele- 
graph Company  coordinates  all  system  ac- 
tivities. It  advises  on  all  phases  of  telephone 
operation  and  searches  constantly  for  im- 
proved methods.  |^  The  25  associated 
operating  companies,  each  attuned  to  the 
area  it  serves,  provide  local  and  toll  service. 
[Q    Bell   Telephone   Laboratories   carries 


on  scientific  research  and  development. 
^  Western  Electric  is  the  Bell  System's 
manufacturing,  purchasing  and  distributing 
unit.  jQ  The  Long  Lines  Department  of 
American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  inter- 
connects through  its  country-wide  network 
of  wires  the  25  operating  companies  and 
handles  overseas  service. 

Thanks  to  the  teamwork  of  these  Bell 
System  units,  you  can  talk  to  almost  any- 
one, anywhere,  anytime — at  low  cost! 


27 


Outer  Drive  improvement,  which  includes  one  of  the  largest  bascule  bridges  and  nearly  fo 


(From  page  8) 
ity  of  these  beaches  is  indicated  by 
the  fact  that  in  recent  seasons  as 
many  as  15,000,000  people  have  used 
park  bathing  beaches.  The  City  of 
Chicago  also  operates  three  beaches 
on  city-owned  property  and  permits 
bathing  at  many  street  ends.  On  a 
bright  summer  day  a  journey  along 
the  shore  makes  it  appear  that  all 
Chicago  is  in  the  water. 

Six  of  the  finest  inland  yacht  har- 
bors are  contained  in  the  parks  along 
the  Lake  Front,  providing  space  for 
mooring  nearly  one  thousand  craft. 
The  imposing  vessels  that  occupy 
these  harbors  make  a  beautiful  .sight 
on  a  summer  day  and  include  sumptu- 
ous yachts  as  much  as  three  hundred 
feet  in  length.  Truly  Chicago's  Lake 
Shore  has  become  a  Mecca  for  the 
yachtsman.     From  all  over  the  Great 

28 


:;^}  -j^^v^^qSI^h:: 


es  of  elevated  roadway.    Dedicated  by  President  Franklin  D.  Roosevelt  on  October   5,  1937 


Lakes  visitors  come  and  drop  anchor 
in  beautiful  Montrose,  Belmont,  or 
Jackson  Park  harbors,  remaining  to 
enjoy  the  many  attractions  that  Clii- 
cago  offers  the  summer  visitor. 

Not  only  does  the  lake  shore  park 
development  offer  facilities  for  aqua- 
tics, but  the  broad  acres  of  greensward 
established  along  the  shore  and  un- 
interrupted by  cross  roads,  provide 
exquisite  picnic  grounds  and  broad 
and  sporty  golf  links.  Chief  among 
the  latter  is  that  at  Waveland  Avenue 
in  Lincoln  Park  wliere  thousands  of 
golf  enthusiasts  have  their  irascibility 
cooled  by  lake  breezes. 

Along  with  all  its  other  advantages, 
Chicago's  lake  shore  development  has 
great  utility  value.  Providing  as  it 
does  an  almost  continuous  stretch  of 
land  along  the  eastern  boundary  of 
the  city,  it  has  become  the  means  for 

29 


aiitoists  to  travel  from  the  far  North 
Side  to  tlie  far  South  Side  without 
entering  or  crossing  congested  city 
streets. 

As  motoring  became  more  popular, 
more  and  more  automobile  driveways 
were  provided.  Each  year  saw  addi- 
tional connections  under  construction 
and  widening  operations  under  way 
wliere  increased  traffic  forced  these 
measures.  Soon  business  men  living 
in  all  parts  of  the  North  and  South 
Sides  chose  the  lake  shore  driveways 
as  their  favorite  route  to  and  from 
business.  A  traffic  survey  last  year 
showed  that  on  the  average  business 
day  79,000  automobiles  passed  a  given 
point  on  Lake  Shore  Drive  at  Oak 
Street. 

For  many  long  years,  Michigan 
Avenue  was  the  only  connecting  bou- 
levard between  the  north  and  south 
shore  driveways.  Traffic  on  this 
famous  thoroughfare  grew  more  and 
more  dense  until  it  became  almost  im- 
passable during  morning  and  evening 
liours.  The  Chicago  plan  of  1909  rec- 
ommended the  construction  of  an  outer 
link  spanning  the  Chicago  River  at 
its  mouth  and  providing  a  direct  route 
from  north  to  south  that  would  relieve 
congestion  on  Michigan  Avenue.  On 
October  5,  19.37,  after  many  years  of 
planning  and  effort  on  the  "part  of 
Chicago's  civic  leaders,  this  last  great 
improvement  was  completed  bv  the 
Chicago  Park  District  and  dedicated 
to  public  use  by  President  Roosevelt. 
It  includes  actually  two  bridges, — one 
spanning  the  River,— and  the  other, 
Ogden  Slip,— together  with  broad 
eight-lane  driveway  approaches  ex- 
tending from  North  Avenue  on  the 
north  to  Roosevelt  Road  on  the  south, 
and  with  an  additional  connection  to 
Michigan  Avenue  at  Randolph  Street. 

This  improvement,  involving  a  pub- 
lic investment  of  about  thirteen  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  provides  the  final  link 
in  what  is  now  a  continuous  express 
driveway  16  miles  long,  skirting  the 
lake  shore  throughout  almost  its  en- 
tire length.  Scenically,  it  rivals  any- 
thing of  its  kind  in  the  world.  Eco- 
nomically, it  provides  means  of  r'eady 
access  for  the  motorist  to  far  distant 
parts  of  the  city,  and  it  constitutes 
a  by-pass  for  tourists  traveling 
through  Chicago  who  do  not  wish  to 
become  entangled  in  city  traffic. 

All  these  improvements  have  not 
been  attained  without  substantial  pub- 
lic investment.  Sixteen  hundred  acres 
of  new  land  have  been  created  by  fill- 
ing in  the  lake  at  various  times. 
Twelve  million  dollars  is  invested  in 
shore  protection  works  alone.  These 
offer  a  constant  problem  of  mainte- 
nance and  should  have  at  least  one-half 
million   dollars   per   year   spent  upon 


tiiem  to  overcome  wave  and  ice  action. 
Early  records  do  not  accurately  dis- 
close the  cost  of  some  of  tiie  other 
improvements,  but,  conservatively  es- 
timated, Chicago  has  spent  well  over 
one  hundred  millions  of  dollars  to 
create  and  improve  her  sliore  line. 
Who  shall  say  after  viewing  the  beau- 
ties and  advantages  that  it  offers  to- 
day that  every  dollar  was  not  well 
spent? 

HRE  PROTECTION 

(From  page  II) 
sixty-sixth  anniversary  of  the  great 
Chicago  fire.  During"  the  first  week 
of  October  the  whole  nation  has  been 
asked  to  give  special  attention  to  fire 
prevention.  In  such  a  discussion  as 
this,  at  sucli  a  time  as  this,  it  is  most 
appropriate  tliat  we  emphasize  the  im- 
portant fact  that  the  reduction  of  our 
enormous  fire  loss  and  the  saving  of 
thousands  of  men,  women,  and  cliii- 
dren  from  torture  and  death  by  fire, 
is  a  responsibility  shared  by  every 
one  of  us.  It  cannot  be  shirked  with 
easy-going  carelessness  as  something 
which  concerns  only  the  fire  insurance 
companies,  the  fire  departments,  and 
tlie  professional  fire  protection  engi- 
neers. 

Some  authorities  estimate  that  half 
our  fires  are  due  to  easily  preventable 
causes.  Others  say  that"three-fourths 
would  be  closer  to  the  truth.  In  either 
case,  we  are  paying  a  tremendous 
price  for  our  heedlessness. 

Do  you  throw  away  a  match  or  a 
cigarette  without  being  absolutely 
sure  that  it  is  extinguished?  Do  you 
smoke  in  bed?     Do  you  handle  jjnso- 


line  carelessly?  Do  you  short-circuit 
your  electric  fuses  because  they  do 
wliat  they  are  designed  to  do — ojjcr- 
ate  when  the  wiring  is  overloaded? 
Do  you  tolerate  the  accumulation  of 
rubbish  in  your  attic  or  basement? 
Are  there  untidy  corners  in  your  store 
or  factory?  Do  you  ever  realize  that 
our  manner  of  living  and  working  is 
such  that  fuel  is  nearly  always  at  our 
elbows,  and  that  if  it  becomes  ignited 
we   are  to   blame? 

No  amount  of  research  and  pains- 
taking effort  on  the  part  of  a  trained 
engineer  can  protect  against  fires 
which  are  due  to  gross  neglect.  Our 
fire  departments  are  the  best  in  the 
world,  fortunately  for  us.  The  science 
and  the  art  of  fire  protection  have 
been  developed  here  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent than  anywhere  else  in  the  world, 
again  fortunately  for  us.  But  our  fire 
loss  in  proportion  to  population  is  far 
greater  than  the  loss  in  Germany, 
France,  or  England.  Part  of  this  great 
difference  is  due  to  the  fact  that  a 
large  proportion  of  our  buildings  are 
less  fire  resistant  than  those  of  west- 
ern Europe,  but  to  a  much  greater 
extent  our  bad  record  is  chargeable 
to  the  fact  that  we  are  heedless  and 
that  we  consider  a  fire  as  a  bit  of  bad 
luck,  rather  than  as  evidence  that 
someone  has  been  at  fault. 

We  must  have  engineers  and  fire- 
fighters. We  rhust  also  have  an  in- 
creased sense  of  personal  responsibil- 
ity for  fires.  A  cow,  a  lantern,  and  a 
pile  of  hay  made  a  dangerous  com- 
bination two  generations  ago.  Let  us 
not  tolerate  equally  dangerous  combi- 
nations which  may  destroy  other 
cities. 


Results  of  an  explosion  due  to  use  of  gasoline 

in  washing  machine 

-t 

^^^•(^^■"""^■■I 

1 

^1^^^^'         ^^^^^1 

! 

I^^^HEHfr                    fl^^^^^^B^^^^^H 

li 

IhhIV-"   •^^k'^^El— -^i^B^^I 

wm 

Li 

I^H 

30 


OH.DADDy  TMERES  THE 
FAMOUS  COG-RAILWAV 
CAR.  I  WISW  WE  HAD 

COME  UP  OKI  IT.  you 

MUST  BE  TIRED  FROM 
THAT  DRIVE 


NOT  AT  ALL.  I  JUST  KEPT     ' 

[THINKING  HOWGOOD  mis  PIPE- 
FUL OF  PRINCE  ALBERT 
WOULD  TASTE 
WHEN    VJESOT 
/")  .^{^*/IN-— 1     UP  HERE 


I 


NOW  FOR  A  MILD,  MELLOW  SMOkE.VOU 

KMOW,  CHUBBINS,  THE  LONGER  A  MAM 

GOES  WITMOUT  PKINCE  ALBERT  THE 

MORE  HE  APPRECIATES 

HOW  GOOD  IT  IS.  IT  ALWAVS 

SMOk'ES  SO  COOL,  WITHOUT 

BIT  of'tomgue-biteV  r 


TRY  p.  A.  ON  THIS 
MONEY- BACK  GUARANTEE! 


Smoke  20  fragrant  pipefuls  of  Prince 
Albert.  If  you  don't  find  it  the  mellowest, 
tastiest  pipe  tobacco  you  ever  smoked, 
return  the  pocket  tin  with  the  rest  of 
the  tobacco  in  it  to  us  at  any  time  with- 
in a  month  from  this  date,  and  we  will 
refund  full  purchase  price,  plus  postage. 
(Signed)  R.  J.  Reynolds  Tobacco 
Company,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 


pipefuls  of  fragrant 
tobacco  in  every  2-oz. 
tin  of  Prince   Albert 


RiNCE  Albert 


ALSO 

TRY  ROLLING 

YOUR  OWN 

WITH  P.  A. 


THE     NATIONAL 


JOY    SMOKE 


31 


BOOK 
SHELF 


Lo!    The  Footprint  Is  Our  Own 

Number,  The  Language  of  Science 
by  Tobias  Dantzig*  is  an  extremely 
entertaining  account  of  the  evolution 
of  the  modern  number  concept.  "The 
author  holds  that  our  school  curricula, 
by  stripping  mathematics  of  its  cul- 
tural content  and  leaving  a  bare  skele- 
ton of  technicalities,  have  repelled 
many  a  fine  mind.  It  is  the  aim  of 
this  book  to  restore  this  cultural  con- 
tent and  present  the  evolution  of  num- 
ber as  the  profoundly  human  story 
which  it  is."  Handsomely  does  Pro- 
fessor Dantzig  achieve  his  purpose. 

A  professor  of  mathematics  at  the 
University  of  Maryland  and  lecturer 
on  mathematical  physics  at  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Standards,  Dantzig 
could  well  assume  the  omniscient  air 
of  authority  too  often  adopted  by  the 
scientist  speaking,  or  writing,  to  the 
lay  public.  Or,  as  a  capable  scientist, 
he  might  have  introduced  all  the  para- 
phernalia of  his  art  and  presented  a 
complete  and  technically  perfect  (or 
perfectly  technical!)  text  on  the 
theory  of  numbers.  Dantzig,  however, 
has  done  neither.  He  has  produced 
a  readable,  intensely  interesting,  and 
authoritative  portrayal  of  number 
theory  as  a  story  of  human  evolution, 
subject  to  human  limitations.  He 
mentions  the  names  of  mathematical 
innovators,  but  treats  the  slow  early 
development  of  number  and  the  rapid 
recent  flowering  of  the  concept  as  part 
of  the  cultural  growth  of  the  race. 
Even  the  table  of  contents  is  enter- 
taining and  suggestive.  It  is  here  re- 
produced: 

Fingerprints 
The  Empty  Column 

Number   Lore 
The   Last   Number 

Symbols 
The  Unutterable 
This   Flowing  World 
The  Act  of  Becoming 
Filling  the  Gaps 
The  Domain  of  Number 
The   Anatomy  of  the   Infinite 
The  Two  Realities 
The  presentation  follows  a  gradual 
unfolding  of  the  present  number  con- 
cept:   first,    the    construction    of    the 
scale    of    positive    integers    based    on 
finger     counting;     then     the     rational 

*(New  York,  Macmillan,  1933,  2nd  ed.  $2.50.) 


32 


numbers,  the  vulgar  fractions.  For  a 
long  time,  these  quotients  of  integers 
were  considered  all  sufficient.  Then 
the  Pythagoreans  tried  to  connect 
numbers  and  geometrj'.  The  famous 
Pythagorean  theorem  revealed  the 
irrationals  for  the  first  time,  and  the 
cult  suppressed  them  as  unworthy  of 
God !  In  time  pi  and  the  roots  gained 
favor.  Tlien  came  the  "sophisti- 
cated," the  imaginaries.  These  were 
not  allowed  for  many  years.  Even 
after  a  mathematician  had  needed  and 
used  them  in  achieving  a  real  solution 
to  a  real  problem,  the  imaginaries 
were  only  grudgingly  admitted  to  the 
number  system.  After  the  imaginaries 
had  gained  standing,  the  transcend- 
entals  were  found,  and  the  trigo- 
nometric functions  and  the  logarithms 
were  added  to  the  number  scale.  Fin- 
ally, the  number  scale  and  the  line 
became  co-extensive  and  either  could 
be  used  to  represent  the  other. 

But  has  a  line  an  end.''  Is  there  a 
last  number.^  If  there  is  no  last  num 
ber,  liow  can  the  validity  of  any  of 
the  mathematical  operations  be  estab- 
lished.'' The  answer  is  a  bit  shocking: 
it  can't  be !  The  theme  to  which 
Dantzig  returns  is  the  concept  of  in- 
finity. He  demonstrates  the  inade- 
quacy of  scientific  induction  as  a 
method    of    mathematical    proof.      He 


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shows  the  inadequacy  of  deductive 
metiiods  in  coping  with  infinity.  And 
he  concludes  with  a  picture  of  mathe- 
maticians divided  between  the  intui- 
tionists  and  the  formalists.  The  for- 
mer regard  the  use  of  infinite  pro- 
cesses as  resting  on  the  self-knorvl- 
idge  of  the  human  mind,  unsupported 
by  inductive  or  deductive  demonstra- 
tion. The  formalists  tend  to  disallow 
infinite  processes  or  to  hedge  them 
about  with  crippling  limitations.  Here 
is  open  and  violent  disagreement 
among  foremost  mathematicians  on  an 
issue  fundamental  to  mathematics, . 
and  to  all  science.  If  infinite  processes  1 
are  not  valid,  irrationals  such  as  the  ' 
square  root  of  2  have  no  meaning;; 
transcendentals  such  as  pi,  e,  or  \off  8- 
are  banished  from  the  number  system; 
and  all  calculus   is  challenged. 

Finally,    as    a    culmination    of    tlie 
discussion  of  infinite  processes,  and  as 
the  last  stage   of  the  development  of 
the    number    concept,    Dantzig    intro- 
duces transfinite  numbers.     This  chap--j 
ter,    "The   Anatomy   of   the    Infinite,"f| 
is,    to   me,    thrilling   and    bewildering. , 
I  don't  understand  it,  but  I  want  very 
badly    to.      It    is,    however,    the    only  • 
chapter  not  readily  understood  by  any-  ■ 
one      conversant      with     high      school  I 
algebra. 

Dantzig  lightens  and  brightens  the  ■ 
book  with  various  neat  and  curious 
items.  The  medieval  method  of  mul- 
tiplying on  the  fingers  will  help  some 
of  our  freshmen.  Multiplying  by 
duplations  is  also  a  treat.  Nimiber 
superstition  is  a  joyful  sidelight  on 
human  ingenuity  running  wild.  The 
proof  that  the  square  root  of  2  is 
irrational  is  easy,  swift,  and  discon- 
certing. The  demonstration  of  the 
countability  of  rational  numbers  is 
intriguing,  and  that  of  the  countability 
of  all  algebraic  numbers  one  more 
proof  of  the  devilish  ingenuity  of  the 
human  mind. 

It  is  a  book  for  all  scientists,  all 
engineers,  all  philosophers,  and  most 
other  people.  Fascinating  both  as  to 
content  and  as  to  style,  it  is  one  of 
the  few  books  that  are  too  short.  Let 
me  finish  with  the  theme  of  the  book, 
the  view  of  mathematics  presented, 
and  especially  the  attitude  toward  in- 
finite processes.  Each  chapter  begins 
with  a  really  delightful  quotation. 
That  heading  the  last  chapter,  taken 
from  Eddington,  is : 

"We  have  found  a  strange  footprint 
on  the  shores  of  the  unknown.  We 
have  devised  profound  theories,  one 
after  another,  to  account  for  its  origin. 
At  last,  we  have  succeeded  in  recon- 
structing the  creature  that  made  the 
footprint.  And  lo !  it  is  our  own." 
B.  E.  GoETZ. 


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CAMBRIDGE 
PRECISION   INSTRUMENTS 

ituited  (2o-  Woiketa  o^  Science 

DURING  the  past  half-century,  many  of  the 
important  developments  of  Science  have 
hcen  furthered  with  the  assistance  of  Cambridge 
instruments.  Today,  the  name  "Cambridge"  is 
a  familiar  one  in  research  laboratory,  industry 
and  medicine. 

The  quality  of  workmanship  and  of  materi- 
als employed  in  their  construction  and  the  dis- 
tinctive finish  of  metal  and  woodwork  mark 
Cambridge  instruments  unmistakably.  From  a 
utihtarian  standpoint  it  is  these  innumerable 
refinements  in  the  smallest  details  that  make 
Cambridge  instruments  accurate,  dependable 
and  long-lived. 

In  the  Cambridge  workshop,  precision  is  more 
than  merely  a  word — it  is  a  code  of  practice 
governing  every  detail,  from  purchase  of  ma- 
terials to  shipment  of  a  fine  instrument. 


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ENGINEER  and 
BUSINESS  OF  LIVING 

(From   page    13) 

serve  as  well  or  better.  He  spends 
years  in  perfecting  technically  prod- 
ucts for  which  there  is  little  or  no 
market.  History  to  him  does  not  ex- 
ist; with  all  the  greatness  of  his  con- 
tribution to  the  progress  of  the  in- 
dustrial world,  it  is  doubtful  if  Fred- 
erick W.  Taylor  fully  understood  or 
appreciated  the  significance  of  the 
long  history  of  industrial  strife  which 
underlay  the  oposition  of  so  many 
workmen  to  his  theories.  Had  he 
done  so,  the  cause  of  sound  industrial 
relations  might  be  farther  advanced 
today. 

So  it  has  come  to  be  recognized 
that  there  may  be  such  a  thing,  for 
most  individuals,  as  a  too  exclusive 
concentration  on  a  single  field.  And 
gradually  there  have  crept  into  the 
engineering  curriculum,  at  least  the 
rudimentary  foundations  of  a  more 
liberal  education.  In  the  field  of  the 
social  sciences,  economics  is  now  re- 

34 


quired    in    most    engineering    colleges. 

Armour  Institute  of  Technology  has 
not  been  behind  in  its  awareness  of 
these  tendencies,  and  its  courses  in  the 
fields  of  economics,  literature,  and 
the  social  sciences  should  serve  to 
make  the  thoughtful  engineering  stu- 
dent aware  at  least  of  some  of  the 
more  important  extra-engineering  im- 
plications of  his  future  work.  If  the 
comment  of  recent  alumni  is  accurate, 
they  are  proving  of  practical  value 
to  the  graduate  in  his  first  job  as  well 
as  pointing  his  thinking  and  observa- 
tion in  directions  which  will  be  useful 
to  him  in  the  future.  It  is  probable 
that  the  future  will  see  an  even  greater 
development  in  this  direction.  The 
times  call  urgently  for  men  who  can 
bring  the  discipHned  thinking  of  the 
engineer  to  bear  on  the  complex  and 
swiftly  changing  needs  of  the  day. 

There  is  a  growing  demand  for  en- 
gineering graduates  in  business;  even 
in  such  apparently  unrelated  fields  as 
retail  merchandising.  A  review  of  typ- 
ical engineering  curricula  seems  to  in- 
dicate the  possibility  of  retaining  the 
whole  present  structure  of  studies  in 
the    basic    sciences    and   mathematics, 


even  reinforcing  the  latter  a  bit  be- 
yond present  standard  requirements, 
and  of  displacing  that  portion  of  spe- 
cialized application-subjects  which 
distinguisli  one  curriculum  from  an- 
other, by  an  equivalent  amount  of 
work  in  business  administration,  thus, 
equipping  the  engineer  somewhat  morej 
fully  for  service  in  this  field.  \ 

The  field  of  the  engineer  broadens  ' 
every  day.  We  are  beginning  to  look 
at  the  vast,  intricate  problems  of  gov- 
ernment, of  business  and  of  human  re- 
lations through  the  eyes  of  the  scien- 
tist and  to  have  hope  that  by  applying 
the  methods  of  the  scientist  and  the 
engineer  to  these  problems  we  may 
bring  more  order,  at  least,  out  of  the 
chaos  which  today  envelops  them. 
There  are,  it  is  true,  profound  differ- 
ences between  dealing  with  human 
rights  and  purposes  and  manipulating 
insensate  materials.  But  though  the 
problem  is  difficult,  its  solution  is  of 
supreme  importance.  To  any  young 
man  seeking  a  difficult  but  supremely 
interesting  job  let  me  recommend  the 
study  of  business  or  government  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  engineer. 


PRESIDENT'S  REPORT 

(From   page    19) 

dent's  resignatii)ii  can  lust  he  told  in 
he  language,  addressed  to  the  Board 
of  Trustees,  in  which  the  resignation 
was  embodied.  Following  are  the 
more  signirieant  parts  of  this  coni- 
nunieation : 

For  some  time  the  Executive  Com- 
kuittee  has  been  aware  that  my  resig- 
nation would  be  submitted  at  this 
time.  The  reasons  which  lead  to  a 
decision  cf  this  kind  are  always  com- 
plex and  sometimes  contradictory.  It 
Idem  serves  a  useful  purpose  to  sub- 
ject them  to  detailed  analysis.  How- 
ever, I  believe  tliat  the  record  of 
ents  as  outlined  in  this  and  in  pre- 
vious reports  shows  that  the  work 
which  your  Committee  in  December, 
1932.  asked  me  to  undertake  has  been 
Kompleted. 

Taking  full  account  of  Armour's 
plendid  history,  the  need  for  thor- 
ough-going internal  reorganization  at 
that  time  was  clear.  The  reorganiza- 
tion jirogram  was  started  in  1933,  but 
the  more  important  measures  became 
effective  at  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal 
year  1934-3.5.  The  results  were  (1) 
to  cut  annual  operating  deficits  as 
noted  above,  (2)  to  bring  the  educa- 
tional program  of  the  Institute  better 
into  line  with  approved  standards  of 
engineering  education,  and  (3)  to  pro- 
mote new  educational  services.  .  .  . 

Building  our  development  program 
out  of  current  operations  as  we  went 
along,  we  now  have  a  going  concern 
which  embodies  all  of  the  essential 
elements  of  the  composite  institute  of 
applied  science  and  design  which  you 
approved  at  your  May  meeting  this 
year.  Educational  foundations  are 
laid  for  vigorous  development  of  this 
comprehensive  program.  The  task 
that  remains  is  a  task  of  buttressing 
financial  foundations  so  as  to  place 
this  inspiring  educational  structure 
beyond  jeopardy,  and  to  put  it  in  a 
position  for  further  advance.  .  .  . 

Anything  I  may  have  done  in  co- 
operation with  others  toward  meeting 
financial  requirements  has  necessarily 
been,  to  a  considerable  extent,  sec- 
ondary to  mj'  educational  responsi- 
bilities. Educational  leadership  from 
now  on  must  be  combined  with  a  high 
degree  of  concentration  on  securing 
new  endowment.  .  .  . 

While  the  personnel  of  the  staff  has 
changed  and  much  new  and  efficient 
talent  has  been  added,  the  competence 
with  which  the  men  who  have  years 
of  service  to  their  credit  have  stood 
behind  the  administration  has  been 
one  of  the  major  satisfactions.     It  is 


'I!  1  I 

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No  longer  is  it  necessary  to  use  complicated  Instruments 
and  stop  watches  or  malie  slow,  mathematical  calculations 
to  obtain  accurate  velocity  readings  of  irregular  shaped 
or  slotted  grilles,  velocity  readings  in  ducts,  or  at  inlet 
or  outlet  openings  or  other  air  velocity   measurements. 

Now  you  can  do  all  this  and  more  with  the  "AInor" 
(Boyle  System)  Velometer.  the  instantaneous  direct  read- 
ing air  velocity  meter,  and  you  can  do  it  accurately, 
conveniently  and  quickly.  You  can  obtain  static,  or  total 
pressures,  locate  leaks  and  losses,  detect  drafts,  or  deter- 
mine efficiency   of  fans,   ftlters.   blowers,  and   other  equip- 

Tho  Velometer  gives  instant  air  velocity  readings 
directly  in  feet  per  minute  from  as  low  as  20  F.P.M. 
up  to  Its  maximum  scale  reading.  Ranges  up  to  as  high 
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also  a  matter  for  sincere  gratification 
that  in  somt^  of  the  mcst  .significant 
instances  in  whicli  changes  had  to  be 
made,  the  men  equipped  to  taive  on 
new  responsibilities  were  foimd  right 
in  our  own  group  instead  of  having 
to  be  called  from  afar.  ^A'ithout  en- 
larging further  upon  the  many  satis- 
factions which  have  sweetened  the 
obvious  anxieties  of  the  position  I  am 
laying  down.  I  want  to  record  my 
sincere  appreciation  for  all  of  the  acts 
of  consideration  and  help  I  have  en- 
joyed. I  want  especially  to  place  in 
this  record  my  gratitude  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  staff  for  the  conspicuous 
loyalty  and  devotion  they  have  shown 
ill  every  undertaking  for  the  adv.ince- 
iiiciit  of  Armour. 

For  the  greater  part  of  my  life,  my 
interests  liave  centered  dec'idedly  in 
the  field  of  education,  but  those  of 
you  wlio  know  me  best  are  aware  that 
for  many  years  I  have  taken  an  active 
part  in  industry  and  in  public  service 
and  have  had  an  intense  interest  in 
those  fields.  At  the  time  your  Com- 
mittee invited  me  to  come  to  Armour, 
it  was  my  jnirpose  to  devote  the  rest 
of  my  life  to  those  interests.  .  .  . 

To  whatever  extent  other  activities 
may  now  command  my  efforts  and  my 
zeal,  my  affection  for  Armour  will  en- 
dure. The  Executive  Committee  is 
aware  of  my  sincere  purpose  to  do 
everything  1  can  at  all  times  to 
help.  .  .   . 

Many  of  you  have  heard  me  say, 
and  I  have  said  it  often,  that  in  my 
judgment  the  educational  opportunity 
which  lies  before  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  at  this  time  is  well  nigh 
unique  in  American  education.  It  is 
your  task  and  the  task  of  those  whom 
you  enlist  in  the  service  of  the  In- 
stitute to  see  to  it  that  this  great 
community  comes  forward  with  mate- 
rial resources  adequately  to  insure 
stability,  progress,  and  the  fullest 
realization  of  this  opportunity. 

In  conclusion,  I  trust  that  I  may 
use  the  columns  of  the  Engineer  and 
Alumnus  to  extend  my  greeting  to  the 
alumni.  As  I  have  already  told  the 
students  through  the  columns  of  the 
Armour  Tech  News,  I  share  the  pride 
which  every  student  and  every  alum- 
nus of  Armour  justly  feels  in  his 
school.  Quoting  from  the  Tech  News 
— "The  years  at  Armour  are  now  an 
integral  part  of  my  life,  and  I  shall 
always  be  happy  when  opportunity 
comes  to  serve  Armour  and  to  help  as 
I  can  those  who  are  taking  up  the 
burdens  which  I  lay  down." 

WILLARD  E.  HOTCHKISS. 
October  21,  1937. 


The  Firm  of 


CHARLES  W.  HILLS 

1414    Monadnock    Building 
53  West  Jackson  Blvd. 

CHICAGO 


stent-Trade    Mark    and    Copyright 
Matters    Exclusively 


Washington   Office 

Munsey  Building 
Washington,  D.  C. 


Drink 


Order 

from  your 

Dairy 

Be  Sure  you  get 
the  genuine 


36 


ALUMNI    NOTES 

by  D.  P.  Moreton,  Secy.-Treas. 


NEW    LIFE    MEMBERS 


BAUR,  ROY  E E.E.  '27 

CARROLL,    EMIL   JOS E.E.  '05 

GORMAN,    ABRAHAM    A F.P.E.  '17 

GEIGER,    ELMER    S E.E.  '29 

HEITNER,   'WALTER   O E.E.  '27 

HIRT,   WILLIAM   ADOLPH EX.E.E.  '07 

HOFFMAN,    WILLIAM    C M.E.  '33 

JAMIESON,  BERTRAND  G E.E.  '97 

)ENS,  ARTHUR   H F.P.E.  '31 

<OCH,   ALBERT  A C.E.  '32 

_EVIN,  MARVIN  R.  R E.E.  '23 


LIZARS,  JOHN  B M.E.  '23 

MERRY,   EARL   D E.E.  '03 

MINIBERGER,    GEORGE   V M.E.  '28 

MUNDAY,   HAROLD  W C.E.  '23 

NYMAN,    MEL    R EX.E.E.  '04 

PAHLMAN.   PAUL  JAMES M.E.  '08 

PIPER,    ELLSWORTH    E IND.ARTS.  '12 

PRICE,    MYRON    H EX.CH.E.  '23 

SHERMER,  CARL  LOUIS C.E.  '34 

SIEBENALER,  GEORGE   N M.E.  '16 

VON  GEHR,  GEORGE  H E.E.  '28 


1897 

This  was  tlie  40th  anniversary  of  the 
lass  of  1897.  We  were  able  to'  find  the 
iddresses  of  only  14.  members  of  tlie  class 

0  each  of  whom  a  special  letter  was  sent. 
Present     at     the     alumni     dinner     were 

FAMES  R.  SLOAN,  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
•oad,  Pittsburgh;  WILLIAM  F.  SIMS, 
Commonwealth  Edison  Company,  Cliicago; 
PROF.  ROBERT  V.  PERRY,  Armour 
Institute  of  Technologj-;  and  RALPH  H. 
RICE,  Board  of  Supervising  Engineers, 
Chicago. 

Letters  were  received  from  Neal  M. 
Loney  with  General  Motors,  Detroit;  Fred- 
erick M.  Moskovics,  Dictograph  Products 
Co.,  New  York;  Harry  C.  Abell,  retired,  of 
Vlandeville,  Louisiana;  and  Bertrand  G. 
lamieson  of  Monte  Carlo,  Monaco.  Jamie- 
son  wrote  a  message  for  all  the  alumni, 
and  this  was  read  at  the  dinner. 

Telegrams  were  received  from  John  J. 
^Vheeler,  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  Fred  C. 
lohnson,  Washington,  D.  C. 

RALPH  H.  RICE. 
MISSING:  Gaylord,  T.  P..  E.  E. 

Salamson.  Max,  E.  E.  Malcolmson.  C.  T.,  E.E. 
DECEASED:  Matt,  Geo.  L.,  E.  E. 

Chapman.  P.  R.,  E.  E.    O'Brien.  Edw.  D.,  E.  E. 
Church,  Edw.  S..  E.  E.    Richardson,  E.,  E.  E. 
Freeman,  C.  E.,  E.  E. 

I  1898 

Eyota,   Minnesota, 
I  March  28th,   1937. 

Secy.,  Armour  Tech.  Alumni  Assn. 

Dear  Sir: 

I  was  pleased  to  receive  your  letter  of 
the  26th  informing  me  of  what  is  going 
on.  According  to  Article  6,  section  2,  I 
am  entitled  to  membership  in  the  Associa- 
tion. I  matriculated  in  1898,  I  believe; 
then  after  finishing  the  first  year  in  E.  E. 
I  went  to  Northwestern  Medical  School, 
graduating  in  1903.  I  now  have  a  son, 
Wayne  Felix  Dolder,  in  Electrical  Engi- 
neering at  the  Institute.  That  is  another 
reason  why  I  am  happy  to  be  a  member  of 
the  Alumni.    I  shall  let  you  know  later  if 

1  can  be  present  at  the  Banquet.    I  shall 


also    be    happy    to     receive    the    Armour 
Engineer. 

Sincerely  yours, 
DR.  F.  C.  DOLDER. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Patten,  Geo.  H.,  E.  E.    Blodgett,  E.  E..  E.  E. 
Weinsheimer,W.E..E.E.     Fairman,  F.  S.,  Arch. 
Flanrter.*,  L.  H.,  M.  E. 

1899 

WILLIAM  J.  GORDON,  M.  E.,  visited 
the  Institute  last  summer  and  expressed 
himself  as  pleased  with  the  general  ap- 
pearance. A  few  days  ago  while  passing 
through  the  city  he  informed  us  that  he 
had  retired  and  expected  to  spend  a  year 
traveling  in  Europe.  He  lives  at  2208 
Oliver  Ave.,  S.,  Minneapolis,  and  has  for 
years  been  consulting  engineer  for  the  In- 
ternational Milling  Co.,  with  offices  in  the 
McKnight  Bldg.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

WILLIAM  D.  MATTHEWS,  E.  E.,  is 
in  the  insurance  business  with  the  Im- 
proved Risk  Mutuals,  2610  David  Stott 
Bldg.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

E.  CANTELO  WHITE,  M.  E.,  now 
resides  at  5264  Independence  Ave.,  New 
York,  N.  Y.  He  is  president  of  the  An- 
sonia  and  also  the  Tork  Clock  Companies 
at  430  Lexington  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
MISSING:  Johnson,   E.  C,   E.   E. 

Morse.  C.  S.,  E.  E.  Lewis,  C.  T.,  M.  E. 

de  Rimanoczy,  B.,  E.E.    Marienthal,  O.B.,  Arch. 
DECEASED:  Olson,  E.  H..  E.  E. 

Bipp\is,  S.  E.,  E.  E.  Powers,  H.  S..  Arch. 

Goodhue,  A.  H.,  M.  E.    Terry,  O.  N.,  M.  E. 
Hanai,  Geo.   K.,   E.   E.    Warren,  Wm.,  E.  E. 

1900 

WILLIAM  T.  DEAN,  E.  E.,  1733  W. 
5th  Ave.,  Gary,   Indiana,  is  with  the  Car- 
negie-Illinois Steel  Corporation,  Gary. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Campbell,  Mrs.  M.,  C.E.    Bradley,  L.  C.  M.  E. 
Graff,    H.   W.,   E.   E.        Creelman,  A.  T.,  E.  E. 
Martin,  Robt.  C,  E.  E. 

1901 

CHARLES  EDWARD  EUSTICE, 
E.  E.,  309  Park  Ave.,  Galena,  Illinois,  is 
president  of  the  Galena  Manufacturing 
Co.  of  Illinois. 


The  John  Marshall 


LAW 

COURSES 

(40  weeks  per  year) 

SCHOOL 

Afternoon— 3years 
5  days.  ..4:30-6  30 

FOUNDED  1899 

Evening  — 4  years 
Mon.,  ■Wed.,  Fri., 

AN 

6:30-9:20 

ACCREDITED 

Post-graduate 

LAV^  SCHOOL 
TEXT  and   CASE 

1  year..twicea  week 
Practice  courses 
exclusively. 

METHOD 

All  courses  lead 

0 

to  degrees. 

For    Catalog,    recom- 

Two years'  college 

mended  list  of  pre-legol 

work   required   for 

subjects,  and    booklet. 

entrance. 

"StudyofLowand  Proper 

New  classes  form 

Preparation     address: 
Edward    T.   Lee,   Dean, 

in  Feb.  and  Sept. 

315  Plymouth  Ct.,  Chicago,  III. 


Do  You  Want 

A  Power  Plant 

Dismantled 

or 

Boilers  Removed 
or 

A  Smoke  Stack 
Razed 

? 

Phone 

BEN  PERLSTEIN 

Canal  7464 

HOYNE  INDUSTRIAL 
SALVAGE  CO. 

2501  S.  Hoyne  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


37 


Actuary 


ARTHUR   STEDRY   HANSEN 

Consulting  Actuary 

TELEPHONE    WABASH     8880 

BOARD  OF  TRADE  BUILDING 

CHICAGO 


Air  Conditioning 


AIR    COMFORT    CORPORATION 

1307  S.  Michigan  Ave.  •  CHICAGO 


ILH 


VENTIMTON 

ILG  ELECTRIC 
VENTILATING  COMPANY 

2850   N.   Crawford   Ave.,    Chicago 

W.    H.    Hallstein,    Treas.    '14 
W.  H.  Rieh,  V.  P.  '15 


MELLISH  &  MURRAY  CO. 

CONTRACTORS    and    ENGINEERS 
1715  Carroll  Avenue 

CHICAGO 

AIR   CONDITIONING— VENTILATING 

SHEET  LEAD  WORK 

GENERAL  SHEET  METAL  WORK 


Automotive 


AtheyTruss  Wheel  Co. 

FORGED-TRAK 

WAGONS  TRAILERS 

FOR 

HEAVY  HAULING 


5631   West  65th  Street 
Chicago 


WALTER   IRVING  LEWIS,  M.  E.,  is 
liresident    of    the    W.    I.    Lewis    Co.,    1206 
Citizens    Bldg.,    Cleveland,    Ohio.      He    re- 
sides at  ](;77  E.  11.5th  St. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Arnold,  M.  M..  E.  E.        Bernharcl,  F.  H..  E.  E. 
naker,  E.   M..  M.  E.  Colien,   Louis,   E.   E. 

Miller,  W.  E.,  E.  E. 

Parker,  ,1.  H.,   E.  E. 

1902 

BENJAMIN  F.  EVER,  E.  E.,  5232 
Rockhill  Road,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Moist-O-Meter  Corp.,  with 
offices  at  226  Board  of  Trade  Bid},'.,  Kan- 
sas City.  The  Moist-O-Meter  is  a  capacity 
method  of  measuring  the  moisture  iii 
grains  and  any  other  materials. 

ROI.LAND  M.  HESKETT,  E.  E.,  4.801 
E.  lake  Harriet  Blvd.,  Minneapolis,  is 
V.-Pres.  of  Montana-Dakota  Utilities  Co., 
N31  2nd  Ave.,  S.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

VICTOR  SMITH  PERSONS,  C.  E.,  is 
manager  of  Persons  Dwan  and  Co.,  San 
Francisco,  Cal. 

HENRY  RUSSELL  HARBECK,  C.  E., 
of  River  Forest,  111.,  is  in  the  National 
Park  Service,  C.  C.  C,  300%  S.  Second 
St.,  Springfield,  111. 

SAMUEL  E.  SHAFER,  M.  E.,  is  with 
the  Chain   Belt  Co.,  Milwaukee,  ^\•is. 
MISSING:  Wallace.  E.  I...  E.  E. 

Hainl,   M.   F.,   E.   E.  DECEASED: 

lUiiliiin.   A.   E..  Arch.      Anderson,  A.  H..  M.  E. 
Il.inv,„„l.  E.  T.,  E.  E.       Collins,  W.   0.,   E.  E. 
Milkr.   Ivan   D..   C.   E.       Week,   .lolin    K..   E.   E. 
S,-l,eidler.   ()..   M.   E. 


1903 

JOHN  SIDNEY  BANTA,  M.  E.,  930 
Hickory  St.,  Waukegan,  III.,  is  Chicago 
District  Engineer  for  the  American  Steel 
and  Wire  Co.,  Waukegan,  111. 

We  were  sorry  to  learn  of  the  death  of 
Mrs.  George  W".  Niestadt.  The  members 
of  the  Association  extend  their  sympathy 
to  MR.  NIESTADT  and  family.  " 

ARTHUR  WAGNER,  E.  E.,  president 
of  the  Arthur  Wagner  Company,  Chicago, 
expects  to  have  every  member  of  the  1903 
class  at  the  thirtieth  reunion  next  spring. 
All  1903  men  please  take  notice  and  get 
in  touch  with  Wagner  at  701-703  W. 
Washington  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Brimson,  C.  T.,  E.  E.        Battey,  F.  V.,  E.  E. 
Kaempfer,  A.,  E.  E.  Edgecomb,  E.  E.,  M.  E. 

Quien,  E.  L.,  Ch.  E.  Kabateck,  M.  G.,  E.  E. 
Stillson,  H.  G.,  E.  E.  Philips,  W.  C.  P.,  C.  E. 
Weisskopf,  M.  J.,  C.  E.    Roos,   E.  S.,  E.  E. 

Shimizu,  H.  S.,  M.  E. 

1904 

CHARLES  HERRICK  HAMMOND, 
Arch.,  684  Pine  St.,  Winnetka,  111.,  is  a 
member  of  the  architectural  firm  of  Burn- 
ham  Bros,  and  Hammond,  Inc.,  160  N.  La- 
Salle  St.,  Chicago,  111.  Mr.  Hammond  was 
a  delegate  from  the  U.  S.  A.  representing 
the  State  Department  and  A.  I.  A.  at  the 
Uth  International  Congress  of  Architects 
held  in  Paris  last  July. 

The  sad  news  of  the  untimely  death  of 
our  fellow  alumnus,  MEI>VILLE  S. 
FLINN,  M.  E.,  was  a  great  shock  to  his 
many  friends.  The  members  of  the  Alumni 
Association  extend  to  his  wife  and  family 
their  deepest  sympathy. 

EDWIN  JESSE  HILLER,  E.  E.,  7 
Bursley  Place,  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  is  sales 
manager  for  Maurice  Levy,  620  W.  22nd 
St.,  New  York  City. 

ORSON  RAYMOND  PRE  SCOTT, 
M.   E.,   is    with   the   Sanitary   District   of 


Chicago,    910   S.    Michigan    Ave.,   Chicago, 
He  lives  at  5910  Rice  St. 

RUPERT  H.  STRANG,  E.  E.,  is  super- 
intendent of  the  light  and  water  utility  at 
Richland  Center,  Wisconsin. 

LEONARD  LUNDCJREN,  C.  E.,  now 
resides  at  2895  Harrison  St.,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.  We  appreciate  his  letter  ad- 
vising us  of  his  change  in  address,  Just  as! 
we  welcome  any  information  that  keeps] 
our  files  up  to  date.  ' 

MISSING:  Clausen,  H.  W.,  C.  E. 

Knapp,   M.  J.,   E.  E.        Flinn,  M.  S.,  M.  E. 
Watt,  J.  M.,  M.  E.  Hamilton,  H.  L.,  M.  E. 

DECEASED:  Hart,  Harrj-  A.,  C.  E. 

Buie,  Arthur,  E,  E.  Silver,  E.  I.,  C.  E.         ] 

1905 

EMIL  J.  CARROLL,  E.  E.,  is  in  the 
I'.  S.  Treasury  Dept.,  222  West  NorthI 
Bank  Drive,  Chicago,  111.  He  resides  at 
128   Linden   Ave.,   Glencoe,   III. 

JOHN  F.  T.  ENGBLOM,  Ex.  E.  E.,  is 
chief  engineer  and  works  manager  for  the 
Ericsson  Telephones,  Ltd.,  Beeston,  Not- 
tingham, England. 

FRANK  ROWELL  GOLDSMITH,! 
M.  E.,  resides  at  21  Grassmere  Road,  To- 
ronto, Canada.  He  is  sales  engineer  for 
the  Canadian  General  Electric  Co.,  Ltd., 
214  King  St.,  W.,  Toronto,  Canada.  Gold^ 
smith  was  sent  to  Canada  in  1915  by  the. 
"Hotpoint"  Co.,  and  now  claims  to  be  the 
oldest  Hotpoint  employe  in  Canada. 

WILLIAM  F.  HARVEY,  C.  E.,  1.34 
Central  Ave.,  Lake  Bluff,  111.,  operates  thei 
W.  F.  Harvey  Sales  Co.,  560  W.  Wasln 
ington  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111. 

PETER  LEO  HEIN,  C.  E.,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  Lieberman  and  Hein,  190i 
N.  State  St.,  Chicago,  111.  He  resides  at 
2746   Broadway,  Evanston,   111. 

JOHN  HAROLD  PAYNE,  E.  E.,  is 
chief  of  the  electrical  division  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce, 
Department  of  Commerce,  Washington, 
D.  C. 

FRANK  ALVA  PUTT,  E.  E.,  resides 
at  354  Woodlawn  Ave.,  Glencoe,  111.  To^ 
quote  from  a  recent  letter  from  Putt:  /. 
avi  associated  uflth  JhiU  \  Elli.s,  mil  estate' 
operators,  and  am  wnnnlin/  flu  Hartford 
Rldg.,  at  8  South  J>r<uh,>n,  S/..  Chicago.  I 
have  hern  in  the  real  estate  business  for 
the  piiKt  fifhiii  ijears,  doing  brokerage, 
real  csfnh  fiimnriiig  and  leasing,  and  m' 
aging  of  doicii  town  properties.  I  have' 
found  that  my  engineering  education  has: 
l)een  extremely  valuable  in  connection  withi 
the  operation  of  loop  office  buildings. 

I  have  a  wife  and  two  children— a  girl 
and  a  boy,  both  ypast  twenty,  the  former 
employed  in  the  insurance  business  and 
the  latter  with  the  Kimberly  Clark  Papei 
Company,  in  their  sales  department. 
MISSING:  Wright,  M.  E.,  E.  E. 

Ash,  Howard  J.,  E.  E.    DECEASED: 
Beamer,  B.  E.,  E.  E.        Armstron,  J.  R.,  E.  E. 
Brackett,  John  C.  E.E.    Croskey.  Philip,  E.  E. 
Jones,  C.  I..  C.  E.  Marshall,   H.   B.,  E.   E. 

Stem,  Le  V.  H.,  Ch.  E.  McBurney,  E..  Jr.,  ME. 
Thompson,  J.  K.,  Ch.E.  Whitney,  F.  B.,  C.  E, 
Tyler,   Alva   W..   E.   E. 


1906 

NORMAN  W.  COOK,  Arch.,  700  Web- 
ster St.,  Ottawa,  Illinois,  is  practicing 
architecture  with  his  office  at  the  abovt 
address. 

MAURICE  ELKIN,  Ch.  E.,  owns  and 
operates  the  Elkin  Manufacturing  Co., 
1725  N.  6th  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  He 
lives  at  5637  N.  16th  St.,  Philadelphia. 

CHARLES  EDWARD  HAYES,  M.  E., 
is  with  the  Taylor  Realty  Company,  4300 


38 


Roosevelt  Way,  Seattle,  Washinyrtoii.  His 
jome  address  is  "Mileta  Farm,"  Burton, 
Washington. 

EUGENE  F.  HILLER,  C.  E.,  5321 
Voodlawn  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  in  the  life 
nsurance  business  at  1  N.  La  Salle  St., 
[Chicago. 

I  VAUGHN  A.  HOUGHTON,  M.  E.,  is 
k'ith  Vaughn  A.  Houghton  and  Co.,  en- 
gineers, 50.5  Wasliington  Blvd.,  Chicago, 
;ll.  He  resides  at  82(5  Keystone  Ave., 
Xiver  Forest,  111. 

J.  CARROLL  JOHNSON,  Arch.,  SHVs 
Henderson  St.,  Columbia,  S.  C,  is  prac- 
icing  architecture  at  the  same  address. 

VICTOR  NICHOLSON,  Ch.  E.,  is  en- 
rineering  chemist  for  the  city  of  Chicago, 
533  S.  Ashland  A^■e.  His  home  address 
s  7630  S.  -Marshfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

EARL  J.  SMITH,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with  the 
Jnderwriters  Laboratories,  Inc.,  207  E. 
Dluo  St.,  Chicago,  111.  He  resides  at  208 
.Voodbine  Ave.,  Wilmette,  III. 

A  recent  letter  from  G ROVER  KEITH, 
kl.  E..  contained  the  sad  news  of  the  death 
if  RALPH  S.  TORRANCE,  E.  E.,  who 
lad  lived  in  Eau  Claire,  Wis.,  for  several 
^ears.  Our  sincere  sympathy  is  extended 
o  his  faniilv. 

FRANK  'STANLEY  WARZESKI,  Ch. 
5.,    6    Berkeley    PL,    Montclair,    N.    J.,    is 
vith  the  Linde  Air  Products  Co.,  30  East 
1.2nd  St.,  New  York  City. 
kllSSING:  Scott.  P.  J..  M.  E. 

Ulyn,  A.  J..  E.  E.  DECEASED: 

Sutler,   Ed.  W..   E.   E.       Carr,  Alva  L.,  M.  E. 
5dson,  N.  L..  M.  E.  Dean.  Stanley,   C.  E. 

jaylor,  W.  S..  M.  E.        Meyer,  E.  D.,  E.  E. 
Sukawski,  E.  S.,  Arcli.       Reynolds,  M.  B.,  C.  E. 
Vlorrison,  R.  D..  M.  E.    Torrance,  R.  S..  E.  E. 


1907 

•07  STEPS  OUT  FOR  SOTH  REUNION 
Reported  by  FRED  HEUCHLING 

True  to  its  reputation  for  achievement 
and  activity,  the  Class  of  1907  distin- 
guished itself  this  year  by  staging  a  tliir- 
tieth  reunion  that  outslione  anything  of 
this  kind  ever  attempted  at  Armour.  This 
class  was  one  of  the  first  of  the  Institute 
alumni  to  foster  class  reunions,  and  in  1932 
it  put  on  a  three-day  affair  that  surprised 
even  its  own  prompters. 

This  year  a  few  of  the  Chicago  1907 
stalwarts  gathered  in  early  Spring  to  lay 
plans  for  their  tliirtieth  reunion.  An  am- 
bitious program  was  laid  out,  and  an  in- 
tensive mail  campaign  started  to  bring 
as  many  as  possible  of  classmates  and 
their  families  from  all  over  the  country  to 
share  the  flowing  bowl  and  revive  their 
youth  in  a  reunion  that  would  exceed  in 
excellence  anything  ever  before  attempted. 
When,  on  Saturday,  May  22nd,  at  the  Elec- 
tric Club  of  ChiVa-o  "tlie  first  Get  To- 
gether 1907  30th  Reunion  Luncheon  con- 
vened, nearly  one  hundred  alumni  and 
their  families  were  on  hand.  Some  of 
these  came  from  across  the  continent,  and 
many  had  not  been  back  to  Chicago  nor 
to  the  Institute  since  their  graduation. 

Needless  to  say,  there  was  great  rejoic- 
ing, slapping  of  backs,  and  jovial  rehear- 
sals of  college  pranks.  The  youths  of 
1907  came  back  fathers  and  grandfathers 
— some  grey  and  some  not  so  grey  for 
lack  of  hair.  Some  with  paunches  and 
otliers   with   bent  knees  but  all   fired   with 


-ival  of  the  days  from 


Pictures  Taken  at  1907  Class  Picnic  at  Farm  of  Al  Eustice. 
Harrington,  Illinois 


One   of   Al's   pets 

View  around  private  lake 

Yoke  of  prize  oxen 


Mrs.  Alfred  Eustice 

Picnic    in    preparation 

Wild   goslings 


enthusiasm  ft 
190t  to  1907. 

Following  Saturday's  luncheon,  the  gath- 
ering attended  a  lecture  and  demonstra- 
tion at  the  Electric  Lighting  Institute  and 
then  left  for  a  tour  of  the  city  by  auto 
in  order  to  show  the  out-of-town  visitors 
tiie  sights  created  since  their  school  days. 

On  Sunday,  May  23rd,  the  program  con- 
sisted of  an  outing  at  Barrington,  Illinois, 
where  MR.  AND  MRS.  ALFRED 
EUSTICE  were  the  hosts  at  their  beauti- 
ful farm.  Aside  from  the  members  of  the 
class  and  their  families,  a  considerable 
number  of  faculty  members  and  officers 
of  the  1907  days  were  invited  and  joined 
in  tl)e  festivities.  Dinner  was  served  at 
the  beautiful  nearby  Barrington  Country 
Club  where  Al  had  arranged  practically  to 
monopolize  the  building.  After  the  dinner 
the  party  returned  to  the  farm,  which,  by 
the  way,  is  a  wonderful  place  for  an  out- 
ing, and  games  and  other  jollification  were 
the  order  of  tlie  day.  At  the  close  of  the 
afternoon  an  outdoor  luncheon  and  re- 
freshments were  served,  and  the  party  did 
not  break  up  until  after  dark.  The  affair 
was  particularly  interesting  and  enjoyable 
because  nearly  everyone  had  a  wife, 
brought  her  along,  and  the  children  and 
even  the  grandchildren  were  included. 

On  Monday,  May  2+th,  the  class  gath- 
ered at  the  Institute  in  the  morning,  visit- 
ing their  former  haunts  and  broke  bread 
together  with  some  of  the  faculty  at  noon. 
In  the  afternoon  the  meeting  adjourned 
to  the  North  Side  to  witness  the  Cubs  play 
baseball.  In  the  evening  a  most  interesting 
and  instructive  stag  affair  was  featured. 
This  took  place  at  the  Manhattan  Brewery 
at  the  instigation  of  BEN  PERLSTEIN 
who  was  always  at  the  bottom  of  every 
1907  escapade.  Here  a  groaning  board 
loaded  with  Kalter  Aufschnitt  and  an  in- 
exhaustilile  supply  of  the  amber  beverage 
topped  off  a  day  of  jollity. 

Tuesday,  the  25th,  was  given  over  to 
golf  at  the  River  Forest  Country  Club. 
On  Tuesday  evening  the  reunion  closed 
with  the  crashing  of  silver  and  china  and  a 
blare  of  trumpets  at  the  regular  Alumni 
Banquet.  Since  many  of  the  visiting  class- 
mates from  out-of-town  had  brought  their 
wives  with  them,  the  class,  smashing  all 
precedents  came  to  the  banquet  with  their 
lady  escorts.  Some  of  the  ladies,  knowing 
they  were  flying  in  the  face  of  tradition, 
persuaded  several  wives  of  faculty  mem- 
bers to  join  the  party  so  that  for  once  an 
Alumni  Banquet  was  made  completely  suc- 
cessful by  the  presence  of  the  fairer  sex. 
Only  those  who  were  present  at  the  Me- 
dinah-Michigan  Avenue  Club  that  evening 
can  appreciate  how  much  the  Thirtieth  1907 
Reunion  did  to  stir  up  class  spirit  and 
revive  pleasant  memories.  A  representa- 
tive of  each  class  that  marked  a  5th,  10th, 
15th,  or  similar  reunion,  rose  that  evening 
to  give  an  account  of  his  class  since  the 
years  it  had  stepjied  out  into  the  world. 
Never  has  there  been  a  more  interesting 
and  enjoyable  feature  on  an  Alumni  Ban- 
quet ])rogram. 

So  far  as  the  class  of  1907  is  concerned 
they  are  definitely  committed  to  five  year 
reunions  until  the  last  man  is  gone.  As 
an  outgrowth  of  this  year's  affair  a  ])erina- 
nent  1907  organization  was  perfected  and 
FRED  G.  HEUCHLING  elected  presi- 
dent and  ALEXANDER  H.  BOEHMER 
was  named  secretary.  Never  again  will  a 
classmate  stray  from  the  fold,  lost  and 
unheard  of.  Never  again  will  1907  fall 
into  a  state  of  innocuous  desuetude.  For 
the  next  five  years  the  members  will  be 
rehearsing  the  events  of  the  1937  reunion, 
and  when  they  convene  in  1942  it  will  be 


39 


BORG  &  BECK 

DIVISION   OF   BORG-WARNER   CORP. 

Manufacturers 

of 

Automotive  Clutches 

6558  S.  Menard  Ave.     Chicago,  III. 


to  break  more  precedents  and  set  an  even 
higher  standard  for  other  classes  to  shoot 


Building  Suppli** 


Bearing  Service 


Connecting  rod  babbitting  service — 
crankshaft  bearings — piston  pin  bush- 
ings— bronze  cored  and  solid  bars — 
babbitt  metals — connecting  rod  bolts 
and    nuts — Laminated    shims. 

FEDERAL-MOGUL 
SERVICE,  Inc. 

Victory  2488 
2346  S.  Dearborn  Street 

CHICAGO 
H.   C.   SKINNER,   M.E.'IS 


Boxes  and  Cartons 


CREATIVE    DISPLAY    CARTONS 
DISPLAY  CARDS 

and 

FOLDING    BOXES 
THE    PINKERTON     FOLDING    BOX    CO. 

Established     1899 

420  Rush  St.,  Chicago 

F.    P.    Strauch    M.    E.    '16  Superior   8348-9 


Building   Supplies 


Cellufoam  Corporation 

OF   NEW   JERSEY 
Manufacturers 

THERMAL  &  ACOUSTIC 
INSULATION 


66th  &  LaVerne  Ave. 


Chi, 


MISSING: 

Badger,  L.   H.,  C.  E. 
Heinsen,  Geo.  M..  C.  li. 
Kilgore,  C.  E..  M.  E. 
Pratt.  E.  A.,  C.  E. 
Turnbiill,  Ira  J.,  M.  E. 
Wendell.  R.  B..  E.  E. 
Wolfe,   Edw.  J.,   E.   E. 
Voiing,  L.  B.,  C.  E. 


DECEASED: 
Ailing,  C.  R.,  F.  P.  E. 
Campbell.  E.  E.,  E.  E. 
Davies,  H.  C,  M.  E. 
Ellett,  E.  H..  .Ir.,  C.  E. 
Jackson,   I.   F..   M.   E. 
SmaUey,  J.  S..  E.  E. 
Stanton,  G..  Jr.  C.  E. 
Williams,  W.,  E.  E. 


1908 

RALPH  H.  BADGER,  E.  E.,  paid  us 
a  visit  last  month  and  expressed  consider- 
able surprise  and  pleasure  at  the  changes 
and  improvements  made  since  his  last  vLsit. 
Ralph  is  devoting  a  great  deal  of  time  to 
a  mining  venture  in  the  southwest  and  fre- 
quently flies  back  and  forth  between  his 
home  in  Buffalo,  New  York  and  the  min- 
ing camp. 

CLAYTON  F.  BUSSE,  M.  E.,  1029  Hull 
Terrace,  Evanston,  111.,  is  in  the  olfice  of 
Hoskins  Manufacturing  Co.,  10  S.  La  Salle 
St.,  Chicago,  111. 

HAROLD  VICTOR  GLOS,  M.  E.,  818 
Diversey  Blvd.,  Chicago,  III.,  is  manager 
of  Real  Estate  Sales  and  Property  Man- 
agement Division,  Sontag  Bros.,  Inc.,  27.30 
X.  Clark  St..  Chicago.  Glos  has  devoted 
considerable  time  to  real  property  apprais- 
als and  has  written  several  articles  on  the 
subject  which  have  appeared  in  the  Na- 
tional Real  Estate  Journal. 

JOSEPH  H.  JACOBSON,  E.  E.,  is  sec- 
retary-treasurer of  Bohett  Electrical  Mfg. 
Co.,  4.54.3  Cottage  Grove  Ave.,  Chicago.  He 
resides  at  13.50  Madison  Park,  Chicago. 

JOSEPH  EDWARD  MONAHAN, 
M.  E.,  is  engineer-agent  for  modern  ma- 
chine tools  with  warehouse  and  demonstra- 
tion facilities  at  3.51  Indiana  Ave.,  N.  W., 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

ROBERT  CHARLES  OSTERGREN, 
Arch.,  is  a  practicing  architect  with  his 
office  at  4300  N.  Clark  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
He  resides  at  SSeVs  Michigan  Ave.,  Evans- 
ton,  111. 

ROBERT  A.  PERKINS,  Arch.,  M.  E. 
'17,  is  a  member  of  the  architectural  and 
engineering  firm  of  Perkins  and  McSayne, 
320-2()  Paulton  Block,  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D. 
He  lives  at  24  Riverview  Heights,  same 
citv. 

SAMUEL  LOUIS  ZIMMERMAN, 
C.  E.,  is  assistant  engineer  for  the  Chicago 
Park  District  in  charge  of  paving  and 
maintaining  boulevards  and  driveways  in 
the  Chicago  Park  District.  His  address  is 
5312  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago. 
MISSING:  Eyers,  W..  F.  P.  E. 

Cahan,  James,  C.  E.  Johnson.  A.  R..  E.  E. 
Collins,  F.  C.  E.  E.  Lunak,  S.  E..  Ch.  E. 
Cornwell,  A.  B.,  E.  E.  Matthei,  H.  R.,  C.  E. 
Latta,  Smith  H..  M.  E.  Morgan,  C.  W.,  M.  E. 
Loofbourrow.  J.D..M.E.  Nichols,  H.  W.,  E.  E. 
Morey,  C.  R.,  E.  E.  Oehne,  Jr..  T.  C,  E.  E. 

DECEASED:  Thomson.   F.  L.,  F.P.E. 

Biirge,  G.  C,  M.  E.  Vacek,  V.  F.,  E.  E. 

Dittmar,  A.  A.,  C.  E. 

1909 

Secretary,  Alumni  Association 

I  did  not  know  until  I  received  your  let- 
ter that  I  was  among  the  missing.  My  last 
job  in  the  engineering  field  was  that  of 
District  Manager,  U.  S.  Oypsum  Company, 
Construction  Division,  New  York  City.  I 
have  been  a  country  lawyer  since  1933  and 
am  as  nearly  contented  as  I  ever  expect 
to  be.  I  keep  the  old  yen  for  the  construc- 
tion business  satisfied  by  occasionally  buy- 
ing and  remodelling  an  old  building.  Free- 
dom from  union  labor  problems  is  the  chief 
joy  in  country  building. 

Best  regards — especially  to  the  old 
timers. 

EARL  W.  CHAMBERLIN,  C.  E. 

DONALD  D.  DICK,  C.  E.,  232  South 
LaGrange    Road,   LaGrange,   111.,   is   with 


SERVICISED  PRODUCTS 
CORPORATION 

6051    West  65th  Street 
Chicago,    Illinois 

Exclusive     Manufacturers    of    SYRA-BORD 

Interlocked    Rubber   Tile    Floorf 

Also 

Asphalt  Tile,   Planking,  and  expansion  joint. 

We  can  supply  your  needs  for  anything  in 

sponge   or  cork-rubber   products. 

PHONE  GROVE-HILL  0423 


C.  H.  ANDERSON 
FLOOR    COMPANY 


WOOD  FLOOR 
CONTRACTORS 


161  E.  ERIE  ST. 

Delaware  1661 

CHICAGO 


LUMBER 

for 

Industrial  Purposes 

WHOLESALE  OR  RETAIL 

• 

SCHENK  LBR.  CO. 

6601   So.  Central  Ave. 
Hem.  3300 

"The  Only  Yard  in  the  Clearing  Dist.' 


Edward 

Mines    Lumber    Co. 

Established  1892 

243 

1  So.  Lincoln  Street 

Chicago' 

s  Largest  Lumber  Yard           \ 

Phone  Cana 

0349                            Chicago 

40 


Building  Supplies 


RODDIS  COMPANY 

PLYWOOD   PRODUCTS 

FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

1435  W.  37th  St.  Vir.  0110 

CHICAGO.  ILL. 


Business   Equipment 


AdJressograpli  Equipment 

Save  40%  to  60% 

We  have  a  complete  stock  of  fine  re- 
built Addressograph  and  Graphotype 
Machines,  available  in  either  hand  or 
power  models.  Also  Cabinets — Trays — ' 
Frames —  Plates —  Ribbons — Cards — ^Tabs 
— Etc.,  Etc.  We  also  cut  lists  and  have 
a  complete  embossing  service.  Get  our 
quotations  before  going  ahead  with  that 
next  iob. 

BUSINESS  MACHINE 
SUPPLIES  CORP. 

300  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago.   III. 

Central  7007 


Candies  and  Cigars 


Compliments 

PIONEER  CANDY  CO. 

Wholesale   Confectioners 

CIGARS  —  CIGARETTES 

and 

FOUNTAIN   SUPPLIES 


3211  Ogden  Ave. 


Chicago 


Compliments  of 

MIDWAY  CIGAR 
FACTORY 


WHOLESALE 


CIGARS,     CIGAREHES,     TOBACCOS, 
CANDIES,   GLOVES  AND   SUNDRIES 


22!   West  63rd  Street 

j'2488 

Phones:   Englewood  <  2489 

(.2266 


Chemical 


Telephone   Superior   3523  Established   1894 

A.  DAIGGER  &  COMPANY 

Colors — Chemicals — Oils 

Laboratory  Supplies 

159  WEST  KINZIE  STREET 

CHICAGO 


Frank  D.  Chase,  307  N.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago,  111. 

HENRY  CHARLES  FRISBIE,  C.  E., 
2421  10th  Ave.,  Los  Angeles,  California, 
is  with  the  L.  A.  Metal  Products,  2430  E. 
55th  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

JAMES  S.  HARVEY,  M.  E.,  is  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  yards  for  the  Mu- 
tual Service  Corporation,  901  N.  Sanga- 
mon St.,  Chicago,  111.  His  home  address  is 
7349  N.  Seelev  Ave. 

CARL  HEIM,  E.  E.,  2621  Morse  Ave., 
Chicago,  is  management  supervisor  for 
George  S.  May  Co.,  2600  North  Shore  Ave., 
Chicago. 

WILLIAM  H.  PETERS,  E.  E.,  is  oflBce 
engineer  for  the  Kansas  City  Terminal 
Railway  Co.,  LTnion  Station  Bldg.,  Kansas 
City,  Mo.  He  gives  his  home  address  as 
R-1,   Merriam,  Kansas. 

ATI.EE  C.  RIKER,  E.  E.,  is  with  the 
Trading  Post  Realty  and  Insurance  Co., 
114  S.  Wolcott  St.,  Casper,  Wyo.  His 
home  address  is  905  S.  Grant  St.,  Casper. 

MILTON  C.  SHEDD,  E.  E.,  lives  at 
1132  Stearns  Drive,  Los  Angeles,  Califor- 
nia. He  is  building  contractor  with  oflBces 
at  4814  Loma  Vista  Ave. 

HALI.AM  C.  SMITH,  Ch.  E.,  is  with 
the  Union  Carbide  and  Carbon  Corpora- 
tion, 30  E.  42nd  St.,  New  York  City.  His 
home  address  is  215  Larchmond  Ave., 
Larchmond,  New  York. 

ARTHUR   P.  STRONG,  E.  E.,  217  S. 
Elmwood  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  with  the 
W.   A.   Jones    Foundry   and    Machine    Co., 
4401   W.   Roosevelt   Road,  Chicago,   111. 
MISSING:  Maves.  F.  N..  M.  E. 

Aliern,  J.  F..  F.  P.  E.  Ostergr-en.  H.  N..  E.  E. 
Perrine,  A.  A..  E.  E.  Richards.  Jr..  T.E..C.E. 
Soper,  E.  C,  M.  E.  Simmons,  L.  E.,  E.  E. 

DECEASED:  Spitzsla.ss,  J.  M..  M.  E. 

Anderson,  H.  C.  C.  E.  Tregav.  John.  F.  P.  E. 
Chatain,  P.  E..  Ch.  E.  Urson,  Jr..  F.  J.,  C.  E. 
Curtis,  H.  S.,  E.  E.  Von  Gunten,  0.,  Arch. 

Ebert.  A.  A.,  C.  E. 

1910 

ARTHUR  G.  ANDERSON,  C.  E.,  is 
with  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  water 
works  construction  division.  He  lives  at 
1711  W.  105th  Place,  Chicago,  111. 

D.  WILLIAM  BOWMAN,  Arch.,  1732 
N.  Stanley  Ave.,  Hollywood,  Cal.,  is  with 
the  Western  Precipitation  Corporation, 
1016  W.  9th  St.,  Los  Angeles. 

JULIUS  GEORGE  HATMAN,  M.  E., 
is  with  the  Neville  Co.,  Neville  Island 
P.  O.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  His  home  address 
is  183  Morrison  Drive,  Mt.  Lebannon  P.  O., 
Pittsburgh. 

SAMUEL  W.  McCUNE,  Jr.,  E.  E.,  2328 
Pennsylvania  Ave.,  Wilmington,  Del.,  is 
with  the  E.  I.  duPont  de  Nemours  and 
Co.,  same  city. 

FRED  M.  PFAELZER,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Pfaelzer  C«al  Co.,  309  W.  Jack- 
son Blvd.,  Chicago,  111.  His  home  address 
is  17.55  E.  55th  St.,  Chicago. 

HENRY  ROSENTHAL,  E.  E.,  132 
Carpenter  Ave.,  Crestwood,  New  York,  N. 
Y.,  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Madeheim  and 
Rosenthal,  1  E.  44th  St.,  New  York  Citv. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Crocker.   A.H.Jr..   M.E.    Deveney,   W.   J.,   C.   E. 
Gentry.  T.  E.,  M.  E.        Kadic,  Jos.  F.,  E.  E. 
Leavell.  R.  A.,  M.  E.       Munoz,  Fredrico,  C.  E. 
MacEwing,  E.  D.,  E.  E.    Richards.  O.  L.,  E.  E. 
Pearse,  R.  P.,  C.  E.  Sqiiair,  F.  R..  Oi.  E. 

Thomas.  Wm.  E.,  M.  E.  Wemick,  F.  E.,  M.  E. 
Vvnne.  Eustace,  C.  E.  Young,  Don.  A.,  M.  E. 
Williams,  D.,  C.  E. 

191! 

CHARLES  EDGAR  BECH,  M.  E., 
6534  Pennsylvania  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 
is  manager  of  the  Kansas  City  branch, 
Busch  Sutzer  Bros.  Diesel  Engine  Co.,  of 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

CHARLES  W.  BINDER,  C.  E.,  1940 
Superior  Ave.,  Whiting,  Ind.,  is  with  the 
Standard  Oil  Co.  in  the  same  city. 


WILKENS-ANDERSON    CO. 

Scientific     and     Industrial     Laboratory 
Supplies  and  Chemicals 

III    N.    CANAL    ST. 

CHICAGO 


SECK  <&  DRUCKER,  INC. 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERS 
Complete  Plants  and  Equipment 
for   the   Vegetable   and   Animal 
Oils  and  Fats  Industries. 
S.  Clinton  St.  Chicago 


WALTER  H.  FLOOD  &  CO. 

CLASS    1906  _ 

Chemical  Engineers 

Paving  and  Engineering  Materials 
—  Inspections  —  Reports — Specifica- 
tions— Physical  and  Chemical  Tests 
— Design  and  Control  of  Asphalt 
and  Concrete  Mixtures.  Atlantic  ooii 
822  E.  42nd  St.,  Chicago.  III. 


BELKE  MFG.  COMPANY 

Patented     Electroplating    Special- 
ties, Plating,  Polishing  Supplies 
and   Equipment 
Phone   Mansfield  4606 
947    No.   Cicero   Ave.  Chicago 

WM.  E.  BELKE.  CLASS  '18 


NATIONAL  ALUMINATE 
CORPORATION 

6216  WEST  66TH  PLACE 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

Specialists  in  the  Manufacture  and 

Use  of  Sodium  AUtminate 


SERVING  THE 
PROCESS  INDUSTRIES 

through  representation  of  well- 
known,  fully  qualified  and 
progressive     manufacturers     of 

MACfflNERYand  EQUIPMENT 

Evaporators — Filters — Centrifugals. 

Steam  jet  units,  Condensers,  etc. — 

for  High  Vacuums — Vacuum  Cooling. 

Full  line  acid  p.  Chemical  Stoneware. 

F.  M.  de  BEERS  &  ASSOCIATES 

20  North  Wacker  Drive.  Chlcap.  Tel.  Rand.  2326 


41 


Consulting  Engineer 


Report* 
Analyses 


\'aluations 
Rate  Surveys 


VAGTBORG  &  ASSOCIATES 

Incorporated 
CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

3300    Federal    Street 
Design  Operation 

Consultation  Supervision 


INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 

Consulting     and     Coniracting     Engineers 

Billet.    SUb    Heating    and    Special    Furnaces 

/  Natural  Gas  ^ 

To  Uw:      \^f'   O""*^"  V     As  Fuels 

V  Producer  Gaa        ' 

FLINN   &   DREFFEIN   COMPANY 

308  West  Washington   Street 


Ch 


cago, 


BRADY,  McGILLIVRAY 

&  MULLOY 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

37  W.  Van  Buren  Street 

Phone   Harrison   1188 

1270  Broadway. 

New  York  City. 

N.  Y. 


E.  H.  MARHOEFER,  JR.  CO. 

CONTRACTORS 

1506  MerchcQidise  Mart 


Costumes 


DE  LUXE  DRESS  SUIT 
RENTAL  CO. 

39  SOUTH  STATE  STREET 

Branches: 
6306  So.   Halsted   Street 
3400  W.  Roosevelt  Road 


SCHMIDT  COSTUME  &  WIG  SHOP 

REQUISITES  FOR  THE 
FANCY  MASQUE  BALL 
&  AMATEUR  STAGE 

920_NORTH  CLARK  STREET 

• 

Costumers  to  the  ARMOUR  PLAYERS 


Decorating 


1.  M.  ECKERT  CO. 

Distinctive  Decorating 

5524  BROADWAY.  CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE  LONGBEACH  S4]7 

J.  M.  ECKERT,  Pres.    •    (Class  1910) 


TIRUELL  J.  FERRENZ,  C.  E.,  5327 
13th  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  is  as- 
sistant administrator  of  appraisal  and  re- 
conditioning division,  Federal  Home  Loan 
Bank  Board,  Washington,  D.  C. 

DAVID  DAVIS  GOLDBERG,  M.  E.,  is 
sales  manager,  cone  valves,  Chapin  Valve 
Mfg.  Co.,  Indiana  Orchard,  Mass.  He  lives 
at  Ifi  Stratford  Terrace,  Sjiringfield,  Mass. 

GEORGE  VERXON  GREEN,  Ch.  E., 
1029  S.  Paxton  St.,  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  is 
with  the  American  Macliinery  and  Supply 
Co..  513  .Jackson  St.,  same  city. 

PHILIP  KENT  (Eichenberg),  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Chicago  Title  and  Trust  Co.,  69 
W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago,  111.  His  home 
address  is  5048  Glenwood  Ave.,  Chicago. 

WILLIAM  P.  McGUIRE,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  Indiana  Inspection  Bureau,  Chamber 
of  Commerce  Bldg.,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Cleaver,  T.  G.,  C.  E.        Bradford.  P.  L..  E.  E. 
De  Tar,  DeLos,  E.  E.      daSilva.  C.  .1.,  C.  E. 
Doering,  R.  C.  F.  P.  E.    Kellner,  O.  R.,  C.  E. 
Emmons,  G.  C.  E.  E.      McCaRue.  J.  A.,  M.  E. 
r.ray,  R.  1...  E.  E.  Merriman.  H.  A.,  Arch. 

Griffiths,  F.  H..  M.  E.  Miller,  P.  F..  Ch.  E. 
I'ettihone,  G.  D.,  E.  E.  Moore,  W.  W.,  Arch. 
Salomon.  M.  .1.,  C.  E.  Tellin.  W.  G.,  E.  E. 
Solimidt.  E.  .1.,  M.   E. 

1912 

Reported  l)y  .T.  .1.   SCHOMMER 

The  class  of  1912  held  its  25th  reunion 
.May  22,  1937,  at  the  University  Club,  Chi- 
cago. Seventeen  members  from  a  total  of 
sixty-nine  answered  the  roll  call.  They 
are  spread  from  China,  .Tapan,  .\ustrali<i, 
across  the  United  States  from  California 
to  New  York,  and  then  on  into  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  South  America.  The 
following  men  were  present  at  the  reunion: 
H.  A.  BYFIELD,  Ch.  E.,  J.  G.  CHAND- 
LER, Ch.  E.,  C.  AV.  COLLINS,  C.  E.,  F. 
C.  DIERKIXG.  C.  E.,  H.  C.  DOR- 
MITZER,  Ch.  E.,  H.  A.  DREW,  E.  E., 
G.  C.  ERICKSON,  E.  E.,  P.  W.  EVAN.S, 
E.  E.,  R.  J.  GEISLER,  C.  E.,  P.  M. 
1  EICHENKO.  C.  E.,  W\  A.  I.INDBERCi, 
E.  E.,  M.  L.  LOWENBERG,  C.  E.,  W.  G. 
MARTIN,  E.  E..  G.  R.  MEADE,  E.  E., 
.T.  E.  RUEF,  M.  E.,  ,T.  J.  SCHOMMER, 
Ch.  E.,  E.  M.  SINCERE,  Arch. 

Letters  were  received  from  the  follow- 
ing: 

RONALD  CLARK,  located  at  Berlin- 
Wilmersdorf,  Wurttembergische  Str.  23-2+, 
connected  with  the  General   Motors  Corp. 

LeROY  D.  KILEY,  President  of  Mitch- 
ell Oil  Corp.,  Mamaroneck,  New  York. 

CHESTER  A.  SNOW,  with  the  Plioenix 
Insurance  Co.,  Hartford,  Conn. 

SIDNEY  KAHN,  Vice-President  of 
Federal  Yeast  Corp.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

VINCENT  PAGLIARULO,  428  North 
Marel  Avenue,  Los  Angeles,  Calif.  Elec- 
trical Research  Products,  Inc. 

DUDLEY  F.  HOLTMAN,  744  Jackson 
Place,  Washington,  D.  C,  with  the  H.  M. 
Byllesby  &  Co. 

A  telegram  was  received  from  R.  S. 
CLAAR,  2915  Sunset  Blvd.,  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

A  cablegram  from  R.  C.  ARMSTRONG, 
Melbourne  Tech  College,  Melbourne,  Aus- 
tralia. 


MISSING: 

Beach,  W.  E.,  C.  E. 
Curren.  Earl  L.,  C.  E. 
Enoshita.  Toyozo,  E.E. 
Hazen,  Fred  G.,  E.  E. 
Newman,  J.  J.,  Ch.  E. 
Swanson.  W.  R..  C.  E. 
Tvirley,  E.  W..  Ch.  E. 
Voshida.  H.  T.,  M.  E. 


DECEASED: 
Bohlander,  H.  A.,  M.E. 
Dewalt,  E.  V.,  Arch. 
Hoehn,   J.   C,  Ch.   E. 
Lawrence.  M.  F.,  M.  E. 
Leviton,  M.  I.,  Arch. 
Michael,  J.  C,  Jr.,  E.E. 
Peck,  Winfield,  M.  E. 


1913 

ORVILLE  C.  BADGER,  C.  E.,  337 
Home  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  with  Roberts 
and  Shaefer  Co.,  110  Wrigley  Bldg., 
Chicago. 


WILLIAM  T.  BRAUN,  Arch.,  is  in  the 
architectural  business  for  himself  at  545 
E.  89th  Place,  Chicago. 

J.  DUDLEY  BRADFORD,  M.  E.,  is 
engineer  for  the  Koppers  Co.,  Koppers 
Bldg.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  He  lives  at  22!) 
Garland  St.,  Edgewood,  Pa. 

PAUL  K.  BROWN,  M.  E.,  is  advertis- 
ing production  manager  for  the  Liberty, 
magazine,  Macfadden  Publications,  Inc., 
122  E.  42nd  St.,  New  York  City.  Home 
address  is  85  St.  Andrews  Place,  Yonkers, 
New  York. 

.TOSEPH  S.  EHRMAN,  E.  E.,  4480  N. 
Maryland  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Blue  Star  Knitting  Co.,  1428 
North  Farwell  Ave.,  same  city. 

JOSEPH  LEO  FARRELLY,  C.  E., 
architectural  engineer  for  the  Board  of 
Education,  City  of  Chicago,  lives  at  12247 
Harvard  Ave.,  Chicago. 

CHARLES  R.  SCHLtLER,  E.  E.,  12  S. 
Columbia  St.,  Naperville,  111.,  is  with  the 
Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  room  600,  72 
W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

EMU.  G.  ZILMER,  Arch.,  is  a  practic- 
ing architect  with  his  office  at  132-33  Fed- 
eral Square  Bldg.,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  He 
informs  us  that  he  and  his  wife  are  in  busi- 
ness together,  handling  quite  a  bit  of  in- 
terior decorating.  Their  son,  Bruce,  is 
attending  the  Art  Institute  in  Chicago. 
MISSING:  Munn.  W.  K.,  Ch.  E. 

Arp,  W.  B.,  E.  E.  Stanley,  H.  C,  Arch. 

Connell,  D..  Arch.  Westlund.  E.  G.,  C.  E.  . 

Fisher,  H.F.   (Isr.),C.E.    DECEASED: 
Furay,  C.  J.,  Arch.  Arnold,  C.  H.,  F.  P.  E.  . 

Garrison.  C.  W.,  C.  E.  Curtis,  Marston,  E.  E. 
Kuehn,  Hugo  R.,  M.  E.  Ermeling.  R.  W..  Arch. 
Lill,  A.  C,  C.  E.  Kehr.  Chas.  F..  M.  E. 

Lundblad.  C.  D.,  Arch.  Leibrandt,  C.  R.,  C.  E. 
Moore,  F.  L.,  Ch.  E. 

1914 

TOM  C.  BOLTON,  E.  E.,  is  superinten- 
dent of  Davison  Bro.  Co.,  4th  and  Pierce 
Sts.,  Sioux  Citv,  Iowa.  He  lives  at  2705 
Valley  Drive. 

HERBERT  E.  JEDDY,  C.  E.,  resides 
at  1822  Stanwood  Road,  East  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  He  is  a  sales  engineer  for  the  LTnited 
States  Gypsum  Co.,  617  Hanna  Bldg., 
Cleveland. 

LOTHARDT  M.  JENSEN,  Arch.,  is 
vice  president  of  The  Brinn  and  Jensen 
Co.,  wholesale  paper,  etc.,  1108-12  Harvey 
St.,  Omaha,  Nebr.  His  home  address  is 
669  N.  57th  Ave.,  Omaha. 

EDWARD  W.  MENKE,  M.  E.,  lives  at 
41  W.  112  Place,  Chicago.  He  is  president 
of  the  Kelly-Menke  Co.,  also  the  Kelmenite 
Corporation,  both  at  64  E.  25th  St., 
Chicago. 

EDWARD  L.  NELSON,  E.  E.,  is  a 
radio  development  engineer.  Bell  Tele- 
phone Laboratories,  463  West  St.,  New 
York  Citv.  He  resides  at  39  Briarcliff 
Road,  Mt.  Lakes,  N.  J. 

FRANK  A.  SWANSON,  E.  E.,  is  mas- 
ter mechanic  for  the  Eisemann  Magneto 
Corp.,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  resides  at 
15  North  Ave.,   Fanwood,   New  Jersey. 

JOSEPH  ZAVERTNIK,  Ch.  E.,'  309 
Tenafly  Road,  Englewood,  New  Jersey,  is 
with  The  Barrett  Co.,  40  Rector  St.,  New 
York  City. 

.MISSING :  Oldenburger.W.C.C.E. 

Auer,  P.  Fenton.  C.  E.    Roberts,   W.    F..    C.   E. 
Barber,  G.  S.,  Arch.         Schmidt.  C.  D.,  Arch. 
Barr,  Allen  W..  Arch.      Sevin,    Irv.   M.,   C.    E. 
Boetter,  C.  L.,  C.  E.        Shane,  J.  L.,  Arcli. 
Case,  Harry  L.,  E.  E.       Smith,  H.  F.,  C.  E. 
Cohen,  Joseph,  Arch.        Wight,  J.  C,  Arch. 
Cooley,  G.  S.,  M.  E.  DECEASED: 

Eliel.  A.  G.,  Arch.  Dean,  Chas.  A..  C.  E. 

Kann,   W.   H.,   C.   E  Enislie,   John  M.,  C.   E. 

Morrow,   A.   W.,   Arcli.    Erickson,  11.  E.,  M.  R. 

1915 

WALTER  L.  BURROUGHS,  E.  E.,  as- 
sistant treasurer  Allen  Electric  and  Equip- 


42 


nciit     Co.,    Kalamazoo,    Midi.,    resides    at 
707   Hillside  Drive,  same  city. 

FRED   L.  BREWER,  M.   E.,  is  presi- 

lent   Brewer  Bros.,  Inc.,  wholesale  dealers 

In    gasoline,    oils,    greases,    tires,    etc.,    for 

[ervice  stations,  LaGrange,  111. 

ARCHIBALD    BULFIN    GRIFFITH, 

rcli.,  manager  of  the  Nicholas  Senn  Hos- 

ital,  Omaha,   Neb.,  resides  at  840  S.  59th 

t.,  Omaha.     He  reports  a  family  of  two 

[joys  and  two  girls. 

I  THEO.  K.  PFAFFLIN,  F.  P.  E.,  is  in 
j:he  Chicago  office  of  the  Home  Insurance 
bo.  of  New  York.  He  resides  at  7140 
Eggelston  Ave.,  Chicago. 
'  E.MIL  W.  PFEIL,  Ind.  Arts.,  2322  Com- 
monwealth Ave.,  Chicago,  is  teaching  me- 
chanical drawing  at  Crane  high  school. 

EARL  W.  PORTER,  Arch.,  managing 
sditor  of  the  Riverside  Press,  Riverside, 
,3al.,  lives  at  3.505  Ramona  Drive. 

WALTER  W.  SIR,  M.  E.,  is  master  me- 
chanic in  the  Crawford  Generating  Station 
3f  the  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  3501  S. 
Pulaski  Road,  Chicago.  His  home  address 
is  415(j  Barrv  Ave. 


MISSING: 

Deitenbeck.  Max.  C.  E 
Hamian.  E.  S..  M.  E. 
Hirose,    Yush..    Arch. 
Jlohnson,   V.   E.,   C.   E. 
Mammes,  H.  A..  E.  E. 


Sullivan.  T.   F.,  E.  E. 
Willson,   H.   E.,   M.   E. 
DECEASED: 
Congdon.  C.  C,  Ch.  E. 
Grossman,  A.  N.,  Gi.E. 
Juttemeyer,  W.L.,  M.E. 


Mierakowski,  T.K.,  E.E.  Norton,  Jos.  C,  C.  E. 

Minchin,  S.   H.,  Arch.  Palmer,  R.  C,  M.  E. 

Parrott.  R.  D.,  Ch.  E.  Sproesser.  G.  W.,  C.  E. 

~    ~       "    ■  ~    ~  Wight.  Clifford,  M.  E. 


1916 

Ftliniarii   24,    1937. 
Secretary,  Alumni  Ansociation 

In  permini/  the  December  issue  of  the 
Armour  Enr/meer  I  was  pleased  to  note 
mi/  iiamr  luinniii  thi  iinaeni  iiiiil  (irroiuifvil 
for  mriiih,  r^  ,,f  tin  ,■!,,.■<,■  ,,f  l!ll(i.  /  „„/;,•, 
that  ijuii  „r,  -..■<, H, l<  rhnj  hn-^c  an  Armour 
Tirh  ,irii,l,i,il,  III, mini, '(I  In  lurii  into  an 
iinliiiiiid    iniiihtir.    'riirniii   lies  a   tale. 

Aflir  h  nvinij  Armour.  I  xaas  employed 
hit  III,  l.'iiiohiKin  Maniifiii-turing  Co.,  man- 
ufacturers of  mininy  machinery.  I  spent 
six  years  with  them,  interrupted  by  almost 
a  year  of  war  service.  My  work  from  a 
human  standpoint  Was  interesting,  but  for 
no  III,  reason  not  satisfying.  I  prayed  for 
iiuhlance,  and  felt  a  decided  and  sudden 
urge  to  become  a  priest.  It  m:  anf  at  h,isl 
six  years  of  study  and  certainlii  a  iliffi  r,  nl 
type  of  life.  The  change  was  miol,  ,,hn,plhi 
and  with  such  little  difficulty  that  I  cannot 
explain  it  except  throiigh  the  operation  of 
divine  grace. 

I  spent  two  years  at  Columbia  College 
studying  Latin  and  philosophy  principally, 
and  then  was  sent  to  Rome  for  four  years 
of  theology.  Upon  my  ordination,  I  re- 
turned to  till.':  cnintrii  as  a  prlitit  of  the 
Archdliir,  XI  of  l>iihii,iii,.  Mil  jirxf  charge 
was  of  parish  Work  al  Dilxciini.  Iiixca,  for 
one  year.  Thin  I  \cos  apjioiiihd  a  riiiiiihir 
of  tilC  Cohlllihia  Aradilini  farilllil  jiarHrii- 
larly  to  start  a  ,;,iirs,  In  iiii  rhanira!  draw- 
ing. After  four  years  of  high-school  teach- 
ing, I  was  transferred  to  college  work  to 
introduce  a  two  years  course  in  general 
engineering.  Taking  a  year's  leave  of  ab- 
sence, I  studied  surveying  and  an  orienta- 
tion course  in  engineering  problems.  At 
the  same  time,  I  reviewed  my  mathematics, 
mechanics,  and  mechanical  drawing.  This 
was  done  at  Iowa  State  College,  Ames, 
Iowa.  For  the  past  three  years,  I  have 
been  teaching  courses  In  mechnnlcal  draw- 
ing, mechanics,  surveyiiia.  ami  i  iii/ineering 
problems.  These  subji'ts  :ciili  the  funda- 
mental courses  in  math,  iiiati,-s,  chemistry, 
physics,  English,  and  religion  round  out  a 
well  balanced  two  years  general  engineer- 


ing course.  A  student  is  then  prepared  to 
specialize  in  any  branch  of  engineering  hi 
may  choose. 

You  will  be  pleased  to  learn  then  that  1 
have  not  deserted  the  field  of  ,  ugin,,  ring 
and  that  my  training  at  Armour  is  loin]/ 
put  to  good  use.  Accept  mi/  sim;  n  ajipri - 
elation  for  the  interest  you  have  mani- 
fested In  me.  1  shall  ever  be  grateful  for 
rvhat  .Irmiiiir  has  i/lven  to  me  and  loi/al 
to  her  Ideals. 

Yours  respectfully, 
REV.  L.  J.  ENGLER. 


Drawing  Materials 


POST'S 

Drawing  Materials 
THE  FREDERICK  POST  CO. 

Hamlin   and   Avondals   Avenues 
CHICAGO 


VERTICAL    ^ 

1 

iTl 

TO  DRAW  ANY  ANGLE 

/     ..A         TO  DRAW 
A    "K^JkX  HORIZONTAL 

■•   ::    •;  :• 

r 

^iS= 

I 

<  ^.>  \k 

^ 

CLARENCE  W.  FARRIER,  Arch.,  is 
now  co-ordinator  of  the  television  division 
of  the  National  Broadcasting  Co.,  30 
RockefeUer  Plaza,  New  York  City.  He 
lives  at  842  Soundview  Drive,  Mamaroneck, 
N.  Y. 

WILLIAM  C.  LUCKOW,  Ch.  E.,  975(i 
S.  Hamilton  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  chemist  for 
the  W.  E.  Long  Co.,  155  N.  Clark  St., 
Chicago. 

ESTES  WILSON  MANN,  Arch.,  presi- 
dent and  treasurer  of  Estes  W.  Mann, 
Architect,  Inc.,  967-8-9  Shrine  Bldg.,  Mem- 
phis, Tenn.,  live-;  at  219n  S.  Parkway  East, 
Memphis.  He  is  the  jirdud  daddy  of  two 
sons — "one  futur,  architect  and  one  fu- 
ture second  stori/  Maun." 

AHTIll^R  A.'  OSWALD,  E.  E.,  radio 
(IcvcldiiMuiit  engineer  for  the  Bell  Tele- 
phone Laboratories  at  4^3  West  St.,  New 
York  City,  resides  at  2  West  Lane,  Maple- 
wood,  N.  J. 

CONRAD  L.  OTT,  M.  E.,  71  Farrand 
Park,  Highland  Park,  Mich.,  is  now  sec- 
retary and  treasurer  of  the  Ott  Machinery 
Sales  Co.,  540  Second  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

MALJRICE  L.  WILCOX,  M.  E.,  is  with 
the  Leaman  Transportation   Corp.,  Down- 
ington.  Pa.     His  home  address  is  840  Ed- 
wards Ave.,  Drexel  Hill,  Pa. 
MISSING:  McHugh,  L.  J.,  C.  E. 

Adams,  R.  S.,  C.  E.         Miller,  J.  V.,  M.  E. 
Apfelbach,  H.  J.,  Arch.    O'Dea,  T.  M.,  Ind.  Arts 
Appelbaum,   A.,  C.  E.      Sosna,  Sam.  E.,  C.  E. 
Armstrong,  F.  C,  C.  E.    Sostheim,  B.  B.,  C.  E. 
Broman,  J.  G.,  M.  E.       DECEASED: 
Eames,  E.  R.,  Arch.  Echlin,  E.  S.,  M.  E. 

Finkelstien,  S.  C,  Arch.    Hill,  Claude,  F.  P,  E. 
Foy,  Edgar  A.,  C.  E.       Rook,   Henry  A.,  C.  E. 
Harris,H.S.(Katz).E.E.     Smith,  Bern.  M.,  E.  E. 
Kinnally,  R.  W.,  C.  E. 

1917 

WILLIAM  ERNST  BAUER,  JR., 
M.  E.,  1921  Eddy  St.,  Chicago,  is  with 
Halsam  Products  Co.,  4114  Ravenswood 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

FRANK  J.  CONWAY,  Arch.,  is  witli 
the  Carrier  Construction  Corp.,  Merchan- 
dise Mart,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  406  Wes- 
ley Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111. 

LOUIS  E.  GIVEN,  E.  E.  is  secretary- 
treasurer  of  Given  Bros.  Shoe  Co.,  El 
Paso,  Texas.  His  home  address  is  1005 
Baltimore  St.,  El  Paso.  "Given  would  ap- 
preciate a  letter  from  his  old  friends." 

STUART  N.  MILLER,  C.  E.,  7203  S. 
Indiana  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Oscar 
Daniels  Co.,  135  S.  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

STANLEY  W.  NEWMAN,  C.  E.,  is 
president  Wildman  and  Newman,  Inc.,  33 
W.  42nd  St.,  New  York  City.  He  lives  at 
Topland  Road,  White  Plains,  New  York. 


DREIFUSS  BLOCK 

A    complete     portable    unit    for 
quick,    accurate    drawing. 

Ideal  for 
Architects  Students 

Engineers 
DREIFUSS  and  COMPANY 

7841  Westwood  Drive 
Chicago 

Electrical   Contracting 


DOOLEY  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

ELECTRICAL   CONTRACTORS 


456  E.  83rd  St.         •         Stewart  7268 
CHICAGO 


A.  S.  SCHULMAN 

ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

Electrical  Engineers  and 
Contractors 

537  South  Dearborn  Street 
CHICAGO 

PHONE  HARRISON  7288 

Address  All  Communications  to  the  Company 

A.   S.  SCHULMAN,   President 
HARVEY  T.  NACK,  Vice  President 


Electrical  Equipment 


THOMPSON  -  JAMESON 
ELECTRIC  CO. 

360  W.  Superior  St.,  Chicago 

MOTORS  and  ELEVATORS 

MAINTAINED  and  REPAIRED 

LIGHT   and    POWER    WIRING 

24  hour  sersrice  SUPERIOR   1396 


Transformer    Specialists 

Design  and  production  of  transformers  for 
Radio,  Sound  Amplification  and  Amateur 
Transmission.      1 1/2  K.  W.  limit. 

STANDARD  TRANSFORMER 

CORPORATION 

STANCOR 

850  Blaclchawk  Street  Chicago.  Illinois 


43 


CARROLL  HARRY  ROBERTS,  F.  P. 
E.,  is  an  insurance  broker,  P.  O.  Box  1453, 
Beaumont,  Texas. 

LEO  H.  ROSENBERG,  E.  E.,  is  with 
Lord  and  Thomas,  919  N.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago,  111.,  and  lives  at  7518  Chappel 
Ave.,  Chicago.  : 

EARLE  H.  SMITH,  C.  E.,  with  the 
Packard  Motor  Car  Co.,  1580  East  Grand 
Blvd.,  Detroit,  Mich.,  lives  at  700  Whit- 
more  Road,  Apt.  D-1,  Detroit,  Mich. 

HAROLD  S.  WHITE,  M.  E.,  is  now 
with  the  Olds  Motor  Works,  Lansing, 
Mich.,  having  left  the  Studebaker  Corp., 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  several  months  ago.  His 
home  address  is  546  Meadowlawn  Ave., 
East  Lansing,  Mich. 

WALTER    WOLLASTON,    Ch.    E.,    is 
with      Brunswick-Balke      CoUender      Co., 
Muskegon,  Mich.    His  home  address  is  In- 
terlaken.  North  Muskegon.  Mich. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Cooper,  Earl  C,  M.  E.  Anderson,  J.  E..  E.  E. 
Goldberg,  L.  I.,  C.  E.  Bechaud,  J.  P.,  M.  E. 
Hall,  Ken.  V.,  F.  P.  E.  Cowles,  Ray  D.,  F.P.E. 
Kendall,  S.  W.,  Oi.  E.  Fitener,  A.  G.,  Ch.  E. 
.Morse,  Ralph  L.,  M.  E.  Goorskey,  N.  J.,  Ch.  E. 
Prochazka,  R.  V.,  E.  E.  Hankan,  W.  M.,  Ch.  E. 
Turner,  J.  W.,  Arch.  Zimmerman,  A.,  E.  E. 
Vesely,  W.  J.,  Arch. 

1918 

JOHN  LEWIS  BROYLES,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Economy  Fuse  and  Mfg.  Co.,  2717 
Greenview  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  3235 
Bryn  Mawr  Ave.,  Chicago. 

NORMAN  LEE  HUFFAKER,  M.  E., 
5400  Beivdiey  Road,  Richmond,  Va.,  is 
with  the  New  York  Life  Ins.  Co.,  Box 
1618,  Richmond,  Va. 

A  few  lines  of  appreciation  from  ORA 
M.  HULLINGER,  E.  E.,  Mgr.  Trans- 
former Sales,  Line  Material  Co.,  South 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  "Congratulations  for 
splendid  issue  for  May,  1937.  Make-up, 
copy,  photography,  and  advertising  are  all 
of  the  finest  order." 

April  7,  1937. 
Secretary,  Alumni  Association 

Received  your  letter  today  written  to  my 
oldest  brother,  FRANK  A.  KNOTTS,  and 
addressed  to  our  former  address,  675 
Adams  St.,  Oary,  Indiana. 

1  wish  to  inform  you  that  Lieut.  Frank 
A.  Knotts  died  in  France  in  the  fall  of 
1918  and  now  rests  in  St.  Mihiel  Cemetery, 
France. 

Any  other  information  desired  you  may 
obtain  from  me  or  from  my  mother,  Mrs. 
Thomas  Knotts,  who  resides  at  4324  Madi- 
son Street,  Gary,  Indiana. 

Very  truly  yours, 
(Signed)  JOHN   \V.  KNOTTS. 

[Ed.  Note:  FRANK  A.  KNOTTS,  was 
an  Ex.  Arch.  1918.] 

HARRY  ALFRED  PETERSON,  C.  E., 
1937  Stanton  Ave.,  Whiting,  Indiana,  is  as- 
sistant superintendent  mechanical  depart- 
ment Standard  Oil  Co.  of-  Indiana,  at 
Whiting. 

J.  IRVING  PREST,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  tlie 
American  Steel  and  Wire  Co.,  Waukegan, 
III.,  and  lives  at  614  Lorraine  Ave. 
MISSING:  Koehler,  W.  W.,  Ch.  E. 

Andre,  Guy  L.,  M.  E.      Lewin,   Etlw.  P.,  Arch. 
Durham,    E.   J.,   M.    E.    DECEASED: 
Erickson,   R.  A.,   E.   E.    Newlander,  R.  A.,  E.E. 
Kerr,  Volney  A.,  M.  E. 

1919 

1060  Sleepy   Hollow  Lane, 

Plainfield,  N.  J., 

February  20,  1937. 
Secretary,  Armour  Alumni  Association 

In  connection  with  my  work  at  the  West- 
ern Electric  Co.,  I  have  felt  a  need  for 
information  on  subjects  relating  to  man- 
agement    and     personnel     administration. 


Electrical  Equipment 


Phone  Randolph  1125 
All   Department* 

GOLDBERG   &    O'BRIEN 

ELECTRIC  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERS    AND 

CONTRACTORS 

OFFICE    AND     PLANT 

I  7  South  Jeffarson  Streat 
Chicago,  Illinois 


Northwestern   Electric    Company 

408-412  Sonth  Hoyne  Avenue 

Electric   Motors — Converters — Welders 
Guaranteed  Service 


"Extra -Service" 

Friction  and  Rubber  Tapes 
.  .  .  at  no  extra  cost 

VAN  fLEEF  BROS. 

Mjrs.  RuHir  »nd  Ckimical  Products 

WoodUwn  Ave.,  77th  to  78th  Sts. 
CHICAGO 


Motor*  and  Generators  Rebuilt 

New   and   U«ed   Motors  for  Sale 

Telephone  Boulevard  2389 

CENTRAL  MOTOR  &  REPAIR  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENQINEERING 

MANUFACTURERS    OF     RADIO    GENERATORS 

GENERAL     ELECTRICAL     AND     MECHANICAL 

REPAIRING 

615-617  ROOT  STREET 
CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 


Tfie  PYLE-NATIONAL 
COMPANY 

RAILROAD  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CONDUIT 
WIRING    FiniNGS 

AIRPORT  AND  AIR  CRAFT 
LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

STEAM  TURBINES 

one-fourth  to  five  horse  power 

TURBO  GENERATORS 

one-half    to    twelve    kilowatt 

FLOOD  LIGHTS 
Chicago  lilinoif 


After  taking  several  evening  courses  in 
the  graduate  school  of  New  York  Univer- 
sity without  any  particular  coordination 
I  decided  to  fit  them  into  a  program  lead- 
ing to  the  degree  of  Master  of  Business 
Administration  which  would  extend  over 
a   period  of  any   number  of  years.    .    .    . 

In  addition  to  my  regular  job  I  have 
taken  an  active  part  in  educational  mat- 
ters, particularly  in  our  evening  school,  in 
which  I  have  served  as  head  instructor  of 
Telephony  during  the  past  ten  years. 

The  progress  of  the  Institute,  as  related 
in  the  Armour  Engineer,  is  inspiring. 
After  the  improvements  described  in  the 
October,  193G,  issue  have  been  completed, 
an  old  timer  will  hardly  find  his  way 
around.  Tlie  Research  Foundation,  dis- 
cussed by  Dr.  Hotchkiss,  will  no  doubt 
bring  additional  honors  to  the  school  as 
industrial  organizations  turn  to  it  for  as- 
sistance. 

Sincerely  yours, 
(Signed)   EDWIN  H.  ARNOLD. 

LYNN  E.  DAVIES,  M.  E.,  8024  La- 
fayette Ave.,  Chicago,  is  development  en- 
gineer for  the  White  Cap  Co.,  1812  N. 
Central  Ave.,  Chicago. 

RAY  O.  JOSLYN,  E.  E.,  president  of 
Layne  Western  Co.,  B.  M.  A.  Bldg.,  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.,  resides  at  438  W.  62nd  St. 

MARION  E.  SHAW,  C.  E.,  is  with  Sar- 
gent and  Lundy,  140  S.  Dearborn  St.,  Chi- 
cago, and  resides  at  8.39  S.  Prospect  Ave., 
Park  Ridge,  111. 

MISSING:  Senescall,  Clyde,  C.  E. 

Cowles,  F.  S.,  Arch.  Wallace,  M.  R.,  Arch. 

Dady,  Wm.  E.,  Arch.       Wilbor,  John  B.,  Ch.  E. 
Geldmeier,  H.  F..  E.  E.    DECEASED: 
Gold,  C.  L.,  C.  E.  Erickson,   A.   E.,   Arch. 

Mintz,  Chas.  W.,  F.P.E.  Marks,  Robt.  E.,  M.  E. 
Schimek,  A.  F.,  Arch. 

1920 

HAROLD  F.  CLAUSEN,  M.  E.,  is  en- 
gineer for  the  Anaconda  Copper  Mining 
Co.,  Hennessey  Bldg.,  Butte,  Mont.  He 
lives  at  107  S.  Excelsior  Ave.,  Butte. 

EMIL  DASING,  C.  E.,  4729  N.  Talman 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  a  designing  engineer  for 
the  Sears  Roebuck  &  Co. 

HIRSCH  EPSTEIN,  E.  E.,  owns  and 
operates  a  company  manufacturing  neon 
signs  called  International  Neon  Signs  at 
14  N.  May  St.,  Chicago.  His  home  ad- 
dress is  4939  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

MARSHALL  GOTTLIEB,  M.  E.,  pro- 
prietor of  M.  Gottlieb  and  Co.,  1414  S. 
Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  resides  at  2828' 
Pine  Grove  Ave. 

ARTHUR  LeROY  LYON,  Ch.  E.,  6659 i 
Phillips  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  with  North- 
western Malt  and  Grain,  4600  Cortland 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

PAUL  L.  STERN,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  the. 
Clinton  Co.,  Clinton,  Iowa.  His  home  ad- 
dress is  Breezy  Point,  Clinton,  Iowa. 

HAROLD  DeFOREST  STEVERS, 
E.  E.,  92113  16th  Ave.,  South  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  is  an  engineering  draftsman.  Cock 
design  division,  T.  V.  A.,  U.  S.  Engineer 
Corps.    604  Bennie  Dillon  Bldg.,  Nashville. 

WILLIAM  JAMES  WIGNALL,  C.  E., 
is  with  the  A.  M.  Byers  Co.,  Clarke  Bldg., 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

MISSING:  Podolsky,  D.  H.,  Ch.  E. 

Bloomberg,  S.,  E.  E.         Popkin,  J.  L.,  Arch. 
Fainstien,   M.,  C.  E.         Sniely,  Jas.,  E.  E. 
Frank,  Julian,  C.  E.  Stein,  Aaron,  C.  E. 

Jones,  L.  E.,  M.  E.  Wens.  V"V  Man,  M.  E. 

Karlson,  Jos.,  Arch.  DECEASED: 

McEldowney,H.B.,A'ch.  Bentley,  W.  J.,  Ch.  E. 
0';  onnor,  W.  J.,  Arch.  Malpede,  D.  J.,  E.  E. 
Peterson.  H.  C,  M.  E. 

1921 

MYNHART  O.  BRUECKNER,  Ch.  E., 
is  with  Chas.  H.  Bacon  Co.,  Loudon,  Tenn. 
His  home  address  is  Huffs  Ferry  Road, 
same  city. 


44 


CHARLES  BUSHNELL  DOOI.IT- 
TLE,  M.  E.,  65  N.  Lonfrconunon  Uoatl, 
Riverside,  111.,  is  with  the  Illinois  Bell  Tel 
ephone  Co.,  212  W.  Washiiifrton  St., 
Chicago. 

MORTON  G.  GROSS,  M.  K.,  is  a  imi- 
chaiit  at  23  W.  Superior  St.,  Duluth,  .Minn. 

LYMAN  DIXON  .lUDSON,  Ch.  E., 
with  the  Western  Electric  Co.,  Chicafio,  re- 
sides at  112.5  N.  Elinwood  Park,  Oak  Park, 
111. 

HARRY  C.  KIHI.STRO.M.  E.  E.,  is 
switchboard  engineer,  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric and  Mfg.  Co.,  Buffalo,  New  York  and 
lives  at  72  Westview  Ave.,  Hamburg,  New 
York. 

WILLIAM  K.  LYON,  JR.,  C.  E.,  is  a 
postmaster  at  Niles  Center,  111.  He  lives 
at  8029  Kilbourne  Ave.,  same  city.  Wc 
were  sorry  to  learn  that  you  are  having  to 
use  crutches  as  a  result  of  an  attack  ol 
infantile  paralysis  in  1930. 

WALTER  S.  PAWL  (PAWLOWSKI), 
M.  E.,  4713  Lee  Highway,  Arlington,  \a.. 
is  assistant  examiner.  Division  28,  L^.  S. 
Patent  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

GEORGE  W.  PETERSEN,  C.  E.,  2S():i 
21st  St.,  Columbu.s,  Neb.,  writes:  ••/'(-)•  tli, 
pant  3'/'  i/earn,  1  have  been  eiiiploi/ed  hi/ 
the  I'WA'in  the  Impectlon  Dlvhion'.  I  icax 
priiiiioted  in  Jiili/  of  la.st  year  to  the  Hiiper- 
visini/  Ent,\neer's  position  for  the  PW.l 
on  tin  Lo'up  River  J'niilir  Poxt'er  Projeet. 
This  u-ill  r<int  tchen  eonipleted  appro.ri- 
iiiatelji  ,'};n,()()n,()00  and  con:iists  of  ranal.-<. 
poiCer  liouKex,  tranninigswn  lines,  suhstn- 
tion.t.  etc.  I  <(m  thoroughly  enjoyimi  this 
■work. 

Yours  truly, 

(Signed)  GEORGE  W.  PETERSEN. 

DELMAR  L.  ROSENDAL,  E.  E..  is 
with  the  Western  Electric  Co.,  100  Cen- 
tral Ave.,  Kearney,  N.  J.  He  lives  at 
Newell  Place,  N.  Arlington,  N.  J. 

SHELDON  H.  WEBSTER,  M.  E.,  is 
with  Montgomery  Ward  and  Co.,  ()200  St. 
John  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  His  home 
address  is  7204  Madison  Ave. 

EMIL  F.  WINTER,  Ch.  E.,  is  manager 
6f  the  printing  department  of  the  Pioneer 
Publishing  Co.,  Oak  Park,  111.     He  resides 
at  (il)S  LeMoyne  Parkway,  Oak  Park. 
MI.SSING:  Pearce.  Wm.  W.,  E.  E. 

Bloom.  Louis  S.,  E.  E.       Zahrobsky.  G.  J..  E.  E. 
Browde.  A.  M.,  Arch.        DECEASED: 
Kaplon,   Hilton,  Ch.  E.    Burke,  S.  J.,  C.  E. 
Mundt.   Edw.,   C.  E.  Enneling.  W..  Ind.Arts 

Muramoto,  D.  K..  E.  E.    (Jrahendike.   C.A..    E.E. 
Newman,  Dr.L.B..  M.E.    Little.   .1.    Half.   Ch.   E. 

1922 

GEORGE  H.  ADI.ER,  E.  E.,  318  Buell 
Ave.,  Joliet,  111.,  is  with  the  Public  Serv- 
ice Co.  of  Northern  Illinois,  1701  S.  First 
Ave.,  Maywood,  111. 

LUMIR  P.  BRAZDA,  Ind.  Arts,  is 
teaching  in  the  engineering  department  at 
Wilson  Jr.  College,  0800  Stewart  Ave., 
Chicago.  He  lives  at  1834.  S.  Gunderson 
Ave.,  Berwyn,  III. 

ALFRED  A.  DAVIS,  Ch.  E.,  4630  Bea- 
con Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Thomas 
Moulding  Floor  Co.,  165  W.  Wacker  Drive. 

HARRY  T.  FULTZ,  Ind.  Arts,  is  state 
director,  WPA,  Adult  Education  Program, 
State  of  Illinois,  6th  Floor,  Merchandise 
Mart,  Chicago,  III.  His  home  address  is 
7347  Dorchester  Ave.,  Chicago. 

GEORGE  A.  GILBERTSON,  Ch.  E., 
superintendent  Pines  Winterfront  Co., 
1135  N.  Cicero  Ave.,  Chicago,  lives  at  5800 
Markham  Ave. 

HENRY  M'lLLIAM  HERBST,  Ch.  E., 
1000  Loyola  Ave.,  Chicago.  111.,  is  presi- 
dent of  "Biwax  Corporation,  1017  S.  Kol- 
mar  Ave. 


Electrical  Equipment 


R.  E.  FISCHEL 

Becker  Brothers  Carbon  Co. 

Electrical    and    Mechanical    Carbon 

Products 

223-5-7  NO.  ASHLAND  AVENUE 

Chicago 

MONROE  6544 


Economical  Hl-Grade    Rebuilt  Deptndablo 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 

MOTOR   GENERATORS,    ROTARY 
CONVERTORS,   ETC. 

Ask    for    Special     LItt 

Gregory  Electric  Co. 

1603    S.    Lincoln    Street  Chicago,    III. 


LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

by 

ARMOUR  MEN 

MULTI    ELECTRICAL    MFG.    CO. 
1840  West  14th  Street,  Chicago 


ELECTRIC 
MOTORS 


CALUMET 
4961 


DAVID   GORDON 

ELECTRICAL   EQUIPMENT 

1720   SO.   MICHIGAN   AVE.,   CHICAGO 


LIGHTING  PICTURES 

and 

ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES 

TRIANGLE  ELECTRIC  CO. 

600  West  Adams  Street 
Chicago 

Mr.  Byrnes  Tel.  HAYmarket  7980 


TRANSFORMERS 
Write  for  catalogs  and  manuals 

•  Transmitter      Guide  —  No.      344 

Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
lists  for  transmitters  ranging  from 
25  watts  to  1.000  watts 15c 

•  Radio  Servicin);  Guide — Xo.  342 
Auto  Installation  hints,  how  to 
hulld  a  direct  reading  voltmeter, 
how  to  make  and  use  output  indi- 
cators and  align  receivers,  tube 
data,    etc 15c 

•  Sound  Amplifier  Guide — No.  346 
Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
list    for    Amplifiers    ranging    up    to 


KDWAHD  HKHST  (HKUKOVITZ), 
1-:.  F...  is  seeretarv  I'erlite  ,Mf)r.  ami  Sup- 
plv  Co..  ITS  .-)tli  .\ve.,  .S;.n  iM-aiui^co,  CaL, 
Mii'd   lives  at    1:5(15  riiion  .St. 

LKOXAKI)  .M.  IIOI.MK.S,  C.  K...  _':5(i 
Mdiitercv  Ave.,  Oavton.  Ohio,  is  with  the 
D.ivton  "I'ouer  and  l.iglit  Co.,  Gas  and 
I'.leeti-ic   lUdfr.,   Davton. 

HAI.ril  .S.  KKNKICK,  E.  E.,  is  in  the 
,id\ crtisiiifr  departnient  of  Swift  and  Co., 
I'liioii  Stoek  Yards,  Cliicago,  III.  lie  re- 
sides at  ~-M>  N.  Lotus  Ave.,  Chieago. 

CI'.OHCiK  M.  KKI.LEV,  E.  E.,  i.s  mem- 
Iht  of  the  firm  Kilhonrn  Engineering  Co., 
sales  rei)reseiitatives,  at  (iOO  \V .  Jackson 
151vd.,  Chieago.  He  lives  at  U.5  .S.  Adams 
St.,  Hinsdale,    111. 

FUKDERICK  C.  IxWONc;.  K.  K.,  is  in 
the  loeomotive  deiKirlmcnt  of  the  Xankiiig- 
Sh.inghai  and  Slianfihai-Hangchow-Ningjio 
Kaihv.iys,  North  Station,  Shanghai,  China. 
His  home  address  is,  eare  of  Sun  Kwong 
Hing,  !I7  Wing  Lock  Street.  Hongkong, 
China. 

MAX  11.  .M  AlilXK,  Ch.  K.,  an  attornev- 
at-law,  l:5il  X.  Clark  St.,  Chieago,  resid"e.s 
at  210J.  Arthur  Ave.,  Chieago. 

HAKOI.D  A.  PETKHSOX,  C.  E.,  is 
state  reeonditioning  su))ervisor  of  Home 
Owners  Loan  Corp.,  s:S(i  World  Heral.l 
Bldg.,  Omaha,  Xeh.  He  lives  at  IJ?  S. 
list   St.,  Omaha. 

lli:{  .Seminary   Road, 
Silver   Spring,    Maryland, 
.Vpril   17,  1937. 
Secretary,   .\lumni   Association. 

First  of  all  let  me  take  this  ojiport unit y 
III  tell  I/""  hoxc  much  I  enjoi/  the  new 
.Inuoiir'  r:n,,iiir,  r  and  Jlinin'ins.  It  is  do- 
iii,/  a  n,il'}nl,  and  h,\i<i„:i  to  l>rinp  all 
.Inannr  nun  rins,  r  I,,.,,  11,,'r.  The  articles 
an  sphndid.  and  Ihi  news  aliout  the  school 
anil  filhnc  idiiiiini  i.i  mast  interestiny. 

.if III-  iiradiiatinii  in  1922  /  started  in 
the  enyineerinij  department  of  Curtis 
Liyhliny.  Inc.,  xcent  into  the  sales  depart- 
ment, and  after  three  years  Was  put  in 
rhari/e  of  sales  priimiifion.  In  two  years  I 
was  made  advertisini/  and  sales  promotion 
iiianai/er.  a  pasitiiin  I  held  for  four  years. 
Whi'ii  the  depression  came  I  acted  as  ex- 
/lart  sides  manager  for  about  two  years. 
Finally  this  work  was  taken  over  and  I 
fnitnd  myself  out  in,  the  cold  after  spend- 
Inii    lin    'of   the   best   years  of   my   life  xcilh 

hiiriini  this  time  I  attended  mani/  riin- 
niilinns.  and  far  three  i/ears  acted 'as  e.r- 
hihil     manauer    at    the    Eleetricul    Dealer's 


.Ifltr  liavinii  Curtis  Lii/htiny  another 
itia/i  and  I  I rlid  a  iiianiifactnrers  agency 
linsinrss  In  <  lirlrlral  supplies,  but  this  did 
not  u-iirk  ant.  In  l!i:W  Cnrtis  Lighting 
railed  me  hark  fur  si.f  tnonths  to  manage 
their  crhibil  at  -.1   Centiiri/  of  Progress." 

In  Februani,   l.'t.M-.   /   came   to    Washing- 
Ian   and  associated  xcith    Harris  \   ICx^-in;!. 
the    nation's    leadini/    phatiigrajdirrs.     I    Ik- 
rame  manager  of  their  direct   mail  depart- 
minl   and  have  been  handling  all  of   their 
lint    II f   tincn  business.    I  have   become  ac- 
ijiiainlid   icith    the   eastern    and   southeast- 
ern   states,   havinii    carerrd   mast    of    Penn- 
sylvania,   yexc    Yark.    .Maryland.    Viruinia. 
West      \'iriiinia.      .\arlh      Caralina.     Sanlli 
Carolina.    Tennessee,   and  Kentucky. 
Yours  verv  trulv, 
(Signed)  .rOHX  B.' THOMPSOX. 
MI.s.SING:  (ieorffeviek,  Ellas.  .M.K. 

Bernstein,  Jacol),  C.  E.  Heniian.  B.  S.,  M.  E. 
l)i.ssel.  Woodridse.  M.E.  Mason,  E.  B..  C.  E. 
Conner,  Geo.  D.,  Arch.  McCormack,  W.J...\rcli. 
Elerdam,  E.  C,  C.  E.  I'aque,  W.  W..  M.  E. 
Eisenstein,  Sam..  M.  E.  Rehnquist,  P.  A..  M.  E. 
Erlandson,  N.  H.,  E.  E.  Silverberfr.  .S..  Cli.  E. 
r.ambal,  John  ,1..  C.  E.    Watt,  Jas.  H.,  C.  E. 


45 


Electrical  Equipment 


Illinois    Electric    Porcelain 
Company 


MACOMB.    ILLINOIS 

E.  J.  BURRIS 

District  Representative 


5263  Qumcy  Street,  Chicago,   Illinois 


VACUUM     CLEANERS 

BOUGHT  and  SOLD 

WE    REPAIR    HOOVER 

AND 
ALL   OTHER   MAKES 

THE  BOBBETT  ELEC.  MFG.  CO. 

4543  Cottage  Grove  Ave.,  Chicago 
Tel.   OAKIand    1252 


Cliicaso  Transformer 
Corporation 

3501    ADDISON   STREET 
Chicago,  Illinois 

Independence    I  120 


CHICAGO   •    ILLINOIS 

FOR  QUALITY 
WHITE  METAL  ALLOYS 

ALL  KINDS 


Employment  Agency 


Want  a  Job? 

ARCHITECTS'  AGENCY 

FURNISHES 

TECHNICAL  MEN 

ARCHITECTS— ENGINEERS- 
CONTRACTORS— CORPORATIONS 
GEO.  S.  BANNISTER.  Manager 
508  South  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago 

Wabash  5589 


Engraving 


417 
PHONE 


NORTH    STATE    ST. 
SUPERIOR    6716 


ARTISTS  •   DESIGNERS 
PHOTO  ENGRAVERS  • 
BLACK  &  V^HITE  • 
COLOR  PROCESS  • 
BEN   DAY  • 


1923 

EARL  (ERLING)  A.  ARENTZ,  E.  E., 
vice-president  U.  S.  Tank  Ship  Corp.,  230 
Park  Ave.,  New  York  City,  resides  at  12.5 
W.  16th  St. 

BENJAMIN  M.  GARLAND,  M.  E., 
1128  Pratt  Blvd.,  Chicago,  he  is  with  James 
B.  Clow  &  Sons,  in  the  marble  mill,  2338 
S.  Western  Ave. 

Correction:  ALBERT  R.  HAUSER, 
Arch.,  was  given  in  the  March,  1937,  Engi- 
neer as  Hansen — Beg  your  pardon. 

FRANK  X.  HENKE,  Ind.  Arts,  10807 
S.  Wood  St.,  Chicago,  is  teaching  in  the 
Chicago  Manual  Training  College,  0800 
Stewart  Ave. 

THEO.  J.  KANDERS,  C.  E.,  is  district 
manager  of  The  Patterson  Kelly  Co.,  Inc., 
1700  VValnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  He  re- 
sides at  415  Church  Road,  Elkins  Park, 
Pa. 

RAYMOND  O.  MATSON,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Illinois  Inspection  Bureau,  309  W. 
.Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  1122 
Lake  Ave.,  Wilmette,  III. 

ROBERT  S.  MAYO,  C.  E.,  sales  engi- 
neer for  the  Ransome  Concrete  Machinery 
Co.,  Dunellen,  N.  J.,  lives  at  18.50  Myrtle 
Ave.,  Plainfleld,  N.  J. 

MERLE  CARO  NUTT,  Ch.  E.,  was  re- 
cently elected  a  trustee  of  the  Illinois  Wes- 
leyan  L'niversity  at  Bloomington,  111.  Mr. 
Xutt  is  vice  president  and  secretary  of  the 
Moline  Iron  Works,  Moline,  111.,  and  re- 
sides at  301.5  Tudor  Court,  Moline. 

GERHARD  N.  SCHUMACHER,  M.  E., 
is  a  special  agent  in  charge  of  Northern 
Indiana  for  the  Hartford  Fire  Insurance 
Co.,  1102  Tower  Bldg.,  South  Bend,  Ind. 
He  resides  at  1315  Sunnyside  Ave. 

FRED  E.  SLOAN,  Arch.,  is  a  practic- 
ing architect  at  737  N.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago.   He  resides  at  404  Sigel  St.,  Chicago. 

FREDERICK  V.  WALTERS,  E.  E.,  is 
teaching  at  Tilden  Technical  High  School 
4747  S.  Union  Ave.,  Chicago.  His  home 
address  is   774.;i  Ridgeland  Ave.,  Chicago. 

April  7,  19.37. 
Secy.,  Alumni  Association 

Yniir  rforfs  fo  run  down  my  location  are 
d(<iihi  iipjin  ciiil,  ,1.  Xo  doubt  you  people 
hack  (if  xrhnol  Imvc  many  occasions  to  feel 
that  ^fraduatca  have  short  memories  in- 
deed. In  my  case  I  suppose,  as  tenth  many 
others,  it  is  not  a  matter  of  fading  senti- 
ments or  short  mem,ories,  but  simply  a 
matter  of  being  caught  up  in  so  turbulent 
a  stream  of  events  as  to  preclude  any 
thought  except  the  matter  at  hand.  I  am 
hoping  that  your  effort  to  renew  contact 
K'ith  school  interests  has  come  at  a  time 
■when  I  will  be  free  enough  from  here  on 
to  profit  by  the  continuation  of  that  in- 
terest. 

Armour  has  always  seemed  to  me  so 
much  more  rpractical  in  its  application  to 
preparations  for  life  and  living  than  many 
other  schools  that  I  cannot  but  feel  that 
the  soundness  of  its  methods  will  give  it 
increasing  influence  in  its  field  as  each 
year  passes. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 
(Signed)  JOHN  CLARK  WORLEY. 
MISSING:  Miller,  D.  F.,  E.  E. 

Bland,  Henry,  E.  E.  Oboler,  Max  O.,  E.  E. 

Clark.  A.  S..  Arch.  Pollan.   H.  T..  M.  E. 

Crane.  W.  O.,  E.  E.  Prentiss,  E.  W.,  C.  E. 

Dolesh,  F.  J.,  E.  E.  Salzman,  M.  M.,  C.  E. 

Downs,  F.  C.  Oi.  E.        Schwartz,  M.  L.,  E.  E. 
Goldstein,  A..  M.  E.         Sommers,  L.  H..  Arch. 
Graicunas,  V.  A..  M.E.    DECEASED: 
Mandel.   D.  M..   C.   E.      Mills,  Paul  R.,  M.  E. 

1924 

MALCOLM  L.  BROWN,  C.  E.,  is  su- 
perintendent   of    construction,    Bureau    of 


Engineering,  State  of  Wisconsin,  Madison. 
His  home  address  is  P.  O.  Box  2047, 
Madison. 

MAURICE  A.  DRUBECK,  M.  E.,  6920 
Oglesby  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  in  the  filtration 
plant-design  department  of  the  Division  of 
Water  Purification,  City  of  Chicago,  Navy 
Pier. 

KARL  E.  EPPICH,  F.  P.  E.,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  Ed.  P.  Eppich  and  Sons, 
General  Insurance,  810  14th  St.,  Denver, 
Colo.    He  resides  at  1131  Vine  St. 

JAMES  W.  FULTON,  M.  E.,  is  a  part- 
ner of  the  firm  of  John  R.  Fulton  Sons, 
Realtors,  19  N.  Genesee  St.,  Waukegan, 
111.  His  home  address  is  1326  N.  Hickory 
St. 

HARLAND  R.  HARWOOD,  F.  P.  E., 
1639  Farwell  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Federal  Hardware  and  Implement  Mu- 
tuals,  221  X.  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

CLARENCE  F.  KAUTZ,  Ch.  E.,  is  in 
the  manufacturing  division  of  the  Ethyl 
Gasoline  Corporation,  P.  O.  Box  688,  Wil- 
mington, Delaware.  His  home  address  is 
1902  Berry  St.,  Houston,  Texas. 

ERNEST  A.  KLEIN,  E.  E.,  733  Addi- 
son St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  U.  S.  Gypsum 
Co.,  300  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

JEROME  H.  LINDEN,  C.  E.,  is  prin- 
cipal of  the  Orland  Park  Schools,  Orland 
Park,   111.     He  lives   in   Palos   Park,   111. 

EDWIN  E.  McLAREN,  F.  P.  E.,  4715 
Park  Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  is  with  the 
W.  E.  Barton  Agency,  500  Indiana  Trust 
Building,  Indianapolis. 

EDMUND  J.  MIESSLER,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
superintendent  of  the  Lima  Branch  of  the 
Ohio  Inspection  Bureau,  1019  Lima  Trust 
Bldg.,  Lima,  Ohio.  He  lives  at  319  West- 
wood  Drive. 

GEORGE  A.  MORGAN,  Ch.  E.,  1744  E. 
71st  Place,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Peoples 
Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co.,  122  S.  Michigan 
Ave.,   Chicago. 

F.  RAYMOND  NELLE,  C.  E.,  1026 
Fifth  St.,  Wyandotte,  Mich.,  is  in  the  De- 
partment of  Interior,  National  Park  Serv- 
ice, Saginaw  S.  P.  6,  Bay  City,  Michigan. 

JAMES  O.  PECKHAM,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  A.  C.  Nielson  Co.,  2101  Howard  St., 
Chicago.  He  resides  at  597  Greenview 
Ave.,   Highland  Park,  111. 

LLOYD  R.  QUAYLE,  C.  E.,  is  with 
Fruit  Industries,  Ltd.,  270  Broadway,  New 
York  City.  He  resides  at  8  Adams  Place, 
Glen  Ridge,  N.  J. 

CLAUDE  ALBON  STIEHL,  Arch.,  is 
an  independent  architect,  435  Damon  Bldg., 
Honolulu.  He  lives  at  3566  Woodlawn 
Drive,  Honolulu,  T.  H. 

ANTHONY  J.  ZELENKA,  C.  E.,  2331 
S.  62nd  Ave.,  Cicero,  111.,  is  a  practising 
architect  and  engineer  with  oflSces  at  the 
same  address. 

JOHN  H.  BAILEY,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  L. 
Aronberg,  6  E.  Lake  St.,  Chicago,  and 
lives  at  845  N.   Ridgeway  Ave.,  Chicago. 

W.  HALE  BALDWIN,  F.  P.  E.,  is  an 
engineer  for  the  Nebraska  Inspection  Bu- 
reau, 226  Standard  Oil  Bldg.,  Omaha, 
Neb.    He  lives  at  3415  Lafayette  Ave. 

CLIVE  R.  BISHOP,  E.  E.,  1109  Mon- 
roe St.,  Evanston,  111.,  is  with  the  Public 
Service  Co.  of  Northern  Illinois,  79  W. 
Monroe  St.,  Chicago. 

HERBERT  H.  CHUN,  E.  E.,  paid  us 
a  visit  in  August  and  informed  us  that  he 
was  on  his  way  to  China  for  a  stay  of  sev- 
eral years.  Chun  has  been  with  the  Arc- 
turus  Radio  Tube  Co.,  720  Frelinghuysen 
Ave.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  for  several  years. 


46 


0e39  Maryland  Ave.,  Chicago,  III. 
Armour  Alumni  Association 

In  your  letter  of  April  14.,  1937,  you  re- 
port your  lack  of  success  in  finding  my 
name  on  your  list  of  graduntes.  I  ■went 
through  the  four  years  at  Armour  under 
the  name  "Elmer  Dai-is"  and  at  the  last 
minute,  just  before  graduation,  decided  to 
have  my  diploma  made  out  in  my  full 
name,  Wilfred  Elmer  DaTix.  My  photo- 
graph in  the  1925  class  picture  ap-pears  in 
the  second  rotv  from  the  bottom  and  the 
fourth  picture  from  the  right  hand  side. 
J  hope  this  information  7t'ill  help  you  in 
identifying  me. 

Yours  truly, 
(Signed)   W.  "E.  DAVIS. 
MISSING:  Miirner.  H.  K.,  C.  E. 

Anderson.  H.  E..  Arch.    Xel.^on,  Carl  A.,  M.  E. 
Baim,  Eugene,  Ch.  E.      Olson,  Alden  T..  C.  E. 
Bensinger,  E.  A.,  Ch.E.    Samuels.  Saul.  C.  E. 
Davidson,  D.  E.,  M.  E.    Spaid,  0.  M.,  F.P.E. 
Falconer,  J.  W.,  E.  E.    Swanson,  E.J.,  Ind.Arts 
Friedman,  H.  C.  C.  E.    Vickers.  W.  H.,   M.  E. 
Greenfield,T.(Isr.)Ch.E.    Walk,  Edw..  C.  E. 
Hardwicke,  L.  C,  C.  E.    DECEASED: 
Hart,  T.  H.,  E.  E.  Almendinger,   H.  A., 

Johnson,  E.  A.,  Arch.  E.  E. 

Laatsch,  R.  C.  Ch.  E.       Finkelstien,  L.  M.,  E.  E. 
Lipsky,  Wm.  S.,  M.  E.    Heller,  Dnane  L.,  M.  E. 

1925 

JOHN  R.  FREDERICK,  E.  E.,  910 
Park  Aye.,  Beloit,  Wis.,  is  witii  the  Wis- 
consin Power  and  Light  Co.,  500  Public 
Ave. 

ELMER  R.  GRITSCHKE,  C.  E.,  is 
both  mechanical  and  civil  engineer  for 
Neiler  Rich  and  Co.,  431  S.  Dearborn  St., 
Chicago.     He   resides  at   1648  Morse  Ave. 

PAUL  B.  HULTGREX,  M.  E.,  is  with 
the  Illinois  Engineering  Co.,  20.35  S.  Ra- 
cine Ave.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  1443  Ber- 
wyn  Ave. 

ALBERT  H.  .JOSEPH,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Western  Factory  Insurance  Ass'n, 
175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Cliicago.  He  re- 
sides at  309  Grafton  Ave.,  Davton,  Ohio. 

RUSSELL  LESLIE  LAWSON,  C.  E., 
is  a  structural  designer  for  Montgomery 
Ward  and  Co.,  Chicago,  and  lives  at  10135 
Avenue  "L." 

HAROLD  J.  LUTH,  Ch.  E.,  is  a  super- 
visor engineer  in  charge  of  power  and 
steam  at  Brunswick  Balke  Collendar  Co., 
Muskegon,  Mich.  He  lives  at  740  Jefferson 
St. 

PETER  J.  MARSCHALL,  E.  E.,  2201 
Touhy  Ave.,  Chicago,  he  is  with  Kroeschell 
Engineering  Co.,  213  W.  Ontario  St. 

CARL  G.  MILLER,  F.  P.  E.,  is  man- 
ager of  the  Knoxville  and  East  Tennessee 
Branch,  Tennessee  Inspection  Bureau,  1016 
Burwell  Bldg.,  Knoxville,  Tenn.  He  re- 
sides at  26  Oak  Park  Drive.  "Enjoy  the 
Engineer  and  Alumnus  very  much,  espe- 
cially reference  and  news  items  about 
former  classmates.  Give  its  more  of  them. 
The  entire  publication  is  very  interestinq." 

This  from  the  NEDVEDiS  who  reside 
at  7219  Wright  Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
''If  your  records  were  straight,  you  -would 
know  that  Elizabeth  Kimball  'gradwited 
from  Armour  after  becoming  Mrs.  Ru- 
dolph Xedved,  and  under  this  name  Eliz- 
abeth Kimball  Nedved  graduated  in  archi- 
tecture in  1925  and  has'  been  in  touch  with 
Armour  ever  since.  Mr.  Nedved  was  also 
an  Armour  graduate  in  Architecture,  class 
of  1922,  and  taught  architectural  design  at 
Armour  1923-1928."   Beg   your  pardon. 

WILLIAM  S.  RALPH,  Arch.,  practis- 
ing architecture  in  Mineral  Point,  Wis., 
hopes  soon  to  return  to  Chicago. 

NORMAN  B.  SCHREIBER,  M.  E., 
7344  So.  Shore  Drive,  Chicago,  is  vice  pres- 
ident of  MacDonald  Bros.,  Inc.,  310  S. 
Michigan  Ave. 

CHARLES  EARL  TWEEDLE,  E.  E., 
is  vice  president  and  general  manager  of 


Polar  Air  Inc.,  air  conditioning  at  100  N. 
Ewing  St.,  Dallas,  Texas.  He  resides  at 
207  Appian  Way. 

EUGENE  VOITA,  Arch.,  is  practicing 
architecture  at  141  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chi- 
cago. His  home  address  is  837  N.  I.orel 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

.MISSING:  Prciulergast.      K.      \V.. 

Beck,   M.   D.,   Ch.   E.  Arch. 

Bookman,   T..   Ch.   E.        Rose,  Geo..  Jr..  M.  K. 
Gaylord,   R.   P.,   F.P.E.    Schwarz,   Edwin,   E.  E 
Johnson,  J.  C...  Ch.   E.    Shoemaker,  . I. M..  .M.K. 
Larkin,  Clif.   E.,   E.  E.    Willey.  S.  R.,  C.  E. 
McFaul,  Don.  J..  M.  E.    DECEASED: 
Norton.    H.    E.,   Ch.   E.    Gaul,  Carl  C.  C.  E. 
Nudelman.  C.  S.,  C.  E.    Taylor,  Von  D.,  F.P.E. 
Ostland.    R.    E..    C.    E. 

1926 

CHARLES  W.  BARGER,  F.  P.  E..  is 
with  Marsh  and  McLennan  Insurance,  1507 
Merchants  Bank  Bldg.,  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana, and  resides  at  621  E.  39th  St. 

J.  HOWARD  BOWMAN,  M.  E.,  is  with 
the  Clarage  Fan  Co.,  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 
His  address  is  Route  No.  9,  Kalamazoo. 

PATRICK  M.  CONNELLY,  E.  E.,  321 
S.  Albany  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  line  design 
engineer  for  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Co.,  72  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

A.  J.  DANZIGER,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with 
Crum  and  Foster,  505  Insurance  Exchange 
Bldg.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  He  resides  at 
2623  39th  St. 

WILLIAM  A.  DEAN,  JR.,  E.  E.,  316 
N.  Mayfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Bowman  Dairy  Co.,  140  W.  Ontario  St., 
Chicago. 

EUGENE  CLARKE  HEDGES,  C.  E., 
is  a  drawing  teacher  at  the  Washburne 
Trade  School,  Sedgwick  and  Division 
Streets,  Chicago.  He  resides  at  1454  War- 
ner Ave. 

WILLIAM  MARTIN  KAUFMANN, 
M.  E.,  is  with  the  Worthington  Pump  and 
Machine  Corp.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  He  lives 
at  129  Groveland  Ave. 

WILLIAM  J.  PATTERSON,  E.  E.,  is 
with  Swift  and  Co.,  Union  Stock  Yards, 
Chicago,  and  lives  at  324  E.  80th  St. 

ALEXANDER  C.  RASMUSSEN,  C.  E., 
6337  S.  Ada  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Uni- 
versal Oil  Products  Co.,  310  S.  Michigan 
Ave. 

DOUGLAS  R.  STIEHL,  M.  E.,  is  dis- 
trict manager  for  the  B.  F.  Sturtevant  Co., 
968  Stuart  Bldg.,  Seattle,  Waslungton.  His 
address  is  217  Republican  St. 

DONALD  S.  ULLOCK,  Ch.  E.,  is  with 
the  Carbide  and  Carbon  Chemicals  Cor- 
poration, South  Charleston,  W.  Va.  He 
resides  at  448  Forest  Circle. 

GEORGE  E.  WOODFIELD,  F.  P.  E., 
is  special  agent  for  Loyalty  Group  Insur- 
ance Companies,  316  Rogers  Bldg.,  Jack- 
son, Michigan,  and  lives  at  605  McBride 
St. 

MISSING:  Reeder,  C.  D.,  E.  E. 

Becker,   Geo.,   Arch.  DECEASED: 

Blume,  L.  J.,  Arch.  Chatroop,  L.  W.,  C.  E. 

Jacobs,  Leo  B..  Arch.  Norrgard,  E.  G.,  M.  E. 
Kloer,   C.   G.,   Arch.  Ruddock.   R.   D.,  C.  E. 

Komacker,  F.  J.,  C.  E. 

1927 

WALTER  HARRY  ALEXANDER. 
F.  P.  E.,  member  of  the  firm  of  W.  L. 
Alexander  and  Son,  Inc.,  1220  1st  National 
Bank  Bldg.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  resides  at 
585  Howell  Ave. 

CLIFFORD  A.  BECKMAN,  E.  E.,  is 
the  New  York  State  Representative  for 
the  Visking  Corporation,  6733  W.  65th  St., 
Chicago.  He  lives  at  229  Wellington  Road, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

KARL  J.  BURKHARDT,  E.  E.,  is  in 
the  architectural  bureau,  electrical  depart- 
ment. Board  of  Education,  City  of  Chi- 
cago, 228  N.  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago,  111.,  and 
lives  at  4514  AVoodlawn  Ave. 


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For  all  Mechanical  and  Industrial 
Purposes 

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Flowers 

Telephone     Victory     4515-4516 
"Your    Telegraph    Florist" 

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T.  A.  Kidwell                                   Chic^ 

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COMPANY 

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Chicago,    Illinois 


47 


THOMAS  P.  CAMl',  Cli.  E.,  is  in  tlu- 
researcli  department  of  the  United  States 
GyiJsum  Co.,  1253  Diversey  Parkway,  Clii- 
cago.  He  lives  at  806  S.  Diinton  Ave., 
Arlington  Heights,  111. 

FRANK  A.  DANDA,  C.  E.,  is  a  testinjr 
and  inspection  engineer  for  tlie  Sanitary 
District  of  Chicago,  910  S.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago.  He  resides  at  1809  S.  58th  Court, 
Cicero,  111. 

RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON,  Arch.. 
918  18th  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  is 
associate  architect,  L^.  S.  Department  of 
Interior,  National  Park  Service,  Hraiuli 
of  Plans  and  Designs,  Interior  Hldg., 
Washington,  D.  C. 

FRED  J.  EWALD,  E.  E.,  is  with  the 
Edison  General  Electric  Appliance  Co., 
SfiOO  W.  Taylor  St.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at 
270  South  St.,  Elmlnirst,  111. 

June   U,   1937. 
Secretary,  Alumni  Association 

For  the  past  three  ijears  I  have  been 
Chief  Engineer  of  Copeland  Refrh/erdtitm 
in  Detroit.  The  owner  of  ('opehin'd  i.<  <ih,> 
the  vufner  of  sevenil  other  eoneern.i.  I'lCo 
of  them  lora/e,/  in  Sii.lnet/.  Ohio,  lireenth/ 
1  wn,  appoint,,!  pro,l,„-tion  En,m„er  of 
Prima  Mftl.  Ci.  (:lV(.s-/m  cv  an,/  ir,iners). 
and  chief  engineer  of  I'errlr.s  /ir.o,l  Ma- 
chinery Co. 

I  oceasiomillii    meet    men    who    ,ir,iilnat,,l 
before  me  and  ali„>  .i,ime  siiiee.    I  h,ii'i   ,  ii- 
joyed  the  Armour  Ent/ineer  icith  the  inl,  r- 
esting  artiele.^  and  familiar  Dcene.',. 
Best  regards, 
(Signed)    PERCY  C.   HALL. 

JOHN  CLARK  HARROWER,  C.  E., 
6535  Grant  Ave.,  Merchantville,  X.  J.,  is 
in  the  Foreign  Aviation  Sales  Division  of 
the  R.  C.  A.  Mfg.  Co.,  Camden,  N.  J. 

CARL  E.  HERBST,  F.  P.  E.,  is  witli 
Crum  and  Forster,  175  W.  Jackson  Blvd., 
Chicago.  He  lives  at  1723  Pleasant  Ave., 
Highland  Park,  111. 

W.  F.  KUFFEL,  F.  P.  E.,  is  now  en- 
gineer in  the  Chicago  office  of  the  Phoenix 
Insurance  Company  of  Hartford,  Conn., 
175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111.  He 
was  for  several  years  second  superinten- 
dent of  Ratings  for  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Fire   Underwriters. 

HAROLD  REESE  NISSLEY,  E.  E.,  is 
Acting  Associate  Professor  of  Business  in 
the  School  of  Business,  Miami  LTniversity, 
Oxford,  Ohio. 

HAROLD  E.  ROSS,  M.  E..  is  engineer 
for  the  Carrier  Corporation,  180  N.  Mielii- 
gan  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  resides  at  8311 
East  End  Ave. 

ALBERT  R.  WACHNER,  E.  E.,  is 
buyer  for  Comnionweatth  Edison  Co.,  72 
W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago.  His  address  is  at 
8538  S.  Bishop  St. 

FRANK  C.  WITTING,  Ch.  E.,  is  with 
the  Peoples  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co.,  120 
S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at 
6718  S.  Ridgeland  Ave. 

MISSING:  Madden,  E.   H..   E.   E. 

Barfleld,  N.  D.,  Arch.  Mazzone,  S.  A..  Arch, 
i  Berkson,  Aaron.  Arch.  Ohlinger,  Leo.  0..  C.  E. 
,  Cailles,  B.  A.,  C.  E.  Schescli,   Carl.   M.   E. 

George,  H.  R.,  Jr.,  M.E.     Uebele,   G.   F.,   C.   E. 
Goo.    R.    Y.,    Arch.  Verano,    Victorio.    C.E. 

Henrich,  R.  L..  M.  E.  Weinberg,  Jos.,  E.  E. 
Heves.  A.  B.,  E.  E.  DECEASED: 

Larson.   E.   A.,   E.   E.         Lamm.   M.   H..   M.   E. 
Lee.  Geo.   Harold,  E.E.     Urban.  J.  W..  Ch.  E. 

1928 

MATHEW  F.  BEISBIER,  M.  E.,  is 
district  manager  for  the  Line  Material  Co., 
708  Columbia  Mutual  Tower,  Memphis, 
Tenn.  He  lives  at  :iSl  N.  Claylirook  Ave. 
Secretary,  Alumni  .Assdciation 

/  had' the  ,/ood  f,irhin,  r,,-,i,llii  of  (//-- 
tainin,/  ,i  M,ireh  i.-<.iii,  of  the  '■Jrnmnr  En- 
gineer inni  .Ihimiiii.'^''  ,in,l  n,>tr  that  I  ,im 
listed  a.s'  ■■miKKin,/.'' 


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/  ,tradnate,t  in  /H.'S  in  Cheniieal  Engi- 
n,erin,l  and  at  present  am  repre.ient((tive 
and  .s-ales  en,,ineer  in  the  State  ,<f  Ohio  for 
the  ]-vlfe.r'('hemi,-al  Companij  of  Cam- 
hridqe.  .Ua.s,..  monnfaet nrers  of  vnl,-ani-.,d 
rnld'ier  latex  and  tale.,-  e,im ponnd.',.  M g 
o/Jice  (ul<freKif  is  WS  .tkron  Saving.^  an, I 
Loan  Hide/.,  Akron.  Ohio,  rind  mg  re.ii,lenee 
iV  80  ir.  Center  St. 

Very  truly  yours, 
(Signed)    H()BERT  N.  BROWN. 

leKOY  ,J.  ERICSSON,  E.  E.,  is  with 
tlu-  Carter  Carburetor  Corporation,  2838 
N.  Sjiring  Ave.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  His  home 
^iddress  is  (i()28  Clemens  Ave. 

IlKNKY  F.\BIAN,  Ch.  E.,  is  assistant 
Cliief  Chemist  for  the  Institute  of  Ameri- 
can   Meat    I'acl^ers,   5<l    K.    Van    Buren   St., 


it  .'•>:i 


74.th  St. 


CAHL  A.  GUSTAFSON,  C.  E.,  ,5920 
Kidgc  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Powers 
Hegulator  Co.,  2720  Greenview  Ave., 
Chicago. 

D.WID  ITTIN,  E.  E.,  is  with  the  Pales- 
tine Electric  Corporation,  Haifa,  Pales- 
tine. His  home  address  is  9  Barzilai  St., 
Haifa,  Palestine. 

LeROY  A.  KRAMER,  Ch.  E.,  1040  E. 
8()th  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Victor  Chem- 
ical Works,  Chicago  Heights,  111. 

JACK  H.  I-ANDES,  Arch.,  is  teaching 
in  the  Lane  Technical  School,  2501  Addi- 
son St.,  Chicago.  He  resides  at  2934  N. 
Killiourn  Ave. 

RICHARD  K.  LANGAN,  F.  P.  E.,  was 
recently  transferred  from  Louisville  to 
Pco])les  National  Bank  Bldg.,  .lackson, 
.Micli.,  as  a  fire  and  marine  special  agent 
for  the  Great  American  Ins.  Co.  Langan 
was  for  several  years  engineer  for  the 
Kentucky  Actuarial  Bureau.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Langan  "recently  announced  the  birth  of  a 

ANSON  BROWNELL  MILLARD, 
M.  E.,  is  an  engineer  for  the  A.  O.  Smith 
Cori)oration,  3533  N.  27th  St.,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.  His  home  address  is  Box  91,  Route 
3,  Milwaukee. 

MILTON  E.  PAGE,  C.  E.,  is  in  the 
highway  department  of  Cook  County,  188 
W.  Randolph  St.,  Chicago.  He  commutes 
to   10329  Canterbury  St.,  Westchester,   III. 

FRANK  J.  PISCHKE,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Co.,  311  W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  C.  SEGELER,  M.  E.,  is  engi- 
neer in  the  steam  department  of  the  L'ni- 
versity  of  Chicago,  (ilOl  Blackstone  Ave., 
and  lives  at  9821   Exchange  Ave.,  Chicago. 

ANDREW  B.  SMITH,  M.  E.,  for  nine 
years  connected  with  the  Leathen  D.  Smith 
interests  in  Chicago  and  Sturgeon  Bay, 
Wis.,  as  marine  superintendent  and  engi- 
neer has  accepted  an  ajjiiointment  as  ma- 
rine survevor  to  the  American  Bureau  of 
Shi])ping,  Prudential  Bldg.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
His   home  address  is  209  Elmwood. 

SERENO  E.  STREETER,  Arch.,  is 
field  supervisor,  controllers  division.  Met- 
ropolitan Life  Insurance  Co.,  Baker  Bldg., 
Minneapolis.  Minn.  He  lives  at  4317  Beard 
Ave.,  S. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Bech.  Jose  .\.,  M.  E.         Everly.   A.   H.,   E.   K. 
(liistafson.   G.   A..   E.E.     Kleiner,     G.     W.,     Jr., 
Higgins.  E.  J.  S..  Arch.        E.    E. 
Jones.   C.   S.,   E.    E.  Patterson.  J.  R..  M.  E. 

Miller.  Leo.  F.  P.  E.        Wright,  C.  O..  M.  E. 
Ogden.  Tom.  C.  E. 

1929 

W.  .1.  BCGGY,  who  has  been  special 
agent  of  the  Automobile  and  the  Standard 
Fire  of  Hartford  in  Indiana,  has  been  pro- 
moted to  state  agent  in  West  Virginia,  suc- 
ceeding R.  B.  Miller,  resigned.  His  head- 
(|uarters  will  be  511  Wheeling  Steel  Corp. 
Bldg.,  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 


48 


HENRY  CHRISTIANSEN'.  C.  E..  is 
sales  engineer  for  the  Automatic  Products 
Co.,  24.50  N.  32nd  St..  Milwaukee,  Wis.  His 
home  address  is  31  E.  110th  PI.,  Chicago. 

ALBERT  CRIZ  (ABE  CRI/EVSKY), 
Arch.,  is  practicing  architecture  at  3.5  N. 
Micliigan  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  lives  iit  ■)2l)-") 
S.  Greenwood  Ave. 

FRED  R.  DELTHONY,  E.  E.,  is  in  tin- 
U.  S.  Navj-  Material  Laboratory,  Brook- 
Ivn  Navy  Yard,  Brooklvn,  N.  Y.,  and  lives 
at  1  Prospect  Park  M'est,  Brooklvn. 

JAMES  JAY,  JR.,  E.  E.,  504  N.  Ham- 
lin Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  Co. 

JOEL  M.  JACOBSON,  C.  E.,  is  with 
the  Glenn  L.  Martin  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Jacobson  paid  us  a  visit  a  few  days  ago 
and  promised  to  write  an  article  on  Trans- 
atlantic Airplane  Design. 

DONOVAN  D.  JOSEPHSON,  M.  E.. 
informs  us  that  he  married  Miss  Martha 
Jane  Stipp  of  Asheville,  N.  C,  October  4, 
193().  Josephson  is  with  the  American 
Anka  Corp.,  Anka,  N.  C,  and  his  home 
address  is  36  College  Park  Place,  Ashe- 
ville, N.  C. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  CHARLES  ALBER 
KLOPP,  Arch.,  announced  the  birth  of 
Charles,  Jr.,  on  April  14,  1937. 

VLADIMIR  C.  MIROX  (.MIRONO- 
WICZ),  E.  E.,  is  witli  the  Aladdin  Radio 
Ind.,  4()()  W.  Superior  St.,  Chicago. 

ARTHUR  E.  NEUMANN,  M.  E..  is 
chief  engineer  for  tlie  Rudolph  Wurlitzer 
Co.,  DeKalb,  111.  His  home  address  is  7919 
S.  Ridgeland  Ave..  Chicago. 

HOWARD  CHARLES  NEWMAN, 
M.  E.,  is  with  the  Conunonwealth  Edison. 
Chicago.  He  informed  us  a  few  days  ago 
that  he  expected  to  move  to  California  in 
a  short  time. 

FLOYD  C.  ONG,  E.  E.,  is  with  the  Bell 
Telephone  I/aboratories,  463  West  St.. 
New  York  City.  He  lives  at  147  Western 
Ave.,  Morristown,   N.  Y. 

SIDNEY  S.  PULASKI,  E.  E.,  is  with 
tlie  Perfex  Controls  Co.,  415  W.  Oklahoma 
Place,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  This  company 
manufactures  temperature  controls,  and 
Pulaski  is  in  charge  of  the  experimental 
testing.  Home  address  is  Bourbon,  Ind., 
Route  No.  1. 

PHILIP  A.  REIF.  C.  E..  6142  S.  Rich- 
mond St.,  Chicago,  is  in  the  engineering 
deiiartment  of  the  Victor  Chemical  Co., 
Chicago   Heights.    111. 

CHARLES  H.  STRONG,  E.  E., 
3  Lynch  St.,  Elgin,  111.,  is  with  the  Na- 
tional Inspection  Co.,  176  W.  Adams  St., 
Chicago. 

HARRY  EISLER  TURK,  Arch.,  has 
his  own  architectural  office  at  232  E.  Erie 
St.,  Chicago,  and  lives  at  :3800  N.  Trov  St. 

CHARLES  PERCIVAL  WARE.  Arch., 
is  in  the  engineering  department  of  the 
Standard  Oil  of  Indiana,  Whiting,  Ind. 
His  address  is  1447  E.  Marquette  Road, 
Chicago. 

JOHN  R.  YOUNT,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  the 
Bakelite    Corp..    Boundbrook.    N.    J.,    and 
lives   at  778    Hawthorne   Ave. 
MISSING:  C.    E. 

Farrell,  Fred.  B.,  C.  E.    Rolir,  E.  K.,  F.  P.  E. 
Garbett,    R.,    Ch.    E.  Strom,   G.   W..   E.   E. 

Libanoff,  Leo,  C.  E.  DECEASED: 

Montgomen-.      G.      M.,     Greene.  W.  B..  F.  P.  E. 

1930 

WILLIAM  F.  ASMUS,  E.  E..  11.535 
Normal  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Inter- 
national Harvester  Co.,  1015  W.  120th  St., 
Chicago. 

CHARLES  J.  REAL,  F.  P.  E.,  is  Are 
insurance  inspector  for  the  Illinois  Inspec- 
tion Bureau,  309  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chi- 
cago, and  lives  at  6150  Winthrop  Ave. 

ERNEST  W.  BERG,  Arch.,  2517  N. 
Sawyer   Ave.,   Chicago,   is   with   the   Metal 


Insurance 


rts  Co.,  !l.-)2   \V.   Lake  St., 


JACK  I.  KITCH 

"INSURANCE"  is   My   Middle  Name 

South    East    National    Bank    Building 

1180   East  63rd  Street 

PHONE:    FAIRFAX    7200 


YOUR  FINANCIAL  PLANS 

Can  be  guaranteed  of  accomplishment 
with  an  Equitable  Life  Insurance  or  Annuity 
Contract. 

ROBERT  G.  PILKINGTON.  JR. 

•■.Wew  Light  on  Old  Problems'' 
120  So.  La  Salle   St.  Franklin  0400 


Build  a  Monthly  Income 

through 

MAN'S  STAUNCHEST  FRIEND 

His  Life  Insurance 

By  Consulting 
O.   D.   RICHARDSON 

Asso.  General  Agent 

Berkshire  Life   Insurance  Co, 

PIHsfield,    Mass. 

Room    1229—1    No.    La  Salle    St. 

Chicago,    Illinois 

Tel.  Ran.  2224 


EUGENE 

F. 

HILLER 

(1M6) 

INSURANCE 

— 

ANNUITIES 

Personal 

Business 

for 
and 

Estate   Protection 

No. 

1    North 

La   £ 

aUe   Building 

State  S600 

EVERETT    R.   COLE 

General  Insurance  Broker 

175  W.  Jackson  Boulevard 

CHICAGO 


PAUL  L  MULLANEY  (1924) 
INVESTMENTS 

Room  820,  231    South  La  Salle  Street 

Chicago 

Telephone    Franklin    8844 


Chicago. 

.MAX  BO.SIIKS.  Arcli.,  U2I  S.  Will.nd 
Ave,  Chicago,  is  a  traffic  ciigiiuer,  Traf- 
lic  Division,  Citv  Hall,  Chicago. 

K.  l'KR(V>'  UOVNTON,  Ch.  E.,  212 
:iSth  Ave,  Bavside,  N.  Y.,  is  a  patent  at- 
lornev  with  the  L'nion  Carbide  &  Carbon 
Corp.".  :i()   K.   1.2nil  St.,  New   York  Citv. 

.JACK  M.  DOILKNMAIKR,  K.  K.,  is 
with  the  line  Material  Co.  of  .Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  and  has  recentiv  been  transferred 
from  Cincinnati,  Ohio,"  to  the  Detroit  ter- 
ritorv,  witii  both  residence  and  business 
.iddriss  at  ()17  S.  Connecticut  Ave.,  Roval 
Oak,   .Mich. 

HKNR'i-  WILKE  FAUI.STICII,  M.K., 
:J7I(i  N.  Lowell  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  tlie 
General  Household  Utilities  Co.,  '^KiS  X. 
I'ulaski   Road,  Chicago. 

I'HKODORE  GARFIELD,  Ch.  E.,  is 
with  StMndard  Rrands,  Inc.,  1015  Inde- 
lu-ndenie  Ul\(l.,  Chicago,  and  resides  at 
.-)015   .Maypole  Ave. 

AHFRKD  CHARLES  CiL'NTHER, 
F.  P.  E.,  H51  N.  Ked/.ie  Ave.,  Chicago,  is 
now  eini)loved  in  the  engineering  depart- 
ment. Western  Factorv  Insurance  Asso- 
ciation, 175  W.  Jackslin  Blvd.,  Chicago. 
Gunther  had  been  with  the  Oklahoma  In- 
spection Bureau  for  six  vears  since  grad- 
uation. 

HKNRY  R.  HALEY  (Eckelnuin),  F. 
I'.  E.,  is  now  engineer  for  the  Insurance 
Co.  of  North  America,  209  W.  Jackson 
Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  was  previously  with 
the    Wisconsin    Inspection    Bureau,    Madi- 

GEORGE  .1.  HELLER.  .M.  E.,  is  with 
the  Chrvsler  ,\ir  Temj),  air  conditioning, 
lilt  Ingrabain  BIdg.,  .Miami,  Fla. 

GKORGK  I).  HORRAS,  .IR.,  F.  1'.  F., 
ISOl.  Jefferson  St.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  is 
a  special  agent  with  Cruni  &  Forster, 
5();3-.504  Sharp  BIdg.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Ilorras  was  formerly  with  the  Oklahoma 
InsjH'ction  Bureau  at  Tulsa. 

CARL  HERBERT  JOHNSON,  E.  F., 
7:S(>  Walnut  St.,  Allentown,  Fa.,  is  salws 
engineer  for  the  Line  Material  Co.  of  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.  with  office  address  the  same 
as  bis  residence. 

FRANK  LeCJRADY,  Ex  C.  E.,  married 
.Miss  Helen  Mary  DeBolt,  Sunday,  June  (i, 
IfCJT,  at  Westville,  Ind.,  LeGrady  is  in 
the  thermal  insulation  business  in  Chicago 
Heights,  III. 

ARTHUR  T.  MARTIN,  F.  P.  E.,  516 
Fnglewood  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Vic- 
tor Chemical  Co.,  Chicago  Heights,  III. 

FRANK  F.  POLITO,  Arch.,  2944  W. 
(irand  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  operating  his  own 
architectural  office  at  (i   N.  Michigan  Ave. 

FREDERICK  A.  RASMUSSEN,  C.  E., 
723  E.  Willow  Ave.,  Wheaton,  III.,  is  with 
the  engineering  firm  of  I.oewehsohn,  Pear- 
son and  Solomon,  Inc.,  Arcade  BIdg.,  Kan- 
kakee,  111. 

CLARENCE  L.  ROSENQUEST,  Arch., 
.")().'5:i  N.  Ridgeway  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with 
the  Union  Special  Machine  Co.,  400  N. 
Franklin  St.,  Chicago. 

DONALD  W.  SMITLI,  M.  E.,  Oklahoma 
City,  Okla.,  is  traveling  for  the  Buick 
Motor  Co.  in  western  Oklahoma  and  the 
Texas  Panbaiulle  as  parts  and  service  re])- 
resentative. 

ROLAND  M.  SPENCER,  M.  F.,  .5009 
Clanniont  St.,  Houston,  Texas,  is  repre- 
sent inj:  the  Powers  Regulator  Co.  in  the 
Houston  territory.  Office  address,  707 
.M  and  M  BIdg.,  Houston.  Sjiencer  boasts 
a   faniilv   of  two  girls. 

.lOHX  F.  T.VR.MAX,  t  h.  F..  is  a  re- 
search chemist  at  .Vrmour  and  Co.,  L'nion 
Stock  Yards,  Chicago.  His  home  address 
is  (>452  Ellis  Ave.,  Chicago. 


49 


Jewelry 


SPIES   BROTHERS.   Inc. 

Manufacturing  Jewelers 

CLASS  PINS  AND  RINGS 

Fraternity     and     Sorority    Jewelry 

Medals  and  Trophies 

Dance    Programs    and    Announcements 

27   E.   Monroe  Street 

CHICAGO 


Laundry 


Tel.    Haymarket    2338 

MANDLER'S  LAUNDRY 

Industrial  Supply 

Since    1875 

464-66  Milwaukee  Avenue 

E.   O.    Mandler  Chicago.    III. 


WEST  LAKE  LAUNDRY  COMPANY 

3329  S.  State  Street 
Chicago 

Serving  railroads,  institutions,  industries 
since  1890. 

Telephone:   Victory   6300 


Management  Engineer 


GRIFFENHAGEN  & 
ASSOCIATES 

Established    1911 

MANAGEMENT  ENGINEERS 

AND  ACCOUNTANTS 


CONSULTANTS  ON  PROBLEMS  OF  OR- 
GANIZATION, FINANCE,  PERSONNEL. 
AND  OPERATING  PROCEDURE. 


Head  Office:  LaSalle-Wacker  Building 
Chicago 


CHARLES  R.  SIMMONS 

CONSULTANT   IN  MANAGEMENT 

Industrial  Engineer 


10  South  La  Salle  Street 

CHICAGO 
Telephone  Franklin  1234 


CHARLES  F.  VOJTECH,  M.  E.,  2+51 
Hamlin  Ave.,  is  a  patent  attorney  for 
Borg-Warner  Corp.,  310  S.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago.  He  was  formerly  with  the  Bell 
Telephone  Lab  in  N.  Y..  and  made  the 
change  the  first  of  tliis  year. 

JOHN  J.  ZOLAD,  Ch.  E.,   1106  Chris- 
topher St.,  Flint,  Mich.,  is  with  the  E.  I. 
duPont  dc  Nemours  and  Co.,  Flint. 
MISSING:  Solstad,    E.    W.,    Arch. 

Realty,  S.  A..  F.  P.  E.  Taylor,  J.  L..  E.  E. 
Fischman,  L.  H.,  C.  E.  Tell,  F.  O.,  Arch. 
Frost.   A.  J..   M.   E.  Wood,  M.  B.,  C.  E. 

Goldman,  J.  R.,  Oi.  E.    DECEASED: 
Kilbourne,  R.  E.,  F.P.E.    Kara,   J.   J.,   C.   E. 
Peterson,   F.   B.,   E.   E.    Van     Valzah,     W.     S., 
Sanborn,    F.    E.,    E.    E.        M.  E. 

1931 

.\.  B.  AUEHBACH,  C.  E.,  is  a  2nd 
Lieutenant,  Corps  of  Engineers,  Corozol, 
Canal  Zone. 

LUMIR  P.  BRAZDA,  Arch.,  6522  S. 
Maplewood  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  teaching  at 
Wilson  Jr.  College,  68th  St.  and  Stewart 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

March  27,   1937. 
Placement  Officer: 

It  was  indeed  a  great  pleasure  to  re.'- 
ceive  your  letter  of  10th  Dec,  last,  reestab- 
lishing our  connection,  which  was  left  of  en 
by  my  returning  to  Canton. 

I  was  fortuiuite  to  have  returned  and 
found  work  in  my  own  profession,  chiip- 
ping  in  my  little  bit  towards  the  recon- 
struction of  this  large  nation.  There  is  a 
great  deal  to  be  done  in  every  line  of  busi- 
ness; one  must  work  hard  to  give  one's 
best.  At  present  I  am  also  connected  with 
the  Skiang  Chyn  University,  teaching 
architecture.  I  am  enjoying  it  because 
academic  lefork  makes  one  keen. 

Gene  Voita  paid  me  a  visit  on  his  tour 
around  the  world.  It  makes  me  happy  to 
have  been  able  to  hoist  the  banner  of  our 
old  Alma  Mater  in  this  far  outpost;  and 
this  bears  greetings  to  you  all — happy, 
seafaring,  and  adventurous  architects  and 
engineers. 

I  wish  you  would  please  reinstate  me 
so  that  I  am  no  longer  among  the  missing. 
Any  circulars,  bulletins,  and  magazines  of 
old  Armour  I  shall  certainly  be  glad  to 
receive,  keeping  in  touch  with  what  is 
going  on  over  there. 

Kindly  send  me  a  copy  of  Armour 
school  songs  and  yells  and  price  of  Armour 
banner,  cushion,  brass  seal,  and  other  sou- 
venir articles. 

If  you   see    Voita,   send   my   greetings; 
also  to  each  and  all  of  my  old  friends. 
Sincerely, 
(Signed)  EUGENE  W.  CHIN. 

E.  C.  ERLAND,  F.  P.  E.,  5353  College 
Ave.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  is  special  agent 
for  the  Fireman's  Fund  Insurance  Co.,  207 
Guaranty  Bldg.,  Indianapolis. 

JAMES  COLEMAN  FILMER,  E.  E., 
217  Main  St.,  Lombard,  111.,  is  now  with 
the  Bendix  Radio  Corp.,  60  E.  25th  St., 
Chicago.  He  was  formerly  with  the  Tung 
Sol  Lamp  Works,  Newark,  N.  J. 

WALTER  A.  KNOCKE,  E.  E.,  3251 
W.  66th  St.,  Chicago,  is  a  welding  engi- 
neer for  the  Pullman  Standard  Car  Mfg. 
Co.,  11000  S.  Cottage  Grove  Ave.,  Chicago. 

HAROLD  J.  LATHAM,  Ch.  E.,  1636 
Thorndale  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Peo- 
ples Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co.,  3921  S. 
Wabash  Ave. 

BRUCE  LEHMAN,  Ch.  E.,  is  a  re- 
search chemist  at  the  fertilizer  works  of 
Swift  and  Co.,  Hammond,  Ind.  He  lives 
at  346  E.   108th  St.,  Chicago. 


LORENZO  A.  NEWMAN,  E.  E.,  is  as- 
sistant engineer  for  the  Wisconsin  Hydro- 
Electric  Co.,  Amery,  Wis. 

EMERSON  G.  SQUIRES,  E.  E.,  204 
E.  Crescent  Ave.,  Elmhurst,  111.,  is  witU 
Jenkins  and  Adair,  Inc.,  3333  Belmont 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

September   19,   1937. 
Dean,  Armour   Institute  of  Technology: 

Since  February,  1936,  Uncle  Sam  has 
been  extending  his  guiding  hand  over  me 
here  at  Rocky  Boy.  We  are  located  in^ 
the  Bear  Paw  Mountains  between  Havre 
and  Great  Falls,  Montana,  approximatehf 
thirty  miles  south  of  Havre  and  one  hun- 
dred fifteen  iniles  northeast  of  Great 
Falls.  The  Canadian  border  is  about  forty 
miles  north  of  here.  In  the  most  north- 
central  and  northeastern  parts  of  Montana 
are  classified  as  Plains  areas.  The  moun- 
tains in  which  we  are  located  are  consid- 
ered as  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  Reservation  here  was  provided  by 
an  Act  of  Congress  which  set  aside  a  por- 
tion of  abandoned  Fort  Assiniboine  for 
the  use  of  the  Indians,  who  at  that  time 
were  renegades  wandering  back  and  forth 
from  Canada  to  the  United  States.  The 
Reservation  was  started  in  1917.  At  that 
time,  General  Pershing  was  lieutenant  at 
Fort  Assiniboine  trying  to  keep  the  rene- 
gade Indians  in  Canada.  Their  chief  at 
that  time  was  "Stone  Child,"  who  was 
dubbed  "Rocky  Boy"  by  the  local  citi- 
zens. 

The  New  Deal  found  its  way  in  here  in 
1933,  and  since  that  time  various  agencies 
have  contributed  to  the  improvement  and 
betterment  of  the  Reservation.  The  major 
part  of  the  construction  iprogram  consists 
of  water  development,  irrigation,  earth 
dams,  building  construction,  and  road  con- 
struction the  last  for  which  I  am  re- 
sponsible. In  addition  there  are  five  ele- 
mentary schools  and  one  high  school  and, 
most  important  of  all,  the  agriculture  and 
stock-raising  program. 

Because  of  the  rugged  topography,  the 
area  available  for  agriculture  is  limited. 
Equilibrium  is  brought  about  by  the  fact 
that  the  soil  of  very  high  quality  is  very 
productive  in  the  presence  of  moisture. 
Stock  raising  is  the  most  gainful  occupa- 
tion for  the  Indians  because  of  the  ecc- 
tensive  range  area. 

This  Reservation  offers  many  problems 
in  location  and  construction  much  differ- 
ent than  those  encountered  back  in  Illi- 
nois and  Indiana.  We  build  a  road  of  a 
standard  that  compares  with  that  of  sec- 
ondary state  roads.  The  bridges  are  usually 
of  timber.  Snow  removal  is  quite  a  prob- 
lem, with  an  abundance  of  snow  which  is 
usually  accompanied  by  high  winds.  Last 
winter  was  especially  severe,  when  we  were 
snowbound  for  two  te/eeks. 

Road  construction  work  is  carried  on  by 
"Force  Account,"  using  in  most  cases  In- 
dians in  common  and  skilled  positions. 
Most  of  them  have  certain  peculiarities 
with  regard  to  doing  a  day's  work.  They 
constantly  labor  under  the  knowledge  that 
they  are  wards  of  the  Government  and 
exert  their  effort  accordingly.  I  speak 
from  the  impression  I  have  received  on 
this  Reservation  only.  This  is  just  one 
of  the  details  that  I  found  hard  to  be- 
come accustomed  to  after  working  on 
contract  work.  After  ttilo  years  here 
the  future  seems  quite  a  problem;  that 
is,  whether  to  stay  here  and  dig  up  the 
earth    or    go    in    for    anthropology. 

Sooner  or  later,  I  am  hopeful  that  we 
will  be  able  to  return  to  Chicago  to  pay 
you    a    visit    at    the    Institute.      At    pres- 


50 


eiU  we  have  a  three  months'  old  bubii 
who  is  king  pin  and  doesn't  favor  travel 
of  any  extent. 

My  best  regards  to  all  of  the  old  friends 
there;  that  is,  if  I  made  enough  noise 
•ufhile  there  to  warrant  a  place  in  their 
memories. 

Sincerely    yours, 
ROSCOE  WIXDBIGLER,  C.  E.  1931. 
MISSING:  Hotchkin,  M.  A.,  F.P.E. 

BlaJma,   Chas..   E.  E.        Lopatowski,  E.  J.,  C.E. 
Crow,  Ralph  M.,  Arch.    Miles,    Wallace,    Arch. 
Dodson,  Chas.  K..  Ardi.      Myers,   K.   H.,   E.   E. 
Ferguson,   L.  J..  Ch.  E.     Yzaguirre,  M.  A.,  Ch.E. 

1932 

HAROLD  F.  ABENDROTH,  E.  E., 
4309  X.  Francisco  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  witli 
the  Western  Electric  Co.  at  the  Haw- 
thorne   Plant,    Cicero,    111. 

JAMES  E.  BRYANT,  F.  P.  E.,  430 
E.  Virgin,  TuJsa,  Oklahoma,  is  with  the 
Oklahoma  Inspection  Bureau,  P.  O.  Box 
1857,  Tulsa. 

C.  NEWTON  CANNON,  M.  E.,  is  in 
the  turbine  engineering  department  of 
the  General  Electric  Co.  at  the  River 
Works,  Lynn.,  Mass.,  and  he  lives  at  237 
Humphrey   St.,   Swampscott,  Mass. 

EDWARD  WILLIAM  CARLTON,  E. 
E.,  1447  Hollywood  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  an 
electrical  engineer  for  the  Jefferson  Elec- 
tric Co.,  Bellwood.  111.  Carlton  is  editor 
of  the  Jefferson  Electric  Co.  newspaper 
called  "Jefferson  News,"  which  he  started 
a  short  while  ago,  and  he  is  also  taking 
graduate  work  at  Armour. 

D.  R.  L.  CORNELL,  M.  E.,  429  N. 
Harvey  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  assistant 
credit  "manager,  the  C.  F.  Pease  Co.,  813 
N.  Franklin  St.,  Chicago. 

WALTER  H.  HORNBERGER,  C.  E., 
9325  Merrill  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  designer 
and  estimator  for  E.  G.  Todt  Co.,  9388 
Ewing  Ave. 

WERNER  KRAHL,  E.  E.,  4151/2  Ad- 
ams St.,  Endicott,  N.  Y.,  is  with  the  Inter- 
national Business  Machine  Corp. 

ORVILLE  GUY  LINNEL,  Ch.  E.,  2609 
W.  64th  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  R.  R.  Don- 
nelley and  Sons,  350  E.  22nd  St.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  A.  NAVRATIL,  Arch.,  5218  W. 
24th  Place,  Cicero,  111.,  is  with  the  General 
Design  Corp.,  840  N.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago. 

GLENN  W.  SCHODDE,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Federal  Hardware  and  Implement 
Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  24th  St.  and  Nicolett 
Ave.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.  He  lives  at 
2517   Bryant  Ave.  S. 

MAYNARD  P.  VENEMA,  Ch.  E., 
14117  Lincoln  Ave.,  Dolton,  111.,  is  with 
the  Universal  Oil  Products,  care  Shell  Re- 
finery, East  Chicago,  Ind. 

ROGER  F.  WAINDLE,  M.  E.,  826 
Lyman  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  in  the  Chi- 
cago office  of  Hoskins  Mfg.  Co.  of  De- 
troit, at  10   S.  I,aSalle  St. 

ROY  F.  YOUNG,  F.  P.  E.,  5608  S.  Hon- 
ore  St.,  Chicago,  is  engineer  for  the  Car- 
rier Corp.,  Merchandise  Mart,  122  N.  Bank 
Drive,  Chicago. 

CLARENCE  H.  ZACHER,  2506  W. 
Grove  St.,  Blue  Island,  111.,  is  with  the 
Lakeside  Engineering  Corp.,  222  W.  Ad- 
ams   St.,   Chicago. 

MISSING:  Hromada,  F.  M.  C.  E. 

Eskonen,  0.,  C.  E.  Jungels,    A.    J.,    M.    E. 

Fox,  Chas.  H.,  C.  E.        Stahm.  Eli  B.,   Arch. 
Hawes,  Chas.  S.,  M.  E.    Toopeekoff,    E.,    M.    E. 

1933 

GIFFORD  S.  BABCOCK,  E.  E.,  136  E. 
156th  Blvd.,  Harvey,  111.,  is  \vith  the  Wy- 
man  Gordon  Co.,  Harvey,  111. 

HARRY  F.  BECKER,  JR.,  F.  P.  E., 
8255  Ingleside  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Lan- 
sing B.  Warner,  Inc.,  540  N.  Michigan 
Ave.,  Chicago. 


GEORGE  J.  BEEMSTERBOER,  C.  E.. 
is  a  general  contractor  with  his  offices  at 
his  home  address,  11517  Parnell  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago. 

W.  C.  BOCKHOLT,  M.  E.,  1030  S. 
Grove  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  with  the 
Western   Electric  Co.,  Cicero,   111. 

EDWARD  L.  CURRAN,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
witli  the  Mountain  States  Inspection  Bu- 
reau, 801  Gas  and  Electric  Bldg.,  Denver, 
C-olo.     He  lives  at  1634  Eudora  St. 

W.  T.  DUMSER,  E.  E.,  1907  Wilson 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  a  testing  engineer  for 
the  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  Central 
Service  Bldg.,  22nd  and  Throop  Sts., 
Chicago. 

WILLIAM  A.  JANSSEN,  Arch.,  821 
Lyman  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  with  the 
Chicago  Lumber  Institute,  134  N.  LaSalle 
St.,  Chicago. 

SVEN  JOHANNISSON,  Ch.  E.,  4912 
N.  Washtenaw  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Armstrong  Paint  and  Varnish  Co.,  Chi- 
cago. 

JAMES  W.  JUVINALL,  E.  E.,  1962 
71st  St.,  Chicago,  recently  went  with  the 
Western  Electric  Co.,  Cicero,  111.,  after 
spending  several  years  with  the  U.  S. 
Gypsum   Co.     Juvenal   is   teaching  in   the 

EDWIN  C.  KENNER,  F.  P.  E.,  803  W. 
Forest  Hill  Ave.,  Peoria,  HI.,  is  an  in- 
spector with  the  Illinois  Inspection  Bu- 
reau, 809  Jefferson  Bldg.,  Peoria.  Kenner 
married  Miss  Alma  K.  Ludwig  on  Dec.  25, 
1936,  at  the  Westminster  Presbyterian 
Church,  Peoria. 

WILLIAM  W.  LANGE,  E.  E.,  2423 
Dakin  St.,  Chicago,  is  a  development  engi- 
neer for  the  G.  E.  X-Ray  Corp.,  2012  W. 
Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  Lange  is  teach- 
ing evenings  in  the  electrical  department 
ai  Armour. 

JACOB  T.  MAUER,  C.  E.,  5548  N. 
Spaulding  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  an  open- 
hearth  metallurgist  for  the  Wisconsin 
Steel  Co.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  H.  MILLER,  Ch.  E.,  3446  W. 
Chicago  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  in  the  utilization 
testing  department  of  The  Peoples  Gas 
Light  and  Coke  Co.,  3921  S.  Wabash  Ave. 

HANS  P.  NELSON,  Arch.,  2036  N.  Al- 
bany Ave.,  Chicago,  is  in  the  Bureau  of 
Design,  Montgomery  Ward  and  Co. 

ARTHUR  W.  OBERBECK  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  of  1933,  tout  left  during 
his  junior  year  to  accept  an  appointment 
to  West  Point.  The  following  is  taken 
from  the  Chicago  Tribune  of  June  8,  1937: 
One  of  the  proudest  mothers  in  America 
this  week  is  Mrs.  Edan  W.  Oberbeck,  who 
is  at  West  Point  to  watch  her  son,  Arthur 
W.,  graduate  from  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  the  top  of  his  class. 
Cadet  Oberbeck  is  one  of  I4  honor  men 
who  will  receive  gold  stars  for  having  at- 
tained an  average  grade  of  91  or  better 
during  the  last  year.  He  was  first  in 
mathematics  and  engineering,  the  two  most 
difficult  arouses  at  the  acadeiny. 

On  Thursday  he  will  receive  the  Maj. 
Gen.  Francis  Vinton  Greene  memorial 
saber,  the  Robert  E.  Lee  memorial  saber 
and  a  set  of  field  glasses  presented  by 
the  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars.  During 
the  past  year  he  was  captain  of  K  com- 
pany. 

Cadet  Oberbeck  is  SI^  years  old  and  lives 
with  his  mother  at  34-35  North  Harding 
Avenue.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Lane  Tech- 
nical High  School  and  attended  Armour 
Institute    before    going    to    West   Point. 

NORMAN  C.  PENFOLD,  M.  E.,  1442 
Summerdale  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Republic  Heater  Sales  Co.,  2240  Diversey 
Ave. 

MILTON  L.  PRIBAN,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  Western  Electric  Co.,  Cicero,  111.,  and 
lives  at  1.527  W.   18th  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


CHICAGO 

KENT 


COLLEGE  off 

LAW 


Founded    1887 

Independent— Endowed — Non- Sectarian 

Afternoon   and    Evening    Classes. 

Tel.    Dea.   8885.     College   Bldg..    10   N.    Franklin  St. 


Fitzgibbons  Boiler  Co., 

Inc. 

STEEL     HEATING     &     POWER 

BOILERS 

Represented  by 

MALVIN   &   MAY,   INC 

RAY  C.  MALVIN 

2427  So.   Michigan   Avenu 

o 

Chicago,     Illinois 

Victory    1617 

THE  STAR  OIL  COMPANY 


tSTABLISHEO      1890 


LUBRICATING    OILS    AND     GREASES 


GEO.  HAMILTON 
344-348     N.     Irving    Avenue,    Chicago 


Welding  Specialists 

Hamler    Boiler,    Tank   Co. 

6025  W.  66th  St. 

Chicago 
Fabricators   of   Steel    Plate 
ASME     PRESSURE    VESSELS 
STAINLESS     STEEL     TANKS 


SOL  ELLIS  &  SONS,  Inc. 

PLUMBING  AND  HEATING  SUPPUES 
Chicago's  Most  Complete  Stock  of 
Pipe,  Pipe  Fittings,  and  Valves. 
Complete  Heating  Plants,  Boilers 
.  .  .  Furnaces  .  .  .  Stokers  .  .  .  Oil 
Burners  .  .  .  Headquarters  for 
TYLAC  Wall  Board. 

2118  S.  State  St.  Victory  2454 

CHICAGO 


Motor  Trucks 


MOTOR  TRUCKS,  TRACTORS,  TRAILERS 
AND  BUSSES 

Standard  and  Custom  Built  Chassis,  All  Sizes 

E.  R.  BURLEY.  1913 

Secretary   and   Sales   Manager 

AVAILABLE    TRUCK    COMPANY 

2501    Elston    Avenue 
Chicago 


HENDRICKSON    MOTOR 
TRUCK  CO. 

Manufacturers    of 

2%    to   5   TON  6  to  12  TON 

Four-wheel  Trucks  Six-Wheel  Trucks 

Wabash    Avenue    at    36th    Street 
Chicago,  Illinois 


51 


Al.TfS  M.  KI'.AM,  Cli.  K..  is  clH-in- 
ioal  fiiftiiieer  for  the  Oxford  l':\\wf  Co., 
Uumford,    Maine. 

EDWARD  P.  KlvVUDOX,  K.  K.,  lJ():i 
Foster  Ave.,  Cliieago,  is  with  the  /eiiitli 
Radio  Corp.  of  Chieafro. 

HARRY  C.  ROWE,  JR.,  E.  E.,  l():?.s 
Greenleaf  Ave.,  is  pro])riet()r  of  Howe  He 
search  I.alboratories,  110:5  Bryii  Mawr 
Ave.,  Chicagfo. 

RALPH  L.  SCAFl'HI,  Arch.,  is  a  de- 
sifriier  and  builder,  witli  his  ofKce  at  his 
home,   1337   \V.  Tavh)r   St.,  Chicago. 

JARL  T.  SOREXSOX,  F.  P.  E.,  7()_'.-) 
Sheridan  Road,  Chicago,  is  engineer  and 
actuarj-  with  tiie  Western  Actuarial  Bu- 
reau, 222  W.  Adams  St.  Sorenson  is  in- 
structor in  fire  insurance  at  Armour  Tecli. 
MISSING:  Siinchez.  Joe  R..  E.  E. 

Belton.   Geo.  R..  M.  E.    Tvler.  W.  W..   E.   E. 
Btunet,   Alan  D..  C.   E.     P'ECEASED: 
Hanralian.    Geo..    C.   E.     Cole.    AbLiliam,    Arcli. 

1934 

JOSEPH  A.  BACCI,  C.  E.,  73()  Cornelia 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  witii  tiie  Austin  Co.,  510 
N.  Dearborn  St.,  Chicago. 

MEARL  AVII.I.IAM  BROOCKMAX, 
F.  P.  E.,  132(i  Swiniiev  Ave,  Fort  Wavne, 
Ind.,  is  with  the  Indiana  Inspection  Bu- 
reau, 813  Citizens  Trust   Bldg.,  Ft.  Wavnc. 

DIAMOND  SHERLAN  DICKEY,'  M. 
E.,  81.5.5  Dorchester  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with 
The  J.  W.  Murphy  Co.,  431  S.  DeartKirn 
St.,  Chicago. 

FRANK  S.  EGLOFF,  JR.,  M.  E.,  21.-) 
Olmstead  Road,  Riverside,  111.,  is  with 
Fibre  Making  Processes,  Inc.  (pulp  mill 
machinery),  435  N.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago. 

ROY  A.  EKROTH,  Arch.,  is  witii  the 
architectural  bureau,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  19  S. 
LaSalle  St.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  4837  X. 
Handin  Ave.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  AGNEW  FERRARA,  M.  E., 
15ie  S.  58tb  Ct.,  Cicero,  111.,  is  with  the 
Chicago  Tubing  and  Braiding  Co.,  1315  S. 
3rd  Ave.,  Mavwood,  111. 

WILLIAM  C.  FREITAG,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Fire  Cnderwriters  Inspection  Bu- 
reau, 1229  Plvmouth  Bldg.,  Minneapolis, 
Minn.  He  is  "living  at  the  Y.M.C.A.,  9tli 
and  LaSalle  Sts.,   Minneapolis. 

WILLIAM  R.  GILMORE,  E.  E.,  .55.50 
Kenmore  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  in  exjieri- 
mental  refrigeration.  Mills  N'oveltv  Co., 
4100  W.   Fullerton   Ave. 

WALTER  E.  GUNDERSON,  Ch.  E., 
2717  S.  Sawyer  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  R. 
R.  Donnelley  and  Sons,  350  E.  22nd  St. 

WILLIAM  A.  HEXSEL,  M.  E.,  (i203 
Ravenswood  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  W.  1'. 
Hebard  and  Co.,  4:33  S.  .lefferson  St. 

CLARENCE  HL'ETTEX,  E.  E.,  is  a 
Junior  electrical  engineer  with  the  Western 
Electric  Co.,  Cicero,  111.,  and  lives  at  3210 
Arthington  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

ERXEST  KANE,  Ch.  E.,  1177  S.  Sco- 
ville  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  wMth  the  Sinclair 
Refining  Co.,  East  Chicago,  Ind. 

FRANK  KAPLAN,  C.  E.,  is  an  engi- 
neer for  the  Chicago  Park  District,  9th 
and  Columbus  Drive.  He  lives  at  1551 
W.  81st   St.,   Chicago. 

NORMAN  CARL  KRAUSE,  Ch.  E., 
5517  S.  Paulina  St.,  Chicago,  is  doing  re- 
search work  at  the  I'niversity  of  Chicago. 
Armour   Engineer  and   Alumnus: 

/  fim  cnclimiiui  nni  mnl  (ihitui  (nisxcrrs 
to  the  vanoiis' If,  ,],.-:  ,;,ii„..-fr,l.  At  the 
same  tiw<.  I  ,c,n,t  to  nfrr  mi,  roi,,,n,f„h,- 
tions  (in  ih,  jiiilil!riiH(iii  ,if  ichnt  I  mns'idi  i- 
a  swell  ahniiii!  iiiniiirjiie.  The  iimenil  form 
has  certiiiiihi  i,,iii,  tlinnnfh  a  'fnui.iit!,iii  in 
the  fonr  i/r-u-;  ..hirr  1  uw.v  r,rif,ii-  of  "Tlie 
Annonr  E n<,in,,,-r  on, I.  oUli,iii,,h  I  hate 
to  say  it,  I  cou.si,!,,-  it  n  v„st  Impruvement. 

As  you  can  see  from  the  card,  I'm  now 
connected  tenth  Advance  Heating  and  Air 


Neon    Signs 


INTERNATIONAL  NEON  SIGNS 

Patented 

COL-R-BAC  NEON  SIGNS 

The  latest  development  in   Neon   Signs 


14  N.  May  Street 


Chicago 


FEDERAL  NEON  SIGNS 

• 

CLAUDE  NEON  FEDERAL  CO. 

225   North  Michigan  Ave. 

Chicago,  Illinois 


Office   Furniture 


Office  Furniture  House,  Inc. 

171-73  WEST   LAKE  STREET 

Chicago 

Paper 


Schwarz 
Paper  Co. 

1430  S.  Canal  St. 
Chicago 


Patents 


DEVELOPMENT  and  SALE 

of 

PATENTS 

IRVEN    H.   WILSEY 

WRIGLEY  BUILDING 
420  N.  Michigan  Ave.,  CHICAGO 


WHITEHALL  6150 


t,irs  for  heolinii  ,nid  '„ir  eondilionin,/  in- 
.•■■t,ill,iti,iiix.  mill  iini  ill  rhiirtie  of  the'  e.iti- 
iniifini/.  Jesii/nin;!.  unit  innlallini/  of  the  iiir 
cuiiditionin;/  jobs. 

Upon  !,rudn,itioii.  the  '.if  Meehiniieiil.i 
bunded  loc/ether  and  xce  now  hold  ineelini/.i 
txcire  o  !ie„r.  one  ineetin,,  heini,  in  the 
form  of  „  .smoker  „nd  the  other  „  l„ni,,net. 
In  ,i,ldition  to  tliol.  durinii  the  xummer 
iiiontli.i.  ice  miinmie  to  have  outlnq.i,  lit 
■u'hieh    xce    mine  ,i   little   hell. 

Sorri/  I  eiin't  i/ive  yon  more  gos.iip  abont 
liny  of  t7if--fflloxc.s.  'but  I  did  xvant  yon  t,i 
kii,nc  Ihiit  I  think  i/oii're  iloini,  n  ban,/-ni) 
job    xcith    the    -l-:n',iine,r.- 

Best'   regards, 
HERBERT   KREISMAN,   M.   E. 

AL  J.  MORELLI,  Arch.,  is  a  light 
sales  engineer  for  the  Public  Service  Co. 
of  Xorthern  Illinoi.s,  1701  S.  First  Ave., 
M.iywoo.l,  111,  He  lives  at  2552  N.  Austin 
.Vve.,   Chicago. 

.lOHX  H.  MORRISEY,  E.  E.,  4111 
X\  I.eclaire  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  In- 
ternational Business  Machine  Co.,  23;^  W. 
Madison    St. 

R.  J.  PFLUM,  C.  E.,  411  W.  61st  St., 
Chicago,  is  a  naval  aviator,  V.  S.  Navv, 
Squadron  VP-14. 

ROBERT  BRUCE  TAGUE,  Arch., 
4423  Ellis  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  in  the  office 
of   George    Fred    Keck,    012    N.    Michigan 

MLSSINO:  DECEASED: 

I'.lifi  ly.  Keiinetli.  Cli.  R.     Haiies,   Geo.   A.,   M.   E. 

M.uviis.   Leonard.   C.  E. 

1935 

J.  S.  ARAVOSIS,  E.  E.,  851  Parkside 
.\ve.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Kelso  Burnett 
Electric  Co.,  22.3  W.  Jackson  Blvd. 

EDWARD  BAUMEL,  E.  E.,  6034  S. 
Troy  St.,  Chicago,  is  a  general  draftsman 
for   the   Chicago  Park   District. 

UICHAHD  F.  BERGER,  Ch.  E.,  M.  S. 
(  h.  K.  ^li,  1215  Home  Ave.,  Berwyn,  111., 
is  with  tile  Universal  Oil  Products  Com- 
pany, Chicago,  and  at  present  is  traveling 
representative  for  this  company,  starting 
up  new  ))etroleuni  refineries  licensed  under 
LIniversal  Oil  Products.  Word  from  him  in 
A])ril  stated  that  he  was  at  the  McKee 
Plant  of  the  Shamrock  Oil  and  Gas  Corp., 
Sunray,  Tex.,  where  they  have  the  world's 
first  Butane   Polymerization   Plant. 

ARTHUR  BLOOM,  Arch.,  is  with  M. 
D.  Kolisdier,  Architect,  520  N.  Michigan 
Ave.,  Chicago,  and  lives  at  8020  S.  Dobson 
Ave. 

GEORGE  BRADAC,  M.  E.,  2214  N. 
Central  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  West- 
ern Electric  Company,  Cicero,  111. 

CURTIS  R.  BRISTOL,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Kentucky  Actuarial  Bureau,  814 
Citizens  Bldg.,  Paducah,  Ky.,  and  he  lives 
at  223  N.  9th  St. 

HARRY  DRELL,  M.  E.,  3833  W.  Van 
Buren  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Interna- 
tional  Harvester  Co.,  2600  W.  31st  St. 

PHILIP  A.  FARO,  Arch.,  9254  An- 
thony Ave.,  Chicago,  is  a  draftsman  for 
W.  L.  Surer,  208  W.  Adams  St. 

LEO  C.  GALBRAITH,  E.  E.,  1459  S. 
Tripp  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  U.  S. 
Gypsum  Co.,  300  W.  Adams  St. 

MELVIX  GROSSMAN,  Arch.,  5.50 
Arlington  Place,  Chicago,  is  in  the  State 
Architect's  office,  160  N.  LaSalle  St. 

LESTER  O.  A.  JOHNSON,  Arch.,  7.544 
Sangamon  St.,  Chicago,  attended  Yale  Uni- 
versity last  year  for  a  master's  degree  in 
architecture. 

BARCLAY  V.  JONES,  C.  E.,  1002 
CJreenfleld  Ave.,  M'ilmette,  111.,  is  an  as- 
sistant on  Engineer  Corps,  Pennsylvania 
R.  R.,  room  819,  Y.M.C.A.,  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich. 


52 


HENRY  LEVIX,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  the 
Wagenman  Paint  Co.,  4320  Superior  St., 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  he  lives  at  129  East 
Blvd. 

JULIAN  LEVY,  Ch.  E.,  7700  Ridgeland 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  International 
Harvester  Co.,  West  Pullman  Works,  1015 
W.  120th  St.,  Chicago. 

T.  ARTHUR  MAROW,  F.  P.  E.,  1106 
20th  St.,  Rockford,  111.  is  with  the  Illinois 
Inspection  Bureau,  Room  517,  Gas-Electric 
Bldg.,  Rockford.  Marow  married  Miss 
Priebs  of  Chicago  on  September   12,   1936. 

JOSEPH  M.  O'CONNOR,  C.  E.,  8108 
S.  Laflin  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Peerless 
Ice  Machine  Co.,  515  W.  35th  St. 

GEORGE  B.  ROSENTHAL,  Ch.  E., 
2865  Dickens  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  with 
the  Universal  Scientific  Equipment  Co., 
1210  W.  Van  Buren  St.,  in  charge  of  spe- 
cial designs  for  corrosion-proof  equipment. 

WALTER  M.  UZUNARIS,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  International  Harvester  Co.,  Wis- 
consin Steel  Division,  2701  E.  106th  St., 
Chicago.     He  lives  at  7921  Maryland  Ave. 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  WHEATON,  F. 
P.  E.,  1772  Elleron  Ave.,  E.  Cleveland. 
Ohio,  is  a  ftre  insurance  inspector,  500 
Plain  Dealer  Bldg.,  Cleveland. 

ARLING     MARTIN    WOLF,     E.     E.. 
10100    Harper    Ave.,    Detroit,    Mich.,    is    a 
sales    engineer    for    Cutler    Hammer,    Inc., 
2755  E.  Grand   Blvd.,  Detroit. 
MISSING:  DECEASED: 

None  None 

1936 

WILLIAM  ALT,  M.  E.,  7209  Rhodes 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Taylor  Forge  and 
Pipe  Works,  14th  St.  and  Cicero  Ave., 
Cicero,  111. 

WILLIAM  BILL,  E.  E.,  6107  Sanga- 
mon St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Western 
Electric  Company,  Cicero,  111. 

CARLES  P.  BOBERG,  E.  E.,  6758 
Calumet  Ave.,  Chicago,  formerly  with  the 
Stromberg-Carlson  Telephone  Co.,  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  is  now  with  Western  Electric 
Co.,  Cicero,   111. 

ALFRED  BURNES,  Arch.,  1444.  S.  St. 
Louis  Ave.,  Cliicago,  is  in  the  civil  engi- 
neering department  of  the  Chicago  Park 
District. 

307  E.  John  St.,  Champaign,  111. 
Secretary,  Alumni  Association: 

My  work  here  studying  law  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  is  very  enjoyable,  and 
I  feel  it  will  be  of  great  benefit  to  me. 
Many  things  are  learned  in  the  study  of 
law  which  greatly  complement  engineer- 
ing curricula;  conversely,  several  men  in 
the  law  department  advocate  engineering 
as  the  best  pre-legal  training.  Unfortu- 
nately, we  were  given  little  opportunity  to 
look  into  this  while  at  Armour;  but,  ac- 
cording to  the  current  trend  there,  stu- 
dents will  eventually  become  aware  of 
its  importance  and  will  probably  focus 
more  attention  on  it. 

That  Armour  is  acknowledged  as  an 
outstanding  school  is  unnecessary  for  me 
to  mention;  however,  it  is  very  gratify- 
ing to  hear  peo'ple  express  their  opinions 
in  that  way  as  has  been  often  done  by 
students  and  faculty  men  here  on  the 
campus. 

Sincerely, 
WILBUR  J.  FLEIG. 

WILLIAM  H.  FOGLE,  C.  E.,  7100 
Ridgeland  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Car- 
rier Corp.,  221  N.  Bank  Drive,  Merchan- 
dise  Mart,  Chicago. 

RUBIN  HORWITZ,  M.  E.,  1829  Hard- 
ing Ave.,  Chicago,  is  a  piping  draftsman 
with  the  Economic  Heating  and  Plumbing 
Co.,  1308  S.  Pulaski  Road. 

RUSSELL  ROBARTS  JOHNSON, 
C.  E.,  7620   Prairie   Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with 


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LETTERHEADS 

To  business  correspondents  who  do  not 
know  you  personally,  or  who  have  not 
seen  your  place  of  business,  your  letter- 
head reflects  the  personality  of  your  firm 

FRANE  W.  i51C[CK  &  CompanY 

432  South  Dearborn    •    Chicago 

c^eiterLaci  c/tvlists 


FRED  KLEIN  CO. 

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the    Universal    Oil    Products    Co.,    310    S. 
Michigan  Ave. 

ROY  S.  KERCHER,  Eng.  Sc,  836  N. 
11th  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  is  a  student  en- 
gineer with  Cutler-Hammer,  Inc.,  12th  and 
St.  Paul,  Milwaukee. 

327   South  Ave.,  Wilkinsburg,   Pa. 
Secretary,  Alumni  Association: 

/  Jmve  been  reading  the  last  issue  of 
the  "Engineer"  and  without  any  qualifica- 
tio7is  I  can  say  it's  the  finest  issue  that 
lias  been  put  out.  It  certainly  is  packed 
full  of  excellent  articles.  I  was  especially 
interested  in  "Educational  Institutions'' 
and  also  ''Historical  Sketch  of  Armour 
Institute   of  Technology." 

I  was  fortunate  in  having  two  of  the 
papers  I  prepared  in  the  course  in  Indus- 
trial Marketing  selected  and  sent  to  the 
ex-ecutives  of  the  Industrial  Department 
as  being  representative  of  the  class  of 
work   required. 

This  course  is  a  part  of  the  graduate 
program  sponsored  by  the  University  of 
Pittsburgh  and  carries  two  graduate  cred- 
its. Mr.  Lester,  the  instructor,  is  assistant 
sales  manager  of  the  Industrial  Division 
of  Westinghouse,  and  he  has  had  a  great 
deal  of  experience.  I  am  sending  you  a 
carbon  copy  of  his  letter  to  the  executive 
to  show  you  his  attitude  toward  the  class 
and  the  work  done. 

Outside  of  working  hours,  I  am  a  sailor 
these  days!  I  have  joined  a  canoe  club 
on  the  Allegheny  River  and  am  really 
enjoying  handling  a  canoe  under  canvas. 
I  Itave  been  surprised  at  the  speed  that 
can  be  obtained  with  our  small  boats.  At 
least  we  don't  have  to  worry  about  gaso- 
line and  oil  to  cover  a  few  miles. 
Sincerely, 

V.  J.  KROPF. 

BRUCE  S.  LANE,  Ch.  E.,  9146  S.  Ham- 
ilton Ave.,  Chicago,  is  chemical  engineer 
for  The  Wander  Co.,  Villa  Park,  111. 

J.  E.  LINDEN,  C.  E.,  7710  South  Park 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  resident  engineer  of  .street 
improvements,  Fairfield,  III.  He  says  he 
is  employed  by  J.  G.  Cooney,  Armour 
C.  E.  1916,  who  is  counseling  engineer, 
Belleville,  111. 

Just   received   a   word   thai;    HOWARD 
MILLEVILLE,  Ch.  E.,  may  be  addressed 
at   1.59   College   St.,   Buiffalo,   N.   Y.,   until 
Xmas. 
Editor,  Armour  Engineer: 

Our  M.  E.  class  of  1936  has  had  three 
reunions  in  the  brief  time  since  gradua- 
tion, and  an  identical  feature  of  the  three 
has  been  the  praise  of  foregoing  issues  of 
the  "Engineer."  You  gentlemen  have  done 
a  remarkably  good  job  in  our  unanimous 
opinion.  And  in  this  connection  may  I 
mention   another  incident? 

O.  W.  ABMSBACH  (in  the  office  in 
which  I  work),  class  of  1917,  was  the  sub- 
ject of  one  of  the  alumni  notes  last  issue. 
The  next  day  he  was  delighted  to  get  a 
phone  call  from  a  friend  and  rln.ismate 
whom  he  had  not  sctn  nr  Inurd  from 
since  gradxation,  but  wlin  liml  .•<((  n  Arms- 
bach's  name  in  the  magazine.  That  zcas  a 
very  forceful  answer  to  some  of  my  for- 
mer doubts. 

In  the  matter  of  our  reunions,  they 
have  been  successful  socially  and  in  at- 
tendance record.  Undoubtedly  their  fre- 
quency will  diminish  in  years  to  come, 
but  as  long  as  enthusiasm  lasts,  we  want 
them  as  often  as  practical.  The  last  two 
have  featured  a  supper  followed  by  bowl- 
ing, billiards,  cards,  slot  machines,  or  just 
plain  talk,  all  this  entertainment  being 
in  one  place  in  order  to  keep  the  group 
together. 

Yours    trulv, 

harry'  nachman. 


53 


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Telephone  Harrison  7233 


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For  a  greater  Armour 
Institute  resulting  in  greater 
service  to  Chicago  and  the 
Middle  West. 


BOWES 
REALTY  CO 

540  N.  Michigan  Ave. 
Whitehall  7945 


ERWTN  R.  MOZOLESKI,  E.  E.,  10321 
Hoxie  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  witli  the  Youngs- 
town    Sheet   and   Tube   Co.,    Indiana    Har- 
bor,   Ind. 
General  Manager,  Engineer  &  Alumnus: 

/  have  just  received  and  read  from 
rovrr  to  rover  my  copy  of  the  "Armour 
h'ii(;iii(rr."  AUoxo  me  to  coTKjratuJot'  i/oii 
on  (ui  outstanding  success.  I  am  firiiilij 
convinced  that  ive  are  acfnalli/  itoiiuj 
places  and  doing  things,  and  i/nn  ran 
count    on    my    support. 

May  I  offer  a  suggr.ilion  that  tec  In- 
stitute  a  page  in  onr  magazine  as  a  sort 
of  forvmi  where  ojiini(}ns  and  suggestions 
of  alumni  may  tu-  prlntrd  on  any  subject 
relating  to  our  alma  mater  and  our  Alumni 
organization.  Thii<  will  tend  to  create 
artivr  interest,  and.  tcho  can  tell,  we 
mag  git  .fomr  good  ideas  oitt  of  the  gang. 

As  a  more  tongitile  token  of  my  co- 
ojiiration.  jind  enclosed  a  check  for  my 
fir.it   tu-(i  years'  dues  as  an  alu/mn/us. 

1  have  jnst  returned  from  Toronto, 
Canada,  xchrre  I  attended  the  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Institute  of  Chem- 
ical Engineers  for  my  company,  thr 
■Sorth    Shore    Coke    and    Chrmiral." 

R.  M.  PAULSEN. 
Secretary,   Abinini   Association: 

Dnrinii  thr  past  year  I  received  train- 
ing in  di.itilling  inspectin7is.  In  this  work 
sprriat  ronsid'rration  tras  given  tn  el"C- 
trlrat  installations.  h'raii'.Ina  that  at  some 
timr  in  thr  fntnrr  I  mail  i>r  ralird  upon 
to  sign  my  namr  to  a  distilling  rrport.  I 
',cani  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  rtrrtrind 
installations  in  both  hazardous  and  mm- 
hazanlons  area.i  so  that  I  xcill  not  havr 
to  -t.ark  np"  on  am/  statrm-nt  I  may 
makr. 

After  icorking  out  of  our  LonisvUe  office 
for  a  ijear  I  was  tran.<if erred  to  our  \Branch 
Office  at  Lcrington.  on  the  1st  of  Sep- 
tember. I  have  enjoyed  the  work,  and  I 
like    life    in    Kentncki). 

RAYMOND  A.  PETERSON. 

ALFRED  J.  ROSEN,  Arch.,  1146  Co- 
lumbia Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Newhouse 
and  Bernhani,  8  S.  Michigan  Ave. 

JOHN  C.  SCOTT,  C.  E.,  9417  S.  Laflin 
St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Powers  Regidator 
Cii..  L'i'iO  Greenview  Ave. 

NEWTON  W.  SNASHAI.L,  M.  E., 
;3739  Stella  Bldg.,  Steger,  III.,  is  in  the 
mechanical  department,  Illinois  Central 
R.   R.,  12th  St.  Depot,  Chicago. 

EDWARD  G.  WICKEATZ,  M.  E.,  2120 
Thomas  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Stewart- 
Warner  Corp.,   1828   Diversey   Parkway. 
MISSING:  DECE.^SED: 

Olson,  E.  W.,  Arch.  None 

1937 

The  following  information  was  taken 
from  the  records  in  the  Placement  Office. 
Your  cooperation  in  keeping  us  informed 
about  your  location  and  nature  of  the 
work  you  are  doing  will  be  appreciated. 
Advise"  D.  P.  Moreton,  Secretary,  Armour 
Institute  Alumni  Association,  Armour  In- 
stitute of  Technology,  Chicago,  111.  If 
your  name  does  not  appear,  your  business 
location  is  not  recorded  in  the  Alumni 
Office: 

Architects 

ROBERT  WILLIAM  BECKER,  with 
Garden  City  Plating  and  Manufacturing 
Co. 

MORRIS  H.  BECKMAN  received  a 
M.  I.  T.  scholarship  and  will  go  to  school. 

ROBERT  P.  JOHNSTONE,  Athey  Co. 

JOSEPH  KICHAVEN,  John  Deere 
and   Co.,   Moline,  111. 

BERNARD  NOBLER,  Newhouse  and 
Bernhani,  Architects. 


ALBERT    H.    RAMP,    U.    S.    Gv])sin 
Co. 

CHARLES  A.  SALETTA,  Otis  and 
Fuller,  Architects,  (i  N.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago. 

EDWARD    F.    SCHMALTZ,    Real    Es 
tate   Division,   LIniversity  of  Chicago. 
Chemicals 

RAYMOND  R.  BACCI,  Frederick  H. 
Lew,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

HERMAN  OTTO  BAUERMELSTER, 
Cliicago  Mail  Order  Co.,  Chicago. 

LEO  BEATTY,  Armour  and  Co.,  Chi- 
cago. 

WARREN  R.  BRINKMAN,  Swift 
and  Co. 

ROBERT  ALFRED  CLARKE,  Revere 
Copjier  and   Brass,  Chicago. 

ARTHll{  G.  DKEIS,  Hercules  Powder 
Co.,  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 

CLINTON  B.  FOLKROD,  Natural  Gas 
Pipe  Line  Co.,  Chicago. 

DAVID  FORBERG,  Carrier  Corp., 
Newark,  N.  J. 

JOSEPH  A.  HAASE,  Bethlehem  Steel  1 
Co.,   Bethlehem,   Pa. 

FRANK  HACKJVIAN,  Container  Corp., 
Chicago,  111. 

FLOYD  B.  HARMAN,  Sinclair  Refin- 
ing Co.,  Chicago. 

EUGENE  A.  HEIKE,  Universal  Oil 
Products,  Riverside,  111. 

FRANKLIN  D.  HOFFERT,  Universal 
Oil  Products  Co. 

MARTIN  LOUIS  HOLLAND,  Velsicol  I 
Corp.,  Chicago. 

LOUIS  F.  KACEL,  Velsicol  Co.,  Chi- 
cago. 

SAM  H.  KAPLAN,  Condensor  Products- 
Co.,  Chicago,   111. 

ROBERT  M.  LEVY,  graduate  assist-- 
ant,   A.   I.  T. 

HAROLD  E.  LITTLE,  International  I 
Filter  Co.,  Chicago. 

R.  M.  LLTNDBERG,  graduate  assist- 
ant,  A.   I.   T. 

A.  P.  SCHREIBER,  Publicity,  A.  I.  T. 

WARREN  F.  SCHREIBER,"  Container  I 
Corj)oration. 

PAUL  R.  SCHULTZ,  JR.,  Case  Schooll 
of   Applied   Science,   Cleveland,   Ohio. 

CHARLES  H.  SKUZA,  JR.,  Columbii 
Tool  Steel  Co. 

CHARLES  S.  SRAMEK,  Inland  Steel  I 
Company. 

JOHN  FREDERICK  STURGEON,  E. 
I.  duPont. 

WILLIAM  WAITE,  Swift  and  Com- -I 
pany. 

b"0SLEY  WILHELM,  Bethlehem  Steel  I 
Co.,   Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Civils 

WILLIAM  C.  BEHMER,  Graver  Tank: 
&  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

WALTER  H.  BOTTEI.SEN,  E. 
Gritschke,  Chicago,  111. 

GEORGE  W.  BOYLAN,  Swift  and  I 
Company,  Chicago. 

ALBERT  C.  FRANCIS,  International  I 
Harvester  Co..  Chicago. 

NICK  C.  GIOVAN,  Drexel  Ice  Cream  i 
Co.,  Chicago. 

MARTIN  S.  HERZ,  International  Har- 
vester Co.,  Chicago. 

NAT  S.  KENDALL,  Shaw,  Noess  & 
Walker,  Chicago. 

ROBERT  N.  LANGE,  W.P.A. 

HENRY  MANKE,  Swift  and  Co.,  Chi- 
cago. 

CARROLL  J.  McCARTY,  Illinois  State 
Highways    Planning    Survey,   Chicago. 

JOSEPH  K.  McGRATH,  Board  of  Lo- 
cal Improvements,  City  of  Chicago. 

PAUL  L.  G.  MOORE,  U.  S.  Gypsum. 
Co.    (Sales). 

FRANCIS  X.  POPPER,  Link  Belt  Co., 
Cliicago,  111. 


54 


EDWARD      J.      REZABEK,      Eugene 
Dietzgen    (Production). 

BERXARD  B.  RIMAX,  A.  T.  &  S.  F. 
Railroad   Co.,  Cliican;o.   111. 

HERMAX      M.      KOSS,     Illinois     .Stale 
Hiurlnvav   Planning'-  .Siir\e\ . 

FRAXK     A.     SAI  KO'W.SKA,     (iraver 
rank  and  Mfg.  Co. 

JAMES  G.  SMIDI  ,  Illinois  .State  Higli- 
vay   Planning   Survey,   Chicago,   IH. 

FREDERICK      A.      SAIITH,      Chicago 
Park  District. 

JACK   C.  STERX,  C.  R.   I.  &  P.  K.  R. 
it  Washington,  Iowa. 

DOXALD    G.    Sl'IIR,    D.    W    Hoerinu 
md   Co.,   Inc. 

EDWARD  J.  WOI.XIAK,   V.  S.   Kngi- 
leer's  Office,  Calumet   Harlior,  Ind. 

LEWIS    /AVISSl.EH,    Rutgers    Inivcr- 
iity   graduate   assistant. 

Ehrtricalg 

EARI.E    H.    BRINK,   Cieneral    Electric 
ro.,  Chicago,  111. 

WILLIAM    C.    BROWX,    Swight    and 
ro.,  Chicago,   111. 

WILLIAM   A.   CHAPIX,  JR.,   General 
Electric  Co.,  Chicago. 

DAXIEL  DELVE,  Victor  Adding  Ma- 
chine Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

NATHAN      DISENHAUS,      Climax 
Radio,  Chicago. 

ARTHUR  GOLDSMITH,  A.  I.  T.  fel- 
lowship. 

WILLIAM  B.  GRAUPNER,  Bell  Lab- 
jratories. 

FRED     HEINE     BERTRAM,     Coyne 
Electrical  School. 

EDWARD     J.     HICKEY,     Fairbanks- 
Morse,    Detroit,    Michigan. 

LEONARD    HOLMES,    Bendix    Radio, 
Chicago,  111. 

JACK     HOUTSMA,     General     Electric 
2o.,  Chicago. 

EUGENE    M.   IMBUR,    Electromotive 
["orp.,  Chicago. 

BERTIL      W.      JOHNSON,      Western 
Electric  Co.,  Cicero,  111. 

JOSEPH       M.       KUBERT,       Pullman 
Standard  Car  Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago,  III. 

ROBERT      GEORGE       LIEBMANN, 
Pvle-National,   Chicago,    111. 

"PAUL    MILLER    MARTIN,    Westing- 
liouse    Electric    &    Mfg.    Co.,   Chicago. 

WILLIAM     ROBERT     MEHAFFEY, 
Senith   Radio,  Chicago. 

MELVIN     EMIL     MEZEK,     Comnion- 
ivealth  Edison  Co.,  Chicago. 

PETER  MORRISON,  Carnegie  Illinois 
steel  Corp.,  Chicago. 

CARL   ALBERT    PETERSON,   Stand- 
ird  Transformer  Corp.,  Chicago. 

WILLIAM     D.     PETERSON,     Bendix 
Radio  Co.,  Chicago. 

DONALD    RICHARDSON,    Mall    Tool 
[Jompanv,  Chicago. 

JOHN    PAUL    SLOWIAK,    Link    Belt 
::o.    (Caldwell-Moore    Plant). 

ANTON     ALBERT     SOBOLIK,    JR., 
Huh   Electric  Co.,  Chicago. 

ROBERT      W.      WRIGHT,      Stewart- 
Warner. 

ALFRED      E.      ZEIMANN,      General 
Electric  X-Ray. 

Fire  Protects 

FRED  R.  ANDERSON,  Kentucky  Ac- 
tuarial  Bureau. 

WILBERT      MARTIN      GUNTHER, 
Ohio    Inspection   Bureau. 

ROBERT    D.    HARWOOD,    Tennessee 
Inspection   Bureau. 

FREDERICK  HENRY  JOST,  Missouri 
Ins])ection   Bureau. 

EARL     F.     KREISEI,    Viking     Auto- 
matic Sprinkler  Co. 

JOHN    FRANCIS    McCAULAY,    Wis- 
consin Rating  Bureau. 


ROY  J.  MAGNLTSON,  Ohio   Inspection 
Bureau. 

ROBERT  LEE  MKK/„  Indiana   Inspec- 
tion  Bureau. 

ROBERT   15.   RUPPKU  T,  Ohio   Inspec- 
tion   Bureau. 

EKVIX      .lOSEPH      SIMEK,      Illinois 
InsjH'cticHi    Bureau,  Chicago. 

CiEORGE    SVEHLA,    Kentucky    Actu- 
arial Bureau,  Louisville,  Ky. 

FUAXCIS    G.    WESTERMAN,    West- 
ern  Factory  Insurance  Assn. 

RICHARD      EDWARD      WINKLER. 
Ohio    Inspection    Bureau. 

Mechaiiiral.i 

HKNRY  L.  APPEL,  Western   Electric 
Con,i>any,   Cicero,    111. 

J0S1<:PH      F.     B.MtTCSEK,     Western 
Klectric  Comi)any,  Cicero,  111. 

HOBKHT  A.  nOKILME,  Danlv  Machine 
Specialties,   Inc.,  Chicago. 

WAITEK      CARLSON,     Neiler,     Rich 
and   Coninanv. 

KEXXKTU    FREDERICK    CARROL, 
I'rest-O-I  ite  Co,  Chicago. 

WII  LARD     E.    COLLIXS,    Swift    and 
Co..  Chicauo. 

JOHX   CRAPPLE,   Victor   Gasket    and 
Mfg.  Co.,  Chicago. 

JOHX    II.    DAMIAXL    Wurlitzer    Co., 
DeKalh,  111. 

EDWIX       A.       DROEGEMUELLER, 
Stndard  Oil  Company,  Chicago. 

AXDREW    FLAGGE,   Carnegie-Illinois 
Steel  Co.,  Gary,  Ind. 

AXTOX  GEORGE  FLEISSNER,  Vic- 
tor Gasket  and   Mfg.  Co. 

PAUL  R.   FRANZEN,  Stewart- Warner 
Comi)any,   Chicago. 

CHESTER      E.     IIOCKERT,     General 
Electric   Comjiany,   Chicago. 

ERNEST       C.'      HOVER,       Automatic 
Transport  Co.,  Chicago. 

LEO    J.    JANAS,    American    Steel    and 
Wire  Co.,  Chicago. 

HUGH    McPHAIL,    Jones,    Schweitzer 
and   Conrad,   Inc.,  Chicago. 

FRED    L.    LEASON,   JR.,   Danly    Ma- 
chine Specialties,  Inc.,  Chicago. 

LOUIS      LOGULLO,     Carnegie-Illinois 
.Steel  Co.,  Chicago. 

ABE  MANDELOWITZ,  Askania  Regu- 
lator Co.,  Chicago. 

HOWARD  M.  MEYER,  Danly  Machine 
Specialties,  Chicago. 

SYDNEY  MIXER,  Westerlin  Campbell 
(York   Refrigerating  Machine). 

EDWARD   E.    MODES,   Powers   Regu- 
lator   Co.,    Chicago. 

WILLARD  C.  NEARING,  The  Chicago 
Machinery  Laboratory. 

REINHEART  F.  NIEMANN,  Interna- 
tional Harvester  Co.,  Chicago. 

PAUL   A.    REH,   General   Electric   Co., 
Chicago. 

RUDOLPH    A.    RUEFF,   International 
Harvester  Co.,  Chicago. 

W.    OTTO     SAUERMANN,     Republic 
Steel  Co.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  E.  SHANAHAN,  JR.,  Interna- 
tional  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago. 

FRANK    J.    SKACH,    Beech    Aircraft 
Co.,  Wichita,  Kan. 

WILLARD    GEORGE    TEGTMEIER, 
Armour  and  Company,  Chicago. 

PETER    WINEL,"  Central    Screw    Co., 
Chicago. 

Science 

NORTON    GERBER,    graduate    assist- 
ant A.  I.  T. 

EUGENE    KREMI>,    Container    Corpo- 
ration, Chicago. 

JOHN    JACOB   PENN,   U.   S.   Gypsum 
Co.  (Mill). 

MISSING:  DFXEASED: 

None  None 


Real  Estate 


WALLACE  DON 

HAMILTON  BROS. 

Real  Estate 

CHESTER  CHARLES 


-d  Caf< 


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That  Old  Time  Rendezvous' 

CARL  A.  BRINKMAN.  Mgr. 

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Victory   9354 


Roofing 


MULE-HIDE 
ROOFS 


Tough,     Reliable,     Durable    and 

Handsome   tool 
'Not    a    Kick    in    a    Million    Feet" 


School  Supplies 


BECKLEY-CARDY  CO. 

Laboratory  Furniture  and  Equip- 
ment— School  Supplies 


!G32  Indiana  Avenue        Chicago 


Water  Treatment 


INTERNATIONAL  FILTER  CO. 

Water   Purification, 

Hydraulic   Control   and 
Chemical  Feeding  Equipment 

59  E.  Van  Buren  St.  Chicago 


Telephone 

FRANK  S.  DUNHAM 

DEArborn  7003-7004 

For     information     on     any 
size  water  softener  or  filter 


THE  PERMUTIT  CO. 

210  So.  Clark  St.. 
Chicago 


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ENGINEERS 


Willis  H^  Carrier  . . . 
NGINEER 


m. 


1  undergraduate  at  Cornell,  Willis 
Carrier  dreamed  of  the  science 
now  known  as  air  conditioning.  And  in 
1902,  within  a 
year  after  grad- 
uation,    his 
dreams  had  be- 
come    realities 
■ — through     his 
installation     of 
equipment    to 
control  trouble- 
some humidity 
and  tempera- 
ture   in    a   Brooklyn  lithography  plant. 

Years  passed  —  years  devoted  to  ex- 
perimentation, to  designing  new  equip- 
ment, and  developing  new  methods  of 
installation.  Then,  in  1911  Mr.  Carrier 
disclosed  his  now-famous  Ra- 
tional Psychrometric  Formulae 
to  the  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers  —  and  true 
air  conditioning  was  born. 

Overnight,     a    new     industry 
came  into   being  —  an   industry 


spreading  health  and  prosperity  through- 
out the  world  —  and  opening  new  and 
unlimited  opportunities  for  engineers. 
And  these  opportunities  have  steadily 
increased  —  just  as  the  demand  for  air 
conditioning  it- 
self has  stead- 
ily increased. 
New  men, 
young  men  are 
needed  —  men 
with  the  vision, 
the  determina- 
tion, and  the 
ability  to  study 
and  carry  on  the 

principles  established  by  Willis  H.  Car- 
rier and  his  pioneering  associates. 
To  such  men  Carrier  offers  a  wide  va- 


riety of  careers  —  ranging  from  labor- 
atory research,  machine  design,  sales 
and  installation,  to  work  in  the  far  cor- 
ners of  the  earth  —  the  99  countries  of 
the  world  which 
today  know  the 
benefits  of  Car- 
rier Air  Condi- 
tioning. Youth 
is  welcomed  at 
Carrier,  its  ca- 
pabilities fos- 
t  e  r  e  d  — t  h  e 
young  engineer 
gains  recogni- 
tion in  keeping  with  his  accomplishments 
— not  with  age  alone — for  Carrier  realizes 
that  its  future  development,  its  future 
expansion  depends  upon  its  engineers. 


Dur 

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world's    most  fascin 
growing  industry,  w 

in  every  sec- 
Carrier  needs 

a  good  school 
crested  in  the 
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rite  us. 

CARRIER    CORPORATION,    SYRACUSE,    N.    Y. 


ORGANIZATION 


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TAe  Three  Musieteers 
of  Smoitng  Pleasure 


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FACILITIES  IN   ACTION 


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SHARPSHOOTING  TWO  MILES 
UNDERGROUND 

C  HOOTING  HOLES  through  an  oil-well  casing  at 
^  a  depth  of  two  miles  underground  is  another 
problem  successfully  solved  by  electricity.  The  Lane- 
Wells  Company  Gun  Perforator  is  an  ingenious 
device  used  to  pierce  casings  with  steel  bullets.  When 
an  oil  pocket  has  been  exhausted,  the  operators 
pierce  the  well  casing  at  a  different  stratum,  thus 
opening  another  pocket. 


In  order  to  know  where  to  pierce  the  casing  and  how 
deep  the  gun  is,  G-E  electric  locating,  weight,  and 
depth  instruments  are  mounted  on  a  panel  in  a 
truck  from  which  the  shots  are  fired  and  the  results 
recorded.  Over  two  and  one  half  miles  of  steel- 
sheathed  cable  is  used  to  lower  and  fire  the  gun, 
the  current  for  the  charge  being  carried  in  the  core 
of  the  cable.  Accurate  measurement  of  the  depth  at 
which  the  gun  strikes  or  leaves  the  fluid  level  in  the 
well  is  indicated  to  the  operator  by  a  weight  in- 
dicator which  utilizes  two  General  Electric  Selsyn 
motors. 

In  General  Electric  Company,  numerous  groups  of 
engineers  devote  their  entire  time  to  the  most 
efficient  use  of  electricity  in  all  types  of  industries. 
These  men,  former  members  of  the  Test  Course, 
have  solved  many  problems  such  as  Sharpshooting 
Two  Miles  Undergroimd. 


TRAIN-PERFORMANCE  DETECTIVE 

TN  AN  EFFORT  to  determine  more  accurately 
-*-  the  performance  of  an  electric  locomotive  and  to 
calculate  the  most  efficient  motor  for  the  train,  T. 
F.  Perkinson,  R,  P.  I.,  '24,  a  former  Test  man  now 
in  the  Erie  Works  of  General  Electric  Company,  in- 


vented a  machine  which  performs  these  operations 
mechanically. 

Computation  by  the  step-by-step  method  of  these 
calculations  necessitates  many  hours  of  tedious  slide- 
ride  work;  repeated  adding  and  subtracting  of 
time,  speed,  and  distance  increments;  and  reading 
of  charts.  The  Transportation  Calculator  eliminates 
this  work  and  solves  the  mathematics  at  least  five 
times  as  quickly,  depending  upon  the  skill  of  the 
operator. 

The  Transportation  Department  of  General  Elec- 
tric Company  offers  many  opportunities  to 
mechanical  and  electrical  engineers  in  the  design, 
construction,  and  production  of  electric  locomotives, 
trolley  cars,  and  trolley  buses.  The  solutions  of 
many  interesting  problems  are  found  in  this  depart- 
ment, the  Transportation  Calculator  being  but  one 
of  them. 


BOXING  THE  ELEMENTS 

W^IND,  RAIN,  SLEET,  SNOW,  arctic  and 
"'  tropical  temperatures,  six-mile  altitudes,  and 
power  dives — all  are  foimd  within  the  confines  of 
two  steel  rooms  in  the  radio-transmitter  test  depart- 
ment in  the  Schenectady  Works  of  General  Elec- 
tric Company. 

To  assure  perfect  performance  of  aircraft  trans- 
mitters, the  equipment  is  placed  in  these  two  rooms 
where  extremely  severe  weather  conditions  are 
simulated.  Portholes  of  one-inch  glass  in  the  rooms 
permit  the  test  men  to  observe  the  effects  on  the 
instruments  without  being  subjected  to  the  same 
strains  placed  upon  the  transmitters. 

These  complicated  tests  are  made  by  college-trained 
men  now  on  Test.  The  field  of  radio  transmission 
from  airplanes  is,  of  course,  new  and  progressive. 
The  "flight  rooms"  provide  radio  engineers  with  a 
new  and  clearer  conception  of  designs  for  radio 
equipment. 


GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


How  WELBmG- 


makes  Better  Equipment 


The  simplf  design  and  joint  less  eonstruetiitn  o( 
this  brewiiii:  ketth>  were  made  possihh^  hy  oxy- 
acetyhMie  vvehUni!:.  \^  ehling  eliminates  all  ereviees, 
cracks  or  other  tiny  openings  generally  present  in 
jointed  construction  and  thus  removes  the  possi- 
bility   of   bacteria   lodging    in    such    |)laces.   This 


\velde<l  kettle,  being  Jointless,  is  permanently  leak- 
proof.  It  is  easy  to  clean  and  keep  clean.  In  addi- 
tion, welding  has  trinnned  off  the  dead  weight  of 
the  lieavier  connections  required  by  other  methods 
of  joining  metals. 

Tomorrow's  engineers  will  be  expected  to  know 
how  to  take  advantage  of  this  modern  metal  work- 
ing process.  Several  valuable  and  interesting  tech- 
nical booklets,  which  describe  the  application 
of  the  oxy-acetylene  process  of  wehling  and  cut- 
ting to  design,  construction  and  fabrication,  are 
available  from  Linde  offices  in  principal  cities. 
Write  to  The  Linde  Air  Products  Company,  Unit 
of  Union  Carbi<le  and  (Carbon  Corporation, 
30  East  42nd  Street.  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Everything  for  Oxy- Acetylene  Welding  and   Cutting 

T    TNF)1^       UNION  CARBIDE 


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PALMER    HOUSE 

STATE    STREET     AT    MONROE       •       CHICAGO 

Edward  T.  Lawless,  Manager 


ARMOUR  ENGINEER 

and  ALUMNUS 


Editor  General  Manager 

WALTER  HENDRICKS        D.  P.  MORETON 


EDITORIAL  ASSISTANTS 
Stephen  P.  Finnegan  '39 
Nikolas  A.  Natinchek  '40 


BUSINESS  ASSISTANTS 
Albert  N.  Schreiber,  '38 
Thomas  Waldion,  '38 


Published  in  October,  December,  March,  and  May,  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  students'  college,  and  alumni  of  Armour  Institute  of 
ilirection    of    a     Managing     Board,    at 


Technologv,    under    the    direction    of 
3300  Federal  Street,  Chicago.  Illinois. 


THE  CONTRIBUTORS 

■  H.  S.  Card,  formerly  Editor  of  The  Welding  Engineer  is 
Development  Director  of  the  Electric  Welding  Section  of  the 
National  Electrical  Manufacturer's  Association. 

■  William  D.  Coolidge,  a  graduate  of  M.  1.  T.  and  for  several 
years  a  member  of  the  faculty,  joined  the  staff  of  the  Research 
Laboratory  of  the  General  Electric  Company  in  1905  and  is  now, 
and  has  been  since  1932,  its  Director.  Dr.  Coolidge  is  the 
recipient  of  many  honors,  degrees,  and  medals. 

■  C.  W  .  Farrier  graduated  from  Armour  Institute  of  Technology, 
in  architecture,  in  1916.  After  serving  in  the  World  War,  he 
entered  the  field  of  city  planning,  rendering  valuable  service  to 
many  of  our  principal  cities.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
operating  organization  of  the  Chicago  "Century  of  Progress." 
Later  he  was  co-ordinator  of  the  Tennessee  Valley  Project,  and 
is  now  co-ordinator  of  the  Television  Division   of  R.   C.  A. 

■  Harvey  T.  Hill  graduated  from  Pennsylvania  State  College 
as  a  civil  engineer  in  1915,  and  from  the  LIniversity  of  Chicago, 
School  of  Business  Administration  in  1916.  He  has  been  promi- 
nent in  the  work  of  the  Chicago  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
Illinois  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is  now  a  general  partner  of 
the  brokerage  firm  of  Clement,  Curtis  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

■  Charles  F.  Kettering  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Ohio.  He  at- 
tended Wooster  Normal  School  and  graduated  from  Ohio  State 
University.  Dr.  Kettering,  who  is  now  Vice  President  of  General 
Motors  Corporation  in  charge  of  research,  has  the  remarkable 
gift  of  taking  difficult  problems  apart,  finding  out  the  cold  facts, 
and  working  out  the  solution. 

■  W^illi/im  C.  Krathwohl,  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Armour 
Institute  of  Technology,  is  a  graduate  of  Harvard,  Columbia, 
and  the  University  of  Chicago. 

■  C.  Robert  Moulton  was  for  twelve  years  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  the  University  of  Missouri.  For  six  years  he  was  on 
the  staff  of  the  Institute  of  Meat  Packing  at  the  University  of 
Chicago.  Since  1934  he  has  been  technical  editor  of  Meat 
magazine,  and  he  is  now  associated  with  the  Rosenwald  Museum 
of  Science  and  Industry  in  Chicago. 


DECEMBER 

VOLUME  3 


1  937 

NUMBER  2 


IN  THIS  ISSUE 

Research  and  Profiress,  />}■  Charles  F.  Kettering .  .      6 

Research    in    a    Large    Industry,    by    William    D. 

Coolidge 9 

Television,  by  Clarence  W.  Farrier 12 

Arc  Welding  —  Fifty  Years  of  Development  and 

Present  Day  Applications,  fey  H.  S.  Card 15 

Ore  to  a  Ford  in  28  Hours 18 

The  Engineer  and  the  Meat  Packing  Industry,  fey 

C.  Robert  Moulton 20 

Scheduled  Research,  fey  L.   W.   Wallace 22 

Cooperative  Research  for  Industry,  fey  T.  C.  Poidter  25 

Chicago  as  a  Financial  Market,  fey  Harvey  T.  Hill  29 

Congressional  Medal  Awarded  Dr.  T.  C.  Poulter.  .  .    31 

Arc  You  Happy  with  Your  Work,  fey  William  C. 
Krathwohl 32 

Amiour  Schedules  Conference  Course  on  Executive 

Control  of  Personnel 34 

Evening  Division  and  Its  Service  to  Industry 35 

Conference  on  Electric  Welding 35 


■  Thomas  C.  Poulter,  Director  of  the  Research  Foundation  of 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  received  his  Ph.D.  from  the 
University  of  Chicago  in  1933  and  the  honorary  degree  of  Sc.D. 
from  Iowa  Wesleyan  College,  his  alma  mater,  in  1935.  Dr. 
Poulter  was  a  Guggenheim  Fellow  in  1933-34,  and  he  was  Second 
in  Command  and  Senior  Scientist  in  charge  of  the  scientific 
program  on  Byrd's  Second  Antarctic  Expedition,  1933-35.  For 
outstanding  acliievement.  Dr.  Poulter  has  been  awarded  the 
Congressional  medal. 

■  After  completing  the  course  in  mechanical  engineering  in  the 
A.  &  M.  College  of  Texas  in  1903,  L.  W.  Wallace  worked  for 
three  years  with  the  Santa  Fe  railway.  During  the  next  eleven 
years  he  was  on  the  faculty  at  Purdue.  In  1912  he  received  the 
degree  of  Mechanical  Engineer  and  in  1932  the  honorary  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Engineering.  Dr.  Wallace  is  responsible  for  the 
development  of  research  activity  for  the  Association  of  American 
Railroads,  and  on  December  1,  he  became  head  of  the  newly 
formed  Division  of  Engineering  and  Research  of  Crane  &  Com- 
pany, Chicago. 


RESEARCH 


AND 


PROGRESS. 


By  Charles  F.  Kettering 


THERE  are  many  kinds  of  re- 
search, but  when  you  get  down 
below  the  surface,  down  to  the  funda- 
mentals, there  is  very  little  difference 
among  them.  Research  in  the  automo- 
bile industry  is  just  like  research  in 
any  other  industry.  You  have  different 
problems,  of  course,  and  you  may  use 
different  apparatus  to  solve  them,  but 
those  features  are  still  just  surface 
characteristics.  In  the  final  analysis, 
research  is  a  state  of  mind. 

So  many  people — and  this  includes 
quite  a  few  hard-headed  business  men 
— think  of  research  in  terms  of  a 
fancy  building  full  of  machinery  and 
test  tubes,  with  white-coated  men  hud- 
dled in  small  laboratories  working  in 
a  very  mysterious  manner.  That  word 
"mysterious"  explains  why  we  usually 
call  this  scientific  research.  You  see, 
we  call  things  scientific  when  we  don't 
understand  them  very  well.  After  we 
have  found  out  something  about  them, 
they  cease  to  be  scientific.  It  is  the 
same  as  incurable  diseases.  It  is  not 
that  there  is  anything  so  different 
about  the  diseases.  We  call  them  in- 
curable because  the  doctors  don't 
know  anything  about  them. 

If  you  are  going  to  start  to  do  re- 
search work,  the  last  thing  you  need 
is  a  building  and  expensive  equipment. 


The  problems  are  going  to  be  solved 
in  somebody's  head,  and,  at  best,  all 
the  physical  equipment  can  do  is  help 
get  that  solution  through  an  inch  of 
the  most  dense  material  in  the  world, 
the  human  skull.  So  instead  of  wor- 
rying about  a  building,  take  a  piece 
of  paper  and  a  pencil  and  start  to 
make  a  list  of  those  things  that  are 
worrying  you,  eight  or  ten  problems 
in  your  business  that  you  would  like 
answers  to.  Then  try  to  solve  one  of 
them.  Not  necessarily  the  first  one — 
pick  one  that  looks  easier.  It  is  like 
a  cross-word  puzzle.  You  skip  around 
and  fill  it  in  where  you  can,  and  every 
word  you  get  helps  you  on  another 
word.  You  will  be  surprised  to  find 
how  your  problems  are  inter-related, 
and  how  the  solution  to  one  will  affect 
some  of  the  others.  You  may  find  that 
some  of  them  are  not  problems  at  all. 
If  you  put  up  your  building  first, 
and  fill  it  with  fine  machinery,  and 
then  start  figuring  out  what  your 
problems  are,  the  chances  are  ten  to 
one  you'll  not  have  what  you  want 
even  in  all  that  shiny  new  equipment. 
Suppose  you  are  manufacturing  some 
little  metal  gadget  that  isn't  coming 
out  to  suit  you.  Your  first  thought  is 
probably  a  metallurgical  investigation. 
After  you  have  spent  some  money  on 


this,  you  start  experimenting  with  re-- 
designing  the  article  to  get  rid  of  your- 
troubles  that  way.  Then  one  day  youi 
find  out,  perhaps  by  accident,  thatt 
your  customers  don't  like  certain  fea-- 
tures  of  this  gadget  you  are  selling.. 
So  you  start  working  on  that  angle 
and  may  end  up  with  a  product  which  i 
is  more  desirable  customer-wise  and  I 
has  none  of  the  production  troubles 
of  the  former  design.  You  may  not 
be  that  lucky,  but  at  any  rate  your 
problem  has  turned  out  to  be  one  not 
of  metallurgical  research,  but  of  cus- 
tomer research.  In  other  cases  it  might 
turn  out  to  be  a  question  of  economics, 
but  it  is  a  pretty  safe  bet  that  it  will 
not  be  what  you  thought  it  was  at; 
first. 

You  will  have  to  keep  adding  toi 
your  list  of  problems.  You  are  never' 
finished  with  a  research  program. . 
There  will  continue  to  be  changes  as. 
long  as  time  and  the  world  keep  oni 
moving,  and  you  must  take  advantage 
of  those  changes — or  at  least  be  sure 
that  they  do  not  take  advantage  of 
you.  My  conception  of  what  research 
should  be  to  industry  is  something  like 
this :  On  the  first  of  January  somebody 
gives  you  a  calendar.  It  has  365  pages 
in  it,  which  you  can  tear  off  one  by 
one  as  the  days  go  by.    As  you  tear 


off  these  pages,  the  calendar  gets 
thinner  and  thinner.  Now  my  idea  of 
research  is  that  it  should  add  new 
pages  on  the  back  of  that  calendar  as 
fast  as  you  tear  them  off  the  front. 
Thus  j'our  calendar  stays  the  same 
thickness  regardless  of  the  day  or 
year.  You  always  have  something 
ahead  of  you.  In  the  same  way,  re- 
search supplies  those  factors  which 
make  for  a  successful  business  by 
adding  to  those  things  which  time 
takes  away  from  you.  In  other  words, 
research  should  be  an  organized  effort 
to  find  out  what  you  are  going  to  do 
after  j'ou  can't  keep  on  doing  what 
you  are  doing  now. 

Another  definition  which  I  often  use 
is  that  research  is  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  our  customers  reasonably  dis- 
satisfied with  what  they  have.  The 
Sales  Department  sometimes  objects 
to  that  on  the  grounds  that  a  satisfied 
customer  is  the  best  advertisement  a 
company  can  have.  He  may  be  a  good 
advertisement,  but  he's  an  awfully 
poor  buyer. 

As  an  example  of  how  this  actually 
works  out,  suppose  that  twenty  years 
ago  an  automobile  had  been  sealed  in 


Below:  Machining  rotor  of  a  Root  blower 
Used  on  Large  Railroad  Diesel  Engines. 


Above:  Machine   for  Testing   Connecting 

Rod     Bearings,     Designed     to     Stimulate 

Actual  Operating  Conditions. 


a  glass  case.  This  is  a  1917  model, 
with  all  the  most  up-to-date  improve- 
ments that  were  on  cars  at  that  time. 
Assume  that  the  seal  is  so  tight  that 
nothing  can  happen  to  it — not  a  speck 
of  rust,  not  the  least  deterioration  in 
any  part.  We  mark  in  big  gold  fig- 
ures on  the  case,  $2,000,  which  was 
the  original  price. 

Now  suppose  we  go  away  for  a 
year.  When  we  come  back  our  ap- 
praisers look  it  over,  cross  off  the  big- 
gold  figures,  and  mark  it  $1,800.  The 
next  year  the  same  thing  happens, 
$1,500.  And  the  next.  Look  at  it 
today.  A  high,  clumsy  vehicle,  no 
four-wheel,  hydraulic  brakes,  no  big 
tires,  no  bright  lacquer  finish.  An  en- 
gine as  big  as  in  present  cars  but  de- 
livering much  less  power  and  perform- 
ance. No  automatic  or  synchro-mesh 
transmission.  Stiff,  hard  springs  with 
no  shock  absorbers.  A  fabric  top.  No 
safety  glass  or  adjustable  seat.  None 
of  the  many  smaller  features  which 
have  made  driving  easier  year  by 
year. 

What  would  you  offer  for  this  car 
today?  Somebody  might  pay  $100  or 
$200  for  it  for  some  special  purpose, 


Laboratory  Set-up  loi    (he   Study   ol  New  Fuels  Having  High  Anti-Knock  Rating. 
Single   Cylinder  Engine   Used   for  Fuel  Research  and   the   Study   of   Combustion. 


hut  our  market  would  be  very  limited 
at  any  price. 

Yet  this  ear  has  not  changed  in  a 
detail  since  it  was  put  in  the  case.  In 
1917  it  would  have  sold  readily  for 
■t'i.OOO.  Today,  exactly  the  same  ear 
must  almost  be  given  away.  It  is  your 
ideas  that  have  changed,  not  the  prod- 
uct. That  is  what  I  mean  by  making 
a  dissatisfied  customer.  The  difference 
between  that  1917  price  and  the  1937 
price  represents  the  value  that  you, 
as  a  customer,  place  on  the  results  of 
research  and  engineering  during  those 
twenty  years. 

But  research  does  not  just  improve 
existing  products — it  creates  new 
ones.  There  are  so  many  people  who 
blame  it  for  unemployment  through 
the  development  of  labor-saving  ma- 
chinery, and  so  few  who  give  it  credit 
for  labor-creating,  for  furnishing  all 
the  millions  of  jobs  in  industries 
which  would  not  be  in  existence  today 
were  it  not  for  scientific  development. 
This  research  business  is  a  cumulative 
proposition — a  little  bit  added  here, 
a  little  there,  some  more  in  the  next 
generation.  Almost  any  product  being 
manufactured  today  is  the  result  of 
the  work  of  many  people  over  a  long ; 
period  of  time. 

A  friend  and  I  were  listening  to  ■ 
his  radio  the  other  night.  It  was  a 
comparatively  inexpensive  set,  but  it 
had  a  short  wave  dial  on  it  which  he 
was  ))laying  with.  Presently  a  voice 
said,  "This  is  London."  My  friend 
was  astounded  and  wouldn't  believe  it 
was  really  London.  We  listened  a  lit- 
tle longer,  and  he  was  finally  con- 
vinced. 

"That's  marvelous,"  he  said.  "I 
didn't  think  it  was  possible.  Why, . 
the  set  didn't  cost  even  fifty  dollars."' 

"That  hasn't  anything  to  do  with  i 
it,"  I  said.  "Let's  take  that  radio  i 
apart  in  our  imagination.  We'll  take  • 
the  stuff  out  of  the  wooden  box  they 
call  the  cabinet,  and  call  in  a  cabinet 
maker.  He  says  he  can  make  that 
for  about  $3.50.  Those  little  pins  ■ 
somebody  else  will  make  for  a  couple  • 
of  cents  apiece.  That  wire  will  be  so  ■ 
much  a  foot.  So  we  have  everything 
spread  out  on  the  table,  each  piece  a 
separate  product  with  the  price  for 
which  someone  will  make  it.  After 
weighing  this  material  we  find  that 
you  can  buy  a  radio  for  fifty  or  sixty 
cents  a  pound." 

"But  that  material  isn't  what  you  i| 
bought.  You  can't  sell  that  kind  of 
product  as  you  do  butter.  You  bought 
that  something  which,  when  all  the 
pieces  were  put  together,  made  it 
work.  When  you  bought  that  fifty 
dollar  radio,  you  bought  the  combined 
intelligences  and  experiences  of  every 
great  electrical  engineer  from  Michael 
Faraday  on  down.  That's  what  made 
(Turn  to  page  34) 


RESEARCH 


IN  A  LARGE 


INDUSTRY 


By  William  D.  Coolidge 


IT  was  thirty-two  years  ago  (lack- 
ing only  one  year  to  complete 
what  is  usually  considered  a  genera- 
tion) that  I  first  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  research  in  industry.  I  had 
been  reluctant  to  take  the  step  lead- 
ing to  that  acquaintance.  I  had 
tiiought  of  research,  to  which  I  pro- 
posed to  dedicate  my  life's  work,  as 
distinctively  academic,  as  closely  asso- 
ciated with  educational  institutions  as 
was  teaching  itself.  Industrial  re- 
search in  this  country  was  a  new 
thing,  familiar  to  only  a  few.  Some 
scientists  regarded  the  small  number 
of  their  fellows  who  had  entered  the 
service  of  industry  as  renegades  who 
had  sold  their  birthrights  for  a  mess 
of  pottage,  or  at  the  very  least  had 
debased  their  science  by  tainting  it 
with  commercialism. 

I  do  not  think  I  shared  that  opin- 
ion, but  it  was  hard  for  me  to  imag- 
ine that  a  laboratory  operated  by  a 
company,  admittedlj'  existing  to  make 
money  for  its  stockholders,  could  of- 
fer the  freedom  of  inquiry,  the  unfet- 
tered choice  of  interesting  problems, 
which  I  enjoyed  in  my  academic  sur- 
roundings. I  further  feared  that  I 
might  be  pocketed  in  a  corner  of  a 
manufacturing  plant,  quite  completely 
isolated  from  stimulating  contacts 
with  other  research  workers  which  I 
was  sure  to  enjoy  in  collegiate  cir- 
cles. It  was  only  my  complete  con- 
fidence in  my  former  instructor  and 
colleague  at   M.   I.   T.,   Dr.   Whitney, 


which  induced  me  to  join  the  small, 
but  growing  staff  of  the  research  lab- 
oratory, which  he  was  then  building 
up  for  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany. Even  so,  I  yielded  only  with 
the  stipulation  that  I  should  be  free 
to  give  half  my  time  to  a  continua- 
tion of  the  fundamental  research  on 
which  I  had  been  engaged  for  the 
past  five  years. 

That  I  have  never  regretted  that 
move  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  I  have 
been  with  that  laboratory  ever  since; 
but  that  is  not  the  point  I  wish  to 
lead  up  to  by  this  personal  preamble. 
I  am  seeking  to  emphasize  the  ex- 
traordinary change  which  the  status 
of  research  in  industry  has  undergone 
in  less  than  a  single  generation. 

Thirty-two  years  ago,  the  indus- 
trial research  laboratories  of  this 
country  could  be  counted  on  the  fin- 
gers of  one  hand.  Today  they  num- 
ber about  two  thousand.  Then  they 
were  a  radical  experiment.  Now  they 
are  a  well  established  part  of  nearly 
every  large  industry.  Then  the  writer 
on  industrial  research  could  feel  sure 
that  nearly  anything  he  wrote  would 
be  new  to  nearly  every  reader.  Now 
there  is  a  voluminous  literature  on  the 
subject,  so  that  if  one  is  to  forbear 
from  technical  discussions  of  most  re- 
cent researches,  the  only  novelty  a 
writer  can  contribute  must  come 
largely   from  his   personal  views. 

Perhaps  some  directors  of  research 
would  not  fully  subscribe  to  all  I  may 


write.  I  have  occasionally  found  my- 
self in  partial  disagreement  with 
some  of  the  views  expressed  in  arti- 
cles, similar  to  this,  by  others.  In 
general,  there  are  close  similarities 
among  all  the  industrial  research  lab- 
oratories I  know,  regardless  of  the 
nature  of  the  industry,  and  whether 
tiie  laboratory  work  is  mainly  chem- 
ical, physical,  mechanical,  metallur- 
gical, or  biological — similarities  in  or- 
ganization, financing,  selection  of 
projects,  and  control  of  the  work.  But 
there  are  also  differences,  which  I 
shall  refer  to  later. 

For  instance,  every  large  labora- 
tory of  which  I  know  is  organized  on 
the  group  system.  That  becomes  prac- 
tically essential  with  increasing  size. 
There  is  a  limit  to  the  number  of 
workers  one  man  can  supervise,  so, 
as  that  limit  is  reached,  it  becomes 
necessary  to  delegate  supervisory  re- 
sponsibility to  section  heads.  Again, 
as  a  part  of  a  profit-making,  or  at 
least  a  profit-seeking,  concern,  the  in- 
dustrial laboratory,  like  all  other 
parts  of  the  company,  must  operate 
on  the  budget  system.  In  every  in- 
dustrial laboratory  some  of  the  proj- 
ects undertaken  are  imposed  by  prob- 
lems arising  in  the  work  of  other  de- 
partments, while  some  arise  from 
ideas  originating  among  the  labora- 
tory staff.  In  either  case  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  plan  the  attack  and  guide 
its  prosecution  through  conferences 
between     the     director     and     section 


Dr.  W.  R.  Whitney   and   Dr.  W.  D.  Coolidge   wafch  Dr.  Irving   Langtnuir  demonstrate 
oil  films  on  water. 


heads.  Tliese  similarities  among  large 
industrial  laboratories  are  quite  strik- 
ing in  their  completeness  and  univer- 
sality. 

These  similarities  are,  however, 
structural  or  formal,  while  the  diver- 
gencies are  functional,  and  are  there- 
fore, perhaps,  of  greater  interest  than 
tlie   resemblances. 

I  am  not  referring  to  the  diflferences 
arising  from  the  nature  of  the  prod- 
uct of  the  company.  It  is  obvious  that 
the  problems  engaging  the  interest  of 
a  chemical  company  like  Du  Pont,  or 
a  metallurgical  company  like  United 
States  Steel,  will  be  different  from 
those  undertaken  by  an  electrical 
manufacturing  and  operating  com- 
pany, like  Bell  Telephone  or  Radio 
Corporation  of  America.  I  am  refer- 
ring to  differences  in  function  of  the 
research  laboratory  in  different  indus- 
tries, as  a  contributing  member  of  the 
industrial  organism. 

For  instance,  most  industrial  re- 
search laboratories  have  a  partial  or 
complete  responsibility  for,  and  cor- 
responding control  over,  the  technical 
processes  of  manufacture.  In  some 
cases  this  responsibility  is  So  complete 
that  all  engineering  activities  are 
merged  in  the  research  laboratory, 
which  is  then  responsible  for  all  tecli- 
nical  instructions  of  every  kind  re- 
quired by  the  factory,  and  supervises 
the  carrying  out  of  those  instructions. 
In  only  a  few  companies,  of  which 
General  Electric  is  one,  is  the  re- 
search laboratory  confined,  in  its  rela- 
tions to  other  departments,  to  a  purely 
advisory  function. 

Each  scheme  has  its  advantages. 
When  the  product  of  a  company  is 
fairly  homogeneous  and  when  manu- 
facture is  concentrated  in  a  single 
plant,  as  in  the  Eastman  Kodak  Com- 


))any,  it  undoubtedly  makes  for  effi- 
ciency to  place  full  technical  respon- 
sibility and  authority  in  the  research 
laboratory,  for  it  is  quicker,  and  much 
more  certainly  productive  of  the  ex- 
act results  desired,  to  be  able  to  issue 
complete  and  binding  instructions 
than  to  be  forced  to  use  argument, 
demonstration,  and  persuasion  to  in- 
duce the  action  desired  by  another 
independent  agency. 

But  in  the  case  of  a  company  sucii 
as  General  Electric,  which  has  more 
than  forty  manufacturing  plants  in 
twenty-eight  cities  and  towns,  scat- 
tered over  the  country  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific  coast,  producing 
all  kinds  of  electrical  apparatus,  from 
turbines  and  locomotives  down  to  snap 
switches  and  miniature  lamps,  and  a 
complete  range  of  electrical  appli- 
ances, decentralization  is  a  practical 
necessity,  and  complete  centralized 
technical  control  is  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. In  such  an  organization  the  re- 
search laboratory's  function  becomes, 
by  force  of  circumstances,  purely  ad- 
visory, while  technical  responsibility 
is  carried  by  works  laboratories  and 
engineering  departments  located  at 
the  various  plants. 

Lacking  authority,  the  research  lab- 
oratory must  sell  its  ideas  and  prod- 
ucts to  the  other  departments,  and 
the  enthusiastic  and  impatient  re- 
search man  may  often  feel  that  the 
"sales  resistance"  encountered  within 
his  own  company  is  more  adamantine 
and  perverse  than  any  likely  to  be 
offered  by  the  general  public.  But  the 
occasional  delays  resulting  from  such 
obstructions  are  perhaps  more  than 
compensated  for  by  the  flexibility  con- 
ferred on  the  research  laboratory  by 
its  freedom  from  continuing  responsi- 
bility.    The    director   is    at    all   times 


free,  subject  to  a  single  limitation  I 
shall  later  mention,  to  select  for  at- 
tack only  those  problems  of  greatest 
present  interest  or  of  most  immediate 
importance,  to  drop  one  activity  at 
any  time  for  another,  to  concentrate 
on  a  few  major  projects,  or  to  deploy 
over  a  wider  front.  His  staff  has  a 
guerilla-like  mobility. 

Thus  we  find  functional  differences 
among  industrial  research  laboratories 
arising  both  from  the  character  of 
product  and  from  the  form  of  the 
manufacturing  organization.  But  tliere 
are  other  differences  resting  on  the 
inherent  nature  of  research. 

We  may  define  research  as  the  sys- 
tematic search  by  the  experimental 
method  for  new  knowledge,  thus  dif- 
ferentiating it  from  engineering, 
which  is  the  economic  application  of 
existing  technical  knowledge  for  use- 
ful ends.  But  the  knowledge  sought 
by  research  may  be  either  of  two 
kinds.  It  may  be  specific  facts  di- 
rectly applicable  to  a  definite  prob- 
lem, or  it  may  be  generic  facts  with 
no  particular  application  in  view.  For 
want  of  better  terms,  we  may  desig- 
nate these  two  kinds  of  investigation 
as  "intensive  research,"  and  "exten- 
sive, or  fundamental,  research."  One 
seeks  to  enlarge  our  knowledge  about 
existing  things,  so  as  to  enable  us  to 
improve  them,  reduce  their  cost,  or 
both.  The  other  seeks  to  extend  the 
frontiers  of  our  knowledge,  and  is 
little  concerned  with  what  specific 
facts  will  be  discovered  or  what,  if 
any,  their  application  will  be. 

Let  me  illustrate  by  examples.  Sup- 
pose we  have  a  new  synthetic  resin, 
which  possesses  certain  characteris- 
tics highly  desirable  for  wire  insula- 
tion, such,  for  instance,  as  good  re- 
sistance to  heat,  to  mechanical  abra- 
sion, and  to  chemical  attack  by  oil 
or  ozone,  but  which  also  has  certain 
disadvantages,  such  as  brittleness  at 
low  temperature  or  high  power  fac- 
tor. Experience  with  somewhat  sim- 
ilar materials  may  point  to  the  possi- 
bility of  reducing  these  disadvan- 
tages by  modifying  the  composition. 
Experiments  directed  to  the  explora- 
tion of  that  possibility  we  may  term 
intensive  research.  Its  object  is  to 
gain  new  facts  which  will  enable  us 
to  improve,  and  to  extend  the  appli- 
cations of,  that  particular  resin. 

Suppose  again  we  realize  the  inade- 
quacy of  our  knowledge  regarding 
some  particular  phenomenon  and  wish 
to  enlarge  it.  For  instance,  there  is  a 
kind  of  electronic  interaction  which 
takes  place  between  contacting  layers 
of  certain  materials.  On  it  is  based 
the  operation  of  the  so-called  "block- 
ing-layer" photo  cell  used  in  light  me- 
ters and  exposure  meters,  and  of  the 
copper-oxide  rectifier.  No  comprehen- 
sive and  wholly  satisfactory  explana- 


10 


Research   in   G.   E.   Laboratories. 
Top:   At   Work    on    Problems    of   High-Voltage    Electron    Tubes.         Top:    Investigating  Fan  Noises   in   Sound-proof   Room. 
Bottom:   Observing   experimental  sodium  lamp.  Bottom:     Use  of  arc  furnace  in  ceramics. 


tion  of  the  underlying  mechanism  of 
tliat  electronic  exchange  has  as  yet 
been  advanced.  More  facts  are  needed, 
which  only  experiment  can  yield.  If 
we  start  a  series  of  experiments  de- 
signed to  uncover  those  facts,  we  may 
term  this  extensive  or  fundamental  re- 
search. 

Of  course,  in  our  attempt  to  im- 
prove that  resin,  we  may  uncover  a 
fact  throwing  new  light  on  the  whole 
subject  of  dielectric  losses,  but  that 
would  be  purely  adventitious — much 
like  discovering  buried  treasure  while 
digging  for  clams.  Or  the  new  facts 
resulting  from  the  study  of  the  photo 
cell  may  point  the  way  to  the  devel- 
opment of  a  wholly  new  device,  open- 
ing up  a  new  broad  field  of  activity. 
The  faint  hope  of  such  an  outcome  is 
always  present  in  every  fiuidamental 
research,  but  if  it  appears,  it,  too,  is 
in  a  sense  adventitious,  for  it  was  not 
the  objective  of  the  research. 

It  is  in  their  objectives,  not  in  their 
experimental    methods,    nor    in    their 


possible  outcomes,  that  the  two  kinds 
of  research  fundamentally  differ.  It 
is  the  kind  of  objective  which  a  re- 
search laboratory  sets  before  itself 
which  most  fundamentally  determines 
its    function   in   the   industry. 

All  industrial  research  laboratories 
conduct  intensive  researches.  In  most 
laboratories  it  is  the  only  kind  of  re- 
search that  is  considered.  It  is  inten- 
sive research  which  improves  product, 
reduces  cost,  opens  up  new  applica- 
tions, increases  sales,  and,  by  provid- 
ing more  and  better  things  for  more 
people,  helps  to  raise  living  standards. 
Such  research  is  now  considered  es- 
sential by  practically  every  industry. 
The  company  which  neglects  it  will 
soon  be  lagging  behind  its  competi- 
tors, and  the  industry  which  neglects 
it  will  survive  foreign  competition  for 
a  time  only  by  cowering  behind  tariff 
walls. 

Intensive  research  is  a  conservative 
investment.  In  competent  hands  it 
may   be   confidently   expected   to   pay 


dividends.  Not  every  project  will  be 
brought  to  a  successful  conclusion,  but 
some  should  yield  results  of  sufficient 
immediate  value  to  pay  for  the  fail- 
ures and  to  leave  a  material  balance 
on  the  credit  side. 

Fundamental  research,  on  the  mone- 
tary side,  is  a  pure  gamble.  It  is 
pioneering  in  an  unknown  land.  What 
will  be  discovered  and  what  its  value, 
if  any,  will  be,  no  one  can  foretell. 
Nevertheless,  it  was  primarily  to  con- 
duct such  explorations  that  the  re- 
search laboratory  of  the  General 
Electric  Company  was  founded.  It 
was  realized  by  the  officers  of  the 
company  that  the  electrical  industry 
sprang  from  the  fundamental  re- 
searches of  Faraday  and  his  contem- 
poraries; that  electrical  engineering 
was  simply  the  application  of  the  re- 
sults of  research;  and  that  electrical 
development  would  in  time  perforce 
slow  down,  unless  a  continuing  sup- 
ply of  new  facts  were  forthcoming. 
(Turn  to  page  38) 


11 


DURING  the  past  fifteen  years 
our  daily  papers  and  periodicals 
have  been  carrying  an  increasing 
number  of  articles  about  the  develop- 
ment of  a  new  tj'pe  of  radio  apparatus 
which  would  transmit  pictures  through 
the  air.  Periodically,  we  have  been 
assured  that  television  is  "just  around 
the  corner,"  but  to  date  the  corner 
has  not  been  turned  as  far  as  the  pub- 
lic is  concerned.  These  sporadic 
bursts  of  publicity  have  produced  a 
confusion  in  the  minds  of  the  public 
which  has  given  rise  to  all  sorts  of 
rumors  as  to  why  general  television 
program  service  is  not  available  to  tlie 
people  of  the  United  States-.  Most  of 
these  rumors  are  unfounded. 

The  real  reason  why  television  is 
still  in  the  laboratory  stage  and  un- 
dergoing field  tests  is  that  it  has  not 
been  developed  and  tested  to  the  point 
where  our  exacting  public  will  readily 
accept  it  as  a  new  tool  of  society. 
Except  for  a  few  people  who  are  in- 
terested in  new  gadgets  as  such,  our 
citizens  demand  utility  before  they 
accept  things  with  enthusiasm.  Such 
enthusiastic  acceptance  falls  to  the  lot 
of  only  those  pieces  of  apparatus 
which  do  an  old  task  much  better  than 
the  old  tools,  or  which  offer  a  desir- 
able  new   service    impossible   without 


12 


TELEVISION 


By  Clarence  W.  Farrier 


tlif  new  advances.  Television  is  rap- 
idly approaching  conformity  with  that 
specification,  but  it  is  not  quite  ready 
to  meet  the  exacting  test  of  public  ac- 
ceptance. 

"Pictures  tiirough  the  air"  to  most 
of  us  is  an  incredible  phenomenon. 
The  fruition  of  the  efforts  of  the  many 
scientists  and  engineers  who  have  par- 
ticipated in  the  development  of  televi- 
sion apparatus  is  thrilling  to  contem- 
j)late.  Even  for  those  who  have 
worked  on  this  difficult  problem,  the 
lu.ulaclus  are  offset  by  the  thrill  of 
contrihuting  toward  a  solution  which 
l)romises  soon  to  be  the  right  answer. 

The  present  television  apparatus  is 
tlic  result  of  a  chain  of  events  which 
extend  back  over  a  period  of  120 
years.  In  1817,  Berzelius,  a  Swedish 
pharmacist,  isolated  the  metal,  selen- 
ium. Fifty-six  years  later  May,  a 
telegrapii  operator,  discovered  that 
the  electronic  properties  of  selenium 
changed  when  exposed  to  light.  In 
1830,  Bakewell  transmitted  a  picture 
over     an     electrical     circuit.        These 


early  links,  together  with  the  discov- 
eries of  Kerr,  Crooks,  Nipkow,  and 
many  others,  gave  the  compelling  im- 
petus for  the  intense  program  of  re- 
search and  development  which  has 
been  forging  links  in  the  chain  with 
constant  acceleration  during  the  past 
fifteen  years. 

An  essential  element  of  a  television 
system  is  a  camera  to  receive  the  light 
from  the  image  or  scene  which  is  to 
be  transmitted.  Inside  the  camera 
there  must  be  a  device  for  translating 
tlie  picture  into  electronic  impulses. 
These  impulses  must  then  be  amplified 
and  turned  into  radio  impulses  wliich 
are  launched  into  the  atmosphere. 
These  impulses  are  then  picked  out 
of  the  air  by  receiving  antennae  and 
in  the  receiving  apparatus  must  be  am- 
plified, filtered  into  their  components, 
and  re-translated  into  a  visual  image. 
The  accompanying  sound  is  picked  up 
by  the  customary  microphone  and 
transmitted  in  the  same  way  as  any 
other  sound  radio. 

The     essential     difference     between 


"Mike      and     Ike" 


Microphone       and 
Iconoscope. 


tlie  video  apparatus  and  the  audio 
lies  in  the  pickup  and  reproduction 
instruments.  The  image  to  be  trans- 
mitted on  the  video  channel  is  focused 
upon  the  "Ike,'  and  as  in  sound 
pickup  the  sound  is  focused  upon 
the  "Mike."  The  "Ike,  or  Icono- 
scope, as  it  is  more  politely  known. 
is  an  evacuated  glass  container  shaped 
like  a  Florence  flask.  In  the  neck  of 
the  container  is  placed  an  electron 
gun  with  its  electrostatic  focusing  de- 
vice which  concentrates  the  emitted 
electrons  into  a  thin  pencil  directed 
toward  the  bulbous  end  of  the  tube. 
In  the  bulb  of  the  container,  a  "plate" 
is  so  placed  that  a  lens  system  focuses 
the  image  to  be  transmitted  upon  the 
face  of  the  plate.  The  plate  is  ap- 
proximately .3  by  4  inches  in  size  and 
consists  of  a  sheet  of  mica  on  the 
face  of  which  has  been  deposited 
thousands  of  tiny  silver  globules. 
These  globules  are  coated  with  a 
photo-electric  substance.  The  back  of 
the  sheet  of  mica  is  covered  with  a 
secondary  electrode  consisting  of  a 
thin  sheet  of  metal.  The  secondary 
electrode  is  connected  to  a  terminal 
leading  out  through  the  wall  of  the 
tube. 

The  electronic  action  by  which  the 
Iconoscope  changes  the  picture  into 
impulses  in  the  circuits  can  be  briefly 
explained  by  stating  that  the  mica 
plate  with  its  two  coatings  acts  as  a 
condenser.      Its    dielectric    tension    at 


Numerous   floodlights   are   directed   at   the    artist.     The   Iconoscope   camera   is   in   ihe 
right  foreground  and  the  microphone  overhead. 


any  instant  is  the  resultant  of  the  po- 
tential differences  between  the  mosaic 
of  silver  globules  on  one  side  and  the 
plate  electrode  on  the  other. 

An  electro-magnetic  yoke  is  placed 
on  the  neck  of  the  Iconoscope  tube. 
This  yoke  along  with  its  accompany- 
ing circuits  causes  the  beam  of  elec- 
trons emitted  from  the  electron  gini 
to  be  swept  back  and  forth  across  the 
mosaic  plate.  As  the  beam  moves 
back  and  forth  the  electro-magnetic 
yoke  pulls  it  down  over  the  plate, 
causing  it  successively  to  cover  all 
elements  of  the  mosaic  in  every  two 
trips.  This  process  is  called  the  scan- 
ning of  the  mosaic.  The  covering  of 
the  alternate  lines  is  called  interlacing. 

In  the  present  system  in  the  United 
States,  the  interlaced  scanning  uses 
44.I  lines  to  the  complete  frame,  and 
30  complete  or  60  half  frames  per 
second. 

As  the  scanning  of  the  mosaic  by 
the  electron  beam  occurs,  the  average 
pressure  in  the  dielectric  of  the  mosaic 
plate  changes  and  gives  rise  to  fluctu- 
ations in  the  circuit  leading  to  the 
first  amplifier.  This  dielectric  pres- 
sure, after  passing  through  other  am- 
plifiers, eventually  modulates  the  car- 
rier wave  emitted  by  the  television 
transmitter. 

The   changes   in   dielectric   pressure 


NBC  television 
control  room. 
Engineer  in 
foreground 
monitors  the 
sound,  the  one 
at  back  moni- 
tors the  picture. 
The  program 
director,  in 
center,  faces  a 
"talk  back" 
micro  phone 
which  connects 
with  earphones 
of  men  who 
focus  icono- 
scopes in  the 
studio. 


13 


in  tlie  mosaic  plate  are  brought  about 
tlirough  the  focusing  of  the  light 
image  upon  the  mosaic  by  the  camera 
lens  system.  Various  parts  of  the 
mosaic  receive  light  in  varied  amounts, 
depending  upon  the  intensity  of  light 
or  shade  of  the  image.  The  varying 
amount  of  light  in  turn  determines 
the  electric  charges  on  the  mosaic 
globules  through  the  action  of  the 
photosensitive  coating  on  the  silver 
globules.  As  the  electron  beam 
touches  each  globule  of  the  mosaic, 
the  charge  of  that  globule  changes. 
These  charges  are  the  electrical  im- 
pulses which  are  transmitted  to  the 
receiver. 

Another  set  of  circuits  turns  off  the 
electron  beam  at  the  end  of  the  scan- 
ning line  until  the  magnetic  deflecting 
circuits  have  had  opportunity  to  set 
up   the   necessary   field   to    direct   the 


beam  at  the  other  end  of  tiie  next  line 
to  be  scanned.  At  the  end  of  the  last 
line  of  each  half  scanned  frame,  tlic 
electron  beam  is  turned  off  in  the 
same  manner  until  the  magnetic  yoke 
directs  the  beam  to  tiie  beginning  of 
the  first  line  of  the  next  half  frame. 

Tliroughout  this  process,  very  rapid 
changes  take  place  in  the  radio  im- 
pulses transmitted.  As  many  impulses 
are  transmitted  per  second  as  the 
stock  ticker  can  transmit  in  four  busi- 
ness days.  In  addition  to  tlie  picture 
signals,  synchronizing  impulses  are 
transmitted  during  the  time  the  elec- 
tron beam  is  cut  off. 

At  present  it  seems  probable  that  a 
six  megacycle  band  will  be  necessary 
on  the  radio  spectrum  for  each  tele- 
vision station.  Tliis  band  spread  is 
approximately  six  times  tlie  width  of 
that  of  the  whole  standard  broadcast 
channel  allocation.  The  six  megacycle 
b;ind  would  j)rovide  a  guard  band  of 
.25  megacycles  against  an  adjacent 
channel,  and  spacing  of  ."J. 2.5  mega- 
cycles between  tiie  video  and  audio 
channels. 

To  obtain  such  clianncl  widtlis,  tlie 
unallocated  radio  spectrum  involving 
frequencies  above  forty  megacycles 
has  to  be  used.  In  this  region,  the 
j)ropagation  and  attenuation  charac- 
teristics of  radio  waves  differ  materi- 
ally from  those  in  the  standard  broad- 
cast band.  Reliable  service  does  not 
extend  much  beyond  the  horizon  as 
viewed   from  the  height  of  the   anten- 


nae system.  Considerable  research  is 
being  done  at  present  in  the  further 
investigation  of  the  propagation  char- 
acteristics of  the  Ultra  High  Radio 
Frequency. 

The  tentative  television  channels 
have  the  advantage  of  being  free  from 
the  effects  of  most  varieties  of  static. 
They  are  susceptible,  however,  to  au- 
tomobile ignition  noise  and  unshielded 
diathermy    macliine   emanations. 

The  television  receiving  set  picks 
up  the  composite  signal  emitted  from 
the  transmitter  and  unscrambles  it 
into  its  component  parts.  The  audio 
signal  goes  to  the  audio  amplifiers  and 
is  heard  over  a  loud  speaker.  The 
synchronizing  impulses  go  to  sweej) 
circuits  and  serve  tlieir  purpose  of 
keeping  an  electron  beam  in  the  re- 
ceiving tube,  the  Kinescope,  in  step 
with  the  beam  of  the  transmitting 
Iconoscope.  The  video  signals  go 
through  their  circuits  and  modulate 
this   Kinescope  stream  of  electrons. 

The  Kinescope  is  similar  in  con- 
struction to  the  Iconoscope,  except 
that  its  end  is  coated  on  the  inside 
with  a  fluorescent  material  which  be- 
comes luminous  in  proportion  to  the 
intensity  of  the  electron  beam  focused 
upon  it.  The  modulated  electron 
beam  from  the  electron  gun  of  the 
Kinescope  is  caused  to  follow  the  ex- 
act pattern  of  the  scanning  beam  of 
the  Iconoscope,  and  by  causing  vary- 
ing degrees  of  fluorescence  on  the  face 
(Turn  to  page  28) 


Left:    NBC    television    antenna    atop    Empire    State    Building,    from    which    millions    of 
electrical  impulses  are  transmitteci  that  direct  a  stream  of  electrons  in  painting  the 

image  of  television. 
Below:   Typical   Television   Receiving   Set.     Note   Image   Screen   in  Top   of   Console. 


14 


ARC   WELDING 

• 

FIFTY  YEARS  OF 
DEVELOPMENT 
AND  PRESENT  DAY 
APPLICATIONS 

By  H.  S.  Card 


"/  agree  'icitli  a  long  list  of  naval 
architects,  marine  engineers,  and  own- 
ers xvlio  are  of  the  opinion  that  welded 
ship  construction  xcill  eventualli)  en- 
tirely/ replace  riveted  construction." — 
A  marine  engineer. 

"It  is  the  writer's  personal  opinion 
that  the  car  of  the  future  will  be 
largely  assembled  by  welding." — Gen- 
eral mechanical  engineer  of  a  railroad 
ear-building  company. 

"P  rogressive  engineers  have 
switched  their  skeptical  attitude  and 
now  favor  welded  c07istruction  in  a 
great  many  new  applications  in  the 
metal  fabricating  field." — General 
manager  of  an  equipment  manufac- 
turing company. 

THE  above  published  statements 
are  less  than  a  week  off  the  press 
as  this  article  is  being  written.  They 
reflect  an  unmistakable  trend  on  the 
part  of  engineers  in  all  industries  to 
accept  modern  arc  welding  practice  as 
a  dependable  method  of  construction; 
yet,  between  the  lines  of  the  third 
quotation  one  reads  that  engineers 
have  been  skeptical  and  that  present 
day  attitudes  are  in  the  nature  of  a 
change  of  front.  A  brief  outline  of 
the  story  of  arc  welding,  a  story  that 
abounds  in  the  drama  of  achievement, 
will  serve  to  establish  a  logical  basis 
for  a  generation  of  skepticism  and 
also  to  introduce  the  modernized  proc- 
ess, its  essential  values,  and  a  few  of 
its  noteworthy  applications  in  the  en- 


gineering world,  to  tiiose  wlio  have  not 
kept   pace    witii    its    progress. 

Fifty  years  ago  Coffin  discovered 
tliat  by  establishing  and  maintaining 
an  electric  arc  between  the  end  of  a 
steel  wire  and  a  piece  of  steel  plate 
he  could  cause  the  wire  gradually  to 
melt  and  fu.se  itself,  drop  by  drop, 
to  the  plate  below.  That  was  the 
birth  of  metallic  arc  welding.  (If 
the  infant  seems  to  have  matured 
slowly,  let  it  be  remembered  that  wire- 
less telegraphy  was  born  during  the 
same  era.)  There  is  a  peculiar  fas- 
cination about  this  method  of  joining 
metals,  this  concentration  and  control 
of  a  powerful  heating  agent,  guiding 
it  along  a  predetermined  path  until 
finally  two  separate  pieces  of  metal 
become  a  solidly  iiomogeneous  unit. 
If  Coffin,  or  one  of  his  early  follow- 
ers, had  been  asked,  "Could  the  steel 
work  of  a  twenty-story  office  building 
be  welded?"  the  answer  would  have 
been  "yes."  But  to  the  question, 
"How?"  the  reply  could  only  have 
been,  "I  don't  know."  Spurred  by 
the  challenge  of  such  elusive  possibil- 
ities, a  handful  of  electrical  engineers 
persisted  in  their  research  and  experi- 
ments. After  thirty  years  of  hard 
work  the  proponents  of  the  metallic 
arc  process  could  point  to  machines 
which  delivered  current  suitable  for 
arc  welding,  steel  welding  wire  that 
performed  satisfactorily,  and  a  few 
operators  who  could  make  reasonably 
sound  electric  arc  welds. 


Then  came  the  World  War,  and 
with  it  numerous  emergencies  which 
caused  engineers,  driven  to  despera- 
tion, to  try  out  this  new  process.  It 
exceeded  their  fondest  iiopes.  The  de- 
molished engines  of  interned  German 
siiips,  thought  to  be  ruined  beyond  r(;- 
pair,  were  restored  to  service  in  a  few 
months.  The  emergency  shipbuilding 
program  was  accelerated  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  arc  welding  for  many  riv- 
eting operations.  Munitions  makers 
found  in  it  a  means  of  getting  quickly 
into  production  on  much  needed  sup- 
plies. One  "miracle"  after  another 
was  performed  in  those  days  by  this 
strangely  hooded  new  craftsman  who 
made  his  appearance  in  the  metal 
fabricating  industries,  miracles  which 
passed  unnoticed  because  public  at- 
tention was  focussed  on  the  news 
from  the  front. 

During  the  business  slump  which 
followed  demobilization,  plant  execu- 
tives remembered  this  new  tool  which 
apparently  could  make  everything 
from  a  milk  can  to  a  battleship  and 
fix  anything  that  needed  repair,  which 
could  cut  production  costs  and  save 
the  expense  of  buying  new  parts  to 
replace  what  Avas  worn  or  broken.  It 
was  in  this  post-war  period,  marked 
by  tlie  application  of  haphazard  pro- 
cedures, leaving  in  their  wake  a  se- 
ries of  deplorable  failures  and  hasty 
conclusions,  that  the  engineering  pro- 
fession became  skeptical  of  arc  weld- 
ing.   Two  important  indictments  were 

15 


Mammoth  Arc- Welded 
Press  Used  in  Auto- 
mobile Body  Con- 
struction. 


formulated  against  tlie  process.  First, 
the  arc  fused  metal  absorbed  from  the 
atmosphere,  during  its  transfer, 
enough  oxygen  and  nitrogen  to  lower 
its  ductility  beyond  what  could  be 
considered  safe  for  engineering  struc- 
tures. Second,  in  many  plants  the 
best  authority  on  arc  welding  was  the 
operator  himself,  and  the  management 
was  dependent  on  the  workman  for 
control  of  the  quality  of  the  work. 

In  general,  both  of  these  accusa- 
tions were  correct.  The  fact  that  they 
were  correct  makes  it  seem  important 
to  restate  them  here;  arc  deposited 
metal  of  that  day  was  not  a  satisfac- 
tory engineering  material ;  and  no  sat- 
isfactory method  of  controlling  weld 
quality  had  been  developed. 

Despite  these  handicaps,  the  arc 
welding  process  was  rapidly  making 
its  entry  into  nearly  every  nook  and 
corner  of  industry.  Weld  quality  was 
being  improved  by  the  use  of  flux 
coatings  on  electrodes  to  neutralize 
the  effect  of  atmospheric  gases,  and 
operators  were  being  trained  to  hold 
a  "short  arc"  in  order  to  minimize  the 
time  of  this  effect.  Moreover,  there 
was    an    increasing    number    of    engi- 

16 


ncers  who  became  interested  in  the 
process  and  mastered  its  complexities 
so  thoroughh'  that  they  were  able  to 
capitalize  its  advantages.  Makers  of 
refrigerating    and    refining   equipment 


were  successfully  welding  low  pres- 
sure tanks  and  piping  into  leakproof 
systems.  Several  steel  frames  for  in 
dustrial  buildings  were  welded  and 
showed  striking  opportunities  for  sav- 
ings in  the  structural  steel  field.  Elec- 
trical companies  began  to  fabricate 
such  structures  as  large  stator  frames 
at  much  lower  cost  than  castings.  Ma- 
chinery manufacturers  applied  the 
idea  to  the  fabrication  of  bases, 
frames,  jigs,  and  fixtures.  A  tank 
manufacturer  demonstrated  that  it  is 
feasible  to  arc  weld  mammoth  storage 
tanks  in  the  field.  A  boiler  maker 
built  for  his  plant  a  1,000-ton  capac- 
ity arc  welded  steel  press  at  a  cost 
of  .$8,000  which  would  have  cost  him 
$22,000  with  a  cast  frame.  A  Chicago 
j)lant  startled  the  machinery  world  by 
))roducing  a  line  of  welded  rolled  steel 
gear  blanks  to  replace  cast  gears.  In 
all  cases  the  objective  was  the  same 
— a  more  serviceable  structure  at  a 
lower  manufacturing  cost. 

It  was  plain  enough  tliat  arc  weld- 
ing had  taken  its  place  as  a  valuable 
production  method  in  the  heavy  indus- 
tries, notwithstanding  its  technical 
limitations.  Improved  materials  and 
methods,  destined  to  remove  tliose 
limitations  completely,  were  in  the 
making,  and  that  hectic  period  in 
which  a  merry  boom  was  followed  by 
financial  panic  was  a  very  important 
transition  period  for  the  process.  It 
was  ready  to  greet  the  industrial  re- 
covery, clothed  with  the  official  ap- 
j)roval  of  practically  all  important  en- 
gineering groups.  Research  had  found 
corrective  measures  for  the  most  trou- 
blesome defects. 

Protection  of  the  arc  fused  metal 
from  atmosplieric  contamination  was 
accomplished  by  surrounding  the 
welding  wire  with  a  heavy  coating. 
This  coating  burned  uniformly  as  the 


Arc-Welded  Frame  for  Huge  200-inch  Telescope. 


ire  melted,  enclosed  the  arc  in  a 
anket  of  incandescent  vapors,  and 
;posited  on  top  of  the  liquid  metal  an 
r-tight  crust  of  protective  slag, 
'^ithin  the  limits  of  this  discussion 
-  is  impossible  to  describe  the  endless 
[•ray  of  combination,  analyses  of 
eel  and  materials  used  in  coatings 
lat  make  up  the  large  catalog  of 
5avily  coated  welding  electrodes, 
[here  are  many,  excellent,  heavily- 
)ated  welding  electrodes  now  used  in 
idustrial  arc  welding.  They  vary 
reatly  in  composition. 

Chief  among  the  advantages  of  pro- 
icting  the  arc  was  the  production  of 
elds  having  tensile  streng-th  and 
uctility  equal  to  that  of  the  mate- 
als  welded;  the  latter  might  be  or- 
inary  mild  steel,  stainless  steel,  low 
Hoy,  high  tensile  steel,  etc.;  the 
roblems  presented  by  varying  the 
Hoys  were  met  by  varying  the  cheni- 
lal  composition  of  the  wire  and  the 
Datings.  The  engineering  significance 
f  the  new  material  was  that  a  per- 
2ctly  sound  weld  between  two  pieces 
f  steel  would  have  the  same  ability 
y  withstand  tension  and  bending 
)ads  as  the  metal  on  either  side.  The 
^eld  need  not  be  a  relatively  weak 
rea.  On  the  contrary,  it  could  be 
lade  a  relatively  stronger  area,  if  de- 
ired. 

Equally  ingenious  and  effective  were 
he  methods  devised  to  provide  man- 
gement  control  over  welding  opera- 
ions.  Municipal  building  authorities 
nd  boiler  and  pressure  vessel  inspec- 
ors  wisely  refrained  from  permitting 
he  general  use  of  arc  welding  for 
tructures  under  their  supervision  un- 
il  weld  quality  could  be  made  not 
nly  a  possibility  but  a  certainty. 

In  1927,  42  welding  operators  in 
iS  many  widely  separated  shops  were 
)ut    through    a    uniform    qualification 


test.  Then  they  were  asked  to  weld  a 
set  of  typical  structural  connections. 
The  uniformity  with  which  these  sam- 
ple joints  met  the  computed  require- 
ments for  strength  and  safety  was 
amazing  even  to  the  most  ardent  pro- 
ponents of  structural  welding.  Tlius 
it  was  established  that  reliable  work- 
manship can  be  predetermined  by 
means  of  operator  qualification  tests, 
and  that  certain  design  values  for 
welds  can  safely  be  accepted.  This 
was  the  work  of  the  Structural  Steel 
Welding  Committee  of  the  American 
Bureau  of  Welding,  whose  report, 
published  in  19.'J1,  was  hailed  as  the 
Mag-na  Carta  of  fusion  welding. 

P~urther  confirmation  of  the  depend- 
ability of  arc  welds  was  found  in  the 
experience  of  several  leading  pres 
sure  vessel  manufacturers.  These  en 
terprising  firms  were  beginning  to 
supply  the  petroleum  industry,  and 
other  processing  industries,  with  all 
welded  vessels  built  to  withstand  pres 
sures  and  temperatures  far  beyond 
the  capacit}'  of  vessels  made  by  older 
processes.  Insurance  companies  and 
regulatory  bodies  gave  their  approval 
and  cooperated  in  the  drafting  of 
codes  governing  the  application  of 
welding  in  these  various  fields. 

The  pattern  of  a  typical  welding 
code  outlines  the  structure  of  well  or- 
ganized management  control;  quashes 
the  second  indictment  against  arc 
welded  construction.  The  fabricating 
shop  is  first  required  to  demonstrate 
by  a  series  of  rigid  tests  that  it  has 
a  definite  procedure  capable  of  meet- 
ing the  code  requirements  for  phys- 
ical properties  in  the  weld  metal.  Each 
operator  employed  on  work  subject  to 
the  code  is  obliged  to  pass  a  qualifi- 
cation test,  using  the  adopted  shop 
procedure.  Inspectors  not  employed 
(Turn  to  page  40) 


Modern   all-welded   tug   boat   for   Atlantic   coast   service. 


KDKA's  New  718  Ft.  Electric  Arc-Welded 
Antenna. 


17 


Top    left:    Storage    bins    and    "high    line." 


ORE  TO  A  FORD 


Top  right:  Blast  iumace. 


Bottom  left:  Steel  billet  being  taken  from 
soaking   pit   for   removal    to    rolling   mill. 


Bottom  right:  Tapping  a  blast  furnace. 


THE  stupendous  size  of  the  Ford 
Motor  Company's  plant  at  Dear- 
horn,  Micliigan,  and  the  vast  scope  of 
its  operations  are  liardly  more  im- 
pressive to  the  engineer  than  the  per- 
fection of  tlie  timing  with  which  tliese 
operations  are  carried  out. 

Hundreds  of  materials,  gathered 
from  the  ends  of  the  eartii,  move 
tlirough  the  plant,  elianging  as  they 
move  step  by  step  toward  the  final  as- 


sembly line.  Some  are  handled  in 
enormous  quantities,  others  in  small, 
but  each  moves  along  in  precisely  the 
right  amount  and  at  precisely  the 
rigiit  pace  to  reach  its  objective  at  the 
moment  it  is  needed. 

Tills  synchronization  of  the  work 
of  men  with  materials  and  machinery 
makes  possible  the  transformation  of 
raw  ore  to  a  part  in  a  finished  Ford 
V'-8   in   28   iiours   elapsed   time.      This 


IN  28  HOURS 


Top  left:  Cores  move  on  conveyors  as 
they  are  assembled.  This  shows  inspec- 
tion  of  cylinder  block  core   assembly. 


true  of  very  few  parts  of  course, 
because  most  of  them  require  anneal- 
ing, heat  treating,  or  other  Iiandling 
[which  consumes  many  hours.  Every 
[part  is  given  exact  and  careful  treat- 
Iment  to  fit  it  for  the  work  it  is  des- 
Itined  to  do.  Nevertheless,  the  work 
advances  with  striking  rapidity  con- 
jsidering  that  parts  are  manufactured 
ito  very  close  limits — more  than  6,000 
precision  gage   applications   being   re- 


quired in  the  making  of  each  car — and 
that  Ford  methods  demand  absolute 
uniformity  as  well  as  high  quality. 

Efficiency  in  manufacture  is  of 
prime  value  in  reducing  storage  re- 
quirements, and  in  eliminating  much 
rehandling  of  materials.  It  is  made 
possible  only  by  close  and  constant 
control  of  the  materials  at  every  step 
of  the  way  to  the  final  assembly  line. 
(Turn  to  page  36) 


Top  right:  Camshafts  on  overhead  con- 
veyors. Workmen  take  off  camshafts 
only  when  needed,  the  others  traveling 
around  the  line  again  and  again  until 
removed. 


Bottom  left:  This  five-way  tapping  ma- 
chine drills  and  threads  79  holes  in  V-8 
engine    block    at    a    single    operation. 

Bottom  right:  On  final  assembly  line. 
Shows  body  being  lowered  into  position. 


THE  ENGINEE 
AND  THE  ME  A 
PACKING   INDUSTR 


LEST  the  title  of  tliis  article  mis- 
lead the  reader,  let  it  be  under- 
stood at  the  start  that  the  engineer  re- 
ferred to  is  also  a  bit  of  a  chemist  and 
a    bacteriologist    and    that    the    refer- 


I'nc-fs  wliicli  will  be  used  in  illustra- 
tion will  come  from  those  industries 
which  handle  meat-type  foods.  The 
engineer  is  not  a  newcomer  to  the  food 
industry,  for  science  has  been  serving 


By  C.  Robert  Moulton 


consumers  of  its  products  for  many 
years.  Yet  the  modern  phase  of  the 
food  industry  is  young,  and  new  meth- 
ods of  processing,  distributing,  and 
merchandising  bid  fair  to  bring  about 
some  major  revolutions. 

The  modern  food  industry  is  largely 
the  result  of  the  universal  application 
of  refrigeration  to  perishable  foods. 
This  is  especially  true  of  fresh  fruits 
and  vegetables,  milk  and  dairy  prod- 
ucts, eggs  and  poultry,  fish,  and  meat. 
It  would  appear  that  there  were  no 
new  problems  here.  However,  two 
modern  developments  show  that  mere 
temperature  control  is  but  a  part  of 
adequate,  efficient,  and  economical  re- 
frigeration. These  developments  are 
quick-freezing  and  air  conditioning. 
Quick   Freezing 

P'ood  spoilage  is  a  result  of  the 
action  of  micro-organisms  combined 
with  enzymic  changes  and  atmospheric 


Modern   meat   packing    plant.     Note    extensive    use    oi   glass    brick   in    walls. 


20 


effects,  especially  oxygen.  Low  tem- 
peratures are  fairly  effective  in  con- 
trolling these  processes,  and  the  ex- 
clusion of  light  and  oxygen  is  also  an 
aid,  especially  in  the  case  of  fatty 
foods.  The  ideal  temperature  for 
keeping  most  perishable  foods  is  as 
near  the  freezing  point  as  possible  but 
without  allowing  ice  crystals  to  form. 
In  many  cases  foods  can  be  kept 
longer  if  frozen,  but  this  process  dam- 
ages certain  foods.  It  used  to  be 
thought  that  most  fruits  and  vege- 
tables were  spoiled  by  freezing  and 
that,  while  meat  may  be  kept  for 
months  when  frozen,  it  is  never  as 
good  again. 

However,  experience  and  experi- 
ment have  shown  that  certain  fruits 
and  vegetables  can  be  quickly  frozen 
at  low  temperatures  and  delivered  in 
this  state  to  the  ultimate  consumer  in 
very  excellent  shape  with  their  orig- 
inal freshness  and  flavor  well  pro- 
tected. In  the  case  of  meat-type  foods 
the  effect  of  freezing  by  methods  once 
considered  adequate  is  to  rupture  the 
muscle  cells,  and,  on  thawing,  such 
meats  are  soft  and  watery  because  of 
the  escape  of  the  valuable  muscle 
serum.  It  has  been  shown  that  tlie 
size  and  location  of  the  ice  crystals 
■can  be  controlled  by  the  method  of 
freezing  and  that  low  temperatures 
such  as  20°,  30°,  and  even  better,  40° 
to  50°  below  zero  Fahrenheit,  will 
cause  very  small  ice  crystals  to  form 
within  the  sheath  of  the  muscle  cell 
or  fiber.  Thus  the  structure  is  not 
damaged,  and  the  product  when 
thawed  is  in  all  respects  as  good  as 
fresh  meat. 

But  it  is  not  as  simple  as  this.  Meat 
has  a  very  low  rate  of  conduction  for 
heat.  While  lean  meat  is  about  70  to 
75  per  cent  water,  this  water  is  in- 
timately related  to  proteins,  fats,  and 
salts  within  a  poorly  conducting  mem- 
brane. Then  the  addition  of  fat  makes 
the  meat  a  progressively  poorer  con- 
ductor. The  same  is  true  of  fish  and 
poultry.  Therefore,  but  relatively 
thin  pieces  of  meat  foods  can  be  really 
quick-frozen.  About  three  inches 
seems  to  be  the  limit.  With  thicker 
pieces,  while  the  outside  may  freeze 
quickly,  the  inside  will  freeze  no 
faster  than  slowly  frozen  meats. 

Also,  when  air  is  used  as  the  means 
of  taking  heat  out  of  the  product,  one 
is  using  a  relatively  poor  conductor. 
Dry,  cold  air  that  moves  slowly  over 
a  warmer  body  is  not  efficient  in  this 
respect.  Moist  air  is  much  better.  But 
very  cold  metal  in  more  or  less  direct 
contact  with  flat  surfaces  of  flesh 
foods  is  most  excellent. 

There  are  two  general  types  of 
quick  freezing  methods  now  in  com- 
mercial use.    In  one  type  air  is  made 


Dried   Beef   Line    in    Armour   &    Co.    Packing   Plant. 
Table  Tops  and  Other  Parts  Where  Meat  Co: 


Note    Use    of   Stainless    Steel   in 
les  in  Contact  with  Metal. 


a  better  conductor  by  means  of  spray- 
ing devices  which  use  brine  solutions 
in  the  form  of  a  mist  as  the  heat 
absorbing  material.  The  product  may 
be  frozen  by  direct  action  or  it  may 
be  packed  tightly  in  cartons  or  metal 
containers  on  which  the  spra}'  falls. 

The  other  method  involves  very 
cold  brine  solutions  which  may  be 
sprayed  onto  flat,  segmented  movable 
metal  belts  which  contact  the  pack- 
aged goods  above  and  below  and  thus 
effect  very  rapid  heat  transfer.  In  an- 
other process  very  cold  brine  is  sent 
through  waxed  paper  tubes  which  pass 
through    the    internal    cavities     of    a 


chicken,  for  example,  and  thus   bring 
about  quick  freezing. 

Air  Conditioning 
When  flesh  foods  are  refrigerated 
they  lose  moisture.  Freezing  increases 
this  water  loss  unless  special  precau- 
tions are  taken  to  prevent  it.  This 
water  loss  means  a  loss  in  weight  and 
tlierefore  a  loss  in  money  to  the  food 
processer.  In  addition,  the  water  loss 
often  brings  about  a  loss  in  quality  of 
the  product.  In  the  meat  packing  in- 
dustry losses  of  this  kind  may  occur 
in  the  chill  and  store  rooms  for  car- 
(Turn  to  page   48) 


A   Smoked  Meat  Hanging  Room.     Note   Application   of   Air-Conditioning   Equipment. 


21 


L. 


SCHEDULED 
RESEARCH 


By  L.  W.  Wallace 


W''  HEN  tlie  average  person  meets 
the  word  "research"  he  visual- 
izes a  scene  within  the  sacred  confines 
of  a  laboratory :  White-coated  magi- 
cians are  brewing  mysterious  elixirs ; 
by  the  use  of  magic  formulae  new 
materials  are  being  produced  synthet- 
ically with  properties  far  superior  to 
those  created  by  nature ;  measuring 
devices,  superhuman  in  tlieir  ability  to 
probe  into  the  properties  of  materials 
are  being  manipulated,  and  their  ultra- 
precise  readings  recorded. 

These    activities    appear    to    be    en- 
tirely independent  of  the  time  element 


which  exerts  such  a  jiressure  on  life 
in  tlie  world  outside  the  cloistered 
walls  of  the  "research  laboratory." 
While  these  processes  appear  to  be 
going  along  in  a  leisurely  manner 
with  no  time  scheduled  behind  them 
this  is  not  an  indication  of  lack  of 
planning  or  purpose,  but  the  result  of 
a  deliberate  removal  of  the  direct  ef- 
fect of  the  pressure  found  in  a  manu- 
facturing plant  where  the  operations 
are  repetitive  and  the  production 
schedule  demands  that  so  many  rivets, 
so  many  pounds  of  material,  or  so 
many    assembled    products    be    turned 


out  per  unit  of  time.  Here  the  pres- 
sure of  time  is  necessarily  applied 
directly. 

The  ideal  method  of  conducting  re- 
search is  to  set  the  stage  in  such  a 
way  that  the  pressure  of  time  will  not 
be  applied  directly,  but  will,  never- 
theless, serve  as  a  control,  to  elimi- 
nate wasteful  methods  and  to  crystal- 
lize all  efforts  toward  a  definitely  for- 
mulated objective. 

Viewed  in  this  manner  research  is 
a  type  of  production.  Consequently  a 
detailed  plan  of  action,  schedule,  and 
budget  can  be  projected  prior  to  start- 


Use  of  Motion  Picture  Cam- 
era in  Determining  Speed 
of  Moving  Car  Just  Prior 
to  Impact.  Experimental 
Lightweight  Car  at  Left,  to 
Be  Struck  by  Standard 
A.  A.  R.  Car  at  Right. 


22 


ing  actual  research  work.  One  of  the 
criticisms  of  research  is  its  indefinite- 
ness  as  to  cost  and  time  of  comple- 
tion. We  hold  that  research  can  be 
and  should  be  planned,  budgeted,  and 
scheduled,  the  same  as  any  produc- 
tion job  but  without  the  direct  appli- 
cation of  pressure.  This  is  achieved 
by  skillful  planning  when  the  pro- 
gram is  formulated. 

The  Division  of  Engineering  Re- 
search of  tiie  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Railroads  has  jurisdiction  over  all 
research  relating  to  cars,  locomotives, 
track  structures,  buildings,  electrical, 
shop  and  maintenance-of-way  equip- 
ment, and  the  materials  and  supplies 
used  in  connection  therewith.  Not 
only  does  it  deal  with  all  mechanical 
facilities,  but  also  with  metallurgical 
and  physical  problems,  as  well  as  fuel, 
water,  paints,  and  other  materials  and 
supplies.  The  Division  neitlier  dupli- 
cates nor  replaces  the  work  of  the 
test  or  research  departments  of  the 
various  railroads,  but  is  supplemen- 
tary and  complementary  thereto.  It 
maintains  the  closest  possible  contact 
with  the  mechanical,  civil,  electrical, 
chemical,  and  other  technical  offices 
of  the  railroads,  the  other  Divisions  of 
the  Association,  and  suppliers  of 
equipment  and  materials. 

The  Division  is  essentially  a  plan- 
ning and  administrative  agency.  It  is 
not  the  purpose  to  have  a  large  staff 
or    to    build    and    equip    laboratories. 


There  are  existing  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  ample  research  fa- 
cilities and  personnel.  They  are  to  be 
found  in  industry,  in  the  railroads,  in 
endowed  research  institutions,  and  in 
engineering  colleges  and  universities. 
Many  of  these  research  agencies  are 
not  fully  occupied.  They  welcome  ad- 
ditional opportunities  and  work,  and 
by  utilizing  them  a  heavy  investment 
in  equipment  is  avoided  and  greater 
flexibility  achieved. 

Thus  tile  problem  confronting  the 
Division  in  outlining  the  program  for 
a  contemplated  piece  of  research  is 
the  planning  and  scheduling  of  the 
various  steps  so  accurately  that  each 
part  of  the  study  can  be  carried 
through  without  the  exertion  of  high- 
pressure  or  rusli  methods  which  de- 
feat the  purpose  of  research  and  de- 
stroy its  very  nature.  The  explorer 
does  not  go  under  full  speed  into  new 
territory,  but  his  course  is  planned, 
and  the  time  element  controls  but  does 
not  disrupt  the  orderly  pursuit  of  the 
objective. 

An  example  of  a  carefully  planned 
and  scheduled  research  project  was 
that  recently  completed  by  the  Divi- 
sion on  the  air  conditioning  of  rail- 
road passenger  cars,  and  is  typical  of 
the  method  of  conducting  all  of  the 
projects  undertaken  by  the  Division: 

(1)  Through  the  conferences  with 
railroad,  manufacturing,  and  technical 


groups   a  list  was  made   of  the   prob- 
lems relating  to  the  subject. 

(2)  A  research  Manual  was  pre- 
pared containing: 

(a)  A  list  of  eacii  problem  and  a 
method  of  attack  for  obtaining  factual 
information  concerning  each.  The 
method  of  attack  involved  botii  lab- 
oratory and  road  work. 

(b)  Conference  with  representatives 
of  manufacturers  at  which  time  the 
test  technique  to  be  used  was  fully 
discussed   and    approval   obtained. 

(c)  Manufacturers  and  railroads 
were  requested  to  make  available  for 
test  purposes  the  necessary  equip- 
ment. 

(d)  The  necessary  testing  instru- 
ments were  listed  in  the  Manual,  and 
likewise  the  test  procedure  formu- 
lated as  decided  in   (c). 

(e)  Detailed  instructions  as  to  how 
to  carry  out  the  road  work  and  lab- 
oratory work. 

(f)  Schedule  for  each  phase  of  the 
work,  including  the  date  that  each  of 
four  progress  reports  and  the  final  re- 
port were  to  be  ready. 

(g)  Request  to  thirty  railroads  that 
each  assign  a  man  during  parts  of 
July,  August,  and  September  to  as- 
sist in  the  road  work. 

(h)  First  week  in  July  these  men 
attended  a  conference  with  the  staff  at 
Ohio  State  University  where  the  road 
work  program  was  hammered  out. 

(3)     Selection     of     personnel     and 


Frame  Applied  to  A.  A.  R. 
Standard  Car  to  Measure 
Distortion  Following  a 
Series   of   Impacts. 


23 


Investigation    of    Air    Condition    in    a    Railway    Car. 


places    wliere   laboratory    work   would  (10)    Approximate    number    of    calcu- 

be  done.    This  resulted  in  work  being  lations      made      from      recorded 

done  in  the   "hot   room"   of  the   Pull-  data    85,000 

man  Co.,  Chicago,  and  the   Baltimore  (11)    The   analysis   of   costs   is   based 

and  Ohio  Railroad,  Baltimore,  Mary-  upon    an    experience    record    of 

land,  and  in  the  Mechanical  Engineer-  1.(508  cars  for  1935  with  a  total 

ing  Laboratory  of  Ohio  State  Univer-  car-mileage   of 178,259,768 

sity,  Columbus,  Ohio.  It    will    be    seen    by    the    above   ex- 

(4)     Selection  of  types   of  air-con-  ample  that  research  as  conducted  col- 

ditioning    equipment    and    cars    to    be  Icctively  by  the  railroads  through  the 

tested  and  upon  what  railroads.  Association  of  American  Railroads  on 

In  accord  with  such  a  plan  the  ac-  problems  common  to  all,  is  not  a  hap- 

tual    research    work    was    started    in  li-i^ard,   leisurely  process,  nor   is   it   a 

early    March,    1936,   and   a    Summary  '•"s'^'"?'  mass-production  affair,  but  a 

Report   submitted   under  date    of   No"-  '^arefully  planned  and  scheduled  pro- 

vember   24,    1936.    The   scope   of  the  ''t^  ^''S- ^'^'^"'*'  objective, 

work  accomplished  will  be  seen  in  the  J^''  ^""^^l'  f'^^^'f  ^7  '"^'^  ^P^^'^' 

following  Table:  "'.'^'"^    comfort,    and    a    luxurious    en- 

vironment  has   offered   a   challenge   to 

mtTiTT^    ,      .^^^^^    ^^     .^  '^''^     t*6-^t    scientific     and     engineering 

J^.^r?^^^    ^^    AIR-CON-  brains     available,     and     has     created 

DITIONING  STUD\  problems    so   numerous    that   only   by 

(1)  Number  of  air  conditioning  sys-  scheduled  research  can  they  be  an- 
tems  tested  in  laboratory."      15  swered  before   new  conditions  change 

(2)  Number  of  drive  mechanisms  *'^"  f"*"''^  <;o°^Pletely-  I*  ^'^ould  be 
tested  in  laboratory 6  ^^mp'f  ^ized,  however,  that  progress  m 

/ON    XT      1           „     .            ,.  .        ,  t"e  design  and  operation  of  the  phv- 

(3)  Number  of  air-conditioned  cars  ,ieal  properties  of  the  railroads  is  de- 
tested in  hot  room 14  j^^^^j^^^   ^p^^   ^,^^    progress    made   by 

(4)  Number  of  railroads  that  con-  other  industries.  The  discoveries 
ducted    road   tests.  .' 31  made  in  metallurgy  have  made  possi- 

(5)  Number  of  passenger  cars  on  ble  the  drastic  reductions  in  weight 
which  road  tests  were  condue-  without  sacrifice  in  strength;  advances 
ted 594  made  in  welding  technique  have  made 

(6)  Approximate  number  of  hours  possible  a  new  method  of  fabrication 
of  road  testing.  .                    5 '>00  °^    cars;    the    solution    of    theoretical 

(7)  Approximate  "number  '  of  '  miles  P'-obW  i"  mechanical  design  have 
of  road  testing 240.000  ^^^"^t^d  in  new  types  of  motive  power, 

r  ^""  SO  on. 

(8)  Number  of  passengers  who  sub-  The  railroad  industry  adopts  and 
mitted  comments  on  conditions  apples  only  the  materials  and  designs 
in  air-conditioned  cars  while  ^hich  have  proved  their  worth  under 
tests  were  being  made.  .  .  .  5,453  t^g  severe  conditions  to  be  met  in  ac- 

(9)  Approximate  number  of  data  tual  operation.  This  method  of  test- 
readings  recorded  for  all  lab-  ing  is  synonymous  with  that  of 
oratory  and  road  tests  .  .250,000  scheduled  research. 

24 


The  process  of  research  is  not  elu- 
sive, fanciful,  or  something  which 
must  be  confined  to  a  cloistered  en- 
vironment. It  is  an  organized  diligent 
investigation  to  discover  facts.  The 
facts  to  be  discovered  may  relate  to 
the  heavens  above,  the  earth  below, 
the  waters  beneath,  or  to  any  human 
or  physical  element  in  either  or  all  of 
them.  Daily  we  apply  the  process  of 
research  because  daily  we  are  con- 
cerned with  the  facts  of  the  universe 
and  of  life. 

In  a  large  degree  research  is  an 
attitude  of  mind — that  attitude  which 
prompts  one  to  be  eternally  asking 
the  question  "why.?" — that'  attitude 
which  does  not  permit  of  the  closing 
of  the  mind — that  attitude  which  leads 
to  ascertaining  what  people  are  doing 
on  other  lines  of  work  and  adapting 
that  which  is  adaptable  to  one's  own 
work  —  that  attitude  which  warns 
against  the  folly  of  complacency  and 
satisfaction  with  things  as  they  are — ■ 
that  attitude  which  expresses  itself  in 
the  phrase  "What  is  not  yet,  may  be." 

It  is  the  attitude  which  guards 
against  the  human  instinct  to  enslave 
oneself  in  a  shell — that  attitude  which 
stimulates  co-operation  and  a  free  ex- 
change of  experience  and  information 
— that  attitude  which  recognizes  that 
nothing  is  static — that  change  is  the 
law  of  the  universe  and  he  who  would 
win  must  frequently  change  his  course. 
There  is  nothing  mystical  in  such  a 
concept.  The  process  of  research  is  a 
tangible,  ready  tool,  the  wise  use  of 
which  begets  results  whose  value  ex- 
ceeds the  cost  paid  in  time,  effort,  and 
money. 

The  fundamental  requirements  of 
one  who  engages  in  research  are:  an 
open  mind,  freedom  from  the  shackles 
of  precedent,  no  pride  of  authorship, 
willingness  to  modify  conclusions  and 
actions  when  new  conditions  and  ele- 
ments make  it  clear  that  such  modi- 
fications are  justified.  If  one  engaged 
in  research  departs  very  far  from  such 
fundamental  concepts  he  is  in  danger 
and  his  usefulness  likely  to  be  greatly 
lessened. 

A  research  agency  should  be  ready 
and  anxious  to  support  long  estab- 
lished methods  if  actual  facts  sustain 
their  fundamental  soundness.  More- 
over, if  actual  facts  do  not  support 
long  established  practices  the  research 
agency  should  have  the  courage  to  say 
so,  and  why,  and  strongly  support  its 
position.  The  conditions  enumerated 
are  never  fully  realized  because  hu- 
man nature,  weakness,  and  strength 
are  what  they  are.  However,  we  never 
rise  above  the  standard  set,  so  it  is 
well  to  set  the  standard  high.  It  was 
Seneca  who  said  "Admire  those  who 
attempt  great  things,  even  though  they 
fail." 


COOPERATIVE 
RESEARCH 
FOR  INDUSTRY 


By  Thomas  C.  Poulter 


s 


> 


SO  much  has  been  said  about  re- 
search and  its  value  that  the 
average  person  accepts  it  as  an  in- 
tegral part  of  industry  without  very 
clearly  realizing  its  application  to 
himself  or  to  his  business.  Starting 
with  a  conclusion  and  piling  up  data 
with  a  pretense  of  supporting  it  is 
not  research.  Starting  with  facts, 
adding  more  facts  to  them,  and  find- 
ing out  what  they  mean,  represents 
the  only  type  of  research  which  will 
yield  lasting  benefit.  Research  cannot 
be  carried  out  spasmodically.  To  be 
effective  it  must  be  continuous.  It 
must  represent  a  persevering  pursuit 
of   information.     Very   few   individual 


research  problems  are  spectacular. 
Most  of  them  have  to  do  with  simple 
things — developing  a  little  further  in- 
formation on  a  subject  on  which 
something  is  known — modifying  this 
and  that  conception,  and  searching 
for  a  little  better  understanding.  It 
is  only  when  we  are  able  to  view 
research  from  the  standpoint  of  a 
general  program  that  it  is  spectacular. 
Research  should  endeavor  to  antici- 
pate problems,  and  as  often  as  not, 
must  be  carried  out  in  advance  of  a 
demand  for  a  direct  application  of  the 
facts  developed.  The  progress  of 
every  successful  industry  is  based  on 
research,  whether  it  is  carried  out  by 


.85 


Mi/ 


Research  in  Diesel  Equipment  Involves  Investigations  of  the  E  ngines  Themselves,  and  of  Their  Fuels  and  Lubricants.     In  the 
Set-up  Illustrated,  the  Diesel  Engine  Drives  a  200  H.  P.  Electric  Dynamometer. 

By  Means  of  a  Large  Number  of  Thermocouples,  Accurate  Fue  1    and   Intake   Air   Measuring   Devices,   Equipment   for   Studying 

Combustion   in   the    Cylinder   and   the   Products   of    Combustion     and    Lubrication    Control    Equipment,    Almost    Every    Possible 

Variable   Is   Carefully  Regulated   or   Observed. 


25 


the  consumer  of  tlie  industry  products 
or  by  the  industry  itself.  The  indus- 
try wliich  depends  solely  on  tlic  con- 
sumer's research  occupies  an  unhappy 
position  of  knowing  less  about  its 
business  tlian  do  its  customers.  It 
may  awaken  to  find  that  other  prod- 
ucts have  been  developed  which  will 
serve  the  purpose  just  as  well. 

Industrial  research  by  industries 
should  be  carried  out  by  two  groups 
of  organizations :  first,  by  industrial 
companies ;  and  second,  by  group  ac- 
tion, tlirough  organizations  represent- 
ing the  group.  The  proportion  of  the 
work  wliich  should  be  done  by  each 
of  tlie  two  types  of  organizations  will 
depend  upon  the  nature  of  the  indus- 
try. In  general,  those  investigations 
having  to  do  with   special  processes. 


Testing  Insulation  with  Flat  Plate  Conductimeter. 
The  samples  of  insulation  to  be  tested  are  placed  on  opposite 
sides  of  an  electrically  heated  plate  with  water  cooled  plates 
outside  of  the  samples.  The  amount  of  heat  transmitted  in  o 
given  time  from  the  electrically-heated  plate  to  the  water-cooled 
plates  is  used  in  determining  the  thermal  conductivity  of  the 
specimens  under  test. 


Testing  domestic  refrigerator  in  constant  temperature  room.  An 
accurate  record  is  made  of  the  performance  of  the  refrigerator 
which  includes  temperature  reading,  electrical  input,  operating 
periods,   etc. 


An  investigation  of  the  type  of  monomoleuclar  film,  molecular 
cross  secional  area,  and  length  of  the  molecules  of  a  substance 
by  means  of  hydrophyl  balance  measurements.  The  balance 
being  used  permits  measurements  to  be  made  with  reseach 
precision.  A  mirror  and  scale  are  used  in  making  the  adjust- 
ments of  the  torsion  head  as  the  surface  area  of  the  film  is 
reduced  by  moving  the  glass-bar  barrier.  All  moving  parts  of 
the  balance  are  controlled  from  outside  the  constant  tempera- 
ture case  so  that  measurements  may  be  made  at  any  constant 
temperature  within  the  range  of  the  thermostatic  circulator.  ( 


plant  control,  and  the  like,  and  the 
application  of  the  results  of  coopera- 
tive research  which  makes  the  com- 
pany better  able  to  compete  with 
others  in  the  industry,  should  be 
sponsored  by  the  individual  company.; 
For  those  fundamental  problems 
which  are  common  to  all  or  to  a  group 
of  the  industry,  or  which  involve  the 
relation  of  the  industry  to  the  public 
or  consumer,  should  be  sponsored  co- 
operatively. Cooperative  research  not 
only  eliminates  costly  duplication  of 
effort,  but  also  sets  up  an  organization 
which  can  speak  authoritatively  for 
the  industry  as  a  whole. 

The     place     that     an     organizatior 
holds  in  the  industrial  world  toda 
not    necessarily    reflected    in    its 
search  activities,  but  there  is  no  bet^ 


ttr  index  of  its  future  security  than 
its  research  activities.  There  are  but 
few  research  organizations  so  com- 
plete that  they  do  not  liave  problems 
arising  which  could  be  handled  to  bet- 
ter advantage  either  from  the  stand- 
point of  special  training  of  personnel 
or  special  equipment  required  by  out- 
side laboratories  in  which  that  train- 
ing or  equipment  is  available. 

One  of  tlie  easiest  ways  of  making 
a  problem  hard  for  the  student  to  solve 
is  to  give  him  more  data  than  is  nec- 
essary for  its  solution.  Likewise,  the 
solution  of  many  research  problems 
is  made  more  difficult  by  the  fact  that 
the  investigator  is  so  completely  en- 
grossed in  the  manner  in  which  many 
other  problems  in  the  same  industry 
have  been  solved  that  he  finds  it  diffi- 


"Old  Faithful"  Dubbs  No.  2.  On  This  Unit,  with  a  Capacity  of 
250  Barrels  a  Day,  Were  Worked  Out  Many  Features  of  Uni- 
versal's  Cracking  Process.  This  Unit,  Which  Is  Now  Retired 
from  Active  Service,  Stands  in  Universal's  Research  and  De- 
velopment Laboratories  in  Riverside  Illinois. 

[Photo  coiirtosy   ,.f    Oil   oinl   Cos  Joiirmil] 


Dr.  Komarewsky  in  His  Laboratory  in  the  Research  Foundation 

of  Armour  Institute   of  Technology  Working  on  New  Processes 

for  the  Universal  Oil  Products  Co. 


This  Newest  Development  in  the  Field  of  Research  at  Extreme 
Pressures  Whereby  We  Are  Able  to  Develop  Pressures  of  One 
and  One-Half  Million  Pounds  Per  Square  Inch  Have  Real  Value 
in  Studies  Leading  to  a  Better  Knowledge  of  the  Interior  of  the 
Earth  and  Its  Magnetic  Field. 

Very  Little  Attempt  Has  Been  Made  in  the  Past  to  Utilize  Ex- 
treme Pressure  Experiments  in  the  Solution  of  Everyday  Prob- 
lems, but  They  Are  Rapidly  Assuming  a  Place  of  Increasing 
Importance.  In  such  Experiments  Lie  the  Answers  to  Many 
Questions  That  Have  for  Years  Been  Considered  Impossible 
of  Solution. 


cult  to  isolate  his  particular  problem 
and  arrive  at  the  easiest  solution. 

In  a  large  number  of  the  more  than 
two  thousand  industrial  research  lab- 
oratories in  this  country,  it  is  neces- 

ry  that  the  plant  control  work  be 
carried  out  in  the  same  laboratory  as 
the  general  research  program.  In 
many  cases  this  introduces  a  serious 
handicap  in  that  the  research  program 
is  being  continually  interrupted  by 
control  problems  that  need  immediate 
attention  in  the  plant. 

It  is  a  popular  belief  that  only  large 
industries  can  support  large  research 
organizations,  whereas  it  is  more 
nearly  the  truth  that  the  large  indus- 
tries are  supported  by  their  research 


27 


f   Oil  and   Gas  Jo 


Modem  Full  Size  Plant  in  the  Petroleum  Industry,  with  a  Capacity  of  14,000 
Barrels  a  Day. 


activities.  You  may  say  that  there  are 
industries  wliich  cannot  aiford  to  es- 
tablish the  necessary  research  labora- 
tory to  make  them  occupy  the  place 
in  the  industrial  world  that  they 
should,  or  that  there  are  industries 
which  regardless  of  their  research  fa- 
cilities are  destined  to  be  compara- 
tively small  and  therefore  cannot  af- 
ford a  research  organization.  Only  a 
relatively  few  years  ago  this  would 
have  been  true,  but  today  many  of  the 
largest  industries  do  not  operate  lab- 
oratories   of    their    own.      For    exam- 


p\e,  the  Association  of  American 
Railroads  have  a  division  of  re- 
search; the  public  utilities  have 
organizations  known  as  the  Utilities 
Research  Commission,  Inc.  and  Utili- 
ties Coordinated  Research,  Inc. ;  and 
the  corn  industries  have  what  is  known 
as  the  Corn  Industries  Research 
Foundation.  None  of  these  organiza- 
tions operates  a  laboratory  of  its  own, 
but  each  maintains  extensive  research 
activities  in  already  existing  labora- 
tories such  as  the  Research  Founda- 
tion of  Armour  Institute  of  Technol- 


ogy, where  it  is   possible  to  obtain  a 
much  greater  variety  of  facilities  and  ; 
personnel    than    it   would    be    feasible 
for   them  to  establish  themselves. 

The  very  nature  of  most  industries 
maintaining  research  laboratories  is 
such  as  to  make  it  necessary  that  the 
major  portion  of  their  research  per- 
sonnel have  training  along  one  par- 
ticular line.  For  instance,  a  labora- 
tory may  employ  a  hundred  men,  and 
more  than  ninety  of  them  may  be 
chemical  or  electrical  engineers.  Un- 
til recently  it  was  only  the  very  large 
industrial  laboratories  that  could 
make  available  to  each  member  of 
their  research  staff  the  services  of 
men  trained  in  a  large  variety  of  fields 
for  consultation  purposes  or  for  fol- 
lowing up  a  particular  investigation 
that  could  be  much  better  handled  by 
a  man  trained  in  an  entirely  different 
field  than  his  own. 

The  Research  Foundation  makes  it 
possible  for  industrial  organizations 
to  avail  themselves  of  facilities  com- 
parable to  those  maintained  by  some 
of  the  largest  industries.  It  also 
makes  it  possible  for  the  industries 
that  wish  to  know  what  a  research 
program  can  do  for  them  to  obtain 
this  service  without  the  large  initial 
cost  of  establishing  a  laboratory. 


TELEVISION 

(From  page  14) 
of  the  Kinescope,  reconstructs  the  pic- 
ture which  may  be  focused  upon  the 
Iconoscope  plate  at  that  instant. 

The  technical  apparatus  has  reached 
that  stage  of  development  where  its 
feasibility  has  been  well  demonstrated, 
but  the  immediate  future  promises  a 
period  of  painstaking  research  and  de- 
velopment in  smoothing  out  its  func- 
tioning. Television  apparatus  being  a 
successively  functioning  system  rather 
than  an  instantaneous  one  must  be 
constructed  in  accordance  with  stand- 
ard which  must  be  carefully  consid- 
ered to  insure  their  permanence. 
Changes  in  standards  after  a  televi- 
sion service  had  started  would  neces- 
sitate the  rebuilding  of  all  receiving 
sets  as  well  as  of  all  transmitters. 

The  reader  is  probably  asking  the 
universal  question — "When  is  televi- 
sion going  to  be  available  to  the 
people  of  the  United  States?"  All  of 
us  may  guess,  but  no  one  can  name 
the  date.  Guesses  as  to  the  progress 
of  research  are  as  accurate  as  bets  at 
the  race  track. 

In  the  meanwhile,  program  tech- 
niques for  television  entertainment  are 
undergoing  development  also,  and  it  is 
the  hope  that  when  the  infant  is  born 
it  will  be  a  complementary  credit  to 
the  present  entertainment  media. 


28 


CHICAGO  AS  A 
FINANCIAL 


MARKET 


By  Harvey  T.  ffiU 


IT  has  often  been  said  one  way  to 
be  successful  in  politics  is  never 
to  make  a  direct  statement  or  a  pre- 
diction. Regardless  of  all  this,  and 
because  I  am  not  a  politician,  I  will 
begin  this  brief  article  with  the  state- 
ment, "Chicago  should  advance  more 
as  a  financial  market  during  the  next 
decade  than  should  any  other  financial 
center."  By  this  I  mean  percentage 
of  growth  from  what  exists  today.  I 
realize  such  a  statement  is  bound  to 
bring  up  many  questions,  such  as: 

(1)  What  is  meant  by  the  Chicago 
financial  market? 

(2)  Why  should  this  market  grow 
faster  than  any  other? 

(3)  What  effect  will  government 
regulation  have  on  the  future  growth  ? 

(4)  Is  the  Chicago  financial  market 
a  good  place  for  business  men  to  turn 
when  they  want  money  for  their  busi- 
ness expansion? 

(5)  Is  this  a  good  place  for  invest- 
ors to  buy  securities? 

Perhaps  the  readers  of  this  article 
will  think  of  many  other  questions, 
but  it  would  seem  the  answers  to  these 
few  might  prove  the  point  taken,  that 
the  immediate  future  growth  of  Chi- 
cago as  a  financial  market  should  be 
encouraging  to  those  interested  in  it. 
The   Chicago   Financial  Market 

In  speaking  of  the  financial  market 
of  Chicago,  I  have  in  mind  four  ele- 
ments that  make  it  up:  first,  the  com- 
mercial banks ;  second,  the  underwrit- 
ing houses  that  purchase  securities 
from  business  institutions  and  retail 
them  to  the  public;  third,  the  broker- 
age houses  that  buy  and  sell  for  their 
customers  commodities  and  securities 
that  have  been  listed  on  stock  ex- 
changes; and  fourth,  the  market 
places  themselves,  which  in  Chicago 
include  the  Chicago  Stock  Exchange, 
the  Chicago  Curb  Exchange,  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  Chicago,  the  Chi- 
cago Mercantile  Exchange,  and  the 
Chicago  Live  Stock  Exchange.  On 
the  Stock  Exchange  and  the  Curb, 
only  securities  are  traded.  Securities 
are  dealt  in  on  the  Board  of  Trade, 
but  its  chief  commodity  is  grain; 
whereas   the    Mercantile   Exchange   is 

29 


a  trading  place  largely  for  butter  and 
eggs. 

The  Future   of  the  Market 

In  predicting  what  might  be  the 
future  of  Chicago  as  a  market  place, 
it  is  well  for  us  to  look  around  and 
see  what  has  happened  in  similar  com- 
munities. Economists  tell  us  that  no 
community  amounts  to  much  as  a 
financial  center  until  that  community 
becomes  a  lending  center.  In  other 
words,  as  long  as  a  community  requires 
more  money  tlian  it  has  within  itself 
for  the  operation  and  the  development 
of  its  business,  it  is  a  borrowing  com- 
munity. No  borrowing  community  is 
independent  financially,  any  more 
than  an  individual  who  is  borrowing  is 
independent   financially. 

However,  the  history  of  our  great 
financial  markets  from  Genoa,  Venice, 
Amsterdam,  and  London  to  New  York 
has  been  that  when  these  centers  be- 
came lending  centers  they  started  to 
become  important  financial  centers.  In 
other  words,  when  these  communities 
had  more  money  than  they  needed  for 
the  operation  and  expansion  of  their 
business  enterprises,  they  became  in- 
dependent financial  centers  and  started 
to  grow  in  importance  financially.  An- 
other interesting  observation  is  that 
eventually    the    importance    of    these 


Looking  South  on  LaSalle  Street,  Toward 
Board  of  Trade  Building. 


Trading   Floor,   Chicago   Board  of  Trade. 


Cattle    Sale   at   Union   Stock   Yards. 


financial  centers  equalled  tiie  impor- 
tance of  their  corresponding  industrial 
and  commercial  strength. 

With  these  thoughts  in  mind,  let  us 
look  at  Chicago.  Our  economists  tell 
us  that  a  little  more  tlian  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago,  Chicago  became  a 
lending  center.  Prior  to  that  time 
when  the  business  men  of  this  Mid- 
western territory  needed  money  for 
their  enterprises,  they  had  to  turn  to 
the  East  or  to  Europe  to  get  part  of 
their  money,  at  least.  However,  for 
a  little  over  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
Chicago  has  had  sufficient  financial 
strength  to  finance  the  various  busi- 
ness projects  of  this  community  and 
has  still  money  to  spare.  If  our  ex- 
periences are  going  to  be  the  same  as 
those  of  the  other  great  financial  mar- 
kets, we  will  eventually  arrive  at  a 
point  where  our  financial  importance 
will  equal  that  of  our  industry  and 
commerce.  Today  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade  is  the  most  important  com- 
modity market  in  America,  and  the 
Mercantile  Exchange  is  far  superior 
in  volume  and  importance  to  any  other 
butter  and  egg  market.  Books  could 
be  written  about  Chicago's  leadership 
in  markets  such  as  the  Live  Stock  Ex- 
change and  the  various  wholesale  mar- 
kets of  Chicago.  This  is  hardly  nec- 
essary, however,  because  Chicago's 
commercial  and  industrial  position  of 
importance  is  well  known  by  everyone. 

In  the  field  of  commerce  and  indus- 


Chicago  Stock  Exchange. 


try.  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that  Chi- 
cago leads  the  rest  of  the  country  in 
many  fields.  It  would  seem  the  eco- 
nomic factors  are  set  for  us  more  ad- 
vantageously to  make  strides  finan- 
cially than  for  any  other  market.  Some 
pessimist  might  question  our  man- 
power to  take  advantage  of  tliis  op- 
portunity. Such  a  pessimist  has  a 
right   to   liis   own   opinion,  but,  speak- 


ing as  one  who  knows  the  financial 
leaders  and  financial  institutions  of 
important  cities,  I  am  sure  Chicago 
lias  no  superiors  as  far  as  our  man- 
power is  concerned.  The  courage,  con- 
structive imagination,  and  willingness 
to  work  is  surpassed  by  no  other  group 
of  men.  There  are  those  who  thought 
in  1928  and  1929  that  we  were  gaining 
the  position  we  deserved,  but  who  have 
lost  a  little  faith  on  account  of  what 
the  depression  did  to  us.  It  is  true 
that  Chicago  had  2;J1  banks  in  1929 
and  has  but  56  today.  It  is  true  that 
many  of  our  underwriting  houses  went 
out  of  business  or  were  greatly 
crippled.  The  brokerage  business  and 
the  volume  of  trading  on  the  Exchange 
has  suffered  a  severe  setback.  Never- 
theless, we  still  have  sound  banks  in 
which  the  people  have  confidence.  The 
underwriting  business  is,  perhaps,  re- 
covering faster  than  the  brokerage 
and  exchange  trading.  Therefore,  it 
is  my  belief  that  we  are  on  a  sounder 
basis  than  ever  before.  It  was  our 
youth  and  inexperience  that  caused 
Chicago  to  suffer  more  during  the  de- 
pression than  most  other  financial 
markets.  It  will  be  our  youth  and 
energy,  coupled  with  natural  economic 
factors,  that  will  carry  us  on  to  the 
position  we  deserve,  regardless  of 
those  who  say,  "It  can  never  be  done." 
Governmental  Regulation 
What  about  this  governmental  reg- 
ulation? True,  it  ma}'  hamper  the 
general  growth  of  banks,  underwriting 
houses,  brokers,  and  exchanges,  but 
(Turn  to  page  45) 


30 


CONGRESSIONAL 
MEDAL  AWARDED 
Dr.  T.  C.  POULTER 


DOCTOR  POULTER  has  been 
Director  of  the  Researcli  Foun- 
dation of  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology since  September,  1936.  He  is 
a  graduate  of  Iowa  Wesleyan  College, 
a  Doctor  of  Science  (Iowa  Wesleyan), 
and  a  Doctor  of  Philosophy  (Univer- 
sity of  Chicago).  He  was  Second-in- 
Command  and  Senior  Scientist  of  the 
Second  Byrd  Antarctic  Expedition. 

The  Congressional  Medal  has  been 
awarded  to  Doctor  Poulter  "for  scien- 
tific accomplishment  unequaled  in 
Polar  exploration." 


Doctor 
Thomas 
Charles 
Pouller 


\ 

\ 

i 

^  ^^mmr^m^amj^ 

J 

Rear   Admiral 
Richard  E.  Byrd. 


The  award  will  be  made  at  a  formal 
dinner  to  be  held  in  the  Red  Lacquer 
Room  of  the  Palmer  House,  Wednes- 
day evening,  January  19th,  19.38. 
The  presentation  of  the  Medal  will  be 
made  by  the  Honorable  Henry  Hor- 
ner, Governor  of  Illinois.  Rear  Ad- 
miral Richard  E.  Byrd;  Rear  Admiral 
Hayne  Ellis,  Commandant  of  the 
Ninth  Naval  District;  and  Brigadier 
General  Philip  B.  Peyton,  Command- 
ing General  at  Fort  Sheridan,  will  be 
present.  Invitations  will  be  sent  to 
all  alumni  of  the  Institute  who  are  in 
the  Chicago  area,  to  our  faculty  and 
trustees,  and  to  many  others  of  our 
friends.  We  are  assured  of  the  pres- 
ence of  approximately  twenty  five 
naval  officers,  and  we  expect  to  have 
with  us  representatives  of  the  colleges 
and  universities,  of  scientific  and  en- 
gineering societies,  of  business,  and  of 
government.  All  invitations  will  in- 
clude ladies. 

Any  alumnus  of  the  Institute,  or 
any  other  friends  of  Armour  who  wish 
to  make  advance  reservations,  may 
mail  checks,  for  .$.3.00  per  person, 
payable  to  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. 

It  is  desirable  that  such  reserva- 
tions be  made  as  early  as  possible. 


31 


Takes  Pleasure 


in 


Announcing . . . 

THE 

1938 

LINE  OF 

UNIT  MATCHED 
EQUIPMENT 


When  You  Think  of  Sound- 
Think  of 

OPERADIO 

AMPLIFIERS  AND  SPEAKERS 


OPERADIO  MFG.  CO. 

ST.  CHARLES.  ILL. 


ARE  YOU  HAPPY 
WITH  YOUR  WORK 

By  William  C.  Krathwohl 


During  the  past  score  of  years,  a 
great  deal  of  research  has  been  done 
in  the  fields  of  education  and  psy- 
chology to  find  the  right  job  for  the 
man.  This  has  been  made  possible 
by  the  entrance  of  mathematics  into 
these  fields  in  the  form  of  statistical 
analysis.  The  object  of  this  paper  is 
to  tell  of  recent  investigations  con- 
cerning the  subject  of  interests  as  it 
affects  the  choice  of  an  occupation 
best  suited  to  an  individual. 

Graduates  of  engineering  schools 
and  upper  classmen  sometimes  pause 
and  wonder  if  they  have  chosen  the 
occupation  which  is  best  suited  to 
their  talents.  The  freshman  seldom 
worries.  He  does  not  have  to.  Of 
the  three  essentials  for  success  in 
any  vocation — ability,  interest,  and 
personality — lack  of  the  first  soon 
eliminates  him  who  has  the  most 
cause  to   worry. 

Ability  to  succeed  in  any  vocation 
is  partly  a  function  of  intelligence.  A 
study  of  the  results  of  the  Army 
Alpha  intelligence  tests  which  were 
given  to  men  during  the  World  War 
indicated  that  occupations  might  be 
ranked  on  the  basis  of  intelligence 
scores.  Studies  made  after  the  war 
showed  the  further  interesting  fact 
that  the  engineering  group  as  a  whole 
ranked  higher  in  intelligence  scores 
on  this  test  than  any  other  occupa- 
tional group.  Whether  this  happened 
by  chance  is  a  subject  which  is  still 
being  investigated.  Indications  are 
that  engineers  will  rank  well  toward 
the  top  of  all  occupational  groups. 

There  is,  however,  much  more  to 
success  in  a  vocation  than  sufficient 
mental  ability.  The  second  factor 
which  is  of  equal  importance  is  the 
one  of  interest.  Sheer  superior 
ability  may  carry  a  man  to  a  moder- 
ate degree  of  success  in  an  occupa- 
tion. Whether  he  is  happy  in  that 
occupation    is    another   matter. 

Recently  considerable  work  has 
been  done  on  the  subject  of  occupa- 
tional interests.  Psychologists  be- 
lieve that  these  interests  become  estab- 
lished  at   an   early   age,   even    though 


the  individual  may  be  unaware  of 
their  existence.  Later  in  life  they 
can  be  modified  but  only  to  a  limited 
extent.  Finally  they  become  per- 
manent. 

The  evidence  that  certain  groups 
of  occupations  have  characteristic  in- 
terests is  obtained  from  investiga- 
tions such  as  the  one  published  in 
1930  by  Miss  Helen  Fairbairn  on  a 
group  of  law,  medical,  and  engineer- 
ing students.  She  found  the  results 
listed  in  the  table  following.  Only 
those  items  have  been  selected  which 
are  of  particular  interest  to  engineer- 
ing students. 

The  results  of  this  questionnaire 
should  not  be  taken  too  seriously 
since  it  is  known  that  the  number  in 
the  groups  was  small.  One  thing  that 
stands  out  is  the  decidedness  of  the 
engineers.  They  either  are  or  they 
are  not.  There  rarely  is  a  middle 
course.  They  know  exactly  what  they 
want.  Of  the  three  groups,  it  is  only 
with  the  engineers  that  one  finds 
percentages  as  low  as  zero  and  as 
high  as  90. 

Fairbairn  also  discovered  that 
those  students  of  highest  ability  ac- 
cording to  intelligence  tests  and 
grades  were  apt  to  have  the  widest 
range  of  interests  and  to  depart  most 
from  the  average  interest  of  the 
group.  That  is  to  say,  students  that 
have  the  highest  intelligence  seem  to 
have  the  widest  range  of  interests, 
whereas  those  of  lower  intelligence 
have  a  comparatively  narrow  range 
of  interests.  This  agrees  with  inves- 
tigations made  by  other  research 
workers. 

The  most  successful  interest  test  on 
the  market  today,  and  the  one  on 
which  the  most  extensive  research 
work  has  been  and  still  is  being  done, 
is  The  Vocational  Interest  Blank  by 
Edward  K.  Strong  Jr.,  Professor  of 
Psychology  at  Stanford  University. 
Strong  describes  the  function  of  his 
test  as  follows: 

"Men  engaged  in  a  particular  oc- 
cupation have  been  found  to  have  a 
characteristic  pattern  of  likes  and 
dislikes,  which  distinguish  them  from 


32 


Percent  reporting  liking  among  those  preparing  for 

Childhood   Activities  Medicine  Law  Engineering 

Playing  store    29            43  15 

Watching  a  plumber  or  carpenter  at  work 39            56  77 

Fixing  up  stray  wheels  and  boards  into  a  wagon.  .11             36  46 

Learning  passages  of  poetry  to  recite 14            86  0 

Dressing  up   for  parties    29            36  7 

Running    small    engines     62             48  77 

Finding  out  about  body,  digestion,  etc 51             26  15 


Pre- 
Law 

Activities  Liked 

Listening  to  lecture  on  meclianical  subject 45 

Addressing  a  meeting    13 

Talking   with   inferiors    13 

Introducing  people  in  a  social  group    13 

Playing    poker    33 

Playing    chess     4 

Discussing  a   recent  invention    30 

Attending  frat  dances    30 

Working    experiments    in    a    physical    or    biological 

laboratory     41 

Attending   political   meetings    66 

Fixing  up   old  machines    50 

Activities   Disliked 

Helping  at  an   accident    13 

Addressing  a  meeting    42 

Addressing   a    class    4 

Reading  Scientific   Monthly    19 

Working   puzzles    22 

Removing  bone   from  cat's  throat    63 

Washing   dishes    9 

Writing   thesis   or   essay    .  .  .  i* 36 


Pre- 

Pre-En- 

edical 

gmeering 

23 

90 

42 

0 

16 

72 

32 

0 

21 

0 

24 

45 

48 

80 

38 

9 

69 

90 

40 

18 

73 

90 

40 

55 

13 

0 

8 

0 

26 

72 

50 

63 

37 

81 

men  following  other  professions. 
Scores  on  the  Vocational  Interest 
Blank  are  a  measure  of  how  a  man's 
interests  coincide  with  those  of  the 
average  man  successfully  engaged  in 
a   certain  occupation. 

"For  the  purposes  of  this  test,  it  is 
assumed  that  a  man  will  be  more  ef- 
fective in  his  vocational  career  if  he 
is  engaged  in  work  that  he  likes  than 
if  he  is  forced  to  do  a  great  many 
things  that  he  dislikes.  If  he  is  given 
his  own  free  will  in  the  matter,  it  is 
apparent  from  surveys  made  at  Stan- 
ford University,  that  his  general  in- 
terest will,  to  a  surprising  extent,  in- 
fluence his  choice  of  a  career." 

The  test  is  now  standardized  for  27 
occupations.  The  reason  for  this  se- 
lection is  three  fold.  1.  Each  of  these 
occupations  characterizes  a  large 
group  of  other  occupations.  2.  The 
interests  of  the  27  occupations  can 
be  distinctly  differentiated  from  each 
other.  3.  A  sufficient  number  of  men 
were  found  in  each  occupation  to  de- 
termine the  characteristic  interests 
with  a  reasonable  degree  of  certainty. 
The   occupations   as   listed  below   are 


divided  into  five  classifications.  This 
was  done  because  occupations  within 
a  group  seemed  to  be  more  closely 
related  to  each  other  than  with  those 
of  a  different  group. 

I.      Mathematician 
Physicist 
Engineer 
Chemist 
Physician 
Dentist 
Psychologist 
Architect 
Farmer 
Artist 

Ila.      Lawyer 

Journalist 
Advertiser 

lib.     Life  Insurance  Salesman 
Real  Estate  Salesman 


Ilia. 


Minister 
Teacher 
Musician 

(Turn  to  page  52) 


An  All  Purpose 

Air  Velocity  iVIeter 

Instantaneous  Direct  Reading 


Ne  longer  Is  It  ntcsssary  to  use  Mmplleatad  Instrumonta 
and  stop  watches  or  make  slew,  mathematical  calculations 
to  obtain  accurate  velocity  roadlngs  of  Irregular  shaped 
or  slotted  grilles,  velocity  readings  In  ducts,  or  at  inlet 
or  outlet  openings  or  other  air  velocity  measurements. 

New  you  can  do  all  this  and  more  with  the  "AInor" 
(Boyle  System)  Velometer,  the  instantaneous  direct  read- 
ing air  velocity  meter,  and  you  can  do  It  accurately, 
conveniently  and  quickly.  You  can  obtain  static,  or  total 
pressures,  locate  leaks  and  losses,  detect  drafts,  er  deter- 
mine efficiency   of  fans.   Alters,   blowers,  and   other  eguip- 


The     Velometer     gives     Instant  air    velocity    readings 

directly   In    feet   per    minuts  from  as   low   as   20   F.P.M. 

up  to  Its  maximum   scale  raadlng.  Ranges  up  to  as  high 
as  600O  F.P.M.  are  avallaiile. 

Write  for  Bulletin  No.  2448 

ILLINOIS  TESTING  LABORATORIES,  Inc. 


146   W.    HUBBARD    ST. 


CHICAGO.    ILLINOIS 


TO  ARMOUR'S 
ENGINEERS  from 

Americas  Finest  Club! 


Incomparable 
facilities  for  your 
social  functions! 
Enjoy  a  distinc- 
tion of  unrival- 
ed luxury  at 
no  extra  tariff. 
Dance  s,  fra- 
ternal affairs  & 
banquets  are  ar- 
ranged by  our 
own  expert  cater- 
ing staff. 

Your 

INSPECTION 

Invited 


meDinAH 

505     NORTH    MICHIGAN     BOULEVARD 


33 


RESEARCH  AND  PROGRESS 

(From   page   8) 

it  possible  for  you  to  hear  'This  is 
London.'  It  wasn't  the  engineer,  the 
wires,  the  varnish.  It  was  the  com- 
posite intelligences  in  the  product.  It 
was  the  years  and  years  of  research, 
not  only  on  radio,  but  on  many  other 
subjects.      That's    what   you   bought." 

These  two  components  are  present 
in  every  product  we  buy  and  every 
industry  making  those  products.  There 
are  so  many  pounds  of  material,  and 
then  there  is  that  invisible  factor 
which  arranges  that  material  into  a 
useful,  operating  mechanism.  It  is 
something  entirely  apart  from  the 
man-hours  and  machine-hours  of  la- 
bor, which  seem  to  be  uppermost  in 
all  minds  at  present,  yet  without  that 
something  there  would  be  no  such  jobs 
at  all. 

This  process  of  scientific  develop- 
ment has  been  going  on  for  years  and 
years.  There  have  been  times  when  it 
has  slowed  down,  only  to  spring  ahead 
faster  than  ever.  In  some  periods  it 
has  had  the  support  of  governments 
and  finance.  In  others  it  was  of  neces- 
sity carried  on  secretly  in  garrets.  In 
every  generation  people  have  said  that 
we  were  approaching  the  end  of  this 
road,  that  everything  important  had 
been  discovered.  Then,  as  now,  the 
argument  was  that  science  would  un- 
cover no  more  fundamental  knowl- 
edge, that  any  further  progress  would 
be  the  sort  that  would  result  only  in 
labor-saving  machinery  to  throw  peo- 
ple out  of  work. 

There  has  been  no  evidence  to  bear 
this  out  and  nothing  to  indicate  that 
it  will  be  any  more  true  in  the  future 
than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  Every 
discovery  in  science  brings  into  view 
two  more  things  which  we  don't  know. 
We  are  just  now  beginning  to  find  out 
the  magnitude  of  the  things  we  have 
little  or  no  knowledge  of.  There  is 
undoubtedly  a  great  deal  of  knowl- 
edge and  information  in  the  world,  but 
if  there  were  only  some  means  of 
comparing  this  with  the  mass  of 
knowledge  we  don't  know,  I  think  we 
would  feel  very  insignificant.  But  as 
long  as  we  keep  on  working  and  don't 
lose  our  faith  in  the  future,  we  are 
headed  in  the  right  direction.  If  we 
really  want  it  and  strive  for  it,  the 
world  will  continue  to  improve;  and 
inasmuch  as  all  the  rest  of  our  lives 
must  be  lived  in  the  future,  it  be- 
hooves us  to  make  that  future  the  best 
possible  place  to  live  in. 

The  world  isn't  finished,  and  there 
are  unlimited  opportunities  for  us  to 
make  it  a  better  and  brighter  world 
in  every  way. 


ARMOUR    SCHEDULES 
CONFERENCE   COURSE   ON 
EXECUTIVE  CONTROL 
OF   PERSONNEL 


LAST  spring  the  Institute  launched 
a  new  kind  of  educational  serv- 
ice, designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  op- 
erating executives,  men  who,  because 
of  their  maturity  and  the  pressure  of 
every  day  responsibilities,  frequently 
have  little  cliance  to  get  out  of  the 
circle  of  their  daily  routines. 

To  reach  these  men  the  formal 
class-room  procedure  gave  way  to  tlie 
conference,  in  which,  over  a  good  din- 
ner at  a  downtown  hotel,  men  could 
get  acquainted,  exchange  experiences, 
and  listen  at  ease  to  a  speaker  chosen 
for  unusual  accomplishment  or  ex- 
j3crience  in  his  special  field. 

The  responses  from  participants 
were  most  gratifying.  One  man  re- 
ported that  a  single  idea  picked  up  at 
the  lecture  on  fire  protection  was  sav- 
ing liis  company  annually  several 
times  the  cost  of  the  course.  Others 
wrote  tliat  they  hoped  the  course 
would  be  repeated,  or  to  express  the 
value  they  had  received  from  partici- 
pation. 

This  year's  Conference  Course  will 
profit  from  last  year's  experience. 
Tlie  general  plan  is  unclianged.  The 
number  of  Conferences  has  been  re- 
duced to  twelve.  Last  year's  experi- 
ence has  greatly  broadened  the  field 
from  which  it  was  possible  to  secure 
speakers.  Professor  Dutton  will  con- 
tinue in  general  charge  of  the  course. 
Men  prominent  in  the  industrial  field 
will  be  asked  this  year  to  act  as  chair- 
men. 

The  subject  this  year  is  Executive 
Control  of  Personnel.  The  subject  is 
a  bread-and-butter  one  to  every  execu- 
tive every  working  day  of  his  life. 
While  the  tenseness  which  marked  in- 
dustrial relations  last  summer  has 
been  relieved  by  the  turn  in  business 
conditions,  even  a  business  recession 
brings  its  own  crop  of  urgent  person- 
nel problems.  And  wise  personnel 
men  realize  that  the  time  to  get  the 
organization  house  in  order  is  not  in 
the  hurly-burly  of  a  boom,  but  in  those 
periods  when  attention  can  be  given 
to  the  setting  of  standards,  the  train- 
ing of  foremen,  and  the  correction  of 
faults  in  the  organization. 

An  exceptional  group  of  speakers 
will  lead  the  weekly  discussion  of  how 
to  secure  these  results.  Few  men,  for 
instance,  are  better  qualified  than  the 


Honorable  Donald  Richberg  to  dis- 
cuss the  employer's  responsibility  to 
tlie  public  in  his  labor  relations,  or 
to  give  well  balanced  counsel  on  this 
difficult  point.  Few  men  liave  had  a 
wider  or  more  successful  experinece  in 
the  conduct  of  industrial  relations 
than  Harold  Bergen,  member  of  the 
firm  of  McKinsey,  Wellington  &  Com- 
pany, and  former  head  of  tlie  indus- 
trial relations  work  of  Procter  and 
Gamble.  Glenn  Gardiner,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  tlie  American  Management 
Association,  who  is  to  talk  on  the  fore- 
man and  his  problems,  is  the  outstand- 
ing authority  on  this  subject  in  the 
United  States. 

The  program  as  it  stands  to  date 
follows : 

,Ian.  17 — Personnel  Administration 
as  a  Managerial  Problem* 

Jan.  21 — Practical  Training  Pro^ 
grams  * 

Jan.    .31 — Selection    and    Advance 
ment — Johnson  O'Connor,  Stevens  In 
stitute,    well-known    for    his    work 
selection  and  vocational  guidance. 

Feb.  7 — The  Supervisor  and  Fore 
man  —  Glenn  Gardiner,  Forstman 
Woolen  Co. 

Feb.  14 — Social  Attitudes  in  Indus 
trial  Relations — F.  S.  Roethlisberger 
Harvard  University. 

Feb.  21— The  Art  of  Handlim 
Men* 

Feb.     28 — Setting     Objectives 
Measuring  Performance* 

March  7 — Incentives  to  Perform 
once — Stanley  Farwell,  Vice-presiden 
and  general  manager.  Business  Re 
search  Corporation. 

March  14 — Personnel  Policies  an 
the  Business  Cycle — R.  W.  Ston« 
University  of  Chicago. 

March  21 — The  Responsibility  o 
the  Employer  to  the  Community— 
Hon.  Donald  Richberg. 

March  28 — Collective  Bargainin 
Today — H.  L.  McCarthy,  Regions 
Director,  Social  Security  Board. 

Apr.  4 — Essentials  of  a  Personne 
Program — H.  B.  Bergen,  McKinsey 
Wellington,  &  Co. 

Detailed  information  may  be  ob 
tained  by  calling  or  writing  Armou 
Institute"  of  Technology,  3.300  Federa 
St.,  Chicago,  Telephone  Victory  4600 

*Arrangements  in  progress. 


34 


EVENING  DIVISION  AND  ITS 
SERVICE  TO  INDUSTRY 


The  extraordinary  expansion  of  the 
Evening-  Division  is  indicative  of  the 
importance  of  tlie  service  that  Ar- 
mour Institute  of  Technology  is  ren- 
dering industry  in  providing  training 
in  the  basic  sciences,  engineering,  and 
architecture  for  men  in  their  employ. 
Realizing  the  importance  of  this  serv- 
ice to  industry,  the  Institute  is  in  sev- 
eral cases  actually  conducting  classes 
in  certain  industrial  plants,  such  as 
the  course  in  metallurgy  being  given 
under  the  joint  sponsorship  of  the 
American   Steel   and  Wire   Co. 

The  magnitude  of  this  service  to 
industry  may  be  easily  seen  by  a 
glance  at  the  results  of  a  recent  sur- 
vey in  which  the  company  connec- 
tions were  classified  under  the  follow- 
ing headings:  Architects;  Building- 
Materials  and  Supplies ;  Chemical 
Companies;  City  of  Chicago  and 
Cities  outside  of  Chicago;  Construc- 
tion; Consulting  and  Sales  Engineers; 
Cook  County;  Electrical  Manufactur- 
ing; Entertainment;  Finance  and  Real 
Estate;  Heating, Ventilation,  Air  Con- 
ditioning, and  Refrigeration;  Illinois 
Highway  and  State  of  Illinois;  Insur- 
ance; Mail  Order  Companies;  Meat 
Packing    Companies;    Mechanical 


Manufacturing;  Metal  Products;  Mis- 
cellaneous Manufacturing;  Musical 
Companies  ;  Office  Supplies  ;  Oil  Com- 
panies; Printing  and  Publishing;  Pub- 
lic Utilities;  Railroads,  Express,  and 
Air  Lines ;  Schools ;  Service  Com- 
panies; Steel  and  Iron;  United  States 
Government;  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and 
other  Clubs. 

One  hundred  and  seventeen  com- 
])anies  in  the  field  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering are  represented  by  323  stu- 
dents. International  Harvester  Com- 
pany has  the  largest  representation, 
67;  Link  Belt  Company  has  38,  Pull- 
man Company  31,  Union  Special  Ma- 
chine Co.  12,  and  the  Electro-Motive 
Co.  and  the  Whiting  Corp  9  each. 

The  electrical  manufacturing  com- 
panies have  285  men.  Western  Elec- 
tric Company  leads  with  77;  Good- 
man Manufacturing  Co.  has  20,  Stew- 
art Warner  Corp.  18,  Westinghouse 
Electric  and  Mfg.  Co.  16,  General 
Electric  X-Ray  Lab.  12,  and  Zenith 
Radio  Corp.   1 1. 

In  the  steel  and  iron  industry  forty- 
seven  companies  are  represented  by 
218  students.  The  Carnegie-Illinois 
Corp.  has  the  largest  representation 
in  this  field.      Republic  Steel  has   15, 


Inland  Steel  13,  and  the  Wisconsin 
Steel  Co.  9. 

The  public  utilities  have  a  total  of 
150  students  from  15  companies,  89 
of  whom  are  from  the  Commonwealth 
Edison  Co.,  11  from  both  the  Peoples 
Gas,  Light,  and  Coke  Co.  and  the 
Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co.;  9  from 
the  Chicago  Dist.  Electric  Generating 
Corp.;  and  7  from  the  Public  Service 
Co.  of  Northern  Illinois. 

The  65  chemical  manufacturing 
companies  are  represented  by  110 
men.  Eight  oil  companies  and  six 
meat  packing  concerns  have  43  men 
each.  In  the  oil  industry,  the  Std. 
Oil  Co.  of  Ind.  has  27  and  the  Sin- 
clair Refining  Co.  8.  In  the  meat 
packing  industry  Armour  and  Co.  has 
20,  Swift  and  Co.  10,  and  the  Wilson 
Co.  7. 

Hundreds  of  other  men  who  during 
the  day  play  parts  of  varying  import- 
ance in  the  manufacture  of  other  prod- 
ucts are  also  taking  courses  in  the 
evening  either  to  meet  the  particular 
demands  of  their  industry  or  to  obtain 
a  college  degree.  The  service  of  the 
Evening  School  Division  is  not  of 
value  to  those  employed  by  industry 
alone,  however,  since  twenty-seven 
students  working  for  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago and  thirteen  who  work  for  the 
U.  S.  Government  attend  evening 
classes. 

Information  regarding  courses  may 
be  obtained  by  addressing  Dr.  B.  B. 
Freud,  Dean  of  the  Evening  Division. 


CONFERENCE  ON  ELECTRIC  WELDING 


A  conference  on  electric  welding 
arranged  by  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  with  the  cooperation  of 
the  Hollup  Corporation  started  on 
November  30  and  is  meeting  three 
times  weekly  for  a  period  of  six 
weeks. 

The  purpose  of  the  conference  is 
to  acquaint  welding  engineers  and 
supervisors  with  current  research,  ac- 
cepted design  methods,  and  best  prac- 
tice in  the  welding  field,  as  evidenced 
by  the  following  program: 

"  Tuesdajs  November  30,  1937^ — 
Metallurgy  and  Heat  Treatment  of 
Welds.  Dr.  W.  A.  Pearl,  Director  of 
Engineering  Shops,  Armour  Institute 
of   Technology. 

Thursday,  December  2,  1937  — 
Metallurgy  and  Heat  Treatment  of 
Welds.     Dr.  W.  A.  Pearl. 

Friday,  December  3,  1937 — Heavy 
Pressure  Vessels.  L.  J.  Larson,  Di- 
rector of  Welding  Research,  A.  O. 
Smith  Corporation. 


Wednesday,  December  8,  1937 — 
Tank  Welding  Research  and  Design. 
H.  C.  Boardman,  Research  Engineer, 
Chicago  Bridge  &  Iron  Co. 

Thursday,  December  9,  1937 — Pres- 
sure Tanks  and  Code  Requirements. 
H.  C.  Boardman. 

Friday,  December  10,  1937 — High- 
lights of  Welding  Design  —  C.  S. 
Moody,  Metallurgical  Engineer, 
Northwest  Engineering  Co. 

Tuesday,  December  l-i,  1937 — Jigs 
and  Fixtures.  James  Shiffli,  Product 
Engineer,   American   Steel   Foundries. 

Thursday,  December  16.  1937— De- 
sign of  Tall  Steel  Stacks  for  Welding. 
J.  C.  Sanderson,  Structural  Engineer, 
Sargent  and  Lundy. 

Friday,  December  17,  1937 — Struc- 
tural Welding  Design.  V.  O.  Mc- 
Clurg,  Chief  Structural  Engineer, 
Holabird  and  Root,  Architects. 

Tuesday,   January   4,    1938 — Weld- 


ing  of    Heavy   Machinery.      Westing- 
house  Manufacturing  Co. 

Thursday,  January  6,  1938— Weld- 
ing of  Heavy  Machinery.  Westing- 
house    Manufacturing   Co. 

Frida.v,  January  7,  1938 — Research 
on  Pipe  Welding.  E.  R.  Seablom, 
Research  Welding  Engineer,  Crane 
Company. 

Tuesday,  January  11,  1938 — Code 
Studies  for  Pipe  Welding.  E.  R.  Sea- 
blom. 

Thursday,  January  13,  1938— Rail- 
way Track  Welding  Research.  G.  M. 
Magee,  Ass't  Director,  Research  Di- 
vision,  Ass'n   of  American   Railroads. 

Friday,  January  14,  1938 — Con- 
struction and  Maintenance  of  Modern 
Railway  Equipment.  G.  M.  Magee, 
Ass't  Director. 

Tuesday,  January  18,  1938 — Main- 
tenance of  Railway  Bridges.  G.  M. 
Magee,  Ass't  Director. 

(Turn  lo  page  52) 

3S 


ORE  TO  A  FORD 

(From  page   19) 

Ore  carried  in  Ford  freighters  ar- 
rives at  the  docks  at  the  company's 
Rouge  plant,  and  is  unloaded  by 
cranes  which  remove  from  12  to  17 
tons  at  a  "bite."  Most  of  it  goes  into 
the  primary  storage  bins,  but  some  is 
placed  in  dump  cars  and  carried  up  on 
the  plant  "high  line." 

The  high  line,  sometimes  called  the 
backbone  of  the  plant,  is  a  concrete 
structure  40  feet  high  and  three-quar- 
ters of  a  mile  long.  It  is  served  by 
five  railroad  tracks,  and  is  of  open 
girder  construction  which  permits  un- 
loading cars  at  a  great  saving  in  time 
and  handling.  Some  of  the  ore  goes 
directly  from  the  boats  to  the  high 
line  and  is  dumped  into  the  active  stor- 
age bins.  It  then  goes  into  the  skip 
car  which  charges  the  blast  furnaces. 
From  the  ore  boat  to  the  blast  fur- 
nace can  take  as  little  as   10  minutes. 

There  are  two  blast  furnaces  be- 
tween the  primary  storage  bins  and 
the  foundry,  and  together  they  have  a 
capacity  of  1200  tons  of  iron  a  day. 
A  third  blast  furnace,  of  1000  tons  ca- 
pacity, now  is  being  built  at  a  cost  of 
approximately  $1..500,000,  including 
all  auxiliary  equipment  and  changes. 

Charges  of  ore,  coke,  and  limestone 
from  the  high  line  are  dumped  into 
the  blast  furnaces  and  there  reduced 
to  foundry  iron.  Part  of  it  is  taken 
in  a  molten  state  to  the  foundry, 
placed  in  "mixers"  where  it  is  mixed 
with  the  right  proportions  of  scrap, 
and  is  brought  to  the  proper  heat  for 
pouring.  This  direct  transfer  of 
molten  metal  saves  the  expense  of 
casting  all  the  metal  into  pigs  and 
later  remelting  it.     It  also  saves  time. 

In  the  30-acre  foundry,  which  is 
the  largest  in  the  world.  Ford  techni- 
cians developed  a  casting  system  which 
revolutionizes  foundry  practice.  It 
brings  the  molds,  on  conveyors,  to  the 
metal  instead  of  requiring  the  metal 
to  be  taken  to  the  molds  as  had  been 
standard  foundry  practice  for  cen- 
turies. 

The  cores  for  the  engine  block 
molds  are  themselves  assembled  on  a 
moving  conveyor  line  much  as  motor 
parts  are  assembled  a  little  later  in 
the  complex  business  of  building  a 
motor  car.  These  core  assemblies  are 
made  of  46  separate  cores,  and  the 
finished  mold  permits  casting  the  en- 
tire Ford  V-8  engine  block  in  a  single 
piece. 

The  cylinder  block  molds  are 
poured  by  a  novel  mechanism  devel- 
oped by  Ford  engineers.  It  is  a  trav- 
eling ladle,  operating  on  a  track  par- 
alleling the  conveyor  line.  Metal  from 


an  air  furnace  flows  into  the  trough  of 
the  traveling  ladle  in  a  continuous 
stream.  The  ladle  is  synchronized 
with  a  mold,  pours  it  full,  and  then 
is  reversed  in  time  to  begin  pouring 
the  next  mold.  Each  of  the  four  trav- 
eling ladles  can  pour  115  molds  an 
hour,  each  mold  taking  315  pounds  of 
iron.  This  system  not  only  eliminates 
lost  motion,  but  also  enables  closer 
control  of  pouring  temperatures. 

The  multiple  molds  for  the  cast  al- 
loy steel  crankshafts  developed  by 
Ford  metallurgists  for  the  V-8  also 
move  on  conveyors  to  the  pouring  sta- 
tion, but  in  this  case  the  pouring  is 
done  from  conventional  ladles. 

The  engine  block  molds  go  from  the 
pouring  ladle  on  the  same  conveyor 
to  the  shakeout  station  and  are  cooled 
and  cleaned.  The  casting  then  goes 
to  the  first  machining  operation,  and 
moves  steadily  from  one  machine  to 
the  next,  all  the  machining  being  done 
in  the  foundry  building.  The  block 
tiien  is  sent  from  the  foundry,  which 
is  being  made  still  larger  in  the  com- 
pany's current  $40,000,000  expansion 
program,  to  the  motor  building  by 
conveyor. 

The  engine  quickly  takes  form  as 
it  moves  along  the  assembly  line. 
Crankshaft,  camshaft,  matched  sets  of 
pistons,  valve  assemblies,  and  other 
parts  go  easily  and  snugly  into  place. 
The  last  bolt  is  tightened  down,  and 
the  engine  goes  to  the  testing  block. 
It  is  run  in  and  inspected  and  then 
is  ready  for  shipment  to  a  branch  as- 
sembly plant  or  to  be  sent  to  the  final 
assembly  line  in  the  Rouge  plant.  The 
finished  car  leaves  the  line  under  its 
own  power,  28  hours  after  some  of  it 
may  have  reached  the  plant  as  raw 
ore. 

Incidentally,  increased  value  of  the 
modern  car  is  reflected  in  the  fact  that 
despite  steady  improvement  in  manu- 
facturing methods,  more  man-hours  of 
work  are  required  to  make  the  1938 
Ford  than  were  needed  to  make  its 
predecessor  of  a  decade  ago. 

The  closely-timed  march  from  ore 
to  finished  part  could  be  followed  as 
well  through  the  steel  mill  as  through 
the  foundry,  although  steel-making  is 
a  longer  process.  A  feature  of  Ford 
steel-making  is  the  use  of  two  600- 
ton  mixers,  in  which  molten  iron  from 
the  blast  furnaces  is  stored  pending 
transfer  by  125-ton  cranes  to  the  open 
hearth  furnaces  for  conversion  into 
steel.  This  storage  system  in  the 
steel  mill,  as  in  the  iron  foundry, 
saves  the  time  and  also  the  expense 
involved  in  casting  pigs  and  subse- 
quently remelting  them. 

There  are  52  kinds  of  steel  used  in 
making  a  Ford  V-8,  36  for  car  parts 


and  16  for  tools  used  in  making  the 
parts.  Each  type  is  held  for  precise 
specifications,  with  checks  at  every 
step,  but  in  producing  either  bar  or 
sheet  steel  the  metal  moves  swiftly 
through  the  progressive  steps  on  pow- 
erful conveyors. 

The  conveyor  system  is,  in  fact,  a 
vital  factor  in  the  efficiency  of  the 
Ford  production  method.  A  recent 
check  showed  there  were  96.5  miles  of 
conveyor  within  the  1076-acre  plant. 
By  moving  parts  and  materials  to  the 
places  they  are  required  in  the  plant 
the  conveyor  system  eliminates  con- 
fusion and  does  away  with  much  of 
the  drudgery  once  considered  inevita- 
ble in  industry. 

The  conveyor  system  consists  of  a 
giant  trunk  line  conveyor  five  miles 
long  connecting  all  the  buildings  in 
the  plant,  and  hundreds  of  small  ones 
branching  from  it. 

One  set  of  conveyors  makes  up  the 
assembly  lines.  It  moves  slowly  and 
at  waist  or  knee  level  for  the  con- 
venience of  the  workmen.  Another  is 
overhead  and  travels  in  long  circles, 
carrying  parts  over  the  assembly  line 
until  they  are  removed  for  use.  The 
workmen  take  from  the  overhead  con- 
veyors only  such  parts  as  they  require 
from  time  to  time. 

The  conveyors  are  grouped  under  a 
dozen  classifications,  including  mono- 
rail, overhead  monorail,  floor  type, 
chip  drag,  belt,  slat  screw,  bucket, 
buggy,  carriage  type,  power  driven 
roll  chain,  flight,  and  driven  roller. 
Tremendous  quantities  of  power,  pro- 
duced in  the  vast  central  power  sta- 
tion in  the  plant,  are  required  to  op- 
erate them. 

Even  a  casual  visit  to  the  Ford 
plant  is  sufficient  to  show  plainly  that 
speed  in  manufacture  is  impossible 
without  precision  and  uniformity. 
When  a  part  reaches  the  assembly 
point  it  must  be  exactly  right.  Other- 
wise, it  won't  fit,  and  time  would  be 
lost  in  searching  for  a  part  that  did. 
This  would  disrupt  the  whole  line, 
throw  the  careful  timing  out  of  gear. 
That  is  the  reason  thirteen  labora- 
tories are  operated  within  the  plant, 
and  that  an  entire  squad  of  men  is 
charged  with  the  sole  duty  of  check- 
ing precision  gages  with  Johansson 
gage  blocks. 

A  casual  visit  is  sufficient  also  to 
show  that  this  manufacturing  process 
has  nothing  to  do  with  hurrying,  that 
haste,  in  fact,  would  upset  the  entire 
system.  It  is  a  matter  of  seeing  that 
everything  moves  forward  at  a  rea- 
sonable pace,  and  that  it  reaches  the 
right  place  at  the  right  time  and  in 
the  right  quantities  throughout  the 
progression  from  ore  to  automobile. 


36 


>.2i  INSIDE  A  GLACIAt  CAVE 

YES -AND  I  UNDECSTAND 
SOME  OF  7HESE  RiVEES 

of  ice  move  dowm  the 
mountain:  as  mucm  as 
incvies  a  day  r-^ 


CoDvriRht,  1937.  R.  J.  Reynolds  Tobacco  Co. 


TRY  P.  A.  ON  THIS 
MONEY- BACK  GUARANTEE! 

Smoke  20  fragrant  pipefuls  of  Prince 
Albert.  If  you  don't  find  it  the  mellowest, 
tastiest  pipe  tobacco  you  ever  smoked, 
return  the  pocket  tin  with  the  rest  of 
the  tobacco  in  it  to  us  at  any  time  with- 
in a  month  from  this  date,  and  we  will 
refund  full  purchase  price,  plus  postage. 
(Signed)  R.  J.  Reynolds  Tobacco 
Company,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 


ALSO 

TRY  ROLLING 

YOUR  OWN 

WITH  P.  A. 


pipefuls  of  fragrant 
tobacco  in  every  2-oz. 
tin   of    Prince    Albert 


RiNCE  Albert 


THE    NATIONAL 
JOY    SMOKE 


37 


RESEARCH  IN  A 
LARGE  INDUSTRY 

(From  page   11) 

As  a  potential  source  of  sucli  supply, 
tlic    research    laboratory    was    created. 

As  a  business  gamble,  it  has  paid 
large  dividends.  From  its  fundamental 
researches  has  come  the  knowledge 
which  made  possible  the  development 
of  such  radically  new  things  as  the 
gas-filled  tungsten  filament  lamp, 
which  has  made  practically  the  entire 
lighting  field  its  own;  the  high  vac- 
uum power  tube,  which  became  the 
heart  of  the  transmitting  station  in 
the  new  art  of  radio  broadcasting;  the 
hot  cathode  X-ray  tube,  now  univer- 
sally used  in  X-ray  work;  and  atomic 
hydrogen  welding,  which  made  elec- 
tric welding  applicable  to  new  fields 
and  incidentally  became  an  important 
element  in  the  fabrication  of  the 
"sealed-in"  refrigerator  unit.  At  the 
same  time  the  increase  in  knowledge 
has  enabled  the  laboratory,  in  its  ad- 
visory capacity,  to  be  more  helpful 
to  other  departments  in  their  special 
))roblems. 

Not  all  fundamental  research  yields 
results  capable  of  immediate  prac- 
tical application.  For  years  we  have 
been  conducting  research  on  thin  films 
— films  of  molecular  thickness — on 
water  and  on  metals.  A  new  branch 
of  chemistry  has  been  created — "sur- 
face chemistry" — but  as  yet  no  appli- 
cation to  our  company's  product  has 
been  made.  At  the  moment  the  bio- 
chemist seems  more  likely  to  profit 
from  our  work  than  we. 

Some  useful  application  within  our 
field  may  come  in  time.  Some  broad 
new  field  of  profitable  activity  may 
conceivably  be  opened  up.  If  neither 
of  these  events  occurs,  we  shall  at 
least  have  the  consolation  of  the 
knowledge  that  we  have  contributed 
materially  to  the  growth  of  chemical 
science,  and  that  the  profits  to  the 
company,  originating  in  our  other  fun- 
damental researches,  have  far  ex- 
ceeded the  total  expense  of  all  our 
work. 

I  do  not  wish  to  create  the  impres- 
sion that  all  our  work,  or  even  most 
of  it,  is  of  a  fundamental  nature.  It 
actually  engages  only  perhaps  twenty 
per  cent  of  our  activities.  Our  labora- 
tory is  truly  a  service  department, 
even  though  the  service  we  render  is 
only  advisory.  Problems  are  contin- 
ually arising  in  other  departments  in 
which  our  help  is  needed.  As  far  as 
possible  we  refer  such  problems  to  the 
various  works  laboratories,  but  many 
are  of  such  a  kind  that  we,  with  our 
highly  trained  specialists  and  special 
facilities,  are  best  equipped  to  tackle 
them.  In  such  cases,  we  undertake 
the  job,  and  in  general  try  to  give  it 

38 


precedence  over  our  own  problems. 
Such  service  work  amounts  to  some 
forty  per  cent  of  our  total. 

Again,  it  frequently  happens  that 
the  possibility  of  developing  some 
radically  new  device  is  suggested  by 
our  researches,  or  by  some  other  event, 
and  it  may  be  so  different  from  any 
current  product  that  no  existing  de- 
partment has  the  knowledge,  expe- 
rience, or  facilities  to  undertake  the 
development  efficiently.  It  then  is 
needful  for  us  to  develop  it  and  per- 
haps even  to  manufacture  for  a  time. 
Graphitized  brushes,  tungsten  igni- 
tion contacts.  X-ray  tubes,  radio 
power  tubes,  carboloy,  and  various 
forms  of  glyptal  resins,  were  first 
manufactured  in  the  laboratory.  We 
never  manufacture  when  another  de- 
jiartment  is  ready  to  do  so,  nor  do  we 
carry  a  development  farther  than  the 
))oint  at  which  another  department  is 
))repared  to  take  it  over,  but  never- 
theless such  development  work  con- 
stitutes another  forty  per  cent  of  our 
total. 

But  it  is  our  fundamental  work 
which  we  consider  our  most  important 
activity,  and  which  we  jealously  guard 
against  encroachment  by  service  and 
development  work.  It  is  from  that 
that  we  hope  will  come  the  radically 
new  things  to  add  new  and  profitable 
lines  to  our  company's  product,  to 
broaden  its  field  of  interest,  to  give 
new  employment  to  labor,  and  to  ben- 
efit the  public  through  new  comforts 
or  conveniences.  Moreover,  it  is  in- 
valuable in  its  effects  on  our  whole 
laboratory  staff.  Each  contribution 
we  can  make  to  the  advance  of  scien- 
tific knowledge  increases  our  contacts 
with  other  workers  in  science,  through 
attendance  by  our  men  at  meetings 
of  scientific  societies  for  the  presenta- 
tion of  papers,  and  through  inter- 
change of  visits,  induced  by  similar- 
ity of  interest  and  of  effort.  I  now 
recall  with  amusement  my  fear,  thir- 
ty-two years  ago,  of  being  pocketed 
and  isolated  at  Schenectady.  I  am 
sure  that  my  work  in  an  industrial 
laboratory  has  brought  me  more  nu- 
merous and  more  stimulating  contacts 
with  fellow  scientists  than  I  would 
have  enjoyed  in  an  academic  position. 
The  assurance  of  such  contacts  is  of 
great  help  to  us  in  attracting  first 
class  men  to  our  staff. 

Again,  encouragement  of  funda- 
mental work  gives  the  individual  a 
wider  option  in  the  selection  of  con- 
genial problems.  I  have  never  felt 
fettered  in  my  choice  of  work.  My 
original  stipulation  for  half-time  on 
my  old  research  was  soon  forgotten, 
never  to  be  revived.  If  a  man  has 
true  aptitude  for  fundamental  re- 
search, he  can  find  full  exercise  for 
it  in  our  work. 


Whether  a  research  man  will  be 
happier  in  a  university  or  industrial 
laboratory  is  probably  mostly  a  ques- 
tion of  temperament.  To  some  men 
the  atmosphere  of  scholarship,  free- 
dom, and  quiet  dignity,  which  charac- 
terizes academic  surroundings  is  pe- 
culiarly congenial,  and  teaching  gives 
added  satisfaction.  To  others,  the 
stimulation  of  constant  contact  with 
live  problems  and  the  satisfaction  of 
witnessing  the  prompt  application  of 
the  results  of  his  researches  to  useful 
ends,  are  most  enjoyable.  In  cither 
type  of  laboratory  the  rcsearcli 
worker  should  find  full  scope  for  his 
powers. 

The  benefits  arising  from  funda- 
mental research  in  an  industrial  lab- 
oratory are  not  confined  to  the  com- 
pany which  it  serves.  All  scientific 
workers  benefit,  and,  if  the  results 
are  applicable  in  engineering,  other 
companies  and  the  public  also  gain. 
We  selfishly  wish  that  many  more  in- 
dustrial laboratories  would  engage  in 
fundamental    research. 

It  may  be  said  that  since  funda- 
mental research  is  a  gamble,  and  the 
nature  of  the  results  impossible  to 
foresee,  only  a  large  company,  with 
highly  diversified  products  and  fields 
of  interest,  can  afford  such  ventures. 
It  is  true  that  almost  any  important 
new  fact  in  chemistry  or  physics  is 
very  likely  to  find  useful  applications 
in  the  diversified  activities  of  Du  Pont 
and  General  Electric,  respectively, 
while  the  probability  of  utilization  of 
such  a  fact  would  be  much  less  in  an 
equally  large  company  with  less  di- 
versified product,  such  as  United 
States  Steel  or  Standard  Oil. 

Nevertheless,  by  wise  guidance,  the 
chance  of  utilization  may  be  increased. 
For  instance,  in  our  work,  if  a  man 
is  interested  in  studying  ionization,  we 
prefer  that  he  should  make  his  ob- 
servations on  vacuum  tubes  on  the 
bench  in  his  laboratory,  rather  than 
through  a  telescope  on  distant  stars. 
So  I  believe  that  if  there  is  any  phe 
nomenon,  important  in  a  company' 
work  and  yet  inadequately  understood, 
such  as,  in  our  case,  the  mechanism  of 
dielectric  losses  and  break-down, 
fundamental  research  on  that  phe- 
nomenon has  a  fair  chance  of  yielding 
profitable  returns.  The  odds  against 
success  may  be  ten  to  one,  but  suc- 
cess, if  it  comes,  may  pay  a  hundred 
fold  the  cost  of  the  research. 


Mtvvp  Cfjrisitmag 

anb  a 
l^appfMtb)  iear 

to  all 


The  Last  Word  is  never  spoken  at 

Western  Etectric 


The  urge  to  "iii«ike  it  better 


is  always  there 


WHi:\  you  approach  old  problems  with 
a  fresh  A'iewpoint.  you  often  gel  oiit- 
standiiijj  iniprovenienls. 

For  example:  wires  for  telephone  cable 
had  long  been  insulated  by  a  spiral  wrap- 
ping of  paper  ribbon. 

Refusing  to  accept  this  as  the  "last  word," 
a  Western  Electric  engineer  mixed  a  wood 
pulp  solution  in  a  milk  bottle — poured  it 


on  a  wire — the  pulp  stuck.  The  systenuitic 
development  of  this  idea  resulted  in  a  new 
and  more  economical  insulating  process — 
making  an  insulating  covering  of  paper 
right  on  the  wire!  And  the  search  for  '"a 
better  way"  still  goes  on. 

Such  originality  leads  to  improved  man- 
ufacturing processes  and  better  telephone 
apparatus  for  the  Hell  System. 


Manufacturing  Plants  at  Chicago,  III.,  Kearny,  N.  J.,  and  Baltimore,  Md. 


39 


ARC  WELDING 

(From  page  17) 
by  the  shop  liave  access  to  the  work 
at  all  tinies^  in  order  to  be  sure  that 
there  are  not  deviations  from  the  ap- 
proved method.  And  definite  specifica- 
tions for  testing  tlie  finished  work  are 
prescribed.  The  performance  of  thou- 
sands of  structures  welded  under  vari- 
ous codes  during  the  past  six  years 
has  demonstrated  tliat  the  "human  ele- 
ment" problem  is  solved  and  that  con- 
trol of  weld  quality  can  be  maintained 
with  unquestionable  surety. 


With  confidence  in  the  process  so 
definitely  stimulated,  engineers  began 
more  seriously  to  study  the  possibili- 
ties of  better  design  for  welding. 
Early  designs  for  welded  construction 
followed  rather  closely  the  lines  which 
had  been  used  in  previous  methods  of 
construction.  Gusset  plates  and  con- 
necting angles  were  included  in  struc- 
tural steel  work;  lap  joints  were  fa- 
vored in  tank  work;  shapes  dictated 
by  the  necessities  of  foundry  practice 
were  attempted  in  machine  structures ; 
double  butt  strap  joints  in  pressure 
vessels.    The  welded  structures  of  to- 


Easier,  more  efficient  laboratory  work 


Transparent  Mountings 
for  Irregular  Specimens 

The  Metallurgist's  dream  came  true  with  the  Introduction  of  an 
absolutely  clear  and  transparent  mounting  material.  See  all  sides 
of  the  specimen.  Observe  the 
location  of  a  broken  weld  and 
study  the  very  spot  microscop- 
ically. Ideal  for  the  "Electro- 
lytic  etch." 

Hundreds  of  Metallurgists 
using  our  new  Specimen  Press, 
never  again  would  go  back  to 
the  old  melting  pot  and  ladle 
method  for  mounting  meta 
specimens.  For  "extreme  edge" 
studies,  convenience  in  han- 
dling, speed  and  economy,  use 
this  press  and  eliminate  differ- 
ential etching  action  frequently 
encountered  with  the  fusible 
alloy. 

New  A-B  Specimen 
Polisher 

Features  such  as  direct- 
drive,  vibrationless,  selec- 
tive speeds,  combined 
with  the  finest  of  work- 
manship, have  pushed 
this  single  unit  metallur- 
gical polishing  machine 
to  the  front.  Now  in  use 
from  coast  to  coast. 


Specimen  Cutter  and  Grinder 

For  cutting  metallurgical  specimens  to  convenient  sizes.  Safe  to 
operate,  safe  for  your  specimens.  High  speed.  Water  stream 
or  tank   cooling. 


Ask  for  Your  Copy  of  the  ««Metal  Analyst** 

Featuring    new    methods    for    the    daily    tasks    of    the     Metallurgist 


OPTICAL  INSTRUMENTS  •  METALLURGICAL  APPARATUS 
228     NORTH     LA    SALLE     ST.  •  •     CHICAGO      ILL. 


day  develop  greater  strength  witli  far 
les.s  welding,  due  to  the  development 
of  designs  which  look  first  to  the  most 
desirable  disposition  of  the  metal,  and 
then  to  the  location  of  welds  where 
they  can  be  made  most  efficiently. 
That  is,  the  designing  engineer  can 
visualize  his  structure  as  a  solid  piece 
and  then  plan  to  build  it  from  rolled 
steel  plate  and  shapes  in  whatever 
manner  seems  most  economical.  Func- 
tional design  made  its  appearance  in 
many  new  fields.  It  is  obvious  that  so 
great  an  advance  could  be  possible 
only  if  weld  metal  could  be  made  as 
strong,  ductile,  and  homogeneous  as 
tlie  rolled  .eteel  which  it  joined.  This 
can  be  done  and  is  being  done  on  a 
tremendously  widening  scale. 

P'or  a  quick  review  of  the  rapid 
growth  and  present  status  of  arc  weld- 
ing, the  structural  steel  field  is  an 
interesting  place  to  start.  Buildings 
actually  erected  by  welding  20  years 
ago  might  be  regarded  as  experi- 
mental, but  those  buildings  are  still 
standing.  A  model  code  for  the  use 
of  welding  in  the  building  construc- 
tion was  formulated  by  the  American 
Welding  Society,  in  1928.  Within  two 
years,  this  code  had  been  adopted  in 
24  states,  and  over  100  buildings  had 
been  welded.  At  present,  all  large 
fabricators  and  erectors  of  structural 
steel  have  welding  equipment  for  use, 
not  only  on  buildings,  but  also  in  the 
assembly  of  structures  that  are  sub- 
ject to  more  severe  loadings  than  will 
ever  be  encountered  in  the  average 
building  frame.  There  are  only  a  few 
localities  where  the  welding  of  build- 
ings is  definitely  prohibited.  They  are 
mostly  large  cities  where  the  revision 
of  codes  is  so  cumbersome  and  com- 
plex that  it  takes  years  to  get  action. 
A  few  months  ago  a  new  code  was 
adopted  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
which  authorizes  the  welding  of  steel 
structures  under  a  competent  super- 
vision. Architects  will  naturally  be 
cautious  about  adopting  this  erection 
method  until  they  have  become  well 
enough  acquainted  with  it  to  be  able 
to  design  welded  connection. 

Welding  on  ships  was  in  the  begin- 
ning an  emergency  measure.  The  ne- 
cessity for  safety  in  this  field  is  so 
great  that  in  the  early  days  it  was  not 
permissible  to  use  welds  for  strength 
members.  Even  with  this  limitation, 
the  fact  that  welding  eliminated  a 
great  deal  of  overlapping  of  parts 
pointed  to  very  desirable  savings  in 
weight,  savings  which  could  be  trans- 
lated into  either  a  decrease  of  fuel 
consumption  or  an  increase  of  cargo 
capacity.  Naval  architects  and  de- 
signing engineers  have  been  very  busy 
developing  designs  which  take  advan- 
tage of  the  welding  method  and  favor 
its  most  efficient  use.    All  nations  were 


40 


mpressed  wlien  Germany  launched  an 
dl-welded  10,000-ton  "pocket  battle- 
hip."  That  example  has  not  been 
I'ldely  copied  in  detail,  but  arc  weld- 
is  used  to  a  very  large  extent  in 
iiaval  construction  all  over  the  world, 
rhe  all-welded  ships  that  we  know 
test  are  barges  and  tankers.  The 
jrend  of  the  shipbuilders,  however,  is 
ilefinitely  expressed  by  the  first  quota- 
lion  at  the  beginning  of  this  article. 
It  is  an  evolution  which  must  neces- 
arily  be  slow  because  drawing  room 
)ractice  must  be  carefully  adjusted 
[o  tlie  change,  and  because  extensive 
jnodifications  in  equipment,  plant  ar- 
angement,  and  personnel  will  be 
leeded. 

In  the  petroleum  industry  there  is 
he  problem  of  producing,  refining, 
ind  transporting  billions  of  gallons 
f  materials  which  are  highly  inflam- 
Inable  and  often  explosive.  From  the 
|iil  fields  in  Texas  the  crude  oil  flows 
hrough  hundreds  of  miles  of  arc 
yelded  pipe  lines,  through  more  lines 
)f  welded  intricate  piping  systems  in 
•he  refinery,  through  heating  chambers. 
Into  cracking  stills  at  temperatures 
|»ver  1100  degrees  above  zero  and  at 
Pressures  in  excess  of  1000  lbs.  per 
iquare  inch,  into  welded  storage  tanks 
»f  100,000  barrel  capacity,  through 
nore  pipe  lines  to  distributing  points 


THE  SPOT  GALVANOMETER 

Jlalfotatoiu  -(iccuiacu  .  SItop  JQ^uaaadnaAi 

The  Cambridge  Spot  Galvanometer  provides  a 
complete  outfit  —  galvanometer,  lamp  and  scale 
—  in  one  self-contained  melal  case.  It  is  robust, 
lias  a  stable  zero  anil  does  not  require  accurate 
levelling.  The  sliarpi y  defined  spot  can  easily  be 
read  at  a  distance.  The  lamp  may  be  operated 
on  A.C.  service  current  or  4-v  olt  battery.  Sensi- 
tivity in  mm.  on  scale  is  from  19  to  170  per 
micro-ampere  using  coils  of  10,  40  and  700 
ohms.  Scale  can  be  read  to  0.2  mm. 


37:i2  Grand 

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41 


SHOW  THEIR  APPRECIATION 

OF  FELTMAN  &  SURME'S 

COMFORTABLE  STYLE! 


It  IS  a  source  of  pleasure  daily  to 
hear  our  men  customers  say  "An- 
other pair  just  like  these."  It 
means  that  our  customers  have 
found  comfort,  style,  quality  and 
economy  m  Feltman  &  Curme's 
"Better"   men's   shoes. 


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iti  welded  truck  tanks  to  the  under- 
uround  welded  tank  at  the  filling  sta- 
tion wliere  you  call  for  it.  All  along 
tlie  line  arc  welded  joints  safeguard 
tlic  petroleum  companies  from  losses 
diV  to  leakage  and  from  the  fire  and 
explosion  hazards  which  leaking 
equipment  would  set  up.  Well  in- 
formed petroleum  engineers  will  state 
frankly  that  the  industry  could  not 
operate  on  is  present  basis  without 
arc  welding. 

Ten  years  ago  tlie  prospects  for 
welded  railroad  rolling  stock  did  not 
seem  very  briglit  because  tlie  regula- 
tory bodies  were  not  convinced  of  tlie 
safety  of  welded  construction,  car 
builders  and  car  shops  were  not 
tqiiipped  or  organized  for  production 
welding,  and  car  designers  were  not 
re.idy  to  design  for  welding.  The  pro- 
duction of  a  few  all-welded  hopper 
cars  in  19.31,  with  a  weight  saving  of 
t300  lbs. each,  demonstrated  the  pos- 
sibilities in  this  direction,  and  car  de- 
signers began  to  give  more  attention 
to  the  new  method  of  construction. 
Cars  are  now  being  welded  in  thou- 
sand lots.  Nearly  all  of  the  new  pas- 
senger cars  involve  a  great  deal  of 
welding,  and  some  of  them  are  all- 
welded.  The  most  striking  example  of 
progress  in  this  field  is  the  recent  con- 
struction of  an  all-welded  locomotive, 
including  an  all-welded  boiler,  which 
was  put  into  experimental  operation 
during  the  summer  of  1937. 

In  this  brief  catalog  of  the  con- 
struction fields  in  which  arc  welding 
has  assumed  a  permanently  important 
position,  we  have  been  burning  the 
pages  rather  rapidly.  A  longer  view 
of  one  subject  will  develop  a  more 
definite  conception  of  what  industrial 
engineers  are  accomplishing  by  well 
ordered  applications  of  the  process. 
The  machinery  field  will  do  as  well  as 
any. 

The  replacement  of  castings  by 
welded  rolled  steel  structures  began 
with  simple  bases  for  special  ma- 
chines; that  is,  machines  that  were 
not  expected  to  be  duplicated.  Fabri- 
cating cost,  including  materials,  of  the 
steel  base  was  frequently  less  than  the 
cost  of  a  pattern  for  casting.  Weight 
could  be  reduced  because  of  the  better 
physical  properties  and  greater  uni- 
formity of  rolled  steel.  Alterations, 
even  after  construction  had  started, 
were  comparatively  easy  to  make.  A 
very  wide  range  of  steel  shapes  which 
had  been  developed  for  structural 
work,  were  available  everywhere.  The 
uniformly  good  surface  condition  of 
rolled  steel  reduced  the  amount  of  the 
machining  to  a  minimum.  Here  was 
an  attractive  outlook  for  welding  en- 
thusiasts. By  projection  from  the 
welded  base  they  could  visualize  the 
entire    replacement    of    castings    with 


42 


C     A 


E     R     S 


O     F 


CAB 


E     R 


E     N     G 


N     E     E     R     S 


J 


^:^. 


^m£> 


BECAUSE  A  Kafir 

COULDN'T  STAND  THE  GAFF... 


•  Man's  quest  for  gold  has  led  him  into 
strange  places  ,  .  .  the  frozen  lands  of  the 
north,  the  deserts  of  the  south,  the  bow- 
els of  the  earth.  But  from  the  land  of 
Cecil  Rhodes  comes  an  amazing  tale  of 
muck  and  sweat  and  terrific  heat .  .  .  and 
man's  victory  over  the  elements! 
-vThe  Robinson  Deep  Mine,  Johannes- 
burg, South  Africa,  is  the  world's  deep- 
est hole  —  8,500  feet  down!  In  those 
depths  is  gold,  but  with  temperatures 
exceeding  100°  Fahrenheit  and  humid- 
ities approaching  100'^,  production 
reached  what  seemed  to  be  an  impass- 
able barrier  Even  the  natives  couldn't 
stand  the  intolerable  heat! 

What  could  be  done  to  improve 
conditions,  to  increase  the  effi- 
ciency of  miners,  to  permit  deeper 
excavations  for  gold?  The  answer 
was  Carrier  Air  Conditioning! 

Into  those  black  depths  went 
Carrier  engineers  and  for  365  days 
tackled  the  problems  of  rock  tem- 


perature and  adiabatic  compression  of 
air,  both  of  which  go  higher  as  shafts  go 
lower.  They  studied  theexcessivehumid- 
ity;  heat  from  oxidation;  heat  from  hu- 
man bodies;  frictional  heat  from  machin- 
ery; and  heat  from  explosives.  And  from 
their  analysis  came  the  installation  of 
a  Carrier  Air  Conditioning  system  with 
a  cooling  effect  equal  to  4,000,000 
pounds  of  ice  every  24  hours. 

Thus  again  had  engineering  triumphed 
in  avictory  affecting  not  only  production, 
efficiency  and  comfort,  but  one  which 
left  its  impress  on  world  economics. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  scope  of  Car- 
rier Air  Conditioning — nor  to  Carrier's 


further  expansion  and  future  accomplish- 
ments— except  as  measured  by  the  num- 
ber and  ability  of  the  young  engineers 
Carrier  can  bring  under  the  training  of 
the  pioneers  who  have  been  through  the 
35  years  of  the  development  of  the  art. 
In  the  Carrier  organization,  young  men 
hold  responsible  positions  —  their  capa- 
city gauged  not  by  age,  but  by  ability. 
And  whether  that  ability  is  fostered  best 
by  laboratory  research  or  field  work  in 
the  far  corners  of  the  world.  Carrier  en- 
ables engineers  to  progress.  Today  in 
99  different  countries,  you  will  find  ev- 
idence of  Carrier  engineers'  contribution 
to  the  world's  progress! 


D. 

ring  1937,  Car 

ier  trained 

300 

re 

:ent  graduates  1 

rem  leadinc 

en- 

leering  schools 

in  every  sec 

tion 

ol 

Ihe  country.  Car 

rier  needs  r 

men.  If  you  had  a 

good  schoo 

re- 

rd,     and    are    in 

lerested    in 

the 

wc 

rld'smostfascin 

atingandfastest- 

gr 

Dwing  industry. 

wnte  us. 

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ORGANIZATION 


ENGINEERS 


43 


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'^i::e^ 


THE  fuFKiN Pule  Co 

Saginaw,   Michigan 

106-110    Lafayette    St.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 


I  welcome  this  oppor- 
tunity to  greet  my  old 
friends  once  more  and 
to  wish  all  graduates 
and  friends  of  Armour 
Institute  of  Technology 
a  Merry  Christmas 
and  a  Happy  and 
Prosperous  New  Year. 

D.  F.  Campbell 


160  N.  LaSalle  St. 
Chicago,  111. 


welded  parts.  They  made  enough  mis- 
takes to  fill  a  book,  but  in  the  end 
they  aecomi)lished  many  notable  ad- 
vances in  improved  maeliinery  design. 
Many  of  the  early  designs  in  tjiis 
field  were  undeniably  ugly  and  erude, 
ehiefly  because  they  depended  upon 
the  use  of  existing  steel  shapes,  with 
a  minimum  of  forming.  Shop  organ- 
izations were  not  accustomed  to  pro- 
duction welding,  and  some  of  these 
fabrications  turned  out  to  be  as  ex- 
pensive as  they  were  unattractive.  De- 
signers then  turned  to  the  mechan- 
ically operated  gas  torch  which  carves 
out  for  them  from  any  thickness  of 
steel  plate  shapes  that  are  more  effi- 
cient and  more  pleasing  in  contour. 
Another  mechanical  aid  brought  into 
the  picture  was  the  high  powered 
bending  brake.  This  machine  provided 
nicely  rounded  corners  and  eliminated 
many  feet  of  welding.  By  the  aid  of 
these  two  devices  welded  machine  de- 
sign has  advanced  to  the  point  where 
machinery  manufacturers  call  atten- 
tion to  the  attractive  "styling"  of  their 
{)roducts  which  they  have  accom- 
l)lished  by  adopting  welded  rolled 
steel. 

For  a  good  many  years  it  was 
thought  that  the  economy  of  welded 
machine  structures  was  limited  to 
cases  where  only  one  or  two  articles 
were  made  to  a  single  specification. 
The  theory  was  that  in  larger  produc- 
tion the  pattern  cost  was  soon  ab- 
sorbed and  that  thereafter  it  was  more 
economical  to  use  castings  regardless 
of  the  possible  savings  in  weight,  but 
this  is  not  always  the  case.  It  has 
been  found  that  when  factory  facilities 
are  so  organized  that  the  fabricating, 
assembling,  and  welding  operations 
were  set  up  on  an  efficient  and  sys- 
tematic basis,  the  unit  production  costs 
are  greatly  reduced.  Furthermore, 
fabrication  costs  can  be  controlled  by 
the  use  of  adequate  forming  and 
material  handling  equipment.  The 
volume  of  production  in  many  cases  is 
not  sufficient  to  justify  the  installation 
of  all  the  machinery  "that  is  desirable, 
just  as  it  is  not  economical  for  these 
same  firms  to  have  their  own  foundry 
equipment.  Consequently,  there  have 
sprung  up  a  number  of  steel  fabricat- 
ing plants  specializing  in  the  produc- 
tion of  welded  machinery  structures  in 
the  same  manner  that  castings  are 
supplied  by  foundries.  The  machinery 
field  is  now  adopting  welded  con.struc- 
tion  on  a  very  wide  scale.  There  is 
probably  no  other  field  which  offers 
such  wide  opportunity  for  originality 
in  design  and  for  the  development  of 
efficient  production  methods. 

To  summarize  the  effect  of  current 
advances  in  a  quantitative  way  would 
be  extremely  difficult.  Our  measuring 
stick  would  have  to  be  applied  in  as 


Do  You  Want 

A  Power  Plant 

Dismantled 

or 

Boilers  Removed 
or 

A  Smoke  Stack 
Razed 

? 

Phone 
BEN  PERLSTEIN 

Canal  7464 

HOYNE  INDUSTRIAL 
SALVAGE  CO. 

2501  S.  Hoyne  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


44 


many  different  directions  as  there  are 
different  industries.  In  a  general  way 
we  can  judge  the  rate  of  growth  by 
measuring  the  increased  use  of  arc 
welding  in  steel  fabrication.  It  has 
been  estimated  that  the  number  of 
pounds  of  arc  welding  wire  used  for 
each  ton  of  ingot  steel  produced  has 
gone  from  1.4  in  1932  to  2.4  in  1936, 
an  increase  of  70  per  cent.  Unofficial 
estimates  indicate  that  while  steel  pro- 
duction increased  35  per  cent  during 
the  first  6  months  of  1936  arc  welding 
activity  increased  45  per  cent,  so  the 
curve  is  still  going  upward. 

In  line  with  the  growing  importance 
of  this  process  in  all  branches  of  in- 
dustry and  engineering  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  the  engineers  themselves 
are  giving  it  more  careful  attention. 
Several  of  the  large  manufacturers  of 
welding  equipment  and  materials  have 
established  schools  where  plant  engi- 
neers can  come  and  take  short  courses 
in  the  principles  of  design  and  pro- 
cedure which  are  necessary  to  the 
proper  application  of  arc  welding  in 
their  plants.  The  "students"  come  to 
these  schools  from  every  state  in  the 
union,  bringing  their  problems  with 
them,  and  return  to  their  work  armed 
not  only  with  the  answers,  but  also 
with  information  that  will  take  care 
of  future  problems. 

The  young  man  who  is   preparing 


The  Firm  of 


CHARLES  W.  HILLS 

1414   Monadnock    Building 
53  West  Jackson  Blvd. 

CHICAGO 


Patent-Trade    Mark    and    Copyright 
Matters   Exclusively 


Washington  Office 

Munsey   Building 
Washington,   D.   C. 


Drink 


VIIAIMIN  B  CHOCOLAIl   DRINK 


Order 

from  your 

Dairy 

Be  Sure  you  get 
the  genuine 


liiniself  for  an  eiit>'incering  career  can 
be  sure  that  a  sound  understanding  of 
arc  welding  will  prove  not  only  help- 
ful but  necessary.  The  process  is 
firmly  established  wherever  metal 
structures,  and  especially  steel  struc- 
tures^ are  used.  In  most  fields  there 
still  remain  problems  to  be  solved 
and  research  activities  to  be  continued. 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology  has 
prepared  splendidly  to  meet  this  de- 
mand for  welding  knowledge.  It  offers 
both  technical  instruction  and  labora- 
tory practice  with  a  competent  staff 
of  expertly  informed  teachers.  Will 
the  students  of  this  generation  rise  to 
the  challenge  of  the  tiny  arc,  thrill  to 
the  forces  which  are  in  its  control,  and 
carry  it  on  to  new  and  more  dramatic 
achievements  ?  The  writer  believes 
tliat  thev  will. 


CHICAGO  AS  A 
FINANCIAL  MARKET 

(From   page   30) 

not  in  Chicago  in  particular.  In  this 
connection,  Ave  shall  always  know  that 
what  is  happening  to  us  is  also  hap- 
pening to  the  other  fellow  in  other 
cities.  In  other  words,  comparing 
Chicago  to  the  other  financial  markets 
in  tiie  United  States,  we  are  at  no 
disadvantage  because  of  governmental 
regulation. 

Financing   Business   Expansion 

Someone  may  say  that  Middle  West- 
ern business  men,  representing  com- 
merce, industry,  railroads,  and  utili- 
ties, are  passing  up  Chicago  and  going 
to  New  York  to  do  their  underwriting. 
It  is  unfortunately  true  that  some  are. 
This  trend  is  slowing  down  because 
our  underwriting  houses  are  recover- 
ing from  the  depression  and  can  fi- 
nance the  business  that  comes  their 
way  and  because  wise  business  lead- 
ers know  it  is  a  good  tiling  for  them 
to  have  their  securities  held  by  their 
neighbors,  which  means  Middle  West- 
ern financing  for  Middle  Western  in- 
stitutions. If  I  were  representing  an 
industry  in  this  territory  seeking  new 
finance,  I  would  use  the  facilities  of 
the  Chicago  financial  market  because  I 
know  it  can  render  better  service  to 
Middle  Western  business  enterprise 
than  can  be  obtained  anywhere  else. 
Buying   Securities  in   Chicago 

Now  what  about  buying  securities 
in  Chicago.  There  is  an  old  saying 
that  things  eventually  find  their  true 
level;  likewise,  securities  eventually 
sell  for  what  they  are  worth.  On  ac- 
count of  the  depression  and  the  rela- 
tive newness  of  the  Middle  West  as 
compared  with  the  East,  securities  can 


The  John  Marshall 


LAW 

SCHOOL 

FOUNDED  1899 

AN 

ACCREDITED 

LAW  SCHOOL 

TEXT  and  CASE 

METHOD 


(40  weeks  per  year) 

Afternoon — 3  years 

5  days.. .4:30-6:30 

Evening  —  4  years 

Men.,  Wed.,  Fri., 

6:30-9:20 

Post-graduate 

lyear..twlcea  week 

Practice  courses 

exclusively. 

All  courses  lead 

to  degrees. 

Two  years'  college 

work   required   for 

entrance. 

New  classes  form 

in  Feb.  and  Sept. 


315  Plymouth  Ct.,  Chicago,  III. 


45 


Actuary 


ARTHUR   STEDRY   HANSEN 

Consulting  Actuary 

TELEPHONE    CENTRAL    1444 

135  S.  LaSalle  Street 

CHICAGO 


Air  Conditioning 


AIR    COMFORT    CORPORATION 

1307  S.  Michigan  Ave.  •  CHICAGO 


ILGr 


.VENTILATION 

ILG  ELECTRIC 
VENTILATING  COMPANY 

2850   N.   Crawford   Ave.,    Chicago 

W.    H.    Hallstein,    Treas.    '14 

W.  H.  Riefi,  V.  P.  '15 


MELLISH  &  MURRAY  CO. 

CONTRACTORS   and    ENGINEERS 
1715  Carroll  Avenue 

CHICAGO 

AIR   CONDITIONING— VENTILATING 

SHEET  LEAD  WORK 

GENERAL  SHEET  METAL  WORK 


Automotive 


Athey  Truss  Wheel  Co. 

FORGED-TRAK 

WAGONS  TRAILERS 

FOR 

HEAVY  HAULING 


5631   West  65th  Street 
Chicago 


lie  purchased  in  Chicago  that  will  re- 
turn to  the  investors  a  higher  percent- 
age than  will  similar  securities  in  the 
New  York  market.  This,  coupled  with 
tlie  fact  tliat  the  average  business  in- 
stitutions with  the  same  set-up  and 
similar  management  can  make  more 
profits  in  the  Middle  West  than  any- 
where else,  justifies  investors  to  give 
serious  consideration  to  the  purchase 
of  securities  of  Middle  Western  enter- 
I)rises.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
we  are  at  the  crossroads  of  the  na- 
tion's business,  and  have  all  the  advan- 
tages that  a  crossroads  furnishes,  not 
only  in  getting  raw  material,  but  in 
shipping  finished  products.  There 
is  developing  in  Chicago  a  new  and  im- 
portant reason  for  our  hoping  good 
tilings  for  our  financial  market.  The 
President  of  the  Chicago  Association 
of  Commerce  set  forth  in  his  in- 
augural address  as  one  of  the  aims  of 
tlie  Association  for  this  year:  "Devel- 
opment of  Ciiicago  as  a  financial  mar- 
ket, comparable  witli  its  recognized 
j)osition  as  a  center  for  live  stock, 
grain,  agricultural  implements,  furni- 
ture, and  transportation."  To  my 
knowledge,   this    is   the    first   time    any 

Automotive 


BORG  &  BECK 

DIVISION   OF  BORG-WARNER  CORP. 

Manufacturers 

of 

Automotive  Clutches 

6558  S.  Menard  Ave.     Chicago,  III. 


Bearing  Service 


Connecting  rod  babbitting  service — 
crankshaft  bearings — piston  pin  bush- 
ings— bronze  cored  and  solid  bars — 
babbitt  metals — connecting  rod  bolts 
and    nuts — Laminated    shims. 

FEDERAL-MOGUL 
SERVICE,  Inc. 

Victory  2488 
2346  S.  Dearborn  Street 

CHICAGO 
H.   C.   SKINNER,   M.E.'IS 


Permanent 

BLUE  PRINTS 

Blue     Printing,     Black     Printing,     Blue     Line 
and    Color    Printing 

Drawing  Materials 

Special   Service   Always — Speed  and  Results 

Big   Floor  Space  and   Eguipment 

for   Rush  Orders 

Photo  Prints 

CROFOOT,  Ni'ELSEN  &  GO. 

ENGINEERING  BLDG. 
205  Wacker  Drive 
Tel.   Randolph   3341 

Branch    Office 
307   N.   Michigan   Ave.  State   7046 


Boxes  and  Cartons 


CREATIVE    DISPLAY    CARTONS 

DISPLAY  CARDS 

FOLDING    BOXES 

THE    PINKERTON     FOLDING    BOX    CO. 

Established     1899 

420  Rush  St.,  Chicago 

F.    p.    Straueh    M.    E.    '16  Superior    8348-9 


Business   Equipment 


AdJressograpli  Equipment 

Save  40%  to  60% 

We  have  a  complete  stock  of  fine  re- 
built Addressograph  and  Graphotype 
Machines,  available  in  either  hand  or 
power  models.  Also  Cabinets — Trays — 
Frames  — Plates— Ribbons— Cards— Tabs 
— Etc.,  Etc.  We  also  cut  lists  and  have 
a  complete  embossing  service.  Get  our 
quotations  before  going  ahead  with  that 
next   iob. 

BUSINESS  MACHINE 
SUPPLIES  CORP. 

300  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago.   III. 

Central  7007 


Building  Supplies 


Cellufoam  Corporation 

OF  NEW  JERSEY 
Manufacturers 

THERMAL  &  ACOUSTIC 
INSULATION 


66th  &  LaVerne  Ave. 


Chi 


46 


Building  Supplies 


RODDIS  COMPANY 

PLYWOOD   PRODUCTS 

FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

1435  W.  37th  St.  Vir.  0110 

CHICAGO.  ILL. 


C.  H.  ANDERSON 
FLOOR    COMPANY 


WOOD  FLOOR 
CONTRACTORS 


161  E.  ERIE  ST. 

Delaware  1661 

CHICAGO 


LUMBER 

for 

Industrial  Purposes 

WHOLESALE  OR  RETAIL 

• 

SCHENK  LBR.  CO. 

6601   So.  Central  Ave. 
Hem.  3300 

"The  Only  Yard  in  the  Clearing  Dist.' 


SERVICISED  PRODUCTS 
CORPORATION 

6051    West  65th  Street 
Chicago,    Illinois 

Exclusive     Manufacturers    of    SYRA-BORD 

Interlocked    Rubber   Tile    Floors 

Also 

Asphalt  Tile,   Planking,  and  expansion  joint. 

We  can  supply  your  needs  for  anything  !n 

sponge  or  cork-rubber  products. 

PHONE  GROVE-HILL  0423 


Chamber  of  Commerce  in  any  com- 
munity has  taken  such  a  definite  step 
to  put  its  facilties  back  of  building  a 
bigger  and  better  financial  market.  All 
this  proves  the  leaders  of  tlie  Chicago 
Association  of  Commerce  realize  that 
the  general  business  of  Chicago  will 
be  better  if  our  financial  market  is 
stronger.  It  also  indicates  that  tlie 
Association  of  Commerce  leaders  be- 
lieve there  is  a  real  opportmiity  to 
build  a  bigger  and  stronger  financial 
market  in  Chicago. 

I  believe  the  growth  of  the  Chi- 
cago financial  market  throughout  tlic 
next  decade  will  be  greater  in  per- 
centage than  the  growth  of  any  other 
financial  market  in  the  United  States. 


Chemical 


Patronize  our 
Advertisers 


Building   Supplies 


Edward    Mines    Lumber    Co. 

Established  1892 

2431  So.  Lincoln  Street 

Chicago's  Largest  Lumber  Yard 

Phone  Canal  0349  Chicago 


Candies  and  Cigars 


Compliments 

PIONEER  CANDY  CO. 

Wholesale   Confectioners 


CIGARS  —  CIGARETTES 

and 

FOUNTAIN  SUPPLIES 


3211  Ogden  Ave. 


Chicago 


Compliments  of 

MIDWAY  CIGAR 
FACTORY 


WHOLESALE 


CIGARS,     CIGAREHES,     TOBACCOS, 
CANDIES,   GLOVES  AND   SUNDRIES 


221   West  63rd  Street 

(2488 

Phones:  Englewood  <  2489 

(.2266 


Telephone   Superior   3523  Established    1894 

A.   DAIGGER  &  COMPANY 

Colors — Chem  icalo — Oils 

Laboratory  Supplies 

159  WEST  KINZIE  STREET 

CHICAGO 


WILKENS-ANDERSON    CO. 

Scientific     and     Industrial     Laboratory 
Supplies  and  Chennicals 

III    N.   CANAL    ST. 

CHICAGO 


NATIONAL  ALUMINATE 
CORPORATION 

6216  WEST  66TH  PLACE 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

Specialists  in  the  Manufacture  and 

Use  of  Sodium  Aluminate 


SERVING  THE 
PROCESS  INDUSTRIES 

through  representation  of  well- 
known,  fully  qualified  and 
progressive     manufacturers     of 

MACfflNERYand  EQUIPMENT 

Evaporators — Filters — Centrifugals. 

Steam  jet  units,  Condensers,  etc. — 

for  High  Vacuums — Vacuum  Cooling. 

Full  line  acid  p.  Chemical  Stoneware. 

F.  M.  de  BEERS  &  ASSOCIATES 

20  North  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago,  Tel.  Rand.  232B 


WALTER  H.  FLOOD  &  CO. 

CLASS   l«06 

Chemical  Engineers 

Paving  and  Engineering  Materials 
—  Inspections  —  Reports — Specifica- 
tions— Physical  and  Chemical  Tests 
— Design  and  Control  of  Asphalt 
and  Concrete  Mixtures.  Atlantic  ooii 
822  E.  42nd  St..  Chicago,  IIL 


BELKE  MFG.  COMPANY 

Patented     Electroplating    Special- 
ties, Plating,  Polishing  Supplies 
and  Equipment 
Phone   Mansfield  4606 
947    No.  Cicero   Ave.  Chicago 

V^M.  E.  BELKE,  CLASS  '18 


47 


SECK  6,  DRUCKER,  INC. 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERS 
Complete  Plants  and  Equipment 
for   the    Vegetable   and   Animal 
Oils  and  Fats  Industries. 


9  S.  Clinton  St. 


Chicago 


Concrete  Breaking 


Phone;    Normal  0900 

WANTED:  A  HARD  JOB! 

Chicago  Concrete  Breaking 
Company 

BLASTING  EXPERTS 

WITH    A    NATION    WIDE    REPUTATION 

Removal  of 

MACHINERY    FOUNDATIONS— ROCK 

SALAMANDERS  — SLAG    DEPOSITS  — 

CONCRETE  STACKS  — VAULTS     ETC. 


6247  Indiana  Ave.      Chicago,  111. 


Consulting  Engineer 

Reports                                                      Valuations 
Analyses                                              Rate  Surveys 

VAGIBORG  &  ASSOCIATES 

Incorporated 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

3300    Federal    Street 

Design                                                         Operation 
Consultation                                            Supervision 

INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 

Consulting     and     Contracting     Engineers 

Billet,     Slab    Heating    and    Special    Furnaces 

/  Natural  Gas  \ 

To  Use:      <^  goke   Oven  Gas  (     ^,  p^^,^ 

(producer  Gas         ' 

FLINN   &   DREFFEIN  COMPANY 

308  West  Washington  Street 

Chicago,    Illinois 


BRADY,  McGILLIVRAY 

&  MULLOY 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

37  W.  Van  Buren  Street 

Phone  Harrison   1188 

1270  Broadway, 
New  York  City. 

N.   Y. 


E.  H.  MARHOEFER,  JR.  CO. 

CONTRACTORS 

1506  Merchandise  Mart 


48 


MEAT  PACKING 

(From   page   21) 

ciss  nieat.s,  in  the  variou.s  sau.sagc 
room.s,  in  the  smokehou.se,  and  in  tlie 
smoked  meat  hanging  room.s.  Part  of 
the  los.se.s  are  unavoidable  or  even  de- 
sirable. But  mo.st  of  them  mu.st  be 
controlled  or  excessive  losses  will 
occur. 

There  are  three  tilings  to  do  in  air 
conditioning.  First,  temperature  is 
controlled.  Cold  air  has  a  smaller  wa- 
ter capacity  than  warm  air,  and  yet  it 
can  remove  much  moisture  from  meat 
since  the  moisture  it  contains  is  re- 
moved as  it  passes  over  the  very  cold 
coils.  On  returning  to  the  meat  the 
air  removes  more  moisture.  The  re- 
quirements of  chilling,  freezing,  smok- 
ing, .storing,  cooking,  or  canning  gen- 
cr.iUy  limit  temperature  control. 

Control  of  the  relative  humidity  is 
.■mother  way  of  regulating  moisture 
losses.  In  the  chill  rooms  this  can  be 
accomplished  by  using  brine  sprays  of 
the  proper  temperature  and  concentra- 
tion. Cold  moist  air  reduces  the  total 
water  loss  while  the  brine  spray  ab- 
sorbs the  excess  moisture  which  comes 
ofl"  in  clouds  from  warm  carcasses.  In 
other   rooms   moisture   may   be   added. 


Costumes 


SCHMIDT  COSTUME  &  WIG  SHOP 

REQUISITES  FOR  THE 

FANCY  MASQUE  BALL 

&  AMATEUR  STAGE 

920  NORTH  CLARK  STREET 

Coslumers  to  the  ARMOUR  PLAYERS 


Decorating 


1.  M.  ECKERT  CO. 

Distinctive  Decorating 

5524  BROADWAY,  CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE  LONGBEACH  543/ 

J.  M.  ECKERT,  Pres.     •    (Class  1910) 


Drawing  Materials 


POST'S 

Drawing  Materials 
THE  FREDERICK  POST  CO. 

Hamlin   and   Avondale   Avenues 
CHICAGO 


Tiiis  is  true  of  the  smokehouse  where 
the  smoking  process  will  cause  a  great 
loss  if  the  air  is  dry  and  too  hot. 
Here  not  only  the  temperature  and 
humidity  should  be  controlled  but  also 
the  density  of  the  smoke  and  the 
movement  of  the  air. 

This  brings  us  to  the  third  general 
factor,  the  rate  of  air  movement. 
Rapid  movement  means  rapid  heat 
loss,  but  it  also  means  heavy  moisture 
loss.  The  rate  and  uniformity  of  air 
movement  in  the  various  rooms  of  a 
packing  plant  will  have  much  to  do 
with  controlling  loss  of  water. 
Control    of    Bacteria    and    Mold 

Low   temperatures    are   more    effec- 


DREIFUSS  BLOCK 

A    complete    portable    unit    (or 
quick,    accurate    drawing. 

Ideal  for 
Architects  Students 

Engineers 
DREIFUSS  and  COMPANY 

7841   Westwood  Drive 
Chicago 

Electrical   Contracting 


DE  LUXE  DRESS  SUIT 
RENTAL  CO. 

39  SOUTH  STATE  STREET 

Branches: 
6306  So.   Halsted   Street 
HOO  W.  Roosevelt  Road 


A.S.SCHULMAN 

ELECTRIC   COMPANY 

Electrical  Engineers  and 

Contractors 

537  South  Dearborn  Street 
CHICAGO 

PHONE  HARRISON  7288 

Address  All  Communications  to  the  Company 

A.   S.  SCHULMAN,   President 
HARVEY  T.  NACK,  Vice  President 


DOOLEY  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

ELECTRICAL   CONTRACTORS 

4S6  E.  83rd  St.         •         Stewart  7268 
CHICAGO 


Electrical  Equipment 


GOLDBERG    &    O'BRIEN 

ELECTRIC  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERS    AND 

CONTRACTORS 

OFFICE    AND     PLANT 

I  7  South  Jefferson   Street 
Chicago,  Illinois 


Northwestern    Electric    Company 

408412  South  Hoyne  Avenue 

Electric   Motors — Converters — Welders 
Guaranteed  Service 


"Extra -Service" 

Friction  and  Rubber  Tapes 
.  .  .  atno  extra  cost 

VAN  riEEF  BROS. 

Mfrs.  Rubber  and  Chtmical  Produrts 

Woodlawn  Ave.,  77th  to  78th  Sts. 

CHICAGO 


Motors  and  Generators  Rebuilt 

New  and   Used   Motors  for  Sale 

Telephone  Boulevard  2389 

CENTRAL  MOTOR  &  REPAIR  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERING 

MANUFACTURERS    OF     RADIO     GENERATORS 

GENERAL     ELECTRICAL    AND     MECHANICAL 

REPAIRING 

615-617  ROOT  STREET 
CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 


The  PYLE-NATIONAL 
COMPANY 

RAILROAD  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CONDUIT 
WIRING    FITTINGS 

AIRPORT  AND  AIR  CRAFT 
LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

STEAM  TURBINES 

one-fourth   to  five   horse   power 

TURBO  GENERATORS 

one-half    to    twelve    kilowatt 

FLOOD  LIGHTS 
Chicago  Illinois 


tive  in  controlling  spoilage  resulting 
from  bacteria  and  other  microorgan- 
isms providing  their  numbers  are  kept 
relatively  low.  Tlierefore,  avoidance 
of  contamination  and  the  utmost  sani- 
tation are  required  in  an  industry  such 
as  the  meat  packing  industry.  Hot 
water,  steam,  a  good  detergent,  and 
sodium  hypochlorite  are  effective  aids 
in  sanitation. 

In  spite  of  the  best  efforts  in  this 
direction  a  packinghouse  offers  some 
opportunities  for  slow  bacterial 
growth,  and  molds  are  especially 
prone  to  start  since  temperatures 
around  38°  to  40°  F.  with  relatively 
high  humidity  do  not  discourage  them. 
Sunlight  helps  restrain  them,  but  sun- 
light is  an  enemy  to  good  refrigera- 
tion. So  the  packer  must  resort  to 
cleanliness  and  frequent  clean-ups. 
But  in  some  cases  this  is  not  sufficient, 
and  in  others  it  can  not  well  be  used. 
Thus  when  good  beef  is  held  for  ten 
days  to  two  or  three  weeks  for  aging 
or  ripening,  which  is  desired  by  the 
connoisseur,  more  or  less  mold  will 
grow  on  the  surface.  This  is  un- 
sightly, and  it  usually  necessitates 
trimming  of  the  surface  of  the  cut  of 
meat.  It  would  be  fine  if  such  mold 
growths  could  be  prevented  by  some 
direct  action.  One  device  that  is  still 
in  the  experimental  stage  is  a  special 
type  of  electric  lamp  which  renders 
sterile  the  atmosphere  and  the  surface 
of  objects  near  it. 

A  second  means  that  is  receiving 
considerable  application  to  beef  aging 
in  Eastern  cities  is  the  use  of  ozone. 
Some  early  experimental  work  carried 
on  by  Dr.  W.  Lee  Lewis  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  American  Meat  Packers 
showed  that  ozone  in  concentrations 
of  0.47  parts  per  million  prevented 
germination  of  mold  spores,  while 
0.27  parts  per  million  were  ineffective. 
Tlie  humidity  was  about  75  per  cent 
and  the  temperature  between  46°  and 
.■)0°    Centigrade.     Both   concentrations 

Electrical  Equipment 


Electrical  Equipment 


THOMPSON  -  JAMESON 
ELECTRIC  CO. 

360  W.  Superior  St.,  Chicago 

MOTORS  and  ELEVATORS 

MAINTAINED  and  REPAIRED 

LIGHT    and    POWER    WIRING 

24   hour  .ervice  SUPERIOR    139( 


Transformer   Specialists 

Design  and  production  of  transformers  for 
Radio,  Sound  Amplification  and  Amateur 
Transmission.     l'/2  K.  W.  limit. 

STANDARD  TRANSFORMER 

CORPORATION 

STANCOR 

850  Blaclchawk  Street  Chicago.  Illinois 


R.  E.  FISCHEL 

Becker  Brothers  Carbon  Co. 

Electrical    and    Mechanical    Carbon 

Products 

3450  S.  52 ND  AVE. 

Cicero 

CRAWFORD    2260 


Economical  Hl-Gradg   Rebuilt  Dep«ndabla 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 

MOTOR   GENERATORS,    ROTARY 
CONVERTORS,  ETC. 

Ask   for   Special    LItt 

Gregory  Electric  Co. 

1603    S.    Lincoln    Street  Chicago,    III. 


LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

ARMOUR  MEN 

MULTI    ELECTRICAL    MFG.    CO. 
1840  West  14th  Street,  Chicago 


ELECTRIC 


CALUMET 


MOTORS  4961 

DAVID   GORDON 

ELECTRICAL   EQUIPMENT 
1720  SO.   MICHIGAN   AVE.,   CHICAGO 


LIGHTING  PICTURES 

and 
ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES 

TRIANGLE  ELECTRIC  CO. 

600  West  Adams  Street 
Chicago 

Mr.  Byrnes  Tel.  HAYmarket  7980 


TRANSFORMERS 
Write  for  catalogs  and  manuals 

•  Transmitter      Guide  —  No.      344 

Circuit  diagranis.  details  and  parts 
Ilstg  for  transmitters  ranging  from 
26  watts  to  1.000  watts IBc 

•  Radio  Servicing  Guide — No.  342 
Auto  Installation  hints,  how  to 
build  a  direct  reading  voltmeter, 
how  to  make  and  use  output  Indi- 
cators and  align  receivers,  tube 
(lata,    etc 16c 

•  Sound  Amplifler  Guide— No.  346 
Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
list  for  Amplifiers  ranging  up  to 
100  watts  output,  db  table,  etc..  .16c 


49 


Electrical  Equipment 


niinois    Electric    Porcelain 
Company 

MACOMB,    ILLINOIS 

E.  J.  BURRIS 

District  Representative 

Talephon*    Mantflald    7873 

5263  Quincy  Sfreet,  Chicago,   Illinois 


VACUUM     CLEANERS 

BOUGHT  and  SOLD 

WE    REPAIR    HOOVER 

AND 
ALL   OTHER   MAKES 

THE  BOBBETT  ELEC.  MFG.  CO. 

4543  Coftage  Grove  Ave.,  Chicago 
Tel.  OAKIand    1252 


Chicago  TransFormer 
Corporation 

3501   ADDISON  STREET 
Chicago,  Illinois 

Independence    I  120 


CHICAGO   •    ILLINOIS 

FOR  QUALITY 
WHITE  METAL  ALLOYS 

ALL  KINDS 


Employment  Agency 


Want  a  Job? 

ARCHITECTS'  AGENCY 

FURNISHES 

TECHNICAL  MEN 

to 
ARCHITECTS— ENGINEERS- 
CONTRACTORS— CORPORATIONS 
GEO.  S.  BANNISTER,  Manager 
508  South  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago 
Wabash  5589 


Engraving 


417 
PHONE 


NORTH    STATE    ST. 
SUPERIOR    6716 


ARTISTS  •   DESIGNERS 
PHOTO  ENGRAVERS  • 
BLACK  &  WHITE  • 
COLOR  PROCESS  • 
BEN  DAY  • 


imparted  a  cucumber  odor  and  metal- 
lic flavor  to  .such  products  as  pork 
.sausage,  lard,  butter,  and  a  number 
of  other  fat-containing  products.  In 
most  cases  beef  and  veal  were  not  ad- 
versely affected. 

While  these  results  were  rather  dis- 
couraging, experiments  in  Europe  and 
the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States 
showed  that  ozone  could  be  used  to 
control  the  growth  of  mold  during  the 
ripening  of  beef.  Temperatures  used 
were  between  32°  and  39°  F.,  and 
humidities  varied  from  75  to  80  and 
even  90  to  92  per  cent.  In  order  to 
prevent  the  workmen  being  affected 
by  the  ozone,  it  was  introduced  into 
the  beef  hanging  room  after  it  was 
filled  and  closed  (about  3  P.  M.).  The 
concentration  at  the  start  was  2.3  to 
2.7  parts  per  million,  but  this  falls  to 
iialf  that  value  in  15  minutes  and  then 
decreases  more  slowly.  Dr.  Arthur 
W.  Ewell  of  Worcester  Polytechnic 
Institute  reports  that  maintaining  the 
original  concentration  for  two  hours 
and  repeating  the  treatment  about 
twelve  hours  later  permitted  workmen 
to  enter  the  room  without  hazard  early 
the  nejrt  morning.  Since  different 
hanging  rooms  affect  the  loss  of  ozone 
in  different  ways,  each  plant  presents 
its   own   problems. 

New   Curing  Procedures 

Meats  have  long  been  cured  by  the 
use  of  salt,  sugar,  saltpeter,  and 
smoke.  In  the  process  the  nitrate 
(saltpeter)  is  reduced  to  nitrite  by 
bacteria  present  in  the  curing  vat. 
This  is  a  relatively  slow  process.  The 
use  of  pickle  from  meats  already 
cured  (second  pickle)  speeds  up  the 
curing  process.  Another  method  that 
insures  more  rapid  distribution  of  cur- 
ing agents  is  to  pump  the  curing 
pickle  into  the  meat  by  means  of  a 
glorified  hypodermic  syringe.  Modern 
practice  carries  these  ideas  further. 
Sodium  nitrite  is  employed  in  place  of 
part  or  all  of  the  nitrate,  and  more 
rapid  distribution  is  secured  by  pump- 
ing the  pickle  through  the  arteries  and 
veins  of  the  ham  or  other  cut.  An- 
other method  is  to  pump  in  many 
places  with  a  more  dilute  pickle.  Thus 
curing  time  has  been  progressively  cut 
down  for  an  average  ham  from  60  to 
to,  20,  12,  and  even  fewer  days. 

Copious  pumping  with  dilute  pickle 
makes  a  ham  that  will  not  keep  well. 
But  it  has  been  found  that  when  such 
hams  are  smoked  with  the  final  tem- 
perature in  the  smokehouse  reaching 
160°  to  165°  F.,  the  excess  water  is 
removed,  the  ham  is  cooked,  and  keep- 
ing qualities  are  excellent.  The  proc- 
ess also  makes  the  ham  very  tender. 
New    Rendering   Methods 

Lard  has  long  been  rendered  by  two 
general  methods.    It  may  be  made  by 


FeltB 

WESTERN  FELT  WORKS 

Manufacturers 
Cutters      of 

and 
Felts 

For  all   Mechanical  an 
Purposes 

d  Industrial 

CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 

Flowers 

Telepho 

ne     Victory     4515-4516 

"Your 

Telegraph    Florist" 

J.F. 

KIDWELLCO. 

Not    Inc. 

FLOWERS 

3530 

MICHIGAN    AVENUE 

T.  A.  Kidwe 

1                                   Chicago 

Serson  Hardware 
Company 

ALL    KINDS    SHEET   METAL 

WORK 

Special  Attention  to  Repair  Work 

Phone  Victory  1773  109  E.  Slst  St. 


Not  in   the  Trust  All    Departments 

Kenwood   0050 


GOODMAN  AMERICAN 
CORPORATION 

First  in  Chicago 

FINE  ICE  CREAMS 
BETTER  BEVERAGES 

Manufacturers    &    Distributors    of 

DAIRY-PRODUCE 


Phone   LAWNDALE  7636 

CHICAGO  ICE  CREAM 
COMPANY 

ICE  CREAM  OF  MERIT 


I624S.  Keeler  Ave. 
Chicago,   Illinois 


50 


AIRGUIDE  WEATHER  INSTRUMENTS 

Hygrometers — Thermometers — 
Barometers 

for   Domestic   and   Industrial   Purposes 

FEE  AND  STEMWEDEL.  INC. 

4949    North   Pulaski    Road,    Chicago.    Illinois 
KEYstone  6600 


FOR   40   YEARS 

A   NAME   STANDING   FOR 

QUALITY 

AND 

FINE  WORKMANSHIP 

IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF 

SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENTS 

GAERTNER  SCIENTIFIC 
CORPORATION 

1201  Wrightwood  Ave.  CHICAGO' 


GAD  GETE  E  R  S 


•  •  •  T^HAT'S  what  we've  been 
J.  called  by  laboratory  men 
who  never  before  realized  what  service 
they  could  get  on  special  custom-built 
apparatus  until  they  called  us  in  on  the 
job.  With  thousands  of  standard  parts 
in  our  apparatus  stock-room,  a  modern 
plant  built  expressly  for  producing  "pre- 
cision" products,  and  long-experienced 
engineers  on  the  job,  we  can  save  you 
plenty  of  time  and  money  when  you 
need  laboratory  equipment  that  can't 
be  bought  out  of  a  catalog. 

PRECISION    SCIENTIFIC    CO. 

1740    N.  Springfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  Illinois 


COMPLETE   AND    INTELLIGENT 
INSURANCE  SERVICE 

Life  Fire  Casualty 

NATIONAL   PROTECTED   INVESTMENT 
COMPANY 

Fred    G.    Heuchting    ('07),    President 

Suite    428—608    South    Wabash    Avenue 

Chicago 


The    Sooner    You    Plan    Your    Future,    the 
Better   Your    Future   Will    Be— 

WM.  C.  KRAFFT 

EQUITABLE  LIFE  ASSURANCE 
SOCIETY  OF  UNITED  STATES 

120  S.  LA  SALLE  ST.  FRA.  0400 


cooking  in  open  kettles  or  by  boiling 
under  steam  pressure  and  removing 
the  watery  fluids  and  tissue.  Other 
steps  are  necessary.  In  tliese  methods 
heat  transfer  is  not  rapid,  and  too 
high  temperatures  may  easily  be 
reached.  New  procedures  fast  becom- 
ing standard  include  dry  rendering  in 
a  closed,  steam-heated,  revolving  tank 
in  which  a  partial  vacuum  is  main- 
tained, forced  circulation  of  the  finely 
comminuted  fatty  tissue  over  surfaces 
heated  by  steam,  and  other  methods 
for  giving  lower  temperatures  and 
more  efficient  heating. 

New   Structural   Moterials 

The  lighting  and  ventilating  of  meat 
packing  plants  present  many  prob- 
lems. In  addition,  corrosion  may  be 
widespread,  and  apparatus,  tables, 
and  equipment  may  be  kept  clean  with 
great  difficulty  because  of  the  action 
of  much  moisture  and  salt.  New 
structural  materials  are  now  at  hand 
which  aid  in  solving  these  problems. 
A  modern  packing  plant  has  been  con- 
structed by  one  of  the  large  meat 
packers  in  a  southern  state  in  which 
ordinary  windows  have  been  largely 
replaced  with  structural  glass  brick 
which  give  good  light,  cut  down  heat 
transfer,  and  permit  a  nearly  plant- 
wide  air  conditioning. 

Stainless  steels  are  now  obtainable 
in  quantity  at  prices  sufficiently  low 
to  permit  its  very  widespread  use  in 
the  construction  of  trucks,  tables, 
racks,  hooks,  tools,  belts,  machines, 
and  other  equipment  which  comes  in 
direct  contact  with  meat  and  meat 
products.  Stainless  steel  does  not  cor- 
rode under  packinghouse  conditions. 
It  is  readily  cleaned,  and  it  leaves  a 
surface  that  offers  no  secret  hiding 
place  for  microorganisms  which  are 
the  meat  packers  chief  enemy. 
New   Wrapping    and    Packing   Materials 

Cellophane  and  other  types  of  cel- 
lulose materials  are  in  widespread 
use  in  many  industries.  The  producer 
of  meat-type  foods  is  making  wide  use 
of  such  transparent  materials  for  win- 
dows in  cartons,  wrappings  of  all 
kinds,  and  even  for  casings  for  vari- 
ous sausages,  especially  the  larger 
kinds.  When  combined  with  litho- 
graphed labels  or  colored  designs 
printed  on  the  cellulose  wrapping, 
these  materials  put  meat  products  into 
party  dresses.  Even  lamb  and  veal 
carcasses  are  now  being  marketed  in 
transparent  cellulose  wrappings  for 
the  protection  and  delight  of  the  pur- 
chaser. 

Truly  the  day  of  the  old  fashioned 
butcher  is  over,  and  the  packer  is 
stepping  out.  In  this  transformation, 
which  is  still  going  on,  the  chemist 
and  the  engineer  are  playing  leading 
parts. 


JACK  I.  KITCH 

"INSURANCE"  is  My  Middle  Name 

South    East    National    Bank    Building 

1180  East  63rd  Street 

PHONE:    FAIRFAX    7200 


YOUR  FINANCIAL  PLANS 

Can  be  guaranteed  of  accomplishment 
with  an  Equitable  Life  Insurance  or  Annuity 
Contract. 

ROBERT  G.  PILKINGTON.  JR. 

"New  Light  on  Old  Problems" 
120  So.  La  Salle  St.  Franklin  0400 


Build  a  Monthly  Income 

through 

MAN'S  STAUNCHEST  FRIEND 

His  Life  Insurance 

By  Consulting 
O.  D.  RICHARDSON 

Asso.  General  Agent 

Berkshire  Life  Insurance  Co. 

Pittsfield.    Mats. 

Room    1229—1    No.    La  Salle    St. 

Chicago,    Illinois 

Tel.  Ran.  2224 


EUGENE 

F. 

HILLER 

190«) 

INSURANCE 

— 

ANNUITIES 

Personal, 

Business 

for 
and 

Estate  Protection 

No. 

1   Narth 

La  SaUe  BuU«lii.g                 j 

State  8600 

Telephone  Harrison  5481 

EVERETT    R.   COLE 

General  Insurance  Broker 

175  W.  Jackson  Boulevard 

CHICAGO 


PAUL  L  MULLANEY  (1924) 
INVESTMENTS 

Room  820,  231   South  La  Salle  Street 

Chicago 

Telephone    Franklin    8844 


51 


Jewelry 


SPIES   BROTHERS.   Inc. 

Manufacturing  Jeuitlers 

CLASS  PINS  AND  RINGS 
Fraternity     and     Sorority     Jewelry 

Medals  and  Trophies 

Dance    Programs    and    Announcements 

27   E.   Monroe  Street 

CHICAGO 


Laundry 

Tel.    Hayma 

rket    2338 

MANDLER'S 

LAUNDRY 

Industrial  Supply                        \ 

Since 

1875 

464-66  Milwau 

kee  Avenue 

E.   O.    Mandler 

Chicago,    III. 

WEST  LAKE  LAUNDRY  COMPANY 

3329  S.  State  Street 

Chicago 

Serving  railroads,  institutions,  industries 
since  1890. 

Telephone:  Victory  6300 

Management  Engineer 


GRIFFENHAGEN  & 
ASSOCIATES 

Esiablished    1911 

MANAGEMENT  ENGINEERS 

AND  ACCOUNTANTS 


CONSULTANTS  ON  PROBLEMS  OF  OR- 
GANIZATION, FINANCE,  PERSONNEL, 
AND  OPERATING  PROCEDURE. 


Head  OfRce:  LaSalle-Wacker  Building 
Chicago 


CHARLES  R.  SIMMONS 

CONSULTANT   IN  MANAGEMENT 

Industrial  Engineer 


10  South  La  Salle  Street 

CHICAGO 
Telephone  Franklin  1234 


WELDING  CONFERENCE 

(From  page   35) 

Thursday,  January  20,  1938  — 
Huilding  Design  for  Welding.  A.  M. 
Candy,  Consulting  Engineer,  The  Hol- 
lup  Corporation, 

Friday,  January  21,  1938 — Weld- 
ing Practice  and  Design.  A.  M. 
Candy. 

Additional  information  may  be  ob- 
tained by  addressing  Dr.  L.  E. 
Grinter,   Director   of   the   Conference. 


Law  School 


ARE  YOU  HAPPY  WITH 
YOUR  WORK? 

(From   page   33) 

11  lb.      Y.  M.  C.  A.  Secretary 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Physical  Director 
Personnel    Manager 
School   Superintendent 
1\'.      Purchasing  Agent 
Office  Worker 
Accountant 

Vacuum  Cleaner  Salesman 
\'.     Certified   Public   Accountant 

The  test  consists  of  420  items. 
After  eacii  item  is  a  rating  scale 
marked  L,  I,  D.  If  an  individual 
likes  a  profession  such  as  acting  he 
draws  a  circle  around  L.  If  he  is  in- 
diflerent  to  a  subject  such  as  spell- 
ing, he  draws  a  circle  around  I.  If 
he  dislikes  an  amusement  such  as 
bridge,   he   draws   a   circle   around   D. 

The  person  taking  the  test  is  re- 
quested to  work  as  rapidly  as  possi- 
ble so  as  to  get  first  impressions. 
People  are  so  surrounded  by  the  con- 
ventions of  society,  social  pressures, 
filial  obligations,  and  sometimes  over- 
sensitized  consciences  that  they  are 
apt  to  name  the  things  that  they 
tiiink  they  ought  to  like,  rather  than 
tiiose  that  Mother  Nature  intended 
that  they  should.  The  first  impres- 
sions of  a  person  usually  are  those  of 
the  subconscious  mind,  and  whether 
one  does  or  does  not  accept  the  teach- 
ings of  the  psychoanalj'sts  such  as 
Freud,  Jung,  and  Adler,  it  is  this  sub- 
conscious stratum  of  an  individual 
that  really  determines  what  he  is. 

The  test  is  scored  by  assigning 
weights  to  each  response.  These 
weights  differ  for  various  occupations. 
This  means  that  the  420  items  must 
be  scored  27  times  for  the  27  occupa- 
tions. The  easiest  way  to  accomplish 
this  is  to  score  the  test  on  a  Hollerith 
machine.  Most  colleges  send  their 
blanks  to  some  one  of  the  scoring  bu- 
reaus that  possess  such  a  machine. 

Unlike  most  psychological  tests 
where  the  size  of  the  score  indicates 
the  degree  of  the  trait  being  meas- 
ured, the  size  of  the  score  in  the  vo- 


CHICAGO 

KENT 


COLLEGE  off 

LAW 


Founded    1887 

Independent — Endowed— Non- Sec  ta 

Afternoon    and    Evening    Classes. 

Dea.    888S.     College   BIdg.,    10   N.    Fra 


Fitzgibbons  Boiler  Co.,  Inc. 

STEEL     HEATING     &     POWER     BOILERS 

Represented  by 

MALVIN   &   MAY,   INC. 

RAY  C.  MALVIN 

2427  So.  Michigan  Avenue 

Chicago,     Illinois 

Victory    1617 


THE  STAR  OIL  COMPANY 

ESTABLISHED     1890 

LUBRICATING    OILS    AND    GREASES 

Telephone   Seeley  4400 

GEO.  HAMILTON 
344-348    N.    Irving    Avenue,    Chicago 


Welding  Specialists 

Hamler    Boiler,    Tank   Co. 

6025  W.  66th  St. 

Chicago 

Fabricators    of   Steel    Plate 

ASME    PRESSURE    VESSELS 

STAINLESS     STEEL     TANKS 


SOL  ELLIS  <S  SONS,  Inc. 

PLUMBING  AND  HEATING  SUPPLIES 
Chicago's  Most  Complete  Stoch  of 
Pipe,  Pipe  Fittings,  and  Valves. 
Complete  Heating  Plants,  Boilers 
.  . .  Furnaces  .  .  .  Stokers  ,  .  .  Oil 
Burners  .  .  .  Headquarters  for 
TYLAC  Wall  Board. 

2118  S.  State  St.  Victory  2454 

CHICAGO 


Motor  Trucks 


MOTOR  TRUCKS,  TRACTORS,  TRAILERS 
AND  BUSSES 

Standard  and  Custom  Built  Chassis,  All  Sizes 

E.  R.  BURLEY.  1913 

Secretary  and  Sales  Manager 

AVAILABLE    TRUCK    COMPANY 

2501    Elston   Avenue 
Chicago 


HENDRICKSON   MOTOR 
TRUCK  CO. 

Manufacturers   of 

»/2   to  5  TON  6  to  12  TON 

Four-wheel  Trucks  Six-Wheel  Trucks 

Wabash    Avenue    at    36th    Street 
Chicagro,  Illinois 


52 


TIME  TESTED  ELECTRICAL  FUSES 

•  •      • 

"ECONOMY" 

"NATIONAL" 

"CLEARSITE" 

"ARKLESS" 

"BEACON" 

"ECO" 

•  •     • 

WE  FUSE 

ELECTRICAL 
CIRCUITS 

EVERYWHERE 

ECONOMY  FUSE  &  MFG.  CO. 

2717  GREENVIEW  AVENUE 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

A    QUARTER   OF   A    CENTURY 

OF   DEPENDABLE   SERVICE 


53 


Neon    Signs 


INTERNATIONAL  NEON  SIGNS 

Patented 

COL-R-BAC  NEON  SIGNS 

The  latest  development  in   Neon   Signs 

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Patents 


DEVELOPMENT  and  SALE 

of 

PATENTS 

IRVEN    H.   WILSEY 

WRIGLEY  BUILDING 
420  N.  Michigan  Ave.,  CHICAGO 


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54 


cational  interest  test  measures  how 
nearly  a  man's  interests  coincide  with 
those  of  the  average  man  successfully 
enaged  in  that  occupation.  For  this 
reason,  scores  on  the  test  are  given  in 
terms  of  ratings.  In  answer  to  tlic 
question  "Does  the  individual  liave 
the  interests  characteristic  of  a  par- 
ticular occupation.''",  the  rating  of  A 
means,  yes;  of  B  means,  not  sure;  of 
C  means,  no.  That  is  to  say,  if  a  man 
rates  A  on  an  occupation,  his  inter- 
ests coincide  with  the  characteristic 
interests  of  men  successfully  engaged 
in  that  occupation.  If  he  rates  C,  he 
does  not  iiave  those  characteristic  in- 
terests. If  he  rates  B,  he  has  only 
some  of  tile  characteristic  interests  of 
the  average  successful  man  engaged 
in  that  occupation.  Recent  researches 
MOW  enable  the  B  grade  to  be  divided 
into  3  classes,  B — ,  B,  and  B-f-  which 
indicate  the  degree  of  coincidence  in 
this  doubtful  range.  In  this  way  two 
ratings,  the  A  and  the  C,  are  positive 
statements,  leaving  the  doubtful  cases 
to  the  B  rating.  These  results  are  all 
based  on  statistical  analysis  which  in 
turn  is  based  on  a  rigorous  mathemat- 
ical  foundation. 

One  question  that  arises  is  "Do  in- 
terests change  with  age.?".  This  ques- 
tion was  investigated  by  Strong  who 
found  tliat  there  is  little  change  in  the 
C  ratings,  that  there  is  some  change 
in  the  A  ratings  or  the  B  ratings,  but 
not  in  both  combined.  The  greatest 
changes  occurred  between  the  ages  of 
25  and  35,  but  these  changes  were 
vertical  rather  than  horizontal.  That 
is  to  say,  the  change  may  be  from 
•V  to  B,  or  from  B  to  A  in  some  par- 
ticular occupation,  but  rarely  from 
one  occupation  to  another. 

There  is  some  overlapping  between 
interests  in  professions  that  are 
closely  related.  For  instance,  engi- 
neers tend  to  rate  like  chemists  and 
purchasing  agents  and  to  a  much  less 
degree  like  farmers,  personnel  mana- 
gers, lawyers,  physicians,  and  certi- 
fied public  accountants.  Zero  percent 
of  them  rate  A  in  advertising,  minis- 
try, psycliology,  teaching,  life  insur- 
ince,  real  estate,  selling  vacuum 
cleaners,  or   Y.M.C.A.  work. 

Lawyers  on  tlie  other  hand  tend  to 
rate  like  journalists  and  to  a  lesser 
degree  like  chemists,  doctors,  engi- 
neers, personnel  managers,  teachers, 
and  real  estate  salesmen.  None  of 
them  rates  A  in  ministry,  psychology, 
purchasing  agents,  selling'  vacuum 
cleaners,  or  Y.M.C.A.  work. 

Sometimes  a  man  scores  high  in  two 
or  more  occupations.  In  such  a  case 
it  frequently  is  advisable  for  him  to 
consider  an  occupation  combining 
these  two.  For  instance,  high  scores 
both  ill  law  and  engineering  suggest 
tliat    he    consider    becoming   a    patent 


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Radio 


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I^HI  TRANSFORMERS 


Real  Estate 


For  a  greater  Armour 
Institute  resulting  in  greater 
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Whitehall  7945 


attorney   or    a   lawyer    spceializing   in 
engineering  problems. 

There  are  some  vocations  that  the 
interest  test  cannot  satisfactorily  dif- 
ferentiate. A  set  of  these  consists  of 
the  four  kinds  of  engineering,  chem- 
ical, civil,  electrical,  and  mechanical. 
Many  other  investigations  have  been 
made  to  differentiate  between  these, 
but  so  far  no  satisfactory  solution  has 
been  obtained. 

Attempts  have  also  been  made  to 
differentiate  executives  from  other 
professions.  Strong  found  that  his 
"executive"  group  could  not  be  dis- 
tinguished to  any  practical  degree 
from  non-executive  groups  and  con- 
cludes that  probably  in  every  profes- 
sion there  are  men  with  executive 
ability. 

The  question  of  personality  is  one 
in  which  the  least  is  known  as  far  as 
measurable  statistical  information  is 
concerned.  Most  of  the  information 
at  present  available  is  subjective  and 
of  the  cut  and  try  type.  Extensive 
investigations  are  being  conducted  in 
this  field,  and  some  day  it  is  possible 
that  personality  traits  can  be  meas- 
ured as  satisfactorily  as  mental  abil- 
ity and  interests. 

An  illustration  of  the  use  to  which 
the  Strong  Interest  Blank  can  be  put 
was  strikingly  illustrated  this  spring. 
An  Armour  alumnus  who  knew  that 
this  test  was  being  given,  visited  the 
department  of  educational  tests  and 
measurements.  He  holds  a  fine  posi- 
tion in  which  the  test  showed  that  his 
interests  lie.  He  had  the  opportunity 
of  taking  a  better  position,  but  won- 
dered if  he  would  be  as  satisfied  in 
the  new  position  as  he  was  in  the  old. 
The  results  of  the  test  indicated  that 
he   would. 

In  this  test,  then,  there  exists  as 
far  as  it  goes  not  only  a  remarkable 
instrument  for  determining  the  inter- 
ests of  men  engaged  in  many  occupa- 
tions, but  also  a  boon  to  vocational 
counselors.  It  is  true  that  a  man  may 
make  a  success  of  an  occupation  in 
which  his  interests  do  not  lie.  In 
most  cases  it  has  been  found  either 
that  his  success  is  an  indifferent  one. 
or  that  he  performs  his  tasks  in  an 
unusual  manner.  Certainly  a  man 
will  make  a  greater  success  and  be 
far  happier  in  that  kind  of  work 
which  measures  up  to  his  ability  and 
in  which  he  is  decidedly  interested. 


[NOTE:  Detailed  information  re- 
garding the  Strong  Vocational  Inter- 
est test  will  be  supplied  upon  request 
by  the  Department  of  Educational 
Tests  and  Measurements,  of  Armour 
Institute  of  Technology,  3.300  Fed- 
eral St..  Chicago,  Illinois.] 


Real   Estate 


WALLACE 


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Real  Estate 

CHESTER  CHARLES 


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CARL  A.  BRINKMAN,  Mgr. 

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RAISING    THE    STANDARDS    OF   WELDING 


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PERFECTLY 
CENTERED 
COATINGS 


HoUup  Sureweld  Protected  Arc  Electrodes 
are  always  concentric  .  .  .  the  metal  in  the 
exact  center  .  .  .  the  coating  uniform  in 
thickness  at  all  points. 

To  the  Welding  Industry,  this  means  larger 
output,  a  saving  in  rods  and  operators'  time, 
lower  production  costs  and  welds  of  quality. 

Hollup  perfectly  centered  rods  avoid  under- 
cutting, eliminate  unnecessary  arc  blow,  pre- 
vent contamination  of  the  arc  and  permit 
perfect  fusion  and  evenly  deposited  metal. 

Perfectly  centered  rods  are  possible  only 
with  Hollup  equipment — equipment  designed 
and  built  especially  for  the  application  of 
protective  coatings  by  Hollup  engineers. 


The  work  of  this  special  equipment  is  con- 
stantly checked  by  an  inspection  staff  on  the 
job  24  hours  a  day.  Tests  are  continually 
being  made  for  concentricity,  weldability, 
mechanical  characteristics  and  chemical 
composition. 

Due  to  the  high  physical  properties  produced 
by  the  Sureweld  Protected  Arc  Electrodes 
they  have  passed  all  code  requirements. 

Demonstrated  at  the  Show 

Hollup  perfectly  centered  Sureweld  Pro- 
tected Arc  Electrodes  will  be  demonstrated 
for  all  applications  at  Booth  No.  A62  at  the 
Metal  Show  in  Atlantic  City,  October  18-22. 


!)  Products — a  rod  for  every  job  in  electric  and  oxy'Ucetylene  welding — are  available  through  88  distribi 


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ENGINES   FOR   SIX-MILE 
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AS  THE  bellows  is  to  the  forge,  so  is  the  super- 
charger to  the  airplane  engine.  Because  of  the 
rarefied  atmosphere  at  high  elevations,  airplane 
engines  require  superchargers  which  operate  like  fan 
blowers,  maintaining  air  pressure  in  the  engines  and 
permitting  the  motor  to  operate  at  normal  efficiency. 

Today,  twelve-hour  flights  from  coast  to  coast  at 
an  average  height  of  six  miles  are  the  objective  of 
transport  airlines.  Experiments  in  this  field  have 
been  successfully  conducted  by  Transcontinental 
and  Western  Air,  Inc.,  and  the  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps 
with  very  encouraging  results,  using  G-E  turbine- 
driven   superchargers. 

Military,  transport,  racing,  and  transoceanic  planes 
are  equipped  with  G-E  superchargers  which  increase 
motor  efficiency,  speed,  and  flying  distance.  The 
superchargers  were  developed  by  Dr.  S.  A.  Moss,  of 
General  Electric  and  are  built  in  the  River  Works  in 
Lynn,  Mass.  Student  engineers  on  Test  at  Lynn 
have  an  opportimity  to  inspect  and  test  tliese  devices 
as  a  part  of  their  training  course. 


BEATING  SWORDS  INTO  PLOWSHARES 

Vj^rELL,  not  exactly  swords  into  plowshares,  but 
'  '  rather  discarded  rails,  superheaters,  and  boiler 
tubes  into  steel  for  the  overhead  system  of  an 
electrified  railroad  line.  In  this  manner  the  old 
steam  railroad  of  the  Witwatersrand  Gold  Mining 
Area  was  replaced  by  a  completely  electrified 
line. 


iiecause   of  the   rise  in   gold   prices   di 


the   last 


few  years,  an  increased  suburban  jjasseiigcr  Iradic  in 
that  section  of  South  Africa  necessitated  an  <iilarge- 
ment  of  the  railroad. 

Mercury -arc  rectifiers  made  by  the  Britisii  Thomson- 
Houston  Company,  an  affiliate  of  General  Electric, 
supply  the  power  for  the  ''Reef  Scheme,"  as 
it  is  called,  while  115  four-motor,  multiple-unit  car 
equipments  were  furnished  by  G.E.  through  the 
International  General  Electric  Company. 

The  engineering  and  sales  work  on  this  project  was 
done  by  several  former  G-E  Test  men.  Many  such 
opportunities  are  open  to  graduates  of  college 
engineering  schools  who  have  successfully  compleled 
the  G-E  Test  Course. 


AMERICA'S  OUTSTANDING  YOUNG 
ELECTRICAL  ENGINEER 

DR.  CHAUNCEY  GUY  SUITS,  research  physi- 
cist of  the  General  Electric  Research  Laboratory, 
in  Schenectady,  has  been  named  by  Eta  Kappa  Nu, 
honorary  electrical  engineering  fraternity,  as  the 
outstanding  young  electrical  engineer  for   1937. 

Born  in  Oshkosh,  Wisconsin  in  1905,  Dr.  Suits 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1927 
and  from  the  Technische  Ilochscliule  in  Zurich, 
Switzerland  (Sc.D.  '29).  An  ardent  skier,  he  spends 
most  of  his  spare  time  on  the  snowy  slopes  around 
upper  New  York  State. 

As  a  member  of  the  Research  Laboratory  staff,  his 
work  has  been  on  the  fundamentals  of  electric  arcs, 
showing  how  arc  temperature  can  be  measured  by 
sound,  and  it  was  for  this  work  that  the  Eta  Kappa 
Nu  award  was  given  him.  Other  activities  for  which 
Dr.  Suits  is  noted  include  the  investigation  of  non- 
linear circuits,  high-pressure  arcs,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  automatic  tuning  for  radio  receivers. 

Last  year  the  award  was  given  to  Frank  M.  Starr. 
U.  of  Colorado  '28.  G-E  Test  '29,  who  is  employed  in 
the  Central  Station  Engineering  Department  of 
General  Electric.  The  Test  Course,  of  which  Starr  is 
an  alumnus,  provides  a  practical  education  supple- 
mentary to  the  theoretical  knowledge  obtained  in 
college. 


GENERAL  m  ELECTRIC 


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makes  Better  Equipment 


The  simplf  desisfn  and  joiutless  construction  of 
this  hrewiii<j  kettle  were  made  possibU":  hy  oxy- 
acetyleiie  vvehlinii.  W  ehling  eliminates  all  crevices, 
cracks  or  other  tiny  o[>(Miin}i:s  generally  present  in 
jointed  construction  an«l  thus  removes  the  possi- 
bility  of   bacteria    lod<:ing   in    such    phices.   This 


welded  kettle,  being  jointless,  is  permanently  leak- 
proof.  It  is  easy  to  clean  and  keej)  clean.  In  addi- 
tion, weliling  has  trinnned  off  the  dead  weight  of 
the  heavier  connections  required  by  other  methods 
of  joining  nu'lals. 

Tomorrow's  engineers  will  be  expected  to  know 
how  to  take  advantage  of  this  modern  metalwork- 
ing  process.  Several  valuable  and  interesting  tech- 
nical booklets,  which  describe  the  application 
of  the  oxy-acetylene  process  of  welding  and  cut- 
ting to  design,  construction  and  fabrication,  are 
available  from  Linde  offices  in  principal  cities. 
Write  to  The  Linde  Air  Products  C.ompany,  Unit 
of  Union  (Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation, 
30  East  42nd  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


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31 


LINDE      "N""*  CARBIDE 


ASH  CONTENT  REDUCED 
ofULihiJicL 

As  a  means  of  increasing  efiiciency,  flexibility  and 
capacity  in  steam  generation,  S-P  coals  are  proving 
to  be  remarkably  effective. 

By  taking  advantage  of  advanced  methods  in  spe- 
cific gravity  separation  of  impurities,  the  quality  of 
Peabody's  finest  Southern  Illinois  coals  has  been 
greatly  improved. 


consider  these   new  advantages 

reduced  fuel  consumption 
cleaner  heating  surfaces 
savings  in  ash  removal 


controlled  uniformity 
savings  in  freight 
savings  in  labor 


In  brief,  there  is  both  reason  and  evidence  to  justify 
a  test  of  S-P  coal  in  your  plant.  Further  details  will 
be  furnished  gladly  by  a  Peabody  representative. 


Boiler  outages  from 
choking  of  gas  passages 
practically  eliminated! 

Removal  of  ultra  fines  by  S-P  preparation  stops 
tube  slagging  and  "birds  nesting"  (the  most  pro- 
lific cause  of  boiler  outage)  at  the  source. 


Ji 


HARCO  PREMIUM  -MAJESTIC  BLACK  ARROW 


PE/VBODY   CD/IL    COMP/IMY 

•      CHICAGO- NEWYORKSTLOUISQMAHACINCINNATISPRINGFIELODAVENPORTMINNEiVPOLIS        • 


ARMOUR  ENGINEER 

and  ALUMNUS 


Editor  General  Manager 

WALTER  HENDRICKS         D.  P.  MORETON 


EDITORIAL    ASSISTANTS 
Stephen  P.  Finnegan,  '39 
Daniel  W.  Jacobson,  '39 


BUSINESS  ASSISTANTS 
Albert  N.  Schreiber,  '38 
Roland    Boerlitz,    '39 


Published  in  October,  December,  March,  and  May,  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  students,  college,  and  alumni  of  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology,  under  the  direction  of  a  Managing  Board,  at 
3300  Federal  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois. 


THE  CONTRIBUTORS 

■  Joel  M.  Jacobson  graduated  from  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, in  civil  engineering,  in  1929.  Mr.  Jacobson  taught  for 
several  years  at  Armour,  devoting  the  major  part  of  his  time  to 
the  subject  of  Aviation;  but  the  call  of  industry  finally  won  him, 
and  he  is  now  staff  engineer  for  Glenn  L.  Martin  Co.,  Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

■  H.  M.  Hucke  received  a  B.  S.  degree,  in  electrical  engineer- 
ing, from  the  Polytechnic  College  of  Engineering  at  Oakland, 
California,  in  1927.  He  is  an  associate  member  in  the  Institute 
of  Radio  Engineers,  and  at  present  is  Chief  Communications 
Engineer  for  the  United  Air  Lines  Transport  Corporation. 

■  Stuyvesant  Penbody,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in  1911,  is  president 
of  the  Peabody  Coal  Co.  He  takes  pride  in  being  known  by 
his  many  friends  and  associates  as  a  hard  working  executive. 
He  rides  his  hobbies,  such  as  amateur  photography,  directing 
farming  operations  on  his  Arrowbrook  Farm,  horse  racing, 
playing  squash,  etc.,  with  the  same  vigor  he  displays  as  an 
executive. 

■  Lloyd  L.  Call  graduated  from  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  in 
electrical  engineering,  in  1918.  He  did  graduate  work  in  the 
departments  of  mathematics  and  physics,  at  Wisconsin,  and  re- 
ceived his  M.  S.  degree  in  1920.  Mr.  Call  has  held  responsible 
positions  with  the  General  Electric  Co.,  the  Detroit  Edison  Co.. 
and  the  Western  Electric  Co.;  and  at  present  he  is  Chief  Engi- 
neer for  the  General  Electric  X-Ray  Corp.,  Chicago. 

■  Robert  I.  Wishnick  graduated  from  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology,  in  chemical  engineering,  and  later  attended  Chicago 
Kent  College  of  Law  from  which  he  received  a  law  degree. 
Mr.  Wishnick  is  president  of  the  Continental  Carbon  Company, 
and  he  takes  a  very  active  interest  in  the  many  companies  which 
are  under  his  control. 


MARCH 

VOLUME  3 

IN  THIS  ISSUE 


1  938 

NUMBER  3 


Trans-Oceanic  Flying  Boats,  by  Joel  M.  Jacobson  6 

Radio  in  Domestic  Air  Transport,  by  H.  M.  Hucke  11 

Bituminous    Coal,    "A    Major    Source    of    Energy," 

by    Stuyvesant    Peabody 15 

Commercial  Application  of  X-Rays,  by  L.  L.  Call  19 

Soot  Justifies  Its  Existence,  by  Robert  I.  Wishnick  24 

Developing    a    Man    for    the    Job,    by    Robert    N. 

McMurry    29 


"Night  Hawks,*'  by  Frederic  Oakhill. 


32 


What's  Going  On 

Armour  Sponsors   Midwest   Power  Conference  34 

New  Boiler  Replaces  "Old  Mary  Anne" 34 

Department    of    Public    Relations    Established  35 
Research  Foundation  Publishes  New  Magazine  36 

Special  High  Pressure  Boiler 36 

Recent  Additions  to  the  Faculty 36 

Tenth  Annual  Armour  Relays 37 

Distinguished  Alumnus  Passes  Away 42 

Alumni  Notes,  fey  D.  P.  Moreton 43 


B  Dr.  Robert  N.  McMurry  holds  degrees  from  the  Universities 
of  Chicago  and  Vienna,  and  he  is  now  Executive  Secretary  of 
the  Psychological  Corporation  in  Chicago.  He  has  had  extensive 
experience   in   clinical,   social,   and   industrial   psychology. 

■  Frederic  Oakhill.  Plant  Engineer  for  Bauer  &  Black,  is  an 
Instructor  in  Plant  Engineering  and  Maintenance  in  the  Evening 
Division  at  Armour  Institute  of  Technology. 


TRANS-OCEANIC 
FLYING  BOATS 


by  Joel  M.  Jacobson 


AdOOI)  iiuasure  of  the  progress 
of  a  civilization  is  the  speed  and 
ease  of  intercommunication  it  affords. 
The  effects  of  the  application  of  steam 
to  land  and  water  transportation  and 
the  results  of  the  gasoline  engine  de- 
velopment offer  ample  proof  of  this 
fact.  That  the  world  is  now  entering 
another  new  phase  of  transportation 
improvement  is  clearly  evident.  Over- 
land air  traffic  has  been  increasing  at 
a  rapidly  accelerating  rate,  and  only 
political  difficulties  have  prevented  in- 
ternational transport  from  keeping 
step.  Now  that  Pan  American  Air- 
ways has  completed  its  pioneering  on 
the  trans-Pacific  route  and  has  com- 
pleted arrangements  (with  England's 
Imperial  Airways)  for  trans-Atlantic 
flying,  there  is  no  limit  in  sight  for 
the  future. 

The  place  which  the  large  flying 
boat  holds  in  the  picture  of  future 
over-ocean  transportation  has  been 
very  clearlj'  outlined  in  the  special 
report  of  the  United  States  Maritime 
Commission,  "Aircraft  and  the  Mer- 
chant Marine,"  which  was  issued  by 
Chairman  Joseph  P.  Kennedy  in  No- 
vember, 1937.  The  commission's 
major   purpose   was    the   investigation 


of  this  country's  decrepit  merchant 
marine  which  now  needs  government 
help  in  order  to  exist.  The  competi- 
tion of  other  surface  craft  is  becoming 
more  and  more  serious  because  of  sub- 
sidies and  indirect  aid  given  to  the 
merchant  marine  of  other  countries 
by  their  super-nationalistic  govern- 
ments. In  addition,  this  industry 
now  has  another  difficulty  to  meet. 
The  recent  rapid  improvement  in  air- 
craft has  now  made  them  a  serious 
contender  for  trans-oceanic  transport 
of   passengers,  mail,   and  express. 

With  existing  equipment,  points  out 
Grover  C.  Loaning,  Aeronautical  En- 
gineer, and  adviser  to  the  Maritime 
Commission,  it  is  possible  to  carry  20 
to  30  passengers  a  distance  of  3,000 
miles  non-stop  at  speeds  over  175 
m.p.h.  The  passenger  comfort  pos- 
sible in  present  day  aircraft  exceeds 
that  provided  in  the  modern  pullman 
car,  and  since  the  time  required  for  a 
trans-Atlantic  crossing  is  so  short, 
the  ocean  super-liner  may  soon  become 
commonplace. 

Since  the  deciding  factor  will  be 
the  cost  of  operation,  a  careful  study 
of  this  question  was  made  by  the 
Maritime     Commission.       Considering 


The   "Bermuda    Clipper."     Sikorsky   S-42.     Being    operated    between   Baltimore    and 
Bermuda   by   Pan   American   Airways.     At   landing   stage   in   Baltimore.     First   flight. 

Courtesy   of   Baltimore   Evening   Sun. 


only  designs  which  may  be  built  from 
present  day  knowledge,  a  comparison 
of  costs,  based  on  depreciation,  fuel 
consumption,  and  operating  cost,  indi- 
cates a  distinct  superiority  of  the 
large  flying  boat.  It  is  noteworthy 
tliat  while  it  takes  about  9,000  horse- 
power to  carry  a  single  passenger 
across  the  Atlantic  in  the  modern 
ocean  liner,  a  dirigible  or  flying  boat 
requires  only  1700  h.p.  because  of  the 
speed  and  frequency  of  schedule 
which  is  possible.  So  far  as  initial 
investment  is  concerned,  the  cost  of  a 
large  ocean-going  ship  is  about  $50,- 
000,000.  Tlie  cost  of  the  same  pas- 
senger capacity  in  dirigibles  is  about 
the  same,  while  a  sufficient  number  of 
flying  boats  to  give  the  equivalent  re- 
sults could  be  built  for  only  $18,000,- 
000.  The  chart  on  page  8,  taken  from 
the  Maritime  Commission's  report, 
illustrates  the  comparative  costs  and 
the  definite  superiority  of  the  flying 
boat. 

Quoting  the  report,  "It  would  ap- 
pear, therefore,  that  these  services 
(one  day  to  Europe  by  airplane  and 
two  and  a  half  days  by  dirigible)  may, 
in  the  near  future,  be  operated  at  a 
cost  and  with  a  fare  equal  to,  or  pos- 
sibly less  than,  that  of  a  superliner. 
Such  fast  service  with  ample  capacity 
for  a  large  part  of  the  passenger, 
mail,  and  express  traffic  will  cause 
superliner  service  to  lose  much  of  its 
appeal  and  justification  for  a  large 
class  of  traffic.  If  the  shipping  com- 
panies are  not  to  add  aircraft  to  their 
fleets,  they  will  undoubtedly  lose  con- 
siderable traffic  to  independent  airline 
companies." 

The  first  successful  trans-Atlantic 
flight  was  made  in  1919  by  the  United 
States  Navy  flying  boat"  NC-4.  On 
May  8th  of  that  year,  three  boats  left 
Far  Rockaway.  New  York,  for  Eng- 
land. Careful  preparation  for  the 
flight  had  been  made  and  included  a 
line  of  destroyers  along  the  entire 
route  to  Newfoundland,  the  Azores, 
Portugal,  and  England.  The  inher- 
ent safety  of  the  flying  boat  for  over- 
water  flying  was  indisputably  proved, 
not  because  one  of  the  three  starters 
finished  the  flight,  but  on  account  of 
the  fact  that,  in  spite  of  forced  land- 
ings in  mid-ocean  by  all  three,  not  a 


life  was  lost.  The  NC-4,  running  for 
5  hours  over  open  sea  after  being 
forced  down  by  engine  trouble  on  the 
way  to  Newfoundland,  was  able  to 
taxi  into  Cape  Cod  on  a  single  engine. 
The  NC-],  after  landing  on  the  water, 
traveled  100  miles  afloat  before  being 
picked  up  by  a  steamship  near  the 
Azores.  The  NC-3  found  it  neces- 
sary to  land  in  a  12  ft.  sea  on  account 
of  bad  weather.  The  landing  wrecked 
the  liull,  struts,  and  controls,  but  tlie 
NC-3  finally  limped  into  Ponta  Del- 
gada  under  its  own  power  after  52 
liours  afloat.  Though  the  successful 
crossing  was  made  in  9  stages  and 
took  5i  liours  of  flying  time  and  23 
days  of  actual  elapsed  time,  the  pos- 
sibilities of  the  flying  boat  were  defi- 
nitely established. 

Tlie  airplane  which  made  this  his- 
toric flight  was  not  a  great  deal 
smaller  than  the  modern  "Clipper" 
ships.  Its  gross  weight  and  useful 
load  were  about  half  that  of  the 
Sikorsky  S-4'2  now  making  regular 
flights  between  Baltimore  and  Ber- 
muda. It  was  a  braced  biplane  with 
a  wing  span  of  126  ft.  and  a  wing 
area  of  2380  sq.  ft.  Powered  witli 
four  Liberty  engines  of  400  H.  P. 
each,  it  was  capable  of  cruising  1600 


Interior  of  passenger  compartment,  Martin  130 — "China  Clipper" 

Courtesy   of    Glenn    L.    Martin    Co. 


miles  at  an  average  speed  of  92  m.p.h. 
The  crew  consisted  of  pilot,  navigat- 
ing officer,  and  radio  operator.  It  is 
probable  that  future  historians  will 
lay  more  emphasis  on  this  first  proof 
of  flying  boat  possibilities  than  on  tiie 


landplane  crossing  by  Colonel  Lind- 
bergh which  began  the  rapid  expan- 
sion of  overland  air  transport  nine 
years  later. 

One  fligiit  does  not  make  an  airline. 
Almost   ten   years   elapsed   before   the 


Two  "Streamliners,"  the  "China  Clipper"  and  a  modern  automobile 


Courtesy   of    Glenn    L.    Martin    Co. 


^^Mm 


FLYING  BOAT 
dO  Pt,ss.,50Ton 

150  Pc3i5s,125Ton 
D1R16IBLE 
100  Pass.  9,000,000  cu.f  "I; 

200  PcissJQOOqOOO  cuft 

SUPERLINER 
Similar  to  Normoinolie 

mmmmm<wwm 

mmrnw 

m4mmmm^mmmmmmm\ 

mm>i^ymm\                 m^    Depreci^tfon 

[■*?.x^    Fuel 

mmmmmmm   «!  cr^w 

0     10    20    30    40    50    60    70    80    90    100   110    120   150 
Dolioirs  PerTransa+lointic  Passenger  Crossing 

Chart    taken    from    Maritime    Commission's    report,    showing    comparative 
costs    of  flying  boat  and  superliner 

results  of  tlie  NC-Ji's  flight  began  to 
be  evident.  Successful  operation  re- 
quired trained  personnel,  dependable 
aircraft  and  engines,  repair  and  main- 
tenanci;  stations,  terminal  facilities, 
and  accurate  weather  forecasting. 
The  pioneer  oceanic  transport  com- 
pany is  the  Pan  American  Airways 
Corporation  which,  starting  with  a 
line  from  Key  West  to  Havana,  now 
operates  over  40,000  miles  of  air- 
ways and,  in  1937,  logged  over  73,- 
000,000  passenger  miles,  and  carried 
over  3,000,000  lbs.  of  mail  and  ex- 
press. Its  routes  cover  South  Amer- 
ica and  reach  from  Hongkong  in  the 
west  to  Bermuda  in  the  east.  Trans- 
oceanic air  travel  cannot  be  consid- 
ered a  future  development;  it  is  here 
now. 

One  would  expect  that  the  demand 
for  America  to  Europe  operation 
would  have  been  met  long  before  any 
western  extension  was  even  consid- 
ered. However,  the  difficulties  in- 
volved in  securing  the  necessary  inter- 
national rights  required  for  airlines  to 


Europe  iiave  delayed  trans-Atlantic 
development.  Pan  American  Airways 
has  recently  completed  an  agreement 
with  Imperial  Airwaj's  by  which  the 
two  companies  will  share  facilities  for 
an  England  to  America  airline  by  way 
of  the  Azores,  and  one  leg  of  this 
route  is  already  in  operation.  The 
tired  business  man  in  New  York, 
planning  a  week-end  vacation,  can 
now  include  Bermuda  in  his  list  of  de- 

FIVE   YEARS   OF   PROGRESS 
China   Clipper 
Martin   Model   130 
1935 

Gross   Weight 52,000  lbs. 

Disposable    Load.  .  .       27,000  lbs. 

No.    passengers,   day 

No.  passengers,  night 

Max.  range  still  air  .       3,200  miles 

Wing  Span    130  ft. 

Overall     Length 90  ft.  6  in. 

Hull    Beam 11  ft.  3  in. 

Gross   Horsepower.  .  3320 

Cruising    Speed.  .  .  .         130  ni.p.h. 


Mayo  Composite.    Still  undergoing  tests.    Both  have   been  flown  sep- 
arately, but  not  hooked  together. 

Lonrtcsy    of    Popular    Aviation 


sirable  spots.  Flying  to  Baltimore  in 
a  little  over  an  hour,  he  may  make 
connection  witii  either  Pan  American 
Airway's  Sikorsky  "Clipper"  or  Im- 
jierial  Airway's  "Cavalier"  and  be  in 
Bermuda  in  about  51^  hours.  Very 
soon,  the  trip  to  Europe,  which  re- 
quired 23  days  in  1919,  will  take  as 
many  hours. 

Tlie  airplanes  wliieh  make  tlicsc 
flights  possible  are  triumplis  of  engi- 
neering progress.  A  good  picture  of 
tiie  modern  ocean  transport  and  an 
understanding  of  its  capabilities  may 
be  gained  from  a  study  of  the  Martin 
Model  156  which  has  rccentlj^  been 
completed  in  Baltimore  by  the  Glenn 
L.  Martin  Company.  Tiiis  flying  boat, 
one  of  the  largest  to  be  built  to  date, 
is  a  braced  monoplane  with  sponsons 
or  "seawings"  to  give  it  good  water 
stability.  Similar  to  the  "China  Clip- 
pers" now  making  regular  flights  be- 
tween San  Francisco  and  Hongkong, 
it  has  a  gross  weight  of  63,000  lbs. 
and  carries  a  total  disposable  load  of 
33,000  lbs.     The  progress  being  made 

IN    FLYING   BOAT  DESIGN 

Ocean  Transport  Project  By 

Martin  Model  156  Consolidated 

1937  1910  (?) 

63,000  lbs.  110,000  lbs. 

33,000  lbs.  5  1,500  lbs. 

36  54 

26  54 

5,000  miles  6,000  miles 

157  ft.  185  ft. 

91  ft.  10  in.  — 

11  ft.    Sin.  15  ft.    6  in. 

4000  4800 

156m.p.h.  190  m. p. h. 

in  improving  the  performance  of  these 
boats  is  growing  more  rapid  every 
year.  A  comparison  of  the  character- 
istics of  the  Model  156  with  its  pre- 
decessor, completed  only  two  years 
before,  illustrates  this  development. 
The  China  Clipper,  on  the  Pacific 
crossing,  is  able  to  carry  about  2500 
lbs.  of  payload.  The  Martin  "Ocean 
Transport"  of  1937  can  cover  the 
same  route  with  four  times  the  pay- 
load  and  at  25  m.p.h.  greater  speed. 

The  controlling  factor  of  modern 
transport  design,  passenger  comfort, 
is  clearly  evident  in  this  present  day 
clipper  ship.  Careful  study  of 
soundproofing  methods  and  materials 
has  made  possible  the  reduction  of 
noise  to  a  level  below  that  attained  in 
railroad  trains.  The  latest  develop- 
ments in  air  conditioning  are  utilized 
in  the  elaborate  heating  and  ventilat- 
ing system  to  give  a  uniform  tempera- 
ture and  constant  supply  of  fresh  air. 
Cabins  are  spacious,  seats  are  soft  and 
roomy,  and  berths  are  large  enough 
to    accommodate    oversize    passengers 


without  cramping.  Because  of  the 
airplane's  large  size,  the  trans-Atlan- 
tic traveler  may  move  about  freelj' 
without  appreciably  aifecting  the  bal- 
ance. A  large,  completely  equipped 
galley,  presided  over  by  a  trained 
steward,  can  provide  excellent  meals, 
served  in  the  passenger's  private  com- 
partment. Toilet  facilities  are  pro- 
vided by  two  lavatories  at  the  rear 
of  the  airplane  which  arc  supple- 
mented by  double  wash  basins  in  the 
larger  cabins  for  night  flights.  Bag- 
gage racks,  capable  of  holding  75  cu. 
ft.  each,  are  installed  to  the  rear  of 
the  upper  exit  hatch  and  permit  an 
ample    allowance    per    passenger. 

The  hull,  11  ft.  wide,  91  ft.  long, 
and  25  ft.  high,  is  divided  horizontal- 
ly into  three  decks.  The  upper,  or 
flight  deck,  has  three  compartments. 
In  the  bow  is  the  pilot's  cockpit,  con- 
taining all  flight  controls,  instruments, 
and  dual  seats  for  pilot  and  co-pilot. 
The  navigator's  room,  furnished  with 
a  large  chart  board,  bookcases,  and 
lockers  for  instruments,  occupies  the 
central  portion  of  the  flight  deck.  Be- 
hind the  navigator,  and  directly  under 
the  wings,  is  the  engine  control  cabin 
in  which  all  fuel,  mixture,  propeller 
controls,  and  valves  are  centralized. 
Telephone  communication  with  the 
pilots  is  utilized  to  insure  instant  re- 
sponse to  their  requirements.  The 
pilot  is  provided  with  duplicate  throt- 
tle controls.  The  water  storage  tank 
which  supplies  the  galley,  wash 
basins,  and  lavatories  is  installed  in 
tiie   after   portion   of  the  upper   deck. 

The  central,  or  passenger  deck,  is 
wider  and  longer.  In  the  bow  is  the 
anchor  compartment  where  the  light 
weight  Northill  anchor  and  handling 
equipment  is  stored.  The  hatch,  di- 
rectly in  the  nose,  is  accessible  from 
the  inside  and  ideally  located  for 
water  maneuvering.  The  radio  oper- 
ator occupies  most  of  the  space  be- 
hind the  anchor  compartment  and 
beneath  the  pilots.  Two-way  radio, 
both  phf^ne  and  telegraph,  may  be 
installed,  as  well  as  beacon  receivers 
and  radio  compass.  The  radio  oper- 
ator is  able  to  communicate  with  tlie 
pilots  and  the  navigator  by  means  of 
the  inter-phone  system.  Behind  the 
radio  room,  as  well  as  on  the  sub-deck 
below.  caro;o  space  is  available  for 
mail  or  light  express.  A  special  ex- 
ternal door  opens  directly  into  tliis 
portion  of  the  hull  so  that  the  loading 
will  not  disturb  passengers.  The  gal- 
ley also  occupies  a  portion  of  this 
area,  a  room  5  ft.  by  7  ft.  being  de- 
voted to  this  purpose. 

Passenger  quarters  are  large  and 
comfortable,  consisting  of  three 
cabins  7  ft.  x  11  ft.  and  6I/2  ft.  high, 
and  a  lounge  compartment  11  x  12  ft. 
The    smaller    rooms,    each    furnished 


The  first  pressure  cabin  plane  in  the  world,  developed  by  the  Lockheed  Company  to 
Army  Air  Corps  specifications  to  test  material  and  personnel  problems  incident  to 
flight   in   the   substratosphere  <>i)n-ial  Pl„,t,j,iraph.   U.  S.  Army  Air  Corps. 


with  seats  for  eight  persons,  may  be 
made  up  into  six  berths  at  night.  Tlie 
central  lounge  contains  six  individual 
seats  and  two  large  sofas  which  can 
accommodate  six  additional  passen- 
gers. At  night,  this  spacious  room 
may  be  transformed  into  two  sleeping 
compartments,  each  with  individual 
washroom  equipment,  and  accommo- 
dating four  persons.  Two  lavatory 
compartments  containing  toilet,  wash 
basin,  towel  racks,  and  other  conve- 
niences, are  installed  behind  the 
cabins  and  just  ahead  of  the  stairs 
which  lead  up  to  the  main  exit  hatch. 
Crew  quarters  are  arranged  in  the 
after  part  of  the  central  deck. 

The  lower  portion  of  the  hull,  be- 
low the  water  line,  is  utilized  as  cargo 
and  gasoline  space  although  most  of 
the  fuel  is  carried  in  the  stabilizing 
sponsons.  Each  sea  wing  is  really  a 
large  gas  tank  with  a  maximum  fuel 
supply  of  2130  gallons.  A  fuel 
pump,  electrically  operated,  pumps 
the  gasoline  to  two  100  gallon  auxil- 
iary wing  tanks  which  supply  the 
engines.  Interconnection  makes  pos- 
sible the  feeding  of  any  engine  from 
any  tank  and  also  for  filling  one  tank 
from  another.  Lighting  is  taken  care 
of  by  a  12  volt  battery  system  charged 
by  generators  on  the  engines. 

Like  all  large  modern  airplanes,  the 
Martin  "Ocean  Transport"  is  of  all- 
metal  construction.  Wings  are  of  alu- 
minum alloy  of  the  box  beam  type,  the 
upper  surface  being  corrugated  longi- 
tudinally and  acting  as  the  upper 
beam  flange.  Thin  metal  sheet  cov- 
ering gives  a  smooth  external  surface. 
The  two  web  type  spars  form  the 
front  and  rear  faces  of  the  box.  The 
lower   surface   is    of   flat   sheet.     Ribs 


with      formed      channel 
square     tube     diagonals. 


are      trusses 
flanges     and 

The  main  wing  brace  struts  arc  large 
size  streamline  aluminum  alloy  tubes, 
reinforced  internally  and  having  steel 
end  fittings.  Corrugations  are  used 
to  a  large  extent  in  the  hull  construc- 
tion as  well,  both  for  the  bottom  and 
for  the  top  deck.  This  is  probably 
the  most  efficient  manner  in  which 
large  local  strength  may  be  obtained 
with  thin  sheet.  Side  skin  is  of  flat 
sheet  reinforced  by  the  frame  side 
members  and  intermediate  vertical 
stiffeners.  Controls  are  conventional, 
the  control  surfaces  being  balanced 
aerodynamically  and  statically,  and  in 
addition,  the  mass  distribution  is  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  reduce  the  possibility 
for  flutter.  The  tail  assembly,  en- 
tirely of  metal  except  for  elevator  and 
rudder  which  are  fabric  covered,  is 
strut  braced   to  the  hull. 

The  phenomenal  progress  of  the 
trans-oceanic  flying  boat  is  not  due 
to  the  genius  of  any  one  man,  or,  for 
that  matter,  of  a  single  company.  Tlie 
entire  aeronautical  world  has  con- 
tributed. The  difference  between  the 
transport  of  two  years  ago  and  the 
flying  boat  of  today  represents  the 
sum  of  many  small  individual  im- 
provements. The  Gottingen  wing 
section  of  the  Model  130  has  been 
superseded  by  the  NACA  23000  air- 
foil, the  product  of  patient  research 
at  the  Langley  laboratories.  The 
aspect  ratio  could  be  increased  to  im- 
prove performance  only  because  of 
studies  made  by  British,  German,  and 
American  engineers  as  to  the  effect 
of  wing  span  on  that  vicious  danger 
in  high  speed  aircraft,  flutter.  Wing 
loading  has  gradually  increased  from 


tlie  12  lbs.  per  sq.  ft.  in  1919  (tlic 
NC-i)  to  22  lbs.  in  1935  (Martin 
Model  130)  and  27  lbs.  today,  only 
because  of  patient  research  on  flap 
design  which  has  practically  doubled 
the  maximum  lift  of  airfoils.  Even 
the  lowlj'  anclior  has  received  its 
sliare  of  attention.  Tlie  heavy  grap- 
nel of  j-csterday  has  given  Avay  to  the 
Northill  folding  anchor,  witli  a  third 
the  weight  and  twice  the  holding- 
power,  thus  increasing  the  payload  by 
a  hundred  pounds  or  more. 

Normally,  the  engineer  conserva- 
tively refuses  to  act  the  seer  and  pre- 
dict the  future.  In  this  case,  no 
prophetic  power  is  necessary.  Pan 
American  Airways  engineers,  still  pio- 
neering, have  laid  down  the  require- 
ments of  the  next  three  or  four  years. 
In  December,  1937,  this  company 
called  for  bids  for  the  construction  of 
three  to  twelve  flying  boats  which  will 
be  enormously  superior  to  any  equip- 
ment now  in  service.  Specifications 
require  that  the  airplane  shall  carry 
100  passengers  at  least  5,000  miles  at 
an  average  speed  above  200  m.p.h.  A 
crew  of  sixteen  men  in  addition  to  a 
substantial  baggage  and  mail  load 
must  be  provided  for.  The  minimum 
gross  weight  with  which  this  perfor- 
mance can  be  obtained  is  about  170,- 
000  lbs.,  almost  three  times  the 
weight  of  the   Martin  "Ocean   Trans- 


port" and  over  twice  that  of  the 
80,000  lbs.  Boeing  Clipper  which  is 
nearing  completion  in   Seattle. 

Pan  American  is  peering  into  the 
future,  since  engines  of  at  least  2,000 
horsepower  will  be  necessary, 
althougli  the  largest  now  available  is 
1500  horsepower.  Since  flight  at  an 
altitude  of  25,000  feet  at  approxi- 
matelj'  300  m.p.h.  is  desired,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  use  a  compressed-air 
cabin  to  insure  passenger  comfort  in 
the  rarified  atmosphere  which  is  found 
at  this  height. 

That  the  transport  company  has 
not  set  down  an  impossible  condition 
is  indicated  by  the  acceptance  of  the 
challenge  by  the  manufacturers.  Mr. 
Igor  Sikorsky,  manufacturer  of  the 
Bermuda  Clipper,  is  reported  as  say- 
ing "You  have  laid  down  very  stiff 
requirements,  but  we  can  build  such 
a  plane;  of  that  I  am  sure."  Other 
companies  will  not  be  far  behind. 
Martin,  Boeing,  Consolidated,  and 
Douglas,  the  other  large  boat  manu- 
facturers, have  also  been  asked  to  bid. 

Sub-stratosphere  flight,  with  its 
attendant  advantages  of  reduced 
poAver  and  better  weather  conditions, 
will  therefore  be  possible  on  a  com- 
mercial scale  within  three  or  four 
years.  "Supercharged"  cabins  which 
provide  the  passenger  with  a  10,000 
ft.  atmosphere  wlien  flying  at  altitudes 


up  to  50,000  ft.  arc  already  in  the 
jirocess  of  development.  A  landplane 
embodying  this  feature  is  now  under 
construction  and  will  be  in  service  in 
less  than  two  years.  Its  application 
to  the  flying  boat  is  certain. 

The  cruising  speed  of  200  m.p.h. 
required  for  the  new  transport  is  a 
continuation  of  a  definite  trend,  and 
it  is  not  taking  much  of  a  chance  to 
predict  300  m.p.h.  within  ten  years. 
This  will  put  Europe  within  seven 
hours  of  New  York. 

As  to  size,  the  prospect  is  not  so 
certain.  Take-off  space  will  probably 
limit  this  side  of  the  development.  It 
is  safe  to  predict  that  flying  boats  150 
feet  long,  with  a  wing  span  of  250 
feet  and  weighing  above  125  tons, 
will  soon  be  built.  On  account  of  the 
high  speeds  attainable  and  the  result- 
ant short  flying  time,  larger  sizes 
should  be  unnecessary.  However,  to 
attain  these  dimensions,  improvement 
in  engines,  materials,  and  terminal 
facilities  must  continue  to  progress  at 
the  same  rate  as  in  the  past.  The 
discovery  of  new  principles  of  flight 
or  new  sources  of  power,  such  as  the 
rocket  motor,  is  not  required  to  force 
this  development.  If  any  such  unsus- 
pected invention  does  occur,  the  prog- 
ress will  be  accelerated  to  an  even 
greater  extent. 


Sikorsky   XPBS-1.    Four   engines.    Now   being   secretly   tested   by   the   Navy   near  Hampton   Roads.    Entered   in   competition 

against  consolidated  XPB2Y-1. 


RADIO 

IN    DOMESTIC 
AIR    TRANSPORT 


by  H.  M.  Hucke 


Mainliner    in    ilight 


NO  discussion  of  radio  in  air 
transportation  would  be  complete 
without  a  brief  reference  to  the  early 
work  which  provided  the  foundation 
on  which  our  present  progress  is  built. 
These  two  arts,  radio  and  aviation,  had 
their  beginnings  so  near  the  same  time, 
that  their  rise  to  importance  runs 
parallel  through  the  thirty-five  years 
that  have  passed  since  the  Wright 
brothers  first  flew  in  1903.  Both  ad- 
vanced slowly  through  the  years  that 
followed  until  the  military  needs  of 
the  World  War  suddenly  accelerated 
their  progress.  After  the  War,  ac- 
tivity lapsed  for  a  few  years  until 
the  advent  of  broadcasting,  which 
lifted  radio  into  the  position  it  holds 
today.  Aviation  expansion  followed 
shortly,  when  the  first  airmail  con- 
tracts were  let  to  the  commercial  air- 
lines in  1927. 

Up  to  that  time  radio  had  seen  very 
little  service  on  aircraft  except  for  a 
few  installations  made  during  the 
War.  The  need  for  radio  communi- 
cation had  been  present  for  some 
time,  but  until  broadcasting  hastened 
the  development  of  lightweight  tubes 
and  accessories,  the  equipment  had 
been  too  cumbersome  for  aircraft  use. 

When  the  commercial  operators  be- 


gan carrying  mail  on  a  large  scale  and 
attempted  to  maintain  reliable  sched- 
ules, the  lack  of  contact  with  the 
planes  in  flight  became  a  serious  han- 
dicap. Long  distance  telephone  to 
farmers  along  the  route  was  first  used 

H.  M.  Hucke 


to  chart  the  progress  of  the  flights, 
but  this  was  at  best  a  makeshift,  and 
the  development  of  radio  equipment 
became  a  necessity  in  1928. 

The  first  research  work  was  direct- 
ed toward  a  means  for  talking  to  the 
pilot  while  in  flight,  since  his  ability 
to  tell  of  his  progress  made  it  pos- 
sible for  the  ground  men  to  assist 
him  with  weather  information  and 
landing  instructions.  This  develop- 
ment was  done  by  the  airline  en- 
gineers and  resulted  in  our  present 
two-way  voice  radio  system. 

The  second  research  project  was 
done  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards  and 
resulted  in  the  development  of  the 
radio  beacon.  This  very  useful  device 
has  been  improved  from  year  to  year 
until  at  present  it  represents  the  pri- 
mary means  of  finding  the  way  from 
airport  to  airport. 

These  first  two  radio  developments 
were  completed  and  in  service  by  19.30 
and  for  some  years  represented  the 
only  two  practical  contributions  of 
the  radio  art  to  aviation.  During  the 
years  that  followed,  a  number  of  en- 
gineers continued  their  work  along 
several  lines,  but  produced  no  tangible 
results  until  in  1936  and  1937.  Then 
in  rapid  succession,  came  the  marker 


II 


Radio  ground  station 


beams,  the  plane  direction  finder,  and 
tlie  instrument  landing  system,  in- 
creasing the  radio  aids  from  two  to 
five. 

These  three  new  developments  rep- 
resent a  series  of  additional  aids  whose 
use  will  materially  add  to  the  reliabil- 
ity of  operations  as  well  as  improve 
the  safety  of  flight  in  adverse  weather. 
The  development  of  the  direction  find- 
er is  an  adaptation  of  marine  radio 
to  aircraft  service  and  represents  no 
unusual    innovation    in    radio   practice. 


The  marker  beams  and  instrument 
landing  system,  however,  are  the  re- 
sult of  an  advanced  research  program 
into  the  use  of  the  new  ultra  high 
frequency  radio  waves.  These  waves 
can  be  made  to  follow  a  variety  of 
paths,  and  their  direction  can  be  con- 
trolled as  readily  as  the  beam  of  a 
large  searchlight. 

We  find  at  the  beginning  of  19.38, 
that,  while  airplanes  have  advanced 
from  single-motored  mail  planes  to 
modern     luxurv    airliners,     our    radio 


services  have  advanced  from  none  to 
five,  all  in  the  course  of  ten  years. 
Radio  waves  while  at  first  but  simple 
carriers  of  a  voice  from  plane  to 
ground,  have  become  the  track,  the 
block  system,  and  soon  the  path  down 
which  the  plane  will  glide  to  the  run- 
way. 

How  are  they  controlled?  What 
paths  do  they  follow?  How  are  they 
used?  These  questions  are  often  asked 
and  often  answered  with  an  array  of 
technical  terms  that  only  confuse  the 
questioner.  It  is  the  plan  of  this 
article  to  supply  the  answers  in  terms 
that  can  readily  be  followed.  Dia- 
grams are  included  to  cover  the  more 
(lirtieult  points,  with  a  photograph  or 
two  to  help.  The  five  systems  will  be 
covered  in  the  order  of  their  develop- 
ment since  some  of  them  grew  out  of 
the  experience  gained  in  the  use  of 
tlicir  predecessors. 

The   Two-Way  Telephone    System 

The  first  plane-to-ground  radio  sys- 
tems used  radio  telegraph  and  required 
a  radio  operator  on  board  the  plane. 
Early  mail  planes,  however,  had  no 
room  for  radio  operators  and  carried 
only  one  pilot.  Since  very  few  pilots 
were  radio  operators  and  operating  a 
telegraph  key  while  flying  an  airplane 
was  diflicult,  voice  communication  was 
chosen  in  preference  to  code  telegraph. 
The  choice  has  proved  wise  since  mod- 
ern planes  already  fly  two  miles  while 
a  single  ten-word  message  can  be 
tapped  out  on  a  telegraph  key.  With 
voice,  onlv  one-twentieth  this  distance 


Radio  beacon 


Radio  marker 


12 


is  traversed  while  the  same  message 
is   repeated   into  the  microphone. 

Early  mail  planes  usually  carried 
enough  gasoline  for  about  two  hun- 
dred miles  of  flight,  and  landing  fields 
were  provided  accordingly.  Each 
landing  field  needed  a  radio  station, 
so  the  spacing  of  ground  radio  trans- 
mitters was  determined  on  the  basis  of 
airplane  gasoline  supply. 

Since  very  few  flight  instruments 
had  been  developed,  early  airmail 
pilots  usually  flew  by  keeping  the 
ground  in  sight  and  following  rail- 
roads and  highways.  This  meant  tiiat 
in  mountainous  country  they  flew 
through  the  valleys  below  the  sur- 
rounding mountain  peaks.  Engineers, 
therefore,  had  to  choose  a  type  of 
radio  wave  which  would  go  over  the 
mountains  and  down  into  the  neigh- 
boring valley.  The  waves  chosen  were 
those  which  would  go  upward  several 
hundred  miles,  strike  a  region  known 
as  the  "Heaviside  Layer",  and  bounce 
back  in  all  directions.  Because  the 
sun  forced  the  "Heaviside  Layer" 
down  close  to  the  earth  in  daytime  and 
the  angle  of  radio  wave  reflection  was, 
therefore,  changed,  it  was  necessary 
to  choose  a  different  wave  for  day  use 
than  for  night  use.  Thus,  if  one  tries 
to  listen  to  the  aviation  stations  on  a 
home  radio,  he  will  find  them  at  about 
.50  meters  (6000  kc)  in  daytime  and 
100  meters    (3000  kc)   at  night. 

The  wave  lengths  were  also  desir- 
able, since  they  required  only  small 
antennas   on   the   plane   as   well   as   at 


Wisconsin 


Illinois 


Lake 
michigan 


PLANE  LOOP  ANTENNA  DIRECTION  FINDING  SYSTEM 


Above:    Instrument  board  of  a  modem 
trans-oceanic  flying  boat. 

Below:     Direction    finder    triangulation. 


the  ground  radio  stations.  The  small 
antenna  has  less  drag  and  therefore 
does  not  reduce  the  plane  speed.  For 
example,  even  the  four  small  antennas 
on  the  plane  shown  in  the  photograph 
on  page  .  .  .  reduce  the  top  speed 
about  3  miles  per  hour.  A  transcon- 
tinental flight  takes  15  minutes  longer 
because  of  this  drag.  Small  antenna 
towers  must  be  used  at  ground  radio 
stations  located  on  air  fields  because 
of  the  hazard  of  planes  flying  against 
them  when  landing. 

The  proper  power  of  the  ground 
radio  stations  spaced  200  miles  apart 
was  determined  by  test  and  set  at  500 
watts.  Plane  transmitter  power  was 
limited  to  50  watts,  since  tiiis  was  the 
maximum  power  that  could  be  drawn 
from  a  reasonably  heavy  storage  bat- 
tery. Total  weight  of  a  complete  radio 
installation  on  a  single-motored  mail 
plane  was  150  pounds. 

Radio  receivers  used  on  planes  and 
at  ground  stations  have  about  the 
same   number  of  tubes   as   those   used 


13 


Direction  finder  loop  antenna 

as  home  radios.  Construction  details 
are,  of  course,  considerably  different. 
While  a  seven-tube  home  radio  may 
weigh  100  pounds,  a  similar  plane  re- 
ceiver weighs  only  17  pounds,  since  it 
is  built  almost  entirely  of  aluminum 
alloy. 

Voice  communication  receivers  are 
built  without  tuning  dials,  because  all 
the  company  ground  stations  on  one 
division  are  tuned  to  the  same  wave- 
length. A  simple  switch  changes  the 
receiver  from  the  day  to  night  wave- 
lengths. All  arrangements  are  sim- 
plified as  much  as  possible,  because 
pilots  must  concentrate  on  flying  the 
plane  and  use  the  voice  radio  as 
quickly  and  easily  as  a  telephone.  In 
practice  the  system  is  actually  many 
times  faster  than  the  telephone,  since 
the  "other  party"  on  the  ground  is 
always  connected  and  waiting  for  the 
pilot  to  speak.  If  static  interferes, 
the  companies  arrange  for  radio  oper- 
ators at  three  different  stations  to 
cover  all  contacts  with  every  pilot.  At 
least  one  operator  always  manages  to 
"get  through." 

As  shown  in  the  photograph  on 
page  .  .  .  each  ground  radio  operator 
uses  a  typewriter  with  a  continuous 
roll  of  paper  on  which  he  types  all 
the  conversation  that  occurs  in  his 
division.  A  weather  indicating  panel 
gives  instant  information  on  the  wind 
velocity,    wind    direction,    outside    air 


temperature,  and  barometer.  A  tele- 
type constantly  prints  the  latest 
weather  information  on  a  paper  tape. 
Pneumatic  tubes  dispatch  small  mes- 
sage carriers  to  ether  departments. 
At  his  side  are  four  telephones  which 
instantly  connect  him  with  every  other 
airline  on  the  same  field, — to  a  loud- 
speaker system  so  that  information 
may  be  called  out  to  every  corner  of 
the  hangars,  to  the  Bureau  of  Air 
Commerce  Air  Traffic  Control,  and  to 
the  local  telephone  exchange.  Dupli- 
cate radio  receivers  are  maintained  in 
case  of  failure.  Other  receivers  may 
be  tuned  to  any  radio  beacon  to  check 
its  operation,  and  another  constantly 
repeats  all  conversation  from  the  Field 
Radio  Control  Tower  over  a  small 
loudspeaker. 

I)cs{)ite  all  these  devices  pouring  in 
information  at  a  rapid  rate,  the  radio 
operator  proceeds  smoothly  and  accu- 
rately. Every  device  has  beenilocated 
within  arm's  length  and  all  hife  move- 
ments so  accurately  timed  that  during 
rush  hours  an  experienced  o{)erator 
may  handle  a  message  per  minute  for 
short  periods.  This  is  only  possible 
because  pilots  and  operators  all  use 
tiie  same  forms  when  speaking  over 
the  radio.  The  following  typical 
pilot's  position  report  will  serve  to 
illustrate  this  point: 


UNITED  number  FIVE  is  passing 
over  GOSHEN  at  TWO  TWENTY- 
FIVE  o'clock  at  an  altitude  of  SIX 
THOUSAND  feet,  conditions  are 
CLEAR;  the  visibility  is  UNLIM- 
ITED; the  temperature  is  SIX  FIVE 
degrees;  air  is  SMOOTH;  I  ESTI- 
MATE niv  arrival  over  MCCOOL  at 
■rilHKl''.  TWO  FIVE  o'clo.U  at  an  alti- 
tude ..f  F()l'l{  THOrSANI)  feet  and 
at  C'HK'AC.O  at  FOl  R  /EltO  FIVE 
(►■elocl<. 

Since  all  pilots'  reports  are  given 
in  the  same  sequence,  the  words  in 
small  letters  may  be  left  out,  thus  re- 
ducing the  number  of  words  from  62 
to  2 1  and  cutting  the  time  in  half. 
The  radio  operator  uses  a  standard 
code  and  types  the  above  message  as 
follows : 

US  GO  22.5A  6T  CAVU  0.5  SM  EST 
MK  325 A  4T  CG  405 A 

This  further  reduces  the  report 
from  62  to  13  short  words  with  a  total 
time  saving  of  about  five  to  one.  Codes, 
abbreviations,  and  reporting  systems 
are  now  nationally  standardized  so 
that  a  pilot  or  radio  operator  in  Bos- 
ton will  follow  exactly  the  same  pro- 
cedure  that   is    used   in   Los   Angeles. 

The  combined  airlines  in  the  United 
States  operate  about  two  hundred  fifty 
ground  radio  stations  and  about  tliree 
hundred  fifty  aircraft  radio  stations. 
Messages  total  about  two  million  per 
(Turn  to  Page  27) 


Instrument  landing  system 


AIRPORT  LANDING  AREA 


14 


BITUMINOUS     COAL 

"A  Major  Source  of  Energy" 


by  Stuyvesant  Peabody 


FEW  of  us  stop  to  think  that  to- 
daj^'s  widespread  use  of  coal  for 
lieating  and  power  generation  is  a 
comparatively  recent  development.  In 
1850  the  per  capita  consumption  of 
coal  in  tiie  United  States  was  less  than 
one-third  of  one  ton  per  year.  In 
recent  years  it  has  reached  as  high  as 
five  tons  per  capita  per  year,  or  an 
increased  consumption  of  more  than 
1500  per  cent  in  less  than  a  hundred 
years.  In  1929,  for  example,  ap- 
proximately 600,000,000  tons  of  coal 
were  produced  in  the  United  States. 
Roughly  translated,  this  meant  the 
producion  of  energy  equivalent  to  fif- 
teen years  of  hand  labor  by  every 
person  in  the  nation. 

Of  our  annual  output,  approximate- 
ly 28%  is  consumed  by  railroads; 
19.5%  by  general  manufacturing; 
16%  by  coke  ovens;  7.7%  by  electric 
utilities;  5.4%  by  steel  works;  and 
23.7%  by  domestic  uses  of  all  kinds. 

Statistics  on  the  sources  of  power 
in  the  United  States  indicate  that 
water  power  furnishes  7%,  oil  and 
gas  29%,  and  coal  the  remaining  64-%. 

In  addition  to  the  fuel  used  from 
the  coal  bin,  the  average  home  uses 
much  invisible  coal  that  comes  into 
the  house  through  gas  and  water  pipes 
and  electric  wires.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated that  the  home  using  15  tons  of 
coal  for  heating  will  also  consume 
about  13  tons  of  this  transformed  coal 
which  are  required  to  supply  it  with 
gas,  electricity,   water,  and   ice. 

The  bituminous  coal  industry  of 
the  United  States  today  employs  di- 
rectly more  than  500,000  men  in  the 
mines,  and  provides  a  livelihood  for 
several  millions  of  our  citizens.  It 
furnishes  one-third  of  the  freight  ton- 
nage for  our  railroads,  and  approxi- 
mately one-fifth  of  their  total  freight 
revenue. 

Of  the  known  coal  deposits  of  the 
entire  world,  the  United  States  has 
considerably  more  than  one-third.  At 
the  present  rate  of  extraction,  our 
coal  supply  will  last  for  more  than 
700  years. 


The  United  States  is  the  largest 
coal  producing  and  coal  consuming 
nation  in  the  world.  In  normal  times 
we  produce  at  least  42%  and  consume 
40%  of  the  world's  total.  It  is  also 
interesting  to  note  that  the  world's 
heaviest  consumption  of  coal  occurs  in 
the  Chicago  area,  where  more  coal 
is  used  each  year  than  in  all  of  the 
New  England  states.  There  is  no 
question  but  that  the  industrial  lead- 
ership of  the  United  States  among 
all  of  the  nations  of  the  world  has 
been  made  possible  by  the  unlimited 
supply  of  low  cost  power  derived 
from  our  readily  accessible  coal  re- 
serves. In  making  this  statement,  I 
do  not  want  to  detract  in  any  way 
from  the  American  engineering  genius 
that  has  been  responsible  for  the  sci- 
entific utilization  of  this  power. 

This  same  engineering  genius  also 
deserves  credit  for  the  development 
of  our  by-product  industry,  which 
turns  coal  into  coke  and  in  the  pro- 
cess extracts  hundreds  of  useful  by- 
products. A  few  of  tite  more  inter- 
esting of  these  coal  by-products  are 
gas    for    heating   and   cooking,   anaes- 


tlictic  gas,  lubricants,  motor  fuel, 
analine  dyes,  paraffin,  perfumes,  as- 
phalt, insecticides,  carbolic  acid,  fla- 
voring compounds,  and  baking  soda. 
In  the  case  of  analine  dj'es,  it  has 
virtually  created  a  new  industry.  For- 
merly, nearly  all  of  our  dyes  were 
imported  from  Germany.  Now  the 
United  States  produces  nearly  95% 
of  all  the  dyes  it  uses,  and  exports 
large   quantities. 

Some   Problems 

These  few  brief  facts  and  figures 
indicate  the  important  part  contrib- 
uted by  bituminous  coal  to  our  indus- 
trial and  domestic  affairs.  But  not- 
withstanding its  great  value  to  the 
nation,  the  coal  industry  is  beset  with 
serious  problems.  Overexpansion  of 
producing  capacity  has  resulted  in  the 
most  destructive  sort  of  competition 
within  the  industry  itself.  Constantly 
improved  efficiency  in  coal  burning 
equipment  has  contributed  in  no  small 
way  to  shrinkage  in  consumption.  A 
substantial  tonnage  has  been  lost  to 
oil  and  natural  gas.  All  of  these 
factors,  combined  with  slowing  up 
of  industrial  activity  in  recent  years, 
have  reduced  the  consumption  of  coal 
in  this  country  to  approximately  two- 
thirds  of  the  peak  years. 

Because  of  heavy  over-production, 
bituminous  coal  has  been  sold  gener- 
ally during  the  past  ten  year  period 
at  less  than  the  actual  cost  of  produc- 
tion. For  1928,  the  Bureau  of  In- 
ternal Revenue  reports  show  a  deficit 
for  the  bituminous  coal  industry  of 
.$24,000,000.00;  the  loss  for  1929  was 
$12,000,000.00;  for  1930  $42,000,- 
000.00;  and  while  the  figures  of  sub- 
sequent years  are  not  readily  available, 
it  is  estimated  that  during  1931,  1932, 
and  1933  the  industry  lost  not  less 
than  $50,000,000.00  per  year.  The 
report  of  the  National  Resources 
Board  stated  that  virtually  no  other 
business  covered  by  the  Treasury  De- 
partment's record  showed  such  wide- 
spread money  losses  as  the  mining  of 
bituminous  coal. 


15 


'i-'&m 


;^?*^" 


CI    Coal  shot  down,  ready  for  loading. 


Coal  seam  face  in  Southern  Illinois — approximately 
450  feet  below  ground.  This  field  produces  coal  of 
the  best  quality  found  in  Illinois.  The  seam  is  from 
7V2  to  8  feet  in  thickness. 


Mining  machine  which  "undercuts"  just  above  the 
floor  to  a  depth  of  6  to  71/2  feet,  thus  making  if  easy 
to  shoot  down  the  coal. 


Electric  power  drills  are  used  for  placing  explosive 
charges  at  about  the  same  depth  as  the  undercut. 
The  lightest  possible  charges  are  used  to  avoid  ex- 
cess shattering   of   the   coal. 


\ 


Placing    the    explosive    which   will    be    shot    at   night 
after  all  other  men  are  out  of  the  mine. 


Modern  type  of  mechanical  loader,  electrically  oper- 
ated and  employing  caterpillar  locomotion.  This  ma- 
chine gathers  the  loose  coal  and  loads  it  into  pit  cars 
swiftly   and  smoothly. 


^-^1 


Electric  locomotives  are  now  used  almost  exclusively 
for  hauling  both  empty  and  loaded  mine  cars.  The 
distance  from  the  working  face  to  the  shaft  is  often  as 
much  as  three  miles  in  the  larger  bituminous  mines, 
making  speedy  transportation  essential. 

Q  Classification  screen  which  separates  mine  run  coal 
^  into  many  evenly  sized  grades  such  as  lump,  furnace, 
small  egg,  stove,  chestnut,  pea,  and  various  grades  of 
screenings  and  stoker  coal.  Below  the  first  screen 
shown  here  are  a  series  of  screens  with  progressively 
smaller   holes. 

]  Q  Central  control  board  from  which  the  entire  Peabody 
^  coal  refining  plant  is  regulated.  The  board  is  set  to 
control  the  washing,  screening  and  loading  of  the 
various  sizes  or  combinations  of  sizes  for  which  the 
mine  has  orders.  Then  by  simply  throwing  one  master 
sv/itch  the  whole  plant  is  started. 

"I  "I  Before  entering  this  wash  box,  coal  is  passed  over 
magnetic  pulleys  to  eliminate  all  tramp  metal.  It  is 
also  passed  over  high  speed  vibrating  screens  to  re- 
move fine  coal  dust.  In  the  wash  box  natural  impuri- 
ties such  as  rock,  slate,  shale,  and  iron  pyrites  are 
extracted  by  specific  gravity  separation.  Only  choice, 
low  ash  coal  is  floated  through  the  box.  Compressed 
air  agitators,  used  to  churn  the  water,  are  seen  at  the 
right.  In  the  center,  over  the  wash  box  are  two  elec- 
tric eye  controls  which  regulate  release  of  impurities 
through  refuse  gates  into  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

lO  Removal  of  foreign  matter  by  hand  picking.  With 
the  coming  of  the  hydro-washing  plant  this  method  of 
cleaning  coal  is  becoming  obsolete  with  the  exception 
of  the  large  lump  size. 

Powerful  hoisting  motors  bring  coal  to  the  surface 
with  almost  unbelievable  speed.  Only  fourteen  to  six- 
teen seconds  are  reguired  to  place  the  loaded  mine 
car  on  the  cage  at  the  shaft  bottom,  hoist  it  to  the 
surface  and  dump  it  at  the  top  of  the  tipple.  Two  cage 
shafts  permit  lowering  of  empty  cars  while  loaded 
cars  are  coming  up,  and  the  operation  is  thus  re- 
peated with  clocklike  regularity  throughout  the  work- 
ing day. 


Peabody  cocl  refining  plants  use  well  equipped 
laboratories  to  maintain  a  constant  check  on  the  quality  of  their 
output.  Each  car  is  sampled  and  an  immediate  analysis  is 
made   to   determine   heat  value   and   ash   content. 


14 


15 


Modern  coal  preparation  plant  of  the  hydro-wash- 
ing type.  Huge  water  storage  reservoir  at  the  right,  known  as 
the    "settling   cone,"   has   a    capacity   of    125,000   gallons. 

The   steel    industry   is    one    of   the    largest    con- 
sumers   of   coal. 


1  C  The  automatic  stoker  has  brought  better  heating 

results,  freedom  from  constant  furnace  tending  and  economy 
in  fuel  costs  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of  homes.  It  is  the 
major  development  in  home  heating  in  recent  years.  Washed 
stoker  coal,  dusfproofed  with  oil  or  various  chemicals,  has 
proven  particularly  successful  in  this  type  of  burning  equip- 
ment. 


That  the  coal  industry  can  "take 
it"  is  indicated  clearly  by  the  fact 
that  in  the  face  of  tliese  staggering 
losses,  it  has  not  pleaded  for  help  or 
sympathy.  It  has  showed  patience 
in  waiting  for  better  times,  fortitude 
in  grimly  hanging  on,  and  courage 
in  fighting  to  preserve  its  markets. 

I  have  mentioned  the  three  main 
causes  of  shrinkage  in  coal  consump- 
tion. The  first  of  these  was  in- 
creased efficiency  in  coal  burning 
equipment.  Far  from  setting  itself  up 
in  opposition,  the  industry  has  on  the 
contrary  fostered  and  promoted  such 
improvements  as  a  matter  of  service 
to  its  customers. 

The    second    contributing    factor    to 


decreased  consumption  of  coal  is  the 
general  slowing  up  of  industrial  ac- 
tivity. Therei  isn't  much  tliat  coal 
producers  can  do  about  that. 

The  third  factor  is  the  inroads 
made  by  competitive  fuels — oil  and 
natural  gas.  Naturally,  we  have  con- 
centrated a  major  portion  of  our 
thought  and  energy  in  fighting  to  hold 
our  markets  against  this  competition, 
— and  with  worthwhile  results.  In 
this  battle,  coal  has  the  big  advantage 
of  greater  economy.  In  the  larger 
industrial  plants  where  decisions  are 
made  on  the  dollar  and  cents  basis, 
this  advantage  is  usually  sufficient. 
In  home  heating,  however,  conveni- 
ence   frequently    outweighs    economy. 


Solution  Through   Improvements 

One  of  tlie  coal  man's  main  objec- 
tives has  therefore  been  to  introduce 
greater  convenience  in  the  use  of  coal 
for  home  heating.  To  this  end  auto- 
matic coal  stokers  have  been  perfected 
and  have  proved  so  popular  that  they 
have  become  a  large  and  vital  factor 
in  the  industry.  New  stokers  that 
were  installed  during  1937  (not  in- 
cluding the  large  industrial  type)  will 
consume  a  total  of  7,500,000  tons  per 
year,  the  major  portion  of  which  will 
be  bituminous  coal. 

Paralleling  the  introduction  of 
stokers,  we  have  employed  a  vast 
amount  of  scientific  research  for  the 
(Turn  to  Page  38) 


18 


COMMERCIAL 

APPLICATION 

OF   X-RAYS 


by  L  L.  Call 


EVERY  engineering  student  is 
familiar,  to  some  extent,  with  the 
liistory,  properties,  and  fundamentals 
of  the  methods  of  production  of 
x-rays.  But  x-ray  applications  have 
increased  so  rapidly  during  the  last 
ten  years,  and  are  becoming  such  an 
important  tool  for  engineers,  that  he 
may  not  be  taking  full  advantage  of 
the  application  of  x-ray  in  his  work, 
or  in  his  home.  Probably  most  of  us 
have  accepted  x-rays  as  we  do  many 
modern  improvements  today,  without 
serious  thought  as  to  just  how  they 
are  produced  or  what  they  will  do 
for  us.  A  short  review  of  the  proper- 
ties, latest  methods  of  production,  and 
new  applications  may  be  useful. 
Properties  of  X-Rays 

(A)  X-rays  are  electromagnetic 
radiations  propagated  with  a  velocity 
of  3x10^°  centimeters/sec,  similar  to 
light  except  that  their  range  of  wave 
lengths  is  from  0.06  to  0.5  Angstrom 
units  (1  Angstrom  unit  =10^  cm.) 
instead  of  3900-8 100 A  whicli  covers 
the  visible  wave  length  band. 

(B)  X-rays  are  propagated  in 
straight  lines,  and  therefore  for  a 
point  source  in  a  vacuum  their  intens- 
ity varies  inversely  as  the  square  of 
the  distance  from  the  source. 

(C)  X-rays    will    penetrate    mate- 


rials normally  opaque  to  visible  light, 
^laterials  of  low  atomic  number  such 
as  wood,  aluminum,  and  animal  tis- 
sues, absorb  x-rays  less  than  mate- 
rials of  high  atomic  number,  such  as 
iron,  lead,  or  bone. 

(D)  X-rays  will  cause  many  kinds 
of  crystals  like  calcium  tungstate,  cal- 
cium sulphide  to  give  off  visible  light, 
or  fluoresce  in  a  darkened  room. 

(E)  X-rays  will  reduce  the  silver 
bromide  in  the  emulsion  of  a  plate  or 
film  to  black  metallic  silver,  in  a  man- 
ner similar  to  the  way  visible  light 
will  affect  a  film. 

(F)  X-rays  may  be  reflected  and 
diffracted,  but  crystal  planes  are  often 
used  instead  of  mirrors  or  ruled  grat- 
ing to  detect  these  properties. 

(G)  X-rays  are  polarized  when 
they  hit  molecules  of  materials. 

(H)      X-rays  will  ionize  gases. 
(I)     An  x-ray  beam  is  not  affected 
by  electric  or  magnetic  fields. 

Production  of  X-Rcrys 

X-rays  are  produced  when  high- 
speed electrons  are  decelerated  by 
matter.  The  modern  x-ray  tube  con- 
sists of  an  envelope,  made  of  insulat- 
ing material,  and  of  metal,  from 
which  the   air  has  been  exhausted  as 


x-ray  tube,  showing  cathode   and  anode. 

Courtesy   of   Gcii.    Elcc.    X-Ray   Corfu. 


completely  as  is  possible  with  the 
best  mercury  vapor  vacuum  pumps. 
Sealed  into  the  envelope  is  a  cathode, 
consisting  of  a  tungsten  filament,  and 
a  target  or  anode  usually  made  of  a 
tungsten  disc  mounted  into  a  heavy 
copper   cylinder. 

The  cathode  filament  is  heated  to 
incandescence  by  alternating  current 
from  3-11  amperes,  at  a  voltage  from 
3.5  to  15  volts.  The  configuration  of 
the  filament  and  its  support  are  ar- 
ranged to  obtain  definite  small  elec- 
tron bombardment  patterns  on  the  tar- 
get. The  electrons  are  accelerated  to 
the  anode  by  means  of  a  high  positive 
potential  above  that  of  the  filament, 
depending  upon  the  shortest  wave 
length  that  may  be  desired.  The  tar- 
get face  is  usually  positioned  at  such 
an  angle  to  the  electron  stream  that 
the  maximum  area  is  covered  by  the 
electron  stream,  but  the  minimum  area 
is  projected  in  the  direction  of  the 
x-ray  beam.  The  range  of  voltage  im- 
pressed on  the  tube  terminals  is  30,- 
000  peak  volts  to  1,500,000  peak  volts. 
The  ordinary  x-ray  tube  gives  off  a 
heterogeneous  band  of  wave  lengths. 
The  shortest  wave  length  depends 
upon  the  peak  voltage.  Therefore 
the  voltage  is  expressed  in  peak  volts 
instead  of  R.M.S.  volts.  If  one  de- 
sires unusually  short  x-ray  radiations, 
very  high  voltages  must  be  impressed 
between  filament  and  anode.  The 
spectrum  of  x-radiations  given  out 
by  the  tube  depends  upon  the  target 
material.  Tungsten  is  the  most  com- 
mon anode  material  because  it  has  a 
very  high  atomic  weight,  high  melting 
point,  and  good  heat  conductivity. 
Since  high  voltage  must  be  impressed 
between  the  filament  and  target,  the 
envelope  must  be  an  excellent  insula- 


19 


Diagnostic  x-ray  gen- 
and  control.  85 
500  MA. 


Mo.st  .small  x-ray  generators  apply 
high  alternating  voltage  directly  to  the 
x-ray  tube  terminals.  In  this  case,  the 
tube  conducts  current  on  alternate 
voltage  pulses  when  the  anode  is  posi- 
tive, but  prevents  flow  of  current 
through  the  tube  when  the  filament  is 
negative.  Such  units  are  called  self- 
rectified  x-ray  generators.  A  great 
many   circuit  combinations   have  been 


tor.  Tlie  air  within  tlie  envelope  must 
be  removed  sufficiently  to  avoid  ion- 
ization by  collision,  which  would  re- 
duce the  velocity  of  the  electrons  hit- 
ting the  target,  or  if  the  pressure  is 
too  high,  would  eventually  result  in 
an  arc  inside  the  tube.  The  quality 
of  x-ray  beam  (the  shortest  wave 
length)  for  a  given  tube  depends  on 
the  voltage  impressed  across  the  ter- 
minals of  the  tube. 

The  quality  of  x-rays  is  dependent 
upon  the  number  of  electrons  hitting 
the  target  per  second,  or  the  tube  cur- 
rent. The  tube  current  is  usually  ex- 
pressed in  milliamperes  and  ranges 
from  1  to  1000,  depending  upon  tlie 
particular  application  made  of  the 
tube.  The  tube  current  may  be  con- 
trolled by  adjustment  of  the  filament 
temperature.  The  filament  tempera- 
ture is  varied  by  changing  the  heat- 
ing current. 

Since  the  electrical  power  converted 
into  heat  at  the  target  may  reach  60 
kw.,  the  anode  design  is  made  to  dis- 
sipate heat  rapidly  by  radiation,  con- 
duction, and  convection.  Circulating 
water  or  oil  are  commonly  used  to  cool 
the  target. 

In  order  to  accelerate  the  negative- 
ly-charged cathode  particles  to  the 
target  with  high  velocity,  a  high  posi- 
tive potential  above  that  of  the  fila- 
ment must  be  impressed  on  the  anode. 
An  x-ray  generator  producing  con- 
stant potential  at  high  voltage  sug- 
gests itself  immediately.  However, 
because  of  the  anode  characteristics, 
even  constant  anode  potential  will  not 
produce    a    homogeneous    x-ray   beam. 


but  will  produce  a  spectrum  of  a 
range  of  wave  lengths  cf  varying  in- 
tensities. The  shortest  wave  length 
j)roduced  by  a  given  tube  is  identical 
for  equivalent  values  of  peak  voltage, 
regardless  of  the  wave  form  of  the 
voltage  applied  to  the  tube.  The  ef- 
fective wave  length  of  any  particular 
beam  of  radiation  is  the  wave  length 
of  a  monochromatic  ray  that  has  the 
same  absorption  coefficient  as  tlie 
whole  beam  itself.  Although  constant 
potential  apparatus  has  the  advantage 
of  producing  a  beam  of  the  greatest 
homogeneity,  and  the  highest  x-ray 
output  for  a  given  focal  spot  of  tlie 
tube,  other  less  expensive  types  of 
generators  may  be  employed  to  pro- 
duce x-raj's  commercially. 

The  potential  of  the  anode  need 
not  be  maintained  at  a  constant  value, 
but  may  vary  over  a  wide  range  of 
voltage  wave  forms.  Thus  a  simple 
pulsating  voltage  such  as  produced  by 
a  four-valve  high-voltage  rectifier  is 
commonly  used.  Such  a  rectifier  is 
termed  a  full-wave  generator.  Alter- 
nate pulses  of  the  a.c.  voltage  wave 
may  be  applied  to  the  anode  and 
cathode,  such  as  that  produced  by 
connecting  valves  in  series  with  tlie 
x-ray  tube. 


Portable    x-ray   unit. 


devised  for  special  applications,  but 
the  above  types  are  in  most  common 
use. 

Medical  Uses  of  X-Rays 

The  application  of  x-rays  to  the 
field  of  medicine  was  suggested  by 
Prof.  W.  K.  Roentgen  in  1895,  the 
same  year  that  he  discovered  the  rays. 
Although  many  new  uses  have  been 
found  for  this  penetrating  radiation 
since  that  date,  the  members  of  the 
medical  profession  are  by  a  great  mar- 
gin the  largest  users  of  x-ray  appa- 
ratus. Every  modern  hospital  or 
clinic  must  have  an  x-ray  laboratory, 
and  doctors  and  dentists  find  office 
installations  one  of  their  most  help- 
ful tools  in  their  daily  work. 

The  x-ray  equipment  used  in  med- 
icine may  be  divided  into  the  follow- 
ing classes:  X-ray  generators  de- 
signed for  the  diagnosis  of  diseases, 
and  x-ray  installations  designed  for 
the  treatment  of  diseases. 

Diagnostic  x-ray  apparatus  has  been 
designed  for  (a)  the  examination  of 
the  bone  structure  of  the  body  for 
fractures,  (b)  location  of  foreign  ma- 
terials in  the  body,  (c)  detection  of 
diseases  such  as  tuberculosis,  ulcers 
of  the  stomach,  gall  stones,  and  heart 
complicatians.     The  procedure  usually 


20 


consists  of  making  a  preliminary  ex- 
amination of  the  patient  with  the 
fluoroscope.  This  procedure  consists 
of  passing  the  rays  througli  the  pa- 
tient and  observing  the  shadow  image 
on  a  fluoroscopic  screen  in  a  dark 
room.  The  apparatus  is  made  mech- 
anically flexible  so  that  the  tube  and 
tlie  screen  may  be  conveniently  posi- 
tioned with  respect  to  the  patient  and 
tile  x-ray  beam  apertured  by  lead 
shutters  to  the  particular  region  of 
the  bod}'  to  be  explored.  The  elec- 
trical control  of  the  apparatus  must 
be  such  that  the  tube  kilovoltage  and 
milliamperage  are  conveniently  ad- 
justed within  practical  limits.  The 
x-ray  exposure  is  made  by  stepping  on 
a  foot  switch.  A  complete  set  of 
notes  is  recorded  by  tiie  doctor's  as- 
sistant as  he  proceeds  with  the  exam- 
ination. Fluoroscopic  examinations 
require  relatively  low  capacity  equip- 
ment (lO-OO  kv.p.,  3-5  ma.) 

After   the    preliminary   fluoroscopic 
examination  has  been  made,  a  film  is 


binations  of  tube  kv.p.,  ma.,  and  time, 
are  required  for  the  various  objectives 
demanded  in  medicine,  the  control 
gear  for  radiographic  x-ray  appa- 
ratus is  complicated.  The  variable 
kv.p.  on  the  tube  is  usually  obtained 
by  fine  autotrans former  control  wiiich 
supplies  variable  voltage  to  the  pri- 
mary of  the  high-voltage  transformer. 
The  x-ray  tube  current  is  controlled 
accurately  by  induction  or  resistance 
regulators  connected  into  the  primary 
of  the  filament  transformer. 

Tiie  time  interval  for  the  exposure 
must  be  variable.  Precision  timers 
are  required  liaving  ranges  from 
1/120  second  to  20  seconds.  These 
timers  frequently  close  and  open  the 
j)rimary  of  the  high-voltage  transfor- 
mer at  the  zero  point  of  tiie  current 
wave  to  avoid  objectionable  transients 
in  tiie  liigh  voltage  circuits. 

Since  reproduction  or  duplication  of 
film  densities  are  iiigiily  desirable, 
witii  predetermined  settings  of  the 
x-rav  maciiinc,  manv  refinements  sucli 


Constant  potential 
x-ray  generator,  400  Kv. 
P.  5  MA,  ior  therapy. 

Coiirtcsv     of     Gcii.     Elcc. 
X-Ray   Corpn. 


as  stabilizers  for  keeping  the  filament 
voltage  of  the  tube  constant,  and  re- 
fined  meters,   are   required. 

Protection   Against   High  Voltage 

Since  all  x-ray  tubes  are  operated 
on  iiigli  voltages,  the  electrical  haz- 
ard to  operators  has  always  been  pres- 
ent. During  tlie  past  fifteen  years 
tliis  iiazard  iias  been  reduced  until 
today  it  is  negligible.  All  iiigii-volt- 
age  conductors  are  completely 
siiielded  in  grounded  containers  either 
liy  placing  the  tube  and  transformer 
in  one  tank  filled  witli  oil,  or  by  plac- 
ing tiie  generator  (consisting  of  the 
transformers  and  the  rectifier  tubes) 
in  one  tank  filled  witii  oil,  and  tiie  tube 
in  another  tank  filled  with  oil. 

Tlie  tube  unit  is  connected  to  tlie 
rectifier  unit  by  means  of  iiigii  voltage 
cables.  Tiie  cables  are  covered  witii 
metallic  sliields  tiiat  are  grounded,  as 
are  also  tlie  tanks. 

X-Ray    Protection 

In  addition  to  tiie  electrical  iiazard, 
care  must  be  taken  to  prevent  undue 
exposure  of  operators  to  these  pene- 
trating rays. 

The  x-ray  tube  is  siiielded  witii  lead 
and  otiier  materials  in  sucii  a  manner 
that  a  negligible  quantity  of  x-rays  is 
given  off  in  directions  other  tiian  that 
of  tiie  useful  beam.  In  fluoroscopy, 
wiiere    tiie    operator    is    compelled    to 


usually  exposed  for  a  permanent  rec- 
ord, and  to  permit  of  a  more  detailed 
study  of  tiie  pathology. 

Apparatus  for  making  radiograms 
covers  a  very  wide  range  of  capacities, 
from  small  portable  sets  used  in  the 
home  with  a  demand  of  1  kv.a.,  to 
large  hospital  installations  for  making 
high-speed  exposures  as  short  as  1/60 
second  at  long  focal-film  distance  (6 
feet),  tiiat  have  a  demand  as  higii  as 
100  kv.a.  from  the  power  source. 
Roentgen  apparatus  for  making  films 
requires  generators  that  will  impress 
from  30-100  kv.p.  on  the  tube  and 
pass  current  through  the  tube  from 
10   to    1000   ma.      Since   various    corn- 


Control  and 
treatment  room  of 
a  therapy  instal- 
lation, 400  Kv.  P. 
5   MA. 


21 


stand  directly  in  the  beam,  he  is  pro- 
tected by  lead  glass,  and  lead  rubber 
aprons  and  gloves.  The  walls,  floor, 
and  ceiling  of  a  room  housing  x-ray 
apparatus  are  covered  with  sheet  lead, 
the  thickness  of  which  depends  on  the 
maximum  voltage  used. 

Therapy  Apparatus 

The  field  of  x-ray  tiierapy  requires 
the  highest  voltage  generators  (100- 
1500  kv.p.),  operating  x-ray  tubes  at 
low  tube  currents  such  as  1-10  ma. 
The  time  of  exposures  ranges  from  1 
minute  to  hours.  Therapy  apparatus 
is  usually  designed  for  continuous 
duty.  Such  apparatus  is  used  for  the 
treatment  of  various  diseases,  includ- 
ing cancer. 

Since  the  voltages  are  abnormally 
high,  the  generators  are  housed  in 
lead-lined  rooms,  the  doors  of  which 
are  equipped  with  interlock  switches 
that  open  the  power  circuits  when  the 
operators  enter  these  rooms.  Tons  of 
sheet  lead  are  required  to  reduce  the 
stray  x-ray  radiation  to  safe  values 
in  the  largest  installations.  Recently 
400  kv.p.  therapy  generators  have 
been  built  with  the  tube  and  trans- 
formers oil-immersed  in  a  single 
grounded  tank  that  may  be  placed  in 
the  patient's  treatment  room,  thus 
conserving  space  and  reducing  the 
cost  of  lead  lining. 

Industrial  Uses 
The  industrial  uses  of  x-rays  have 
been  largely  in  the  field  of  inspection, 
such  as  the  inspection  of  welds  used 
tc  fabricate  high  pressure  vessels  for 
defects,  castings  for  hidden  flaws, 
foods  for  foreign  matter,  mechanical 
assemblies  for  improper  arrangement, 


and  pearls  for  cultured  specimens. 

Since  many  of  tliese  applications  re- 
quire x-rays  of  similar  quality  (wave 
length)  and  quantity  (intensity)  to 
tliose  which  liad  been  used  in  the  med- 
ical science,  medical  x-ray  generators 
were  first  adapted  witli  modifications. 
Some    inspections    such    as    foods    re- 


Visual   inspection   unit   for  the  inspec- 
tion oi  foods. 


quire  fluoroscopic  apparatus  designed 
for  continuous  duty,  while  the  in- 
spection of  three  to  four-inch  steel 
welds  must  be  accomplished  by  taking 
films  of  every  inch  of  the  weld  with 
.iOO-lOO  kv.p.  generators. 

Tlie  inspection  of  higli  |)ressure  ves- 
sels fabricated  by  welding  has  been 
specified  in  codes  for  insurance  pur- 
poses. Undoubtedly  laws  will  be  en- 
acted in  the  future,  making  such  in- 
sj)ection  mandatory.  Tlie  inspection 
of  foods  has  been  advisable,  not  only 
to  maintain  high  quality,  but  also  to 
.'.void  legal  suits  by  consumers  who 
might  otherwise  injure  their  teeth  on 
foreign  objects.  Inspection  x-ray  ap- 
paratus is  designed  for  continuous 
duty,  is  more  ruggedly  constructed, 
and  is  less  liighly  finished  than  med- 
ical apparatus.  The  control  gear  may 
have  less  range  of  selection  elec- 
trically, but  specific  applications  may 
require  complicated  mechanical  ad- 
justment. The  accurate  positioning 
of  a  two-ton  x-ray  unit  in  a  pent  stock 
that  is  several  hundred  feet  high,  for 
the  inspection  of  hundreds  of  feet 
of  welded  seam,  is  no  simple  problem 
and  yet  this  is  a  common  procedure 
in  the  welding  art.  In  a  similar  man- 
ner, the  individual  inspection  of  fruit. 


Transformer 
room  800  Kv  P 
10  MA  therapy 
installa- 
tion, Mercy 
Hosp.,    Chgo. 


22 


such  as  oranges  and  grapefruit  for 
frost  blemishes,  at  the  rate  of  400  per 
minute,  requires  a  complicated  con- 
veyor mechanism  and  a  carefully 
worked  out  fluoroscopic  t  e  c  h  n  i  c. 
Scores  of  these  inspection  installa- 
tions are  in  daily  use  for  your  pro- 
tection. A  food  processor  should  not 
neglect  this  valuable  tool  to  assure 
his  customers  a  uniformly  high-qual- 
ity product. 

Air-craft  manufacturers  too  ha^i 
availed  themselves  of  x-rays  to  ini 
prove  their  motors  and  plane  struc- 
tures. 

X-Ray   Crystal   Analysis 

Tile  fact  that  x-raj's  are  reflected 
and  diffracted  by  the  regular  planes 
of  molecules  in  crystalline  substances, 
was  investigated  first  by  Prof.  Lane 
in  1912.  The  most  highly  polished 
surface  is  very  irregular,  and  the  fin- 
est ruled  grating  is  coarse  in  com- 
parison to  the  short  wave  lengths  of 
x-rays;  therefore,  these  usual  means 
for  reflecting  and  diffracting  visible 
light  are  not  ordinarily  used  for 
x-rays.  Fortunately,  the  definite  spa- 
cial  symmetry  of  atoms  of  crystalline 
substances  have  dimensions  sufficiently 
small  so  that  they  may  be  used  as  sur- 
faces and  complex  gratings  for  x-ray 
wave  lengths.  With  few  exceptions, 
the  nature  or  behavior  of  a  substance 
depends  upon  the  arrangements  of  its 
atoms  and  molecules  in  the  crystal. 
Therefore,  the  knowledge  of  their  ar- 
rangement has  the  greatest  practical 
value  in  understanding  the  physical 
and  chemical  properties  of  a  substance 
and  in  predicting  the  effect  upon 
these  properties  of  various  changes 
in  arrangement.  Such  information 
concerning  the  internal  arrangement 
of  these  crystals  can  be  determined 
only  by  x-rays. 

When  any  crystalline  material  is 
subjected  to  x-ray  analysis,  an  "x-ray 
diffraction  pattern"  is  obtained.  This 
pattern,  recorded  on  a  photographic 
film  during  a  relatively  long  expos- 
ure, is  an  image  of  the  radiation  as 
it  is  modified  by  the  object  at  which 
it  is  directed.  Governed  by  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  x-radiation  is  modi- 
fied by  the  object,  the  characteristics 
of  the  pattern  depend  not  only  upon 
the  atoms  present  in  the  material,  but 
also  upon  their  arrangement — the 
manner  in  which  they  are  put  to- 
gether, or  their  state  of  chemical  com- 
bination. 

The  chemical  analysis  of  a  sub- 
stance consists  of  comparing  the  lines 
of  the  x-ray  diffraction  patterns  of  the 
unknown  and  the  known  substances 
or  elements.  Quantitative  estimates 
of  the  various  elements  may  be  made 
by  comparing  the  intensities  of  the 
pattern  lines. 


Weld  inspection  x-ray  generator  at   Blau   Knox   Co.   plant,   Pennsylvania 


The  crystal  size  and  arrangement 
of  a  given  substance  are  beautifully 
portrayed  by  the  symmetrical  spots 
and  rings  photographed  on  the  film. 
These  patterns  are  helpful  in  the 
stud}'  of  the  effects  of  heat  treatment, 
annealing,  and  working  of  metals. 

The  engineer  who  uses  a  crystal 
analysis  apparatus  can  maintain  a  bet- 
ter control  of  raw  materials,  can  proc- 
ess these  materials  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage, and  can  maintain  better 
checks  on  the  finished  product  than 
has  been  possible  with  older  methods. 

Scientific  Uses   of  X-Rays 

X-rays  were  discovered  by  a  man 
working  in  the  field  of  experimental 
physical  science.  Physicists  have  since 
used  them  to  increase  our  knowledge 
of  the  structure  of  the  atom.  In  the 
fields  of  botany  and  zoology,  the  rays 
have  assisted  in  portraying  quickly 
and  efficiently  the  intricate  structure 
of  plants  and  animals,  without  the 
laborious  dissections  that  would  have 
destroyed  the   valuable  specimens. 

The  mummy  casket  no  longer  can 
hold  its  secret,  for  the  contents  bound 
by  the  wrappings  may  be  inspected  to 
such  a  high  degree  that  even  the  dis- 
eases of  the  ancient  may  be  analyzed 
by  x-rays  without  the  destruction  of 
the  casket. 

Miscellaneous   Uses   of   X-Ray 

Portable  x-ray  sets  have  been  used 
to  locate  piping  and  wiring  in  parti- 
tions of  buildings,  to  locate  lost  valu- 
ables in  homes,  to  inspect  parcels  sent 
through    the    mail     for    bombs,    etc. 


Simcs  are  commonly  fitted  with  the 
aid  of  x-rays.  Pipes  and  golf  balls 
have  been  improved  with  their  use. 
Some  of  these  applications  have  be- 
come routine  practice  and  many  others 
have  been  suggested  that  may  be 
adopted  in  the  future. 

Future  Applications  and  Trends 
in  Design 

Although  an  increasing  number  of 
x-ray  installations  are  made  each  year, 
and  the  life  of  x-ray  apparatus  is 
long,  the  possible  applications  of 
x-ray  in  medical  and  industrial  fields 
is  only  fairly  started.  There  are  hun- 
dreds of  towns  in  the  United  States 
where  x-ray  equipment  is  not  available 
and  consequently  the  best  medical  job 
cannot  be  performed. 

Engineers  may  have  considered  that 
x-ray  units  are  a  doctor's  tool,  and 
that  they  are  complicated,  fragile, 
dangerous,  and  difficult  to  operate. 
I'hose  objections  are  no  longer  valid. 
The  interpretation  of  films  and  the 
specification  of  treatment  in  medicine 
are  still  a  highly  technical  procedure, 
but  the  x-ray  unit  itself  is  an  eflicient, 
rugged,  safe  device  that  can  be  op- 
erated by  anyone  who  has  had  some 
experience  with  instruments  or  pre- 
cision machinery. 

The  trends  in  apparatus  design  are 
contingent  on  the  new  uses  found  for 
x-ravs.  New  technics  and  methods 
require  different  ratings,  duties,  me- 
tering, and  controls.  Ob\aously,  de- 
signers will  continue  to  strive  for  a 
more  faithful  record  of  the  pathology 
(Turn   to   Page   33) 


23 


THERE  are  many  strange  sights 
to  be  seen  on  that  flat,  desolate 
stretch  of  land  called  tlie  Texas  Pan- 
handle, but  few  are  more  spectacular 
than  the  sight  of  a  carbon  black  plant 
in  full  operation. 

From  a  distance  one  sees  a  group 
of  long,  low,  shed-like  buildings  from 
which  rises  an  enormous  black  cloud 
like  the  genie  from  tlie  bottle  found  by 
the  fisherman  in  the  ancient  legend. 
Under  this  cloud  and  inside  the  build- 
ings, men,  flames,  and  machinery  are 
engaged  in  the  scientific  production  of 
Soot.  To  the  man  in  the  street,  accus- 
tomed to  thinking  of  soot  as  a  nui- 
sance, tlie   deliberate    manufacture   of 


SOOT 

JUSTIFIES    ITS 


EXISTENCE 


by 

Robert  I.  Wishnick 


this  substance  may  appear  to  be  in 
tlio  nature  of  carrying  coals  to  New- 
castle, but  to  manufacturers  in  many 
industries  it  is  more  in  the  nature  of 
a  godsend.  For  carbon  black  is  a  spe- 
cially valuable  kind  of  "soot" — and  its 
rise  to  importance  as  a  manufacturing 
material  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating 
phases  of  America's  industrial  growth. 
Although  used  to  some  extent  for 
many  years  in  paint,  ink,  dry  color, 
and  craj'on  manufacture,  not  until  just 
before  the  war,  when  its  remarkable 
reinforcing  properties  in  rubber  were 
discovered,  did  carbon  black  become 
a  material  of  world-wide  importance. 
Today,  wherever  those  accepted  neces- 


sities of  civilization,  the  automobile, 
the  printed  page,  and  the  painted  or 
lacquered  surface  are  found,  carbon 
black  plays  an  indispensable  role.  It 
has  made  possible  the  development  of 
the  modern,  long  mileage  tire.  It  has 
improved  the  clarity  of  printing  in 
newspapers,  magazines,  and  books, 
while  greatly  increasing  printing  ma- 
chine speeds.  Its  intense  jetness  and 
durability  have  been  utilized  in  the 
development  of  higher  quality,  longer 
lasting  paints  and  lacquers.  And  re- 
search is  extending  its  use  to  improve 
the  strength,  appearance,  and  per- 
manence of  other  products,  sucli  as 
paper  and  plastics. 


A  bird's-eye  view  of 
Continental  Carbon 
Company's  modern  car- 
bon black  plant  com- 
posed of  366  production 
buildings  covering  an 
area  of  160  acres  on  the 
Texas  Panhandle,  near 
Sunray,  Texas. 


2-4 


The  Continental  Carbon  Company's 
plant  at  Sunray,  Texas,  in  tlie  heart 
of  the  great  oil  and  gas  fields,  illus- 
trates how  extensively  carbon  black  is 
now  being  manufactured.  This  plant, 
utilizing  the  newest  and  most  efficient 
equipment  and  employing  every  mod- 
ern method  of  control,  is  one  of  the 
world's  largest  and  finest.  It  covers 
an  area  of  160  acres  and  is  composed 
of  366  separate  buildings,  the  total 
length  of  which,  placed  end  to  end, 
would  be  over  six  miles.  The  labora- 
tories, in  whicli  chemists  are  engaged 
constantly  in  testing  and  research,  arc 
air-conditioned  to  assure  correct  tem- 


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Carbon  black  is  produced  by  burn- 
ing natural  gas  in  a  controlled  amount  of  air. 
Here  the  operator  reads  the  meter  chart  to  de- 
termine the  gas  flow. 


Inside  the  burner  houses  night  and 
day  1,185,840  of  these  small  flames  are  playing 
on  moving  steel  channels  and  depositing  their 
quota  of  black,  which  is  removed  by  stationary 
scrapers. 


He  then  adjusts  the  regulator  to  assure 
a  correct  flow  and  rechecks  the  meter  chart.  On 
the  precision  with  which  the  flow  is  regulated 
depends   the   uniformity  of   the   finished   black. 


perature  and  humidity  at  all  times. 
A  complete  village  of  homes  has  been 
built  nearby  to  liouse  the  workers  in 
this  huge  plant. 

Carbon  black  is  produced  by  the  im- 
pingement of  natural  gas  flames  on 
moving  steel  channels.  This  process, 
while  not  satisfactory  entirely  from 
the  point  of  view  of  yield,  is  the  most 
efficient  yet  developed.  Tlie  burner 
houses,  which  comprise  most  of  the 
plant,  are  long  low  shed-like  buildings 
of  steel  construction,  160  feet  long,  12 
feet  wide  and  12  feet  high.  Gas  is 
conveyed  from  a  nearby  oil  company 
plant  through  huge  pipes  and  distrib- 
uted to  these  burner  houses  through 
smaller  pipes.  Inside  each  house  is  an 
assembly  of  ten  8-inch  cliannels  whicli 
move  back  and  forth  over  many  small 
flames.     As  the  gas  burns  the  carbon 


Packing  and  weighing.  Precision  equipment  is  employed  so  that 
when  the  black  is  used  by  the  bagful  in  customer's  formula  it  can 
be  relied  upon  to  give  expected  results.  These  bags  are  then 
overslipped  with  other  bags  for  cleanliness  and  protection  in 
handling. 


Laboratory  tests  are  made  at  regular  intervals  daily  to  keep  pro- 
duction at  a  specified  quality.  Control  is  the  essence  of  good  carbon 
black  manufacture. 


black  is  deposited  on  tlie  steel  chan- 
nels and  is  removed  by  stationary 
scrapers  as  the  channels  pass  back  and 
forth.  It  falls  into  hoppers,  from 
which  it  is  carried  through  conveyors 
to  the  packing  houses  where  excess  air 
and  gases  are  removed  by  an  agitating 
process.  It  is  then  bagged  and  com- 
pressed in  12 J  2  and  25  pound  paper 
sacks. 

Considering  the  miles  and  miles  of 
gas  pipes,  the  intricate  conveyor  sys- 
tems and  automatic  equipment,  this 
process  of  handling  is  carried  out  with 
amazing  speed,  cleanliness,  and  effi- 
ciency. It  is  a  tribute  to  the  engineer- 
ing ability  and  thoroughness  of  the 
organization. 

Continental  also  produces  a  pellet 
type  of  black  called  Dustless,  which  is 
free  flowing  and  lends  itself  to  ship- 
ment in  bulk  in  steel  tank  cars  built 
specially  for  Continental.  Because  of 
its  freedom  from  dust  and  ease  of 
handling,  many  rubber  companies  pre- 
fer to  use  carbon  black  in  this   form. 

As  can  be  imagined  the  heat  gener- 
ated by  the  burning  process,  when 
combined  with  the  rays  of  a  broiling 
Texas  sun,  is  tremendous.  The  smoke 
produced,  too,  is  dense  and  can  be 
seen  for  miles  across  the  prairie.  A 
carbon  black  plant  does  not  attract 
neighbors. 


So  much  for  the  actual  production 
of  carbon  black.  Let  us  see  how  and 
where  it  is  used  and  what  effect  its 
use   has   brought  in   modern   life. 

The  primary  purpose  of  carbon 
black  in  rubber  is  reinforcement, 
which  in  its  widest  sense,  includes 
such  properties  as  resistance  to  tear, 
abrasion,  shock,  and  deformation.  In 
such  an  article  as  an  automobile  tire, 
all  of  these  properties  are  important 
— and  carbon  black  provides  them 
more  abundantly  than  any  other  ma- 
terial known.  Working  with  carbon 
black  the  rubber  formulators  have  de- 
veloped the  modern  tire  to  the  point 
where  it  now  possesses  strength  and 
durability  many  times  above  that  of 
the  1914  variety.  In  fact,  so  impor- 
tant has  this  development  been  that 
it  has  influenced  the  design  of  motor 
cars  and  hastened  the  manufacture  of 
the  modern  streamlined  affairs  that 
operate  so  safely  at  high  speeds. 

Other  rubber  products  also  owe  their 
durability  and  special  usefulness  to 
properties  of  carbon  black.  Among 
these  are  rubber  heels,  conveyor  belts, 
motor  mountings,  garden  hose,  cable 
coverings,  and  a  host  of  other  con- 
sumer and  industrial  products.  The 
rubber  industry  is,  in  fact,  the  carbon 
black  industry's  best  customer,  using 
approximately  85   per  cent  of  its  an- 


nual output  of  about  150,000  000  lbs. 

Carbon  black  as  now  manufactured, 
is  greatly  improving  the  quality  of 
))roducts  of  the  paint,  lacquer,  and 
enamel  industries.  Because  of  its  in- 
tense color,  great  tinting  strength, 
iiigh  degree  of  inertness  and  durabil- 
ity under  adverse  conditions,  it  has 
brought  new  standards  in  these  neces- 
sities and  advanced  their  usefulness 
in  many  fields. 

Modern  printing  is  a  high  speed 
operation  that  demands  ink  of  unusual 
properties.  Here  again  the  use  of 
carbon  black  has  had  revolutionary 
effects.  Its  fine  particle  size,  easy 
dispersion,  intense  color  strength,  and 
adaptability  have  contributed  to  the 
development  of  the  inks  that  not  only 
improve  the  clarity  and  readability  of 
type  in  newspapers,  magazines,  and 
books  but  permit  presses  to  operate  at 
greatly  accelerated  speeds.  Research 
is  constantly  adding  to  the  usefulness 
of  carbon  black  in  this  line. 

Among  the  other  products  used 
every  day  in  which  the  use  of  carbon 
black  has  brought  improvements  are 
black  papers,  imitation  leathers,  shoe 
polishes,  stove  polishes,  carbon  paper, 
typewriter  ribbons,  and  a  great  vari- 
ety of  additional  materials  that  benefit 
by  increased  strength  and  color. 

Practically  all  of  the  carbon  black 


26 


utilized  by  the  industrial  world  is  pro- 
duced in  the  American  southwest.  The 
industry  moves  with  the  discovery  of 
new  and  bigger  oil  and  gas  fields. 
Starting  in  Pennsylvania,  its  center 
then  moved  to  West  Virginia,  then  to 
Louisiana — and  is  now  concentrated 
in  the  Texas  Panhandle.  The  Conti- 
nental plant,  typical  of  the  newest  and 
most  efficient  in  the  field,  is  supplied 
witii  ample  gas  reserves  to  expand 
with  the  growing  need.  Meanwhile, 
researcii  is  constantly  adapting  carbon 
black  to  new  uses,  and  the  permanence 
of  the  industry  in  tiiis  district  is  estab- 
lished by  the  vast  abundance  of  gas  it 
offers.  As  all  industry  moves  forward. 
Carbon  Black  fulfills  an  increasingly 
important  purpose;  and  contributes 
constantly  to  the  comfort,  safet}^,  and 
efliciency  of  modern  living. 


Further  tests  are  made 
to  facilitate  the  prod- 
uct's use  in  the  cus- 
tomer's plant.  Here  the 
technician  is  testing  to 
determine  the  ash 
tent    of    carbon    black. 


Over  the  burner 
houses  rise  spectacular 
clouds  of  black  smoke, 
which  signify  the  growth 
of  an  important  indus- 
try on  the  desolate 
Texas   prairie. 


RADIO  IN  TRANSPORT 

(From  Page  14) 
year.  When  we  consider  that  this 
group  of  stations  now  represents  one 
of  the  largest  radio  communications 
systems  in  the  world,  we  get  some 
idea  of  the  progress  tliat  has  followed 
the  first  experimental  efforts  in  1927. 

The  Radio  Beacon  System 
While  the  commercial  airlines  were 


developing  their  ground-to-plane  voice 
communications  system,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  in  1926  commis- 
sioned the  Bureau  of  Standards  to 
develop  a  system  of  radio  beacons  for 
aircraft  use.  These  were  to  provide 
guidance  for  aircraft  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  liglithouse  service  provides 
guidance  for  ships  at  sea. 

While    radio    direction    finders    had 
been   used    on    steamships     since     the 


World  War  and  to  a  limited  extent  in 
Europe  for  aircraft,  the  Bureau  of 
Standards  chose  a  still  further  ad- 
vanced sj'stem  now  commonly  known 
as  the  "Radio  Beam."  The  system  pro- 
vides a  form  of  automatic  direction 
finder,  with  a  heavy  and  complicated 
partsi  on  tiie  ground  and  the  light- 
weight and  simple  parts  in  the  plane. 
The  present  radio  beacon  system 
consists  of  a  series  of  1  kilowatt  radio 

27 


stations  located  about  every  200  iiiik-s 
along  the  airway.  Each  station  lias  5 
tall  steel  antenna  towers  similar  to 
the  single  antenna  tower  used  at  radio 
broadcast  stations.  Four  of  the  tow- 
ers are  installed  at  four  corners  of  a 
square  about  150  feet  across,  and  one 
tower  is  located  at  tlie  center  of  the 
square.  The  center  tower  is  used  to 
broadcast  weather  information  and  is 
not  necessary  for  the  production  of 
the  beams. 

The  four  outer  towers  are  sliown  in 
the  lower  part  of  tiie  illustration  on 
page  .  .  .  and  are  lettered  N,  A,  A,  N. 
The  two  "N"  towers,  diagonally  oppo- 
site each  other,  are  connected  to- 
gether, and  tlie  two  "A"  towers  are 
similarly  connected.  Each  tower  sends 
out  a  series  of  radio  waves  as  shown 
by  the  circular  lines  in  the  lower  part 
of  tlie  illustration.  Since  the  amount 
of  power  sent  out  by  each  tower  is 
kept  equal,  the  radio  receiver  in  a 
plane  flying  on  a  line  halfway  between 
the  two  towers  would  pick  up  the 
same  amount  of  signal  from  each. 

By  means  of  an  automatic  telegraph 
key  the  tower  to  the  right  of  the  plane 
continuously  sends  out  a  dot-dash,  the 
Morse  Code  for  the  letter  A.  The 
tower  at  tlie  left  of  the  plane  sends 
out  a  dash-dot  or  letter  N.  Tlie  pilot 
in  a  plane  flying  on  a  line  running  be- 
tween the  towers  Avill  hear  the  dot- 
dash  and  dash-dot  with  equal  intensity. 

The  automatic  telegraph  key  sends 
tlie  dashes  and  dots  in  a  carefully  se- 
lected order  as  shown  behind  the 
plane  in  tiie  upper  part  of  the  illus- 
tration. Note  that  the  dash  of  the 
N  falls  on  the  space  between  the  A's 
and  the  dot  of  the  N  falls  on  the  space 
between  the  dot  and  dash  of  the  A. 
In  other  words,  the  dots  and  dashes 
of  one  letter  fill  in  the  spaces  of  the 
other.  If  a  pilot  listens  to  both  at 
the  same  time  his  ear  blends  them  to- 
gether, and  they  sound  like  a  steady 
tone. 

This  steady  tone  is  the  so-called 
radio  beam.  If  the  pilot  flies  any 
other  path  than  on  a  line  halfway  be- 
tween the  two  towers  he  will  hear  an 
unequal  amount  of  either  A  or  N,  and 
they  will  not  blend  into  the  steady 
tone.  For  example,  in  the  illustration, 
if  the  plane  was  off  to  the  right  of 
the  bisecting  line,  the  pilot  would  hear 
a  strong  A  and  a  very  weak  N.  In 
practice  he  would  immediateh'  correct 
his  path  by  flying  to  the  left  until 
the  blended  steady  tone  was  again 
heard.  This  blending  of  the  A  and  N 
is  so  accurate  that  a  deviation  of  more 
than  one  and  one-half  degrees  off  the 
center  line  is   immediately  noticeable. 

Each  station  sends  out  four  beams 
which  are  usually  directed  to  the 
North,  South,  East,  and  West.  Where 


airlines  meet  at  odd  angles,  tiie  effects 
of  the  towers  can  be  varied  to  shift  the 
beams  if  necessary. 

The  beacon  stations  liave  still  an- 
other feature  in  addition  to  providing 
a  proper  course  to  the  next  airport. 
Directly  over  the  center  of  the  four 
towers,  tiie  amount  of  signal  received 
in  a  plane  from  each  is  exactly  equal 
and  opposite  the  signal  from  its  diag- 
onal mate  and  therefore  cancels  itself. 
Tiiis  cancellation  of  signals  above  the 
towers  produces  an  area,  in  which  no 
beam  is  iieard,  known  as  tiie  "cone  of 
silence."  A  pilot  knows  that  he  has 
passed  over  this  cone  of  silence  when 
his  signals  suddenly  fade  out  com- 
pletely and  then  are  heard  again  with 
full  strength  about  ten  seconds  later. 
At  the  same  time  he  can  turn  his  plane 
a  little  to  the  right  and  immediately 
notices  that  the  N  is  now  to  his  right 
instead  of  his  left.  Thus  the  cone  of 
silence  fade-out  plus  the  reversal  of 
the  A  and  N  tells  him  when  lie  has 
arrived  at  his  destination. 

Eacii  radio  beacon  station  operates 
on  a  different  wavelength,  and  the 
pilot  may  tune  in  station  after  station 
as  he  progresses  across  the  continent. 
All  are  maintained  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  wiiicli  has  con- 
structed about  300  of  them  on  almost 
every  main  airway  in  the  United 
States.  While  the  commercial  air- 
lines make  most  use  of  them,  the  Army, 
Navy,  mining  and  oil  companies,  and 
sportsmen  fliers  often  "fly  the  beam" 
as  they  travel  from  place  to  place. 

Vertical  Marker  Beams 
Wiiile  tlie  cone  of  silence  indication 
has  been  successfully  used  for  many 
years,  the  amount  of  pilot  skill  needed 
and  the  time  required  for  double 
checking  has  made  improvements  de- 
sirable. Pilots  have  long  wished  for 
a  device  that  would  turn  on  a  light  or 
ring  a  bell  when  they  passed  over 
the  radio  beam  station.  Just  such  a 
device  has  recently  been  perfected  bj' 
the  Bureau  of  Air  Commerce  engineers 
after  a  number  of  years  of  research. 

It  makes  use  of  the  newly  developed 
"short  radio  wave"  beams  which  can 
be  projected  in  almost  any  direction. 
Tiie  illustration  on  page  12  shows 
two  types  of  these  beams.  They  consist 
of  a  radio  transmitter  installed  in  a 
small  wooden  building  about  six  feet 
square  with  its  output  run  out  on  suit- 
able wires  to  a  specially  shaped  "pro- 
jector" antenna.  These  antennas  may 
be  made  round,  oval,  long,  or  wide, 
so  as  to  shape  the  beam  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  silvered  reflector  directs 
tlie  lieadlight  beams  on  an  automobile. 
The  cone  of  silence  antenna  and 
transmitter  is  always  installed  near 
the   center   of  the    four    radio    beam 


towers  previously  discussed  so  tliat 
when  tlie  pilot  passes  over  the  four 
towers  he  must  fly  through  the  in- 
visible beam.  A  special  receiver  on 
tiie  plane  connects  to  a  flashlight  bulb 
so  that  when  the  signal  from  the  cone 
of  silence  beam  is  picked  up  by  tlie 
receiver,  it  turns  on  the  light. 

After  the  cone  of  silence  beam  had 
been  developed,  the  Air  Commerce  en- 
gineers went  a  short  step  furtiier  to 
the  "fan  marker  beam."  This  uses 
the  same  transmitter  but  with  a  differ- 
ent antenna  so  that  an  elliptical  or 
fan-shaped  beam  is  projected  upward. 
The  elliptical  beams  may  be  installed 
on  top  of  mountain  ridges  or  tall 
structures  as  a  means  of  warning  pilots 
who  may  pass  near  them.  Tiie  re- 
ceiver operates  a  flashlight  bulb  in  the 
same  manner  as  for  the  cone  of  silence 
marker.  Tiicse  beams  may  be  keyed 
with  Morse  code  letters  so  that  pilots 
can  distinguish  the  one  they  have 
passed  over. 

Cone  of  silence  marker  beams  are 
now  being  installed  at  all  radio  bea- 
con stations  by  the  Bureau  of  Air 
Commerce.  Fan  marker  beams  are 
also  being  installed  wherever  this  type 
of  warning  indicator  is  designable.  By 
installing  them  at  regular  intervals 
along  the  radio  beacon  course,  a 
typical  "block  signal"  system,  as  in 
railroad  practice,  will  result.  The 
pilot  will  receive  a  "go  ahead"  by 
two-way  radio  telephone  as  he  passes 
each  block  signal. 

Plane  Direction  Finding  System 
Duj)lication  of  equijjment  is  one  of 
tlie  first  principles  followed  in  all 
commercial  aircraft  operation.  Auxili- 
ary receivers  are  carried  in  case  the 
beacon  receiver  or  two-way  voice  re- 
ceiver fails,  with  auxiliary  batteries  in 
case  tlie  main  battery  supply  fails. 

Last  fall  still  another  duplicate  fa- 
cility, known  as  the  combined  anti- 
static loop  antenna  and  aircraft  direc- 
tion finder  was  added.  When  used 
with  the  radio  beacon  receiver,  it  has 
the  ability  of  reducing  static,  thereby 
making  flying  easier.  When  used  as 
a  direction  finder  it  provides  a  means 
of  plotting  a  course  in  case  a  beacon 
station  should  fail. 

Similar  equipment  has  been  used  by 
steamships  for  many  years  but  has 
only  recently  been  reduced  in  weight 
and  size  for  installation  on  aircraft.  It 
consists  of  a  loop  antenna,  as  shown 
in  the  illustration  on  page  14,  which, 
when  revolved  about  its  base,  receive.* 
a  much  stronger  signal  when  its  edge 
is  toward  a  radio  station  than  when  its 
flat  side  is  toward  the  station.  The 
direction  of  tiie  station  from  the  plane 
is  usually  determined  by  turning  the 
(Turn  to  Page  40) 


28 


DEVELOPING  A  MAN 
FOR  THE   JOB 


by  Robert  N.  McMurry 


ONE  of  tlie  most  important  single 
decisions  which  an  individual 
is  called  upon  to  make  on  leaving 
school  is  that  concerning  iiis  clioice  of 
a  job.  Its  effects  are  extraordinarily 
far-reaching.  On  the  wisdom  of  this 
choice  may  depend  the  difference  be- 
tween a  productive,  happy  life  in  a 
congenial  occupation,  and  disappoint- 
ment,  frustration,   and    failure. 

All  too  often  an  individual's  choice 
of  work  on  leaving  school  is  deter- 
mined by  irrelevant  considerations. 
To  begin  with,  he  may  accept  the  first 
opening  which  offers  itself,  regardless 
of  his  qualifications  for  it  or  the  type 
of  future  which  it  may  hold.  He  may 
allow  himself  to  be  influenced  by  emo- 
tional considerations  such  as  the  ro- 
mantic appeal  of  a  job  in  far  places, 
without  thought  of  the  price  he  may 
have  to  pay  in  isolation,  loneliness, 
and  remoteness  from  centers  of  scien- 
tific progress.  Likewise,  he  may 
select  a  position  because  a  friend  is 
working  for  the  same  company  or  in 
the  same  line  of  work,  again  without 
regard  for  his  special  qualifications  or 
the  future  which  the  position  offers. 
Often  he  succumbs  to  the  temptation 
of  taking  a  job  simply  because  it  offers 
an  attractive  salary.  He  does  not 
pause  to  consider  that  the  work  may 
be  of  a  temporary  nature  or  one  for 
which  his  technical  qualifications  do 
not  suit  him. 

Too  rarely  does  the  young  man  base 
his  choice  upon  an  audit  of  his  psycho- 
logical and  temperamental  qualifica- 
tions for  the  work.  As  a  result  of  his 
schooling,  he  may  have  a  fair  idea  of 
iiis  technical  qualifications.  But  he 
knows  little  about  such  factors  as 
his  level  of  intelligence,  his  native 
aptitudes,  and  the  suitability  of  the 
job  to  his  personality  make-up.  Ad- 
mittedly, these  are  not  factors  which 
are  as  obvious  as  such  matters  as  tech- 
nical knowledge  and  rates  of  compen- 
sation. Nevertheless,  they  can  be  of 
great  significance  in  determining  suit- 
ability of  the  individual  to  the  particu- 
lar work  which  he  has  in  mind  and 
conditioning  his  ultimate  success  in  it. 

At  the  same  time,  it  is  equally  im- 
portant that  he  have  some  insight  into 
the  personnel  and  policies  of  the  com- 


pany with  which  he  is  to  associate 
himself.  Unfortunately,  some  con- 
cerns are  not  over-ethical  in  the  repre- 
sentations which  they  make  to  young 
men  about  the  character  and  future 
prospects  of  the  positions  which  they 
are  offering.  There  is  sometimes  a 
tendency  to  "over-sell"  the  jobs. 

Nothing  is  more  tragic  than  for  a 
young  man  to  bind  himself  for  a  term 
of  years  by  a  contract  and  then  dis- 
cover that  either  the  company's  method 
of  operation,  the  cliaracter  of  his  asso- 
ciates and  superiors,  or  the  opportu- 
nities which  his  job  offers  for  produc- 
tive and  congenial  work  are  not  what 
he  had  anticipated.  Where  such  situ- 
ations develop  they  are  equally  disad- 
vantageous both  to  the  man  and  to 
the  employer.  To  the  former  because 
they  mean  a  waste  of  the  precious 
formative  years  of  his  young  manhood ; 
and  to  the  latter  because  its  investment 
in  training  and  supervising  the  work 
of  this  young  man  will  be  lost  to  it 
when  he  leaves  at  the  expiration  of 
his  contract,  and  because  of  the  ill-will 
whicli  he  may  build  for  it  after  he 
leaves. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  equally 
important  that  an  employer  be  careful 
about  the  selection  of  the  young  men 


wlioni  he  takes  into  his  organization. 
In  the  first  place,  different  jobs  have 
different  intellectual  and  temperamen- 
tal requirements,  as  well  as  technical 
ones.  It  is  very  necessary  that  care 
be  exercised  to  avoid  getting  race 
horses  for  truck  horse  jobs  and  vice 
versa.  Many  companies  make  the 
mistake  of  demanding  only  men  from 
the  upper  quarter  or  tenth  of  their 
classes  without  regard  for  the  type  of 
work  for  which  they  are  to  be  engaged. 

If  men  are  wanted  for  extremely 
teclmical  research  requiring  imagina- 
tion and  ingenuity  in  the  highest  de- 
gree, it  is  probable  that  the  criterion 
of  high  scholarship  is  a  valid  one. 
However,  for  more  routine  types  of 
work  wliere  these  unusual  intellectual 
qualities  are  not  so  necessary,  it  is 
often  bad  policy  to  employ  men  who 
have  them.  It  is  true  that  they  learn 
their  work  quickly,  but  in  a  short  time 
they  become  bored  with  the  repetitive- 
ness  of  the  work  and  seek  a  more 
stimulating  outlet  for  their  intellectual 
activities.  If  these  are  denied  them 
by  the  nature  of  the  task  they  quickly 
become  dissatisfied  and  either  fail  to 
do  their  work  satisfactorily  or  leave 
the  company.  In  either  case  both  the 
man  and  the  employer  stand  to  suffer. 

Furthermore,  unbelievable  as  it  may 
be,  many  persons  who  have  never  had 
any  training  in  this  most  technical  of 
occupations  and  who  may,  in  addition, 
even  be  temperamentally  unfitted  for 
the  work,  are  assigned  the  task  of 
judging  the  qualifications  of  appli- 
cants for  positions.  Any  employment 
man  who  has  strong  personal  biases 
may  be  led  by  them  to  make  choices 
which  will  be  definitely  disadvantage- 
ous to  his  organization. 

One  of  the  most  dangerous,  yet 
common  practices  in  the  selection  of 
men  for  jobs  is  the  employment  of 
untested  criteria  in  judging  the  fitness 
of  applicants.  Some  companies  take 
only  men  with  certain  racial,  physical, 
or  educational  qualifications  without 
ever  having  made  an  analysis  of  cur- 
rent employees  to  determine  whether 
these  factors  are  actually  valid  indices 
of  success.  Even  today  more  than  one 
organization  is  putting  faith  into  such 


29 


discredited  pseudo-sciences  as  plire- 
iiology,  physiognomy  (as  practiced  by 
Catherine  M.  Blackford  and  her  asso- 
ciates), and  some  even  go  so  far  as  to 
place  faith  in  astrology.  These  are 
not  only  completely  futile  procedures, 
but  are  very  prone  to  work  an  injus- 
tice, not  only  upon  the  applicant,  but 
upon  the  employer  as  well. 

Other  companies  have  heard  of  psy- 
chological selection  methods  but  are 
unwilling  to  spend  the  money  to  obtain 
qualified  personnel  to  develop  and  ad- 
minister them.  Instead  they  depend 
upon  persons  in  their  own  organiza- 
tions who  have  not  been  trained  in 
the  proper  methods  to  be  used.  As  a 
result,  individuals  are  placed  in  charge 
who  have  never  been  given  insight  into 
the  limitations  of  psychological  selec- 
tion procedures,  as  well  as  their  ad- 
vantages. In  consequence,  companies 
are  today  indulging  in  such  absurdities 
as  giving  the  same  test  to  every  appli- 
cant from  office  boy  to  general  mana- 
ger. Even  worse  than  that,  they  do 
not  bother  to  determine  whether  per- 
formance on  a  given  test  is  related  in 
any  way  to  success  on  the  job,  and 
arbitrarily  set  levels  of  achievement 
on  the  tests  without  reference  to  their 
suitability  for  particular  lines  of  work. 

These  same  companies  would  prob- 
ably never  think  of  hiring  anyone  but 
a  trained  and  skilled  chemist  for  even 
their  simplest  material-testing  work; 
yet  in  dealing  with  human  beings  who 
are  infinitely  more  complex  than  most 
materials,  they  assign  the  delicate  and 
important  task  of  developing  psycho- 
logical selection  procedures  to  indi- 
viduals who  are  either  rank  amateurs 
or  whose  knowledge  and  experience  at 
best  is  only  that  of  a  dilettante.  When 
the  results  are  unsatisfactory,  as  they 
almost  invariably  are,  management  is 
very  prone  to  lay  the  blame  on  psy- 
chological selection  procedures  as  such 
rather  than  on  its  own  short-sighted- 
ness in  the  choice  of  persons  to  develop 
and  operate  these  techniques. 

Careful  psychological  research,  in- 
cluding a  study  of  a  rather  wide 
variety  of  occupations  has  indicated 
that  a  man's  vocational  success  is  gen- 
erally predicated  upon  five  factors. 
The  first  of  these  is  his  technical 
knowledge.  Under  present  conditions 
it  is  becoming  increasingly  rare  that 
the  untrained  man  succeeds.  It  is  be- 
coming more  and  more  imperative  that 
a  man  be  something  of  a  specialist  in 
his  own  field.  The  day  of  the  Jack- 
of-all-trades  is  definitely  past.  Within 
limits,  the  greater  the  degree  of  spe- 
cialization which  a  man  can  attain, 
assuming  he  has  chosen  a  field  for 
which  he  is  intellectually  and  tempera- 
mentally suited,  the  greater  the  likeli- 
hood of  his  finding  work  in  which  he 


may  be  at  the  same  time  productive 
and  happy. 

As  specialization  increases,  how- 
ever, it  must  be  recognized  that  it 
rapidly  becomes  more  important  that 
a  man's  technical  equipment  be  exactly 
suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  job. 
Thus  a  man  trained  in  organic  chem- 
istry might  experience  some  difficulty 
and  loss  of  time  and  effort  in  adapting 
himself  to  work  as  a  metallurgist. 
This,  naturally,  has  the  disadvantage 
of  somewhat  limiting  the  field  in  which 
the  man  can  work.  But  obviously  this 
is  a  factor  which  should  be  taken  into 
consideration  at  the  time  when  the 
particular  vocation  to  be  followed  is 
chosen. 

The  next  factor  of  importance  is  one 
which  has  already  been  mentioned. 
This  is  the  man's  level  of  intelligence. 
There  are  many  types  of  advanced 
technical  work  which  are  sufficiently 
routine  that  they  may  be  mastered 
and  successfully  carried  on  by  persons 
of  average  intelligence.  From  the 
standpoint  of  a  man's  work  success 
it  is  of  considerable  importance,  both 
for  him  and  for  his  employer,  to  find 
the  type  of  work  which  is  best  adapted 
to  the  level  of  his  intelligence. 

Another  factor  of  less  significance, 
perhaps,  but  still  one  which  should  be 
given  consideration  both  by  the  indi- 
vidual seeking  work  and  the  prospec- 
tive employer  in  evaluating  the  appli- 
cant's qualifications  are  his  aptitudes. 
It  has  been  discovered  that  certain 
individuals  seem  to  have  an  innate 
knack  for  doing  particular  types  of 
work  which  is  independent  of  intelli- 
gence or  training.  For  example,  one 
individual  may  be  a  natural  born 
mechanic.  From  early  childhood,  he 
has  taken  delight  in  taking  door  bells, 
locks,  and  other  mechanical  articles 
apart  and  putting  them  back  together 
again,  and  he  is  usually  very  success- 
ful at  this.  In  contrast,  other  indi- 
viduals may  be  equally  intelligent  and 
have  a  comparable  background  of  tech- 
nical experience,  but  they  do  not  have 
this  knack  or  aptitude.  They  are  the 
ones  who  are  at  a  loss  before  things 
mechanical.  They  may  be  able  to  un- 
derstand them  intellectually,  but  they 
do  not  have  this  facility  of  dealing 
with  them  practically.  There  are 
many  of  these  so-called  aptitudes. 
They  are  encountered  particularly  in 
the  mechanical,  engineering,  and  cleri- 
cal fields.  Measures  have  been  devised 
for  them  so  that  it  is  possible  to  form 
an  objective  judgment  of  the  extent 
to  M'hicli  an  individual  has  or  has  not 
one  of  these  qualifications.  They  are 
not  absolutely  vital  to  success,  but  can 
be  exceedingly  helpful. 

Without  doubt,  however,  the  great- 
est single  factor  in  determining  a  per- 


son's vocational  success  is  his  person- 
ality. In  general  there  are  two  types 
of  personality  make-up  which  are  defi- 
nitely disadvantageous  both  to  the  in- 
dividual and  to  his  employer.  The 
first  of  these  is  that  where  the  indi- 
vidual suffers  from  some  form  of 
emotional  maladjustment;  that  is,  his 
personality  shows  the  development  of 
one  or  more  traits  to  an  abnormal 
degree.  Thus  there  is  the  over-sus- 
picious (paranoid)  person  who  accuses 
other  persons  of  endeavoring  to  injure 
him  in  various  ways.  A  type  rather 
frequently  encountered  is  the  extreme- 
ly withdrawn  or  introverted  (schizoid) 
person  who  stays  to  himself,  has  diffi- 
culty in  forming  friendsliips,  and  may 
be  prone  to  escape  from  the  less 
pleasant  aspects  of  reality  by  flight 
into  a  world  of  phantasy  and  excessive 
day-dreaming.  There  are  also  those 
persons  who  are  subject  to  excessive 
swings  in  mood  (the  manic-depres- 
sive type).  They  are  the  ones  who 
are  alternately  elated!  and  full  of 
drive  and  then  depressed  and  without 
energy.  Likewise,  there  are  the  chronic 
sufferers  from  ill  health  (the  hypo- 
chondriacs) who  often  make  use  of 
their  illness  as  a  device  to  avoid  re- 
sponsibility and  to  escape  from  un- 
pleasant tasks.  There  are  many  of 
these  victims  of  minor  mental  illness 
and  this  condition  handicaps  them 
greatly  in  competing  with  other  more 
normal  persons  in  the  world  of  indus- 
try and  at  the  same  time  makes  them 
a  very  doubtful  risk  for  any  employer. 

The  second  type  of  make-up  which 
is  disadvantageous  both  to  the  indi- 
vidual and  to  those  for  whom  he  may 
work,  is  that  which  may  be  termed  an 
infantile  or  emotionally  retarded  per- 
sonality. These  are  the  individuals 
who,  although  they  may  be  intellectu- 
ally and  chronologically  quite  mature, 
have  never  outgrown  their  childish 
habits  of  irresponsibility,  dependence, 
and  an  incapacity  for  self-discipline. 
Like  children,  they  are  the  ones  who 
tend  to  live  always  in  the  present, 
giving  little  or  no  heed  to  the  future 
or  to  the  consequences  of  what  they 
may  do.  They  are  the  Peter  Pans 
who  continue  to  live  in  the  happy, 
carefree  wish-world  of  the  nursery. 
They  constitute  the  group  to  whom  a 
ball  game  or  a  show  is  more  important 
than  an  opportunity  to  improve  them- 
selves by  study.  It  is  they  who  are 
often  unwilling  to  give  any  extra 
thought  or  effort  to  the  betterment  of 
themselves  or  their  jobs. 

These  persons  are  especially  difficult 
to  detect  because  they  are  frequently 
well-endowed  intellectually  and  are 
also  capable  of  making  an  excellent 
appearance.  Superficially  they  create 
(To  Page  39) 


30 


OF    INTEREST    TO   TELEPHONE    USERS 

I  think  many  people  have  only  a  vague  idea  of  how  our  company  functions 
within  the  Bell  System,  and  how  a  unique  business  philosophy  is  operating  to 
make  your  telephone  service  increasingly  dependable  and  economical.  This  adver- 
tisement is  the  briefest  possible  statement  of  the  philosophy  that  guides  the 
Western  Electric  Company. 


PRESIDENT 


In  1882  the  Bell  System  became  convinced  that  the  best  way  to  assure  uniformity 
of  equipment  necessary  for  universal  telephone  service  was  to  control  its  manu- 
facture through  one  organization.  To  this  end  it  acquired  the  Western  Electric 
Company,  which  operates  under  this  three-fold  policy: 


1.  To  make  telephone  appa- 
ratus of  high  quality. 

This  in  itself  is  not  unusual.  What  « 
unusual  is  that  every  item  of  equip- 
ment in  the  vast  network  of  the  Bell 
System  must  coordinate  so  perfectly  that 
from  any  Bell  telephone  you  can  talk 
clearly  with  any  one  of  the  millions  of 
others.  Can  you  think  of  any  other 
product  which  must  meet  such  an  ex- 
traordinary test? 

2.  To  work  for  efficiency  and 
lower  costs. 

Whether  it  be  in  purchasing  materials 
—  or  in  manufacturing  the  43,000  items 
of  telephone  apparatus — or  in  distrib- 
uting ail  this  equipment  to  the  Bell 
companies,  Western  Electric  is  always 
seeking  the  better  way.   As  a  result  it 


has  a  progressive  record  of  methods 
developed,  products  improved,  econo- 
mies effected,  and  costs  lowered. 

3.  To  keep  prices  at  the  lowest 
possible  level  consistent  with 
financial  safety. 

Western  Electric  furnishes  most  of  the 
telephone  equipment  used  by  the  opera- 
ting companies  of  the  System.  By  com- 
bining their  requirements  it  is  able  to 
manufacture  more  economically;  and  it 
eliminates  selling  expenses  and  credit 
losses.  The  resulting  savings  it  passes 
along  to  its  telephone  customers  in  the 
form  of  lower  prices. 

On  these  sales  the  policy  of  the 
Company  is  to  set  the  lowest  prices 
which  will  enable  it  to  pay  fair  wages 
to  its  employees,  to  earn  a  fair  return 
on  the  money  invested  in  the  business. 


and  to  maintain  the  Company's  finan- 
cial stability. 

This  policy  of  voluntarily  limiting 
profits  is  reflected  in  the  Company's 
financial  record.  In  recent  years  it  has 
earned  on  its  investment  a  rate  of  re- 
turn only  about  half  as  large  as  that  of 
a  representative  group  of  comparable 
manufacturers,  and  over  a  period  of 
twenty  years  this  rate  has  averaged 
less  than  7%. 


This  set-up  within  the  Bell  System  re- 
sults in  low  costs  to  your  Telephone 
Company,  and  thus  Western  Electric 
contributes  its  part  in  making  Bell  Tele- 
phone service  dependable  and  eco- 
nomical. 


Western  Etectric 

BELL     SYSTEM      SERVICE     IS     BASED     ON     WESTERN     ELECTRIC     QUALITY 

31 


NIGHT    HAWKS 


By  Frederic  Oakhill 


Frederic  Oakhill 


ARMOUR  INSTITUTE  OF 
TECHNOLOGY'S  newest  or- 
ganization is  now  a  reality  and  the 
Evening  Division  Student  Association, 
made  up  of  "Night  Hawks,"  as  its 
members  are  already  called,  promises 
to  become  a  motivating  force  in  school 
activities. 

The  idea  of  a  student  association 
for  the  Evening  Division  formed  in 
the  minds  of  several  individuals  at 
about  the  same  time.  One  of  the  rea- 
sons behind  such  an  association  was 
to  make  it  possible  for  the  Evening 
Division  students  to  obtain  greater 
benefits  from  their  school  attendance 
than  classroom  work  itself  provided. 
While  classroom  work  has  its  very  im- 
portant place,  by  no  means  is  it  the 
whole  story  in  the  development  of  an 
individual  in  fitting  liiniself  for  a  life- 
time career. 


In  the  past  our  Night  Hawks  at- 
tended classes  which  more  or  less  com- 
])letely  determined  their  interest  in 
the  Institute.  A  few  hardy  souls 
scraped  together  small  acquaintances 
and  thus  gathered  together  individ- 
uals with  mutual  interest.  To  these 
nun  goes  the  credit  for  pioneering  in 
this  movement. 

However,  a  few  individuals  work- 
ing alone  were  rather  ineffective,  and 
each  year  the  newer  men  drifted  along, 
not  fully  realizing  the  opportunities 
and  benefits  of  association.  To  ob- 
tain the  necessary  medium  of  a  com- 
mon meeting  ground,  the  idea  of  for- 
mulating and  organizing  an  Evening 
Division  Student  Association  was  pre- 
sented by  the  author,  who  promptly 
received  the  task  of  bringing  the  As- 
sociation into  being.  The  work  to  date 
has  been  most  interesting,  and  tlie 
splendid  cooperation  received  from 
many  persons  made  the  job  an  easy 
one.  Messrs.  Walter  E.  Koch,  Algird 
Rulis,  Charles  Bielko,  Robert  J. 
Wnukowski,  Leo  Faitelson,  Herbert 
Savage,  and  Harold  A.  Lynette  II 
really  carried  the  burden  of  work  in 
the   temporary   organization. 

The  Association  promises  to  become 
the  vehicle  whereby  Evening  Division 
students  can  make  acquaintances  of 
men  other  than  immediate  classmates 
and  thus  enjoy  a  varied  friendship.  A 
man,  in  his  efforts  to  obtain  a  CDllege 
education,  should  be  encouraged  to 
enjoy  all  of  the  benefits  of  college  life. 
We  believe  the  Association  can  pro- 
vide an  opportunity  for  the  acquire- 
ment of  these  benefits. 

The  driving  purpose  behind  the  As- 
sociation can  best  be  expressed  by  re- 
peating the  Preamble  to  its  Constitu- 
tion and  Purposes  as  stated  in  this 
document : 

We,  the  Evening  Division  Students  of 
Armour   Institute  of  Technology,  in  order 


B.  B.  Freud, 
Dean   of   Evening   Division 


to  form  a  more  perfect  association  and 
enjoy  greater  benefits,  do  ordain  and  es- 
tablish   this    Association. 

The   Purpose  of  the  organization   is: 

1.  To  effect  a  working  cooperation 
among    Evening    Division    students. 

2.  To  cooperate  with  the  Institute  to 
jiromote  its  growth  and  broaden  the  scope 
of   its  benefits. 

3.  To  effect  an  avenue  for  enjoyment  of 
social  relations,  not  possible  in  class-room 
association. 

4.  To  sponsor  meetings  to  which  well 
known  speakers  will  be  invited  to  talk  on 
subjects   of   mutual  interest. 

5.  To  effect  a  means  whereby  students 
of  the  Evening  Division  may  meet  to  form 
small  groups  interested  in  specific  sub- 
jects. 

The  Association  has  progressed  to 
the  point  where  a  Constitution  has 
been  drafted  and  ratified.  This  Con- 
stitution is  being  hand  lettered  on 
parchment  paper  by  Mr.  Joseph  Kolo. 
The  Constitution  will  be  framed  and 
hung  in  the  school  where  all  can  see 
it.  It  is  hoped  that  some  day  this 
document  may  hang  in  a  fitting  club 
room  of  the  Association.  In  due 
course  of  time,  the  "Night  Hawks" 
are  certain  to  participate  enthusias- 
tically in  the  student  activities  of  the 
Institute. 

The  first  election  of  oflieers  lias  been 
held.  The  following  were  elected: 
Walter  E.  Koch,  President;  Algird 
Rulis,  Executive  Vice  President; 
Robert  Wnukowski,  Vice  President; 
Albert  L.  Simandl,  Vice  President; 
Harold  A.  Lynette,  II,  Secretary;  and 
Leo  Faitelson,  Treasurer. 

The  following  appointments  were 
made:       Charles     Bielko.     Recording 


32 


Secretar.v;  J.  Sabo,  Recording  Secre- 
tary; Lyle  Suavely,  Assistant  Treas- 
urer; Wilbur  Cook,  Assistant  Treas- 
urer; Herbert  Savage,  Chairman 
Membership  Committee;  and  Jerome 
Chrasteck,  Cliairman  Activities  Com- 
mittee. To  these  men  now  goes  the 
burden  of  developing  the  Association 
into  an  effective  group. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee,  it  was  decided  to 
undertake  three  major  events  during 
the  remainder  of  the  present  school 
term.  The  first  event  is  to  be  a  scien- 
tific lecture  to  be  held  on  a  Saturday 
in  the  near  future;  the  second  event 
is  to  be  a  dance  to  be  held  on  a  Satur- 
day night  about  the  last  of  April;  and 
the  third  event  will  take  the  form  of 
a  group  attendance  at  the  Annual  Ar- 
mour Alumni  Dinner. 


Walter   E.    Koch 


The  main  benefits  that  can  accrue 
to  the  individual  members  of  the  As- 
sociation are  varied;  some  will  depend 
upon  the  member  himself,  while  other 
advantages  will  just  naturally  develop 
because  of  the  normal  activities  of  the 
Association.  However,  those  men  who 
are  now  carrying  on,  fully  realize  that 
the  worth-while  benefits  will  go  to 
those  who  take  an  active  part  in  fur- 
thering the  aims  of  the  Association. 
And  so  they  welcome  participation  in 
committee  work  on  the  part  of  inter- 
ested students. 

At  the  present  time  the  Evening 
Division  students  will  enjoy  the 
greatest  advantage  because  of  their 
Association,  but  there  is  no  reason 
why  ultimately  the  day  school  men 
should  not,  if  they  care  to,  enjoy 
added    benefits    because    of    their    ac- 


quaintance   and    association    with    tlie 
night  school  men. 

Tiie  first  tangible  advantage  the 
night  scliool  men  will  enjoy  is  a 
widened  acquaintanceship  which  will 
enable  them  to  meet  others  who  are 
engaged  in  industry  and  thereby 
broaden  their  horizon  in  practical 
things  pertaining  to  the  daily  job. 
Tiie  chance  to  meet  and  know  men 
who  are  up  against  the  same  prob- 
lems is  a  most  valuable  asset,  for 
each  may  help  the  other  in  clarifying 
his  outlook  on  the  job.  Free  dis- 
cussion of  mutual  problems  many 
times  leads  to  their  solution.  Like- 
wise, when  one  knows  the  men  who 
are  doing  things  in  the  work-a-day 
world,  one  then  has  a  real  source  of 
information  available  when  needed. 
The  men  fully  realize  that  with  these 
benefits  and  advantages  there  gaes 
an  obligation  on  their  part  to  hold 
themselves  in  readiness  to  serve  those 
who  might  need  their  help.  They  are 
well  aware  that  there  must  be  a  mu- 
tual intercliange  of  ideas  and  help. 

When  the  Association  has  consoli- 
dated its  position  among  the  Evening 
Division  students,  the  plan  is  to  ef- 
fect a  working  cooperation  with  the 
day  school  men  to  further  the  mu- 
tual desires  of  both  student  bodies. 
Such  a  working  cooperation  and  asso- 
ciation between  the  two  student  bodies 
will  benefit  both  groups,  whose  com- 
bined efforts  can  bring  about  many 
changes  which  will  be  for  the  bet- 
terment of  the  students  and  the  school 
at  large. 

A  free  interchange  and  association 
of  the  night  and  day  school  men  will 
enable  the  exchanging  of  practical 
job  experience  and  theoretical  knowl- 
edge, the  combination  of  which  makes 
for  a  fuller  education.  The  night 
school  student's  theoretical  education 
should  progress  more  rapidly  and  on 
broader  lines,  while  the  day  school 
man  will  have  the  advantage  of  seeing 
how  their  theoretical  training  is  ap- 
plied on  the  daily  job.  The  day 
school  students  would  thus  become 
more  acquainted  with  the  work-a-day 
world  before  they  actually  become  a 
part  of   it. 

The  benefits  of  a  closer  association 
among  Armour  Tech's  students  will 
accrue  not  only  to  the  students  and 
to  the  Institute,  but  also  to  those 
industries  whose  men  are  attending 
the  Institute.  They  will  reap  tang- 
ible returns  because  of  this  broaden- 
ing influence  upon  their  employees. 
Many  industries  are  recognizing  this 
situation    even   now. 

This  movement  will  bring  more  of 
the  benefits  of  a  college  education  to 
the  Evening  Division  students,  and  by 
giving  them  an  opportunity  to  organ- 


Harold  A.  Lynette,  II. 

ize  a  self-governed  body  which  can 
enter  into  college  activities,  they  can 
more  fully  realize  their  ambitions. 
This  movement  is  just  one  more  ex- 
ample of  the  trend  of  formal  educa- 
tion in  the  direction  of  integrating 
more  completely  within  itself  the  vari- 
ous forms  of  adult  education.  Many 
of  these,  especially  night  school  study, 
have  heretofore  been  subordinated  to 
other  educational  efforts.  The  stu- 
dents themselves  are  forcing  atten- 
tion to  their  problems.  This  spon- 
taneous movement  is  certain  to  have 
wholesome   results. 


X-RAY 


(From  Page  23) 


in  medicine,  and  of  the  internal  con- 
dition being  investigated  in  industrial 
inspection.  As  the  use  of  the  appa- 
ratus is  extended,  the  duty  rating  must 
be  increased.  The  control  will  no 
doubt  be  refined  for  higher  and  higher 
precision  as  the  skill  of  operators  de- 
mands. The  dependability  and  life 
of  x-ray  apparatus  are  satisfactory 
now,  but  continued  effort  will  be  made 
to  increase  these.  X-ray  units  are 
precision  instruments  and  consequent- 
ly are  comparatively  expensive,  but 
like  other  instruments,  the  cost  for  a 
given  utility  will  continuously  de- 
crease as  the  volume  increases. 

The  engineer  now  has  an  opportu- 
nity to  add  the  x-ray  unit  to  his  list 
of  indispensable  tools,  such  as  the 
oscillograph,  the  potentiometer,  the 
Wheatstone  bridge,  and  the  micro- 
scope, which  have  so  notablv  increased 
his  efficiency  in  harnessing  nature's 
wonders    for   the   use  of   man. 


33 


ARMOUR   SPONSORS 
MIDWEST   POWER 
CONFERENCE 


FROM  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology comes  tlie  announcement 
that  the  Midwest  Power  Conference 
will  be  held  at  the  Hotel  La  Salle, 
April  13-15,  1938.  The  new  power 
conference  under  the  sponsorship  of 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  oper- 
ating with  the  cooperation  of  six  mid- 
western  state  universities,  will  replace 
the  original  conference  which  was  or- 
ganized under  private  and  commer- 
cial sponsorship.  The  educational  in- 
stitutions involved  have  accepted  the 
responsibility  for  the  Power  Confer- 
ence because  of  the  evident  public 
service  that  can  be  rendered.  Only  at 
a  centralized  conference  can  all  of 
the    technical    and    social    phases    of 


power  production,  distribution,  and 
utilization  be  discussed. 

Tile  program  planned  for  the  con- 
ference will  involve  some  thirty 
papers  presented  by  accepted  authori- 
ties drawn  about  equally  from  educa- 
tional and  industrial  fields.  Emphasis 
will  be  divided  between  steam,  diesel, 
electric,  and  hydraulic  power.  In  each 
field  papers  will  be  presented  which 
discuss  the  best  modern  practices, 
while  other  papers  will  venture  into 
the  picture  of  the  future  as  indicated 
in  the  investigations  of  our  great  re- 
search laboratories. 

Of  peculiar  interest  in  these  days 
of  great  advance  in  power  produc- 
tion   will    be    a    paper    surveying    the 


Power  Requirements  of  the  Nation. 
Two  papers  presenting  various  phases 
of  the  controversial  subject  of  Valua- 
tion of  Power  Plants  will  be  heard 
with  unusual  interest.  Equally  con- 
troversial from  tlie  technical  point  of 
view  will  be  the  discussion  of  steam 
versus  diesel  power  for  driving  mod- 
ern streamline  speed  trains. 

The  Midwest  Power  Conference  is 
open  to  all  who  are  interested  in 
power  problems  either  from  the  tech- 
nical, sales,  or  production  points  of 
view.  Registration  and  headquarters 
will  be  at  the  Hotel  La  Salle,  April 
13-15,  1938.  Entertainment  and  social 
features  will  be  provided,  such  as  a 
smoker,  the  banquet,  and  several 
luncheons  for  various  groups.  There 
will  also  be  entertainment  provided 
for  the  ladies.  It  is  the  intention  to 
collect  all  papers  presented  at  the 
Power  Conference  into  a  printed  Pro- 
ceedings which  should  continue  on  an 
annual  basis. 

Anyone  desiring  to  be  placed  on  the 
mailing  list  in  order  to  obtain  full  de- 
tails of  the  program  arrangements 
should  send  his  name  to  L.  E.  Grinter, 
Dean  of  the  Graduate  Division,  Ar- 
mour Institute  of  Technology,  Chi- 
cago, Illinois,  who  will  act  as  director 
of  the   Conference. 


DURING  recent  weeks  the  main 
building  engine  room  has  been 
reverberating  with  the  sounds  of  un- 
usual activity.  To  the  fellow  who 
takes  time  to  investigate  this  drumming 
of  hammers  and  clinking  of  new  boiler 
tubes,  a  most  interesting  sight  is  re- 
vealed— The  Stirling  boiler  (known 
as  "Old  Mary  Anne"  to  the  Mechani- 
cals), is  being  replaced  by  an  up-to- 
date  steam  generator  of  modern,  well 
chosen  design.  "Old  Mary  Anne" 
gave  a  remarkable  service  of  nearly 
thirty-seven  years,  but  finally  began 
to  leak  so  badly  that  it  was  impossible 
to  keep  a  fire  within  her. 

To  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  those 
who  have  taken  notice  of  the  present 
installation,  a  few  of  the  details  con- 
cerning the  unit  might  prove  interest- 
ing. The  manufacturer  of  the  genera- 
tor proper  is  the  Lasker  Boiler  and 
Engineering  Corporation,  a  company 
well  known  to  Armour  men. 

The  main  feature  of  this  new  boiler 
is  the  use  of  "water  walls"  which  con- 
sume a  great  portion  of  heat  which 
might  otherwise  be  lost  by  radiation. 
This  consists  of  a  network  of  boiler 
tubes  placed  vertically  along  the  side 
walls  of  the  setting.  Stoking  is  to 
be  accomplished  by  the  use  of  a  De- 
troit Roto  Stoker  of  the  spreader  type, 
another  feature  which  adds  to  the  effi- 


NEW   BOILER   REPLACES 
"OLD  MARY  ANNE" 


ciency  by  affording  more  complete 
combustion  of  fuel.  In  connection 
with  this  type  of  stoker,  a  twin  grate 
and  ash  pit  are  included  in  the  design 
so  that  ashes  may  be  dumped  and 
emptied  on  one  side  of  the  fire  cham- 
ber without  damping  the  fire  on  the 
other  half.  As  is  usual  with  this  type 
of  firing,  forced  draft  enters  from 
the  side  of  the  ash  pit,  and  the  amount 
of  ash  to  be  removed  from  the  cham- 
ber is  reduced  by  the  large  amount  of 
fly  ash  which  goes  up  the  stack.  A 
cinder  pickup  arrangement  is  pro- 
vided in  the  stack  for  the  removal  of 
this  fly  ash. 

At  normal  operating  conditions,  the 
boiler  is  rated  at  650  horsepower, 
evaporating  22,000  pounds  of  water 
per  hour.  Under  peak  load  condi- 
tions, this  capacity  may  be  boosted  to 
950  horsepower,  but  it  is  expected 
that  operation  will  be  such  as  to  give 
an    efficiency    of    approximately    75%. 


The  interior  of  the  unit  consists  of 
three  drums  and  over  280  tubes,  being 
arranged  so  as  to  be  quite  compact 
in  relation  to  the  rated  horsepower. 
Working  pressure  will  be  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  125  pounds,  and  tempera- 
tures at  various  points  within  the 
boiler  will  be  recorded  by  pyrometers 
installed  in  desirable  spots.  In  order 
to  maintain  a  maximum  of  heat  ab- 
sorption surface,  a  Vulcan  Soot 
Blower  is  being  installed  to  keep  the 
boiler  tubes  as  free  from  carbon  as 
possible. 

It  is  expected  that  the  careful  de- 
sign and  stoking  principle  used  in  the 
main  generator  will  result  in  a  great 
saving  on  fuel  costs,  and  due  consid- 
eration has  been  made  for  student  ex- 
periments while  the  boiler  is  in  opera- 
tion. A  complete  line  of  instruments 
is  being  included  in  the  permanent  in- 
stallation for  the  latter  purpose. 


34 


DEPARTMENT  OF 
PUBLIC  RELATIONS 
ESTABLISHED 


IN  order  to  promote  closer  coopera- 
tion between  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  and  tlie  industrial  com- 
munity, and  to  coordinate  the  various 
public  service  activities  in  which  the 
Institute  is  now  engaged,  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees has  authorized  the  creation  of  a 
Department  of  Public  Relations. 

David  P.  Moreton  has  been  ap- 
pointed head  of  this  department  with 
the  title  of  Director  of  Public  Rela- 
tions. Professor  Moreton  graduated 
from  Armour  in  the  Class  of  1906, 
and  has  been  connected  with  the  Insti- 
tute since  graduation  as  a  member  of 
the  Electrical  Engineering  Depart- 
ment. He  has  had  close  contact  with 
industry,  having  held  responsible  po- 
sitions in  the  design,  manufacturing, 
sales,  and  executive  departments  until 
a  few  years  ago,  when  he  decided  to 
devote  his  entire  time  to  the  advance- 
ment of  his  Alma  Mater. 

A  number  of  activities,  several  of 
which  are  at  present  actually  func- 
tioning, will  be  coordinated  in  this 
new  department,  so  that  full  advan- 
tage may  be  taken  of  all  the  oppor- 
tunities the  Institute  may  have  to 
serve  industry,  the  student  body,  and 
the  alumni. 

These  activities  have  been  grouped 
under  the  following  main  classifica- 
tions : 

1.  The  general  promotional  pro- 
gram of  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, particularly  the  raising  of 
funds. 

The  reception  accorded  the  Insti- 
tute by  industry  for  services  rendered 
in  various  ways  is  an  encouraging  in- 
dication of  the  importance  of  the 
position  which  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  occupies  in  the  field  of 
technical  education.  With  the  grow- 
ing demand  for  an  increase  in  this 
service  it  becomes  imperative  that 
more  adequate  facilities  be  provided 
to  expand  and  improve  this  service. 


2.  Establishment      of      an      alumni 
office  with  a  permanent  ahiiimi   se(  r( 
tary  to  handle  all  records  and  Kvt.im 
business   affairs   of  tlie    Aluumi    Asso 
ciation. 

No  college  or  university  is  stronger 
than  its  alumni.  But  it  is  nectssary 
tiiat  the  problems  of  the  college  be 
properly  presented  to  them  in  order 
that  they  may  have  tiie  opportunity 
of  working  intelligently  in  their  solu- 
tion. The  tie  between  the  school  and 
its  alumni  can  be  very  effectively 
made  through  the  medium  of  a  prop- 
erly organized  and  operated  alumni 
office. 

3.  Publishing  the  Armour  Engi- 
neer and  Alumnus  and  supervision  of 
business  management,  editing,  adver- 
tising, and  circulation.  This  work  will 
be  handled  by  a  publishing  board 
composed  of  a  representative  of  the 
alumni,  the  facultj^  and  the  student 
body. 

The  printed  page  is  the  most  effec- 
tive means  of  publicizing  the  activities 
and  services  which  the  Institute  can 
render,  and  this  material  should  be 
presented  in  as  pleasing  and  impres- 
sive a  way  as  possible. 

4.  The  general  problems  of  public- 
ity, such  as  radio  talks,  lectures,  news 
releases,  and  preparatory  school  in- 
terviews. 

All  media  of  publicity  will  be  of 
valuable  assistance  in  promoting  the 
various  phases  of  the  services  which 
the  Institute  can  render. 

5.  Organization  of  conference 
courses. 

Since  the  Institute  is  at  all  times 
in  a  position  to  cooperate  with  indus- 
try by  rendering  special  services,  it 
is  only  proper  that  these  services  be 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  industry  in 
such  a  way  that  the  maximum  good 
may  accrue  to  all  who  are  interested. 

6.  A  placement   office   for   the   mu- 


D.  P.  Moreton 


tual    assistance    of    students,    alumni, 
and   industry. 

A  placement  office  properly  oper- 
ated is  of  great  value  to  both  alumni 
and  industry  in  establishing  a  proper 
contact  between  them. 

7.  Coordination  of  all  contacts 
between  companies  participating  in 
the  cooperative  courses. 

A  study  should  be  made  of  the  serv- 
ice rendered  by  the  cooperative  course 
so  far  as  industry  and  the  school  are 
involved  in  order  that  a  spirit  of  com- 
plete understanding  may  be  estab- 
lished in  working  out  the  cooperative 
plan. 

The  department  will  occupy  offices 
on  the  campus  in  the  newly  recondi- 
tioned quarters  at  41-4.3  West  33rd 
Street.  In  the  final  analysis  the  pro- 
motion of  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology is  not  the  concern  of  a  single 
department  or  individual,  but  must  be 
considered  in  the  broadest  sense, 
which  will  involve  the  complete  coop- 
eration of  all  individuals  concerned 
with  its  problems,  if  a  permanent  and 
satisfactory  solution  of  these  prob- 
lems is  to  be  accomplished. 

Walter  Hendricks. 


35 


RESEARCH  FOUNDATION 
PUBLISHES  NEW  MAGAZINE 


As  a  lurtlii  r  extension  of  its  serv- 
ice to  industry  the  Research  Foun- 
dation of  Armour  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy publislied,  last  month,  the  first 
edition  of  The  Frontier.  This  period- 
ical, to  be  published  bi-monthly,  will 
recount  the  progress  of  the  ever-ad- 
vancing frontier  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge and  the  part  research  plays  in 
that  progress. 

The  first  issue  of  The  Frontier  fea- 
tures an  article  on  Cooperative  Re- 
search by  L.  W.  Wallace,  who  is 
Director  of  the  Division  of  Engineer- 
ing and  Research,  at  Crane  Company. 
In  this  article  he  shows  how  impor- 
tant research  laboratories,  such  as 
those  at  Armour  Institute  of  Teclinol- 
ogy,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tecli- 
nology,  and  Mellon  Industrial  Insti- 
tute, are  to  industry. 

There   are   other  articles   and   notes 


about  new  ideas,  new  substances,  and 
new  processes.  Some  of  these  are:  a 
coating  that  may  be  sprayed  or 
brushed  on  glass  that  reduces  glare 
and  yet  admits  90%  of  the  available 
light;  some  new  heat-treating  salts; 
and  a  new  high  speed  centrifuge  that 
operates  at  80,000  R.P.M.  to  give  a 
force  of  250,000  times  that  of  gravity. 

An  article  by  Dr.  T.  C.  Poulter, 
Director  of  Armour's  Research  Foun- 
dation, on  "Extreme  Pressure  Re- 
search" points  out  the  importance  of 
high  pressure  research  in  the  very 
practical  and  important  field  of  lubri- 
cation. Dr.  Poulter,  with  apparatus 
which  he  designed  and  made,  recently 
obtained  a  pressure  of  one  and  a  half 
million  pounds  per  square  inch,  about 
one  and  a  half  times  the  greatest 
pressure   obtained   up   to  that   time. 

The  editor  of  The  Frontier  is  C.  H. 
Hazard. 


SPECIAL    HIGH- 
PRESSURE  BOILER 

THE  facilities  of  the  Heat  Trans- 
fer Laboratory,  of  which  Dr. 
Max  Jakob  is  Director,  were  greatly 
increased  by  the  addition  of  a  750 
pound  per  square  inch  3000  pound 
per  hour  boiler  which  was  recently 
contributed  to  the  Research  Founda- 
tion by  the  Lasker  Boiler  and  Engi- 
neering   Company    of    Chicago. 

This  boiler  has  many  unusual  fea- 
tures and  is  fabricated  from  special 
alloy  steels.  A  boiler  of  this  type 
has  long  been  needed  as  a  steam  pro- 
ducer to  be  used  in  connection  with 
many  heat  transfer  problems  includ- 
ing hot  gas  flow,  water  flow,  steam 
flow,  and  condensing. 

The  Lasker  Boiler  and  Engineering 
Company  has  been  long  identified  in 
the  Chicago  area  as  a  progressive 
manufacturer  of  boilers  and  one  which 
is  interested  in  advancing  the  knowl- 
edge of  steam  generation. 


RECENT  ADDITIONS  TO  THE  FACULTY 


Born  in  Dor})at,  Estonia,  and  edu- 
cated in  schools  of  Finland  and 
Germanv,  MR.  MICHAEL  SADOW- 


Michael    Sadowsky 

SKY  acquired  a  thorough  background 
of  mathematics,  characteristic  of  the 
type  of  training  received  in  Euro- 
pean universities.  His  diverse  studies 
fitted  him  to  become  an  instructor  in 
several  German  schools ;  and  he 
served     as     Assistant     Professor     of 


Mathematics  and  Mechanics  at  the 
University  of  Minnesota  from  19:51 
to  1933.  His  research  work  has  in- 
cluded many  subjects  in  practical 
mathematics,  and  he  has  published 
numerous  papers  applying  mathe- 
matics to  physical  and  engineering 
problems.  It  is  in  this  type  of  work 
that  he  has  offered  information  to 
many  of  the  well  known  scientific  in- 
stitutions. 

Mr.  Sadowsky's  wide  experience 
and  proven  ability  make  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  Department  of 
Mathematics  most  welcome. 


The  department  of  Mechanical  En- 
gineering has  added  a  man  of  wide 
practical  experience  as  a  new  staff 
member.  MR.  ALEXANDER 
COWIE,  who  comes  to  Armour  from 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  where 
he  has  for  the  past  four  years  been 
an  instructor  in  machine  shop  prac- 
tice, has  worked  as  a  machinist  both 
in  the  place  of  his  birth,  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  and  in  the  United  States. 
He  attended  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, and  received  his  B.  S.  degree 
in  Mechanical  Engineering  at  that 
school  in  1931.  His  graduate  work 
was  completed  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  on  a  Tau  Beta  Pi  Fellow- 
ship, in   1932. 

Mr.  Cowie  has  worked  in  the  engi- 


neering departments  of  the  Westing- 
Iiouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co.,  the  West- 
ern    Electric     Co.,    the     Consolidated 


Alexander   Cowie 

Ashcroft-Hancock  Co.,  and  the  Min- 
neapolis-Honeywell Regulator  Co.  He 
is  a  member  of  Phi  Eta  Sigma,  Pi  Tau 
Sigma,  Tau  Beta  Pi,  the  Society  for 
Promotion  of  Engineering  Education, 
and  the  American  Society  of  Mechan- 
ical Engineers. 


36 


TENTH  ANNUAL 
ARMOUR  RELAYS 


L^IVE  records  fell  in  the  Tenth 
X^  running  of  Armour  Tech's  famous 
relays  Saturday  afternoon  and  eve- 
ning, March  19th,  in  the  University 
of  Chicago  field  house  as  Armour 
Tech's  track  squad,  the  best  tlie  In- 
stitute has  had  the  pleasure  of  calling 
its  own  for  many  years,  easily  won 
fourth  place  in  the  college  division. 
One  of  the  best  relays  ever  iield,  since 
their  inception  in  1928,  the  games 
Saturday  were  packed  with  thrills 
from  the  first  event,  which  was  a  spe- 
cial mile  run  race  in  order  that  tiie 
brilliant  Charles  Fenske  of  Wiscon- 
sin could  break  the  existing  record  for 
t:iis  event,  until  Armour  Tech's  Sam 
Bingham  raced  home  in  the  college 
seventy  yard  dash  to  win  well  ahead 
of  the  field  in  the  time  of  7.3  seconds. 

The  relays  hold  the  distinction  of 
being  one  of  the  most  representative 
of  their  kind  in  the  central  west. 
From  eight  states,  thirty-four  colleges 
and  universities  entered  a  field  of 
some  four  hundred  contestants  in  the 
preliminaries  during  the  afternoon. 
Of  these  tliirty-four  schools,  twenty- 
seven  of  which  were  colleges.  North 
Central  College  of  Naperville,  Illi- 
nois, boasting  a  track  squad  compar- 
able to  the  best,  raced  home  ahead  of 
Wayne  University,  also  in  the  college 
division  and  championship  winners  of 
last  year,  to  win  the  college  division 
championship  with  a  total  of  43  and 
l/3rd  points.  Michigan  State  Nor- 
mal took  third  place  with  21  points 
while  Armour  Tech  ran  a  close  fourth 
with   18   and   l/3rd  points. 

The  brilliant  Charles  Fenske  again 
proved  himself  the  champion  miler 
that  he  is  as  he  raced  home  ahead  of 
his  teammate,  Walter  Mehl,  to  estab- 
lish a  new  record  in  tiie  mile  run. 
Coach  Tom  Jones  of  the  Badger 
squad  deliberately  instructed  Fenske 
to  break  the  record  for  this  event  lield 
by  Henry  Brocksmith  of  Indiana  and 
established  at  i  minutes,  14.1  seconds 
in  1932.  Fenske  started  in  a  field 
composed  of  himself,  Walter  Mehl,  a 
teammate,  Ernest  Klann  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Kansas,  and  Charles  Mit- 
chell of  Kansas  State  College.  He  ran 
a  brilliant  race,  covering  the  first  half 
in  2  minutes,  4.5  seconds  and  the  sec- 
ond  half   in    2    minutes,    4.4    seconds, 


breaking  the  tape  a  full  seventy  yards 
ahead  of  liis  teammate  Walter  Mehl 
who  paced  him  at  a  fast  clip  during 
the  first  half.  This  was  the  fastest 
mile  ever  to  be  run  on  a  clay  track 
and  in  Chicago,  and  proves  without 
a  doubt  that  Fenske  is  definitely  in  a 
class    with    Cunningham    and    Venzke. 

Anotiier  record  fell  in  the  high 
jump  as  a  former  Oak  Park  high 
school  lad  won  his  fourth  title  in  this 
event.  In  1935  Charles  Bechel,  now 
of  Northern  Illinois  State  Teachers 
College  and  formerly  of  Chicago 
Normal,  astounded  a  rather  brilliant 
field  to  win  this  event.  In  1936  and 
1937  Bechel  repeated  his  brilliant 
performance,  each  time  falling  just 
one  inch  short  of  the  6  foot,  5  inch 
record  established  by  Nelson  of  But- 
ler in  1932.  As  a  parting  gift  to  the 
relaj's,  Charles  Bechel,  in  winning 
tliis  event  for  the  fourth  time,  cleared 
the  bar  at  6  feet,  6  inches  to  establish 
a  new  record. 

Another  Armour  Tecii  lad.  Earl 
Covington,  Jr.,  astounded  the  assem- 
bled fans  by  winning  the  college  divi- 
sion 440  yard  event  as  he  came 
]50unding  into  the  back  stretch  to  win 
ahead  of  a  fast  field  in  the  time  of 
53.6  seconds.  In  the  university  divi- 
sion seventy  yard  hia;h  hurdles,  an- 
other University  of  Wisconsin  athlete 
Sam  Smith  broke  the  tape  to  win 
with  a  new  record  in  the  time  of  7.6 
seconds  and  at  the  same  time  equal 
the  American  indoor  record  for  tliis 
event. 

In  the  field  events,  other  tlian  the 
high  jump,  another  record  fell  as 
Wisconsin  University  re-established 
its  supremacy  in  the  pole  vault.  Last 
vear  a  small  college  athlete,  Llovd 
Siebcrt  of  North  Central,  beat  Wis- 
consin's famous  Haller  to  establish  a 
new  record  at  13  feet,  8  and  %ths 
inches.  Tiiis  year  Milton  Padway, 
who  placed  third  last  year,  showed  a 
surprising  and  thrilling  ability  to  win 
witli  a  new  record  of  13  feet.  9  and 
%ths  inches  while  Robert  Elwood, 
an  Armour  Tech  lad,  tied  for  fourth 
wit!i   13  feet. 

Without  a  doubt,  the  relays  this 
year  were  one  of  the  best,  although 
not  one  of  the  largest,  the  Institute 
has  ever  sponsored. 

Alexander  P.  Sciireiber. 


VERMONT 

MAPLE  SYRUP 


CERTIFIED   QUALITY 
SATISFACTION   ASSURED 


Gallon 
Half  Gallon 


$2.75 
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Add    for    packing    and     shipping:    Chi- 
cago    and     vicinity:     25c     a     gal.,      15c 
'/2    g^l-      Outside    of    Chicaqo:    50c    a 
gal.,   25c   I/2   gal. 


GREEN  HILLS  FARM 

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MARLBORO,  VERMONT 

Send   Ordprs   to    \  ermnnt   or    lo 

WALTER  HENDRICKS 

1155   E.   56th    St.,   Chicago 

MIDway   8759 


TO  ARMOUR'S 
ENGINEERS  from 

America's  Finest  Club! 


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37 


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Chicago  —  Offices    in    45    Cities  —  See    your    phone    directory. 


liJiHiiM 


SONS  OF 
ALUMNI 


An  analysis  of  the  Freshman  class 
discloses  the  fact  that  twelve  of  its 
members  are  sons  of  graduates  of  Ar- 
mour. 

John  Alschuler,  son  of  Alfred  A. 
Alschuler,  Arch.  '99;  A.  W.  Carlson, 
son  of  A.  W.  Carlson,  '09;  W.  D. 
Chapman,  son  of  D.  W.  Chapman, 
C.  E.  '08;  Raymond  Heitner,  son 
of  Walter  Heitner,  E.  E.  '11 ;  L.  W. 
Holmboe,  son  of  R.  Holmboe,  C.  E. 
'18;  J.  R.  LeVally,  son  of  J.  R. 
LeVally,  Mech.  '16;  A.  G.  Michuda, 
son  of  A.  S.  Michuda,  '13;  E.  C.  Pion- 
tek,  son  of  C.  J.  Piontek,  Arch.  '08; 
Marshall  Salzman,  son  of  A.  L.  Salz- 
man.  Arch.  '13;  J.  E.  Sauvage,  son 
of  H.  J.  Sauvage,  '05;  A.  W.  Sha- 
piro, son  of  H.  M.  Shapiro,  E.  E.  '16; 
and  H.  A.  Zimmerman,  son  of  S.  L. 
Zimmerman,  C.  E.  '08. 


COAL 

(From  Page  18) 
purpose  of  improving  our  product  to 
bring  the  utmost  cleanliness  and  con- 
venience in  its  use.  With  the  in- 
vestment of  additional  millions  of 
dollars  we  liave  developed  coal  re- 
fining plants  which  accurately  control 
quality  to  predetermined  standards. 
Coal  in  its  natural  state  contains  such 
impurities  as  slate,  shale,  rock,  py- 
rites, sulphur,  and  fire  clay.  Nearly 
all  of  this  foreign  matter  is  unburn- 
able,  and  represents  so  much  waste 
matter  in  the  coal. 

The  modern  coal  refining  plant  uti- 
lizes a  hydro-washing  process  which 
not  only  removes  loose  impurities  but 
also  extracts  pieces  of  coal  in  which 
hidden  impurities  are  embedded.  This 
process  takes  advantage  of  the  fact 
that  the  impurities  are  heavier  than 
coal.  Raw  coal  is  immersed  in  fast 
flowing  water  to  which  compressed 
air  agitation  is  added.  The  force  of 
the  water  is  so  controlled  that  coal 
is  floated  through  the  wash  box 
while  impurities  sink  to  the  bottom  of 
the  box.     Leaving  the  box  the  coal  is 


passed  under  high  pressure  rinsing 
sprays,  graded  into  various  sizes  to 
fit  different  types  of  burning  equip- 
ment, and  dust-proofed  with  vapor  oil 
sprays.  Modern  laboratories,  equipped 
with  the  most  efficient  coal  testing  ap- 
paratus, are  a  part  of  each  plant. 

Here  representative  samples,  care- 
fully taken  from  each  car,  are  screen- 
tested  for  size  and  accurately  checked 
as  to  heat  and  ash  content. 

The  precision  with  which  our  mod- 
ern coal  refining  plants  function  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  our  com- 
pany's laboratory  records  over  a  pe- 
riod of  several  years  show  a  fluctua- 
ion  in  ash  content  of  less  than  1%. 
The  improvement  in  quality  of  the 
product  is  reflected  by  a  one-third 
reduction  in  ash  in  stoker  and  screen- 
ings sizes,  with  corresponding  in- 
crease in  heat  value  per  pound. 

But  the  advantages  of  this  refined 
fuel  go  much  farther.  There  are  sav- 
ings in  freight.  (Think  of  the  money 
that  has  been  spent  paying  freight 
charges  for  transporting  ash-forming 
impurities  about  the  country!)  There 
are  savings  in  boiler  room  labor. 
There  is  also  an  important  saving 
from  increased  combustion  efficiency 
resulting  from  removal  of  ultra  fines 
which  permits  better  air  distribution 
in  the  fuel  bed.     And  there  is  a  very 


VFKiN 


TAPES-RULES 
PRECISION  TOOLS 

STANDARD  OF  ACCURACY 


Accurate 
Durable 

Well  Designed 


Send  for  Catalog  No.  12 
Showing  complete  lines  of 
Steel  and  Woven  Tapes 
Tape  Rules 
Folding  Wood,  Steel, 

and  Aluminum  Rules 
Precision  Tools 


r//£ /uFK/N  Pule  (7o 

SAGINAW,  MICHIGAN,  U.S.A. 

MANUFACTURERS    OF  MEASURING 
DEVICES  FOR  OVER  50  YEARS 


38 


substantial  saving)  in  boiler  mainte- 
nance because  of  elimination  of  fly  ash 
and  tube  slagging,  and  increased  fur- 
nace efficiency  which  results  from 
cleaner  heating  surfaces. 

Ability  to  overcome  obstacles  has 
always  been  an  outstanding  American 
characteristic.  We  in  the  bituminous 
coal  industry  feel  that  we  are  making 
real  progress  in  solving  our  present 
problems  and  are  confident  that  with 
the  continued  help  of  American  en- 
gineering ingenuity  the  future  holds 
real  promise  of  steadily  improving 
conditions  in  the  coal  mining  business. 


TRAINING  A  MAN 

(From  Page  30) 
a  very  favorable  inijiression.  It  is 
only  when  inquiry  is  made  into  their 
ways  of  thinking  and  their  objectives 
in  life  that  this  emotional  infantilism 
begins  to  emphasize  itself.  In  an  in- 
dustrial situation  persons  of  this  sort 
are  likely  to  be  particularly  disillu- 
sioning because  they  are  rarely  willing 
to  show  initiative  and  agressiveness, 
but  prefer  to  be  passive  and  depend- 
ent, being  the  leaners  and  excuse 
makers,  rather  than  the  producers. 

Closely  related  to  personality  make- 
up with  reference  to  job  success  is  the 
individual's  motivation.     A  man's  mo- 


Do  You  Want 

A  Power  Plant 

Dismantled 

or 

Boilers  Removed 
or 

A  Smoke  Stack 
Razed 

? 


Phone 
BEN  PERLSTEIN 

Canal  7464 

HOYNE  INDUSTRIAL 
SALVAGE  CO. 

2501  S.  Hoyne  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


-  -  -  Increasingly  Popular 


No.  2  Universal 
-No.  2  Plain 
■  No.  2  Vertical 


-May  we  send  speci- 
fications of  these 
profitable  milling  machines? 

Brown  &  Sharpe  Mfg.  Co. 
Providence,  R.  I. 


BROWN    &    SHARPE 


tivation  is  determined  in  a  large  meas- 
ure by  his  personality  itself,  in  many 
instances  supplemented  by  such  fac- 
tors as  the  necessity  of  supporting 
dependents.  Thus  the  person  who  has 
no  dependents  or  has  outside  sources 
of  income  supplied  by  an  inheritance, 
or  a  working  wife,  is  generally  less 
likely  to  have  strong  motivation  to  put 
extra  effort  in  on  the  job  than  one 
whose  family  will  cease  to  eat  regu- 
larly if  he  stops  work.  This  is  a  fac- 
tor that  is  of  particular  significance 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  employer. 
Given  two  individuals  of  equal  tech- 
nical and  intellectual  competence,  in 
the  long  run  the  man  with  the  strong 
motivation,  whether  it  be  economic  or 
a  matter  of  ambition,  will  probably 
turn  out  to  be  the  more  satisfactory. 
Last,  but  not  least,  is  the  factor  of 
a  man's  family  or  domestic  situation. 
This,  too,  is  not  unrelated  to  his  per- 
sonality make-up  and  is  also  often  a 
determinant  of  his  motivation.  It  is 
important  to  know,  for  example, 
whether  a  young  man  is  a  spoiled 
child,  living  at  home,  pampered  by  his 
parents,   or   out   on    his    own,   making 


his  own  way.  Likewise,  it  often  mat- 
ters a  great  deal  whether  a  man  and 
his  wife  are  congenial.  If  there  is 
domestic  discord  it  is  almost  inevitably 
bound  to  reflect  itself  in  a  man's  work. 
It  becomes  a  distraction  and  may  even 
go  so  far  as  to  drive  him  to  drink  or 
to  form  undesirable  companionships. 
In  the  same  way,  a  wife  may  destroj' 
or  bolster  a  man's  morale.  Further- 
more, if  she  is  so  minded,  she  may 
keep  him  perennially  in  debt,  or  tied 
to  her  by  chronic  ill  health.  This, 
again,  is  a  factor  that  is  of  unusual 
significance  to  the  employer.  Domes- 
tic difficulties  alone  may  account  for 
the  failure  of  an  otherwise  well-quali- 
fied individual. 

Under  practical  every-day  consider- 
ations, botli  the  young  men  looking 
for  a  job  and  the  company  seeking 
persons  to  fill  positions  in  its  organiza- 
tion can  profit  largely  from  the  use  of 
the  psychological  techniques  which 
have  been  and  are  still  in  process  of 
development  in  industry.  For  the 
young  man  it  is  now  possible  to  obtain 
an  audit  of  his  vocational  assets  and 
liabilities,  together  with  a  reasonable 


39 


The  John  Marshall 
LAW 

SCHOOL 

FOUNDED  1899 

AN 

ACCREDITED 

LAW  SCHOOL 

TEXT  and   CASE 

METHOD 


mended  list  of  pre-legal 
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(40  weeks  per  year) 
Afternoon — 3  years 
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Evening  —  4  years 
Mon.,  Wed.,  Fri., 
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Practice  courses 
exclusively. 
All  courses  leacJ 
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in  Feb.  and  Sept. 


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53  West  Jackson  Blvd. 

CHICAGO 


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Matters   Exclusively 


Washington  Office 

Munsay  Building 
Washington,   D.  C. 


iiLsiglit  into  his  personality  make-up. 
It  may  in  some  cases  even  be  possible 
to  inform  him  of  the  significance  of 
his  domestic  situation  with  reference 
to   his    probable   job    success. 

In  the  case  of  the  employer,  equally 
\aluable  techniques  are  at  hand. 
\\'Iiere  adequately  trained  and  experi- 
enced technicians  have  been  employed, 
a  number  of  organizations  both  large 
and  small  have  found  it  possible  to  use 
procedures  and  instruments  which  en- 
able them  to  predict  with  a  high  de- 
gree of  reliability  the  ultimate  success 
of  applicants  who  have  come  to  them 
not  only  for  clerical  and  technical 
positions,  but  also  for  sales  and  execu- 
tive work.  This  type  of  human  en- 
gineering has  long  since  passed  the 
experimental,  trial-and-error  stage, 
and  is  now  in  a  position  to  offer  both 
to  the  individual  and  to  the  employer 
a  means  by  which  the  present  large 
economic  losses  due  to  vocational  mal- 
adjustment may  largely  be  minimized. 


RADIO  IN  TRANSPORT 

(From  Page  28) 
loop  so  tliat  the  station  cannot  be 
heard.  This  is  known  as  the  aural-null 
system,  and  the  null  or  zero  side  of 
the  loop  is  used  because  of  its  greater 
accuracy  over  the  maximum  signal 
edge.  A  pointer  on  a  compass  card  is 
connected  to  the  loop  antenna  located 
underneath  the  plane  and  shows  the 
direction  in  which  the  loop  is  turned. 
A  small  crank  handle  is  provided  for 
turning  the  loop. 

The  navigation  system  used  with 
the  direction  finder  is  shown  in  the 
illustration  on  page  13.  For  exam- 
ple, assume  that  a  plane  is  flying  just 
north  of  LaSalle,  Illinois,  at  the  point 
represented  by  the  small  black  dot. 
The  pilot  successively  tunes  in  the 
Sterling,  Rockford,  and  Chicago  radio 
beacon  stations.  As  each  station  is 
heard  he  turns  the  loop  antenna  until 
the  station  is  weakest  and  reads  the 
pointer  on  the  card.  This  pointer 
reading  in  degrees,  is  put  down  on  a 
map  as  a  dotted  line  running  through 
tlie  station  at  the  proper  angle  as  in- 
dicated on  the  compass  card.  When 
three  such  dotted  lines  are  successively 
laid  out  on  the  map,  they  intersect  to 
form  a  small  triangle.  If  the  accuracy 
of  the  readings  has  been  good,  the 
triangle  will  be  very  small  and  if 
accuracy  is  poor  the  triangle  will  be 
correspondingly  larger.  In  either  case 
the  location  of  the  plane  on  the  map 
will  be  within  the  lines  of  this  triangle. 

If  readings  are  taken  ever^'  ten 
minutes  a  series  of  small  triangles  can 
be  drawn  across  the  map  to  show  the 
pilot  his  location  at  all  times.  The 
direction    and   amount   of    wind     drift 


will  also  be  shown  as  well  as  the  course 
he  is  following.  If  the  Chicago  radio 
beacon  should  fail,  Milwaukee,  or 
Goshen,  Indiana  can  be  tuned  in,  and, 
by  proper  plotting  of  courses,  the 
plane  can  be  brouglit  into  Chicago 
without  delay. 

Instrument    Landing    System 

For  many  years  pilots  have  hoped 
for  a  system  which  would  allow  them 
to  locate  and  land  on  an  airport  which 
was  completely  obscured  by  fog  or  a 
blinding  storm.  Before  tlie  radio  tele- 
phone and  the  radio  beacon  were  de- 
veloped, pilots  were  sometimes  lost 
in  such  conditions.  The  radio  telephone 
made  this  unnecessary  since  the  pilot 
could  be  contacted  in  flight  and  told 
to  turn  back  or  use  a  different  airport 
when  fog  developed.  The  radio  bea- 
con too  will  let  him  locate  the  airport 
even  though  he  cannot  see  it.  Once 
he  is  there,  he  can  safely  come  down 
through  the  fog,  provided  there  is  a 
clear  space  of  500  to  1000  feet  be- 
tween the  ground  and  the  lowest 
clouds.  When  this  clear  space  is  not 
available,  flj'ing  is  not  permitted  under 
present  regulations. 

In  1929  the  Bureau  of  Standards 
began  work  on  a  radio  system  which 
would  safely  bring  planes  down 
through    this"  last    1000    feet.      Their 


An  All  Purpose 

Air  Velocity  Meter 

Instantaneous  Direct  Reading 


It  necessary  to  use  complicated  instruments 
and  stop  watclies  or  make  siow.  mattiematical  caicuiations 
to  obtain  accurate  velocity  readings  of  irregular  shaped 
or  slotted  orilles.  velocity  readings  in  ducts,  or  at  inlet 
or   outlet  openings  or  oilier   air   velocity   measurements. 


and 


"Aln 


(Boyle  System)  Velometer 
ing  air  velocity  meter,  i 
conveniently  and  quickly. 


The     Velometer     gives     instant  air    velocity    readings 

directly    in    feet   per    minute   from  as    low   as   20    F.P.M. 

up  to   its  maximum   scale  reading.  Ranges  up  to  as   liigh 
as  6000   F.P.M.  are  available. 

Write  for  Bulletin  No.  2448 

ILLINOIS  TESTING  LABORATORIES,  Inc. 

146    W.    HUBBARD    ST.  CHICAGO.    ILLINOIS 


40 


work  was  interrupted  a  few  years  later 
because  of  lack  of  appropriations,  but 
others  carried  on,  and  in  the  summer 
of  1937  an  advanced  form  of  their 
system  was  carried  to  a  successful 
conclusion.  The  United  Air  Lines  and 
Bendix  Radio  Corporation  cooperating 
with  several  other  airlines  at  Oakland, 
California  completed  the  system  and 
made  over  400  landings  with  the  wind- 
shield of  a  large  transport  plane  cov- 
ered with  a  canvas  hood. 

The  successful  system  used  is 
siiown  in  the  illustration  on  page  It; 
tiiree  radio  transmitters  located  on  and 
near'  an  airport  are  needed  for  its 
operation.  Twq  of  them  are  of  the 
same  type  as  the  fan  markers  previ- 
ously described.  The  third  and  largest 
sends  out  a  multiple  beam  of  special 
shape  which  makes  the  system  pos- 
sible. 

The  large  transmitter  sends  out  two 
equal  overlapping  beams ;  one  at  eacli 
side  of  the  runway  on  which  the  plane 
is  to  land.  Each  beam  has  a  different 
musical  pitch  so  that  a  radio  receiver 
on  the  plane  which  picks  up  both 
beams  can  separate  them  into  two 
channels.  Both  channels  connect  to 
the  first  or  vertical  needle  on  the  dial 
of  the  instrument  shown  in  the  upper 
left-hand  corner  of  the  diagram.  The 
musical  tone  from  one  channel  pulls 
the  needle  to  the  left  and  the  other 
tone  pulls  it  to  the  right.  If  the  plane 
flies  exactly  halfway  between  the  two 
beams,  the  receiver  picks  up  an  equal 
amount  of  each  tone.  This  keeps  the 
pull  on  the  needle  equal  so  that  it 
stays  in  the  middle  and  indicates  to 
the  pilot  that  he  is  flying  on  a  line 
which  runs  down  the  center  of  the 
runway.  By  carefully  following  the 
needle,  a  pilot  can  accurately  land  a 
10-passenger  plane  on  a  runway  200 
feet  wide. 

Tiie  left-right  runway  needle  takes 
care  of  one-half  the  problem,  but  an- 
otlier  type  of  indication  is  necessary 
to  control  the  path  down  which  the 
plane  must  glide  to  the  ground.  For 
this  purpose  the  indicator  dial  has  a 
second  needle  which  moves  in  the  up 
and  down  direction  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  other  needle  moves  left  and 
rigiit.  The  same  two  beams  are  used, 
but  in  this  case  the  power  from  both 
tones  is  added  together  to  operate  the 
second  needle. 

As  shown  in  the  diagram,  the  two 
beams  not  only  project  to  the  left  and 
riglit  of  the  runway,  but  they  are  also 
tilted  upward  so  that  their  lower 
curved  edge  forms  the  proper  gliding 
path  for  a  descending  airplane.  When 
the  plane  follows  this  path  the  second 
needle  of  the  indicator  moves  to  a  hori- 
zontal position  across  the  center  of  the 


Kj^  g^T^-^^^l 


■  for  Two-Ensine  Ship 


PERFECT  CONTROL 
O  F    FU  E  L-A  I  R    R  ATI  O 

Designed  as  a  flight  instrument,  the  Cambridge  Aero-Mixture  Indieator 
determines  tlie  Fuel-Air  Ratio  of  the  engine  mixture  by  analyzing  a 
sample  of  the  exhaust  gas.  The  Indicator,  calibrated  in  Fuel-Air  Ratio 
over  a  range  of  from  .11  to  .065,  provides  a  continuous  guide  enabling 
the  pilot  to  control  accurately  the  all-important  mixture  ratio  at  sea 
level  or  high  altitude. 

The  use  of  this  instrument  accordingly  makes  possible  best  engine 
performance  under  any  given 

setof  conditions ...  maximum  ^  *  fLM  D  D  I  ^  ^^  C 
economy  in  fuel  consumption  CAIVIDKIUIJC 
.   .   .  increase  in  payload  ...  .___.        ...m^  —  ■■■«*• 

greater  safety  in  that  it  AERO-MIXTURE 
enables    the    pilot    to    fly    the 

whenTuersupply'is  k.w.  '.".*!         INDICATOR 


CAMBRIDGE  INSTRUMENT  CO.,  INC. 


3732  Grand  Centrcl  Terminal 


New  York  City 


dial.  If  the  plane  drops  below  the 
proper  path,  the  needle  drops  below 
the  horizontal  center  line;  if  above, 
tlic  needle  also  moves  above.  By 
guiding  the  plane  so  that  tlie  two 
needles  are  always  crossed  exactly  in 
the  center  of  the  dial,  the  wheels  will 
always  touch  the  ground  at  the  proper 
point  on  the  runway  so  that  the  plane 
can  easily  coast  to  a  safe  stop. 

The  two  fan  markers  are  added  as 
a  double  check  on  the  system.  The 
outer  marker  operates  a  liglit  wiiich,  if 
tlie  needles  are  crossed  and  the  sys- 
tem operating  properly,  should  come 
on  when  the  altimeter  shows  2000 
feet  above  ground.  If  the  light  does 
not  operate  under  these  conditions,  the 
pilot  is  warned  while  he  is  still  at  a 
safe  altitude  and  can  turn  back  or  go 
to  some  other  airport. 

The  inner  marker  serves  as  a  still 
further  check  at  200  feet  and  the  edge 
of  the  airport.  If  all  indicators  are 
not  in  their  proper  position  when  tlie 
second  light  comes   on,  the  pilot  still 


lias  an  opportunity  to  pull  back  up 
and  try  again.  With  this  system  of 
double  checks  the  pilot  can  try  as 
many  times  as  he  desires  until  the 
needles  are  exactly  crossed  and  each 
light  comes  on  at  its  proper  altitude. 

In  transport  planes  the  automatic 
(robot)  pilot  may  be  used  in  place  of 
a  human  pilot  to  guide  the  plane  down 
the  landing  beams.  In  cither  case,  the 
touching  of  the  wheels  on  the  ground 
is  just  as  smooth  as  a  landing  made 
under  normal  daylight  conditions. 

While  work  on  this  system  has  so 
far  been  entirely  experimental,  equip- 
ment for  a  number  of  airports  is  now 
being  manufactured  for  installation  in 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1938.  Once 
installed,  a  period  of  test  and  training 
can  be  carried  out  to  determine  the 
system's  feasibility  in  practical  serv- 
ice. When  this  test  period  is  com- 
pleted and  the  reliability  has  been 
demonstrated  beyond  question,  the 
problem  of  fog  will  have  been  finally 
conquered. 


41 


DISTINGUISHED 

ALUMNUS 
PASSES  AWAY 


FRIENDS  and  associates  every- 
where were  shocked  by  the  recent 
deatli  of  Dr.  Francis  G.  Pease,  noted 
astronomer  and  Armour  alumnus.  Dr. 
Pease,  a  graduate  of  the  class  of  1901, 
died  in  a  Pasadena  hosj)ital  after  a 
brief  illness. 

Dr.  Pease  gained  his  greatest  fame 
for  his  work  at  the  Mt.  Wilson  ob- 
servatory, with  which  he  was  asso- 
ciated since  IQCl.  During  his  career 
he  designed  many  of  the  instruments 
which  he  used  in  his  study  of  the 
stars.  His  most  recent  achievement, 
and  the  one  for  which  he  is  perhaps 
best  known,  was  hi.s  work  on  the  200- 
inch  telescope  which  is  being  built  for 
the  California  Institute  of  Technology 
at  Mt.  Palomar.  This  instrument  was 
designed  from  modified  plans,  drafted 
by  Dr.  Pease,  for  a  300-inch  reflector. 
Together  with  Dr.  George  E.  Hale, 
director  of  the  Mt.  Palomar  project, 
he  perfected  a  technique  for  grinding 
glass  which  made  possible  the  con- 
struction of  the  world's  largest  tele- 
scope. 

Dr.  Pease's  studies  and  discoveries 
have  done  much  to  advance  tlie  sci- 
ence of  astronomy.    He  did  extensive 


Francis   G.   Peace 

photographic  work,  and  his  j)ictures 
of  the  moon  are  said  by  his  co-work- 
ers to  be  the  best  in  existence.  He 
was  the  first  person  to  measure  many 
of  the  stars  by  the  analysis  of  their 
light  waves.  For  this  work  he  de- 
signed and  used  a  special  50-ft.  inter- 
ferometer, the  only  instrument  of  its 
kind.  He  did  pioneer  work  in  the 
observation,  with  a  spectroscope,  of 
the  rotation  of  stars  beyond  the  Milky 
Way,  and  of  changes  in  the  spectra  of 
variable  stars. 

Of  a  nature  more  interesting  to  the 
general  public  were  Dr.  Pease's  ex- 
periments in  measuring  the  velocity  of 


light,  in  which  he  co-operated  with 
the  late  Dr.  Arthur  A.  Michelson.  The 
experiment,  part  of  which  consisted 
of  the  measurement  of  beams  of  light 
Hashed  between  Mt.  Baldy  and  Mt. 
Wilson,  attracted  wide  attention  at 
the  time.  Dr.  Pease  carried  the  ex- 
periments on  to  completion  after  the 
death  of  Dr.  Michelson. 

Dr.  Pease  was  born  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  on  January  14,  1881.  He  grad- 
uated from  Armour  in  1901,  and  later 
attended  Oglethorpe  University. 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology  con- 
ferred uj)on  this  distinguished  alum- 
nus the  honorary  degrees  of  Master 
of  Science  in  1921.  and  of  Doctor  of 
Science  in  1927.  For  a  short  time 
before  coming  to  Pasadena,  Dr.  Pease 
was  an  observer  at  Yerkes  Observa- 
tory at  Williams  Bay,  Wis.  During 
the  World  War  he  served  as  chief 
draftsman  for  the  National  Researcli 
Council. 

Dr.  Pease  was  a  member  of  many 
scientific  organizations.  He  held  a 
Fellowship  in  the  Royal  Astronom- 
ical Society  of  London,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Astronom- 
ical Society,  the  Astronomical  Society 
of  the  Pacific,  the  A.  S.  M.  E.,  the 
Engineering  Society  of  Pasadena,  of 
which  he  was  president,  the  Optical 
Society  of  America,  and  Sigma  Xi 
fraternity.  He  is  survived  by  his 
widow,  four  brothers,  and  a  sister. 

Dr.  Pease  was  the  first  graduate  of 
Armour  to  receive  from  the  Alumni 
Association  the  Distinguished  Service 
Key,  in  recognition  of  his  scientific 
achievements. 


Armour  Institute  of  Technology 

CHICAGO 

fl  COLLEGE  OF  ENGINEERING  AND  ARCHITECTURE 

Founded  by  Philip  D.  Armour 
1892 

SUMMER  SESSION— JUNE  20  TO  AUGUST  12,  1938 

Courses  in  Mathematics,  Chemistry,  Physics,  Drawing, 
Mechanics,  Field  Practice  in  Surveying,  Electricity,  and 
Architectural  Design. 

FALL  TERM  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  15,  1938 


FOR  FURTHER  INFORMATION,  ADDRESS  THE  REGISTRAR. 


3300  Federal  Street 


Chicago 


42 


ALUMNI    NOTES 

by  D.  P.  More+on,   Secy.-Treas. 


ALUMNI    DIRECTORY 

The  Armour  Institute  Alumni  Association  has  comijUtcd  phins  for  the 
publishing  of  an  Alumni  Directory,  which  will  be  distributed  free  to  all  Armour 
men  who  indicate  they  want  one  by  tilling  in  the  postcard  bound  in  this  issue 
of  the  Engineer  and  Alumnus  and  returning  it  promptly  to  tlie  Alumni  office. 
Please  be  careful  and  give  in  legible  form  all  of  the  information  requested. 
This  Directory  will  contain  many  interesting  and  valuable  features;  and  your 
cooperation  is  essential  for  its  real  success.  Present  plans  indicate  the  Direc- 
tory will  be  ready  for  distribution  in  June,  and  you  will  be  advised  further  as 
to  the  exact  date  in  the  May  issue  of  the  Engineer  and  Alumnus. 

NjEW    LIFE    MEMBERS 


ELLIOTT,    LOUIS    E.E.  '99 

FLOOD,    WALTER    H CH.E.  '06 

HERBST,  CLARENCE  A CH.E.  '22 

JONES,   C.  SIDNEY E.E.  '28 

KOCH,  ALBERT  N M.E.  '14 

LUNDE,   ERLING   H EX. M.E.  '19 

McAULEY,    BENJAMIN   F M.E.  '09 

MOSKOVICS,    FREDRICK    E EX.M.E.  '97 


NIELSEN,    ELKER    R ARCH. 

PERLSTEIN,    HARRIS    CH.E. 

PETERSON,    VERNON    A E.E. 

ROSS,    RALPH    R. E.E. 

STOCKMANN,    GERVASE  J CH.E. 

WARZESKI,    FRANK   S CH.E. 

WATT,  WILLIAM  T E.E. 


1897 

A  recent  card  from  F.  BENSON 
HALL,  M.  E.,  brings  the  information  that 
he  has  moved  from  3431  Kenilworth  Ave., 
Berwyn,  111.,  and  now  lives  at  27  Orchard 
BluiT,   Dowagiac,   Mich. 

The  following  is  quoted  from  a  letter 
recently  received  from  HENRY  C.  HEN- 
GELS,  who  is  an  architect  and  engineer 
at  759  N.  Milwaukee  St.,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.: 

It  ■was  pleasant  to  receive  your  kindly 
letter  of  yesterday  and  your  offer  of  the 
copies  of  your  pubHriitiDn.  for  which 
please  accept  my  thanks.  If  there  is  a 
subscription  payment  needed,  be  sure  to 
let  m.e  know. 

Our  contact  with  Armour  goes  back  to 
the  Academy  days  of  1893,  1894,  and  a 
part  of  1805,  so  that  perforce  we  cannot 
rate  as  that  of  a  graduate.  Our  '94  and 
'OS  were  E.  E.  days,  W'ith  architectural 
study  at   the   Art  Institute.  .   . 

Our  pleasantest  recollections:  the  old 
French  class  held  by  Professor  Monin, 
iAi(  n  he  first  came  to  America,  and  the 
cliiiiicl  Services  and  Lectures  of  Dr.  Gun- 

And  n  visit  to  Armour  a  few  years  ago, 

with   Dean  Monin,   before  his  resignation. 

Most  sincerely  yours, 

HENRY  C.  H.  ENGLES,  A.  I.  A. 

JAMES  RICHARD  SLOAN,  E.  E.,  is 


cliief  electrician  for  the  central  region  of 
the  Pennsylvania  R.  R.,  with  headquar- 
ters at  1009  Pennsylvania  Station,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  He  resides  at  132  S.  Grand- 
view  Ave.,  Grafton  Branch,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa. 

VICTOR  H.  TOUSLEY,  Ex.  E.  E., 
Baldwin  Road,  Palatine,  111.,  is  electrical 
field  engineer  for  the  National  Fire  Pro- 
tection Association  at  612  No.  Michigan 
Ave.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  JONES  WHEELER,  M.  E.,  is 
teaching  physics  at  the  Douglas  High 
School,  Baltimore,  Md.  He  lives  at  2015 
Division   St. 

MISSING:  Gaylord,  T.  P.,  E.  E. 

Salamson.  Max,  E.  E.  Malcolmson.  C.  T.,  E.E. 

DECEASED:  Matt,  Geo.  L.,  E.  E. 

Chapman,  P.  R.,  E.  E.  O'Brien,  Edw.  D..  E.  E. 

Church,  Edw.  S.,  E.  E.  Richardson,  E.,  E.  E. 
Freeman,  C.  E.,  E.  E. 


1898 

Well  BOYS,  you  will  have  the  oppor- 
tunity this  spring  of  celebrating  the  FOR- 
TIETH ANNIVERSARY  of  your  gradu- 
ation from  Armour  Institute,  and  why  not 
make  it  a  real  event?  The  alumni  secre- 
tary will  be  very  glad  to  cooperate  with 
you.  May  I  call  your  attention  to  the 
fact  that  the  annual  spring  banquet  of 
the  Armour  Alumni  Association  will  he 
held   on   Tuesday   evening,  June  7,  at   the 


KEEP  THIS  DATE 

Tuesday  Evening,  June  7th,   1938 

ALUMNI    SPRING    BANQUET 


Medinah  Club  of  Chicago,  506  N.  Michi- 
gan Blvd.  Tills  will  be  a  fine  time  and 
place  for  you  to  hold  your  class  reunion 
and  at  the  same  time  meet  a  lot  of  your 
old  friends.  May  I  have  a  letter  from 
overv  member   of  the  class? 

HARRY  A.  MacCLYMENT,  E.  E., 
328'/o  Mariposa  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Califor- 
nia, is  chairman  of  the  Ijoard  of  the 
1  amont  Chemical  Co.,  51()  Seaton  St.,  Los 
.Vngeles.  Have  you  contacted  the  /Vrmour 
men  in  California  as  given  on  the  list  re- 
cently  supiilied   bv  the  alumni   office? 

GEORGE  A.  PATTEN,  E.  E.,  is  vice 
president  of  the  Chattanooga  Medicine 
Co.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  His  home  ad- 
dress is  St.  I''-lmo  Station,  same  city.  Glad 
to  remove  your  name  from  our  lost  list. 

.MISSING:  DECEASED: 

\Vein.<il,oiiner,W.K.,E.E.     Blodcett.  E.  E.,   E.  E. 

Eaiiman,  F.  S..  Arch. 

Klantkis,  L.  H.,   M.  E. 


1899 

SAMUEL    C.    FIDDY.MENT,    E.    E., 

passed  away  Nov.  1,  1937.  We  take  this 
opportunity  of  extending  our  sympathy  to 
Ills  family. 

RAY  S.  HUEY,  E.  E.,  is  superintend- 
ent of  the  Duluth  plant  of  the  Universal 
.\tlas  Cement  Co.,  Morgan  Park  Station, 
Duluth,  Minn.  He  resides  at  1822  E. 
Third  St.  Huey  is  devoting  his  spare 
time  to  sailing,  photography,  a  home  work- 
siiop,  and  radio. 

LOUIS  FRANK  MAHLERS,  E.  E.,  39 
Brentmoor  Park,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  retired 
from  active  business  some  time  ago  and 
is  at  present  devoting  his  time  to  look- 
ing after  his  personal  interests  and  his 
five   grandsons. 

LOUIS  IRVING  PORTER,  E.  E.,  0912 
Perrv  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  YMCA 
at   19   S.  LaSalle  St. 

CARL  PAUL  SCHRORDER,  E.  E., 
has  been  with  Martin  C.  Schwab,  consult- 
ing engineer,  recently  retired,  for  the  past 
thirty-two  years.  He  has  recently  formed, 
with  an  associate,  N.  L.  Volens,  a  new  en- 
uineering  firm,  known  as  Schroeder  and 
Volens,  at  307  N.  Michigan  Blvd., 
Chicago. 

MISSING:  .lohnson,   E.   C.   E.   E. 

Morse,  C.  S.,  E.  E.  Lewis,   C.  T..   M.   E. 

de  Rimanoczv,  B.,  E.E.  Marienthal,  O.B.,  Arch. 

DECEASED:'  Olson,  E.  H..  E.  E. 

Bippus,  S.  E.,  E.  E.  Powers,  H.  S..  Arch. 

Goodhue,  A.  H.,  M.  E.  Terry,  O.  N.,  M.  E. 

Hanai,  Geo.   K.,   E.   E.  Warren,  Wm.,  E.  E. 


1900 

CHARLES  A.  GARCEf  ON,  M.  E.,  is 
with  the  West  Oxford  Telephone  Co., 
North    I.ovell,   Maine. 

DEAN  HARVEY,  E.  E.,  electrical  en- 
gineer for  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and 
Mfg.  Co.,  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  resides 
at  109  Dewev  Ave.,  Edgwood,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa. 

FREDERICK  PETER  WALTHEH, 
E.  E.,  wlien  last  heard  from  was  with 
the  Continental  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  New 
York,  and  resided  at  1721  Upper  Moun- 
tain  Ave.,    Upper   Montclair,   N.   J. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Campbell,  Mrs.  M.,  C.E.  Bradley,  L.  C,  M.  E. 

Graff,    H.   W.,    E.    E.  Creelman,  A.  T.,   E.   E. 
Martin,  Robt.  C,  E.  E. 


1901 

DR.  FRANCIS  GLADHEIM  PEASE, 
E.  E.,  has  passed  away,  and  his  many 
friends    at    Armour    Institute    and    among 


43 


Actuary 


ARTHUR  STEDRY   HANSEN 

Consulting  Actuary 

TELEPHONE    CENTRAL    1444 

135  S.  LaSalle  Street 

CHICAGO 


Air  Conditioning 


AIR    COMFORT    CORPORATION 

1307  S.  Michigan  Ave.  •  CHICAGO 


ILC 


VENlh^ION 

ILG  ELECTRIC 
VENTILATING  COMPANY 

2850   N.   Crawford   Ave.,   Chicago 

W.    H.    Hallstein,    Treas.    '14 
W.  H.  RietT,  V.  P.  '15 


MELLISH  &  MURRAY  CO. 

CONTRACTORS    and    ENGINEERS 
1715  Carroll  Avenue 

CHICAGO 

AIR    COXniTIOXINC-VEXTILATING 

SHEET   LEAD   WORK 

GENERAL  SHEET   METAL  WORK 


Athey  Truss  Wheel  Co. 

FORGED-TRAK 

WAGONS  TRAILERS 

FOR 

HEAVY  HAULING 


5631   West  65th  Street 
Chicago 


the  alumni  extend  their  sympathy  to  Mrs. 
Pease  and  family.  We  regret  the  loss  of  so 
fine  and  great  a  man.  A  picture  aiul 
brief  biographical  sketch  of  Dr.  Pcnsf 
appear  elsewhere  in  this  issue  of  the  En- 
gineer. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Arnold,  M.  H.,  E.  E.        Bernhard,  F.  II..  E.  E. 

Baker,  E.  H.,  M.  E.  Cohen,  Louis,  E.  E. 

Miller,  W.  E.,  E.  E. 

Parker,  J.  H..  E.  E. 

Pease,  F.  G.,  E.  E. 


1902 

HENRY  RUSSELL  HARBECK,  C.  E,. 
of  River  Forest,  111.,  is  with  the  National 
Park  Service,  CCC,  SOOVi  S.  Second  St., 
Springfield,   111. 

ROY  M.  HENDERSON,  E.  E.,  1423 
Judson  Ave.,  Evanston,  111.,  is  Chicago 
manager  of  United  Engineers  and  Con- 
structors, Inc.,  Ill  W.  Washington  St., 
Chicago. 

OSCAR  SCHEIDLER,  M.  E.,  whose 
former  address  was  1447  W.  51st  Place, 
Station  G,  Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  now  lives 
at  Granville,  Ohio,   P.O.  Box  29G. 


MISSING: 

Baird,  M.   F.,   E.   E. 
Benliam,   A.  E.,  Arch. 
Hanvood,  E.  T.,  E.  E. 
Miller.   Ivan   D.,   C.   E. 
Scheidler,  0.,  M.  E. 


Wallace,  E.  L.,  E.  E. 
DECEASED: 
Anderson,  A.  H..  M.  E. 
Collins,  W.  C,  E.  E. 
Week,  John  E.,  E.  E. 


1903 

The  THIRTY-FIFTH  reunion  of  the 
class  of  1903  is  a  guaranteed  success  ac- 
cording to  the  predictions  of  ARTHUR 
WAGNER,  who  is  in  charge  of  arrange- 
ments. Wagner  is  president  of  the  Arthur 
Wagner  Company,  701-703  W.  Washington 
St.,  Chicago,  and  he  will  appreciate  hear- 
ing from  all  members  of  the  class  at  once. 

Wagner  writes:  Thirf  ii-tiv(  iii<ii-.i  (nio 
zee  men  of  'li :  '  7„.v.v  ,h  ,,„rlr,l  fn'.n,  .1.1.  T. 
Onhi  n  fric  nf  ll.-,-  hnv,  .-r  m/  ,<lrh  nlhrr 
since  tho.u  ha),,,!!  ,],:,,.■<.  \Vh<il  n  liiu,  -.,;■ 
could  have  if  ;.-,  ,-//  <,nf  ln„,tlnr  for  a 
CO„j>le  of  (l>n,s.  ,,i,liin,  ■.cilii  tin  .liiinail 
Arnioitr  Baiiqiirl  nn  .Iinir  7!  Whether  iioi, 
can  come  or  not,  send  me  your  addreas 
(end  I  will  explain  our  plans. 

EUGENE  R.  WEBER.  M.  E.,  resides 
at  500  Lake  Drive,  South  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
and  he  is  assistant  manager  of  engineer- 
ing at  the  Bucyrus-Erie  Co.  South  Mil- 
waukee. 


DECEASED: 
Battey,  F.  V.,  E.  E. 
Edgecomb,  E.  E.,  M.  E. 
Kabateck,  M.  G.,  E.  E. 
Philips.  W.  C.  P..  C.  E. 
Roos,   E.   S.,  E.  E. 
Shimizu,  H.  S.,  M.  E. 


MISSING: 

Brimson,  C.  T.,  E.   E. 
Kaempfer,  A.,  E.  E. 
Qiiien,  E.  L..  Ch.  E. 
Ptillson,  H.  G.,  E.  E. 
Weisskopf,  M.  J.,  C.  E. 


1904 

DOX  READ  FRARY,  E.  E.,  is  a  gen- 
eral insurance  .broker  at  123  S.  Broad  St., 
Philadelphia,  Pa.  He  lives  on  Belrose 
I,ane,   Radnor,  Pa. 

RAY  W.  HAMMOND,  Ex.  E.  E.,  is 
vice  president  and  manager  of  the  Ham- 
mond Printing  Co.,  101-105  E.  5th  St., 
Fremont,  Nebr.,  and  he  resides  at  825  N. 
Clarkson  Ave.,  same  citv. 

FREDERICK  C.  HIBBARD,  Ex. 
E.  E.,  lives  at  1201  E.  00th  St.,  Chicago, 
and  he  is  a  sculptor  with  studio  at  923 
E.   60th   St.,   Chicago. 

MEL  R.  NYMAN,  Ex.  E.  E.,  was  re- 
cently appointed  manager  of  the  third 
agency  in  Los  Angeles  for  the  California- 
Western  States  Life  Insurance  Co.,  with 
offices  in  the  Pacific  Commerce  Bldg.: 

Mr.    Nyman   has   an   enviable    record   of 


BORG  &  BECK 

DIVISION  OF  BORG-WARNER  CORP. 

Manufacturers 

of 

Automotive  Clutches 

ccpo 

6558  S.  Menard  Ave.     Chicago.  III. 


Bearing  Service 


Connecting  rod  babbitting  service — 
crankshaft  bearings — piston  pin  bush- 
ings— bronze  cored  and  solid  bars — 
babbitt  metals — connecting  rod  bolts 
and    nuts — Laminated    shims. 

FEDERAL-MOGUL 
SERVICE,  Inc. 

Victory  2488 
2346  S.  Dearborn  Street 

CHICAGO 
II.   C.   SKINNER,   M.E.'IS 


Permanent 

BLUE  PRINTS 

Blue     Printing,     Black     Printing,     Blue     Line 
and    Color    Printing 

Drawing  Materials 

Special   Service   Always — Speed  and  Results 

Big   Floor  Space  and   Equipment 

for   Rush  Orders 

Photo  Prints 

GROFOOT,  Ni'eLSEN  &  GO. 

ENGINEERING  BLDG. 
205  Wacker  Drive 
Tel.   Randolph   3341 

Branch    Office 

307  N.  Michigan  Ave.  State  7046 


Boxes  and  Cartons 


CREATIVE    DISPLAY    CARTONS 
DISPLAY  CARDS 

and 

FOLDING    BOXES 
THE    PINKERTON    FOLDING    BOX    CO. 

Established    1899 
420   Rush  St.,  Chicago 


-.    P.    Strauch    M.    E. 


Superior    S348-9 


44 


A  PLAVEB  PITCHES  TWO  ]         r -si  '^     1 

MNING.               l'    ~t-n*^ 

IT'S  NOT  UNUSUAU  FOB.     1                       V  A,^ 

QUITE 

TRAST  TC 

m  m  rTAMF.  V    ^— ^                i 

EM  CHUBBIMSP 

^-,/       HOW  LEADING 

!!U 

•^--       EXPERTS  GRIP 

^, 

=^■1^^       PITCHING 

[^ 

*'■      ^''^^' 

■JHw" 

"'-^ 

_f7   ^fj   >, 

\    1  w 

^^1 L  Jes/  1/  ^' ' 

i^i 

i^^^^S 

M^. 

ll^^ 

LcoK,CHuaa^4S,  ecxjOtj 

TWO  VOHE  HINGEHS. 
GUESS  THAT  CINCHES  I 
THE  PRIZE  FOR  HIM  i 


P.  A.  MONEY-BACK  OFFER.  Smoke  20  fragrant  pipe- 
fuls  of  Prince  Albert.  If  you  don't  find  it  the  mellowest, 
tastiest  pipe  tobacco  you  ever  smoked,  return  the 
pocket  tin  with  the  rest  of  the  tobacco  in  it  to  us  at 
any  time  within  a  month  from  this  date,  and  we  will 
refund  full  purchase  price,  plus  postage.  (Signed) 
R.  J.  ReynoldsTobaccoCompany,  Winston-Salem,  N.C. 


Albert 


THE     NATIONAL 
JOY    SMOKE 


pipefuls  of  fragrant  tobacco  in 
every  2-oz.  tin  of  Prince  Albert 


successful  life  insurance  experience,  botli 
as  a  manager  and  as  a  personal  producer. 
For  the  past  two  years  he  has  been  branch 
manager  for  Occidental  Life's  eminently 
successful  San  Francisco  office  and  for  the 
preceding  ten  years  he  was  vice-president 
and  general  manager  of  Northwestern 
National  Life's  "Million-A-Month"  White 
and  O'Dell  Agency  in  Minnesota.  In  the 
last  21  years  he  has  personally  produced 
.$20,000,000  of  business. 

He  is  president  and  director  of  the  LTni- 
versity  Club  of  Minneapolis;  past  presi- 
dent of  the  Rotary  Club  of  Minneapolis; 
past  commander  of  the  Raoul  I-ufbery 
Post  No.  128  of  the  American  Legion; 
Scottish  Rite  Mason;  first  president  (and 
honorary  president  for  life)  of  the  Min- 
neapolis Golf  Club ;  vice-chairman  of  the 
I  ife  Insurance  Committee  of  the  San 
I'rancisco  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Mr. 
Nyman  was  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  U.  S. 
Army    during   the   World   War. 

Just  before  going  to  press,  we  received 
word  from  Mr.  Nyman  that  he  has  been 
confined  in  bed  and  that  his  illness  has 
forced  him  to  retire  from  business.  We 
hope  he  will  soon  recover  his  health  and 
strength. 

HERBERT  G.  ZUCKERMAN,  Ch.  E., 
900  Mendocino  Ave.,  Berlieley,  Calif.,  is 
a  member  of  the  firm  Weyl-Zuckerman 
and    Co..   2054.   L^niversity   Ave.,   Berkeley. 

MISSING:  Clausen.  H.  W.,  C.  E. 

Knapp,  M.  J..   E.  E.  Flinn.  M.  S.,  M.  E. 

Watt,  J.  M.,  M.  E.  Hamilton,  H.  L.,  M.  E. 

DECEASED:  Hart,  Harry  A.,  C.  E. 

Buie,  Arthur,  E.  E.  Silver,  E.  I.,  C.  E. 


1905 

K.  W.  BARTLETT,  Ex.  Ch.  E.,  is 
president  of  the  Amsco  Refining  Co.,  Cor- 
pus Christi,  Texas.  His  address  is  221 
Louisiana  St. 

ARTHUR  F.  EDERER,  Ex.  M.  E., 
president  of  the  Ederer  Engineering  Co., 
291.5  1st  Ave.,  S.,  Seattle,  Wash.,  resides 
at   1007   14.th  St.,   N. 

WARREN  E.  HILL,  M.  E.,  1553  W. 
93rd  St.,  Chicago,  is  teaching  in  the  Chi- 
cago public  schools. 

GARFIELD  P.  LENNARTZ,  M.  E.,  is 
the  Chicago  distributor  for  the  LTnited 
States  Air  Conditioning  Corp.,  54.3  W. 
Washington  St.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  2T41 
Fullerton  Ave. 

MISSING: 

Ash,   Howard  J.,   E.  E 

Beamer,  B.  E.,  E.  E. 

Brackett,  John  C,  E.E 

Jones,  C.  I.,  C.  E. 

Stem,  Le  V.  H.,  Ch.  E 

Thompson,  J.  K.,  Ch.E.    Whitney,  F,  B.,  C.  E. 

Tyler,  Alva  W.,   E,  E. 


Wright,  M.  E.,  E.  E. 
DECEASED : 
Armstrong,   J.  R.,   E.  E. 
Croskey,  Philip,  E.  E. 
Marshall,   H.  B.,  E.   E. 
McBumey,  E.,  Jr..  M.E. 


1906 

HARRY    A.    BREMER,    Ex.    E.    E, 

11548  Longwood  Drive,  Chicago,  devotes 
his  time  to  riding,  golf,  travel,  and  the 
operation  of  a  mink  ranch  at  Gobies, 
Mich.  Bremer  and  Tully  made  quite  a 
reputation  for  themselves  in  the  field  of 
radio  some  years  ago,  and  they  disposed 
of  tlieir  company,  known  as  the  "Bremer 


Tully  Radio  Co.,"  to  Brunswick  in  1929. 
The  following  is  quoted  from  a  card  re- 
ceived from  Bremer  a  short  time  ago: 
"The  Armour  Engineer  and  Alumnus  is  a 
credit  to  A.  I.  T.  You  fellows  deserve  a 
lot  of  credit  for  a  splendid  job.  More 
power  to  yo%i."     Thanks. 

SAMLTEL  L.  KLEIN,  C.  E.,  is  presi- 
dent of  both  the  Samuel  Klein  Construc- 
tion Co.  and  the  National  Road  .loint  Mfg. 
Co.,  at  10  S.  LaSalle  St.,  Chicago.  He 
resides  at  1330  Chase  Ave. 

GEORGE  W.  KUHN,  E.  E.,  is  with  the 
Bell  Telei)hone  Laboratories,  463  West 
St.,  New  York.  He  lives  at  139  Unadilla 
Road.  Ridgewood,  N.  ,1.  The  following 
is  taken  from  a  letter  just  received  from 
Kului: 


Your  letter  of  .lanuan/  Jl  ra/nrdinq 
buck  dues  uupidd  left  mc  bnlh  a  little 
(jricved  and  surpnsrd — c/riivcd  that  I  aw 
so  far  in  arre(ir.'<  mid  /ilnixiiirihi  Kiir/irised. 
that  I  am  ijoini  In  '<<  /'  I  'iff  at  a  liaraain 
counter  settle 


.iinqhi.  Ihul  iini 
check  for  ^6  ,iirl„.s<,l  h,  i-nciili.  The  only 
crumb  of  comfort  that  I  can  dig  out  of  the 
situation  is  that  apparently,  judging  from 
the  statements  on  the  mimeographed  bill, 
all  of  the  ahiiiiiii  )iiiisl  he  in  the  same 
boat:  thill  Ix,  till  i/iiir  /.''.?/  seems  to  be 
the  one  ■..■Inn  lln  hulluiii  fill  out  of  things. 
I  presume  also  Ihut  i/ou  are  going  to  see 
that  this  state  of  affairs  doesn't  happen 
again  by  transmitting  yearly  bills  to  each 
of  the  alumni. 

Ilk    iiou    are    doimi    a    iin-at   job    on 


I    thi 

the  -./i 


II  ou 
I'ur  E 


holh'f, 


45 


Building  Supplies 


Cellufoam  Corporation 

OF   NEW   JERSEY 
Manufacturers 

THERMAL  &  ACOUSTIC 
INSULATION 


66th  &  LaVerne  Ave.  Chicago 


RODDIS  COMPANY 

PLYWOOD   PRODUCTS 

FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

1435  W.  37lh  St.  Vir.  0110 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


C.  H.  ANDERSON 
FLOOR    COMPANY 


WOOD  FLOOR 
CONTRACTORS 


161  E.  ERIE  ST. 

Delaware  1661 

CHICAGO 


LUMBER 

for 

Industrial  Purposes 

WHOLESALE  OR  RETAIL 

• 

SCHENK  LBR.  CO. 

6601    So.  Central  Ave. 
Hem.  3300 

■'The  Only  Yard  in  the  Clearing  Dist.' 


iiinil  sliiiiiljiolnt  (did  (icncral  inli'rcsl 
shUKljiiuiif.  J  Kiis  juiriir,,!, trill  /,h„s;<l 
icith  Ihr  l.'f.uic  iclnrh  In  iilrluris  r,r,,ll,<l 
old  Si-nus  ,tnd  old  /-(rr.v.  //  uv,,v  iv  n/ 
</o(id.  ]\'i.ihin(/  you  succcxk  in  all  i/our 
r(nhir<.i.   I   remain. 

Yours   sincerely, 

GEORGE  v.   KUHN. 

IIUCiH  G.  R.  QUIN,  Ch.  E.,  is  with 
the  Heillv  Tar  and  Chemical  Co.,  Granite 
City,  111.,"  and  liyes  at  2547  Delmar  Aye. 

CHARLES  R.  RIKER,  E.  E.,  editor 
and  manager  of  the  Electric  Journal,  .530 
Fernando  St.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  resides  at 
1(11    Woodhayen   Driye. 

Wll  I.IAM  ROBERT  WILSON,  M.  E., 
Tit  Parker  Aye.,  Detroit,  Mich.,  owns  and 
operates  liis  own  business  at  710  Stephen- 
son  Bldg. 

,1.  M.  VAN  VALKENBURGH,  Ex. 
E.  E.,  president  of  Owners  Light  and 
Power  Service,  40  N.  Dearborn  St.,  Ciii- 
cago,   resides    at   50()   W.   (jlst   Place. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Allyn,  A.  J..  E.  E.  Carr,  Alva  L.,  M.  E. 

Cutler,  Ed.  W.,  E.  E.  Dean,  Stanley,   C.   E. 

Edson.  N.  L.,  M.  E.  Meyer,  E.  D.,  E.  E. 

C.aylor,  W.  S.,  M.  E.  Peterson,   N.   P.,   E.   E. 

Kukawski,  E.  S.,  Arcli.  Reynolds,  M.  B.,  C.  E. 

Morrison,  R.  D..  M.  E.  Torrance,  R.  S.,  E.  E. 
Scott,  P.  J.,  M.  E. 


1907 

ARTHUR  J.  COLE,  Ex.  E.  E.,  is  Pa- 
cific Coast  manager  for  tlie  McGraw  Elec- 
tric Co.,  with  office  and  residence  address 
at  Ki-'T  lliPoint  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

HAROLD  K.  COPENHAVER,  C.  E., 
a  member  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade, 
resides   at  .ili   Normal  Parkway,  Chicago. 

WILLIAM  ADOLPH  HIRT,  Ex.  E.  E., 
is  suj)ervising  operator  of  power  plants 
for  the  Detroit  Edison  Co.,  Room  622, 
general  offices,  2000  Second  Aye.  His  ad- 
dress is  10615  Foley  Aye.,  Detroit. 

BALTHASAR  HOFFMAN,  JR.,  M. 
E.,  j)roprietor  of  the  B.  Hofifman  Mfg. 
Co.,  1819  W.  St.  Paul  Aye.,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  liyes  at  617  N.  76th  St.,  Wauwatosa, 
Wis. 

HARRY  W.  JARROW,  Ex.  M.  E., 
president  of  the  Jarrow  Products  Corp., 
420  N.  I.aSalle  St.,  Chicago,  resides  at 
1317   E.  52nd  St. 

ALFRED  L.  KUBITZ,  E.  E.,  506  Ash- 
land Aye.,  Riyer  Forest,  111.,  is  with  the 
Illinois  Commerce  Commission,  160  N.  I>a- 
Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

CIIANCEY  S.  MILLARD,  C.  E.,  chief 
engniecr  for  the  Premier-Pabst  Corp.,  917 
W.  .luncau  Aye.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  lives 
at   1435   W.   Kilbourn   Ave. 

JOHN  EARL  SAUNDERS,  E.  E.,  sig- 
nal engineer  for  the  D.  L.  &  W.  R.  R., 
Hoboken,  N.  J.,  lives  at  66  Kendal  Ave., 
Maplewood,  N.  J. 

C.  U.  SMITH,  M.  E.,  is  general  man- 
ager and  chief  engineer.  Board  of  Harbor 
Commissioners,  Room  769  City  Hall,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.  He  lives  at  3200  N.  Sum- 
mit Ave.  We  were  sorry  to  hear  of  your 
mother's  death  and  extend  our  sympathy 
to  j'ou  and  your  father,  who  is  held  in 
highest  esteem  by  the  alumni  and  those 
who  were  associated  with  him  at  Armour 
Institute. 

ROY  FRANKLIN  STEWARD,  Ch.  E., 
is  a  patent  lawyer,  with  office  at  52  Van- 
derbilt  Ave.,  New  York  City.  His  home 
address  is  P.O.  Box  867,  Meriden,  Conn. 

JOHN  T.  WALBRIDGE,  C.  E.,  is  resi- 
dent engineer.  North  Shore  Sanitary  Dis- 
trict, Waukegan,  111.  He  lives  at  6.50  Sun- 
rise   Ave.,    Lake    BluflF,    111. 

JOHN  BARNARD  WELLS,  M.  E.,  is 
secretary  of  Snook  and  Wells,  Inc.,  P.O. 
Box  848,   Maricopa,  Calif. 


MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Badger,  L.  H.,  C.  E.  Ailing,  C.  R.,  F.  P.  E. 

Heinsen,  Geo.  M.,  C.  E.  Campbell,   E.  E.,  E.  E. 

Kilgore,  C.  E.,  M.  E.  Davies,  H.  C,  M.  E. 

Pratt,  E.  A.,  C.  E.  EUett,  E.  H.,  Jr..  C.  E. 

Turnbull,  Ira  J.,  M.  E.  Jackson,   I.   F.,   M.   E. 

Wolfe,   Edw.  J.,   E.   E.  Smalley,  J.  S..  E.  E. 

Voiing,  L.  B.,  C.  E.  Stanton,  G.,  Jr..  C.  E. 
Williams,  W.,  E.  E. 


1908 

On  June  7  will  be  tlie  celebration  of 
the  THIRTIETH  ANNIVERSARY  ot 
tile  graduates  of  this  class.  We  hope  that 
1908    will    he   well    rejiresented. 

RALPH  E.  BADGER,  E.  E.,  has  been 
a|)pointcd  chairman  of  arrangements  for 
the  thirtieth  reunion.  The  meniibers  of 
the  class  will  receive  definite  information 
from   liim  on   tliis   suliject   sliortlv. 

MARION  ,1.  ANDERSON,  "E.  E.,  is 
IH-ojirictor  of  the  Indiana-Michigan  Elec- 
tric Co.,  Hartford,  Mich. 

HAROLD  A.  BAl\M,  Ex.  M.  E.,  9245 
S.  Damen  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  secretary- 
treasurer  of  the  Safety  Electric  Co.,  110 
S.   Dearborn   St.,  Chicago. 

CLARENCE  I.  BOTTERON,  Arch., 
has  his  ardiitectural  office  at  3616  Main 
St.,  East  Cliicago,  Ind.  He  resides  at 
Cedar   I  ake,   Ind.,   Route   1. 

WILLIAM  FRANCIS  CONLIN,  M.  E., 
is  superintendent,  Ojien  Llearth  Dept., 
American  Steel  &  Wire  Co.,  Donora,  Pa. 
His  home  address  is  Rockefeller  Bldg., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

JAMES  GUERIN,  C.  E.,  resides  at 
1218  Albion  Ave.,  Chicago. 

GROVER  JOHN  MEYER,  C.  E.,  215 
Gy])sy  Lane,  Youngstown,  Ohio,  is  asso- 
ciated with  Truscon  Steel  Co.  of  that  city. 

IRVING  ODELL,  Ex.  M.  E.,  publisher 
and  editor  of  the  Milifari/  and  Naval 
Diyeat,  Room  2603,  11  S.'  LaSalle  St., 
Chicago,  resides  at  ()()9  Walden  Road,  Win- 
netka,  111. 

MISSING:  Eyers,  W..  F.  P.  E. 

Cahan,  James,  C.  E.  Johnson,  A.  R..  E.  E. 

Collins,   F.  C,  E.  E.  Lnnak,  S.  E.,  Ch.  E. 

Cornwell,  A.  B.,  E.  E.  Matthei,   H.   R.,   C.  E. 

Latta,  Smith  H.,  M.  E.  Morgan,  C.  W.,  M.  E. 

Loofbourrow,  J.D.,M.E.  Nichols,  H.  W.,  E.  E. 

Morey,  C.  R.,  E.  E.  Oehne,  Jr.,  T.  C,  E.  E. 

DECEASED:  Tliomson,  F.  L.,  F.P.E. 

Biirge,  G.  C,  M.  E.  Vacek,  V.  F.,  E.  E. 
Dittmar,  A.  A.,  C.  E. 


1909 

A.  GAGE  HALL,  M.  E.,  24  West  Dri%'e, 
Douglaston,  N.  Y.,  is  with  The  Dorr  Co., 
Inc.,    570    Lexington    Ave.,    New    York. 

S.  L.  HEAPS,  Ex.  Arch.,  312  E.  Cen- 
tral Blvd.,  Kewanee,  111.,  is  a  project  en- 
gineer with  the  Bureau  of  Agricultural 
Engineering  at   Camp   D5,   Havana,   111. 

GEORGE  H.  HIRSCHFELD,  E.  E., 
is  manager  of  the  New  Mexico  Public 
Service  Co.  Both  his  business  and  home 
address   is   Cocorro,   New  Mexico. 

HAROLD  R.  HOUGH,  Ex.  C.  E.,  is 
jjresident  of  H.  R.  Hough  Co.,  400  N. 
Michigan  Blvd.,  and  he  resides  at  4560 
S.    Michigan    Ave.,    Chicago. 

CURTIS  M.  LINDSAY,  E.  E.,  owns 
and  operates  a  book  and  stationery  store 
in  San  Jose,  Calif.,  and  resides  on  Route 
3,    Box   525A,    San   Jose. 

E.  V.  McKARAHAN,  F.  P.  E.,  lives  at 
325  McKinley  Road,  Grosse  Pointe,  Mich. 

IVAN  C.  PETERSON,  C.  E.,  president 
of  Suhr,  Berryman,  Peterson,  and  Suhr, 
130  N.  Wells  St.,  Chicago,  resides  at  2016 
Fargo  Ave.,  Chicago. 

HERBERT  ROSE,  E.  E.,  lives  at  6711 
Alta    Loma    Terrace,    Los    Angeles,    Calif. 

GILBERT  I.  STADEKER,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Sampson  Electric  Co.,  3201  S. 
Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago.  His  address  is 
1310   Hyde  Park  Blvd. 


46 


E.  D.  UHLENDORF,  Ex.  C.  E.,  is  ex- 
ecutive engineer,  Public  Utility  Engineer- 
ing and  Service  Corp.,  2.51  S.  LaSalle  St., 
Chicago.  Reach  him  at  1227  Winnemac 
Ave. 

ROY  WHITING  STURTEVANT,  C. 
E.,  inspector  U.  S.  Navy  Yard,  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  lives  at  York  Village, 
Maine. 

MISSING:  Mayes.  F.  N..  M.  E. 

Ahern,  J.  F.,  F.  P.  E.  Ostergren,  H.  N.,  E.  E. 

Perrine.  A.  A.,  E.  E.  Richards.  Jr.,  T.E.,C.E. 

Soper,  E.  C,  M.  E.  Simmons,  L.  E.,  E.  E. 

DECEASED:  Spitzglass.  J.  M.,  M.  E. 

Anderson,   H.  C  C.  E.  Tregray,  John,  F.  P.  E. 

Chatain,  P.  E.,  Ch.  E.  Urson,  Jr.,  F.  J..  C.  E. 

Curtis,  H.  S.,  E.  E.  Von  Gunten,  O.,  Arch. 
Ebert.  A.  A.,  C.  E. 


1910 

WILLIAM  CLARKSON,  JR.,  C.  E.,  is 

president  of  the  Oil  City  Iron  Works,  Cor- 
sicana,  Texas.  He  resides  in  the  same 
city. 

GEORGE  WALLACE  FISKE,  M.  E., 
Route  1,  Box  46,  Lancaster,  Calif.,  is  man- 
ager, Shell  Oil  Co.  Refinery  at  Signal 
Hill,   Long  Beach,  Calif. 

ROY  E.  GUTHIER,  C.  E.,  2731  Car- 
men Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Bridge 
Division  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  402  City 
Hall. 

ROY  S.  KLOMAN,  C.  E.,  4.319  N.  Fran- 
cisco Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Board  of 
Local    Improvements,   City    Hall,   Chicago. 

H.  J.  MOORE,  Ex.  M.  E.,  is  with  the 
Inland  Steel  Co.,  East  Chicago,  Ind.  He 
lives  at  4128  Euclid  Ave.,  same  city. 

WILLIAM  J.  NEVILLE,  E.  E.,  4:31 
W.  61st  Place,  Chicago,  is  with  Peabodv 
Coal  Co.,  231  S.  LaSalle  St. 

ERVIN  S.  PASHLEY,  Arch.,  resides 
at  Princeton  and  Vassar  Sts.,  College 
Park,  Md. 

TILLMAN  G.  VON  GUNTEN,  Arch., 
lives  at   1501   S.  Cth  Ave.,  Maywood,  111. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Crocker,   A.H.Jr.,   M.E.  Deveney,   W.   J.,   C.   E. 

Gentry,  T.  E.,  M.  E.  Kadic,  Jos.  F.,  E.  E. 

Leavell.  R.  A.,  M.  E.  Munoz,  Fredrico,  C.  E. 

MacEwing.  E.  D.,  E.  E.  Richards,  O.  L.,  E.  E. 

Pearce,   R.  P..   C.  E.  Squair,  F.  R.,  Ch.  E. 

Thomas,  Wm.  E.,  M.  E.  Wernick,  F.  E.,  M.  E. 

VsTine,  Eustace,  C.  E.  Young,  Don.  A.,  M.  E. 
Williams,  D.,  C.  E. 


1911 

THANE  GRIFFITH  CLEAVER,  C. 
E.,  1426  Hillsdale  Ave.,  Dormont,  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.,  is  sales  engineer  for  the  Car- 
negie-Illinois Steel  Corp.,  Carnegie  Bldg., 
same  city. 

FRANK  B.  GILBERT,  Ex.  M.  E.,  is 
research  engineer  for  The  Creamery  Pack- 
age Mfg.  Co.,  1243  W.  Washington  Blvd., 
Chicago.  His  address  is  4  N.  Vine  St., 
Hinsdale,  111. 

ROBERT  HAY,  E.  E.,  is  proprietor  of 
Auto  Electric  Service  Garage  and  a  fine 
modern  swimming  pool  at  Rock  Springs, 
Wyo. 

FRANK  E.  MYERS,  E.  E.,  2629  Rose- 
land  Terrace,  Maplewood,  Mo.,  is  with 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission, 
Room  522,  L^.  S.  Courts  and  Custom 
House,  St.  Louis,   Mo. 

JOHN  S.  REID,  JR.,  E.  E.,  is  Exam- 
iner of  Efficiency  for  the  Committee  on 
Finance,  Chicago  Citv  Council,  Room  302, 
City  Hall,  Chicago.  '  He  resides  at  7441 
Yates   Ave. 

J.  ALBERT  M.  ROBINSON,  M.  E., 
owns  and  operates  a  consulting  engineer's 
office  at  228  N.  LaSalle  St.,  Chicago,  and 
gives  particular  attention  to  water  sup- 
ply, treatment,  and  related  power  mat- 
ters.    He  lives  at  9955  S.  Seeley  Ave. 


ALBERT  A.  SCHWARTZ,  Arch.,  is 
practicing  architecture,  with  his  studio  at 
liis  home  address,  163  E.  Ohio  St.,  Ciii- 
cago. 

RALPH  E.  SMALLEY,  Arch.,  instruc- 
tor in  Architectural  Drawing  at  Mechan- 
ics Arts  High  School,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  re- 
sides at  897  Marshall  Ave. 

RAYMOND  R.  ZACK,  C.  E.,  211  6th 
St.,  N.  W.,  Mason  City,  Iowa,  is  district 
engineer,  Iowa  Highwav  Commission,  15 
2nd   St.,   N.  E. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

De  Tar,  DeLos,  E.  E.  Bradford,  P.  L.,  E.   E. 

Doering,  R.  C.  F.  P.  E.  daSilva,  C.  J.,  C.  E. 

Emmons,  G.  C.,   E.   E.  Kellner,  O.  R.,  C.  E. 

Gray,  R.  L..  E.  E.  McCague,  J.  A.,  M.  E. 

Griffiths,  F.  II.,  M.  E.  Merriman,  H.  A.,  Arcli. 

Pettibone.  G.  D.,  E.  E.  Miller,  P.  F..  Ch.  K. 

Salomon,  M.  J.,  C.  E.  Moore,  W.  W.,  Arch. 

Schmidt,  E.  J.,  M.  E.  Tellin,  W.  G.,  E.  E. 


1912 

OSCAR  FERDINAND  ABRAHAM- 
SON,  E.  E.,  is  with  the  Chesapeake  & 
Ohio  R.  R.,  Toledo,  Ohio.  He  lives  at 
2661    Latonia  Blvd. 

FRANK  ALLEN  GRAHAM,  E.  E., 
448  W.  Dartmouth  Road,  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  is  with  tlic  Kansas  City  Power  and 
Light   Co.,    i:i3()    Baltimore   Ave. 

ADOLPH  LOUIS  HESS,  C.  E.,  is  a 
bridge  designing  engineer  for  the  City 
of  Chicago,  City  Hall,  Chicago.  He  lives 
at   2515   Winnemac   Ave. 

FRANK  JOHN  MACK,  C.  E.,  is  witii 
the  Universal  Oil  Products  Co.,  310  S. 
Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago.  His  address  is 
1003  Circle  Ave.,   Forest   Park,   111. 

ELSWORTH  ELMER  PIPER,  M.  E., 
is  a  draftsman  and  lives  at  4449  Victoria 
Park  Drive,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

THOMAS  FRANCIS  WOLFE,  C.  E., 
6418  Magnolia  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Cast  Iron  Pipe  Research  Association,  122 
S.   Michigan   Ave. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Beach,  W.  E.,  C.  E.  Bohlander,  H.  A..  M.E. 

Curren,  Earl  L.,  C.  E.  Dewalt,  E.  V.,  Arch. 

Enoshita,  Toyozo,  E.E.  Hoehn,   J.   C,   Ch.   E. 

Hazen,  Fred  G.,  E.  E.  Lawrence.  M.  F..  M.  E. 

Newman,  J.  J.,  Ch.  E.  Leviton,  M.  I.,  Aich. 

Swanson,  W.  R.,  C.  E.  Michael,  J.  C,  Jr.,  E.E. 

Turley,  E.  W.,  Ch.  E.  Peck,  Winfleld,  M.  E. 
Yoshida,  H.  T.,  M.  E. 


1913 

The  TWENTY-FIFTH  ANNIVER- 
SARY of  your  class  will  be  celebrated 
this  spring  and  you  will  be  hearing  more 
aljout  it  in  the  very  near  future.  Keep 
the  afternoon  and  evening  of  June  7  open 
for  the  annual  spring  alumni  banquet  and 
reunion  which  will  be  held  at  the  Medinah 
Club  of  Chicago,  505  N.  Michigan  Blvd., 
Chicago. 

WILLIAM  T.  BRAUN,  Arch.,  is  in 
business  for  himself.  His  office  and  home 
address    are    545    East    89th    PI.,    Chicago. 

HOWARD  COOPER,  M.  E.,  was,  until 
recently,  assistant  manager  of  domestic 
lubricant  sales,  when  he  was  advanced  to 
chief  lubrication  engineer,  for  the  Sinclair 
Refining  Co.,  New  York. 

JAMES  J.  HAYES,  M.  E.,  is  witli 
the  Standard  Power  Equipment  Co.,  53 
W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  resides 
at  7443  Jeffrey   Ave. 

NORMAN  FRANK  KIMBALL,  M.  E., 
2:316  Genesee  St.,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  is  with  The 
Martin  Cantine   Co.,  Saugerties,   N.  Y. 

GEORGE  L.  OPPER,  C.  E.,  433  Addi- 
son Road,  Riverside,  111.,  is  village  man- 
ager for  the  Village  of  Riverside,  III. 
Opper   is    also   president   of    Narr,    Green 


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BUSINESS  MACHINE 
SUPPLIES  CORP. 

300  W.   Adams   St.,  Chicago,   ill. 

Central  7007 


Candies  and  Cigars 


Compliments  of 

MIDWAY  CIGAR 
FACTORY 


WHOLESALE 


CIGARS,      CIGAREHES,     TOBACCOS, 
CANDIES,   GLOVES   AND   SUNDRIES 


22!   West  63rd  Street 

(2488 

Phones:  Englewood  <  2489 

(,2266 


47 


and  Upper,  Inc.,  engin;-ers,  40U  N.  Michi- 
gan  Ave.,   Chicago. 

PETER  G.  PIRIIIE,  Ch.  E.,  is  engi- 
neering editor  of  Bakcru  Weekly,  45  West 
4,'5th  St.,  New  Yorli.  He  resides  at  '22 
Cedar   Place,  Garden   City,  New  Yorli. 

RICHARD  F.  ROTHWELL,  C.  E. 
2245  Wesley  Ave.,  Fivanston,  111.,  is  with 
the  General  Management  Corp.,  23]  S.  La- 
Salle   St.,  Chicago. 

PAUL  N.  RVLANDER,  C.  E.,  chief 
engineer  for  the  Long  Construction  Co., 
Baltimore,  Md.,  resides  at  42(j  Kenneth 
Square. 

CHARLES  H.  SPENCER,  M.  E.,  me- 
chanical engineer  for  Roberts  and  Schaef- 
fer  Co.,  1110  Wrigley  Bldg.,  Chicago,  lives 
at   Burns  Ave.,  Flossmoor,  111. 

ALEXANDER  R.  WEBB,  C.  E.,  is 
Professor  of  Civil  Engineering,  Oliio 
Northern  University,  Ada,  Ohio.  He  is 
also  city  engineer  for  the  City  of  Ada. 
His  address  is  316   S.  Johnson  St. 

EMIL  G.  ZILLMER,  Arch.,  is  prac- 
ticing architecture  in  Grand  Rapids,  Mich., 
132-133  Federal  Square  Bldg.  A  recent 
letter  from  Zillmer  informed  us  that  the 
following  Armour  men  have  been  meeting 
regularly:  ALFRED  CHARLES  HOV- 
EN,  M.  E.  '21;  J.  H.  MARKHAM,  Cb. 
E.  '19;  .lOSEPH  MONAHAN,  M.  E.  '08; 
.JOHN  N.  NIND,  Ex.  M.  E.  '07;  CLYDE 
TEESDALE,  Ch.  E.  '08;  and  G.  F. 
TOUGH,  Ch.  E.  '20. 


MISSING: 
Arp,  W.  v.,  E.  E. 
Connell,  D.,  Arch. 
Fisher,  H.F.   (Isr.),C.E. 
Furay,  C.  J.,  Arch. 
Garrison,  C.  W.,  C.  E. 
Kuelin,  Hugo  R.,  M.  E. 
L.ill,  A.  C,  C.  E. 
Luiidblad,  C.  D.,  Arch. 
Moore,  F.  L.,  Ch.  E. 


Munn,  \V.  K.,  Oi.  E. 
Stanley,   H.  C,  Arch. 
Westlund,  E.  0.,   C.  E. 
DECEASED: 
Ainold,  C.  H.,  F.  P.  E. 
Curtis,  Marston,  E.  E. 
Ermeling,  R.  W.,  Arch. 
Kelir.  Chas.   F.,   M.   E. 
Leibrandt,  C.  R.,  C.  E. 


1914 

R.  G.  BOHN,  Ex.  M.  E.,  is  chief  en- 
gineer for  the  Michigan  Carton  Co.,  79 
Fountain  St.,  E.,  Battle  Creek,  Mich.  He 
resides   at   149   Oaklawn. 

The  following  letter  was  received  from 
E.   A.   GOODNOW: 

Dear  Secretary:  Among  the  "mh^'iii(i 
souls"  you  have  listed  WILLIAM  ('. 
OLDENBURGER,  class  of  1911,.  11,  is 
with  the  Dearborn  Chemical  Co.'s  railroad 
r(  pri  s(  nliiliv<  in  Mc.vico,  his  maili7ig  ad- 
drrs  l<,\i,q  r„,va  Erla,  V  Carranza  No.  S3, 
Mcriro,  i)A'\,   Mr.cico. 

I  saw  him  about  a  m,onth  ago  and  .•oni- 
gested  that  he  get  in  touch  with  y<ni  .■"! 
that  he  could  get  on  the  mailing  list  and 
receive  the  ENGINEER  AND  ALUM- 
NUS. However,  he  had  to  leave  town  in 
a  hurry  and  probably  didn't  get  time  to 
phone  you. 

Yours   very   truly, 

E.  A.  GOODNOW. 

EUGENE  C.  LANG,  E.  E".,  lives  on 
Geneva  Road,  St.  Charles,  III.  He  is  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Carnavan  and 
Lang,  consulting  enginers,  231  S.  La- 
Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

LESLIE  C.  MEYER,  M.  E.,  is  purchas- 
ing agent  for  the  Illinois  Gear  and  Ma- 
chine Co.,  2108  N.  Natchez  Ave.,  Chicago, 
111.  His  residence  is  1012  N.  Taylor  Ave., 
Oak   Park    111 

JOEL  POMERENE,  C.  E.,  resides  at 
7239  Ibsen  St.,  Chicago.  He  is  with  the 
U.  S.  Gypsum  Co.,  300  W.  Adams  St., 
Chicago. 

HAROLD  O.  SEXSMITH,  Ex.  Arch., 
is  practicing  architecture,  with  his  office 
at  6636  Hollywood  Blvd.,  Hollywood, 
Calif.  He  resides  at  4564  Finley  Ave., 
Los   Aniieles,  Calif. 


Candies 

and  Cigars 

Com 

pliments 

PIONEER  CANDY  CO.      | 

Wholesale 

Confectioners 

CIGARS  - 

-  CIGARETTES 

FOUNTAIN  "supplies                        | 

3211  Ogden  Ave. 

Chicago 

MI'J.Nll.LI"',  \-.  SThX'HKK,  K.  ]<',.. 
l-'.iiclid  Place,  Monlclair,  N.  ,1.,  is  \ 
tlic  Western  Union  'r.legrapli  Co., 
Hudson    St.,    New    'I'ork    City. 


Chemical 


Telephone    Superior    3523  Established    1894 

A.   DAIGGER  &  COMPANY 

Colors — Chemicals — Oils 

Laboratory  Supplies 

159  WEST  KINZIE  STREET 

CHICAGO 


WILKENS-ANDERSON    CO. 

Scientific     and      Industrial     Laboratory 
Supplies  and  Chemicals 

III    N.    CANAL    SL 
CHICAGO 


NATIONAL  ALUMINATE 

CORPORATION 

6216  WEST  66TH  PLACE 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

Specialists  in  the  Manufacture  and 

Use  of  Sodium  Aluminate 


SERVING  THE 
PROCESS  INDUSTRIES 

through  representation  of  well- 
known,  fully  qualified  and 
progressive     manufacturers     of 

MACHINERY  and  EQUIPMENT 

Evaporators — Fillers — Centrifugals. 

S'eam  jet  units.  Condensers,  etc. — ■ 

for  High  Vacuums — Vacuum  Cooling. 

Full  line  acid  p.  Chemical  Stoneware. 

F.  M.  de  BEERS  &  ASSOCIATES 

20  North  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago,  Tel.  Rand.  2326 


WALTER  H.  FLOOD  &  CO. 

CLASS    1906 

Chemical  Engineers 

Paving  and  Engineering  Materials 
—  Inspections  —  Reports — Specifica- 
tions—Physical and  Chemical  Tests 
—Design  and  Control  of  Asphalt 
and  Concrete  Mixtures.  Atlantic  ooii 
822  E.  42nd  St.,  Chicago,  III. 


MISSING: 

Auer,  P.   Fentoii,  C.  E. 
Barber,  G.  S.,   Arch. 
Harr,  Allen  W.,  Arch, 
noetter,  C.  L.,  C.  E. 
t'ase,  Harry  L.,  E.  E. 
Cohen,  Joseph,  Arch, 
foolcy,  G.  S.,  M.  E. 
Elicl,   A.   G.,   Arch. 
Kami,   W.    II.,   C.   E 
Morrow,    A.   W.,    Arch. 


Oldenburfrer.W.CC.E. 
Roberts,   W.    F.,   C.   E. 
Schmidt,  C.  D.,  Arch. 
Sevin.    Irv.   M.,   C.    E. 
Shane,  J.  L.,  Arch. 
Smith,  H.  F.,  C.  E. 
Wight,  J.  C,  Arch. 
DECEASED: 
Dean,  Clias.  A.,  C.  E. 
Einslie,  John  M.,  C.   E. 
Eriekson,   H.   E.,   M.   E. 


1915 

JOHN  FRIECE  ADAMSON,  E.  E.,  is 
with  Fries-Walters  Co.,  electrical  contrac- 
tors, 2001  \V.  Pershing  Road,  Chicago.  He 
nsidrs  ,it  :i8.'5  Milton   Ave.,  Glencoe,  111. 

I  I'DWIG  W.  A.  BUNGE,  M.  E.,  is 
])ic.sitlcnt  of  the  Niagara  Summit  Mining 
Co.  His  address  is  ISfiO  Jewett  Drive, 
Hollywood,  Calif. 

FRED  LEWIS  FAULKNER,  E.  E., 
antomotive  engineer  for  Armour  and 
Company,  U.  S.  Yards,  Chicago,  lives  at 
!)!)11.  Prospect  Ave.  Faulkner  has  been 
\ery  active  in  the  affairs  of  the  Society 
of  Automotive  Engineers  for  a  numiber 
of  years. 

r.OULS  EDWIN  IHBBARD,  M.  E.,  is 
a  jiartner  in  the  Carbonite  Metal  Co.,  bab- 
bit manufacturers,  1500  S.  Western  Ave., 
Chicago,  and  lives  at  10971  Church  St. 

JACOB  LEWIS,  Arch.,  COII  Rhodes 
Ave.,  Chicago,  is  practicing  architecture 
at   30    N.   Dearborn   St. 

WILLIAM  V.  LINDBLOM,  C.  E.,  is 
assistant  treasurer,  Walworth  Co.,  Greens- 
biirg.  Pa.  He  resides  at  324  S.  Maple 
Ave. 

H.  H.  1  ORD,  Ex.  E.  E.,  is  field  man 
for  tlie  Prudential  Insurance  Co.,  with 
business  and  home  addresses,  Montevideo, 
Minn. 

STANLEY  MOYER  PETERSON, 
Arch.,  231  17th  St.,  Wilmette,  111.,  is  a 
mcmiier  of  the  technical  staff.  Cook 
County  Assessor's  Office,  County  Bldg., 
Chicago. 

EDWARD  DIENHART  PIERRE, 
.Arch.,  is  a  member  of  the  architectural 
firm  Pierre  and  Wright,  Architects,  909 
Architects  and  Builders  Bldg.,  Indianapo- 
lis, Ind.     He  lives  at  40.36  N.  Illinois  St. 

THOMAS  F.  SULLIVAN,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Monroe  Paper  Products  Co., 
Monroe,  Mich.,  and  resides  at  326  N.  Ma- 
comb St. 

EDWARD  THERON  TAYLOR,  Ind. 
Arts,  2212  N.  Keeler  Ave.,  Chicago,  is 
teaching  at  the  Lane  Technical  School. 

FRED  L.  WARD,  Ex.  M.  E.,  211  S. 
2nd  Ave.,  Marshalltown,  la.,  dropped  into 
the  alumni  office  a  few  days  ago  and  in- 
iUiire:l  rcgardin'r  the  location  of  his  class- 
Kiatc,  STANI  EY  W.  ANDERSON, 
F.  P.  E.  Mr.  Ward  is  in  his  o\vn  lumber 
business. 


MISSING: 

Hirose,  Yosh.,  Arch. 
Johnson,  V.  E.,  C.  E. 
Mammes,  H.  A.,  E.  E. 
Mieczkowski,  T.K..  E.E. 
Minchin,  S.  H.,  Arch. 
Parrott,  R.  D.,  Ch.  E. 
Shaffer,  Sydney,  E.  E. 
Stark,  A.  G..  Arch. 
Willson,  H.  E..  M.  R. 
WonfT,    J.    K.,    M.    E. 


r>ECEASED: 
Congdon,  C.  C.  Ch.  E. 
Grossman.  A.  N..  Oi.E. 
Juttemeyer.  W.L.,  M.E. 
Norton,  Jos.  C,  C.  E. 
Palmer,  R.  C.  M.  E. 
Sproesser,  G.  W..  C.  E. 
Wight,  Clifford,  M.  E. 


1916 

HAROLD  E.  ANNIXG,  C.  E.,  superin- 
tendent of  construction  for  the  U.  S. 
Gypsum  Co.,  300  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago, 


48 


resides  at  2652  Bryant  Ave.,  Evanston, 
111. 

JULIES  F.  BOAND,  Ex.  Ch.  E.,  is  as- 
sistant manager  of  the  Carter  Branch,  Na- 
tional Lead  Co.,  12042  S.  Peoria  St.,  Chi- 
cago.     He    lives    at    12126    Harvard    Ave. 

MAX  LOWELL  CABLE,  Arch.,  lives 
at  5335  Magnolia  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  is 
practicing  architecture,  with  his  office  at 
24.00  W.  Madison  St. 

RICHARD  FULLER  DURANT,  Ch. 
E.,  is  acid  and  black  powder  superinten- 
dent, E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  &  Co.,  Dii 
Pont,  Washington. 

WILLIAM  C.  MUNDT,  Ex.  C.  E.,  604 
E.  Douglas  St.,  Bloomington,  111.,  is  De- 
partment Adjutant,  The  American  Legion, 
Department  of  111.,  McBarnes  Bldg. 

GEORGE  B.  PERLSTEIN,  Ch.  E., 
7734  Kingston  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  with 
the  Premier-Pabst  Corp.,  Peoria  Heights, 
111. 

GEORGE  N.  SIEBENALER,  M.  E., 
is  teaching  at  the  Lane  High  School,  2501 
Addison  St.,  Chicago.  He  resides  at  427 
S.   17th   Ave..   Mavwood,   111. 

BENJAMIN  LEO  STEIF,  Arch.,  219 
S.  Ave.,  Glencoe,  111.,  is  head  of  the  firm 
of  B.  Leo  Steif  and  Co.,  architects,  919  N. 
Michigan   Blvd.,  Chicago. 

FREDRIC  P.  STRAUCH,  M.  E.,  is 
president  and  treasurer  of  Pinkerton  FoLl- 
inff  Box  Co.,  414-420  Rush  St.,  Chicago. 
H°  lives  at  1519  Central  Ave.,  Wilmett;-, 
111. 

MISSING:  McHugh.  L.  J..  C.  E. 

Adams,  R.  S..  C.  E.  Miller,  J.  V.,  M.  E. 

Apfelbach.  H.  J.,  Arcli.  O'Dea.  T.  M..  Ind.  Arts 

Appelbaum,   A..   C.  E.  Sostheim,  H.  B..  C.  E. 

Armstrong,  F.  C.  C.  E.  DECEASED: 

Broman,  J.  C,  M.  E.  Echlin,  E.  S..  M.  E. 

Eames,  E.  R..  Arch.  Hill,  Claude,  F.  P.  E. 

Finkelstien,  S.  C,  Arch.  Rook,  Henry  A..  C.  E. 

Foy,  Edgar  A.,  C.   E.  Smith,   Bern.   M..   E.   E. 
Harris.H.S.(Katz),E.E. 
Kinnally,  R.  W.,  C.  E. 


1917 

LESLIE  E.  HAYES,  E.  E.,  district 
manager  of  the  Wisconsin  Power  and 
Light  Co.,  30  W.  Milwaukee  Ave.,  Janes- 
ville.   Wis.,  lives   at   628   Milton   Ave. 

HARVEY  H.  HEMPSTEAD,  Ex.  E. 
E.,  is  district  manager  of  the  Peninsular 
Telephone  Co.,  17  Second  St.,  Lake  Wales, 
Fla.,  and  lives  at  952  Lake  Shore  Drive. 

ALBERT  J.  JENSEN,  Ex.  Arch.,  is 
teaching  in  the  Industrial  School  District, 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa.  His  home  address 
is  318  Sherman   Ave. 

ABE  J.  PLATT  (Plocinsky),  M.  E., 
is  district  manager  for  the  Balaban  and 
Katz  Corp.,  2724  Milwaukee  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago.   His  residence  is  943  Ainslie  St. 

CARROLL  HARRY  ROBERTS,  F.  P. 
E.,  is  an  insurance  broker  in  Beaumont, 
Texas. 

CARROLL  LESTON  SHAW,  C.  E., 
612  S.  Prospect  Ave.,  Park  Ridge,   111.,  is 

a    structural    steel    contracting    engineer 
with  The  R.  C.  Mahon  Co.,  231  S.  LaSalle 

St.,  Chicago. 
LEONARD  ELGAR  STARKEL,  C.  E., 

is   with   the    Pure   Oil    Products    Co.,    1255 

Green  Bav  Road,  Wilmette,  111.,  and  lives 

at  925  Oakwood  Ave..  Wilmette. 

WILLIAM   PETER  TRONVIG,  F.   P. 

E.,  406   N.  Main  St.,  I  ombard.   111.,  is   an 

insurance    engineer    with    Marsh    and    Mc- 

Lennon,     Inc ,     164     W.     Jackson     Blvd., 

Chicago. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Cooper.  Earl  C,  M.  E.    Anderson,  J.  E..  E.  E. 

Goldberg,  L.  I..  C.  E.       Bechaud.  J.  P..  M.  E. 

Hall,  Ken.  V..  F.  P.  E.    Cowles,  Ray  D..  F.P.E. 

Kendall.   S.  W.,   Ch.   E.     Fitzner,  A.  G..  '  1.    F. 

Morse.  Ralph  L..  M.  E.    Goorskey,  N.  J..  Ch.  E. 

Prochazka,  R.  V.,  E.  E.    Hankan,  W.  M.,  Ch.  E. 

Turner.  J.  W.,  Arch.        Zimmerman,   A.,   E.   E. 

Vesely,  W.  J..  Arch. 


Chemical 

BELKE  MFG.  COMPANY 

Patented     Electroplating     Special- 
ties, Plating,  Polishing  Supplies 
and   Equipment 

Phona    Mansfield   4606 
947    No.   Cicero    Ave.                      Chicago 

WM.  E.  BELKE,  CLASS 

■'•        1 

SECK  &  DRUCKER.  INC. 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERS 
Complete  Plants  and  Equipment 
for   the   Vegetable    and   Animal 
Oils  and  Fats  Industries. 


9  S.  Clinton  St. 


Chicago 


Concrete  Breaking 


Phone:    Normal  0900 
WANTED:  A  HARD  lOB! 

Chicago  Concrete  Breaking 
Company 

BLASTING  EXPERTS 

WITH    A    NATION    WIDE    REPUTATION 

Removal  of 

MACHINERY    FOUNDATIONS— ROCK 

SALAMANDERS  — SLAG   DEPOSITS  — 

CONCRETE  STACKS— VAULTS— ETC. 

•    •     • 
6247  Indiana  Ave.      Chicago.  111. 


Consulting   Engineer 


INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 

Consuhing     and     Contracting     Engineers 

Billet,    Slab     Heating    and    Special    Furnaces 

/  Natural  Gas  ^ 

To   Use:       \^f^    Oven  Ga,   {      ^^   p^^,, 

(.Producer  Gas        / 

FLINN   &   DREFFEIN  COMPANY 

308  West  Washington  Street 

Chicago,    Illinois 


BRADY,  McGILLIVRAY 

&  MULLOY 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

37  W.  Van  Burcn  Street 

Phone   Harrison   1188 

1270  Broadway. 
New  York  City. 

N.   Y. 


E.  H.  MARHOEFER,  JR.  CO. 

CONTRACTORS 

1506  Merchandise  Mart 


1918 

Tlie  TWKN'TIKTH  UEl'XION  c.f  tliis 
class  will  be  held  at  tlie  Meclinali  Clul> 
of  Chicago,  505  X.  Micliigan  Hlvd.,  Chi- 
cago, the  evening  of  June  7,  so  kindly 
make  your  plans  accordingly. 

W.  "ll.  HHETTINC;.  Kx.  M.  !■',..  owns 
and  oj.cratcs  the  Crvstal  Laundry  at  L'Ki 
W.  ;ird   St..   Ashland.   Wis. 

LKSTKH  CLAYTON  BU.SII,  C.  E., 
now  resides  in  California.  Ills  home  ad- 
dress  is   SJl    (^uiidara   St.,  San   Francisco. 

F.  McKKN/.IE  DAVISON,  Ex.  C.  E., 
is  engineer  of  maintenance  for  the  Fed- 
eral Government,  Washington,  D.  C.  He 
lives  at  4404.  Volta  Place,  N.  W.,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

ALAN  H.  FERGUSON,  E.  E.,  is  an 
electrical  engineer  for  the  Carnegie-Illi- 
nois Steel  Corp.,  Room  362,  Frick  Bldg. 
Annex,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  His  address  is 
2420  Vodel  St. 

AXEL  A.  HOFGREN,  E.  E.,  is  a  pat- 
ent attorney  with  his  own  firm  and  office 
at  105  W^"  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  and  his 
residence  at  555  Ash  St.,  Winnetka,  111. 

WALTER  WILLIAM  KOEHLER,  Ch. 
E.,  lives  at  112  E.  McLean  St.,  Alhambra, 
Calif.  The  following  letter  was  received 
from  him  a  few  days  ago: 

■'Rccih'cd  your  letter  of  Jan.  12,  193S. 
.  .  .  I  hiiil  to  stop  liforkiiifi  on  account  of 
ill  hi'dllh.  Mil  hc'llh  i.t  much  improved, 
iiiid  jirtisju  il  ',if  u-nrhiiiii  iiiiain  within  the 
iiKir  flit  an  is  iinlml  {iivnnihle..  However, 
it  is  iiirissiini  thniinih  these  e.rpensive 
years  to   live  within  a  certain  budget.... 

"Met  an  ole  timer  of  Armour  by  the 
name  of  Henry  Beck  and  enjoyed  the  talk 


../    many    ha/.p;,    hour 
tut,'.  II, 


II  ut   lit    th,'   /(i.v/; 


nnl  iilsi,  lives  in  .llhonihro. 
■■air,'    my    r,,i„rds    to   th,    alumni. 
Respectfullii  i/ours. 
WALTER    WM.   KOEHLER." 
LEWIS  EDWARD  TWERY',  Arch.,  is 
an    architect    in    the    construction    division 
(if    tlie     V.    S.    Veterans    Administration, 
Wasliiiigton,  D.  C.     He  lives  at  605  Rox- 
lioro    I  lace,   N.  W'.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

MISSING:  Lewin,   Edw.  P..  Arch. 

Andre.  Guy  L.,  M.  E.  Twery,   L.   E.,   Arch. 

Durham,    E.   J.,   M.    E.  DECEASED: 

F.rickson.   K.    A.,   E.   E.  Newlander,  R.  A.,  E.E. 

Kerr.  Volney  A.,  M.  E.  XcthlieUc-r,   S.  D.,   C.  K. 


1919 

EDWIN  A.  FRITSCII.  Ind.  Arts,  2159 
W.  115th  St.,  Chicago,  is  a  technical 
teacher  at  the  Washburne  Trade  School, 
1225  Sedgewick  St. 

ERLING  H.  LUNDE,  Ex.  M.  E.,  is  a 
sales  engineer  for  the  Dean  Machinery 
Co.,  80  E.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He 
resides  at  0708  Olympia  Ave. 

HARRY  LEON  MORSE,  Arch.,  is  a 
draft.sman  for  The  /.ack  Co.,  2311  W.  Van 
Buren  St.,  Chicago,  and  his  home  is  at 
614:3  N.  Mozart  St. 

MISSING:  Senescall,  Clyde,  C.E. 

Cowles.  F.  S.,  Arch.  Wallace,  M.  R.,  Arch. 

Dadv,  Wm.  E..  Arch.       Wilbor.  John  B.,  Ch.  E. 
Geldmeier,  H.  F..  E.  E.    DECEASED: 
Gold,  C.  L..  C.  E.  Erickson,   A.   E.,    Arch. 

Mintz,  Chas.  W.,  F.P.E.    Marks,  Robt.  E.,  M.  E. 
Schimek,   A.   F.,   Arch. 


1920 

RAYMOND     WICKLUND     BROWN, 

E.  E.,  is  an  engineer  in  design  of  testing 
equipment  at  the  Hawthorne  Works  of  the 
Western  Electric  Co..  Chicago.  He  lives 
at   10004  Claremont  Ave. 

•TOSEPII    Bl^RDA,   .Jr.,   Ex.   C.    E.,   is 
number  of  the  firm  linrda  and  Van  Schel- 


49 


Decorating 


1.  M.  ECKERT  CO. 

Distinctive  Decorating 

5524  BROADWAY,  CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE  LONGBEACH  5437 

J.  M.  ECKERT,  Pres.    •    (Class  1910) 


Dress   Suits 


Phone  Randolph  8393 
Open  Ez'c-niiigi  hy  Appointment 

Be  Huxe  ©rcsg  ^uit  J^cntal 
Companp 

TUXEDOS.  FULL  DRESS  and  CUTAWAY 
SUITS  TO  RENT 

A  FULL  LINE  OF  ACCESSORIES 


Drawing  Materials 


POST'S 

Drawing  Materials 
THE  FREDERICK  POST  CO. 

Hamlin   and   Avondale   Avenues 
CHICAGO 


Electrical   Contracting 


A.S.SCHULMAN 

ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

Electrical  Engineers  and 
Contractors 

537  South  Dearborn  Street 

CHICAGO 

PHONE  HARRISON  7288 

Address  All  Communications  to  the  Company 

A.   S.   SCHULMAN,   President 
HARVEY  T.  NACK,  Vice  President 


DOOLEY  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

ELECTRICAL  CONTRACTORS 


456  E.  83rd  St.         •         Stewart  7268 
CHICAGO 


tema,  surveyors  and  engineers,  12200  S. 
Stewart  Ave.,  Chicago.  His  home  is  at 
11100  S.  Michigan  Ave. 

GEORGE  MELVIN  HENRY,  M.  E., 
chief  gas  dispatcher  for  The  Peoples  Gas 
Light  and  Coke  Co.,  122  S.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago,  resides  at  7649  Eastlake  Terrace. 

EUGENE  M.  MATSON,  C.  E.,  7447  N. 
Hoyne  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Universal 
Oil   Products  Co.,  310  S.  Michigan  Ave. 

HUGO  F.  SASSE,  Ex.  Arch.,  is  a 
Naval  Officer,  U.  S.  Navy.  His  address  is 
U.  S.  S.  Antares,  care  Postmaster,  New 
York,  N.  Y. 

MISSING:  Podolsky,  D.  H.,  Ch.  E. 

Bloomberg,  S..  E.  E.  Popkin,  J.  L.,  Arch. 

Fainstien,  M.,  C.  E.  Smely,  Jas.,  E.  E. 

Frank,  Julian,  C.  E.  Stein,  Aaron.  C.  E. 

Karlson,  Jos.,  Arch.  Wong,  Viik  Man,  M.  E. 

McEIdowney,H.B.,Arch.  DECEASED: 

O'Connor,  W.  J.,  Arch.  Bentley,   W.  J.,  Ch.  E. 

Peterson.   H.  C,  M.  E.  Malpede,  D.  J.,  E.  E. 


1921 

ALFRED  CHARLES  HOVEN,  M.  E., 

is  with  the  American  Seating  Company, 
901  Broadway,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  He 
lives  at  1504  Lake  Grove. 

ROBERT  O.  KLENZE,  E.  E.,  4424  N. 
Paulina  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  Cleanser 
Products,  312  S.  Green  St. 

A.  RUSSELL  MEHRHOF,  Ex.  E.  E., 
is  a  sales  engineer  for  Cutler  Hammer, 
Inc.,  275.5  E.  Grand  Blvd.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
He  has  two  children,  and  lives  at  48;W 
Cortland  Ave. 

CLARENCE  L.  PFEIFFER,  Ex.  M. 
E.,  19411  Troy  Place,  Detroit,  Mich.,  is  in 


DREIFUSS  BLOCK 

A    complete    portable    unit    for 
quick,    accurate    drawing. 

Ideal  for 
Architects  Students 

Engineers 
DREIFUSS  and  COMPANY 

7841  Westwood  Drive 
Chicago 


the  Body  Engineering  Department  of  the 
Fisher  Bodv  Corp. 

JAMES  R.  PROBASKA,  Ex.  Ch.  E., 
is  manager  of  the  laboratory  for  the  Bor- 
den Co.,  221  N.  LaSalle  St.",  Chicago.  He 
resides  at  154  S.  Longcommon  Road,  Riv- 
erside, 111. 

CORNELIUS  SIPPA,  Jr.,  Ch.  E.,  pres- 
ident and  treasurer  of  The  Kosta  Com- 
pany, 1115  N.  Franklin  St.,  Chicago,  re- 
sides at  2316  Orrington  Ave.,  Evanston, 
111. 

ADRIAN  TABIN  (Tabachnik),  M.  E., 
7.354  N.  Seeley  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with 
Tabin-Picker  and  Co.,  4119   Belmont  Ave. 

MISSING:  Rudd,   E.   B.,   Ch.   E. 

Bloom,  Louis  S.,  E.  E.  Zahrobsky,  G.  J.,  E.  E. 

Browde,  A.  M.,  Arch.  DECEASED: 

Kaplon,   Hilton,  Ch.  E.  Burke,  S.  J.,  C.  E. 

Mundt,  Edw.,  C.  E.  Ermeling,  W.,  Ind.Arts 

Muramoto,  D.  K.,  E.  E.  Grabendike,   C.A.,   E.E. 

Newman,  Dr.L.B.,  M.E.  Little,  J.  Hale,  Ch.  E. 
Pearce,  Wm.  W.,  E.  E. 


1922 

SPEROS  D.  APOSTOL  (Apostolos), 
E.  E.,  is  in  the  engineering  department  of 
the  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  72  W. 
Adams  St.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  5638  Win- 
throp  Ave. 

WALLACE  TAYLOR  GRAY,  Ch.  E., 
is  with  Becton,  Dickinson,  and  Co.,  Ruth- 
erford, N.  J.  His  address  is  86  Wheaton 
Place. 

DANA  R.  HYDE,  C.  E.,  passed  away 
October    9,    1937,    at    the    Hinsdale    Sani- 


tarium as  a  result  of  complications  fol- 
lowing an  operation.  We  extend  to  his 
wife  and  family  our  deepest  sympathy. 
Mr.  Hyde  lived  at  2649  E.  78th  St.,  Chi- 
cago, and  was  employed  by  the  Chase 
Brass  and   Copper  Co. 

Our  apologies  to  GEORGE  H.  KELLY 
and  the  Kelburn  Engineering  Co.  for  er- 
rors in  the  notice  appearing  in  the  Octo- 
ber, 1937,  issue  of  the  Engineer. 

CHARLES  M.  KRAEMER,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Muter  Co.,  1255  S.  Michigan  Ave., 
Chicago.  His  home  is  at  2944  Wisconsin 
Ave.,  Berwyn,  111. 

ROBERT  R.  MAGUIRE,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
special  agent  for  the  South  Eastern  Un- 
derwriters Association  for  the  western 
part  of  Florida,  Room  805,  American  Na- 
tional Bank,  Pensacola,  Fla.  He  lives  at 
1902  E.  Monroe  St. 

RUSSELL  OWEN  MILES,  E.  E.,  2652 
Inglewood  Ave.,  St.  Louis  Park,  Minn.,  is 
with  The  Electric  Storage  Battery  Co.,  617 
Washington   Ave.,   N.,   Minneapolis,   Minn. 

HAROLD  F.  MILLER,  Ex.  C.  E.,  is 
with  the  Great  States  Theaters,  as  pro- 
jection engineer  in  the  Lyric  Theater,  Blue 
Island,  111.  He  lives  at  14519  Kentucky 
Ave.,  Harvey,  III. 

E.  B.  MUESER,  E.  E.,  120  Melrose 
Ave.,  Elmhurst,  111.,  is  with  the  Illinois 
Bell  Telephone  Co.,  215  W.  Randolph  St., 
Chicago. 

PAUL  ANDREW  REHNQUIST,  M. 
E.,  passed  away  in  November,  1937.  We 
extend  to  his  family  our  sincere  sympathy. 

EARL  CHARLES  RIEGER,M.  E.,  is 
with  the  International  Harvester  Co.,  2626 
W.  31st  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  1421 
Walnut  St.,  Western  Springs,  111. 

PAUL  J.  RUPPRECHT,  M.  E.,  is 
teaching  at  the  Linblom  High  School,  6130 
S.  Lincoln  St.,  Chicago.  His  address  is 
9052  S.  Loomis  Blvd. 

JOSEPH  JOHN  WALLACE,  SR.,  C. 
E.,  is  manager  of  the  Joliet  Engineering 
Co.,  500  Shelby  St.,  Joliet,  111.,  and  he  re- 
sides at  101  Seeser  St. 

E.  A.  GOODNOW,  E.  E.,  reports  an- 
other lost  man,  JAMES  HUSTON 
WATT,  C.  E.  He  is  with  the  Advertising 
Checking  Bureau,  538  S.  Clark  Ct.,  Chi- 
cago, and  lives  at  242  Walton  Place. 

MISSING:  Herman,  B.  S.,  M.  E. 

Bernstein,  Jacob,  C.  E.  Mason,  E.  B..  C.  E. 

Bissel,  Woodridge,  M.E.  McCormack,  W.J.,Arch. 

Conner,  Geo.  D.,  Arch.  Paque,  W.  W.,  M.  E. 

Eierdam,  E.  C,  C.  E.  Rehnquist,  P.  A.,  M.  E. 

Eisenstein,  Sam.,  M.  E.  Silverberg,   S.,   Ch.   E. 

Erlandson,  N.  H.,  E.  E.  DECEASED: 

Gambal,  John  J.,  C.  E.  Hyde,   D.,  C.   E. 
Georgevick,  Elias,  M.E. 


1923 

The  annual  spring  banquet  will  be  held 
on  Tuesday  evening,  June  7,  at  the  Me- 
dinah  Cluib  of  Chicago,  505  N.  Michigan 
Blvd.  It  will  be  the  FIFTEENTH  AN- 
NIVERSARY of  your  graduation  from 
Armour  Institute  so  do  all  you  can  to 
make  this  get-together  a  real  success. 
Meet  your  old  friends  and  classmates. 

MORRIS  COHEN,  Ch.  E.,  is  with  the 
SchuIze  Baking  Co.,  118  W.  47th  St.,  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.  He  resides  at  727  E.  62nd 
St.,  same  city. 

HENRY  EICKELBERG,  M.  E.,  818 
Forest  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  owner  and 
operator  of  a  garage  at  160  N.  Marion 
St.,  Oak  Park. 

GEORGE  GOEDHART,  C.  E.,  recently 
informed  the  alumni  office  that  he  was  in 
the  construction  business  and  at  the  pres- 
ent time  is  constructing  post  offices  at 
Susanville  and  at  Colusa,  Calif.,  under 
contract  with  the  Federal  Government. 

JOHN  KRAMER,  E.  E.,  79.36  Oakleaf 
Ave.,  Elmwood   Park,   111.,  is  with  L.   H. 


50 


Lamont   and   Co.,    9    S.    Clinton    St.,    Chi- 
cago, 111. 

JOHN  V.  LIZARS,  M.  E.,  is  practicing 
law  at  30  Rockefeller  Plaza,  New  York, 
N.  Y.  He  resides  at  75  White  Oak  St., 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.  The  following  is 
taken  from  a  recent  letter  received  from 
Lizars : 

"You  liHll  be  interested  to  know  that  I 
met  Jeff  Corydon,  Jr..  M.  E.  '22,  (iikI  E. 
:^rrrrin  S'rahn;/.  C.  E .  '22.  ihin.ni  thr  la.s-l 
wr,l:.  „!,</  S,„i,,  r.i  ,,„,!  I  .n;  ,/„/»,/  to  ini- 
<!,!■/, ik,  I,,  ,,,ui"i,l:,  ,,hn,n,l  ,i<,l In'riiif/s  in 
tin    nr,/   ,u  ar  Jul  arc.- 

What  progress  are  you  making,  and  can 
the  alumni  office  be  of  any  help  to  you? 

MARION  R.  R.  LEVIN,  E.  E.,  is  witli 
the  Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co.,  212  W. 
Washington  St.,  Chicago,  III.  He  lives  at 
444.  W.  31st  Street. 

ROBERT  S.  MAYO,  C.  E.,  is  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  manufacturing  special 
tunnel  macliinerv  in  Lancaster,  Pa.  He  re- 
sides at  307  N.  West  End  Ave. 

CHARLES  A.  MISURA,  M.  E.,  3218 
Dartmouth  Ave.,  Dallas,  Texas,  is  engineer 
for  W.  E.  Callahan  Construction  Co.,  2034 
Moxley  St.  We  quote  the  following  from 
a  recent  letter  received  from  Misura: 
''Dear  Secretary : 

"I'm  enclosing  my  check  for  $6.00  to 
cover  back  dues  for  the  rperiod  of  1931- 
1938  in  accordance  with  your  statement  of 
Jan.  11,  1938. 

"I  appreciate  the  opportunity  of  set- 
tling these  back  dues  on  such  an  attractive 
basis  and  removing  my  name  from  the  'de- 
lliuiiient  dues'  list.  Since  I  always  con- 
.■.(■(/<  r  myself  a  loyal  alumnus  and  have  re- 
tained an  interest  in  the  activities  and 
progress  of  the  Institute  at  all  tim,es,  there 
is  no  excuse  for  my  negligence;  yet  in  de- 
fense of  myself  and  as  a  gentle  hint  for 
treatment  of  other  similar  cases,  I  do  not 
recall  having  received  a  single  statement 
or  notice  of  dues  for  the  period  in  ques- 
tion. I  puzzled  over  the  lack  of  such  no- 
tice at  first,  with  intent  to  write  for  in- 
formation, but  as  so  often  happens,  such 
good  intentions  go  astray  and  are  pigeon- 
holed in  the  press  of  more  immediate  de- 
nuinds  for  one's  attention,  especially  when 
in  a  new  environment  far  removed  and 
with  only  infrequent  contact  with  the 
former.  This  suggests  that  perhaps  an  oc- 
casional letter  and  notice  of  dues  Would 
act  as  a  reminder  and  awakener  of  a 
slumbering  sense  of  duty  and  loyalty. 

"During  this  period  I  did  receive  an  oc- 
casional copy  of  The  Armour  Engineer 
AND  Alumnus,  but  it  failed  to  arouse  me 
to  action — immediate  action,  the  lack  of 
which  usually  consigns  the  subject  to  the 
'blind  alleys'  of  the  mind.  Cold  facts  and 
figures  command  attention  of  a  mind 
trained  in  the  engineering  and  business 
professions  and  are  more  apt  to  evoke  the 
desired  response.  This  is  true  in  my  case 
at  least,  and  such  facts  are  not  easily 
pigeonholed.  This  response  is  evidence 
enough. 

''The  above  may  be  true  of  others.  The 
average  person — and  most  of  us  are  that — 
needs  a  bit  of  prodding  to  make  him  aware 
of  his  obligations,  especially  when  these 
are  of  remote  origin  and  he  lacks  a  fre- 
quent personal  touch  imth  them.  I  had  no 
difflculty  in  remaining  an  actively  inter- 
ested alumnus  while  residing  in  Chicago — 
through  frequent  attendance  at  luncheons 
annual,  banquets,  visits  to  the  Institute, 
and  other  personal  contacts.  Removal  of 
these  and  substitution  of  the  fresh  claims 
of  a  new  environment  presents  a  difficult 
hurdle  to  overcome  in  the  maintenance  of 
the  former  relationships. 

"All  of  this  '  e.vpounding'  is  offered 
neither  as  an  e.vcuse  nor  a  criticism,  but  a 


generalization  of  enndition^  with  a  po.s.'tihle 
solution  of  cases  similur  t,t  nilin  .  Tin  re 
are  cases — few.  I  Imiii  -.cln  r,  linn  is  no 
intere.if  xchaferer  ami  in>  .!/-/<,.'/  -.cill  pro- 
duce anil  ,/firl.  Ollnr  i-asrs  ronliniir  lo 
dispfai/  on  Oi-tivi  ami  po rliei/iol ini)  inter- 
est r,gor<ll,ss  of  dislonee  an, I  inf nqneneii 
of  contact.  It  is  the  'dormant,  inactive  ii'i- 
tere.-'t'  case,  such  as  mine,  which  may  In 
reaicakened  to  a  greater  or  lesser  degre, . 

"Riskinti  the  un/nirdonahle  sin  of  too 
ureal  a  nse  of  the  'prst  person'  I  am  en- 
closing a  brief  sketch  of  nn,  'doings'  since 
leavinii    the    Inslitiilc    in     1923. 

-  First  Ihr,,  ,i,ars  uurr  spent  In  Chi- 
eago.  with  s,v,ral  /irn,s  in  winor  englnrrr- 
ing  -work  inehnllng  a  season  on  my  encn  <(s 
a.  radio  engineer  and  constructor.  Early 
in  1926  an  opportunity  presented  itself 
with  a  Chicago  contractor  on  a  street 
lighting  installation  contract  in  St.  Louis. 
Orlglnallii  a  i/iar's  work,  this  e.vtended  it- 
self into  Idi'fi.  ./  new  connection  with  a 
local  eanlrarhn-  In  St.  Louis  put  me  info 
the    grneral    const nietlon    field,   '.chleh    eon- 


Electrical  Equipment 


tinned    ,hn 
Old  man   ,/ 


III, 


iiin  ,1,  pr,  sslon  finally  caught  up  xcilh 
me  a  fno'  years  ago  as  the  slump  hit  th, 
e,inst ruction  game  a  heavy  blow.  Before 
l,ing,  however,  I  toas  fortunate  in  making 
a  fairly  good  conne,-ll,in  -cclth  my  /ire.-:,nt 
emploi/ers,  W.  E.  Cdhiloin  t'unsl nielion 
Co.  of  Dallas,  Te.ras.  primarllg  rng.,g,d  in 
hear, I  eonstruetl,in  m,isllii  ,if  pnhlie  n,i- 
ture'  sn,'h  as  ,!ams.  I,ve,s.  eanal  and  h,tr- 
hor  lmprov,i„,nls.  hnnnls.  lar.fe  water- 
icorks,  se^L'rr.  an, I  irrhiallon  pro), els.  ,te. 
My  work  Is  that  ,if  an  ,n,iin,,r.  ,  slim, 'lor, 
and  occasion, ill II .  sii p,  rliil ,  ml,  iil .  Mil  resl- 
dence  is  ofjielally  In  Dallas,  hut  I  spmd  a 
greater  portion  'of  a  year  travelling  from 
one  en, I  of  th,  country  to  the  other,  espe- 
pidlli/  7chi  n  hill, line/  on  new  construction. 
Haven't  fiillg  r,  covered  from  the  depres- 
sion. ,111,1  III,  fiiliir,  iif  III,  iiiiliislry  as  seen 
from  Ih,'  pris,  lit  vi,ic  is  n,in,'  too  bright, 
but  at  least  \.','r,  k,,  ping  heads  above' the 
water  and  ■zcatehlinj  for  firmer  footing. 

'•I'm  happllii  marrlid  to  a  St.  Louis 
belle  and  xo'ill  soon  celebrate  the  fourth 
anniversary.  Just  two  of  us  but  hope  some 
day  to  have  a  future  Armour  undergrad- 
uate. Sincerely  yours, 

C.  A.  MISURA." 

PAUL  L.  MULLANEY,  Ex.  M.  E., 
2920  Commonwealth  Ave.,  Ciiicago,  is  with 
Lawrence  Stern  and  Co.,  Inc.,  231  S.  La 
Salle  St. 

LOUIS  NEEDLMAN,  M.  E.,  president 
of  the  Mid-City  Architectural  Iron  Co.,  re- 
sides at  2439  N.  Francisco  Ave.,  Chicago, 
111. 

JOSEPH  JACOB  RAPHLING,  E.  E., 
is  in  the  LT.  S.  Patent  Office,  Dept.  of 
Commerce  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C.  His 
home  address  is  1704  N.  Troy  St.,  Arling- 
ton, Va. 

REINHOLD  H.  RUWALDT,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Indiana  Public  Service  Co.,  5262 
Homan  Ave.,  Hammond,  Ind.,  and  he  lives 
in  Beecher,  III. 

O.  G.  SMITH,  C.  E.,  2118  Chase  Ave., 
Chicago,  is  engineer  of  buildings  for  the 
Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co.,  212  W.  Wash- 
ington  St. 

MORRIS  SPECTOR,  E.  E.,  is  practic- 
ing patent  law,  110  S.  Dearborn  St.,  Chi- 
cago. He  resides  at  5519  S.  University 
Ave. 

RAY  LEWIS  WALKER,  Ex.  E.  E.,  is 
general  superintendent  of  claims  for  the 
United  States  Fidelitv  and  Guaranty  Co., 
16  Liberty  St.,  New  York  City. 


Ph 

me  Randolph   1125 

All 

Departments 

GOLDBERG    &    O'BRIEN 

ELECTRIC  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERS    AND 

CONTRACTORS 

OFFICE     AND     PLANT 

17  South   Jefferson   Street 

Chicago,   Illinois 

Northwestern    Electric    Company 

408-412  South  Hoyne  Avenue 

Electric   Motors — Converters — Welders 
Guaranteed  Service 


"Extra -Service" 

Friction  and  Rubber  Tapes 
.  .  .  ai  no  extra  cost 

VAN  fLEEF  BROS. 

Mfri.  Rubber  and  Chemical  Products 

Woodlawn  Ave.,  77th  to  78th  Sts. 
CHICAGO 


v.t?T!?.'C4 


COMPLETE 

Electrical  Insulation 

Service 

HIGHEST    QUALITY    MATERIALS 
Macallen 
Dolphins 
Manning 
Emerald 

and  Other  Brands 
Consultation   Sen  ire 

INSULATION  MANUFACTURERS 
CORPORATION 

Cleveland  Chicago 


MISSING: 
Bland,  Henrj'.  E.  E. 
Clark,  A.  S.,  Arch. 
Crane,  W.  O..  E.  E. 
Dolesh,  F.  J.,  E.  E 


Downs,  P.  C,  Ch.  E. 
Goldstein,  A.,  M.  E. 
Graicunas,  V.  A.,  M.E. 
Mandel,   D.   M..   C.   E. 
Miller,  D.  F.,  E.  E. 


Motors  and  Generators  Rebuilt 

New   and   Used   Motors  for  Sale 

Telephone  Boulevard  2389 

CENTRAL  MOTOR  &  REPAIR  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERING 

MANUFACTURERS    OF     RADIO     GENERATORS 

GENERAL     ELECTRICAL     AND      MECHANICAL 

REPAIRING 

615-617  ROOT  STREET 
CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS 


51 


Oljoler,  Max  0.,  E.   E.  Scliwaitz,   M.   L.,  E.  E. 

Pollan,   H.  T.,  M.  E.  Sominers,  L.  H.,  Arcli. 

Prentiss,  E.  W.,  C.  E.  DECEASED: 

Salzman,  M.  M.,  C.  E.  Mills,  Paul  R.,  M.  E. 


1924 

RICHARD  B.  BERRY,  C.  E.  is  owner 
and  operator  of  Clietek  Indianhead  Re- 
sort, Clietek,  Wis. 

JOHN  R.  BRADY,  Cii.  E.,  is  assistant 
superintendent,  open  hearth  for  the  Wis- 
consin Steel  Co.,  lOCth  St.  and  Torrenee 
Ave.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at  8005  Lafay- 
ette Ave. 

ROBERT  L.  BRANDT,  Arch.,  partner 
in  the  firm  Alexander  and  Brandt,  archi- 
tects, 2-2  W.  Monroe  St.,  Chicago,  resides 
at  501  S.  Central  Ave. 

DAVID  E.  DAVIDSON,  M.  E.,  182;30 
Prairie    Ave..    Detroit,    Mich.,    is    engineer 
for  the  Link-Belt  Co.,  5938  Linsdale  Ave., 
Detroit. 
"Dear  Secretary: 

"Thanks  very  kindly  for  your  Ictti  r  nf 
November  17  and  the  enclosed  alumni  n  c- 
ord  card.  This  card  has  been  prajiirlii 
filled  out  and  is  non'  enclosed  in  this 
letter. 

■II   that   J   hai'e   not    li<ii 


Electrical  Equipment 


"/  am  very 
more  prom/it  in  iidlinii  this  infuriiiiilinn 
to  yov  and  iiiii!--t  <i/i<ili,,ii:i  fur  nnl  hirriin/ 
answer!  tl  a  iirccimis  l<//,r  r(  ci  in  d  from 
you.  I  have  been  niuV(d  around  from  plan 
to  place  a  considerable  amount  and  really 
appreciate  hearing  from  somebody  at 
Armour  again. 

Veni  trull/  i/oiirs, 

b.  E.  DAVIDSON." 

LESLIE  C.  HASKEl  L,  E.  E.,  is  witli 
the  Public  Service  Co.,  Northern  Illinois, 
Northbrook,  111.  He  lives  at  113  S.  Park 
Ave.,  Waukegan,  111. 

CARL  G.  JACKSON,  M.  E.,  is  general 
manager  of  the  Holliday  Gravel  Co.,  1004 
Baltimore  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  His 
home  address  is  3001  E.  68th"  St. 

ALBERT  KARLSBERG,  E.  E.,  5.508 
Cornell  .Ave.,  Cliieago,  is  a  partner  in  the 
Rem-Kar!  Metal  Co..  2215  Ford  Ave. 

EUGENE  E.  MARK,  E.  E.,  is  traflRe 
accountant  for  the  Illinois  Bell  Telephone 
Co.,  212  W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago,  111., 
and  he  lives  at  808  S.  St.  Johns,  Highland 
Park,  111. 

DAVID  L.  MESSER,  M.  E.,  is  local  en- 
gineer for  the  Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co., 
635  18th  St.,  Rock  Island,  111.  His  home 
address   is   2906  24.th   Ave.   A,   Moline,   111. 

RICHARD  F.  ODENWALDT,  M.  E., 
is  with  Jos.  T.  Ryerson  &  Son,  16th  and 
Rockwell  Sts.,  Chicago.  His  address  is 
6807  N.  Campbell  Ave. 

LOLTIS  H.  I.  PFOHL,  C.  E.,  71-53  Kes- 
sel  St.,  Forest  Hills,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  is  with 
the  Otis  Elevator  Co.,  260  11th  Ave.,  New 
York  City. 

ELIHU  O.  PIERCE,  F.  P.  E.,  is  spe- 
cial agent  for  the  St.  Paul  Fire  and  Ma- 
rine Ins.  Co.,  815  Guarantee  Title  Bldg., 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  His  residence  address  is 
2680  Noble  Road,  Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio. 

ELMER  F.  RESKE,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with 
the  Chicago  Board  of  Underwriters,  17() 
W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111.,  and  he 
lives  at  10350  S.  Fairfield  Ave. 

EARL  L.  SANBORN,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with 
the  Detroit  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance 
Co.,  210  E.  Michigan  St.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
His  home  address  is  4336  N.  Wilwood  Ave. 

LOUIS  SCHULMAN,  C.  E.,  is  an  en- 
gineer. Bridge  Design  Division,  City  of 
Chicago,  City  Hall,  Chicago.  He  lives  at 
7000  N.  Paulina  St. 

LOUIS  C.  THOELECKE,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Nonvich  Union  Fire  Ins.  Society, 
ltd.,  175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  His 
address  is  1137  Maple  Ave.,  Evanston,  III. 


The  PYLE-NATIONAL 
COMPANY 

RAILROAD  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CONDUIT 
WIRING    FiniNGS 

AIRPORT  AND  AIR  CRAFT 
LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

STEAM  TURBINES 

one-fourth   to   five   horse   power 

TURBO  GENERATORS 

one-half    to    twelve    kilowatt 

FLOOD  LIGHTS 
Chicago  Illinois 


THOMPSON -JAMESON 
ELECTRIC  CO. 

360  W.  Superior  St.,  Chicago 

MOTORS  and  ELEVATORS 

MAINTAINED  and   REPAIRED 

LIGHT    and    POWER    WIRING 

24   hour  service  SUPERIOR   1396 


Transformer   Specialists 

Design  and  production  of  transformers  for 
Radio,  Sound  Amplification  and  Amateur 
Transmission.      1 1/2   K.  W.  limit. 

STANDARD  TRANSFORMER 

CORPORATION 

STANCOR 

850   Blackhawk   Street  Chicago,   Illinois 


R.  E.  FISCHEL 

Becker  Brothers  Carbon 

Co. 

Electrical    and    Mechanical    Ca 
Products 

bon 

3450  S.  52 ND  AVE. 
Cicero 

CRAWFORD    2260 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 

MOTOR   GENERATORS,    ROTARY 
CONVERTORS,   ETC. 

Ask   for    Special    Llit 

Gregory  Electric  Co. 


1603    S.    Lincoln    Str 


Chicago,    III. 


LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

ARMOUR  MEN 

MULTI    ELECTRICAL    MFG.    CO. 
1840  West  14th  Street,  Chicago 


PAUL  RAYMOND  UNGER,  Ch.  E., 
7130  Euclid  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Mid-West  Heat  Service  Co.,  3227  Carroll 
Ave. 

JULIAN  M.  VEGGEBERG,  M.  E.  is 
in  tlie  Bureau  of  Engineering,  City  of  Chi- 
cago, 811  N.  Michigan  Ave.  His  home  ad- 
dress  is   1810   N.   Nagle  Ave. 

HICHARD  HENRY  WALWORTH, 
M.  K..  is  with  Thompson  Products,  Inc., 
7T:J1-7881  Conant  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich.  He 
lives  at  5082  Courville  Ave. 


MI.SSING: 

Anderson.  H.  E.,  Arcli. 
Raim,  Eugene,  Ch.  E. 
Ben.singer,  E.  A.,  Cli.E. 
Davidson,  D.  E.,  M.  E. 
Falconer,  J.  W.,  E.  E. 
GreenfieId,T.(Isr.)Ch.E. 
Hardwicke,  L.  C,  C.  E. 
Hart,  T.  H.,  E.  E. 
Johnson,  E.  A..  Arch. 
Lipsky,  Wm.  S.,  M.  E. 
Miirner,   H.  K.,   C.   E. 


Nelson,  Carl  A.,  M.  E. 
Olson,  Alden  T..  C.  E. 
Samuels,  Saul,  C.  E. 
Spaid,  O.  M.,  F.P.E. 
Swanson,  E.J.,  Ind.Arts 
Vickers,  W.   H.,   M.  E. 
Walk,  Edw.,  C.  E. 
DECEASED: 
Almendinger,   H.  A., 

E.  E. 
Flnkelstien,  L.  M.,  E.  E. 
Heller,  Duane  L.,  M.  E. 


1925 

THOMAS  W.  BOYLE,  Ex.  M.  E.,  6133 
Kciiniore  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  agent  for  the 
l'.i(uital)le  Life  Assurance  Society,  Room 
Ui.51.  120  S.  LaSalle  St. 

WILLIAM  JOHNSTON  DIXON,  C. 
E.,  is  an  industrial  engineer  for  the  Car- 
negie Illinois  Steel  Co.,  89th  and  Strand 
Sts.,  Chicago.  His  home  address  is  8237 
Kimliark  Ave. 

HAROLD  H.  EGGERS,  M.  E.,  6142 
Woodlawn  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the  XL 
Refrigerating   Co..    1S:U   W.   .59th   St. 

ALVIN  F.  HIBBKLKR,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  Commonwealtii  pAlison  Co.,  72  W. 
Adams  St.,  Chicago.  He  resides  at  4222 
N.    Lincoln    St. 

EUGENE  E.  JOHNSON,  M.  E.,  is  in 
tiie  general  Diesel  sales  division  of  Eair- 
l)anks,  Morse  and  Co.,  900  S.  Wabash 
.\ve.,  Chicago.  His  home  address  is  8212 
S.    l.aflin   St. 

EDWIN  M.  MEYER,  E.  E.,  is  elec- 
trical engineer  for  the  Porcelain  Products, 
Inc.,  Parkershurg,  W.  Va.,  and  he  lives 
at    lis    IDth   St. 

.MARC  Kl.LUS  A.  MOELLER,  F.  P.  E., 
is  an  insurance  engineer  for  the  Tennes- 
see Inspection  Bureau,  1016  Burwell 
Bldg.,    Knoxville,   Tenn. 

DOMINIC  G.  MULLIGAN,  F.  P.  E., 
is  with  the  Mountain  States  Inspection 
Bureau,  801-.30  Gas  and  Electric  Bldg., 
Denver,  Colo.  He  resides  at  1825  Cherry 
St. 

DONALD  F.  OTHMER,  Ex.  Ch.  E., 
202  Columbia  Heights,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
is  head  of  the  department  of  Chemical 
Engineering,  Polytechnic  Institute,  Brook- 
lyn,  N.  Y. 

D.  B.  SCOVILLE,  Ex.  Arch.,  Is  with 
the  Leonard  Construction  Co.,  37  S.  Wa- 
bash Ave.,  Chicago.  His  home  address  is 
Crystal   Lake,    111. 

WILLIAM  H.  SOTHEN,  E.  E.,  350  E. 
7tth  St.,  Chicago  is  with  the  Illinois  Bell 
Telephone  Co.,  208  W.  Washington   St. 

GEORGE  E.  TRUTERA,  M.  E.,  is  me- 
chanical engineer  for  Templeton  Kenly 
and  Co.,  1020  S.  Central  Ave.,  Chicago. 
His  home  address  is  6427  W.  16th  St., 
Berwyn,  111. 

GLENN  R.  WAGNER,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
with  the  Chicago  Board  of  Underwriters, 
175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  lives 
at  1U216  S.  May  St. 

EARLE  S.  WHITCOMBE,  F.  P.  E., 
822  S.  18th  Ave.,  Maywood,  111.,  is  with 
the  Hartford  Fire  Insurance  Co.,  Wrigley 
Bldg.,  Chicago. 

JOHN  H.  WITTE,  M.  E.,  is  with  the 
Underwriters    Laboratories,    Inc.,    207    E. 


52 


a^^JP 


11     :! 


There's  a  lift  in  the  voice  that  says 
—  "Pabst  Blue  Ribbon,  please"  — 
and  a  nod  of  approval  from  the  one 
who  serves  it.  Pabst  has  won  such 
acclaim  through  five   generations. 

PABST 

Order  a  Case   JM   Today 


GOOD  TASTE  FOR  94  YEARS 

53 


Ohio   St.,   Chicago.     He   lives   at   5921    N. 
Rockwell  St. 

MISSING:  I'rendeigast,      R.     W., 

Beck,   M.   D.,   Ch.   E.  Arch. 

Bockman,   T.,   Cli.   E.  Rose,  Geo.,  Jr..  M.  E. 

Gaylord,   R.   P.,    F.P.E.  Scliwarz,   Edwin,  E.  E. 

Johnson,  J.  G..  Ch.  E.  WiUey,  S.  R.,  C.  E. 

McFaul,  Don.  J.,  M.  E.  DECEASED: 

Norton,    H.   E.,    Ch.   E.  Gaul,  Carl  C,  C.  E. 

Novitskv,  P.  P..   Oi.  E.  Taylor,  Von  D.,  K.P.E. 
Nndelman.  C.  S.,  C.  E. 
Ostland,    R.    E.,    C.    E. 


1926 

ARTHUR  W.  ANDERSON.  Ch.  R., 
2139  Lincolnwood  Drive,  Evanston,  Ill- 
is  with  the  Uptown  Fuel  Co.,  Kimball  and 
Touhv   Aves.,  Chicago. 

FLOYD  EDWIN  BROWN,  F.  P.  E., 
is  an  engineer  for  the  Mountain  States 
Inspection  Bureau,  801  Gas  and  Electric 
Bldg.,  Denver,  Colorado.  He  lives  at  680 
High  St. 

BEN  BARRY  COFFEY,  ,Tr.,  Ex.  F. 
P.  E.,  672  N.  Belvedere,  Memphis,  Tenn- 
is a  fire  insurance  inspector  for  the  Ten- 
nessee Inspection  Bureau,  1434  Commerce 
Title   Bldg. 

NORMAN  ALEXANDER  DANIEI^S, 
F.  P.  E.,  is  a  fire  protection  engineer  for 
the  Chicago  Board  of  Underwriters,  17.5 
W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago.  He  lives  at 
10977  Church  St. 

MICHAEL  A.  DEL  MONTE,  C.  E., 
is  with  Westerlin  and  Campbell  Co.,  1113 
Cornelia  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.  He  lives  at 
4848   Handerson   St. 

.TAMES  E.  FARNSWORTH,  E.  E., 
1527  N.  Austin  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111.,  is 
teaching  in  the  Chicago  high  schools. 

FRANK  JOSEPH  FUCHS,  Arch.,  is 
a  member  of  the  firm  Nelson  and  Fuchs, 
architects,  1155  4th  St.,  La  Crosse,  Wis. 
He  resides  at  the  same  address. 

CARLOS  HARVEY  GAMBELL,  M. 
E.,  is  a  farmer,  and  his  address  is  Route 
No.   1,  Mulino,  Ore. 

HOMER  HENRY  GEYMER,  E.  E., 
lives  at  144-9  N.  Park  Ave.,  Chicago.  He 
is   teaching  in  the  Chicago  high  schools. 

HARRY  GOERS,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with  the 
Fire  Insurance  Rating  Bureau,  626  E. 
Wisconsin  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  He  re- 
sides at  2757  N.  51st  SL 

GORDON  GOODWIN,  M.  E.,  306  W. 
Chicago  St.,  Elgin,  111.,  is  with  the  Elgin 
National  Watch  Co. 

HERBERT  CARL  HOFF,  E.  E.,  is 
with  the  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  72 
W^  Adams  St.,  Chicago.  His  address  is 
419  N.  Ashland  Ave.,   La  Grange,  111. 

KARL  BOEGNER  HL^BEN,  C.  E.,  re- 
sides at  Palatine,  111.,  Box  396. 

EDWARD  JOSEPH  JAROS,  C.  E.,  is 
farming  at  present,  and  his  address  is 
Route  No.  .3,  Box  69,  Molalla,  Ore. 

ARTHUR  S.  LAEDERACH,  E.  E.,  is 
in  the  engineering  department  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Co.  of  Indiana,  Whiting,  Ind. 
He  lives  at  1813  La  Porte  Ave." 

FRANCIS  H.  LE  CREN,  E.  E.,  is  with 
the  Western  Electric  Co.,  Hawthorne  Sta- 
tion, Chicago,  and  resides  at  1527  N.  Cen- 
tral Ave.,  Chicago. 

ROBERT  F.  MALLORY,  Ex.  F.  P.  E., 
is  branch  manager  of  the  Nebraska  In- 
spection Bureau,  1302  Sharp  Bldg.,  Lin- 
coln, Nebr.  He  resides  at  2745  Manse 
Ave. 

PAUL  DURBIN  McCURRY,  Arch., 
is  teaching  at  the  Tilden  High  School, 
Chicago,  and  he  lives  at  9350  S.  Hamilton 
Ave. 

RICHARD  F.  NIEMZ,  Ex.  Arch.,  is 
assistant  construction  officer,  1st  Lt.,  U. 
S.  Army,  Chicago  Quartermasters  Depot, 
1819  W\  Pershing  Road,  Chicago.  His 
home  address  Is  2322  Argyle  St. 


Electrical  Equipment 


ELECTRIC 
MOTORS 


CALUMET 
4961 


DAVID   GORDON 

ELECTRICAL   EQUIPMENT 

1720  SO.   MICHIGAN   AVE.,   CHICAGO 


LIGHTING  PICTURES 

and 

ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES 

TRIANGLE  ELECTRIC  CO. 

600  West  Adams  Street 
Chicago 

Mr.  Byrnes  Tel.  HAYmarket  7980 


IHORMRSON' 


1 1 1  UlMMaBiMiiJ  1 1 1 1  ^^ 

TRANSFORMERS 
Write  for  catalogs  and  manuals 

•  Transmitter     Guide  —  No.      344 

Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
lists  for  transmitters  ranging  from 
25  watts  to  1.000  watts 16c 

•  Radio  Sej^icing-  Guide — No.  342 
Auto  Installation  hints,  how  to 
build  a  direct  reading  voltmeter, 
how  to  make  and  use  output  indi- 
cators   and     align     receivers,     tube 


IBc 

•   Sound  Amplifier  Guide — No.  346 

Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
list  for  Amplifiers  ranging  up  to 
lO'O  watts  output,  db  table,  etc..  .IBc 


Illinois    Electric    Porcelain 
Company 

MACOMB,    ILLINOIS 

E.  J.  BURRIS 

District  Representative 

Telephone   Mansfield   7873 
5263  Quincy  Street,  Chicago,   Illinois 

Chicaso  Transformer 
Corporation 

3501    ADDISON  STREET 
Chicago,  Illinois 

Independence    I  120 


CHICAGO   •    ILLINOIS 

FOR  QUALITY 
WHITE  METAL  ALLOYS 

ALL  KINDS 


AVILLIAM    J.    POLLOCK,    Ch.    E.,    is 

clu'iiiist  for  the  Phoenix  Metal  Cap  Co., 
2  in  \V.  16th  St.,  Chicago,  and  he  lives 
at  20.57  Berwyn  Ave.,  Chicago. 

WILLIAM  S.  SARGENT,  Ex.  E.  E., 
;5.531  Hollydale  Drive,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 
is  electrical  tester  for  the  department  of 
Water  and  Power  of  Los  Angeles,  16.30 
X.  Main  St. 

LUDWIG  KARL  SLUGODZKI,  E.  E., 
is  laboratory  custodian  and  librarian  for 
the  Bendix  "Radio  Corp.,  60  E.  35th  St., 
Chicago.  He  resides  at  2904  N.  Wash- 
tenaw  Ave. 

FRED  .JOHN  TOPINKA,  M.  E.,  is 
with  Swift  and  Co.,  S.  Omaha  Station, 
Onialia,  Xebr.    He  lives  at  506  S.  31.st  St. 

HARRY  DAWSON  WILSDOX,  M.  E., 
212  E.  Ponce  de  Leon  Ave.,  Decatur,  Ga., 
is  engineer  for  the  Link-Belt  Co.,  1116 
Murphy  Ave.,  S.W.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

MISSING:  Reeder,  C.   D.,  E.  E. 

Becker,   Geo.,   Arch.  DECEASED: 

Bhime,   L.  J.,  Arch.  Chatroop,  L.  W.,  C.  E. 

Hamid,  C.  A..  M.  E.  Norrgard,  E.  0.,  M.  E. 

.lacobs,   Leo  B.,  Arch.  Ruddock,  R.   D.,  C.  E, 

Kloer,   C.   G.,    Arch. 

Kornacker,  K.  J..  C.  E. 


1927 

I.OUIS  p.  ALLAIRE,  F.  P.  E.,  is  as- 
sistant engineer  for  the  Fireman's  Fund 
Ins.  Co.,  175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago, 
111.  His  residence  is  7025  N.  Wolcott 
Ave. 

N.  D.  BARFIELD,  Arch.,  112  N.  Lin- 
coln St.,  Hinsdale,  III.,  is  an  executive  in 
the  construction  department  of  Montgom- 
ery AVard  and  Co.,  619  W.  Chicago  Ave., 
Chicago. 

CLIFFORD  A.  BECKMAN,  E.  E., 
makes  the  following  interesting  announce- 
ment: 

"Bi/  the  Beckman  Production  Co.,  Inc., 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  rifjht  off  the  Assembly 
Line!.  We  are  PROUD  to  announce  the 
release  of  our  new  1937  Model  Baby  Girl, 
Lucille  Joan  Beckman.  Your  attention  is 
ilircrted  to  the  folloitnng  features  of  this 
Xnc  Model:  date  of  release,  Dec.  14,  1937; 
xceif/ht  of  chassis,  9  lbs.,  2  oz.;  2-lung 
power,  free  squealin;/ ;  plenty  knee  action, 
scream  lined;  economical  fuel  consump- 
tion. Assurance  of  the  superior  quality 
and  performance  of  this  New  Model  may 
be  had  in  the  fact  that  its  designer  and 
chief  engineer  is  Clifford  A.  Beckman  and 
Production  Manager  Mildred  T.  Beckman. 
This  new  attraction  can  be  viewed  'most 
any  day  now  at  our  nursery -showroom  at 
229  Wellington  Road.  Your  inspection  is 
cordially  invited." 

CHARLES  CAPOUCH,  Jr.,  E.  E.,  is 
connected  with  Western  Electric  Co., 
Hawthorne  Works,  Chicago.  He  resides 
at  2749  S.  Kedvale  Ave.,  Chicago. 

JAMES  J.  DOHENY,  Jr.,  Ch.  E.,  4247 
West  End  Ave.,  Chicago,  Is  with  the  Alco- 
hol Tax  Unit,  B.  I.  R. 

PAUL  A.  EXKE,  M.  E.,  is  with  Kel- 
logg Co.,  Battle  Creek,  Mich.  He  lives  at 
131    North   Ave. 

AETLEY  C.  FLEXXER,  E.  E.,  2703 
E.  76th  Place,  Chicago,  111.,  is  with  Sar- 
gent and  Lundy,  140  S.  Dearborn  St. 

GEORGE  H.  FRANK,  M.  E.,  143  N. 
Parkside  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Continen- 
tal Can  Co.,  46.33  W.  Grand  Ave. 

JOHN  CLARK  HARROWER,  C.  E., 
has  both  a  new  home  and  business  ad- 
dress. He  lives  at  357  Shermans,  Elm- 
hurst,  111.,  and  is  engineer  for  Bendix  Ra- 
dio  Corp.,  60   East   25th  St.,   Chicago. 

CLARENCE  E.  KENNEY,  E.  E.,  is  In 
the  steam  turbine  department  of  Allis- 
Chalmers   Mfg.   Co.,   Milwaukee,  Wis.   He 


54 


resides  at  1409  S.  77th  St.,  West  Allis, 
Wis.,  and  in  his  spare  time  he  is  worliing 
on  a  stone  house. 

CHARLES  WILLIAM  LANG,  C.  E^, 
is  with  Underwriters'  Laboratories,  207 
E.  Ohio  St.,  Chicago,  and  lives  at  10837 
Long^vood  Drive. 

CHESTER  LONG,  F.  P.  E.,  329  S. 
Ogden  St.,  Denver,  Colo.,  is  special  agent 
for  Glens   Falls  Ins.  Co..  522  Symes  Bldg. 

EDWIN  H.  MADDEN,  E.  E.,  recently 
reported  among  the  missing,  has  been  lo- 
cated. He  is  with  the  Aetna  Casualty  and 
Surety  Co.,  17.5  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chi- 
cago, "ill.,  and  lives  at  .334  N.  Lotus  Ave. 

JOHN  R.  MARSHALL,  Ch.  E.,  York- 
ville,  111.,  is  publisher  for  the  Kendall 
County   Record. 

ROiiERT  P.  PETERSEN,  M.  E.,  is 
sales  engineer,  New  Departure  Division, 
General  Motors  Corp.,  3705  Carnegie  Ave., 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  resides  at  2249  Cara- 
bel   Ave.,  Lakewood,  Ohio. 

ALFRED  E.  PETRIE,  E.  E.,  employed 
by  the  Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co.,  6317 
Maryland  Ave.,  Chicago,  lives  at  7743 
Calumet  Ave. 

WALTER  H.  PITTELKO,  C.  E.,  19.33 
S.  51st  Ave.,  Cicero,  111.,  is  structural  de- 
signer. Swift  and  Co.,  LT.  S.  Yards,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

ROBERT  W.  SCHIRMER,  F.  P.  E..  is 
connected  with  the  Pearl  Assurance  Co., 
Ltd.,  175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  as 
underwriting  engineer.  His  residence  is 
.5:340  N.  Bernard  St. 

REGINALD  G.  SCHULER,  E.  E., 
2135  I.eland  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  the 
Teletype  Corp.,  1400  Wrightwood  Ave. 

ALEXANDER  J.  SLATALLA,  C.  E.. 
is  married,  has  two  children,  and  resides 
at  1.301  Chicago  St.,  Green  Bay,  Wis.  He 
is  engineer  for  the  Wisconsin  Highway 
Commission,  Nicolet  Bldg. 

ROBERT  C.  SWANSON,  Arch.,  lives 
and  practices  architecture  at  5137  N.  Troy 
St.,  Chicago,  111. 

EWALD  C.  THORSEN,  E.  E.,  1.344 
I.unt  Ave..  Chicago,  is  with  Major  Equip- 
ment Co.,  4fi03  Fullerton  Ave. 

WILTON  F.  KUFFEL,  F.  P.  E.,  1021 
S.  Prospect  Ave.,  Park  Ridge,  111.,  who 
for  several  years  has  been  Second  Supt. 
of  Ratings  for  the  Chicago  Board  of  Fire 
Underwriters,  is  in  the  Chicago  office  of 
the  Phoenix  Insurance  Co.  of  Hartford, 
175  W.  Jackson  St. 


MISSING: 

Berkson,  Aaron.  Arch. 
Cailles,  B.  A.,  C.  E. 
George,  H.  R.,  Jr.,  M.E. 
Goo,    R.    Y.,    Arch. 
Henrich,  R.  L..  M.  E. 
Heyes,  A.  B.,  E.  E. 
Larson,   E.   A..   E.   E. 
Lee,  Geo.  Harold,  E.E. 
Madden,  E.   H..  E.  E. 


Mazzone,    S.    A..    Arch. 
Ohlinger,  Leo.  0.,  C.  E. 
Schesch,   Carl,   M.   E. 
Uebele,   G.   F.,   C.   E. 
Verajio,    Victorio.    C.E. 
Weinberg,    Jos.,    E.    E. 
DECEASED : 
Lamm,   M.   H.,   M.   E. 
Urban,  J.  W.,  Ch.  E. 


1928 

The  TENTH  REUNION  for  this  cla.ss 
will  he  held  on  the  evening  of  June  7  at 
Medinah  Club  of  Chicago.  506  N.  Mich- 
igan Blvd.  It  is  a  grand  place  to  make  a 
real  event  of  the  annual  spring  banquet 
of  the  Armour  Alumni  Association.  Kindly 
cooperate  by  letting  the  alumni  secretary 
know  what  your  plans  are. 

GEORGE  A.  AMUNDSEN,  C.  E.,  .3020 
N.  Karlov  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  with  Chi- 
cago Mill  and  Lumber  Co.,  940  N.  Ogden 
Ave. 

BENJAMIN  BERNSTEIN,  M.  E.,  is 
in  the  LT.  S.  Engineering  Dept.,  Clock 
Tower,  Rock  Island,  111.,  and  resides  at 
823  4th  Ave. 

GEORGE    A.    GRAPPLE,    Ch.   E.,   re- 


Electroplating 

You  w 

reck   -em                                       We  fix     em 

McVITTlE 

1600    South    State    St. 

We 

plate     anything     made     of     metal. 

No 

job    too   large    or   too   small   for   us. 

RESPONSIBLE                                     RELIABLE    | 

1600    South    State    St. 

Chicago 

Calumet    6881-6882-6883 

Electrical   Windings 


ELECTRICAL  WINDINGS 
INCORPORATED 

DESIGNERS  and  MANUFACTURERS  of 
ELECTRICAL  WINDINGS  AND  SPECIALTIES 

16  NORTH  MAY  STREET 
CHICAGO 

Telephone    SEEley    6400 


Employment  Agency 


Want  a  Job? 

ARCHITECTS'  AGENCY 

FURNISHES 

TECHNICAL  MEN 

to 
ARCHITECTS— ENGINEERS- 
CONTRACTORS— CORPORATIONS 
GEO.   S.   BANNISTER,  Manager 
508  South  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago 
Wabash  5589 


Engraving 


417 
PHONE 


NORTH    STATE    ST. 
SUPERIOR    6716 


ARTISTS  •   DESIGNERS 
PHOTO  ENGRAVERS  • 
BLACK  &  WHITE  • 
COLOR  PROCESS  • 
BEN  DAY  • 


Felts 

WESTERN  FELT  WORKS 

Manufacturers     and 
Cutters      of      Felts 

For  all   Mechanical  and  'ndustrial 
Purposes 

CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 

Flowers 


Telephone     Victory     4515-4516 
"Your    Telegraph    Florist" 

J.  F.  KIDWELL  CO. 

Not    Inc. 

FLOWERS 

3530    MICHIGAN    AVENUE 
T.  A.   Kidwell  Chicago 


search    chemist   with    Wilson    &    Co.,    lives 
at  5428  \V.  Harrison  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

ROBERT  D.  DOUBT,  E.  E.,  2720  W. 
.")(ith  St.,  Chicafro,  is  assistant  to  master 
nuihaiiic  American  Can  Co.,  6004  S.  West- 
ern  .\ve. 

HARRY  P.  EICHIN,  M.  E..  with  The 
\'iskinfj  Corp.,  67.33  W.  65th  St.,  resides 
:,{  5!lt2  S.  Washtenaw  Ave.,  both  in  Chi- 
.•Mfro,  111. 

JOHN  T.  EVEX,  F.  P.  E.,  is  engineer 
and  special  representative  of  the  National 
Fire  Ins.  Co.  of  Hartford,  175  W.  Jackson 
Blvd.,  Chicago.  His  wife,  Mrs.  Lucille 
Barbara  Even,  who  became  interested  in 
the  study  of  insurance  law  during  the 
time  Mr.  Even  was  doing  graduate  work 
at  Armour  Institute,  has  been  licensed  to 
practice  law.  Governor  Horner  person- 
ally presented  the  certificate  and  extended 
congratulations.  Their  hoTiie  address  is 
Itn   N.  State   St.,  Aurora,  111. 

JOSEPH  GROSGUTH,  Jr.,  Ex.  Arch., 
1833  N.  Washtenaw  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  sur- 
veyor in  the  construction  and  equipment 
department  of  Montgomery  Ward  and 
Company,  Chicago. 

V.wi.  HIEBER.  C.  E.,  Mundelein,  Til., 
who  is  with  tlic  Illinois  Division  of  High- 
ways, Courier  News  Bldg.,  Elgin,  111., 
dropped  into  the  alumni  office  the  other 
day  and  inquired  for  the  address  of  his 
cla'ssmate,  Alan  C.  Tully,  C.  E..  also  listed 
here. 

LEONARD  E.  JOHNSON.  M.  E..  .5301 
N.  Christiana  Ave.,  Chicago,  III.,  is  engi- 
neer for  the  Illinois  Bell  Telephone  Co., 
208  W.  Washington  St. 

CADWALADER  SIDNEY  JONES, 
E.  E.,  is  teacher  of  electricity,  Thomas 
Kelly  High  School,  4123  S.  California 
Ave.",  and  lives  at  3023  W.  Jackson  Blvd. 
CARL  L.  LOHNER,  M.  E.,  76.37  Ea.st 
End  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  assistant  divi- 
sion general  superintendent  of  Swift  and 
Co.,  U.  S.  Yards,  Chicago.  His  hobbies 
are  chess  and  outdoor  sports. 

KENT  L.  MACY,  F.  P.  E.,  engineer 
with  America  Fore  Fire  insurance  Group, 
844  Rush  St.,  Chicago,  111.,  resides  at  360 
Ridge   Blvd.,  Evanston.  111. 

ULRICH  GEORGE  NAEF,  Ch.  E., 
4039  N.  Avers  Ave.,  is  with  Cliicago  By- 
product Coke  Co.,  3500  S.  Crawford  Ave., 
both  in  Chicago. 

FRED  NATELLA,  C.  E.,  is  a  lieuten- 
.iiit,  V.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey, 
Wasliington,  D.  C.  His  home  address  is 
:!!)1.5   W.  Grand  Ave.,  Chicago,   111. 

RAYMOND  E.  ORTON,  C.  E.,  7038 
Cregier  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Wisconsin 
Steel  Works,  106th  St.  and  Torrence  Ave., 
Chicago. 

FREDERICK  D.  PAYNE,  F.  P.  E., 
interested  in  gardening  and  collecting 
matches,  is  with  the  Indiana  Inspection 
Bureau.  Sprinkler  Dept.,  320  N.  Meridian 
St..  Indianapolis,  Ind.  He  lives  at  23  E. 
.3.Srd   St. 

W.  P.  SCHOLZ,  E.  E.,  Arlington 
Heights,  111.,  Box  421,  is  with  the  National 
Broadcasting  Co.,  Merchandise  Mart,  Chi- 
cago. 

HARVEY  O.  SNEDIKER,  F.  P.  E., 
of  the  staff  of  the  Western  Actuarial  Bu- 
reau addressed  a  recent  meeting  of  the 
Association  of  Fire  and  Casualty  Agents 
of  South  Dakota  in  Sioux  Fails.  Mr. 
Snediker  resides  at  1929  N.  Sayre  Ave., 
Cliicago.  111.,  and  his  business  address  is 
Room  900,  222  W.  Adams  St. 

PAUL  W.  STEINERT,  E.  E.,  3822 
Crest  Road,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is  buyer 
and  supervisor  of  manufacturing  for 
American  Stores  Co.,  424  N.  19th  St., 
Philadelphia.  He  has  l)een  visiting  in  the 
East   for  several   months   and    renewed   his 

55 


Serson  Hardware 
Company 

ALL    KINDS    SHEET    METAL 

WORK 

Special  Attention  to  Repair  Work 

Phone  Victory  1773  109  E.  31st  St. 


Not   In    the   Trust  All    Departments 

Kenwood   0050 


GOODMAN  AMERICAN 
CORPORATION 

First  in  Chicago 

FINE  ICE  CREAMS 
BEHER  BEVERAGES 

Manufacturers    &    Distributors    of 

DAIRY-PRODUCE 


Phone  LAWNDALE  7636 

CHICAGO  ICE  CREAM 
COMPANY 

ICE  CREAM  OF  MERIT 


1 624  S.  Keeler  Ave. 
Chicago,   Illinois 


FOR   40   YEARS 

A   NAME   STANDING   FOR 

QUALITY 

AND 

FINE  WORKMANSHIP 

IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF 

SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENTS 

GAERTNER  SCENTIFIC 
CORPORATION 

1201  Wrightwood  Ave.  CHICAGO 


.icquaintaiice   with   Leslie   John   Anderson, 
E.  E. 

ALAN  C.  TULLY,  C.  E.,  who  manages 
the  business  of  the  Ethyl  Gasoline  Corp. 
in  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  recently 
married  lady  Kingsford-Smith,  widow  of 
Sir  Charles.  At  present  he  is  located  at 
3()8  Collins   St.,  Melbourne,  Australia. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Bech.  Jose  A.,  M.  E.  Everly.  A.   H..  E.  K. 

Gustafson,   G.    A.,   E.E.  Kleinert,   G.   W..  Jr.. 

Higgins.  E.  J.  S..  Arch.        E.    E. 

Jones.   C.   S.,    E.    E.  Patterson.  J.  R.,  M.  E. 

Miller,  Leo.  F.  P.  E.  Wright.  C.  O.,  M.  E. 

Ogden.  Tom.  C.  E. 


1929 

JOHN  G.  ATTWOOD,  Ch.  E.,  resides 
at  812  Scoville   Ave..  Oak  Park,  III. 

AUSTIN  AUGUSTINE,  F.  P.  E.,  80,5 
9th  St.,  N,E„  Mason  City,  Iowa,  is  in- 
spector. Iowa  Ins.  Service  Bureau,  .31,5 
First    National    Bank    Bldg.,    same    city. 

CARL  A.  BLOMQUIST.  M.  E.,  with 
Link-Belt  Co..  1018  Louderman  Bldg..  St. 
Louis.  Mo.,  lives   at  6649  Berthold   Ave. 

GEORGE  V.  CALABRESE,  E.  E., 
3839  Artliington  St.,  Chicago,  is  connected 
with  the  I.umenite  Electric  Co.,  37  W. 
Van   Buren  St. 

EDMUND  H.  CHUN,  C.  E.,  Conchas 
Dam,  N.  M.,  Box  986  is  with  the  United 
States    Engineer,    Conchas    Dam,    N.    M. 

E.  JAMES  DAWSON,  E.  E.,  10.5,5  X. 
I.awler  Ave.,  is  with  Commonwealth  Edi- 
son Co..  72  W.  Adams  St.,  Room  830,  both 
in   Chicago,   III. 

FRED  B.  FARRELL,  C.  E..  recently 
rejiorted  missing,  is  with  Bureau  of  Pub- 
lic  Roads.   Washington,   D.   C. 

THEODORE  W.  FRIEDMAN,  C.  E.. 
5033    Kansas    Ave.,    N.    W.,    Wa.shington, 

D.  C.  has  been  enrolled  as  a  Lieutenant 
and  assiiined  to  the  quota  of  the  Wash- 
ington   Navy   Yard. 

FRED  G.  GEDELMAN,  F.  P.  E.,  is 
engineer  for  Eliel  and  Loeb  Co.,  175  W. 
.lackson  Blvd.,  Room  17.37,  Chicago.  Resi- 
dence, 3121   Eastwood  Ave. 

Excerpt  from  letter  of  E.  S.  GEIGER, 

E.  E.: 

".  .  .  In  going  through  my  file  I  came 
across  an  article  which  was  published  in 
our  local  newspaper  La  Informarion  .  .  . 
which  mentions  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology, and  thinking  that  this  may  be  of 
interest  to  j'ou,  I  am  forwarding  a  clip- 
ping of  it  with  translation,  which  proves 
that  it  is  a  small  world  after  all  and  the 
name  of  Armour  Institute  is  not  confined 
to  the  portals  of  33rd  and  Federal 
Streets." 

He  is  with  Compania  Electrica  de  Santo 
Domingo,  Santiago,  Dominican  Republic, 
M'est   Indies. 

EDWARD  W.  GROSS,  E.  E.,  3859  W. 
64th  St..  Chicago,  111.,  is  employed  by  The 
Wilson  Laboratories,  4225  S.  Western  Ave. 

J.  C.  HARROWER,  C.  E.,  has  a  pilot's 
transport  license  and  has  been  for  six 
years  in  South  America  for  the  Radio 
Corporation  of  America,  coordinating  for 
Bendix  Radio  Corp.,  60  E.  25th  St.,  Chi- 
cago, 111.  He  lives  at  .357  Sherman  St., 
Elmhurst,  111. 

HARRY  JULIAN  KAYNER,  E.  E., 
1414  E.  55th  St.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  assistant 
chemical  engineer  for  Howard  Radio,  1735 
W.  Belmont  Ave.  He  is  married  and 
fatlier  of  a  baby  almost  a  year  old. 

GEORGE  AUGUST  KLOEPFER,  C. 
E..  is  instructor  for  United  States  Navy, 
Pensacola,   Fla. 

HAROLD  R.  LUTZ,  Arch.,  designer 
and   draftsman    for   Elmer   William   Marx, 


2734  N.  Milred  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  resides 

at  6106  N.  Glenwood  Ave. 

He  is  the  proud  father  of  a  son,  Richard 

Harold,    born    on    the    27th    of    February, 

1938. 

JEROME  R.  MARCUS,  M.  E.,  908 
Margate  Terrace,  Chicago,  is  employed  by 
Western  Electric  Co.,   Hawthorne  Station. 

E.  L.  MICHELSON,  E.  E.,  is  planning 
engineer.  Commonwealth  Edison  Co.,  72 
W.  Adams  St.,  Room  827,  and  lives  at 
16.34  North  Shore  Ave.,  Chicago. 

F.  W.  SANDELS,  F.  P.  E.,  1341  E. 
89th  St.,  is  with  Chicago  Board  of  LTnder- 
writers,  175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  both  in 
Chicago. 

JOHN  J.  SCHMITT,  Jr.,  Ex.  C.  E., 
sales  engineer.  The  Insulite  Co.,  205  M'. 
Wacker  Drive,  Chicago,  111.,  resides  at 
7532   N.  Damen  Ave. 

DONALD  L.  WILLIAMS,  C.  E..  H4 
Dewey  St.,  Edgewood,  Pa.,  is  with  Wilson- 
Snyder  Mfg.  Corp.,  Braddock,  Pa. 

MISSING:  Rohr,  E,  K.,  F.  P.   E. 

Garbett,   R..   Ch.   E.  Strom.  G.  W.,   E.   E. 

Mbanoff,  Leo,  C.  E.  DECEASED: 

Montgomery,      G.      M.,  Greene,  W.  B.,  F.  P.  li,. 


1930 

WILLIAM  F.  AS.MUS,  E.  E.,  is  in  the 
Mechanical  Department  of  International 
Harvester  Co.,  1015  \V.  120th  St.,  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  and  resides  at  11.535  Normal 
Ave. 

FRANK  JOSEPH  ASTE,  F.  P.  E., 
440  S.  Parkway  E.,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  is 
with  Tennessee  Inspection  Bureau,  1434 
Commerce  Title  Bldg. 

DEAN  L.  BANTA.  Ex.  Arch.,  with 
Harry  S.  Cutmore  and  A.ssociate,  Inc., 
1411  First  National  Bank  Bldg.,  Chicago, 
lives  at  30  W.  Chicago  Ave. 

WILLIAM  L.  HAFNER,  C.  E.,  240 
Lathrop  Ave.,  Forest  Park,  111.,  is  con- 
nected with  Wallace  &  Tiernan  Co.,  605 
W.  Washington  Blvd.,  Chicago. 

HENRY  R.  HALEY  (Eckelman),  F. 
P.  E.,  has  been  with  the  Wisconsin  In- 
spection Bureau,  but  is  now  engineer  for 
Insurance  Co.  of  North  America,  209  W. 
Jackson  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

JOHN  W.  HURLEY,  C.  E.,  5650  N. 
Spaulding  Ave.,  is  Instructor,  Aviation 
Department,  Lane  Technical  High  School, 
2.501  W.  Addison  St.,  Chicago,  111.;  also 
flight  instructor  for  Naval  Aviation 
Cadets. 

ROBERT  B.  JOHNSTON,  M.  E.,  is 
salesman  for  Armstrong  Cork  Products 
Co.,  14  E.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  111. 
Residence,   1341    N.   State  St. 

ISADORE  G.  KATZ,  Ch.  E.,  133  N. 
L'nion,  Apt.  5,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  is 
with  Edison  Bros.  Stores,  Inc.,  147  Mon- 
roe Ave.,  N.  W. 

ALBERT  D.  LEVY,  Arch.,  is  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  with  Suburban  Resettlement 
Administration. 

N.  C.  NARTEN,  F.  P.  E.,  whose  hob- 
bies are  collecting  stamps  and  photog- 
raphy, is  assistant  superintendent  of  au- 
dits. Fire  Insurance  Rating  Bureau,  626 
E.  Wisconsin  Ave.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and 
resides  at  3446  N.  47th  St. 

JOSEPH  NEBEL,  E.  E.,  father  of  a 
baby  girl  almost  one  year  old,  Mary  Alice, 
teaches  at  the  Harper  High  School,  6520 
S.  Wood  St.  He  lives  at  7017  Merrill  Ave: 
Chicago. 

EDWARD  R.  ROWLEY,  M.  E.,  8752 
Ward  St..  is  with  National  Lead  Co.,  900 
W.  18th  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

CARLTON  ERNEST  RUDELIUS, 
E.    E.,    is    junior    engineer.    Northern    In- 


56 


diana  Public  Service  Co.,  5265  Holinian 
Ave.,  Hammond,  Ind.,  and  resides  at  4-629 
Cameron  Ave. 

JOHN  B.  SITZLER,  Ex.  C.  E..  lives  at 
513  Ravine  Ave..  Peoria.  111. 

WALTER  R.  TROGNITZ,  Cli.  E.,  8 
Parkwood  Road,  Rockville  Center,  N.  Y., 
is  with  U.  S.  Steel  Corp.,  71  Broadway, 
New  York. 

WILLIAM  G.  AVHEELAND.  F.  P.  E., 
is  resident  inspector  for  Ohio  Inspection 
Bureau,  12.3  Frederick  St.,  Marietta,  Ohio. 

ALBERT  WINKLER,  M.  E.,  experi- 
mental engineer  for  Bendix  Products  Co., 
401  Bendix  Drive.  South  Bend.  Ind..  lives 
at  1118  Birner. 

MISSING:  Taylor,  .1.  L..  E.  E. 

Beatty,  S.  A.,  F.  P.  E.  Tell.  F.  O..  .\t1i. 

Fischman,  L.  H.,  C.  E.  Wood.  M.  B..  C.  E. 

Frost,   A.   J.,   M.   E.  PECEASED: 

Goldman,  J.  R.,  Oi.  E.  Kara,   J.   .1.,   C.   E. 

Kilbourne,  R.  E.,  F.P.E.  Van     Valzali,     W.     S., 
Peterson,   F.   B.,   E.   E.        M.  E. 
Solstad,    E.    W.,    Arch. 


1931 

IRVING  MAURICE  BERGER,  C.  E.. 
is  in  the  War  Department.  V.  S.  Eng. 
Area  Office,  foot  of  Hayward  St.,  Peoria, 
111.  He  resides  at  2660  N.  Kedzie  Ave., 
Ciu'cago. 

THEODORE  C.  FOIN,  Ch.  E.,  6120 
Drexel  Ave.,  is  with  Hercules  Powder  Co., 
3650  Touhy  Ave.,  Nortown  Station,  Chi- 
cago, 111. 

RICHARD  S.  FOX,  E.  E.,  is  electrical 
draftsman  with  the  Sanitary  District  of 
Chicago,  910  S.  Michigan  Blvd.,  Room  700, 
Chicago.  He  lives  at  3604  Hollywood 
Ave.,  Hollywood,  111. 

HARMON  S.  HOLT,  F.  P.  E.,  43  Lin- 
naean  St..  Cambridge.  Mass..  is  with 
L^nited  Mutual  Fire  Ins.  Co.,  31  St. 
.Tames  Ave.,  Boston,  Mass. 

FRANK  M.  JAMES,  F.  P.  E.,  1200 
Bicknell  Ave.,  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  engineer 
for  E.  S.  Tachau  and  Sons,  and  also  spe- 
cial agent  for  Louisville  Fire  and  Marine 
Ins.  Co.  His  office  address  is  208  Speed 
Bldg. 

ARTHUR  H.  JENS,  F.  P.  E.,  is  engi- 
neer for  Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Ins. 
Co.,  222  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  and  re- 
sides at  7407  N.  Ashland  Blvd.  His  favor- 
ite sports  are  golf,  riding,  and  archery. 

WILLIAM  JERVIS,  Ex.  C.  E.,  instruc- 
tor. Central  High  School,  Scranton,  Pa., 
lives   at  325  Warren   St. 

ELDON  A.  JOHNSON,  C.  E.,  is  at 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology, 
Cambridge,  Mass. 

RICHARD  G.  KELLNER,  E.  E.,  in- 
dustrial engineer,  Firestone  Tire  and  Rulj- 
ber  Co.,  Firestone  Park,  Akron,  Ohio,  lives 
at  80  W.  Center  St. 

MAXWELL  C.  LARKIN,  F.  P.  E., 
Oak  Grove  Hotel,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  is 
special  agent  and  engineer  for  Travelers 
Fire  Ins.  Co.  First  National-Soo  Line 
Bldg. 

CARL  A.  LARSEN  C.  E.,  senior  engi- 
neering aide  for  Navy  Dept.,  LT.  S.  Gov- 
ernment, resides  at  2209  40th  Place,  N.  W., 
Washington,  D.  C. 

HAROLD  J.  LATHAM,  Ch.  E.,  1636 
Thorndale  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  employed 
bv  Peoples  Gas  Light  and  Coke  Co.,  .3921 
S.  Wabash  Ave. 

GEORGE  E.  LINDEMANN,  E.  E.,  in- 
strument design  engineer  with  Republic 
Flow  Meters  Co.,  2240  Diversev  Parkway, 
lives  at  1162  W.  19th  Place,  Chicago. 

CHARLES  T.  LINK  is  plant  engineer 
for  Container  Corp.  of  America,  1.301  W. 
35th  St.,  Chicago,  111.  Residence,  1407  Elm- 
dale  Ave. 


FRANK  W.  (WALTER  F.)  MICH- 
ALSKI,  E.  E.,  1G15  S.  Highland  Ave., 
Berwvn,  111.,  is  employed  by  Common- 
wcaltii  Edison  Co.,  Room  931,  72  W. 
Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

MERTON  MOSS,  E.  E.,  dealer  in 
X-Ray  equipment,  operating  under  the 
name  of  Moss  X-Ray  Co.,  4735  Broadway. 
Chicago,  111.,  resides  at  1421  Elmdale 
.■\ve.,    Chicago. 

FRED  T.  MUNCH,  M.  E.,  .561  Mitchell 
Ave.,  Elmhurst,  111.,  is  with  Chicago 
Board  of  L^nderwriters,  175  W.  Jackson 
Blvd.,  Chicago. 

ORLAND  R.  MURPHY,  E.  E..  resiil 
ing  at  5439  Potomac  Ave.,  Chicago,  111., 
sent  us  the  following: 

Orlcind  B.  Miirphil,  prrsiih  nf.  (iiiiiiiiiiir(  s- 
the  organization  of  Elcrtriral  ]Viiiilliifis. 
Inc..  16  N.  Mdi/  S/..  Cliiratio,  to  specialize 
ill  the  (le.'<i(in  "iid  imni iifacture  of  all  type.i 
of  tran.-<f(inii(  !■.•<.  .inli  iKiids,  chokes,  mnri- 
iietn.  etc.  The  nexv  company  is  set  up  to 
(li:tii/ii  coils  and  mountings  for  ant/  specific 
inn-jidxe  or  to  work  from  manu^acturern 
.ijiecifications. 

Mr.  Miirphr/  Was  formerly  associated 
with  Utah  Radio  Products  and  Standard 
Tran.iformer  Corp.  and  has  recently  been 
chief  engineer  for  Robertson-Davis. 

FRANK  O'CONOR,  M.  E.,  engineer 
for  Riehle  Testing  Machine  Division, 
American  Machine  and  Metals,  East  Mo- 
line.  111.,  lives  at  1.33  W.  13th  St.,  Daven- 
liort,  Iowa.  In  his  spare  time  he  plays  ten- 
nis and  handball. 

NATHAN  R.  ROSEN,  Arch,  6111  S. 
Albany,  Chicago,  is  architect  and  building 
superintendent.  Power  Construction  Co., 
212  S.   Marion  St.,  Oak   Park,  III. 

WILLIAM  J.  SANTINA,  C.  E.,  Junior 
civil  engineer  in  LT.  S.  Engineer  Office, 
War  Dept.,  9.32  U.  S.  Post  Office  Bldg., 
Chicago,  III.,  lives  at  8817  S.  Laflin  St. 

ELMER  S.  WARNER,  E.  E.,  4.521 
Wrightwood  Ave.,  is  with  Commonwealth 
Edison  Co.,  Engineering  Dept.,  Room  839, 
72  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago. 

ROBERT  NEAL  WILSON,  F.  P.  E., 
employed  by  America  Fore  Ins.  &  Indem- 
nity Group,  1008  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Bldg.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  lives  at  634 
Highland  Drive. 

MISSING:  Hotchkin.  M.  A.,  F.P.E. 

Blahna.   Chas.,   E.  E.  Lopatowski,  E.  J..  C.E. 

Chin,   E.   W.,    Arch.  Miles,    Wallace.    Arch. 

Crow,  Ralph  M.,  Arch.  Moore,  G.  R..  F.P.E. 

Dodson.  Oias.  E.,  Arch.  Yzagulrre,  M.  A.,  Ch.E. 
Ferguson,  L.  J.,  Ch.  E. 


1932 

MARSHALL  R.  BEAL,  F.  P.  E..  is 
with  the  Indiana  Inspection  Bureau,  202 
Poledor  Bldg.,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  and  re- 
sides at  705  Lincoln  Way  E. 

RICHARD  F.  BEATTIE,  M.  E.,  3612 
N.  Richmond  St.,  Chicago,  III.,  is  safety 
engineer.  Hardware  Mutual  Casualty  Co., 
221   N.  LaSalle  St. 

ALBERT  F.  BIGELOW,  Ch.  E.,  chem- 
ist for  Lennon  Wall  Paper  Co..  1004  4th 
Ave.,  Joliet,  111.,  lives  at  219  Sherman   St. 

EDWARD  L.  BYAN,  C.  E.,  6728  S. 
Artesian  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  mechanical 
salesman  with  The  B.  F.  Goodrich  Co., 
310  W.  Taylor  St.  In  his  spare  time  he 
records  international  events. 

SIDNEY  D.  CANNELL,  M.  E.,  is  em- 
ployed bv  Illinois  Garment  Co.,  1  E.  Wil- 
son St.,  Batavia,  111.  Residence,  182  Main 
St. 

JOSEPH  B.  FINNEGAN,  Jr..  F.  P. 
E.,  is  special  agent  for  the  Crum  and  For- 


AIRGUIDE  WEATHER  INSTRUMENTS 

Hygrometers — Thermometers — 
Barometers 

for   Domestic    and    Industrial    Purposes 

FEE  AND  STEMWEDEL.  INC. 

4949    North   Pulaski    Road,    Chicago.    Illinois 
KEYslone  G600 


GAD  GETE  E  R  S 


%  m  0  T^HAT'S  what  we've  been 
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who  never  before  realized  what  service 
they  could  get  on  special  custom-built 
apparatus  until  they  called  us  in  on  the 
job.  With  thousands  of  standard  parts 
in  our  apparatus  stock-room,  a  modern 
plant  built  expressly  for  producing  "pre- 
cision" products,  cmd  long-experienced 
engineers  on  the  job,  we  can  save  you 
plenty  of  time  and  money  when  you 
need  laboratory  equipment  that  can't 
be  bought   out  of  a  catalog. 

PRECISION    SCIENTIFIC    CO. 

1740    N.  Springfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  Illinois 


COMPLETE   AND    INTELLIGENT 
INSURANCE  SERVICE 

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NATIONAL   PROTECTED   INVESTMENT 
COMPANY 

Fred    G.    HeuchUng    ('07),    President 

Suite    428—506    South    Wabash    Avenue 

Chicago 


The    Sooner    You     Plan    Your    Future,    the 
Better   Your    Future   Will    Be— 

WM.  C.  KRAFFT 

EQUITABLE  LIFE  ASSURANCE 
SOCIETY  OF  UNITED  STATES 

120  S.  LASALLE  ST.  FRA.  0400 


JACK  I.  KITCH 

"INSURANCE"  is  My   Middle  Name 

South    East    National    Bank    Building 

1180  East  63rd  Street 

PHONE:    FAIRFAX   7200 


YOUR  FINANCIAL  PLANS 

Can  be  guaranteed  of  accomplishment 
with  an  Equitable  Life  Insurance  or  Annuity 
Contract. 

ROBERT  S.  PILKINGTON,  JR. 

"New  Light  on  Old  Problems" 
120  So.  La  Salle  St.  Franklin  0400 


57 


j-tcr  companies,  Fletcher  Trust  Bldg.,  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.  He  was  previously  with 
the  Illinois  Inspection  Bureau  and"  West- 
ern Factory  Ins.  Association. 

PAUL  H.  FRYE,  E.  E.,  762.5  Jefferion 
St.,  Kansas  Cit_v,  AIo.,  is  assistant  radio 
engineer,  18th  and  Grand,  Kansas  City. 

IGNATIUS  A.  HECKMILLER,  C."  E., 
83  N.   Brookville   Rd.,   Indianapolis,   Ind., 
comments  as  follows: 
Dear   l)(<n,  UraUl: 

Reruliini  iidiir  urticle  in  a  recent  copy 
of  th<  I'.iiqiiii ,  riiKi  News-Record  has  re- 
newed Dili-  iirqiKiiiifance  and  has  tempted 
me  to  Write. 

Two  months  at/o  I  accepted  <i  cirH  serv- 
ice appointment  nx  jniiior  hiidridtlir  i  ii- 
gineer  with  th<  l>iji<irlii,i  nl  uf  tnltrinr. 
Geoloffica!  Sum  n.  SHi-fnr,  \\,(l,r  /,', - 
source  Branch,  \citli  nljic,  in  I ndiidnipolis. 
Ind.  I  resii/nid  fmrn  mil  position  with 
the  D.  I..  N(ifi,in,il  l'<nk  Service  at  Park 
Ridge,  III.,  to   lakr  thin  one. 

I  luwe  to  do  striani  gaging  work  in 
Michigan,  Kentucky,  and  Indiana.  There 
is  much  more  ojjice  work  than  work  in 
the  field.  .  . 

Yours  truly, 
IGNATIUS  A.  HECKMILLER. 
WILLIAM  L.  JOST,  E.  E.,  19.35  Doug- 
las St.,  Rockford,  111.,  is  salesman  for 
A.  J.  Heinz  Co.,  342  N.  AVestern  Aye., 
Chicago,  with  whom  he  has  been  con- 
nected since  19.35.  He  is  married  and 
has  a  one  year  old   son. 

EDWIN"  H.  KNOX,  F.  P.  E.,  whose 
hobbies  are  swimming,  fishing,  and  skat- 
ing, resides  at  4218  N.  Woodburn  St., 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  He  is  special  agent  for 
Crum  &  Forster  Ins.  Co.,  825  N.  Jeffer- 
son St. 

PHILIP  HERBERT  KORRELL,  E. 
E.,  213  27th  Ave.,  Bellwood,  111.,  is  .junior 
engineer,  Jefferson  Electric  Co.,  same  city. 
R.  J.  LINDBLAD,  Arch.,  for  the  State 
of  Illinois,  lives  at  517  Leach  Ave.,  Joliet, 
111. 

ROBERT  C.  LONGWELL,  M.  E.,  71.3.3 
S.  Wabash  Ave.,  is  with  York  Ice  Ma- 
chinery Co.,  1113  W^  Cornelia  St.,  Chicago, 
111.  ^ 

RICHARD  E.  MEAGHER,  C.  E.,  em- 
ployed by  Wilson  &  Melvaine,  120  W. 
Adams  St.,  Chicago,  111.,  lives  at  5711  S. 
Lowe  Ave. 

SAMUEL  L.  OTTO,  M.  E.,  515  S.  Ehn- 
wood  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  clerk  in  the 
order  department,  Stannard  Power  Equip- 
ment Co.,  53  W.  Jackson  St.,  Chicago. 

HAROLD  A.  PEARSON,  E.  E.,  opera- 
tor foi"  Pul>lic  Service  Co.,  Joliet,  111., 
resides   at  931    Kellv   Ave. 

CLARENCE  J.  ROBIN,  C.  E.,  assist- 
ant engineer,  War  Dept.,  U.  S.  Engineer 
Office,  Pickwick  Dam,  Tenn.,  whose  busi- 
ness address  is  ()04  Bennie-Dillon  Bldg., 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  wrote  some  time  ago: 
Dear  Secretary . • 

.  .  .  I  have  been  with  the  Engineer  Of- 
fice ever  since  fini.'.hing  .icho<d' <ind  hov( 
reached  the  a.ixis/<nil  <  miiiii  i  r'.i  iirmh. 
For  the  past  chvin  nmnfii.^-  I  Iiovr  l>, ,  u 
working  in  con jnmlion  -ici/h  !In  Ti  niiis- 
see  Valley  Anfhori/i/  hir,  <il  I'irkxcirk. 
We  are  only  conv(  ni'id  7cifli  /hi  nnist na- 
tion of  the  Z/orAx  on  fhisr  TVA  proj(rt.f. 
and  since  this  one  is  practically  completed, 
I  am  being  transferred  to  the  Lock  De- 
sign Office  in  Nashville. 

I  have   been  married  almost  four  years 
and  have  a  girl  a  little  over  two  year's  old. 
Sincerely, 

C.  J.  ROBIN." 
ANDREW  HENRY  WESTON,  E.  E. 
6350  S.  Ellis  Ave.,  Chicago,   111.,  is  assist- 
ant switchboard  operator  at  the  State  I,ine 
Electric   Plant,   Chicago    District    Electric 

58 


Insurance 


Build  a  Monthly  Income 

through 

MAN'S  STAUNCHES!  FRIEND 

His  Life  Insurance 

By  Consulting 
O.   D.   RICHARDSON 

Asso.  General  Agent 

Berkshire  Life   Insurance  Co. 

Pittsfield,     Mass. 

Room     1229— I     No.    La  Salle    St. 

Chicago,    Illinois 

Tel.  Ran.  2224 


Patronize  our 
Advertisers 


EVERETT  R,  COLE 

ASSOCIATED  WITH 

FRED.  S.  JAMES  &  GO. 

ESTABLISHED  1872 

INSURANCE 

175    WEST    JACKSON    BOULEVARD 

TELEPHONE   WABASH   3720 

CHICAGO 


Investments 


PAUL  L  MULLANEY  (1924) 
INVESTMENTS 

Roond  820,  231    South  La  Salle  Street 

Chicago 

Telephone    Franklin    8844 


Jewelry 


SPIES   BROTHERS.    Inc. 

Manufacturing  Jewelers 

CLASS  PINS  AND  RINGS 

Fraternity     and     Sorority     Jewelry 

Medals  and  Trophies 

Dance    Programs    and    Announcements 

27  E.   Monroe  Street 

CHICAGO 


(ienerating  Corii.,  lO.-ith  St.  and  Lake 
Michigan,  South  Cliicng,..  III. 

ALVIN  ,1.  WICIISKU,  ,IR.,  Arch.,  20 
X.  Wacker  Drive,  Room  1.5.30,  resides 
at  -15.32  N.  Winchester  Ave.,  Chicago. 

ANDREW  R.  WILLARD,  M.  E.,  912 
Noyes  St.  Evanston,  111.,  is  with  IJttell 
Machine  Co.,  4127  Ravenswood  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago. 

MISSING:  Hroniada,  F.  M.  C.  E. 

Davis.   H.  R..   M.  K.  Jungels,    A.    J.,    M.    E. 

Eskonen,   0.,  C.  E.  Stalim,  Eli   B..   Arch. 

Fox,  Chas.  H.,  C.  E.  Toopeekoff,  E.,  M.  E. 
Hawes,  Chas.  S.,  M.  E. 


1933 

Be  sure  to  reserve  Tuesday  evening, 
.hine  7,  for  the  annual  spring  banquet 
which  will  be  lield  at  the  Medinah  Club 
of  Chicago,  50()  N.  Michigan  Blvd.,  Chi- 
cago. ^  This  will  be  your  FIFTH  ANXI- 
\'EHSARY,  and  we  are  waiting  to  hear 
what  your  jilans  are  for  making  this  a 
big  reunion.  Of  course  we  shall  be  glad 
to  help   in   any  way  we  can. 

ROBERT  OTTAWA  BELFORD,  Ex. 
F.  P.  E.,  resides  at  4821  10th  Ave.  S., 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  is  on  the  road 
for  the  Inspector  Fire  Underwriters  In- 
spection Bureau,  Minneapolis. 

GEORGE  R.  BELTON,  M.  E.,  72  Sight- 
hill  Ave.,  Toronto,  Ont.,  Canada,  is  pur- 
chasing agent  for  Dyment,  Ltd.,  245  Car- 
law   Ave. 

ARTHUR  B.  BRONWELL,  E.  E., 
who  is  instructor  at  the  School  of  Engi- 
neering, Northwestern  University,  Evans- 
ton.  111.,  and  lives  at  .317  Olmstead  Road, 
Riverside.  111.,  sent  the  following: 
III  or  Sirnliirii: 

I  inn  inrlo.iing  a  check  for  -^j.no  fn  cover 
1)11/  ill  linijiii  iif  iihninii  dins  and  ri  store  my 
rriilil  rolini,  nl  .Irmmir  I n.-fit i,/r.  I  have 
ilisrnvinil  to  my  di.^tre.is  that  even  college 
in.ilriirtors  sometimes  await  long  and  pa- 
fiinllii  the  arrival  of  a  pay  check. 

Alhnc  me  also  to  congratulate  you  upon 
your  excellent  work  on  the  Armour  Engi- 
neer. Each  succeeding  number  is  better 
than  the  one  previous.'  The  wide  circula- 
tion of  the  Armour  Engineer  will  undoubt- 
edly go  a  long  Way  toward  publicizing  the 
iircomplishments  of  Armour  Institute  and 
It.i  place  in  the  engineering  world.  .  . 
Sincerely  yours, 
ARTHUR  B.  BRONWELL. 

ALAN  D.  BURNETT,  C.  E.,  is  propor- 
tioning engineer.  City  of  Chicago,  City 
Hall,  Chicago,  III."  Residence,  1929 
Winona   St. 

ROMAN  J.  DOMBROW  (DROMBRO- 
SKI),  E.  E.,  38.58  N.  Oconto  Ave.,  is 
junior  electrical  engineer.  Western  Elec- 
tric   Co.,    Hawthorne    Plant,    Chicago,    III. 

MALIRICE  J.  ERISMAN,  M.  E.,  is 
now  living  at  930  N.  Taylor  Ave.,  Oak 
Park,  111. 

MARTIN  FUHRER,  M.  E.,  .5208 
Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  with  Eugene  and 
Max  Fuhrer,  architects  and  engineers,  188 
W.  Randolph  St. 

MILTON  M.  GESS,  E.  E.,  with  Battery 
Equipment  and  Supply  Co.,  Chicago,  re- 
sides   at    14504    Lincoln    Ave.,   Dolton,    111. 

WILLIAM  H.  HLTLSWIT,  JR.,  E.  E., 
physicist,  LT.  S.  Rubber  Products,  Inc., 
Passaic,  N.  ,L,  was  recently  married  to 
Miss  Ruth  Anne  Johnson  at  Clifton,  N.  J., 
73   Hudson  St. 

JOHN  R.  JACKSON,  JR.,  F.  P.  E., 
885  Vine  St.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  is  with 
Tenn.  Inspection  Bureau,  919  James  Bldg. 

LEONARD  W.  KRIZAN,  Ch.  E.,  lives 
at  2001  W.  69th  St.,  Chicago. 


N     E     E     R     S 


Carrier  Centrifugal  Refrigeration— 

the  development  that  revolutionized  an  industry! 


IT'S  a  simple  matter  to  provide  refriger- 
ation for  air  conditioning  small  stores 
or  buildings.  A  good  conventional  com- 
pressor will  do  the  work  in  a  satisfactory 
manner,  and  at  reasonable  cost.  But  it's 
a  different  matter  entirely  to  supply  the 
thousands  of  tons  of  refrigeration  re- 
quired for  cooling  skyscrapers  —  or  for 
industrial   processing.    Space   is   costly. 
Power  costs  must  be  controlled.  P< 
ing  the  trend  toward  rotating,  high  speed, 
smooth -action    machinery.    Carrier    en- 
gineers  developed    Carrier   Centrifugal 
Refrigeration  —  a    development    that 
literally  revolutionized  the  industry! 
Think  of  a  compressor  capable  of  sup- 
plying   cooling    equivalent  to    melting 
1000  tons   of  ice  each   day — yet 
so  compact  that  it  can  be  installed 
in  a  fraction  of  the  space  required 
for  conventional  compressors.  So 
economical  that  power  costs  are  re- 
duced as   much   as   25'J'c — yet  so 
simple  that  no  skilledattendants  are 


required.  So  efficient,  the  first  machine 
constructed  is  operating  today,  as  effec- 
tively as  when  installed,  15  years  ago. 
Centrifugal  Refrigeration  .  .  .  Evapo- 
rative Condensing  .  .  .  safe  refrigerants 
.  .  .  in  fact  every  Carrier  contribution  to 
the  comfort  and  efficiency  of  the  world 
has  been  brought  about  through  engi- 
neering. And  the  opportunities  for  young 
engineers  to  gain  recognition  at  Carrier 
are  greater  now  than  ever  before.  At 
Carrier,  young  men  hold  responsible  po- 
sitions—  their  capacity  gauged,  not  by 
age,  but  by  ability.  Whether  that  ability 
is  fostered  best  by  laboratory  research  or 
field  work  in  the  far  corners  of  the  world. 
Carrier  enables  engineers  to  progress. 
■C:  -i:  * 

During  1937,  Carrier  trained  300  recent 
graduates  irom  leading  engineering 
schools  in  every  section  of  the  country. 
Carrier  needs  more  men.  If  you  had  a 
good  school  record,  and  are  interested  in 
the  world's  most  fascinating  and  fastest- 
growing  industry,  write  us. 


Air  Conditioning 


CARRIES     CORPORATION,     SYRACUSE,    N,     Y. 


ORGANIZATION 


ENGINEERS 


59 


Jewelry 

MEDALS                                         TROPHIES 

DIEGES  and  riUST 

185  N.  Wabash  Ave..  Chicago 

Central   3115 

CLASS   JEWELRY          FRATERNITY    PINS 

Laundry 


Tel.    Hayma 

rket    2338 

MANDLER'S 

LAUNDRY 

Industrial  Supply                         \ 

Since 

1875 

464-66  Milwau 

kee  Avenue 

E.   O.    Mandler 

Chicago,    III. 

WEST  LAKE  LAUNDRY  COMPANY 

3329  S.  State   Street 
Chicago 

Serving  railroads,  institutions,  industries 
since  1890. 

Telephone:   Victory   6300 


Management  Engineer 


GRIFFENHAGEN  & 
ASSOCIATES 

Established    1911 

MANAGEMENT  ENGINEERS 

AND  ACCOUNTANTS 


CONSULTANTS  ON  PROBLEMS  OF  OR- 
GANIZATION, FINANCE,  PERSONNEL, 
AND  OPERATING  PROCEDURE. 


Head  Office:  LaSalle-Waclcer  Building 
Chicago 


CHARLES  R.  SIMMONS 

CONSULTANT   IN   MANAGEMENT 

Industrial  Engineer 


10  South  La  Salle  Street 

CHICAGO 
Telephone  Franklin  1234 


EARL  CHAS.  KUBICEK,  Arch.,  7344 
Champlain  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  office  passen- 
fier  traffic  manager.  The  Milwaukee  Road, 
Room   707,   Union  Station,   Chicago. 

CHARLES  MARSH,  Ex.  M.  E.,  is 
liead  of  the  science  department,  Todd 
School    for    Bovs,    Woodstock,    111. 

RAYMOND "e.  NELSON,  M.  E.,  whose 
liobby  is  photography,  resides  at  163.3 
Cataipa  Ave.,  Chicago.  He  is  sales  en- 
gineer for  Central  Screw  Co.,  3511  Shields 
Ave. 

DAVID  W.  PEARSON,  Ex.  F.  P.  E., 
special  agent  for  Oregon  for  General  Ins. 
Co.  of  America,  601  Board  of  Trade  Bldg., 
Portland,  Ore.,  lives  at  3127  N.  E.  32nd 
Ave.,  same  city.  He  is  married  and  has 
two  children.  His  recent  letter  reads: 
Dear   Secretary: 

Just  received  the  ven/  intereatinq  De- 
cember issue  of  the  EXaiyEER.  If  is 
certaiiihj  n  pleasure  to  have  fond  mem- 
ories of  the  old  school  hrou(/ht  back  tcilli 
each   issue  of  this  magazine. 

In.  the  course  of  my  travels  I  have  run 
across  several  alumni  of  Armour  ami 
thought  you  miflht  be  interested  in  knoxc- 
imi   their  xchereabouts. 

W.  r.  BELL.  E.r.  Arch.  '21,  is  Jiotc 
miiiKciiini  (lii-d-for  of  the  Western  Retail 
Liimlx  riin  ii's  ./x.v)i.  BiVPs  office  is  in 
Siii/th,  hiit  don't  knoif  the  e.vact  address. 
He  may  he  ri  checked  through  the  office  of 
the  Western  Retail  Lumbermen's  Assn., 
.Tones  Bldff..  Spokane.  Wash.  .  . 

II.  J.  8AWTELL.  M.  E.  '06.  is  man- 
aqer  of  the  Yellowstone  Lumber  Co.. 
Miles  City.  Mont. 

I  hope  this  information  xolll  he  of  some 
help. 

Best   xcishes   to    the   Alumni  Association. 
DAVID   W.   PEARSON. 

GROTE  REBER,  E.  E..  212  W.  Semi- 
nary Ave.,  Wheaton,  III.,  is  radio  engineer 
for'Stewart  Warner  Corp.,  1828  Diversey 
Blvd.,  Chicago. 

IRVING  SIEGAL,  Arch.,  1500  S.  Ked- 
vale  Ave.,  Chicago,  does  designing  and 
construction  supervising  on  private  con- 
tracts. 

DEAN  B.  SNAPP,  F.  P.  E.,  engineer 
for  State  Farm  Fire  Ins.  Co.,  Blooming- 
ton,  111.,  married  Miss  Florence  Fogel- 
sanger  of  Glen  Ellyn,  111.,  about  a  year 
ago.  They  reside  at  1002  E.  Washington 
St.,  Bloomington. 

.JOSEPH  WILLARD  ZVONECEK, 
M.  E.,  is  assistant  chief  engineer  for  Con- 
tainer Corp.  of  America,  Carthage,  Ind., 
where  he  now  lives.  In  his  spare  time  he 
enjoys   reading   and   plays   golf. 

MISSING:  Tvler.   W.   W..   E.   E. 

Belton,   Geo.   R.,   M.   E.  DECEASED: 

Hanratian.   Geo.,   C.  E.  Cole,   Abraham,   Arch. 
Sanchez,  Joe  R.,  E.  E. 


1934 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  JOHN  L.  BRENNER 
(Ex.  M.  E.)  announce  the  birth  of  a  baby 
girl.  Barbara  Ruth.  They  live  at  96  W. 
6th  St.,  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  and  Mr.  Brenner 
is  connected  with  Johns-Manville  Corp., 
E.  Seneca  St.,  same  city. 

WILLIAM  W.  BURSON,  Ch.  E.,  is 
chemical  analyst  for  Western  Electric  Co., 
22nd  St.  and  Cicero  Ave.,  Cicero,  111.  He 
resides  at  612  Surf  St.,  Chicago. 

LOY  A.  CALLEN,  C.  E.,  834  N.  Mas- 
sasoit  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  junior  civil  engi- 
neer for  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago, 
910  S.  Michigan  Blvd.  His  hobby  is  tak- 
ing   moving   pictures. 

DONALD  N.  CHADWICK,  E.  E.,  is 
sales  engineer  for  U.  S.  Supply  Co.,  1315 
W.   12th  St.,  and  lives  at  315  E.  48th   St., 


both  in  Kansas  City,  Mo.  He  is  interested 
in  contacting  former  Armour  Institute 
men  for  the  purposes  of  forming  an 
alumni  club.  More  power  to  you  Chad- 
wick  ! 

NORMAN  E.  COLBURN,  JR.,  C.  E., 
writes   from   119   E.   5th   St.,   Jacksonville, 
Fla.: 
Dear  Secretary: 

Your  notice  was  forwarded  from  Ohio, 
and  I  am  enclosing  $2.00  for  my  alumni 
dues.  I  have  been  down  here  in  Florida 
for  several  months  and  have  been  intend- 
in  ii  III  tcfrife.  giving  my  nrxv  address,  but 
xciis  pnviiitid  h,i  'purr  lauiKX.i.  At  pres- 
ent I  mil  \ciirkiini  -.cith  Mi  rriff.  Chapman, 
4-  Scii/t  Co..  ich'ich  is  a  contracting  firm 
acting  as  agents  for  the  National  Con- 
tainer Corp.  We  are  building  a  200-ton- 
per-day  paper  mill  to  make  paper  for 
cardboard  cartons,  etc.  I  am  designina 
pipinij.  etc.  The  e<iuipmeut  i',<  being  placed 
mm',  and  ice  arc  just  beginning  to  put 
up  the  pipe.  However,  we  are  being 
rushed  qtiite  a  bit,  and  I  think  I'll  be 
hunting  for  another  job  some  time  next 
month.  I  quit  my  job  nf  Mead  because 
I  figured  this  xcoiilil  tie  u  good  chance  to 
get  some  valualili  i  x/n  riince.  I  have 
learned  a  lot  here.  I  did  all  of  the  high- 
pressure  steam  line  designing  and  helped 
on  the  turbine  installation,  but  with  busi- 
ness conditions  as  they  are  at  present  I 
don't  know  whether  the  knowledge  will 
help  me  much.  Anyway.  I  hope  I  can 
get  a  job  a  lot  closer  to  Chicago  and  home 
ne.rt  month,  and  if  I  do  I'll  pay  you  a 
visit. 

Sincerehi. 
NORMAN    COLBURN. 

STEPHEN  P.  DAVISON,  F.  P.  E., 
goes  in  for  sailing  and  swimming.  He  is 
engineer  for  Chicago  Board  of  Underwrit- 
ers, 175  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  and  resides 
at  7616  Colfax  Ave.,  Chicago. 

LEO  FRANDZEI  ,  C.  E.,  .3357  Crystal 
St.,  Chicago,  is  junior  engineer,  IT.  S.  En- 
gineer Office,  Rock  Island,  111.  He  re- 
ports that  H.  A.  KUNTSON,  C.  E.  '32, 
IRA  KRAWITZ,  C.  E.  '33,  and  OTTO 
SCHMIDT,  C.  E.  '34,  are  also  employed 
at   the   same  place. 

LAAVRENCE  FRATESCHI,  E.  E.,  has 
been  transferred  to  the  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
branch   of    Fairbanks,   Morse   &   Co. 

EARL  W.  GOSSWILLER,  M.  E.,  is 
experimental  engineer.  The  Exhibit  Sup- 
ply Co.,  4222  W.  Lake  St.,  and  resides  at 
1816  W.  Chase  Ave.,  both  in  Chicago. 

GLEN  F.  GRAHAM,  E.  E.,  1167  S. 
Scoville  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  with 
Baldwin-Duckworth  Chain  Corp.,  549  W. 
Randolph   St.,  Chicago. 

CHESTER  E.  HILLMAN,  M.  E.,  is 
secretary-treasurer  for  the  Armour  Mechs. 
group  '.34  and  is  anxious  that  there  be  a 
large  representation  at  this  year's  annual 
banquet,  to  be  held  June  7  at  the  Medinah 
Club  of  Chicago.  He  was  married  re- 
cently, and  lives  at  2323  Chase  Ave., 
Chicago,  111.  Mr.  Hillman  is  engineer  for 
R.  R.  Donnelley  &  Sons  Co.,  3.50  E.  22nd 
St. 

ALFRED  FRANK  KAPECKL  Ch.  E., 
chemical  engineer  at  C051  W.  65th  St.,  re- 
sides  at    104;3    N.    LeCIaire   Ave.,   Chicago. 

GERALD  E.  MYERS,  F.  P.  E.,  is  with 
the  Illinois  Inspection  Bureau,  911  Myers 
Bldg.,    Springfield,    111. 

HERBERT  A.  RASCHKE,  E.  E.,  6346 
S.  Talman  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  employed  by 
Weston  Electrical  Instrument  Corp.,  205 
W.   Waeker  Drive. 

GEORGE  M.  REED,  E.  E.,  is  general 
dealer  salesman  in  southern  Illinois  for 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co.,  whose  Chicago 
address  is  600  S.  Michigan  Blvd. 


60 


RAYMOND  JOHN  SCHWAB,  Arch., 
is  designer  for  James  F.  Eppenstein,  35 
E.  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago,  111.  He  lives 
at  6224  N.  Washtenaw  Ave. 

E.  A.  SVOBODA,  M.  E.,  1236  East 
Ave.,  Berwyn,  III.,  is  sales  correspondent 
for  Johns-Manville  Sales  Corp.,  222  N. 
Banks    Drive,   Chicago. 

REV.  HENRY  GEORGE  VOR- 
SHEIM,  JR.,  Ch.  E.,  is  minister  of  the 
Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Portsmouth, 
Ohio  and  resides  at  1210  17th  St.,  same 
city. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Eberly,  Kenneth,  Oi.  E.    Hanes,  Geo.  A.,  M.   E. 

Marcus,  Leonard,  C.  E. 


1935 

BERNARD  B.  ABRAMS,  Ex.  C.  E., 
holds  two  positions  in  Terrell,  Tex.;  one 
as  Post  Adjutant  of  the  Texas  Military 
College,  the  other,  city  engineer  for  the 
city  of  Terrell. 

LOUIS  W.  BIEGLER,  F.  P.  E.,  707 
Garfield  St.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  is  fire  insur- 
ance inspector,  Chicago  Board  of  Under- 
writers,   175    W.   Jackson    Blvd.,   Chicago. 

BURTON  RUSSELL  BUCHHAUSER, 
Arch.,  is  mechanical  draftsman  for  Liquid 
Carbonic  Corp.,  3100  S.  Kedzie  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago.    Residence,  3339  W.  Byron  St. 

ROBERT  F.  DALTON,  Ch.  E.,  421 
2(Jth  St.,  Moline,  111.,  is  foundry  metal- 
lurgist for  International  Harvester,  Farm- 
all  Works,  4401  4th  Ave.,  Rock  Island, 
111.  We  sent  him  a  short  time  ago  a 
list  of  Armour  men  living  in  his  vicinity 
whom  he  is  anxious  to  contact. 

JOSEPH  H.  DeBOO,  M.  E.,  1310  N. 
Springfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  with  Western 
Electric  Co.,  Cermak  Road  at  Cicero  Ave., 
is  secretary-treasurer  of  the  M.  E.'s  of 
this  class.  Many  thanks  for  the  very 
helpful  letter  from  you  a  few  days  ago 
giving  definite  information  relative  to  ac- 
tivities of  a  large  group  of  graduates 
from  this  class.  We  are  indeed  grateful 
for  this  way  of  bringing  the  alumni  rec- 
ords up  to  date.  We  quote  in  part  from 
DeBoo's   letter: 

At  our  last  meeting,  WILLIAM  WAL- 
LACE HENNINO,  who  had  been  presi- 
dent of  the  organization  sincr  !t.^  hrr/in- 
ning  at  school,  suq(/i  .-•■li  il.  hi  fun  nh  lin- 
ing Ms  office  to'riloMJs'  Fli.lMK 
JONES,  the  newly  ehclcd  president,  that 
the  club  enter  upon  the  holding  of  tech- 
nical sessions  as  one  of  its  regular  activi- 
ties. Henning  described  this  type  of  meet- 
ing as  one  in  which  individuals  would  re- 
late to  the  other  men,  accounts  of  experi- 
ences gained  and  problems  encountered 
in  every  day  work  since  graJualinn.  He 
indicated  that  there  was  much  thai  could 
be  exchanged  between  the  men  ((ml,  prob- 
ably, much  to  be  gained  by  the  group  ((s 
well  as  the  individuals  in  this  general 
display  of  ideas  and  practices  used  in 
different  phases  of  the  business  world. 
The  member  of  the  club  enthusiastically 
agreed  as  to  the  possibilities  of  this  activ- 
ity and  president  Jones  directed  jilans  for 
carrying  it  out. 

The  M.  E.'s  of  '35  would  sincerely  ap- 
preciate being  informed  of  ideas  found 
practicable  by  any  other  alumni  group 
and  would  gladly  receive  cuminuuirafion 
from  any  group. 

CHARLES  K.  GOLDBERG,  M.  E., 
draftsman  and  designer,  Clearing  Machine 
Corp.,  6499  W.  65th  St.,  Chicago,  111.,  re- 
sides at  5700  S.  Wolcott  Ave.  In  his 
spare  time  he  is  interested  in  i)laying 
chess   and   bowling. 


CHESTER  MICHAEL  KASMER,  E. 
E.,  1521  W.  58th  St.,  Chicago,  is  with  tlu- 
Federal   Power   Commission. 

CHARLES  LIEBERMAN,  Arch.,  sales 
manager  for  Victory  Store  Fixture  Co., 
(iS4  Milwaukee  Ave.,"  Chicago,  lives  at  934 
Winona  St. 

BERNARD  LEE  MESSINGER,  M.  E., 
710  Gordon  Terrace,  is  connected  with 
Peerless  of  America,  Inc.,  515  W.  35th  St., 
both  in  Chicago.  He  reports  that  JO- 
SEPH MICHAEL  O'CONNER,  C.  I'., 
is  also  emploved  by  this  concern. 

JOHN  K.  "MORRISON,  F.  P.  E.,  who 
is   with   the   Tennessee   Inspection    Bureau, 
1034     Stahlman     Bldg.,     Nashville,     Tenn.. 
writes: 
Dear  Secretary: 

...  7  want  to  ranqratuhde  the  stuff 
of  The  Engineer  for  the  r;r)ru/  -.i>ork  Iheif 
hove  t,(,„  ',li,i„,i  ill  iiiiikillil  the  llliKlozin'e 
veni  inlenx/iii,/.  I  ilmi't  .-■(  e  ((ui/thine/  in 
it  thai  could  lie  improved  the  (Inly  trou- 
ble is  that  it  isn't  issued  often  enough. 
Yours  very  truly, 

J.  K.   M'ORRISON. 

A       letter       received       recently       from 
GEORGE    ISAO    NAKAYAMA,    E.    E., 
1048  Gulick  Ave.,  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  reads 
as  follows: 
Dear  Secretary : 

...  7  have  tied  in  with  the  Hawaiian 
Electric  Co.  and  am  doing  business  of 
my  own.  (Operating  as  Nakayama  Radio 
Service,  Corner  Beretania  and  Smith  Sts., 
Honolulu,  T.  H.)  Had  pretty  rough  go- 
ing because  of  lack  of  capital  and  exten- 
sive  credit  in  the  selling  game. 

I  hope  to  be  pretty  well  on  my  feet  In/ 
the  end  of  this  spring. 

I  shall  write  you  again   soon. 
'Sincereh/. 

G.  I."  NAKAYAxMA. 

EDWIN  ARTHUR  RUNGE,  Arch., 
429  Maplewood  Ave.,  Struthers,  Ohio,  is 
with  Leif  Lee,  consulting  engineer,  810 
Union  National  Bank  Bldg.,  Youngstown, 
Ohio. 

GEORGE  EDWARD  THOMPSON, 
Ch.  E.,  resides  at  7342  Merrill  Ave.,  Chi- 
cago, 111.  He  is  connected  with  Cochrane 
Steam    Specialties,    332    S.    Michigan    Ave. 

HOWARD  JOHN  ZIBBLE,  F.  P.  E., 
formerly  engineer  in  the  Kentucky  Actu- 
arial Bureau  at  Louisville,  is  now  with 
Willett  E.  Main  Ins.  Agency,  Madison, 
Wis.  Congratulations,  Zibble,  on  your 
marriage  to  Helen  Jean  Shepherd  of  Wil- 
mette.  111.,  late  last  year !  Residence,  106 
S.  Hancock  St.,  Madison,  Wis. 


1936 

EDGAR  P.  AULER,  M.  E.,  employed 
by  Taylor  Forge  and  Pipe  Works,  14th 
St.  and  Cicero  Ave.,  Cicero,  111.,  lives  at 
4848  Hutchinson,  Chicago. 

VICTOR  JOSEPH  CHIAPPE,  Arch., 
2674  W.  Madison  St.,  is  with  Karlin  and 
Simpson,  architects,  64  E.  Lake  St.,  Chi- 
cago,   111. 

RAYMOND  S.  FEINBERG,  Ex.  Arch., 
4603  Wycliff,  San  Antonio,  Texas,  has 
married  Lorraine  Strickland  of  Dallas. 
Best   wishes. 

JOHN  GALANDAK,  C.  E.,  resides  at 
2801  S.  St.  Louis  Ave.,  Chicago,  and  is 
connected  with  Aeromotor  Co.,  2500  W. 
Roosevelt   Road. 

DON  CARLOS  HARRIS,  M.  E.,  has 
changed  his  residence  to  7627  E.  End  Ave., 
Chicago.  He  is  with  Carbide  and  Carbon 
Chemicals   Corp.,    Box    7.50,   Whiting,    Ind. 


CHICAGO 

KENT 


COLLEGE  off 

LAW 


Founded    1887 

iidcpendeiU— Enduwed— Non-Secta 


Fitzgibbons  Boiler  Co.,  Inc. 

STEEL     HEATING     &     POWER     BOILERS 

Represented  by 

MALVIN   &   MAY,   INC. 

RAY  C.  MALVIN 

2427  So.   Michigan   Avenue 

Chicago,     Illinois 

Victory    1617 


THE  STAR  OIL  COMPANY 

ESTABLISHED      1890 

LUBRICATING    OILS    AND    GREASES 

Telephone   Seeley  4400 

GEO.  HAMILTON 
344-348     N.     Irving    Avenue,    Chicago 


Welding  Speci 

alists 

H 

amier    Boiler, 

Tank   Co. 

6025  W.  66th  St.                 | 

Chicago 

Fabricators    of   Steel    Plate                   | 

ASME     PRESSURE 

VESSELS 

STAINLESS     STEEL 

TANKS 

SOL  ELLIS  &  SONS,  Inc. 

PLUMBING      AND      HEATING      SUPPLIES 


2n8  S.  stale  St.  Victory  2454 

CHICAGO 


Motor  Trucks 


MOTOR  TRUCKS,  TRACTORS,  TRAILERS 
AND  BUSSES 

Standard  and  Custom  Built  Chassis,  All  Sizes 

E.  R.  BURLEY.  1913 

Secretary   and  Sales   Manager 

AVAILABLE    TRUCK    COMPANY 

2501    Elston   Avenue 
Chicago 


Patronize  our 
Advertisers 


61 


Motor  Trucks 


HENDRICKSON    MOTOR 

TRUCK  CO. 

Ma,:utact 

Iters    of 

ZVs,   to   5  TON 
Four-Wheel  Trucks 

6  to  12  TON 
Six-Wheel  Trucks 

Wabash    Avenue 

at    36th    Street 

Chicago, 

llUnoi. 

Neon   Signs 


INTERNATIONAL  NEON  SIGNS 

Patented 

COL-R-BAC  NEON  SIGNS 

The  latest  development  in   Neon  Signs 

14  N.  May  Street  Chicago 


FEDERAL  NEON  SIGNS 

• 

CLAUDE  NEON  FEDERAL  CO. 

225  North  Michigan  Ave. 

Chicago,  Illinois 


Paper 


Schwarz 
Paper  Co 


c<po 


1430  S.  Canal  St. 
Chicago 


Patents 


DEVELOPMENT  and  SALE 

of 

PATENTS 

IRVEN    H.  WILSEY 

WRIGLEY  BUILDING 
420  N.  Michigan  Ave. ,  CHICAGO 


WHITEHALL  61S0 


WILLIAM  P.  HEALY,  Ch.  E.,  7842 
Bennett  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  employed 
bv  Socony-Vacuum  Oil  Co.,  East  Chicago, 
Ind. 

T.  M.  HOFFMAN,  JR.,  E.  E.,  is  now 
with  Humble  Oil  and  Refining  Co.,  Bay- 
town,  Texas.  He  may  be  reached  at  Box 
•175,  same  city. 

EDGAR  R.  JOHNSON,  F.  P.  E.,  1825 
Stevens  Ave.,  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  employed 
by  Kentucky  Actuarial  Bureau,  940 
Starks  Bldg.,  and  reports  he  is  doing 
nicely. 

We  quote  the  following  from  a  recent 
letter  received  from  VICTOR  J.  KROPF, 
E.  E.,  1.318  Singer  Place.  Wilkinshurg, 
Pa.,  who  is  with  Westinghouse  Electric 
and  Mfg.  Co.,  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa: 
Secretary.  Alumni  Association: 

.  .  .  You  will  remember  Dr.  Hob.idii, 
ccho  taufiht  for  a  i/cKr  (it  Armour  before 
coming  to  Wcntiuifhousc.  "Hobble"  as  we 
call  him  in  on  old  schoolmate  of  my  room- 
mate here,  no  as  a  result  -.cr  have  been 
to„cth,r  quite  a  lillh  hit,  1,1.  II,  is  iluiiio 
Vi'rii  well  icith  thr  cmj'oii,/.  '"in,/  lnrol,,t 
in    the    Central    Slall,,,,    !■:  ,i„ln, ,  rino    /»-/-/. 

After  a  ,i,or  a„,l  I:.;,  mmtlhs  on  the 
student     coins,      h,  r,      -.cilh      W ,  sti„,,h,',ise. 


Oiiice  Furniture 


/  have   be. 


speah 


a  regular  position.  I  am  located  in  the 
Machinery  Electrification  Section  of  the 
Indiistria'l  Sales  Dept.  At  the  present 
time  we  arc  h,in,llinii  siieeifieations  and 
proposals  en,  ritm  ,  I,  rl  rienl  equipment 
for  several  lurij,  ijnv,  rnm,  iit  jobs  ituch 
as  Grand  Coulee  bam  and  part  of  the 
TVA  projects.  I  have  written  up  sev- 
eral propositions  and  it  m  extremely  inter- 
estinq.  It  is  larqehi  application  work, 
and  '„ee„si„nalhi  uv  ,/).  ont  on  trips  to  dis- 
cuss e,rl,,!n  ,1,  tolls  -..-l/h  e„.sl„mers.  so  that 
I  am  ,  n/lr,ti/  pleas,, I  icith  my  location  and 
its  prospects.  .  . 

Sincerely. 

V.   J.    KROPF. 

JOHN  O.  LARSON,  C.  E.,  is  now  with 
Steel  Buildings,  Inc.,  Middletown,  Ohio. 
Residence,   2207    Linden    Ave.,    same   citv. 

ALBERT  HENRY  MAACK.  6.34.9  S. 
Washtenaw  Ave.,  Chicago,  III.,  is  em- 
ployed by  Empire  Oil  and  Refining  Co., 
East  Chicago,  Ind. 

SVEN  T.  NYLEN,  C.  E.,  is  superin- 
tendent, Federal  Quarry,  Moulding  Brow- 
nell  Corp.,  165  W.  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago. 
He  lives   at   7701   Halsted   St. 

LEONARD  W.  ROBBIE,  Ch.  E.,  Uni- 
versal Oil  Products,  Dumas,  Texas,  sent 
a  post  card  reading,  I  am  down  in  Te.vas 
as  a  poly  plant  operator  for  U.  O.  P. 
Berger  is  in  charge  of  the  unit  and  uses 
me  as  a  "stooge."  Please  note  that  I  did 
not  start   this  fire! 

MAURICE  P.  SHIU,  E.  E.,  who  is  a 
proud  father  of  Maurice  III,  born  a  short 
time  ago,  was  forced  to  return  with  his 
familj  from  Canton,  China,  because  of 
the  Japanese  invasion.  His  home  here 
in  Chicago  is  56.53  Drexel  Ave.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  report  of  his  major  experi- 
ences  since   leaving   Armour   Institute: 

Upon  completing  my  studies  at  dear  old 
alma,  mater  in  the  summer  of  1936,  I  left 
for  China  a  few  months  later.  In  the 
latter  part  of  October,  I  arrived  at  Hong 
Kong  after  an  eighteen  day  voyage  across 
the  Pacific. 

From  Hong  Kong,  I  went  by  rail  to 
Canton,  a.  distance  of  one  hundred  and 
txcenty  miles.  I  made  m,y  home  in  the 
residential  district  of  May  Yee  Kong, 
Tungshan. 

In  the  middle  of  January  of  1937,  I 
received  my  appointment  to  the  Kwang- 
tung  Provincial  Cement  Factory  as  an 
assistant    engineer   at    their   power    plant. 


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62 


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Printers 

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Phone  Hyde  Park  2435 


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To  business  correspondents  who  do  not 
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•  Standard   lines  in  stock 

•  Specials  made  to  order 

•  Plain    or    printed 

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CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

1674  Broadway,  New  York 


Ml/  position  lasted  only  a  few  months,  and 
Ih'ciiiisc  of  political  affairs,  I  tendered  mij 

lirfon'  lomi,  I  nrrivrd  another  appoint- 
mnit  to  the  Kuuniiitini,!  I'roviiirlol  Ili,/!,- 
icoii  Admiiustration  as  imiiiicrr  Iti  thiir 
wrrhaiiiral  ami  aittowotivc  deport  m,„ts. 
Ml!  work  there  mis  ver;/  intensftiKj  as 
I  liiiil  iilwoi/s  eiijoi/ed  priirticol  tniiniinj. 

.1  list  as  I  zcas  settlint/  doxcii  and  niakinij 
a  living  for  myself,  the  Sino-Japanese 
War  broke  out  in  Shanghai ,  in  July,  1937. 
yot  verii  long  after  the  Japanese  seized 
Shanohiii.  word  reached  Canton  that  the 
Japa'iusr  icoidd  soon  slai/e  an  air  raid 
over   Canton. 

fnfartiniolrh,  far  nn,  iH„,de.  the  Jap- 
anisi  linnilirrs  rain,,/  ,'halli  from  the  sklj 
over  Canton  ,,ii  .Inoiist  ..7,  /.''.?r,  the  first 
air  mid  that  the  eitii  had  ,ver  Witnessed. 
Ilnndnds  of  civilians  and  nan-eomtuitant s 
were  killed.  The  horror  of  II  all.  hands 
and  legs  blown  from  the  hoih/:  hnman 
flesh  hanging  from  telephone  and  elect rir 
'wires! 

The  objectives  of  the  Japanese  air  raid 
on.  Canton  -were  the  Tin-Flo  Military  Aero- 
drome, the  militani  estaldishments,  and 
the  Canlan-Kowloon  h'alhway.  The  latter 
connects  Canton  'with  the  ikritish  Crown 
Colony  of  Hong  Kong.  However,  the 
Japanese  air  raid  resulted  in  only  slight 
damage  to  our  aerodrome  and  a  loss  of 
one  pnrsuit  plane. 

So(}n  after  the  air  raid,  I  received  notice 
from  the  American  Consul  General  to 
evacuate  Miiij  Yee  Kong,  Tungshan,  im- 
aicdidtilii  -while  there  were  still  transpor- 
tation facilities.  May  Yee  Kong,  Tung- 
shan was  marked  the  "danger  zone"  as 
it  was  only  three  miles  west  of  the  Tin-Ho 
Aerodrome. 

Bii  evenimt.  people  livinif  in  this  resi- 
dential district  heqan  a  'wh.desale  evacnei- 
fion  for  the  liriti.-h  Colony  of  Hong  Kong 
hi/  iiieans  of  train  and  steamer,  and  within 
a'  fc'w  </'(//.s-    tlie   ilistrict  was  deserted. 

Wieks  'jia.isid.  nil  sign  of  a  second  air 
raid!  People  an  Ihe  streets  were  alert; 
iiicrchiints  'were  going  about  their  business 
as   though  nothing  had  happened. 

On  the  morning  of  September  SI,  at 
1:00  a.  m.,  an  air  raid  alarm  sounded 
throughout  the  city.  At  tin  .lamr  instant, 
the  city  was  put  in  total  darknes.-<  i.ecept 
for   the   hiniinoiis  lii/ht  of  Ihe   moon.     Five 


elin.sed. 


ift    guns    were 


VIBRATORS 

iUTAH 

Ul     RADIO  PRODUCTS  CO.  jj 

^  Orleans  Street     </) 

2  Chicago,  Illinois     | 

ITRANSFORMERS 


activi  !  .Is  I  wiilchid  from  a  large  tree 
in  mil  i/anlin.  I  sa'w  a  squadron  of  ten 
Japii'ii<.^(  hoiiiliers  heading  for  the  Tin-Ho 
Aeradroiiii.  I'hey  flew  over  my  home  at 
rt  high  altitude' to  escape  anti-aircraft 
shells.  Still,  their  engines  were  audible 
at  such  heights.  Then  suddenly  the 
bombers  flew  low,  one  after  another  to 
release  their  diiidly  missiles.  As  the 
latiiilis  mil  tin  iiirfli.  the  ground  which  I 
-was  sliniirnig  an  frimbled  from  beneath 
mil  fill  white  iiiiiiui  windows  and  doors 
-w'rri'  hrnki  n    In    Ih,    'district. 

iicliiin  euntinualli/,  it  prevented  our  pur- 
suit planes  from  "dog  fighting"  with  the 
enemy  in  the  city.  So  our  planes  took 
to  the  air  to  meet  the  enemy  near  Bogas 
Tigris  Forts,  the  entrance  to  Canton  from 
the  sea.  Here  a  brilliant  combat  was 
staged  with  a  loss  to  the  Japanese  of  two 
bombers  and  also  one  jinrsnil  plane.  Our 
loss  'WHS  idnaist  as  i/riat  in  /nirsiiit  pliincs. 
Inside  the  citi/.  'our  mil i-airernft  i/uns 
downed  two  of  the  cneniirs  planes.  The 
duration  of  this  niid  'Was  over  two  hours; 
but  three  hiinrs  aftir  this  raid  Was  over, 
the  Japanese  again  stiii/id  another  raid 
over  the  city  in  an  attempt  to  demoralize 
the   Chinese   people. 


For  a  greater  Armour 
Institute  resulting  in  greater 
service  to  Chicago  and  the 
Middle  West. 


BOWES 
REALTY  CO 

540  N.  Michigan  Ave. 
Whitehall  7945 


HAMILTON  BROS. 

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CHESTER  CHARLES 


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.V,-    n„itl,'r  h,nc   fn,n,r„lh,    th,-  ./, 


p,i. 


iiiviuliil  the  citii  hi,  ulr.  Iliii/  vould  ti«f 
hrcdk  III)'  vKinile  of  the  Chinese  peojilc: 
instead,  the;/  stirred  in  their  hearts  n 
strong  determination  to  defeat  Japan  U'ilh 
'time." 

-rime'-  is  an  i„i p.irtani  factor  in  this 
zcar  with  Japan.  Ixraiise  of  the  fart  that 
she  can  not  carri/  on  war  in  Chinese  terri- 
torii  without  monei/.  Therefore,  Japan's 
hiKje  war  e.rpenditure.1  will  soon  draf/  hrr 
down  to  the  point  ■where  she  ■will  realise 
that  her  military  adventure  in  China  is 
'■(loomed." 

GII.BEHT  WILLIAM  STUTZ,  E.  E., 
resides  at  18  E.  Nortliwest  Hifrlnvay,  Ar- 
lington Heiglits,  IlL  He  is  in  tlie  reseanli 
division  of  FairbanliS,  Morse  &  Co,  (jOl) 
S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  and  was 
married  some  months   ago. 

DAVID  C.  TIMBERLAKE,  F.  P.  E.. 
.50()  W.  St.  CatluriiR-  St.,  Louisville,  K\ ., 
is  connected  witli  Kcntuekv  Actuarial  Bu- 
reau.  Starks    Bhl^..    Louisville. 

WESLEY  S.  WIETING,  Arch.,  in  the 
construction  Dept.,  Scott-Burr  Stores 
Corp.,  430  W.  Randolph  St.,  lives  at  37tl) 
Ward  St.,  Chicago. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

Olson,  E.  W.,  Arcli.  None 


1937 

ANTHONY  J.  ALLEGRETTI,  Ch.  E., 

resides  at  .517  N.  Laramie  Ave.,  Chicago, 
Hi.  He  is  chemical  engineer  for  Conti- 
nental Can   Co.,  463;3  W.   Grand   Ave. 

HERMAN  OTTO  BALterMEISTER, 
Ch.  E.,  is  now  assistant  for  Commonwealth 
Edison  Co.  in  their  chemical  engineering 
division,  2233  S.  Throop  St.  and  lives  at 
238()  Seminary  Ave.,  hotli  in  Chicago. 

WALTER  H.  BOTTELSEN,  C.  E.,  is 
married  and  employed  bv  American  Utili- 
ties Service  Corp.,  214  Main  St.,  Savanna, 

ROLF  O.  BREUER,  E.  E.,  assistant 
clerk  with  HOLC,  Merchandise  Mart,  is 
at   7512   Eastlake   Terrace,   Chicago. 

EARLE  H.  BRINK,  E.  E.,  is  student 
engineer.    General    Electric   Co.,   Erie,    Pa 

WALTER  CARLSON,  M.  E.,  11241 
Normal  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  is  stationed 
at  Pensacola,  Fla.,  Aviation  Cadet  with 
U.   S.    Navy,    Naval    Air   Station. 

WILLIAM  A.  CHAPIN,  JR.,  E.  E., 
has  been  transferred  to  the  Schenectadav, 
N.  Y.,  plant  of  General  Electric  Co. 

MARK  L.  DANNIS,  Sc,  with  Gaert- 
ner  Scientific  Corp.,  1201  W.  Wrightwood, 
Chicago,   lives   at    1401    Hyde    Park    Blvd. 

PAUL  R.  FRANZEN,  M.  E.,  5912  N. 
Washtenaw  Ave.,  is  organ  designer  for 
Hammond    Instrument   Co.,   Chicago 

POBERT  J.  HARROLD,  M.  E.,  de- 
signing engineer,  Charles  Bruning  Co., 
1134  W.  Hubbard  St.,  resides  at  545  N. 
Humphrey  Ave.,  Oak  Park,  111. 

EDWARD  F.  HICKEY,  130  Trow- 
bridge, Detroit,  Mich.,  is  still  with  Fair- 
banks Morse  &  Co.  of  that  city.  He  is 
anxious  to  contact  Armour  men  workin"- 
in  that  vicinity.  '^ 

IAN  RALPH  IKENN,  C.  E.,  is  engi- 
neering draftsman,  power  plants,  with 
H.  A.  Durr  &  Co.,  123  W.  Madison  St., 
Chicago.  Residence,  4.337  N.  Monticello 
Ave.  Ikenn  is  much  interested  in  wood- 
craft. 

ROBERT  P.  JOHNSTONE,  Arch., 
8224  Drexel  Ave.,  Chicago,  is  designer  for 
Trace  and   Warner. 

WILLIAM  D.  PETERSON,  E.  E.,  with 
Bendix  Radio  Co.,  was  married  to  Miss 
Kveta  Sasko.  Congratulations.  Resi- 
dence, 81.32  La   Fayette  Ave.,  Chicatro 


Screw  Machines 


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Products 


Clean    precision    work 
made  exact  to  speci- 
fications.   Capacity  CONTRACT 
1    16"  to  2n".                 MANUFACTURING 

W.  J.  Tarrant    23 


General  SngmerM  lHorks 

i'TOlW. Division Stred  -  Chicago 


Water   Treatment 


ANALVrTy- 
CON/ULTANT/ 

MAMDFACTURER/ 


Scale     and    Corrosion    Control 

Proportioning 

Aqueous    Systems 

D.  W.  Haering  &  Co.,  Inc. 

3408  Monroe  St.,   Chicago,  111. 

HARrison     0414 


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Water   Purification, 

Hydraulic    Control    and 

Chemical  Feeding  Equipment 

59  E.  Van  Buren  St.  Chicago 


Telephone 

FRANK  S.  DUNHAM 

DEArborn   7003-7004 

For     information     on     any 
size  water  softener  or  filter 

THE  PERMUTIT  CO. 

210  So.  Clark  St., 
Chicago 


PAIL  A.  REH,  M.  E.,  student  engi- 
neer at  Ceru-ral  Electric,  Schenectady, 
X.    ^  .,   resides   at   233  Seward   Place,   saine 

i)()XAI.D  C.  RICHARDSON,  E.  E., 
I">l(i   W.  6th  Ave.,  Gary,  Ind.,  writes: 

/  have  been  engineer  with  Gary  Heat. 
I.iilht,  and  Water  Co.,  500  Br'oadwatj. 
<>'arii.  for  about  three  toeeks,  and  I  enjoi/ 
mil  work.  A'o  other  Armour  boi/s  'are 
Ik  re.  I  have  met  several  men  emjiloiiine/ 
.iniioiir    men,    and    the;/    think    highli/    of 

LAURENCE  RICK,  Ch.  E.,  2(J11  Divi- 
sion St.,  is  analytical  research  chemist  with 
Miner  Laboratories,  9  S.  Clinton  St.,  Chi- 
cago,  111. 

HERBERT  S.  RUEKBERG,  M.  E., 
<!iief  engineer,  Elmer  E.  Mills  Corp.,  812 
U  .  Vnn  Buren  St.,  Chicago,  resides  at 
ii.i.S3   Sheridan    Rd. 

LEONARD  SORKIN,  Ch.  E.,  lives  at 
0.54    N.    Monticello    Ave.,    Cliicago. 

CHARLES  S.  SRAMEK,  Ch.  E.,  4510 
S.  Gross  Ave.,  Chicago,  has  recently  been 
promoted  from  pumpman  to  stillman  and 
will  soon  be  sole  operator  of  a  new  2.5,000 
gallon  and  four  8,000  gallon  intermittent 
stilLs,  at  the  By-Products  Plant,  Inland 
Steel   Co.,   Indiana   Harbor.   Ind. 

SIGMCND  J.  SULINSKI,  C.  E.,  37,58 
Divcrsey  Ave.,  is  analyst  for  State  High- 
way Planning  Commission,  20  N.  Wacker 
Drixc,   Chicago,   111. 

MICHAEL  J.  WILSON  (WASYL- 
CnV).  E.  E.,  junior  development  engi- 
neer. Electrical  Engineers  Equipment  Co., 
Melrose  Park,  111.,  resides  at  930  N.  Monti- 
cello Ave.,  Chicago. 

PETER  WINEL,  JR.,  M.  E.,  1871 
Burling  St.,  Chicago,  sent  us  a  long  list 
of  Armour  Mechanics  with  up  to  date  in- 
formation as  to  their  present  connections, 
for  which  we  are  indeed  grateful.  I  ast 
January  this  class  held  its  first  reunion, 
and   Winel   writes  as   follows: 

Dear  Se,  retarij : 

The  reunion^  turned  out  to  he  a  great 
■■■■uccess.  cii'ilh  7-1  per  rent  of  the  class  pres- 
<nl.  It  icas  derided  to  hold  two  such  af- 
fairs «  gear  xcith  the  possibility  of  having 
a  pirnir   every  summer. 

The  III-  iiibers  who  were  unable  to  at- 
leiid  ici  re  certainly  missed  by  their  elass- 
•  iiate.i.  and  ice  are  hoping  to  see  them  at 
our  iii'.rt    reunion. 

■  Is  I  have  been  appointed  the  corre- 
■yionding  secretary  of  the  group,  I  would 
like  to  take  this  opportunity  of  request- 
ing the  few  members  who  failed  to  an- 
swer our  reunion  invitation  to  write  me 
and  let  me  know  where  we  can  qet  in 
touch  with  them. 

We  are  looking  forward  to  meetinq  the 
rest  of  the  class  of  '.37  at  the  Anmml 
.trmour  Alumni  Banquet  (June  7—Me- 
diunh   (/lul,   of  Chicago.) 

In  closing  I  would  like  to  congratulate 
the  editorial  staff-  of  the  Armour  'Ei,,,',urer 
and  Alumnus  for  the  fine  xc:,rk  I  hi,,  are 
doing  and  trust  that  the  enrlnsr,!  iufirma- 
tlon  xcill  assist  them  in  keepini/  an  up  to 
date  record  of  the  '37  M.  E.  Class. 
Yours  very  truly, 

PETER  WINEL. 

EDWARD  J.  WOLNIAK,  C.  E.,  is 
now  field  engineer  for  Youngstown  Sheet 
and  Tube  Co.,  Indiana  Harbor,  Ind.  Resi- 
dence, .5734  S.  Paulina   St.,  Chicago,  II'. 

ROBERT  WILLIAM  WRIGHT,  E  E. 
5216  W.  Monroe  St.,  is  engineer  and 
draftsman  with  Elsberg  Mfg.  Co.,  Inc 
3.53   W.   Grand    Ave.,   Chicago. 

MISSING:  DECEASED: 

None  None 


64 


RAISING    THE    STANDARDS    OF   WELDING 


PERFECTLY 
CENTERED 
COATINGS 


I  HoUup  Sureweld  Protected  Arc  Electrodes 
are  always  concentric  .  .  .  the  metal  in  the 
exact  center  .  .  .  the  coating  uniform  in 
thickness  at  all  points. 

To  the  Welding  Industry,  this  means  larger 
output,  a  saving  in  rods  and  operators'  time, 
lower  production  costs  and  welds  of  quality. 

HoUup  perfectly  centered  rods  avoid  under- 
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vent contamination  of  the  arc  and  permit 
perfect  fusion  and  evenly  deposited  metal. 

Perfectly  centered  rods  are  possible  only 
with  Hollup  equipment — equipment  designed 
and  built  especially  for  the  application  of 
protective  coatings  by  Hollup  engineers. 

lup  Products— a  rod  for  every  job  in  electric  and  oxy-acetylene  welding— are  available  through  88  distributo 


The  work  of  this  special  equipment  is  con- 
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job  24  hours  a  day.  Tests  are  continually 
being  made  for  concentricity,  weldability, 
mechanical  characteristics  and  chemical 
composition. 

Due  to  the  high  physical  properties  produced 
by  the  Sureweld  Protected  Arc  Electrodes 
they  have  passed  all  code  requirements. 


Demonstration 

Hollup  perfectly  centered  Sureweld  Protected 
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I 


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CORPORATION 

3357  W.47M  PL..  CHICAGO 


Copyright  1938,  Liggett  &  M'i'ERS  Tobacco  Co. 


'^'^■■€^: 


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L'J 

WITCO 

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Chicago Tribune  Tower  Witco  Oil  &  Gos  Company  •  The  Pioneer  Asphalt 

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DEW-POINT  POTENIIOMETER 

DEW  on  the  grass  may  be  tine  for  the  farmers 
and  an  indication  of  fair  weather,  but  it  has  no 
place  in  metal  heat-treating  furnaces.  Moisture  in 
the  atmosphere  in  furnaces  causes  corrosion  on  the 
metal,  thus  decreasing  the  size  of  the  part.  Because  it 
is  impossible  to  tell  the  amotmt  of  moisture  in  such  a 
furnace  by  sticking  your  hand  into  it.  General  Elec- 
tric engineers  have  developed  a  dew-point  potenti- 
ometer to  do  this  job,  and  do  it  accurately. 

The  potentiometer  consists  of  a  metallic  mirror 
located  in  a  small  chamber  into  which  gas  from  the 
furnace  is  passed  and  condensed  on  the  mirror.  By 
means  of  a  thermocouple,  a  balancing  circuit,  and  a 
direct-reading  meter,  the  weight  of  water  vapor  jjer 
cubic  foot  of  gas  may  be  derived.  Thus  the  furnace 
operator  can  tell  if  the  furnace  atmosphere  is  suit- 
able for  the  treatment  of  the  metal. 

Many  of  the  G-E  developmental  engineers  working 
on  this  and  similar  apparatus  are  former  Test  men. 
The  General  Electric  Test  Course  augments  the 
theoretical  training  received  by  engineering  grad- 
uates, giving  them  a  practical  training  in  in- 
dustry. 


SPEEDY  FLIES 

THERE  are  many  legends  of  nature  which  have 
remained  for  manv  years,  eventually  being 
refuted  by  naturalists,  but  one  which  has  persisted 
up  until  a  few  weeks  ago  is  that  of  the  phenomenal 
speed  of  the  deer  botflv.  While  man  plods  along  at  a 
speed    of  400   miles   per    hour   in    his    airplane,    one 


entomologist  calculaled  ih.-  speed  of  llie  deer  bot- 
fly to  be  800  miles  per  hour.  Digressing  from  his 
usual  type  of  experiments.  Dr.  lr\ing  Langnuiir, 
Nobel  Prize  winner  in  the  General  Electric  Kesearch 
Laboratory,  exploded  this  entomological  iii^lli  by 
means  of  a  series  of  tests. 


leer 
sect 


.U'dl 


Using  a  piece  of  solder  the  size  and  sliaj)e  of 
botfly.  Dr.  Langmuir  showed  llial  if  this 
traveled  at  800  miles  per  hour  it  would  en... 
wind  pressure  of  8  poiimls  per  s([uare  inch 
to  crush  it.  and  that  maintaining  such  a  v<'locity 
would  require  a  power  consumption  of  one-half  horse- 
power— a  good  deal  for  a  fly.  He  also  demonstrated 
that  the  insect  would  be  invisible  at  speeds  in  excess 
of  60  miles  per  hour,  yet  the  entomologist  estimated 
the  speed  of  the  fly  at  400  yards  per  second  because 
he  saw  a  brown  blur  pass  by  his  eyes.  Finally  the 
calculations  showed  that  if  the  fly,  while  traveling 
at  this  speed,  struck  a  human  being,  it  would  pen- 
etrate the  skin  with  a  force  of  four  tons  per  sipiare 
inch  and  bury  itself  deep  in  the 'flesh. 

ATOM? 


BOMBARDING  ATOMS 

The  modern  miracles  of  aviation,  television,  and 
World's  Fairs  are  taken  quite  calmly  in  this  twen- 
tieth century  of  progress.  But  it  is  a  different  matter 
when  scientists  start  snapping  the  whip  with  ions  to 
smash  ultramicroscopic  particles  called  atoms  into 
even  more  minute  portions.  \nd  that's  just  what 
scientists  are  doing  over  at  Harvard  University. 
Using  a  machine  called  a  cyclotron,  devised  by  Prof. 
Lawrence  of  the  University  of  California,  the  Har- 
vard physicists  are  bombarding  atoms  by  accelerating 
ions  to  a  tremendous  speed  and  shooting  them  out 
through  a  hole  in  the  side  of  the  machine.  But 
people  are  talking  about  this  barrage  of  ionic 
ammunition  because  the  results  have  proven  success- 
ful in  the  treatment  of  cancer. 

This  is  the  third  of  such  atom-smashing  machines 
for  which  the  General  Electric  Company  has  fur- 
nished parts.  Even  in  such  academic  and  highly 
specialized  fields.  Test  men  are  called  upon  to  make 
tlieir  contributions. 


GENERAL  ®  ELECTRIC 


•     •     • 


TIME  TESTED  ELECTRICAL  FUSES 

"ECONOMY" 

"NATIONAL" 

"CLEARSITE" 

"ARKLESS" 

"BEACON" 

"ECO" 


•     •     • 


WE  FUSE 

ELECTRICAL 
CIRCUITS 

EVERYWHERE 

ECONOMY  FUSE  &  MFG.  CO, 

2717  GREENVIEW  AVENUE 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

A   QUARTER   OF   A   CENTURY 

OF   DEPENDABLE   SERVICE 


I  '    HEN   you   enter  the   practice  of 

i      \^)\/     i   tlif"  profession  of  engineering  you 


J   will,  witliout  a  doubt,  require  a 


more  detailed  knowledge  of  the  oxy-acety- 
lene  process  of  welding,  cutting,  and  heat- 
treating  of  metals  than  you  will  carry  away 
with  you  from  college. 

No  matter  where  you  locate,  we  invite  you 
to  consult  Linde  whenever  you  need  assistance 
in  problems  involving  the  use  of  welding,  cut- 
ting, flame  hardening,  flame  softening,  hard- 


facing  or  any  other  application  of  the  oxy- 
acetylene  process.  There  are  32  Linde  offices 
in  principal  cities  throughout  the  country. 

Such  assistance  as  this  is  made  available 
to  users  of  Linde  products  through  the  me- 
dium of  Linde  Process  Service.  The  purpose 
of  this  service  is  to  help  consumers  obtain  the 
greatest  possible  value  from  every  dollar 
spent  for  Linde  oxygen— and  everything  else 
bought  from  Linde.  Write  or  call  the  nearest 
Linde  office  for  full  information. 


THE  LINDE  AIR 


DUCTS  COMPANY 


Unit  of  Union  Carbide  and  Carbon  Corporation 

[TTTi 

New  York  and  Principal  Cities 
In  Canada:  Dominion  Oxygen  Company,  Limited,  Toronto 


Everything  for  Oxy -Acetylene  Welding  and   Cutting 

tINDE  OXYGtN  «  PRESTO-LITE  ACETYLENE  .  OXWtlD  APPARATUS  AND  SUPPLIES      jPRQJVt 


3 IS 
1 


I    TNDE      ""'"N  CARBIDE 


The   words   "Linde,"   "Pre»l-0-Lile,"   "Oxweld"   and    "Union"    used    herein    are   registered    Irademarks 


FROM 


BAGDAD  ON  THE  SUBWAY 


TO 


BAGDAD  ON  THE  TIGRIS 


BY  TELEPHONE 


"Bagdad  on  the  Subway"  (as  O.  Henry 
called  New  York  City)  is  now  able  to  tele- 
phone to  Bagdad  on  the  Tigris. 

Today  your  Bell  Telephone  puts  you  within 
easy  speaking  distance  of  some  70  foreign 
countries  and  a  score  of  ships  at  sea  —  93% 


BELL  TELEPHONE 


of  all  the  world's  39,000,000  telephones! 
Whether  you  talk  to  Bagdad  or  Bali — to 
Oslo  or  Buenos  Aires — across  the  continent 
or  just  around  the  corner.  Bell  Telephone 
service  proves  its  value  wherever  and  when- 
ever you  use  it. 


SYSTEM 


ARMOUR  ENGINEER 

and  ALUMNUS 


Editor  General  Manager 

WALTER  HENDRICKS         D.  P.  MORETON 


EDITORIAL    ASSISTANTS 
Stephen  P.  Finnegan,  '39 
Richard  E.  Griniidal,  "41 
Daniel  W.  Jacobson,  '39 
James  D.  Sheehan,  '38 


BUSINESS  ASSISTANTS 
Albert  N.  Schreiber,  '38 
Roland    Boertitz,    '39 


Published  in  October,  December,  March,  and  May,  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  students,  college,  and  alumni  of  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology,  under  the  direction  of  a  Managing  Board,  at 
3300  Federal  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois. 


THE  CONTRIBUTORS 

■  Frank  F.  Fowle  received  a  B.  S.  degree  in  electrical  engineer- 
ing from  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  in  1899.  He  is 
head  of  Frank  F.  Fowle  and  Company,  consulting  electrical  and 
mechanical  engineers.  Mr.  Fowle  has  been  editor-in-chief  of  the 
Standard  Handbook  for  Electrical  Engineers  since  1913.  He  has 
been  engaged  in  engineering  work  since  1899,  and  makes  his 
home  in  Winnetka,  Illinois. 

■  Charles  M.  A.  Stine  graduated  from  Gettysburg  College  with 
a  B.  A.  degree  in  1901.  He  successively  received  B.  S.,  A.  M., 
M.  S.,  Sc.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  and  LL.  D.  degrees.  He  joined  the  chemical 
staff  of  DuPont  de  Nemours  and  Company  in  1907;  became 
chemistry  director  in  1924,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive committee  since  1930.  Dr.  Stine  has  developed  numerous 
processes  and  products  in  connection  with  high  explosives,  pro- 
pellent powder,  dyes,  artificial  leather,  and  other  inorganic  and 
organic  chemical  products. 

■  Gustav  Egloff,  Director  of  Research  for  the  Universal  Oil 
Products  Company,  received  his  A.  B.  degree  from  Cornell  Uni- 
versity in  1912  and  later  attended  Columbia  University  from 
which  he  received  M.  A.  and  Ph.  D.  degrees.  Dr.  Egloff  has 
made  a  study  of  oil  cracking  for  over  20  years.  He  has  been 
issued  237  patents  relating  to  the  processing  of  petroleum  oil, 
coal,  shale  oil,  and  chemical  derivatives  to  the  petroleum.  He  is 
the  author  of  over  300  articles  relating  to  the  petroleum  industry 
and  of  several  books.  He  is  a  director  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Industrial  Engineers  and  a  member  of  numerous  learned 
societies  and  clubs. 


■  Edward  J.  Brady  is  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 
He  spent  many  years  in  the  Research  Department  of  the  Chicago 
Steel  and  Wire  Company  and  the  Joseph  T.  Ryerson  Company. 
He  is  now  a  welding  engineer,  specializing  in  stainless  steel, 
with  the  Holliip  Corporation. 

■  William  Trinkaus,  Jr.,  graduated  from  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology,  in  Civil  Engineering,  in  1908.  He  received  a  C.  E. 
degree  in  1915  al  Armour  Tech  and  graduated  from  Kent  Col- 
lege  of   Law   in    1917.     He   was   principal   construction   engineer 


MAY  1938 

VOLUME  3  NUMBER  4 

IN  THIS  ISSUE 

The  Engineer  and  His  Service  to  Society,  hy  Frank 

F.  Foivlp 6 

Chemistry    Contril)Utes    "'Better   Things    for    Belter 

Living,"  by  Charles  M.  A.  Stine 13 

Modem  Oil  Refining,  by  Gustav  Egloff 2S 

Arc  Welding  of  Stainless  Steels,  by  Edward  J.  Brady  M) 

The     Sanitary     District     of    Chicago,     by     If  illiam 

Trinkaus,  Jr 18 

A  Day's  Visit  to  Armour   Institute  of  Technology, 

by  Walter  Hendricks 34 


What's  Going  On 

Our    New    President 33 

Donors  of  Funds  and  P]qui|>iiicnt 48 

Dr.  C.  A.  Tibhals  Appointed  Dean 50 

Alumni  Notes 51 


for  the  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  from  1909  to  1917,  assistant 
chief  engineer  from  1917-1919,  and  acting  chief  engineer  until 
July  1,  1937,  when  he  was  appointed  chief  engineer. 

■  Walter  Hendricks  graduated  from  Amherst  College  in  1917. 
He  attended  the  University  6(  Grenoble  in  France  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  from  which  he  received  his  M.  A.  degree  in 
1930.  He  was  lieutenant  in  the  aviation  corps  of  the  U.  S.  A. 
from  1917-1919.  He  came  to  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 
in  1922  as  an  instructor  in  English  and  has  been  head  of  the 
department  since  1934. 


THE  ENGINEER 

AND  HIS  SERVICE 

TO  SOCIETY 

"All  Honor  to  the  Engineer" 

by 

Frank  F.  Fowle 


WHEN  we  speak  of  engineering 
in  the  accepted  modern  sense 
we  mean  the  science  of  controlling  the 
forces  and  materials  of  nature  for  the 
benefit  of  man,  and  the  art  of  apply- 
ing this  science  to  the  service  of  so- 
ciety. This  definition  obviously  in- 
cludes all  branches  of  engineering, 
both  ancient  and  modern.  The  terra 
engineering  was  derived  from  the 
ancient  term  engine,  which  originally 
had  several  meanings,  such  as  natural 
capacity  or  skill,  anything  used  to 
effect  a  purpose,  any  device  or  con- 
trivance, an  instrument,  or  any  of 
various  machines,  and  later  a  machine 
for  generating  power,  such  as  a  steam 
engine  or  locomotive.  An  engineer, 
in  early  parlance,  was  one  wlio  de- 
signs or  contrives,  an  inventor,  one 
who  carries  through  an  enterprise  by 
skillful  management,  and  in  modern 
usage  one  who  practices  etigineering. 
The  first  engineer,  perhaps,  was  a 
man  of  the  old  stone  age  who  fasli- 
ioned  implements  and  gadgets  of 
stone,  many  thousands  of  years  ago. 
These  added  to  man's  capacity  both 
to  protect  himself  and  to  attack  his 
enemies,  and  provided  him  with  means 
to  construct  defenses  and  build  crude 
shelters  for  his  greater  comfort.  With 
these  primitive  tools  he  became'  in  time 
the  master  of  hitherto  unavailable  re- 
sources of  nature,  which  in  turn 
yielded  to  his  curiosity  and  afforded 
still  better  implements  and  improved 
contrivances   to   lessen    the   hardships 


of  a  precarious  existence.  Thus  began 
man's  long  and  tedious  ascent  from 
the  age  of  intellectual  darkness  to  the 
unparalleled  civilization  of  today. 
This  ascent  is  marked  especially  by 
the  continuous  improvement  of  tools 
and  methods  for  discovering  nature's 
secrets,  and  these  naturally  brought 
advancing  mastery  over  natural  re- 
sources and  growing  facility  in  con- 
structing those  things  which  consti- 
tute the  evidence  of  a  materialistic 
culture. 

In  painfully  slow  stages  man  ad- 
vanced from  the  paleolithic  age  to  the 
neolithic  or  new  stone  age,  character- 
ized by  more  and  better  implements 
of  stone,  bone,  and  horn,  and  by  the 
beginnings  of  agriculture  and  the 
presence  of  domestic  animals.  The 
remains  of  stone  structures  built  dur- 
ing this  era  are  still  extant  on  both 
hemispheres.  There  is  evidence  that 
copper  and  bronze  were  known  as 
early  as  six  thousand  years  ago,  al- 
though some  authorities  place  the  so- 
called  bronze  age  somewhat  later,  or 
about  2500  B.C.  Still  later  or  per- 
haps three  to  four  thousand  years  ago 
men  began  to  smelt  iron  and  in  large 
degree  it  superseded  bronze  except  for 
ornamental  purposes.  The  discovery 
and  use  of  these  metals  marked  a  very 
distinct   advance   in   material    culture. 

Numerous  races  of  people  in  ancient 
countries  on  both  sides  of  the  world, 
equipped  with  tools  and  implements 
of  metal  as   well  as  stone   and   other 


less  durable  materials,  then  created 
an  era  in  which  man  for  the  first  time 
acquired  real  mastery  over  his  envir- 
onment. These  peoples  gradually 
learned  the  properties  and  possibili- 
ties of  their  materials.  They  laid  out 
roads,  built  viaducts,  cut  tunnels,  and 
constructed  bridges  of  wood  and 
stone,  as  well  as  suspension  bridges. 
They  planned  and  erected  buildings 
and  structures  which  became  historic. 
Ships,  harbors,  docks,  light  houses, 
and  canals  were  constructed  for  pur- 
poses of  trade  and  commerce  between 
countries.  They  also  built  aqueducts 
and  reservoirs  for  water  supply  and 
irrigation,  drainage  systems,  fortifica- 
tions, and  engines  of  attack  for  use 
in  warfare.  In  fact  they  developed 
the  rudiments,  at  least,  of  nearly 
every  form  of  engineering  which  did 
not  depend  on  the  application  of  gen- 
erated forces.  Their  use  of  mechan- 
ical power  was  extremely  limited, 
although  they  understood  the  con- 
struction of  primitive  water  mills  and 
pumps,  and  early  made  use  of  wind 
power  for  pumping  and  grinding. 
Animal  power  and  sometimes  human 
power  were  also  used  for  these  pur- 
poses. 

Because  of  their  lack  of  mechanical 
power  and  power-driven  machines, 
these  early  engineers  required  the  use 
of  cheap  manual  labor  on  a  vast  scale. 
This  was  supplied  in  most  cases  by 
slaves,  who  oftentimes  were  captives 
of  war  impressed  into  this  man-killing 


6 


work.  Examples  of  wliat  tliis  meant 
are  most  interesting.  Herodotus  is 
quoted  as  authority  for  the  statement 
that  the  construction  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  required  a  hundred  thousand 
men  for  twenty  years.  He  also  tells 
us  that  ten  years  were  required  to  con- 
struct the  road  over  which  the  blocks 
of  stone  were  transported  from  the 
rafts  on  the  Nile  to  the  site  of  the 
Pyramid.  Again,  the  Bible  tells  us 
that  thirty  thousand  men  were  en- 
gaged in  building  King  Solomon's 
Temple  at  Jerusalem.  Countless  thou- 
sands of  slaves  also  were  pressed  into 
service  in  the  galleys,  or  man-pro- 
pelled ships,  much  used  in  those  times, 
both  in  commerce  and  war. 

Private  enterprise  in  those  days  was 
unheard  of,  time  was  unimportant, 
and  nearly  all  great  undertakings 
were  built  under  public  enterprise 
with  slave  labor.  Examples  of  endur- 
ing structures  wiiich  were  the  product 
of  that   period   include   the    Pyramids 


and  Tombs  of  Egypt,  Solomon's  tem- 
ple, Roman  roads  and  aqueducts,  the 
Greek  temples,  the  Great  Wall  of 
China,  and  the  buried  ruins  of  many 
ancient  cities  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  Any  list  prepared 
with  the  purpose  of  embracing  them 
all  would  be  almost  endless. 

With  the  advent  of  the  Middle  Ages 
came  Christianity,  and  in  time  men 
became  civilized  in  the  true  sense. 
There  appeared  scholars,  mathema- 
ticians, and  scientists  who  commenced 
the  exploration  of  the  laws  of  natural 
phenomena  and  the  properties  of  mat- 
ter. Many  of  their  discoveries  are  of 
classical  importance  todaj',  and  to  at- 
tempt even  any  enumeration  of  them 
would  be  impracticable.  This  growing 
body  of  scientific  knowledge  enabled 
inventors  and  engineers  to  make  cor- 
responding progress  in  the  mastery  of 
natural  resources  and  the  construction 
of  almost  every  kind  of  structure  or 
machine  whicli  could  be  built  bv  man- 


ual labor  or  the  primitive  power- 
driven  tools  then  known.  Man  came 
to  an  increasing  realization  tiiat  he 
was  seriously  handicapped  by  lack  of 
mechanical  power  adequate  to  replace 
hand  labor  on  a  substantial  scale. 
The  power  of  wind  and  of  water  were 
developed  to  quite  a  remarkable  de- 
gree, but  these  powers  were  limited 
both  in  quantity  and  mobility.  Man's 
quest  for  mechanical  power,  for  a  mul- 
titude of  purposes,  became  intensive. 
In  the  seventeenth  century  the  use 
of  steam  power  was  first  proposed. 
Savery,  Newcomen,  and  Watt  took  up 
the  quest,  with  the  result  that  they 
started  wliat  is  now  termed  the  in- 
dustrial revolution,  or  the  modern  age 
of  power.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century  the  steam  engine 
became  a  practical  but  still  inefficient 
machine.  Its  first  appearance  in  this 
country  was  shortly  after  the  Revo- 
lution, and  it  was  taken  up  by  Oliver 
Evans,     who     became     the     so-called 


When  the  temple  at  Jerusalem  was  completed  King  Solomon  gave  a  feast  to  the  artificers  employed  in  its  construction. 
On  unveiling  the  throne  it  was  found  that  a  smith  had  usurped  the  seat  of  honor  on  the  right  of  the  King's  place  not  yet 
awarded.  Whereupon  the  people  clamored  and  the  guard  rushed  to  cut  him  down.  "Hold.  Let  him  speak,"  commanded 
Solomon.  "Thou  hast  O  King  invited  all  craftsmen  but  me.  Yet  how  could  these  builders  have  raised  the  temple  without 
the  tools  I  fashioned."    "True",  decreed  Solomon,  "The  seat  is  his  of  right.    ALL  HONOR  TO  THE  IRON  WORKER." 

(Jewish  Legend) 


Blast  furnace  with 
hot  air  stoves  to  the 
left.  These  stoves 
are  used  to  preheat 
the  air  used  in  the 
blast  furnaces. 


father  of  the  higli-pressurc  engine  in 
America.  Evans  was  also  the  origina- 
tor of  milling  machinery  and  wrote 
the  first  American  text-books  on  the 
subject.  The  steam  engine  was  the 
cause  of  the  industrial  revolution 
which  ushered  in  the  modern  age  of 
power,  with  its  train  of  consequences 
which  altered  our  whole  mode  of  life 
and  gave  us  unparalleled  prosperity 
and  comfort. 

Electrical  phenomena  had  attracted 
attention  probably  as  early  as  600 
B.C.,  but  not  until  the  seventeenth 
century  did  this  mysterious  subject 
receive  serious  attention.  Franklin 
experimented  with  lightning,  but  to 
little  practical  purpose.  It  remained 
for  a  genius  named  Faraday  to  dis- 
cover the  principle  of  the  dynamo  in 
the  fore  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. By  the  middle  of  the  century 
inventors  were  working  on  practical 
machines  for  generating  electric  poAver 
and  re-converting  it  into  mechanical 
work.  At  the  Philadelphia  Exposition 
in  1876  the  dynamo  and  the  motor 
were  demonstrated  to  be  successful 
machines,  although  on  a  tiny  scale, 
but  the  ultimate  results  are  known  to 
all.  It  might  well  be  said  that  this 
achievement  ushered  in  a  second  in- 
dustrial revolution,  because  for  the 
first  time  power  became  both  mobile 
and  divisible  on  practically  a  univer- 
sal scale. 

Engineering    in    our    own    country 


Ore  loading  and 
unloading  facilities, 
showing  high  line 
for  blast  furnaces. 
Ore  and  limestone 
piles  are  seen  in 
the  foreground. 
Boats  dock  at  the 
left,  are  unloaded 
by  cranes  shown  in 
the  foreground. 


was  inhibited  jjrior  to  the  Revolution 
by  the  same  limitations  which  pre- 
vailed generally  all  over  the  world, 
and  perhaps  in  further  measure  by 
the  British  decrees  against  industry 
in  the  American  Colonies.  In  a  new 
countrj^,  populated  only  by  a  few  mil- 
lion civilized  inhabitants  along  a  sea- 
coast  some  two  thousand  miles  in 
lengtli,  the  early  engineering  works 
were  confined  to  building  ships,  docks. 


harbors,  roads,  and  bridges,  and 
rather  primitive  mills  for  grinding, 
sawing,  turning,  rolling,  hammering, 
and  the  like.  Iron  was  mined  and 
smelted  on  a  very  small  scale,  but 
our  best  iron  and  steel  were  neces- 
sarily imported.  Our  own  industrial 
age  scarcely  commenced  until  we  were 
a  free  country,  but  once  we  were  at 
liberty  to  develop  our  resources,  our 
possibilities  were  virtually  unlimited. 
Among  notable  engineering  accom- 
plishments during  the  late  eighteenth 
and  early  nineteenth  centuries  were 
the  building  of  wooden  bridges,  first 
for  highways  and  later  for  railroads. 
The  first  notable  bridge  was  built  in 
1785,  and  others  followed  rapidly 
with  the  expansion  of  settlement  and 
increase  in  travel.  Better  highways 
were  needed  also,  and  McAdam  be- 
came celebrated  for  his  early  work 
on  the  great  National  Road.  Numer- 
ous inventors  and  engineers  contrib- 
uted to  tlie  development  of  wooden 
bridges,  which  continued  in  wide  use 
until  after  the  Civil  War.  Suspension 
bridges  of  note  were  developed  in  the 
1830's,  and  iron  truss  bridges  came 
into  use  shortly  before  the  War.  Mod- 
ern steel  bridges  were  developed  late 
in  the  nineteenth  century,  and  today 
represent  the  last  word  both  in  truss 
and  suspension  types  and  in  combina- 
tion. Perhaps  in  the  whole  history  of 
American  engineering  there  is  no  more 
striking  example  of  progress  than  the 
contrast  between  Nathan  Hale's 
wooden  bridge  across  the  Connecticut 
river  at  Bellows  Falls,  of  1785,  and 
the  mile-long  suspension  bridge  across 
the  Golden  Gate,  of  1937.  The  pio- 
neers also  built  bridges  of  stone,  some 


8 


Large  General  Electric  waterwheel  suspended  from  crane 
at  Wheeler  Dam  Hydroelectric  Station  of  Tennessee  Valley 
Authority. 

Three — 277  Kilovolt  Westinghouse  auto  transformers  in- 
stalled at  Los  Angeles. 


High  tension  transmission  line. 

General  Electric  single-shaft,  tandem-compound  steam  tur- 
bine-generator set,  160,000  Kilowatt  in  Hudson  Avenue  Sta- 
tion of  the  Brooklyn  Edison  Company,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


of  which  arc  still  in  use,  but  mono- 
lithic bridges  of  reinforced  concrete, 
many  of  them  of  exceptional  architec- 
tural beauty,  are  comparatively  mod- 
ern. 

An  era  now  almost  forgotten  was 
that  of  American  canals,  which  flour- 
ished from  the  late  eighteenth  to  the 
mid-nineteenth  centuries.  From  the 
Atlantic    seaboard   to   the    Mississippi 


river,  and  from  Virginia  to  the  north- 
ern boundary,  the  country  was  inter- 
laced with  thousands  of  miles  of 
canals.  They  first  supplemented  and 
then  superseded  the  stage  coaches,  but 
finally  yielded  to  the  railroads.  The 
great  example  was  the  so-called  Grand 
Canal,  otherwise  known  as  DeWitt 
Clinton's  ditch,  or  the  Erie  canal.  The 
earliest    canals    were    constructed    in 


some  instances  with  the  assistance  of 
British  engineers,  but  Americans  soon 
took  their  places,  and  some  of  the 
most  famous  names  in  our  engineer- 
ing annals  are  identified  with  the  con- 
struction   of    the    canal    system. 

Contemporaneous  with  the  building 
of  roads,  bridges,  and  canals  in  the 
early  nineteenth  century  was  the  de- 
velopment of  steam  navigation.    Fitch, 


Long  lines  broadcast  control  equipment,  in  the  Telephone  Building  at  311  West 
Washington  Street,  Chicago.  Research  and  engineering  skill  have  combined  to 
develop  "chain  broadcasting"  by  means  of  which  a  program  is  carried  by  tele- 
phone wires  to  be  broadcast  simultaneously  by  dozens  or  hundreds  of  radio  stations. 


Power  Units — City  of  Los  Angeles — owned  and  operated  jointly  by  The  North- 
western and  Union  Pacific  Railways.  Diesel  Electric  locomotives.  Manufactured  by 
the  Electromotive   Corporation. 


Rumsey,  Fulton  and  others  pioneered 
in  this  field,  and  by  1810  their  efforts 
were  eommercially  successful.  The 
steamboat  then  took  its  permanent 
place  in  our  systems  of  transporta- 
tion, first  for  commercial  purposes, 
and  presently  for  the  navy,  on  both 
lakes  and  rivers.  Western  river  steam- 
lioats  developed  into  a  distinctive  type 
and  played  a  prominent  part  in  set- 
tling the  west.  This  type  of  boat,  in 
fact,  had  a  glamorous  history  down 
to  the  period  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
even  afterward.  Subsequently  it  fell 
into  comparative  disuse  because  of 
railroad  competition,  but  its  modern 
counterpart,  the  diesel-powered  steel 
barge,  seems  to  be  rejuvenating  river 
transport. 

American  railroad  development, 
which  started  in  1830,  is  one  of  our 
outstanding  achievements  of  engineer- 
ing, both  civil  and  mechanical,  and 
later  electrical.  Starting  with  loco- 
motives of  about  five  tons,  strap  rails, 
and  quaint  wooden  cars,  operating 
over  lines  only  a  few  miles  in  length, 
the  system  expanded  with  startling 
rapidity.  It  gave  impetus  to  our  en- 
tire national  life  and  produced  great 
changes  in  the  distribution  of  popula- 
tion and  industry.  The  original  lines 
were  soon  consolidated  into  through 
systems,  and  before  1860  it  was  pos- 
sible, with  only  a  few  changes  of  cars, 
to  travel  by  rail  from  the  eastern  sea- 
board to  the  Mississippi  river.  The 
trans-continental  railroad  was  pro- 
jected by  181'5,  surveyed  in  the 
1850's,  and  completed  in  1869.  Be- 
cause it  aided  materially  in  making 
us  one  country   from   ocean  to  ocean, 


10 


during  a  critical  period  of  our  history, 
it  was  appropriately  named  the  Union 
Pacific.  Our  modern  railroad  system 
of  some  250,000  miles  has  been  re- 
built and  re-equipped  many  times 
since  its  inception,  and  a  considerable 
mileage  is  now  equipped  with  electric 
propulsion.  The  serious  problems 
with  which  it  is  confronted  today  are 
economic,  and  the  guidance  of  engi- 
neers in  solving  these  problems  would 
offer  the  most  hope  of  a  wise  solution. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  railroads 
will  constitute  the  backbone  of  land 
transportation  for  many  years  to  come 
if  not  indefinitely. 

No  electrical  development  of  note, 
except  the  telegraph,  appeared  before 
the  late  1870's.  Edison  perfected  the 
incandescent  lamp  and  developed  a 
complete  system  of  central  station 
supply  and  distribution  which  came 
into  use  in  the  early  1880's.  West- 
inghouse  espoused  the  alternating-cur- 
rent system  and  pioneered  in  the  use 
of  so-called  high  voltages  for  distri- 
bution. Electric  power  transmission 
made  a  modest  beginning  in  the  last 
decade  of  the  century  and  before 
many  years  exerted  a  profound  effect 
on  the  whole  art  of  generation  and 
distribution  of  power.  It  made  pos- 
sible the  development  of  the  modern 
super-power  station,  including  its 
complement  of  boilers,  turbines,  and 
generators,  with  high  steam  pressures 
and  temperatures,  and  the  production 
of  a  kilowatt-hour  of  energy  with  less 
than  a  pound  of  coal.  Likewise  it 
made  available  many  water  powers 
which  previously  had  no  market.  To- 
day the  national  mileage  of  transmis- 


Overseas  telephone  switchboard  in  the  Long  Lines  Building  of  the  American  Tele- 
phone and  Telegraph  Company,  32  Sixth  Avenue,  New  York.  Development  of  the 
telephone  art  by  engineers  and  research  workers  has  made  it  possible  for  about 
ninety-three  per  cent  of  all  the  telephones  in  the  world  to  be  interconnected  for 
service.  Telephone  calls  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  to  Europe,  to  Bermuda, 
to  the  more  distant  countries  of  South  America  and  to  ships  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
pass  through  this  board. 


One  of  the  "Steamliners"  of  the  Chicago  &  North  Western  Railway.  Manufactured 
by  the  American  Locomotive  Company.  Most  powerful  4-6-4  passenger  locomotive 
ever  built. 


sion  lines  is  approximately  the  same 
as  the  total  railroad  mileage,  although 
the  average  distance  over  which  elec- 
tric power  is  transmitted  is  relatively 
short. 

In  the  development  of  communica- 
tion by  the  written  and  spoken  word 
over  wires  or  through  space,  and  by 
sound-motion  pictures,  American  engi- 
neers have  been  pre-eminent.  Al- 
though the  electric  telegraph  and  the 


Boulder  Dam  partly  conslructed. 
view. 


Night 


Copper   reduction   works   in   process    of 
construction. 


ti'lcjihone  were  products  of  the  last 
century,  this  development  is  largely 
the  work  of  engineers  now  living. 
About  ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  tele- 
phones in  the  whole  world  can  be 
reached  from  any  telephone  in  the 
United  States,  and  one  can  make  a 
telephone  call  across  the  country  with 
almost  as  little  delay  as  calling  a 
neighbor.  We  also  lead  the  world  in 
the  development  and  use  of  the  tele- 
phone for  commercial  and  social  pur- 
j)oses.  The  vacuum-tube  device  which 
is  responsible  for  much  of  this  re- 
markable development  can  be  made  to 
function  as  amplifier,  rectifier,  or  se- 
lective valve,  and  has  almost  countless 
applications  in  industrial  control.  It 
lias  also  made  possible  the  radio  broad- 
cast jirograms  which  carry  entertain- 
mrnt,  instruction,  and  news  to  count- 
less listeners  in  both  our  own  country 
and  foreign  lands. 

In  the  realms  of  mining,  metallur- 
gical and  chemical  engineering,  Amer- 
ican engineers  long  have  been  pre- 
eminent. The  iron  and  steel  industry, 
non-ferrous  metal  industries,  cement 
industry,  glass  and  porcelain  indus- 
tries, and  a  long  list  of  industries 
producing  such  things  as  textiles,  pa- 
per, chemicals,  oil,  rubber  products, 
lumber  products,  and  countless  syn- 
thetic substitutes,  all  stand  as  monu- 
ments of  achievement  by  scientists, 
inventors,  and  engineers.  The  same 
is  true  as  regards  the  development  of 
machines  for  working  every  known 
kind  of  materials,  type-setting  and 
I)rinting  machines,  milling  machinery, 
mechanical  refrigeration,  excavating 
machines,  and  machinery  for  handling 
materials  in  bulk.  The  different  types 
of  electric  motor  applications  for  in- 
dustrial, commercial,  and  domestic 
purposes    now   total   many   thousands. 

The  modern  internal-combustion 
engine,  with  its  application  to  auto- 
mobiles, locomotives,  airplanes,  ships^ 
barges,  tractors,  and  power  plants,  is 
an  outstanding  American  achievement. 
The  first  diesel  engine  in  America  was 
brought  from  Germany  in  1898.  In 
the  short  period  of  forty  years  since 
that  date,  practically  this  whole  de- 
velopment has  taken  place,  and  it 
continues  vigorously  at  the  present 
time. 

Public  utilities  for  supplying  water, 
gas,  and  electrical  energy,  and  sys- 
tems of  sewage  disposal,  drainage,  and 
irrigation,  represent  a  brilliant  chap- 
ter in  the  history  of  engineering. 
These  services,  together  with  commu- 
nication and  transportation,  touch  the 
lives  of  all  our  people  and  are  indis- 
pensable to  national  well-being  and 
prosperity. 

(Turn  to  page  52) 


12 


CHEMISTRY 
CONTRIBUTES 

"BETTER  THINGS  FOR 
BETTER  LIVING" 


by 

Charles  M.  A.  Stine 


SCIENTIFIC  research,  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  chemical 
development,  has  exercised  a  profound 
influence  upon  our  economic  life.  The 
chemical  industry  is  in  fact  dedicated 
to  a  basic  policy  of  reducing  cost  and 
improving  quality.  Behind  its  more 
general  aspects,  there  is  ample  evi- 
dence at  every  hand  of  just  how 
greatly  scientific  research  has  contrib- 
uted to  the  more  intimate  problem  of 
providing  "Better  Things  for  Better 
Living." 

Even  members  of  a  comparatively 
younger  generation  can  remember 
when  a  private  carriage  was  a  luxury 
of  the  few.  Today,  millions  of  people 
own  their  own  automobiles.  Many 
can  recall  when  only  the  fortunate 
minority  could  afford  silk  stockings, 
and  other  clothing  made  of  silk. 
Today,  millions  of  our  girls  who  work 
in  offices  and  mills  dress  better  than 
queens  of  100  years  ago.  Tyrian 
purple  was  once  the  mark  of  kings. 
Today  a  better  and  more  durable  pur- 
ple is  within  the  means  of  everyone. 
Within  our  memory  the  mid-winter 
fare  of  the  American  family  was 
largely  limited  to  a  few  staple  items. 
Today  we  have  fresh  fruits  from  the 
tropics,  fresh  vegetables  from  recent 
harvests,  and  such  an  abundance  and 
variety  of  foodstuffs  that  our  menu 
far  surpasses  that  at  the  command  of 
the  richest  and  most  powerful  em- 
peror of  the  last  century.  We  have 
progressed  from  the  dim  and  smoky 
kerosene    lamp    to    the    electric    bulb; 


from  the  wood  and  coal  stove  to  auto- 
matically controlled  central  heating; 
from  hot,  stuffy  summer  quarters  to 
air-conditioned  office  buildings,  rail- 
way cars,  apartment  houses,  and  a 
rapidly  increasing  number  of  homes. 
All  of  these  things,  at  steadily  de- 
creasing cost,  have  been  made  avail- 
able through  scientific  research.  The 
real  significance  of  all  this  is  simply 
that  the  average  man  can,  on  a  limited 
budget,  enjoy  luxuries  that  were  un- 
known only  a  few  years  ago. 

But  scientific  research  has  done 
more  than  contribute  to  a  general  low- 
ering of  the  prices  of  many  of  the 
necessities  and  luxuries  of  life.  It 
has  opened  up  new  avenues  of  em- 
ployment through  the  development  of 
new  industries ;  it  has  created  mate- 
rials which  contribute  to  our  comfort 
and  health;  it  has  aided  in  the  con- 
servation of  our  natural  resources;  it 
has  given  us  synthetic  products  which 
tend  to  make  us  independent  of  for- 
eign sources  of  supply  for  certain  vital 
materials.  Scientific  research  has 
done  more  than  create  materials  which 
contribute  to  greater  happiness  by 
satisfying  our  inherent  craving  for 
beauty  and  fine  quality.  It  has  light- 
ened physical  labor  and  reduced  the 
number  of  hours  per  day  necessary  to 
make  a  living,  with  no  reduction  in 
weekly  wages.  Scientific  research  has 
thus  provided  leisure,  supplied  money, 
and  conserved  energy,  for  enjoyment 
of  the  "Better  Things  for  Better  Liv- 
ing," which  it  has  created. 


Consider  the  contributions  of  chem- 
istry to  textiles,  since  clothing  is  ac- 
counted a  major  necessity.  No  one 
knows  when  the  manufacture  of  textile 
fabrics  was  started,  but  we  do  know 
that  many  centuries  before  the  birth 
of  Christ,  spinning  and  weaving  were 
extensively  practiced  in  P^gypt,  and 
according  to  tradition  the  culture  of 
silk  was  begun  in  China  about  5000 
B.  C. 

From  prehistoric  times  until  about 
200  years  ago,  textile  yarns  were  all 
spun  and  woven  by  laborious  hand 
operations,  and  within  the  memory  of 
persons  now  living  the  spinning  wheel 
and  hand  loom  were  used  in  making 
cotton  and  woolen  fabrics  for  iiome 
use.  Early  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  extending  down  through  the  nine- 
teenth century,  remarkable  advances 
were  made  in  textile  technology,  but 
most  of  these  advances  were  of  a 
purely  mechanical   nature. 

The  textile  industry  was,  for  ex- 
ample, still  dependent  upon  natural 
dyes,  such  as  saffron,  sumac,  and  in- 
digo, which  covered  only  a  limited 
range  of  colors,  were  relatively  dull, 
and  in  many  cases  were  not  fast  to 
light  or  wasliing.  Furthermore,  many 
natural  dyestuffs  had  to  be  imported 
from  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  and 
were  quite  expensive.  During  the 
latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
however,  chemistry  contributed  syn- 
thetic dyestuffs  to  the  textile  industry, 
using  coal  tar  as  the  basic  raw  ma- 
terial.    This  development  of  synthetic 


13 


dyestuffs  was  of  far-rcacliiiig  impor- 
tance to  the  textile  industry.  Today, 
from  humble  eoal  tar,  the  chemist 
makes  a  complete  rainbow  of  bright 
fast  colors,  the  cost  of  which  in  many 
cases  is  only  a  small  fraction  of  that 
of  somewhat  similar,  though  inferior, 
natural  colors.  The  famous  old 
Tyrian  purple,  for  example,  derived 
from  a  shellfish  found  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  was  so  expensive  that  the 
Roman  Emperor,  Diocletian,  set  the 
price  of  wool  dyed  with  this  color  at 
around  $350  a  pound.  Today  the 
chemist  makes  purple  dyestuffs  from 
coal  tar,  far  exceeding  in  brilliance 
and  fastness  the  royal  purple  of 
antiquity,  and  at  a  cost  which  adds 
only  a  few  cents  a  j'ard  to  the  finished 
fabric. 

In  ISSi  came  the  epoch-making 
discovery  by  Chardonnet,  a  French 
chemist,  that  synthetic  textile  fibers 
could  be  made  from  relatively  cheap 
raw  materials.  It  was  the  birth  of 
the  man-made  fiber  later  to  revolu- 
tionize the  textile  industry  under  the 
name  of  "rayon."  Using  cellulose  de- 
rived from  the  spruce  tree  and  cotton 
linters  as  raw  material,  the  rayon 
industry  has  traveled  far  since  its 
humble  beginning  in  France  some  fifty 
years  ago.  The  importance  of  Char- 
donnet's  pioneering  work  is  brought 
home  by  the  fact  tliat,  although  rayon 
was  first  manufactured  in  this  country 
in  1911,  more  than  50,000  workers 
were  employed  in  making  the  290,- 
000,000  pounds  of  synthetic  yarn 
produced  in  the  United  States  last 
year,  to  say  nothing  of  the  thousands 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  rayon 
fabrics  and  clothing. 


14 


The  reasons  for  this  sensational 
textile  development  are  not  hard  to 
find.  Through  chemical  research,  the 
beauty  and  quality  of  rayon  yarns 
have  been  steadily  improved,  as  a  re- 
sult of  which  garments  made  from  this 
synthetic  fiber  have  emerged  from  the 
basement  bargain  counter  to  the  most 
exclusive  salons  of   fashion. 

It  may  be  said  that  rayon  has 
assisted  in  breaking  down  class  dis- 
tinctions. It  has  brouglit  about  a  cora- 
))lete  similarity  in  the  appearance  of 
the  Colonel's  Lady  and  Judy  O'Grady 
— since  this  new  textile  fiber  has  made 
them  sisters  over  the  skin !  Thanks 
to  this  outstanding  contribution  of 
chemical  research  to  the  textile  indus- 
try, whereby  fabrics  of  surprising 
beauty  and  quality  have  been  brought 


Research  apparatus  af  the  Experimen- 
tal station  oi  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  & 
Company,  near  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

The  inspection  room  at  the  du  Pont 
Company's  Rayon  plant  near  Richmond, 
Virginia,  where  each  skein — 6,000  to 
10,000  yards  of  rayon — is  placed  upon  a 
rack  directly  under  a  light  and  given  an 
intensive  examination  by  trained  inspec- 
tors who  classify  the  yarn  according  to 
definite  grade  standards. 

Beginning  of  the  actual  making  of 
"Cellophane"  cellulose  film  at  the  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  plant  of  E.  I.  du  Pont  de 
Nemours  &  Company.  A  sheet  of  "Cello- 
phane" is  seen  leaving  the  coagulating 
bath  on  its  way  through  a  series  of 
chemical  treatments  toward  the  finished 
product.  The  subject  was  in  motion 
when   photographed. 


*r^ 


within  the  reach  of  every  woman  in 
the  United  States,  it  is  literally  true 
tiiat  "Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was 
not  arrayed  like  one  of  these";  but 
what  may  be  more  to  the  point — 
neither  was  the  Queen  of  Sheba. 

The  contributions  of  scientific  re- 
search to  the  automotive  industry  have 
been  as  far-reaching  in  their  social 
implications  as  in  the  case  of  the  tex- 
tile industry.  To  begin  with,  chem- 
ical research  gave  us,  about  the  year 
1921,  quick-drying,  low-viscosity  lac- 
quers, based  on  pyroxylin  made  by 
treating  cotton  linters  with  nitric  acid, 
— a  development  which  made  possible 
the  mass  production  of  automobiles  by 
cutting  down  the  time  required  for 
finishing  a  car  from  weeks  to  hours  — 
to  say  nothing  of  the  superior  beauty 


Chemicals  to  be  tested  as  insecticides, 
fungicides  or  bactericides  are  prepared 
as  dusts,  sprays  or  dips  for  the  use  of 
entomologists,  plant  pathologists  or  other 
experimenters  in  laboratory,  greenhouse 
and  field.  A  few  of  the  more  than  2500 
chemicals  available  in  the  du  Pont  Pest 
Control  Research  Laboratory,  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  are  shown  on  the  shelves. 
Others  are  being  added  as  they  are 
synthesized  in  other  du  Pont  laboratories. 

Spraying  fruit  or  shade  trees  with  in- 
secticides, or  fungicides  to  control  the 
destructive  infestations  of  these  plant 
diseases. 

The  first  step  in  nitrogen  fixation  by  the 
usual  synthetic  ammonia  process  is  to 
make  "blue"  water  gas.  Shown  here  is 
the  charging  floor  of  a  coke  oven  battery, 
into  which  coal  is  fed,  heated,  and  vola- 
tile matter  distilled  off,  leaving  the  coke, 
which  is  used  in  making  water  gas.  This 
view  is  from  the  top  of  the  ovens  at  the 
Belle,  West  Virginia,  Works  of  E.  I.  du 
Pont  de  Nemours  <&  Company.  Capacity 
is  1260  tons  of  coal  per  day. 


and  durability  of  these  new  pyroxylin 
finishes.  More  recently,  the  chemist 
has  contributed  still  another  type  of 
quick-drying  finish,  based  on  syn- 
thetic resins  having  their  origin  in 
coal  tar  and  vegetable  oils,  which  bids 
fair  to  rival  the  pyroxylin  lacquers  in 
importance.  The  chemist  has  also 
given  us  coated  fabrics  in  place  of  the 
leather  formerly  used  for  upholstery, 
and  in  this  connection  it  is  of  interest 
that  to  supply  leather  in  yardage 
equivalent  to  that  of  the  pyroxylin- 
coated  "leather  cloth"  now  used,  a 
vast  acreage  would  have  to  be  devoted 
to  the  raising  of  cattle  for  hides. 

The  chemist  has,  moreover,  elimi- 
nated one  of  the  major  hazards  of  mo- 
toring by  giving  us  safety  glass,  for 
the  windows  and  windshields  of  our 
cars,  made  by  sandwiching  a  sheet  of 
transparent  cellulose  plastic  between 
two   pieces   of  plate  glass.      Scientific 


.f&M 


research  has  materially  reduced  the 
expense  of  motoring  by  giving  us 
tires  of  superior  quality  at  lower  cost. 
A  further  scientific  development  which 
has  far-reaching  significance, — not 
only  to  the  automotive  industry,  but 
to  the  petroleum  industry  as  well,  is 
that  of  "cracking,"  whereby  the 
amount  of  gasoline  obtainable  from  a 
given  crude  oil  is  double  that  formerly 
obtained  by  straight  distillation.  It 
is  clear  that  this  development  has,  in 
effect,  doubled  our  oil  reserves  so  far 
as  gasoline  is  concerned.  Furthermore, 
cracked  gasoline,  having  a  higher  "oc- 
tane rating," — that  is,  less  tendency 
to  "knock,"  has  made  possible  the 
modern   higli-compression    motor. 


Rats  being  prepared  for  Vitamin  D  as- 
say at  the  New  Brunswick  (N.  J.)  labora- 
tory of  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  & 
Company. 


Packing  synthetic  camphor  from  flak- 
ing machine  at  the  Deepwater  Point 
(N.  J.)  plant  of  E.  I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours 
&  Company.  This  camphor  comes  from 
the  pine  tree. 


Rubber  mill  use  for  washing  neoprene 
chloroprene  rubber  at  the  Deepwater 
Point  (N.  I.)  plant  of  E.  I.  du  Pont  de 
Nemours  &  Company.  Neoprene  is  made 
from  limestone,  coal,  salt,   and  water. 


I  have  frequently  referred  to  a])- 
jilied  science  as  a  creator  and  distribu- 
tor of  wealth.  One  of  the  notable 
examples  of  a  vastly  improved  prod- 
uct made  available  to  all  at  much 
lower  prices,  is  the  automobile.  The 
low-priced  car  of  today  has  more 
beauty,  comfort,  durability,  and 
safety  than  the  many  times  more  ex- 
pensive automobile  of  a  by-gone  day. 
In  judging  our  new  cars  only  by  the 
yard-stick  of  economy,  it  has  been 
estimated  that  research  has  resulted 
in  a  saving  of  more  than  three  billion 
dollars  a  year  to  American  motorists. 

Scientific  research  has  enhanced  the 
returns  of  agriculture  through  the  de- 
velojjment  of  chemical  fertilizers 
wliieh  greatlj-  increase  the  yield  and 
quality  of  farm  crops.  The  chemist 
has  literally  made  two  blades  of  grass 
grow  where  but  one  grew  before. 
Within  recent  years  science  has  dem- 
onstrated the  practicability  of  more 
concentrated  fertilizers  which  effect 
a  considerable  saving  to  the  farmer 
by  eliminating  freight  charges  on 
sand  and  other  inert  fillers  which  for- 
merly ran  as  high  as  25  per  cent  in 
some   commercial   fertilizers. 

The  chemist  also  supplies  the  tiller 
of  the  soil  with  improved  weapons 
with  wliich  to  fight  the  hordes  of  hun- 
gry insects  wliicli  cause  a  loss  esti- 
mated at  two  billion  dollars  a  year, 
and  the  plant  diseases  which  are  re- 
sponsible for  an  estimated  additional 
one  and  one-half  billion  dollar  loss 
to  agriculture.  It  is  not  possible  to 
say  how  high  these  losses  would  run 
but  for  the  scientific  research  directed 


16 


to  the  control  of  the  insects  and  plant 
diseases  which  threaten  our  farm 
crops.  The  chemist  is,  however,  doing- 
all  in  his  power  to  stem  the  tide  of 
this  battle  in  favor  of  the  farmer, 
and  new  laboratories  are  being  built 
for  the  synthesis  and  testing  of  insec- 
ticides and  fungicides  with  which  it 
is  hoped  the  enemy  may  ultimately  be 
completely  routed. 

The  role  played  by  science  in  re- 
cent years  in  making  synthetic  prod- 
ucts available  as  materials  of  construc- 
tion has  well-nigh  revolutionized  the 
building  industry.  No  longer  are  the 
architect  and  builder  wholly  depend- 
ent upon  natural  products.  Scientific 
research  has  contributed  to  tlie  build- 
ing industry  materials  which  are  used 
from  roof  to  foundation,  from  fire- 
proof composition  shingles,  to  the 
window  glass  which  transmits  the 
health-giving  ultra-violet  light  from 
the   sun. 

By  means  of  the  new  safe  refriger- 
ants known  as  "Freon"  which  the 
scientist  has  built  to  specifications,  as 
it  were,  the  air-conditioning  of  homes, 
theaters,  and  office  buildings,  as  well 
as  for  use  in  domestic  and  hotel  re- 
frigerating units  has  been  made  pos- 
sible   and    economically    feasible. 

Fear  was  once  entertained  that 
serious  famines  might  occur  unless 
some  means  were  devised  to  restore  to 
the  soil  nitrogen  taken  from  it  by 
growing  crops.  It  is  quite  true  that 
in  ages  past  nature  laid  away  a  store 
of  sodium  nitrate  in  the  desert  regions 
of  Chile,  but  it  was  recognized  that 
these  natural  deposits  of  nitrogenous 


Articles  made  of  "Lucite"  methyl 
methacrylate  resin.  This  plastic  is  as 
clear  as  rock  quartz.  One  of  the  proper- 
ties of  "Lucite"  is  its  ability  to  convey 
light  through  itself  edgewise,  concen- 
trating the  illumination  at  the  ends  or 
edges  only.  This  plastic  can  be  pro- 
duced transparent,  translucent,  and 
opaque,  and  in  any  color,  or  combination 
of  mottles.  It  is  made  from  coal,  air  and 
water. 


Color  paste  ready  to  go  into  the  air 
dryers  at  the  Dye  Works  of  E.  I.  du  Pont 
de  Nemours  &  Company  at  Deepwafer 
Point,  New  Jersey. 


fiTtilizer  could  not  hist  forrver,  and 
that  in  time  of  a  national  emergency 
tliis  foreign  source  of  supply  for  a 
vital  material  might  be  cut  off.  But 
fear  of  famine  due  to  a  lack  of  "fixed" 
nitrogen  no  longer  exists.  The  chem- 
ist has  developed  metiiods  for  taking 
nitrogen  from  the  air  and  combining 
it  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  useful 
as  a  fertilizer  for  our  crops.  And  this 
same  fixed  nitrogen,  in  the  form  of 
nitric  acid,  is  also  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  dozens  of  products  with 
which  we  have  daily  contact, — includ- 
ing the  beautiful  finishes  on  our  cars, 
non-siiattering  safety  glass,  motion 
picture  film,  plastics  used  in  making 
numerous  toilet  articles,  finger  nail 
(Turn  to  page  52) 


17 


THE 


Sanitary  District 
OF  Chicago 


by 

William  Trinkaus,  Jr. 


LAKE  Michigan  is  the  source  of 
the  public  water  supply  for  Chi- 
cago and  its  suburbs.  Their  most  im- 
portant problem  has  been  to  prevent 
contamination  of  the  lake  by  sewage. 
The  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  was 
created  specifically  to  remove  any 
possibility  of  sewage  pollution  of  the 
water  and  to  dispose  of  the  sewage. 
When  completed  its  works  will  rep- 
resent a  capital  investment  of  nearly 
a  third  of  a  billion  dollars. 

Paying  out  a  million  dollars  a 
month  for  the  last  five  years  on  con- 
tracts for  construction,  The  Sanitary 
District  of  Chicago  is  now  nearing 
completion  of  a  building  program  of 
treatment  works  and  sewers  that  will 
permit  reduction  of  the  quantity  of 
diluting  water  taken  from  Lake  Mich- 
igan without  endangering  the  purity 
of  the  public  water  supply.  This  ar- 
ticle gives  a  brief  resume  of  the  evo- 
lution of  Chicago's  great  sanitary 
system  and  describes  the  n'ew  works 
which  will  provide  facilities  for  col- 
lecting and  treating  the  sewage  origi- 
nating within  the  district.  By  pre- 
venting the  discharge  of  sewage  into 
the  source  of  its  public  water  supply 
system,  chlorinating  the  water,  and 
supervising  milk  and  food  supply, 
Chicago  has  reduced  the  rate  of  deatlis 
due  to  water-borne  disease  to  the  low- 
est of  any  large  city  in  the  world. 

Early    Attempts    at    Sanitation 

To  visualize  the  progress  that  has 
been   made,   consider   the   situation    in 

18 


Chicago  as  it  was  before  18.50.  The 
terrain  was  practically  a  marsh  only 
a  few  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake 
Michigan,  and  the  population  was 
growing  rapidly.  Lack  of  drainage 
made  the  streets  impassible  quagmires 
in  wet  weather,  and  open  gutters  car- 
ried an  odorous  slime  that  offended 
the  senses.  A  privately  owned  com- 
pany delivered  water  of  miserable 
quality  to  a  small  part  of  the  city 
through  mains  made  of  spruce  logs 
bored  lengthwise  and  joined  by 
wooden  fittings.  Most  of  the  people 
secured  their  water  for  household  use 
from  shallow  wells  or  went  down  to 
the  beach  and  carried  it  home  in  buck- 
ets. Every  householder  had  an  out- 
house on  his  lot,  and  of  course  the 
wells  soon  became  contaminated. 
Water  carriers  did  a  thriving  business 
delivering  lake  water  to  those  who 
could  afford  it  at  a  nickel  a  bucket  or 
a  quarter  a  barrel.  Epidemics  of  ty- 
phoid fever  reaped  a  terrible  toll  of 
human  lives.  At  times  the  rate  of 
deaths  frcm  this  cause  alone  reached 
5.6  percent  of  the  population,  or  one 
out  of  every  eighteen  inhabitants  per 
year. 

Following  such  an  epidemic  in  185i 
the  City  Council  commissioned  a 
young  civil  engineer  to  devise  a  rem- 
edy. He  spent  a  year  studying  condi- 
tions in  every  city  in  America  and  in 
thirteen  European  cities  and  found  no 
precedents  that  fitted  the  conditions 
here.  He  then  proposed  a  scheme 
that  was  nothing  short  of  daring  in 
view     of     the     state     of     engineering 


knowledge  of  that  day  and  created  a 
violent  outburst  of  public  protest.  He 
suggested  that  the  city  should  lift  it- 
self out  of  the  mud  by  filling  the 
entire  area  ten  to  fourteen  feet  so  as 
to  give  them  enough  elevation  to  per- 
mit building  underground  sewers  to 
drain  into  the  lake  or  into  the  Chi- 
cago river.  In  spite  of  the  objections 
the  city  adopted  that  scheme,  and  for 
the  first  time  in  its  short  life  enjoyed 
dry  basements  and  streets  free  from 
tlie  odor  of  sewage.  More  important, 
however,  was  the  relief  from  tiie  curse 
of  water-borne  disease  which  settled 
down  to  a  rate  of  about  sixty-five 
deaths  per  year  per  hundred  thousand 
of  population.  The  sewers  built  as  a 
part  of  tliat  scheme  were  the  first  in 
any  city  in  America,  and  some  of 
them  are  still  serving  portions  of  the 
downtown  area  today. 

Despite  the  pumpage  from  the 
South  Branch  into  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal,  the  increasing  dis- 
charge of  wastes  from  distilleries, 
slaughter  houses,  and  other  industries, 
together  with  the  sewage,  soon  made 
the  Chicago  river  so  foul  tliat  the  city 
was  obliged  to  adopt  measures  to 
purify  it.  Several  years  of  study  and 
debate  finally  resulted  in  adoption  of 
a  plan  whereby  the  City  agreed  to 
defray  the  cost  of  lowering  the  summit 
of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  to 
provide  additional  drainage  toward 
the  Des  Plaines  river.  The  city  spent 
$£3,300,833.71  for  deepening  the  canal. 
Work  was  begun  in  186.5  and  com- 
pleted July  15,  1871.     The  city  built 


a  pumping  station  of  1,000  c.f.s. 
capacity  at  Bridgeport  in  1884  to 
piunp  water  out  of  the  river  into  the 
canal,  supplementing  the  uncertain 
gravity  flow.  This  pumpage  resulted 
in  considerable  improvement  in  condi- 
tion of  tlie  South  Branch  and  during 
the  dry  seasons  actually  caused  a  re- 
versal of  current  in  the  main  stream. 
However,  the  public  water  supply  was 
still  endangered,  because  tiie  runoff 
after  every  storm  overpowered  the 
effect  of  pumping,  and  swept  the  ac- 
cumulated sludge  out  into  the  lake. 

Sanitary  District  Created 

At  the  same  time  the  city  was  build- 
ing its  water  works  to  pump  water 
from  the  lake  through  tunnels  and  off- 
shore intakes.  It  was  not  long  before 
traces  of  sewage  were  detected  in  the 
city  water,  and  as  the  city  grew  the 
water  became  more  contaminated  until 
it  was  unsafe  for  public  use.  By  1885 
the  population  had  reached  800,000, 
and  in  that  year  a  great  flood  swept 
such  a  load  of  fllth  out  into  the  lake 
that  the  people  demanded  that  some- 
thing be  done  to  assure  them  of  pure 
water.  The  City  Council  on  January 
27,  1886  authorized  the  appointment 
of  a  Drainage  and  Water  Supply 
Commission  of  three  engineers  of  the 
highest  professional  standing  to  make 
a  complete  study  of  the  Chicago  situ- 
ation and  devise  a  means  of  sewage 
disposal  that  would  assure  the  city  a 
safe  water  supply  for  years  to  come. 
That  commission  at  once  started  on 
the  formidable  task  defined  by  the 
Council  resolution  and  in  its  reports 
proposed  the  scheme  we  now  know 
as  tile  Dilution  System. 

The  task  of  building  and  operating 
such  a  system  far  exceeded  the  powers 
of  the  city  as  then  constituted  so  the 
Commission  proposed  that  the  state 
legislature  pass  a  bill  to  permit  the 
organization  of  metropolitan  districts 
with  powers  to  levy  and  collect  taxes, 
issue  bonds,  and  build  and  operate 
sanitary  works.  Such  a  bill  was 
passed  in  1889,  and  under  it  the  Sani- 
tary District  of  Chicago  was  organ- 
ized and  approved  by  the  voters  at 
the  November  election  that  year.  It 
has  the  honor  of  being  the  first  sani- 
tary district  in  history  to  be  governed 
by  officials  elected  by  popular  vote 
and  endowed  with  the  resources  and 
powers  to  carry  on  a  system  of  sew- 
age disposal.  It  has  served  as  a  pat- 
tern for  the  creation  of  numerous 
other  sanitary  and  water  supply  dis- 
tricts in  subsequent  years. 

Sewage    Disposal    by   Dilution 

The  new  district  at  once  started 
work  on  construction  of  the  proposed 


THE  SANITAR'l"  DISTRICT  OF  CHICAGO 

CHANNELS,  SEWERS 


SEWAGE  TREATMENT  WORKS 

^    Chii-ago.  Ill  Jnnumy   !938 

EVAN5T0N  P.S. 

'  w 

LEGEND 
SEWERS  AND  TREATMENT  WORKS 
r-    sis         ill  '    '  ^mm       COMPLETED 

^^       FINANCING  ARRANGED 
■  ■■       FUTURE   WORK 


"■Vjiy^ 


Dilution  System.  Its  first  task  was  to 
build  the  Chicago  Sanitary  and  Sliip 
Canal  or  Main  Channel  from  Robey 
Street  on  the  South  Branch  of  Chicago 
river  to  the  Des  Plaines  river  above 
Lockport.  That  canal  was  regarded 
in  its  day  as  one  of  the  engineering 
wonders  of  the  world.  It  pierces  the 
divide  which  separates  the  watershed 
of  the  Great  Lakes  from  the  Missis- 
sippi system,  and  its  outlet  is  lower 
than  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan. 
When  the  canal  was  opened  in  1900 
it  caused  the  reversal  of  the  Chicago 
river.  Lake  Michigan,  which  was  for- 
merly its  mouth,  became  its  source, 
and  the  fresh  water  drawn  out  of  the 
lake    was    mixed    with    the    discharge 


from  Chicago  sewers  in  the  ratio  of 
3-1/3  cubic  feet  per  second  for  every 
thousand  population.  The  diluted  mix- 
ture is  discharged  into  the  Des  Plaines 
river  and  purified  by  natural  stream 
aeration  as  it  rolls  downstream  on  its 
way  to  the  Mississippi.  The  Calumet- 
Sag  Channel  was  built  to  connect  the 
Little  Calumet  river  at  Blue  Island 
and  the  Main  Channel  at  Lemont,  and 
its  operation  has  caused  the  Calumet 
river  to  reverse.  Also,  the  North 
Shore  Channel  was  built  from  the  lake 
shore  at  Wilmette  to  the  North  Branch 
of  Chicago  river  at  Foster  Street  to 
bring  in  fresh  water  to  keep  the  North 
Branch  of  the  river  flushed  out.  Those 
three  canals,  together  with  large  inter- 

19 


Lockport  Power  House  at  the  terminus  of  the  Main  Channel  generates  power  for  operating  pumping  stations  of  the  Sanitary 
District  and  lighting  some  streets  and  parks  in  Chicago  and  suburbs.  The  federal  navigation  lock  at  the  right  connects  with  the 
Illinois  Waterway  so  that  boats  from  New  Orleans  can  come  into  Chicago.    Average  fall  at  this  point  is  34  feet. 


cepting  sewers  and  pumping  stations 
along  the  lake  front,  comprise  the  di- 
lution system,  whicli  cost  roughly 
$125,000,000  to  build.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1922,  and  since  that  time  no 
sewage  has  been  discharged  into  Lake 
Michigan  in  the  entire  .33  miles  of 
frontage  between  the  north  line  of 
Cook  County  at  Glencoe  and  the 
Indiana  state  line. 

Let's  speculate  a  moment  on  what 
might  have  happened  from  1900  to 
1930  if  the  old  system  of  emptying 
sewage  into  Lake  Michigan  had  been 
continued.  The  population,  of  Chi- 
cago increased  from  1,698,500  to  3,- 
376,000.  Suppose  the  typhoid  fever 
death  rate  had  continued  as  it  had 
been  from  1870  to  1900  (although  it 
certainly  would  liave  been  higher). 
Applying  that  rate  to  the  actual  popu- 
lation we  miglit  assume  that  no  less 
than  56,500  people  would  liave  died 
in  those  thirty  years  from  typhoid 
iever.  Actually  the  typhoid  fever 
death  rate  dropped  sharply  after  the 
opening  of  the  canal,  and  by  1930  was 
less  than  one  per  hundred  thousand 
of  population.  The  dilution  system 
can   therefore   be   credited  with   three 

20 


major  accomplishments.  It  prevented 
a  very  large  number  of  untimely 
deaths  from  water-borne  diseases;  it 
relieved  the  people  of  the  necessity 
of  boiling  all  drinking  water  by  pro- 
viding a  safe  water  supply;  and  it 
resulted  in  cleaning  up  our  beaclies 
so  they  became  fit  places  for  bathing, 
and  gave  Chicago  a  magnificent  lake 
front.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  call 
attention  to  the  millions  of  bathers  on 
our  lake  front  during  tlie  summer  sea- 
son. 

Artificial    Treatment    Required 

The  extremely  rapid  increase  in 
population  of  the  Sanitary  District 
by  1908  liad  convinced  its  engineers 
tliat  the  time  would  soon  come  wlien 
the  dilution  system  would  not  have 
capacity  to  dispose  of  the  sewage. 
Thereupon  they  started  a  program  of 
research  and  testing  that  has  con- 
tinued to  the  present  and  has  resulted 
in  the  development  of  the  present  arti- 
ficial treatment  system  for  disposing 
of  about  95  percent  of  tlie  sewage  of 
the  district.  In  brief,  that  system  is 
a  plan  by  wliieh  tlie  entire  442  square 


miles  of  the  District  is  divided  into 
four  major  sections  as  sliown  in  the 
following  list  wliich  gives  tlie  arrange- 
ment as  it  will  be  after  completion  of 
works  now  under  construction. 


Equivalent 

Project 

Area        Population 

North  Side .  . 

.  .  115 

sq.  mi.      1,275,000 

West  Side   .  . 

.  .    40 

"      "        1,600,000 

Southwest    .  . 

.  .192 

"      "        2,690,000 

Calumet     .  .  . 

.  .    95 
442 

"      "           435,000 

6,000,000 

Average 

Process 

Daily  Capacity 

Activated   Slu 

dge.  . 

.    250,000,000  gal. 

Imhoff   Tanks 

.    472,000,000   " 

Activated    Sludge.  . 

.    400,000,000   " 

" 

.    136,000,000   " 

1,258,000,000   " 

Tlie  above  population  figures  include 
industrial  wastes  now  equal  to  the 
sewage  from  1,413,000  population, 
which  must  be  treated.  In  addition  to 
the    above    major    works    the    District 


lias  seven  minor  treatment  plants 
serving  small  outlying  sections  remote 
from  an  intercepting  sewer.  Each  of 
these  projects  is  comparable  to  a  sep- 
arate city,  complete  with  its  system 
of  intercepting  sewers  leading  to  a 
centrally  located  treatment  plant.  The 
intercepting  sewers  receive  the  flow 
from  the  local  sewers,  whicli  are  Iniilt 
by  the  city  or  village,  and  convey  it 
to  the  works  where  the  sewage  is 
treated  and  the  clarified  water  is  dis- 
charged into  the  canals  and  carried 
away  by  the  dilution  system.  The 
Sanitary  District  has  built  166.1  miles 
of  these  intercepting  sewers  which 
range  in  size  from  four  feet  up  to 
twenty-four  feet  wide,  except  for  a 
small  amount  of  pipe  sewer  in  outly- 
ing sections.  Roughly,  one-fourth  of 
those  sewers  are  large  enough  to  ad- 
mit a  street  car. 

Present   Treatment   System 

The  North  Side  area  is  served  by  an 
activated  sludge  plant  at  Howard  St. 
and  McCormick  Road.  That  plant 
was  placed  in  service  in  1928  and  has 


The  Main  Channel  built  by  the  Sani- 
tary District  is  the  vital  link  connecting 
the  waterways  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
with  the  Great  Lakes.  This  view  shows 
the  cut  160  ft.  wide  and  24  ft.  deep 
through   solid   rock. 


capacity  to  liiat  aii  averagr  flow 
of  2.50,000,000  gallons  per  day.  It 
is  at  present  treating  203  m.g.d. 
Every  day  it  removes  over  a  hundred 
tons  of  solid  matter,  measured  on  a 
dry  basis,  and  produces  a  reduction  of 
92  percent  in  the  organic  matter  con- 
tained in  the  sewage  received. 

The  West  Side  Treatment  Works 
in  Stickney  has  served  the  West  Side 
and  Loop  areas  and  part  of  tlie   Des 


Controlling  Works  at  the  mouth  of  Chicago  river  will  form  an  enclosure  to  prevent  the  escape  of  river  water  into  Lake 
Michigan  and  control  the  normal  flow  into  the  river.  The  navigation  lock  shown  here  under  construction  will  permit  boats  to 
pass  at  any  time. 


Driving  a  25  if.  tunnel  through  treacherous  ground  re- 
quired careful  support  to  prevent  caveins.  This  steel 
arch  structure  left  the  tunnel  free  of  timbering  so  that  the 
concrete  lining  could  be  placed  writhouf  interference. 


Where  a  sewer  goes  under  a  river  the  tunnel  comes 
out  into  the  open  behind  a  cofferdam.  Here  is  a  water- 
tight steel  structure  extending  below  the  bed  of  the  Main 
Drainage  Canal  which  permitted  a  three  barrel  section 
of  the  Southwest  Intercepting  Sewer  to  be  built  in  the 
dry.  One  half  of  the  crossing  was  completed  inside  this 
cofferdam  and  then  it  was  moved  to  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel  and  used  for  the  other  half. 


Ten  miles  of  the  West  Side  Intercepting  sewer  is  17  by 
17  feet  or  larger  in  cross  section — large  enough  for  a 
freight    train    with    room    to   spare. 


Volume  of  sewage  flow  at  this  point  is  so  large  that 
two  13  ft.  barrels  were  cheaper  to  build  than  a  single 
sewer  of  like  capacity.  Frequent  openings  in  the  center 
wall  make  the  two  act  as  one  to  carry  1200  cubic  feet 
per  second  when   required. 


A  collapsible  steel  shell  forms  the  inner  surface  of 
the  reinforced  concrete  lining  of  this  17'3"  by  19'2"  sewer. 
The  outer  steel  structure  supports  the  surrounding  earth 
during  concreting  and  is  left  in  place.  Concrete,  nearly 
four  feet  thick  at  the  bottom  of  the  side  walls,  was  shot 
into  place  by  compressed  air  and  vibrated  to  a  glass- 
like finish. 


i 

lif 

^^ 

■  >    i-'                           y 

M 

IWl/i        rzf^A 

22 


The  two  GG-inch  air  mains  to  carry  compressed  air  to 
the  aeration  tanks  were  placed  in  the  service  tunnel 
before  the  top  slab  was  poured.  Also  the  heavy  cast- 
iron  pipe  lines  for  handling  sludge,  steam  and  water 
were   installed   on   the   racks   at   the   right. 


Four  sets  of  steel  forms  70  feet  long  were  used  in  build- 
ing the  walls  of  the  aeration  tanks  at  Southwest  Treat- 
ment Works.  There  are  over  eleven  miles  of  walls  in  the 
aeration  and  final  settling  tanks  and  enough  concrete 
to  pave  79  miles  of  standard  Illinois  highway.  In  this 
picture  one  of  the  forms  is  being  set  by  the  travelling 
cableway. 


Construction  of  treatment  tanks  covering  39  acres 
called  for  transportation  of  materials  and  equipment  by 
a  cableway  swung  between  travelling  towers  1800  feet 
apart.  The  circular  tanks  in  the  foreground  are  the  final 
settling  tanks  where  the  solids  are  separated  from  the 
treated  sewage  and  the  clarified  water  is  sent  on  its  way 
to  the  Mississipi. 


One    of    the    main    sewage    pumps    at    the    West    Side 
Sewage  Treatment  Works. 


The  main  pump  room  at  the  West  Side  Works  contains 
seven  pumps  with  total  capacity  to  lift  780,000.000  gal- 
lons against  a  head  of  68  feet.  Total  horsepower  of  these 
motors  is  12000  and  the  power  comes  from  the  Sanitary 
District's  own  hydroelectric  power  plant  at  Lockport. 


\^~.7^,,     -^^.-.i, 


^:$^^ 

M^^ 


Construction  of  the  major  works  in 
this  treatment  plan  was  started  in 
1925  and  proceeded  in  an  orderly  way 
on  a  program  that  was  within  the 
ability  of  the  taxpayers  to  finance 
without  undue  burden  and  would  be 
completed  in  19 15.  Neighboring 
states  brought  suit  against  the  Dis- 
trict, seeking  to  prevent  the  with- 
drawal of  any  water  from  Lake  Mich- 
igan for  sanitary  uses,  claiming  dam- 
age to  their  riparian  rights  and  navi- 
gation because  of  the  alleged  lowering 
of  the  lake  levels.  That  suit  was 
terminated  in  1930  by  the  decree  of 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  which  limits 
the  amount  of  diversion  from  the  lake 
to  1500  cubic  feet  per  second  after 
December  31,  1938.  Such  a  limita- 
tion would  make  the  dilution  system 
entirely  inadequate,  and  as  a  result  the 
District  was  obliged  to  double  the 
rate  at  which  it  was  building  treat- 
ment works  and  impose  a  heavy  bur- 
den on  the  taxpayers.  At  the  same 
time  the  depression  became  acute,  and 
tax  payments  were  defaulted.  That 
(■om})cllcd  the  District  to  suspend  all 
construction  o])crations  for  two  years. 

When  the  Public  Works  Adminis- 
tration was  created  to  stimulate  em- 
(Turn  to  page  54) 


IM.iiius  \all<.\  suburbs  since  1930. 
That  plant  has  capacity  to  treat  ITi.- 
000,000  gallons  average  flow  per  day 
bj"^  the  Imhoff  or  sedimentation  and 
digestion  process. 

In  the  southerly  })artion  of  the 
District  the  Calumet  Treatment  \Vorks 
receives  the  drainage  from  95  square 
miles  lying  south  of  87th  Street  and 
treats  it  by  the  activated  sludge  proc- 
ess. Here  is  installed  capacity  to 
treat  136,000,000  gallons  average 
flow  per  day  and  mechanical  equip- 
ment to  dry  and  burn  the  solids  by  a 
new  process  developed  by  the  engi- 
neers of  the  district. 

The  Southwest  project,  now  under 
construction,  will  receive  and  treat 
the  drainage  from  all  of  the  South 
Side  of  Chicago  north  of  87th  Street 
which  includes  the  wastes  from  the 
Stock  Yards  and  packing  houses. 
Those  industrial  wastes  are  equiva- 
lent to  the  sewage  from  an  ordinary 
city  of  a  million  population.  Treat- 
ment will  be  by  the  activated  sludge 
process,  and  the  solids  removed  from 
the  sewage  will  be  dried  and  burned 
under  the  same  boilers  which  generate 
the  steam  for  driving  and  main  pum])s. 
blowers,  and  turbines  for  auxiliary 
power.  Initial  capacity  of  these  works 
will  be  400  000,000  gallons  per  day, 
and  they  are  so  designed  that  the 
capacity  can  be  increased  to  1,200,- 
000,000  gallons  average  flow  by  ad- 
ding more  tanks  and  equipment. 


North  Side  Treatment  Works  serves  an  area  of  115  square  miles  with  1,275,000 
population  and  treats  an  average  of  205,000,000  gallons  of  sewage  every  day. 
removing  over  a  hundred  tons  of  solids  measured  on  a  dry  basis.  Rated  capacity 
is  250,000,000  gallons  per  day. 


Calumet  Sewage  Treatment  Works,  placed  in  service  December  IG,  1935  has 
capacity  to  treat  136,000,000  gallons  of  sewage  per  day  by  the  activated  sludge 
process  and  disposes  of  the  solids  by  drying  and  burning.  This  building  houses 
the   mechanical   equipment,  offices,   laboratory,   shops   and  storerooms. 


24 


Modern  Oil  Refining 


by 

Gustav  Egloff 


THE  oil  industry  of  the  world  has 
made  an  investment  of  over  $19,- 
000,000,000  to  produce  the  materials 
which  modern  civilization  requires. 
This  investment  covers  the  fields  of 
oil  production,  natural  gasoline  manu- 
facture, transportation,  refining,  and 
marketing.  The  oil  wells  of  the  world 
produced  over  2,000,000,000  barrels 
of  crude  oil  during  1937. 

In  the  United  States  approximately 
30,000,000  motor  cars  were  operated 
last  year  consuming  over  22  000,000,- 
000  gallons  of  motor  fuel.  This  vol- 
ume of  gasoline  was  sufficient  to  pro- 
pel these  motor  vehicles  a  distance  of 
300,000,000,000  miles  or  80,000,000,- 
000  more  miles  of  travel  than  in  1931, 
the  previous  peak  year  for  road  trans- 
portation. It  is  estimated  that  1,280,- 
000,000  barrels  of  crude  oil  were  pro- 
duced in  the  U.  S.  during  1937,  about 
18  percent  more  than  in  the  year 
1936. 

There  is  no  scientific  or  technical 
branch  of  human  knowledge  which  has 
not  been  called  upon  in  solving  the 
manifold  problems  of  technology  with 
which  the  oil  industry  is  faced. 

The  physicist,  chemist,  engineer, 
geologist,  and  representatives  of  other 
basic  sciences  share  in  the  location  of 
oil,  its  storage,  transportation,  and 
refining  to  commercial  products.  Many 
industries  beside  that  of  oil  itself — 
the  chemical  industries,  the  makers  of 
alloy  steels,  the  airplane,  automotive 
and  ceramics  industries,  and  many 
others,  contribute  to  the  manufacture 
of  motor  fuels  and  lubricants.  The 
oil  industry  shows  its  alertness  in 
the  number  and  quality  of  research 
workers  engaged  in  solving  its  prob- 
lems, which  are  ever  increasing  and 
tax  the  finest  brains  available. 

One  of  the  foundation  stones  of  the 
oil  industry  is  the  modern  cracking 
process  to  produce  high  antiknock  mo- 
tor fuels.  What,  one  may  ask,  is 
cracking,  and  why  has  it  come  into 
use?  Cracking  is  the  thermal  de- 
composition of  heavy  oils  under  ele- 
vated temperature  and  pressure  to 
form  gasoline.  It  has  developed  to  its 
present  dominant  position  among  oil 
refining  processes  because  by  its  use 
alone  can  an  adequate  supply  of  motor 
fuel  be  provided  and  because  cracked 


Gustav  Egloff 


gasoline  is  a  fuel  notably  superior  to 
most  straight  run  gasolines  obtained 
by  the  simple  distillation  of  petroleum 
at  atmospheric  pressure. 

As  early  as  1912  the  growth  of  the 
automobile  industry  indicated  that  its 
requirements  for  motor  fuel  would 
soon  be  greater  than  the  capacity  of 
the  oil  industry  to  supply  by  methods 
then  in  use.  In  the  past  seventeen 
vears,  the  number  of  motor  cars  in  this 
country  has  increased  from  9  000,000 
to  about  30,000,000,  expanding  the 
consumption  of  motor  fuel  from  4.,- 
578,000,000  gallons  to  more  than  22,- 
000,000,000  gallons  per  year.  This 
vastlv  increased  demand  has  been  met 
by  the  development  of  cracking,  pro- 
duction of  motor  fuel  by  this  method 
increasing  in  this  period  from  a  negli- 
gible amount  to  half  of  the  total  sup- 


ply. In  addition,  the  use  of  cracking 
has  so  increased  tlie  quality  of  the 
gasoline,  particularly  its  freedom  from 
knocking,  that  it  has  been  possible  to 
increase  the  compression  ratio  of  the 
average  motor  car  from  i  to  6.3,  im- 
proving the  efficiency  more  than  30 
percent.  This  is  therefore  an  advance 
of  tremendous  economic  significance. 
Because  of  the  improved  anti-knock 
value  of  the  gasoline  and  improved 
motor  design,  speeds  of  transporta-. 
tion  liave  more  than  doubled  in  recent 
years. 

The  cracking  process  is  one  of  the 
greatest  conservation  forces  extant, 
having  saved  in  the  year  1937  alone 
over  1,280  000,000  barrels  of  crude 
oil.  For  if  the  cracking  process  had 
not  been  developed,  it  would  have  re- 
quired over  twice  the  volume  of  crude 

25 


y 


r 


-  CONDENSER 


m^. 


Flow  diagram 


oil  now  produced  to  satisfy  the  gaso- 
line requirements  of  the  motor  cars 
operating  in  tlie  United  States. 

The  modern  cracking  process,  al- 
though primarily  used  for  the  produc- 
tion of  gasoline,  also  yields  gaseous 
and  liquid  olefinic  hydrocarbons  in 
vast  volumes  from  which  many  syn- 
thetic products  are  produced  such  as 
polymer  gasoline,  isooctane  motor  fuel, 
lubricants,  alcohols,  glycols,  ethers, 
ketones,  aldehydes,  acids,  resins,  and 
rubber  substitutes. 

The  first  commercial  cracking  for 
gasoline  production  was  carried  out 
twenty-five  years  ago  by  Dr.  William 
M.  Burton  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany of  Indiana.  Pressure  stills. 
8x30  feet  in  dimensions,  termed 
"Shell"  stills,  were  used.  These  were 
of  riveted  construction  made  of  mild 
steel  such  as  is  used  for  boiler-plate. 
Fractionation  of  the  cracked  vapors 
was  carried  out  by  air  cooled  harp- 
like pipe  arrangements.  The  operat- 
ing conditions  of  these  early  stills 
were  temperatures  of  about"  740°  F. 
and  pressure  of  75  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  the 
rate  of  cracking  being  about  125  bar- 
rels of  gas  oil  a  day. 

Tlie  advance  in  the  cracking  art 
from  that  time  to  this  is  astounding. 
Today  cracking  takes  place  in  pipe 
stills — long  tubular  passage  heated 
in  furnaces — at  temperature  ranges 
from  900  to  more  than  1100°  F.  and 
pressures  running  to  1000  lbs.  per 
sq.  in.,  operation  being  continuous  for 
six  months  or  more.  The  cracking 
capacities  of  individual  units  range 
from  300  to  over  20  000  barrels  per 
day.      In  the  early  days  the  yield  of 


gasoline  from  cracking  gas  oil  was 
between  30  and  35  percent,  witli  oc- 
tane rating  about  60;  whereas  today 
units  operating  on  the  same  type  oil 
produce  more  tlian  70  percent  of 
motor  fuel  with  71'  octane  rating. 

Octane  rating,  which  will  be  re- 
ferred to  in  more  detail  later,  is  the 
accepted  measure  of  antiknock  value 
of  motor  fuel.  It  is  determined  by 
comparing  tlie  tendency  of  a  gasoline 
to  knock  with  that  of  blends  of  a 
badly  knocking  hydrocarbon,  n-Iiep- 
tane  and  a  hydrocarbon  wliich  only 
under  the  most  severe  conditions  can 
be  made  to  knock  at  all-isooctane 
(2,  2.4  trimethylpentane).  Tlie  octane 
number  is  the  percentage  of  isooctane 
in  the  blend. 

A  flow  diagram  of  a  present  crack- 
ing day  cracking  unit  is  shown  in 
Figure  xx.  The  oil  to  be  cracked 
is  separated  into  a  light  and  a 
heavy  fraction,  and  these  are  heated 
separately  under  temperatures  and 
pressures  best  suited  to  them.  The 
oil  from  both  heaters  passes  throug'i 
a  reaction  chamber,  to  increase  the 
time  it  is  held  at  high  temperature, 
the  pressure  is  lowered,  and  it 
enters  a  flash  chamber,  where  the 
heavier  portions  are  separated  as 
vapors  into  the  fractionating  column. 
This  column  is  a  bubble  tower,  so- 
called,  because  fractionation  is  brought 
about  by  bubbling  the  vapors  through 
condensed  liquid  on  a  series  of  pans 
or  trays.  The  raw  oil  enters  this 
column,  and  the  combined  raw  and 
cracked  materials  are  separated  into 
gasoline,  whicli   passes   overhead,   and 


light  and  heavy  oil  fractions  are  re- 
turned separately  to  the  furnaces 
while  still  in  a  heated  condition  by  hot 
oil  pumps. 

The  larger  present  day  cracking 
units  process  over  20,000  barrels  a 
day  of  a  variety  of  charging  stocks, 
such  as  straight  run  gasoline,  gas  oil, 
and  topped  crude  oil  (petroleum  from 
which  the  lighter  fractions  have  been 
removed).  During  this  cracking  proc- 
ess these  stocks  pass  through  a  num- 
ber of  heating  coils,  whose  length  is 
over  6.5  miles,  distributed  in  several 
furnaces,  and  over  55  percent  of  the 
imput  is  converted  into  70  octane 
finished  gasoline,  and  the  remainder 
into  tractor  fuel,  furnace  oil,  road  oil, 
and  coke  useful  for  domestic  heating, 
the  last  at  the  rate  of  220  tons  per 
day. 

Incredible  advances  have  been  made 
since  1912  in  the  discovery  and  use  of 
new  alloys  containing  chromium, 
nickel,  molybdenum,  vanadium,  titan- 
ium, tungsten,  aluminum,  and  silicon, 
to  enable  cracking  units  to  operate 
imder  the  high  temperatures  and  pres- 
sures obtaining  today.  A  new  art  of 
electric  welding  has  been  developed 
for  the  construction  of  reaction  cham- 
bers, flash  chambers,  bubble  towers 
and  receivers.  Reaction  chambers 
are  also  made  by  piercing  solid  in- 
gots of  steel,  following  the  methods 
used  in  making  large  guns.  Elec- 
tric welded  reaction  chambers  10x50 
feet  with  wall  thickness  of  four 
inches  and  forged  reaction  vessels 
6x42  feet  with  three  inch  walls 
thickness  have  been  constructed.   Frac- 


26 


tionating  columns  of  tlie  bubble  cap 
type  for  cracking  units  are  built  up 
to  12  feet  6  inches  by  85  feet  and  even 
higher,  some  of  these  having  as  many 
as  23  decks  bearing  over  800  bubble 
caps  for  distribution  of  vapors. 

In  the  manufacture  of  reaction 
cliambers  the  use  of  alloys  has  been 
a  major  advance,  addition  of  one  per- 
cent molybdenum  to  low  carbon  steel 
practically  doubling  the  strength  of 
these  vessels  at  temperatures  of  875° 
F.  and  up.  Under  constant  tempera- 
ture -  pressure  conditions,  approxi- 
mately one-half  the  wall  thickness  is 
needed  when  the  molybdenum  steel  is 
used  that  is  necessary  with  plain  car- 
bon steel.  As  illustration,  a  5x  tO  foot 
carbon  steel  reaction  chamber  with 
2%  inch  wall  weighing  about  W  tons 
can  be  replaced  by  a  21  ton  chamber 
of  reduced  wall  thickness  by  adding 
molybdenum  to  the  steel.  The  lining 
of  vessels  to  prevent  corrosion  is  also 
a  new  technique  which  has  made  great 
strides  by  the  use  of  cements,  alloy 
liners,  and  alloy  facings  which  are 
fused  into  the  steel,  and  by  spraying 
corrosion  resistant  metals  to  protect 
the  steel  surfaces. 


A  major  development  in  engineer- 
ing was  the  building  of  hot  oil  pumj)s 
for  use  at  temperatures  as  high  as 
800°  F.,  and  pressures  of  900  pounds, 
some  of  these  pumps  operating  at  tlic 
rate  of  more  than  1000  gallons  ]nr 
minute. 

In  1913  the  entirt-  investiiuiit  in 
cracking  stills  was  about  $2,000,000, 
while  in  1937  it  was  over  $450,000,- 
000.  The  development  of  the  crack- 
ing art  in  the  oil  industry  lias  been 
due  not  only  to  petroleum  technolo- 
gists, but  in  part  to  contributing  in- 
dustries. The  metallurgist  producing 
new  alloys  permits  the  use  of  tem- 
peratures and  pressures  of  cracking 
impossible  with  steel  alone;  the  cera- 
mist with  his  new  bricks  produces 
better  furnaces.  The  instrument  man- 
ufacturer makes  it  possible  centrally 
to  control  the  gigantic  modern  top- 
ping-cracking units  costing  some  $2,- 
000,000  each,  whose  instrumentation 
is  in  striking  contrast  to  that  of  the 
early  shell  still  costing  about  $20,000 
which  used  only  indicating  mercury 
thermometers  and  pressure  gauges. 
The  electric  welder  and  ingot  piercer 
produce    high    pressure    vessels ;    the 


pum})  conii)anies  make  special  pumps 
to  handli'  hot  oils.  In  fact  these  are 
in  reality  new  industries  founded  upon 
the  cracking  process,  not  one  of  which 
was  in  existence  in  1913. 

Polymerizafion 

A  by-product  from  cracking  oil  is 
hydrocarbon  gas  having  iiigh  heating 
value  which  has  been  heretofore  used 
as  fuel.  The  volume  of  cracked  gas 
])r()duced  yearly  in  the  U.  S.  is  over 
350,000,060,006  cu.  ft.  The  volume 
and  ])ropcrties  of  gas  produced  in  the 
cracking  process  is  governed  by  sev- 
eral factors,  notably  the  composition 
of  the  charging  stock  and  the  operat- 
ing conditions  time,  temperature,  and 
pressure.  This  gas  is  made  up  of 
))araffins  and  olefins  and  can  be  frac- 
tionated to  obtain  ethylene,  propene, 
and  butenes,  which  are  reactive  hydro- 
carbons from  which  many  other  sub- 
stances can  be  synthesized.  Cracking 
is  therefore  a  source  of  enormous 
quantities  of  pure  hydrocarbons  for 
use  in  synthetic  chemistry.  A  part 
of  this  gas  is  used  for  the  production 
of  alcohols,  glycols,  ethers,  aldehydes. 


Dubbs  cracking  unit  with  14.000  barrels  per  day  throughout.    The   light   and   heavy   oil   furnaces   are   at   the   left,   and   the   first 
three  large  vessels  to  right  of  them   are  reaction  chamber,  flash  chamber   and  fractionating  column. 


ketones,  acids,  lubricating  oils,  resins, 
and  rubber-like  material. 

The  most  important  use  of  cracking 
still  gases,  however,  is  the  conversion 
to  polymers  for  use  as  motor  fuel. 
This  is  brought  about  either  by  gen- 
eral polymerization  of  both  propene 
and  the  butenes,  or  by  selective  poly- 
merization of  the  butenes  to  isooctane 
which  may  be  hydrogenated  to  isooc- 
tane. 

The  great  significance  of  polymer- 
ization lies  in  the  high  antiknock  value 
of  the  hydrocarbons  produced,  which 
are  needed  to  satisfy  the  growing  de- 
mand for  high  octane  fuels  for  both 
automobile  and  aviation  use. 

The  structure  of  the  hydrocarbons 
used  in  internal  combustion  engines 
has  been  of  recognized  importance, 
particularly  since  isooctane  was  first 
synthesized  as  a  test  fuel  of  100  oc- 
tane rating.  With  the  advent  of  com- 
mercial polymerization  processes,  hy- 
drocarbons of  known  structure  have 
been  brought  within  the  reach  of  the 
consumer — and,  hence,  the  automotive 
engineer  could  design  engines  of 
higher  efficiency  because  he  had  de- 
tailed knowledge  of  the  combustion 
properties  of  the  hydrocarbons  the 
engines  were  to  use. 

Much  study  has  been  given  to  the 
relation  of  molecular  structure  to  oc- 
tane rating.  Branched  chain  paraffins 
have  better  combustion  properties  than 
their  straight  chain  isomers  when  used 
in  automotive  engines.  At  the  moment, 
branched  chain  paraffins  are  consid- 
ered the  type  of  hydrocarbons  most 
desirable  in  a  motor;  however,  some 
tests  indicate  that  in  liquid  cooled  air- 
plane engines  aromatic  hydrocarbons 
are  superior  to  paraffins. 


Cracking  still  furnace   during  construc- 
tion showing  use  of  special  ceramics. 


Interior    of    cracking    furnace    showing 
tubes  making  up  pipe  still. 


2,2-DinicthvIi)r()pane  HC  -C-   CH   83 
H-HCH-H 
H 

H  HH  H 

2-Methvlbutane       HC  -C-C-C-H     90 
H    HCH  H  H 
H 

The  following  table  gives  the  octane 
ratings  of  a  considerable  number  of 
individual  paraffin,  olefin,  and  aroma- 
tic hydrocarbons. 

Ili/drorarbon 

Paraffins 

CH^   Methane     125* 

C.H,,   Ethane 125* 

C^H^   Propane     125* 

C^Hjn  Butanes 

Isobutane    99 

n-Butane 91 

C-Hjo   Pcntanes 

2,  2-Dimethylpropane   ...      83 

1-Methylbutane    90 

n-Pentane 64 

C,.,Hj4  Hexanes 

2,  3-Dimethylbutane    ....      95 
n-Hexane    59 

CjHj,-  Heptanes 

2,  2-Dimethylpentane    ...      93 


As  an  example  of  the  effect  of  struc- 
ture, the  structure  of  the  pentanes  is 
shown  below  with  the  octane  rating 
of  each. 

Octane  No. 
HHHHH 
Normal  Pentane    H-C-C-C-C-CH    64 
HHHHH 
H 
H-HCH-H 


2,  3-Dimethylpentane    ...      85 
2,  4-Dimethylpentane    ...      90 

2-Methylhexane    64 

n-Heptane     0 

CsHjs  Octanes 

2,  2,  3-Trimethylpentane  .    101 
2,  2,  4-Trimethylpentane  .    lOQ 

n-Octane — 26 

C<,H,o   Nonane — 28 

CioHo.   Isodecane     93 

Cj„Hoi3  Isododecane    100 


28 


C,H,  Butenes 

1-Butene    80 

2-Butene   83 

Isobutcne    87 

C,Hi,.,   2,  2,  4.-Trinu'tliylpeii- 

tene    * 89 

2,  2,  -t-Trimetliylpentcne-l'  86 

C„H,^    ex -Isononene    75 

/?-Isononene    84 

Polymer  Products 

Diisobutene 8  !■ 

Triisobiiteiie     87 

Diisopentene     75 

Cycloparaffins 

Methyl   Cyelopentane    82 

Cyclohexane    77 

Aromatics 

Benzene     97 

Toluene    100  + 

*(  Estimated). 

The  wide  variation  among  closely 
related  substances,  particularly  among 
isomers,  should  be  particularly  noted. 

The  polymerization  processes  in 
commercial  operation  operate  by  heat 
and  pressure  alone  or  by  catalysis. 
The  "unitary  tliermal  process"  (Poly- 
merization Process  Corp.)  treats  both 
olefinic  or  paraffinic  gases,  producing 
therefrom  gasoline  and  gas  oil.  The 
operating  conditions  range  in  temper- 
ature from  950  to  1100°  F.  and  pres- 
sure from  1000  to  3000  pounds  per 
square  inch.  The  optimum  conditions 
to  obtain  the  end  product  desired  de- 
pend on  the  composition  of  the  hydro- 
carbon gases  processed.  The  octane 
rating  of  the  motor  fuel  product  is 
about  76  with  equivalent  blending  val- 
ues of  from  83  to  92  when  mixed  in 
50  percent  concentration  witii  fuels 
of  lower  octane  rating. 

The  "multiple  coil  polymerization" 


Instrument  board  of  3,000  barrel  Dubbs 
cracking  unit.  One  of  tfie  most  impor- 
tant features  of  a  modem  cracking  still 
is  the  extensive  use  of  control  instru- 
ments, making  possible  smooth  and 
precise  operation. 


Hot  oil  pump  feeding  oil  to  Dubbs 
cracking  unit  at  the  rate  of  1,000  gpm  at 
750-800  deg.  F.  and  900  pounds  pressure. 


(Pure  Oil  Company)  produces  motor 
fuel  from  paraffin  and  olefin  gases  by 
first  subjecting  them  to  temperatures 
ranging  from  900°  to  1000°  F.  and 
pressures  of  600  to  800  pounds  per 
square  inch  in  the  "primary"  poly- 
merization operation  of  "high  pres- 
sure-low temperature."  The  gases 
from  this  operation,  essentially  para- 
ffinic, are  then  subjected  to  a  cracking 
temperature  of  over  1300°  F.,  prepar- 
atory to  a  second  polymerization  re- 
action carried  out  at  1150°  to  1300° 
F.  and  pressures  of  50  to  75  pounds 
per  square  inch.  The  products  are 
gasoline,  fuel  oil,  and  tar.  At  the 
lower  temperatures  of  operation,  the 
octane  rating  of  the  motor  fuel  is 
between  78  and  80  and  on  a  blending 
basis  96.  However,  when  operating 
the  "multiple  coil  unit"  at  the  highest 
temperature  given,  the  octane  blend- 
ing value  of  the  gasoline  ranges  be- 
tween 105  and  135.  The  yield  of 
liquid  product  in  a  typical  run  is  4.1. 
gallons  or  3.7  gallons  of  gasoline  per 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  gas. 

The  catalytic  polymerization  proc- 
ess (Universal  Oil  Products  Com- 
pany) invented  by  Dr.  V.  N.  Ipatieff 
operates  on  cracked  gases  or  on  dehy- 
drogenated  propane  and  butanes.  The 
liquid  produced  boils  entirely  within 
the  gasoline  range,  and  has  an  octane 
rating  from  80  to  85,  or  upon  a  blend- 
ing basis  90  to  135,  depending  on  the 
quality  of  gasoline  to  which  it  is 
added.  The  method  of  operation  of 
this  process  consists  in  treating  the 
olefinic  gases  at  a  temperature  of  450° 
F.  and  pressures  around  200  pounds 
per  square  inch  with  a  solid  phos- 
(Tum  to  page  56) 


29 


ARC    WELDING 

OF 

STAINLESS  STEEL 


UNDOUBTEDLY,  there  are  few 
engineers  today  who  are  not  at 
least  vaguely  familiar  with  the  arc 
welding  process.  They  have  inter- 
ested themselves  proportionately  to 
the  degree  to  which  they  feel  this 
rapidly  growing  industry  will  affect 
their  particular  field  of  engineering. 
For  this  reason  many  engineers  have 
perhaps  failed  to  familiarize  them- 
selves completely  with  one  of  the 
most  important  tools  of  modern  in- 
dustry. 

It  is  difficult  to  imagine  a  field  of 
engineering  that  is  not  dependent 
upon  the  arc  welding  process  for  rea- 
sons of  design,  economy,  strength, 
weight,  saving,  etc. 

The  mechanical  engineer  will  find 
that  both  heavy  and  light  machinery 
design,  as  well  as  plant  maintenance, 
is  dependent  in  no  small  measure  upon 
arc  welding. 

To  the  electrical  engineer,  the  weld- 
ing industry  opens  up  a  field  of  en- 
deavor in  motor,  generator,  and  trans- 
former design.  Great  strides  will  be 
made  in  the  near  future  in  improving 
the  electrical  equipment  necessary  for 
arc  welding.  Welding  itself  is  an 
important  tool  in  the  manufacture  of 
electrical  equipment. 

The  metallurgical  engineer  will 
find  that  the  study  of  arc  deposit 
metal  and  the  base  metal  adjacent  to 
the  weld  opens  up  unlimited  possi- 
bilities of  research  and  control. 

The  chemical  engineer  will  be  in- 
terested  to   learn   that   practically   all 


vats,  tanks,  and  receptacles  used  for 
every  purpose — from  manufacturing 
breakfast  foods  to  dyeing  fabric  in 
textile  mills — are  fabricated  from  cor- 
rosion-resistant alloys  by  the  arc 
welding  process. 

Recent     changes     in     the     building 
codes  of  our  larger  cities  have  opened 


by 
Edward  J.  Brady 


up  entirely  new  possibilities  in  de- 
sign and  construction  methods  to  the 
architectural  engineer. 

The  civil  engineer  will  build  our 
bridges  of  the  future,  lighter  in  weight 
and  stronger  by  means  of  the  arc 
welding  process. 

The  architect  can  unleash  his  cre- 
ative imagination  to  beautify  building 
entrances,  stair  rails,  and  grill  work 
with  new  combinations  of  stainless 
steel,  copper,  bronze,  and  aluminum, 
because  these  metals  can  now  be 
easily   arc   welded. 

Thus  we  find  that  every  field  of 
engineering,  without  exception,  has 
already  received,  or  will  receive  in 
the  very  near  future,  benefits  from 
this   most  modern   of  industrial  tools. 

Great  strides  have  also  been  made 
in  modernizing  the  steels  to  meet  the 


All   welded   pulp   digester   used   in   paper  mill    industry.     Analysis:    18%    chromium 
-  8%   nickel   —  2   to   4%   molybdenum. 


30 


ever-increasing  demand  of  greater 
strength  and  weight  saving.  We  tind 
a  steadily  growing  tendency  for  the 
use  of  alloys  for  construction  work, 
and  it  is  significant  that  the  popu- 
larity and  demand  for  these  new  al- 
loy steels  is  almost  directly  propor- 
tional to  their  weldability. 

Many  authorities  have  made  the 
statement  that  this  generation  will 
see  a  time  when  it  will  be  as  difficult 
to  purchase  straight  carbon  steel  as 
it  was  to  purchase  alloy  steel  during 
the  last  generation. 

Of  the  hundreds  of  new  high  ten- 
sile alloy  steels  given  to  industry  dur- 
ing the  past  ten  years  there  is  one 
alloy  that  combines  corrosion  resist- 
ance, tensile  strength,  ductility,  and 
maximum  ease  of  welding.  This 
metal  has  become  commonly  known 
as  "stainless  steel,"  although  there 
are  at  least  100  or  more  varied 
analyses. 

The  term  "stainless  steel"  in  itself 
is  not  correct  because  it  is  not  "stain- 
less" in  a  true  meaning  of  the  word, 
and,  also,  it  can  hardly  be  called  a 
steel.  The  more  correct  term  perhaps 
would  be  "corrosion-resistant"  or 
"rustless  iron." 

The  correct  welding  procedure  for 
any  type  of  steel  and  especially  the 
stainless  steels  should  be  based  upon 
sound  scientific  principles.  Scientific 
knowledge,   when    applied   with   judg- 


ment and  common  sense,  is  always  the 
most  practical.  In  order  to  have  a 
better  understanding  of  the  correct 
welding  procedure  for  stainless  steels 
it  is  necessary  to  study  the  underlying- 
principles  of  metallurgy  and  heat 
treatment.  There  can  be  no  line 
drawn  between  the  practical  and  sci- 
entific  methods   because   thev   over 


Above:  Stainless 
steel  bridge  between 
t  h  e  Wrigley  Build- 
ings —  Chicago,  111. 
Analysis:  18%  chro- 
mium— 8%   nickel. 


to  all  extent  wlu-niii  they  become  in- 
dispensable to  each  other.  It  is  true 
that  many  welders  without  even  an 
elementary  knowledge  of  the  steel 
they  were  welding  have  worked  out  a 
satisfactory  procedure  after  costly  ex- 
perimentation. Modern  industry  de- 
mands that  welding  be  based  on  ac- 
curate   knowledge   and   understanding 


Right:  Cyaniding 
pot  used  at  elevated 
temperatures.  Analy- 
sis:  18%   chromium. 


31 


L_ 


"T"  joint  of  18-8  stainless  clad  welded 
with   25-12   stainless    electrode. 

Butt  joint  weld  of  18-8  stainless  clad 
welded  with  25-12  stainless  electrode 
and    heavy-coated    mild    steel    electrode. 

Inside  corner  weld  of  18-8  stainless 
clad  welded  with  25-12  stainless  elec- 
trode and  heavy-coated  mild  steel  elec- 
trode. 


and  not  on  guesswork,  liabit,  or 
chance.  Witli  this  thought  in  mind 
it  is  possible  to  outline  a  simplified 
and  practical  method  for  welding  the 
various  stainless  steels  that  will  be 
based  upon  their  physical  and  chem- 
ical characteristics. 


Wlien  etched  witli  acid  and  magni- 
fied under  tiie  microscope,  all  steels 
siiow  certain  characteristic  grain  for- 
mations. These  grain  formations 
have  been  classified  by  metallurgists, 
and  in  tlie  study  of  stainless  steels 
we  find  that  the  100  or  more  different 
types  will  siiow  only  three  character- 
istic grain  structures.  Therefore,  if 
we  can  classify  the  numerous  types 
of  stainless  steels  according  to  their 
grain  structure  we  will  have  an  index 
to  every  correct  welding  procedure. 
In  the  following  table  all  stainless 
steels  have  been  classified  according 
to  every  correct  weldin-j  procedure. 
Martensitic  (under  16%  chromium). 
Ferritic  (over  18%  chromium). 
Austenitic  (18%  chronv'um  —  8% 
nickel  and  alloys  of  higher  alloy 
content  containing:  both  chromium 
and  nickel  V 

Martensite    is    the    hardest    state   of 
steel,  with  the  exception  of  cemeutite, 
which   hardly,   if   ever,    appears    as    a 
solid     structure.        Tvpioal     stainless 
steels  having  this  characteristic  range 
structure  are  as  follows: 
l-  e'/f    chromium. 
lO-l.S^'^    chromium. 
11-18%    chromium. 
The   above    steels    have   the    following 
physical  characteristics : 

1.     Less     coefficient     of     expansion 

than  mild  steel. 
■2.     One-third      to      two-thirds      tiie 
thermal     conductivity     of     mild 
steel,  depending  upon  the  chro- 
mium content. 
3.     Four     and    one-half    times     the 
electrical      resistance      of      mild 
steel. 
1.    Magnetic. 

5.  Drastic  air  hardening  prop- 
erties. 
With  the  knowledge  of  these  basic 
physical  properties,  it  is  possible  to 
work  out  practical  welding  proce- 
dures. The  fact  that  these  steels  have 
drastic  air  hardening  properties  is 
perhaps  the  outstanding  reason  why 
they  are  so  difficult  to  weld.  To  il- 
lustrate the  extent  to  which  they  pos- 
sess this  property,  a  5%  chromium 
steel  with  .20%  carbon  was  air  cooled 
from  1575°  F.  This  specimen  had 
a  tensile  strength  of  21 2,000 #  with 
an  elongation  of  9%>.  The  same  steel 
heated  to  the  same  temperature,  but 
allowed  to  furnace  cool,  had  a  tensile 
strength  of  75,000#  with  an  elonga- 
tion of  32  7c-  It  has  recently  been 
discovered  that  additions  of  columbium 
will  help  to  retard  this  air  harden- 
ing effect.  This  air  hardening  con- 
dition can  be  checked  when  these 
steels  are  arc  welded  if  the  work  is 
preheated  to  a  temperature  between 
300°  and  400°  F.  Wherever  pos- 
sible, the  welded  structure  should  be 


annealed  between  1300°  and  1150^" 
after  tiie  welding  operation. 

Little  difficulty  is  encountered  with 
warping  because  the  coefficient  of  ex- 
pansion is  less  than  that  of  mild  steel. 
The  electrical  resistance  is  consider- 
ably higher  than  that  of  mild  steel, 
so  it  is  necessary  to  manufacture  the 
welding  electrodes  less  than  1  !•"  long- 
to  prevent  resistance  heating. 

Approximately  10%.  to  20%  of  the 
chromium  content  of  the  wire  is  lost 
in  the  arc  because  of  oxidation,  and, 
therefore,  it  is  advised  that  an  elec- 
trode have  a  slightly  higher  chromium 
content  than  tlie  material  being 
welded. 

It  is  now  possible  to  purciiase 
10-13%  chromium  and  11-18%  ciiro- 
mium  steels  in  the  non-hardening 
grade.  It  has  been  found  that  alu- 
minum additions  of  approximately 
.20%,  to  .10%,  will  retard  the  air 
hardening  effect,  and  it  is  recom- 
mended that  this  non-hardening  type 
be  used  wiierever  arc  welding  is  em- 
j)loyed. 

Typical  stainless  steels  in  tlie  Fer- 
ritic group  arc  tlic  18-23%  cliromium 
and  23-30 ""v  cliromium  types.  These 
steels  liavc  a|)proximately  the  same 
thermal  conductivity,  coefficient  of 
expansion,  electrical  resistance,  and 
magnetic  properties  as  the  Martensitic 
group.  Tiie  principal  difference  in 
their  characteristics  is  tiiat  tiiey  are 
not  susceptible  to  heat  treatment  and 
are,  tlierefore,  "non-hardening."  How- 
ever, this  fact  does  not  mean  tiiat 
ductile  welds  can  easily  be  made  be- 
cause we  encounter  brittleness  as  a 
result  of  grain  growth.  To  illustrate 
the  effect  of  grain  growtii  in  these 
steels,  a  rolled  plate  containing 
23-30%,  chromium  will  liave  a  tensile 
strengtii  of  100,000 4^  with  an  elonga- 
tion of  25%  to  35%.  A  casting  with 
exactly  tiie  same  analysis  will  iiave  a 
tensile"  strength  of  80,000#  witli  an 
elongation  of  2%  to  5%.  The  rolled 
plate  and  the  casting  were  both  in 
the  annealed  condition.  Annealing 
had  no  effect  whatsoever  on  the  grain 
size  of  the  casting,  and  the  rolled 
plate  was  ductile  because  the  grain 
size  had  been  reduced  by  the  rolling 
operation.  Ductility  could  be  intro- 
duced in  the  weld  metal  if  it  were 
peened  above  the  critical  temperature, 
but  this  is  not  practical. 

It  is  recommended  tiiat  the  Fer- 
ritic types  of  stainless  steel  be  pre- 
heated to  a  temperature  of  300°  to 
■100°  F  during  the  welding  operation, 
witli  tiie  only  thouglit  in  mind  of  help- 
ing to  relieve  the  welding  stresses  set 
up  and  not  to  introduce  ductility. 

Wherever  possible,  the  Martensitic 
and  Ferritic  stainless  steels  should  be 
welded  witii  an  18%  cliromium — 8% 
(Turn  to  page  81) 


32 


ARMOUR    ALUMNI    BANQUET 

Tuesday,  June  1.  1938 

at 

THE  MEDINAH  CLUB  OF  CHICAGO 
505  North  Michigan  Avenue 

MEET  YOUR  OLD  FRIENDS  AND  HEAR  ABOUT  RECENT  EVENTS 

AT  THE  INSTITUTE 

Music  by  Musical  Organizations  of  Armour  Institute 

Directed  by  O.  Gordon  Erickson 

Talk  by  James  D.  Cunningham,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 

Introduction  of  our  new  president 

Introduction  of  Dr.  C.  A.  Tibbals,  Dean  of  the  undergraduate  college 

Introduction  of  Dr.  L.  E.  Grinter,  Dean  of  the  graduate  division 

A  message  from  President  H.  T.  Heald 

Reports 
Election 


Nominees  for  Alumni  Trustee  •  Use  Ballot  on  Page  4  of  This  Insert 


HAROLD  S.  ELLINGTON 
Civil  Engineering,  1908 
Age,  52  Years 
HAROLD  S.  ELLINGTON 
started  working  with  the  National 
Construction  Company,  railroad  engi- 
neers, and  later  transferred  to  the 
Standard  Concrete  Construction  Com- 
pany, contractors  specializing  in  rein- 
forced concrete  buildings  and  struc- 
tures. From  1912  to  1916  he  was 
plant  engineer  for  the  Stroh  Brewing 
Company,  Detroit,  ^lichigan,  and  from 
1916  to  1919  construction  manager  for 
the  Book  Estate,  Detroit.  Since  1919 
he  has  been  a  member  of  several  firms 
of  architects  and  engineers,  and  now 
is  a  partner  in  Harley  and  Ellington. 


EUGENE  R.  WEBER 

Mechanical  Engineering,  1903 

Age,  58  Years 

Upon  graduation  from  Armour  EU- 
GENE R.  WEBER  obtained  employ- 
ment with  Lathrob  Steel  and  Coupler 
Company,  Melrose  Park,  111.  He  later 
went  with  the  Bucyrus  Erie  Companv 
of  So.  Milwaukee,  Wis.  A  series  of 
connections  with  different  companies 
followed,  including  tlie  Link-Belt 
Company  and  Illinois  Steel  Company, 
of  Chicago,  and  the  American  Loco- 
motive Company,  of  Richmond,  \'ir- 
ginia.  The  experience  gained,  he  re- 
turned to  the  Bucyrus-Erie  Company, 
as  assistant  manager  of  engineering, 
when  the  opportunity  presented  itself. 


LESTER  T.  WILSON 
Chemical  Engineering,  1911 
Age,  i7  Years 
Immediatelv  following  graduation 
LESTER  T.'WILSON  went  to  work 
for  the  National  Lead  Company  as 
chemist  in  their  Chicago  branch.  He 
attended  training  camp  at  Fort  Sheri- 
dan in  1917.  and  was  commissioned 
first  lieutenant.  In  1918  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  37th  French  Field 
Artillery,  Louvaine,  France,  and  later 
to  the  32nd  Division.  A.  E.  F.  After 
the  Armistice  he  was  commissioned 
captain.  Wilson  is  now  sales  manager 
of  the  National  Lead  Company  at  1 11 
Broadwav.  New  York.  N.  Y. 


ARMOUR  INSTITUTE  ALUN 


"A  Gift  Each  Year  f, 


AIJMOUR  INSTITL'TK  OF  TKCHNOI.CKJV 
lias  consistently  moved  forward,  and  today 
it  is  rcnderinj''  a  broader  and  more  valuable  service 
to  the  students,  community,  and  industrial  world 
than  ever  before.  Tite  development  of  this  serv- 
ice to  its  present  hi<>li  standard  is,  in  lar<ie  meas- 
ure, due  to  the  cooperation  of  all  interested  iu- 
divicluals  and  jiToups. 

The  students  at  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 
are  a  <iToup  of  entliusiastic  young  nien,  eager  to 
learn  and  deserving  of  every  reasonable  oj)por- 
tunity  which  may  be  provided  for  their  education. 
These  young  men  are  seeking  an  education  with 
the  sanie  objectives  that  you  alumni  had  when 
you  attended  Armour,  and  everyone  well  remem- 
bers the  serious  attitude  assumed  by  all  toward 
both  work  and  play. 

The  faculty  at  Armour  Institute  of  Technology 
is  composed  of  a  group  of  very  Hue  men,  men  who 
rank  high  in  their  respt-ctive  fields  and  have  the 
confidence  of  both  the  students  and  industry,  men 
who  have  given  and  now  are  giving  generously  of 
their  ability  and  time  with  the  one  thought  fore- 
most in  their  minds  that  Armour  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology must  go  forward  and  show  no  sign  of 
faltering. 

Everyone  realizes  how  inadequate  the  present 
physical  plant  is  for  the  load  it  is  now  carrying, 
but  we  should  take  pride  in  the  fact  that  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  school  affairs  has  been  in  the 
hands  of  men  who  have  accomplished  miracles  so 
far  as  space  problems  are  coMccrncd.  Although 
the  faculty  and  students  may  be  working  under 
rather  adverse  conditions,  yet  a  fine  spirit  of  com- 
plete cooperation  prevails,  and  there  is  developed 
in  the  student  the  finer  traits  so  essential  to  a 
successful   life. 

Armour  Institute  of  Technology  has  many  rea- 
sons to  be  proud  of  its  Board  of  Trustees,  num- 
bering over  forty.  These  gentlemen  through  tiieir 
various  business  connections  and  official  positions 
represent  a  true  cross  section  of  practically  all 
phases  of  enginering.  They  know  the  type  of  serv- 
ice which  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  should 
be  rendering  industry  and  the  youth  of  our  com- 
munity, and  they  are  constantly  trying  to  make 
this  service  more  valuable  and  effective  in  all  of 
its  phases.  Many  of  these  men  are  giving  gener- 
ously of  their  time  and  means,  and  take  genuine 
personal  pride  and  satisfaction  in  helping  with  all 
of  the  problems  of  the  Institute. 

The    Board    of   Trustees    recently   elected    Dean 
H.  T.  Heald  for  president  of  Armour  Institute  of 
(Continued  in  last  column) 


TH 


Whereas,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  is  renderi 
a  very  valuable  service  to  its  student  body,  i 
engineering  profession,  and  to  industry;  and' 

Whereas,  Tfiis  service  is  being  utilized  by  a  lar 
group  of  young  men  who  are  desirous  of  obtami 
an  engineering  education;  and 

Whereas,  This  service  is  made  possible  to  a  very  lar 
degree  by  the  concerted  efforts  of  a  group  of  ec 
cators  composing  the  faculty  of  Armour  Institute 
Technology;  and 

Whereas,  A  group  of  men  composing  the  Board  of  Tri 
tees  are  giving  generously  of  their  counsel,  tin 
and  funds;  and 

Whereas,  It  seems  only  proper  that  the  Alumni  Associ 
tion  of  Armour  Institute  should  demonstrate 
some  concrete  way  their  loyal  attitude  towo 
their  Alma  Mater  and  their  appreciation  of  Y 
service  to  them  by  participating  in  a  suitable  pL 
for  her  financial  support;  now 

Therefore,  Be  It  Resolved.  That  the  Armour  Institu 
Alumni  Association  immediately  take  the  nece 
sary  steps  to  put  into  operation  a  perpetual  givii 
plan;  and 

Be  It  Further  Resolved,  That  the  actual  details  involve 
and  the  set-up  and  operation  of  this  plan  be  place 
in  the  hands  of  the  Executive  Secretary  of  tl 
Alumni  Association,  who  v/ill  carry  out  the  pu 
pose  of  the  plan  from  an  office  on  the  campus  ; 
the  college;  and 


STUDENTS  ENTHUSIASTIC 

AT  a  recent  general  assembly  of  the  student  body,  a  plan  for  tl- 
establishment  of  a   Student   Union   was   presented   to   them  f< 
their  consideration. 

The  main  features  of  this  plan  are  as  follows: 
A  Student  Union  Association  will  be  formed  and  each  student  w< 
pay  a   regular  fee  into  this  association  each  semester  while   he  is  i 
attendance  at  Armour  Institute  of  Technology. 

Income  debenture  bonds  will  be  sold  in  sufficient  amount  not  t 
exceed  perhaps  $30,000,  to  provide  funds  to  make  this  union  a  realit' 


PERPETUAL  GIVING  PLAN 

very  Living  Alumnus^^ 


LAN 


It  Further  Resolved,  That  the  Alumni  Board  of  Man- 
agers have  general  supervision  of  the  funds  and 
decide  in  advance  from  year  to  year  the  specific 
purpose  for  which  the  fund  will  be  used  during  the 
coming  year;  and 

I  It  Further  Resolved.  That  all  funds  be  made  payable 
to  the  order  of  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  but 
mailed  to  the  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Armour 
Institute  Alumni  Association  in  order  that  Alum.ni 
records  may  be  complete;  and 

s  It  Further  Resolved,  That  a  separate  and  complete 
record  be  maintained  by  the  Alumni  Association 
of  all  contributions  and  disbursements  and  a 
yearly  report  be  prepared  and  mailed  to  all  don- 
ors; and 

5  It  Further  Resolved,  That  general  publicity  be  given 
to  this  plan  through  the  columns  of  the  Armour 
Engineer  and  Alumnus  and  at  the  annual  spring 
banquet  of  the  Alumni    Association;  and 

e  It  Further  Resolved.  That  a  pledge  card  stating 
clearly  the  project  for  which  the  contribution  is 
being  made  be  sent  each  year  to  every  living 
alumnus. 

Resolution  passed  by  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
.rmour  Institute  Alumni  Association  in  regular  meeting 
.uly  assembled. 

(Signed)  D.  P.  Moreton,  Secretary-Treasurer. 


?  APPROVE  UNION  PLAN 

The  Armour  Mission  building  will  be  converted  into  a  Student 
Jnion.  and  extensive  changes  and  Improvements  will  be  made  m  order 
rhat  it  may  be  more  serviceable  and  better  adapted  to  the  Student 
Jnion  requirements. 

The  Alumni  Association  will  be  asked  to  contribute  $10,000  during 
\\\e  current  year  to  assist  in  this  project. 

A  general  referendum  was  subsequently  held  at  which  the 
students  voted  overwhelmingly  in  tavor  of  the  plan. 


Ttchnolo^y,  and  everyone  evidences  a  feelinj;  of 
complete  .satisfaction  in  tins  clioice.  President 
Heald  lias  been  witii  tiie  Institute  a  number  of 
vears,  and  in  his  various  positions  during  this  time 
lie  lias  become  intimately  acquainted  with  all  of  the 
Institute's  jjfoblems,  a  fact  which  will  be  a  great 
help  to  him  in  developing  a  really  constructive  and 
progressive  development  program.  Those  who 
have  been  associated  with  him  are  greatly  encour- 
aged about  the  future  of  tiie  Institute  under  his 
leadership.  Tiie  progress  of  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  is  by  no  means  dependent  upon  a  sin- 
gle man  or  group  of  men,  but  upon  the  complete 
cooperation  of  all  interested  individuals,  groups, 
and,  in  fact,  the  entire  community. 

Armour  Institute  of  Tedinology  is  justly  proud 
of  her  sons  because  they  have  accomplished  much 
since  their  years  at  the  Institute,  and  they  repre- 
sent the  greatest  asset  any  educational  institution 
may  ever  possess. 

With  the  above  facts  clearly  in  mind,  the  officers 
of  the  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  Alumni 
Association  met  with  the  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  several  times 
during  the  early  part  of  tiie  current  scliool  year, 
for  the  purpose  of  discussing  tlie  possible  metiiods 
by  which  the  Alumni  Association  could  participate 
in  tlie  program  of  financial  support  to  the  Insti- 
tute. These  conferences  resulted  in  the  president 
of  the  Alumni  Association  calling  a  general  meet- 
ing of  all  former  officers  of  the  association,  who 
now  constitute  an  advisory  council,  and  tlie  subject 
was  discussed  in  this  general  meeting.  The  mem- 
bers present  felt  that  the  Alumni  Association 
should  support  the  Institute  in  a  financial  way  and 
by  motion  tlie  president  was  instructed  to  appoint 
a  committee  to  study  the  problem  and  submit  a 
definite  perpetual  giving  plan  to  the  Alumni  lioard 
of  Managers  for  their  approval.  Tliis  committee 
was  appointed,  and  tliey  developed  a  plan  wiiich 
tiiey  submitted  to  tlie  Board  of  Managers  wlio  in 
turn  approved  it. 

For  your  convenience,  a  pledge  card  is  provided 
in  the  magazine. 

Now.  as  our  Alma  Mater  marches  on,  are  we 
going  to  stand  aside  and  perhaps  ridicule  any 
sign  of  a  faltering  step  or  shall  we  press 
forward  and  give  strength  and  encouragement  to 
lier  who  is  so  justly  deserving r 

We  now  liave  an  opportunity  of  demonstrating 
that  true  Armour  spirit  of  loyalty  and  apprecia- 
tion bv  pledgino-  to  do  our  part  in  keeping  tlie 
banner  of  Armour  Institute  of  Teelinology  out  in 
front. 


ELECTION  OF  ALUMNI  OFFICERS 


Extract  from  Alumni  Constitution 

.liliili    X.    Conimittic   ou   yomiiititions 
Section   I 

Before  April  IJtii  of  each  year  in  whicli  an  election  is  to  be 
held,  the  Board  of  Managers  shall  appoint  a  conniiittee  on  nomi- 
nations of  five  active  members.  Two  members  of  this  commit- 
tee shall  be  selected  from  the  Board  of  Managers  and  no  other 
meml>ers  of  the  committee  shall  be  members  of  the  Board  of 
Managers.  No  two  members  of  the  committee  shall  be  from  the 
same  class. 

This  committee  shall  prepare  and  transmit  to  the  secretary- 
treasurer  not  later  than  the  15th  of  May,  a  written  list  of  nomi- 
nations for  the  various  offices  to  be  filled.  Tlie  secretary-treas- 
urer shall  include  this  list,  together  with  a  statement  that  an 
election  is  to  be  held,  in  the  announcement  of  the  annual  banquet 
for   that   year. 

.Irtlrif  XI.    Ehrtion  of  Officers 
Section   I 

^'()ti^g  sliall  l)e  from  the  floor  at  the  annual  bancjuet.  The 
secretary-treasurer  will  supply  ballots  to  the  active  members 
present.  A  plurality  of  votes  cast  shall  elect.  The  president 
shall  appoint  a  committee  of  three  tellers  of  election  who  to- 
gether with  the  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Alumni  Association 
will  determine  the  ballot.  This  committee  shall  report  to  the 
])resident  who  shall  in  turn  announce  the  results  of  the  election 
before  the  adjournment  of  that  meeting. 

Tlie    iiominatiiis    committee,    appointed    in    accordance 


with  article  X,  section  I  of  the  Constitution,  presents  lor 
the  consideration  of  the  meeting  to  be  held  on  the  evening 
of  June  7,  1938,  the  following  slate. 

President:    John  Joseph   Schommer,   Ch.E.   '12. 
\'ice-President:    J.  ^Varren  McCaffrey,  Ch.E.  '22. 
Sec'y-Treas. :   William   Nicholas   Setterberg,   Arch.    '29. 
Board  of  Managers: 

Clas.ses    1897-1901 — William    Fargo   Sims,   E.E.   '97. 
Classes    1907-1911— E.  F.  Pohlman,  Ch.E.  '10. 
Classes    1917-1921 — Clinton  E.  Stryker,  E.E.  '17. 
Classes    1927-1931— Arthur  H.  Jens,  F.P.E.  '31. 
Classes    1932-1936— Harvey  C.  Rossing,  C.E.  '32. 
All   of  above   for   four  years   except   Rossing   who   will 
serve   only   two  years. 

Signed : 
OscAU  Allen  Anderson,  M.E.   '1.5. 
Arthir  H.  Jens,  F.P.E.  '31. 
CL.\rDE  A.  Knuepfer,  C.E.  '1.5. 

Chairman 
NoR.MAN  Joseph  Schlossman,  Arch.  '21. 
Monroe  Adney  Smith,  Jr.,  C.E.  '10. 
Members  of  the  Nominating  Committee, 
Armour  Alumni  Associati(ui,  April  3,  1936. 


ELECTION  OF  ALUMNI  TRUSTEES 


Extract  irom  Alumni  Constitution 

.Irtirl,  XII.  .U,n,nii  .Uinih,,:-:  of  the  Boar,l  of  TnL-ifcs 
Section  1 
Tlie  oflicers  and  Board  of  Trustees  of  Armour  Institute  of 
Technology  have  granted  this  Association  the  privilege  of  elect- 
ing three  alumni  representatives  to  membership  on  the  Board 
of  Trustees  who,  with  the  President  of  the  Alumni  Association, 
will  represent  the  alumni  of  Armour  Institute  of  Technologv  on 
the  Board  of  Trustees.  This  association  shall  elect  the  three 
alumni  representatives  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  as  follows: 

(a)  The  Board  of  Managers  shall  nominate  candidates  for 
representatives  and  shall  transmit  to  the  secretary-treasurer  not 
later  than  the  15th  of  April  in  each  year  in  which  an  election  is 
to  be  held,  a  written  list  of  their  nominations.  The  secretary- 
treasurer  shall  include  this  list,  together  with  a  statement  that 
an  election  is  to  be  held,  in  the  announcement  of  the  annual 
banquet  for  that  year. 

(b)  Voting  sliall  be  by  mailed  ballot  in  the  vear  in  which  the 
election  is  held. 

(e)  Each  nominee  shall  be  an  active  member  of  the  Alumni 
Association  of  Armour  Institute  of  Technologv.  A  graduate  or 
non-graduate  of  a  class  that  has  arraduated  fiVe  or  more  years 
prior  to  the   date  of  election   shall   be  eligible. 


The    Board   of   Managers   of   the   Armour    Institute   of 
Technology  Alumni  Association  submits,  for  the  consider- 


ation   of    the    alumni,    the    following    brief    biographical 
sketelies  of  the  tiirce  nominees. 

One  of  these  men  is  to  be  elected,  by  mailed  ballot,  by 
the  general  Alumni  Association,  to  serve  as  an  Alumni 
representative  on  the  Board  of  Trustees.  Please  indicate 
your  choice  on  the  attached  ballot.  Detach  and  seal  your 
ballot  in  a  plain  envelope.  Place  the  plain  envelope,  with- 
out any  writing  or  printing  on  it,  in  a  second  envelope 
with  your  name  appearing  on  the  outside  of  the  second 
envelope,  and  mail  at  once  to  D.  P.  Moreton,  Secretary- 
Treasurer,  the  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  Alumni 
Association,  care  of  Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  3300 
Federal  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Signed: 

Phillip   Harrington,  E.E.   '06. 

Arthur  Katzinger,  M.E.   '16. 

Morris  W.  Lee,  M.E.  '99. 

E.  F.  Pohlman,  Ch.E.  '10. 

Henry   W.    Regensburger,   M.E.    '20. 

Harvey  C.  Rossing,  C.E.  '32. 

Clinton  E.  Stryker,  E.E.  '17. 

Members  of  the  Board  of  Managers, 

Armour  Alumni  Association,  April  3,  1936. 


FOR  PHOTOGRAPHS  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  NOMINEES, 
SEE  PAGE  1  OF  INSERT 


n  HAROLD  S.  ELLINGTON 


BALLOT 

VOTE  FOR  ONE 

D  EUGENE  R.  WEBER 


D  LESTER  T.  WILSON 


MAIL    THIS     BALLOT     AT     ONCE     TO 

D.  P.  MORETON.  Secretary-Treasurer 

ARMOUR  ALUMNI  ASSOCIATION 

ARMOUR  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 

3300  FEDERAL  STREET,  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


OUR    NEW 
PRESIDENT 


x-^t^^p 


S^^ft^ 


A'l'  a  meeting-  cf  the  facultj^  lield 
May  10,  James  D.  Cunningliam,  . 
J're.'tident  of  tlie  Board  of  Trustees 
announced  that  the  Board  had  unani- 
mously elected  Dean  Henry  Townley 
Heald  president  of  Armour  Institute 
of  Technology.  The  announcement 
was  enthusiastically  received. 

President  Heald  came  to  tlie  Insti- 
tute in  1927  as  assistant  professor  of 
ei\  il  engineering  and  continued  in  this 
eajjaeity  until  1931  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed associate  professor  and  assist- 
ant dean.  In  1933  he  was  made  dean 
of  freshmen,  and  in  the  following 
year,  dean  of  the  college  and  professor 
of  civil  engineering. 

Following  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Willard  E.  Hotchkiss  in  the  fall  of 
1937,  Dean  Heald  was  appointed  act- 
ing president.  Plans  were  immediately 
formulated  by  the  Board  of  Trustees 
for  tlie  selection  of  a  new  president, 
and  a  committee  was  appointed  com- 
posed of  E.  O.  Griffenhagen,  chair- 
man, E.  E.  Sunny,  and  Charles  Davis 
of  the  Board  and  Dr.  L.  E.  Grinter 
and  Professor  Harry  McCormack  of 
the  faculty,  to  explore  the  field  and 
make  definite  recommendations.  This 
committee  nominated  Dean  H.  T. 
Heald  as  their  unanimous  choice. 

President  Heald  was  born  in  Lin- 
coln, Nebraska  in  1901.  He  received 
the  degree  of  B.S.  in  civil  engineering 
from  the  State  College  of  Washington 
in  1923  and  the  degree  of  M.S.  from 
the  University  of  Illinois  in  1925.  He 
was  married  to  Miss  Muriel  Starcher 
of  Yakima,  Washington  in  August, 
1928. 

Upon  graduation,  President  Heald 
entered  the  field  of  practical  engineer- 
ing. The  experience  thus  gained  en- 
abled him  later  to  approach  the  solu- 
tion of  educational  problems  from  the 
viewpoint  of  sound  engineering  prac- 
tice. 

The  fact  that  President  Heald  has 
become  intimately  acquainted  with 
the  Institute's  problems  should  be  of 
great  help  to  him  in  developing  a 
really  constructive  and  progressive 
program. 


HENRY 
TOWNLEY 
HEALD 


ARMOUR  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY 

OFFICE  OF  THE  PRESIDENT 

MAY  25,  1938 

TO  THE  ALUMNI: 

The  greatest  assets  of  Armour  Institute  of  Technology  are 
the  human  values  associated  with  the  school.  I  like  to  think 
of  Armour  not  as  a  physical  plant  equipped  to  carry  on  in- 
struction and  research,  but  as  an  association  of  men,  ranging 
in  age  from  the  youngest  freshman  to  the  oldest  alumnus, 
banded  together  in  spirit  if  not  in  fact,  and  all  imbued  by 
the  common  ideals  of  the  college.  This  association  includes 
the  student  body,  the  alumni,  the  faculty,  and  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  all  working  toward  the  common  goal  of  making 
Armour  one  of  the  truly  outstanding  institutions  of  its  kind. 
Perhaps  the  best  evidence  of  the  effectiveness  of  any 
educational  institution  is  the  record  made  by  its  alumni.  A.  I.  T. 
is  proud  of  the  accomplishments  of  its  alumni,  not  only  in  the 
professions  of  engineering  and  architecture  but  also  in  many 
allied  fields  of  endeavor.  My  personal  acquaintance  with  the 
recent  graduates  and  the  present  student  body  gives  me  every 
reason  to  believe  that  the  fine  record  made  by  the  older  alumni 
will  be  continued  and  enhanced  as  time  goes  on. 

You  are  all  familiar  with  many  of  the  recent  developments 
in  our  educational  and  research  program.  In  spite  of  insuffi- 
cient finances,  great  progress  has  been  made.  I  view  this 
progress  as  only  a  beginning,  and  I  am  confident  that  by 
united  effort,  we  shall  be  able  to  build  upon  the  sound  foun- 
dation of  the  past  and  the  fine  performance  of  the  present 
toward  new  and  distinguished  achievements  in  the  future.  It 
is  my  sincere  hope  that  we  have  the  full  support  and  con- 
fidence of  all  Armour  men  in  working  toward  this  goal. 

H.  T.  HEALD. 


33 


^'■' 


A  DAY'S  VISIT  TO 
ARMOUR  INSTITUTE 
OF  TECHNOLOGY 

By  Walter  Hendriclcs 


ABOUT  nine  o'clock  one  morninfi; 
a  cab  stopped  in  front  of  tiie 
massive  structure  at  tlie  corner  of 
Thirty-third  and  Federal  streets,  and 
out  stepped  a  man  in  a  gray  tweed 
suit.  "This  seems  to  be  the  place,"  he 
said  to  the  driver  as  he  glanced  at  the 
gold  lettering  above  the  entrance  and 
paid  his  fare. 

A  few  minutes  later  he  was  sitting 
in  the  president's  office.  "My  reason 
for  coming,"  he  said,  "is  this.  I  have 
a  son,  eighteen,  who  will  graduate  from 
high  school  in  June.  He's  interested 
in  engineering,  and  wants  to  enter  Ar- 


mour in  tile  fall;  so  I  thouglit  I'd  take 
time   to   pay   you  a  visit." 

"We  are  pleased  to  have  you  come," 
said  the  president. 

"I  suppose  I  really  ought  to  know 
more  than  I  do  about  your  school, 
having  lived  in  Chicago  for  the  past 
twenty-five  years,  but  I'm  ashamed  to 
say  I  don't." 

"Well,  we've  been  here  since  the 
Columbian  Exposition, — 1892,  to  be 
exact,  and  we'll  soon  be  rounding  out 
the  half  century  and  celebrating  our 
golden  anniversary." 

"I  seem  to  remember  something  I 
once  read  or  heard.  .  .  .  Founded  by 
Philip  D.  Armour,  wasn't  it.''" 

"Yes,  by  Philip  D.  Armour,  the 
meat  packer,  who  furnished  the  neces- 
sary funds  after  listening  to  a  sermon 
by  Rev.  F.  W.  Gunsaulus  of  Plymouth 
Church  on  'What  I  would  do  if  I  had 
a  Million  Dollars.'  " 

"And  did  be  give  the  million   ..." 
"Yes,  he  did,  and  three  or  four  mil- 
lions   besides,   to    provide   young   men 
and    women    with    an    opportunity    to 
help  themselves." 

"But  you  don't  have 
young  ladies  here,  do 
you.''" 

The  j)  r  e  s  i  d  e  n  t 
laughed.  "Not  any 
more.  But  we  did  at 
lirst,  and  for  about  ten 
years  thereafter." 


Mr.    Western    arrives    at 
the  Institute 


"Not  studying  engineering  surely." 
"No,    hardly,   but    home   economics, 
library      science,      and      kindergarten 
training." 

The   visitor   looked  surprised. 
"I   see  you  do   not  know   about  the 
interesting  background  of  our  school," 
tlie    president   suggested. 
"No,  I  don't." 

"Well,  briefly,  it  is  this:  When 
Joseph  F.  Armour  died  in  1881,  he 
left  a  bequest  of  $'100,000  to  be  used 
by  his  brother  Philip  to  establish  a 
Sunday  school  for  the  people  of  the 
community.  With  the  addition  of  an- 
other $100,000  of  his  own,  Philip  D. 
Armour  built  the  Armour  Mission,  in 
1886,  and  presented  it  to  Plymouth 
Sunday  school." 

"But  how  does  that  hook  up  with 
the  Institute?" 

"In  this  way,"  the  president  went 
on.  "One  of  the  young  ladies  of  the 
Mission,  one  Julia  A.  Beveridge,  rea- 
lizing that  story-telling  was  not  enough 
to  keep  children  busy  and  out  of  mis- 
chief, started  a  class  in  clay  modeling. 
Impressed  by  the  results,  she  went  on 
and  established  other  classes:  wood- 
carving,  tile-making,  and  free-hand 
and  mechanical  drawing  for  the  boys ; 
dress-cutting  and  millinery  for  the 
girls." 

"Ah,  now  I  see  the  connection." 
The  president  smiled.     "A  good  be- 
ginning, you  think?" 

"It  couldn't  have  been  better." 
"Well,  five  years  after  the  opening 
of  the  Mission,  this  building  you  are 
now  in  was  being  constructed.  That 
was  in  1891.  Influences  had  been 
working  on  Mr.  Armour.  The  success 
of  the  Mission  classes  had  exceeded 
all  expectations.  And,  then,  that  ser- 
mon I  mentioned,  by  Gunsaulus,  on 
'What  I  would  do  with  a  Million  Dol- 
lars,'— that  was  the  turning  point.  It 
was  then  that  Mr.  Armour  decided  to 
expand  his  brother's  original  idea  and 
create  a  great  technological  institution 
in  the  middle  west." 

"Your  story  takes  my  breath  away," 
said  the  visitor. 

"I  thought  you'd  like  to  hear  it," 
the  president  answered.  "Well,  in 
1892  when  we  opened,  we  started  with 
the  mechanical  and  electrical  engin- 
eering   courses;    in     1899,    we    added 


civil  engineering;  in  1901,  chemical 
engineering;  in  1903,  fire-protection 
engineering,  the  only  course  of  its 
kind;  and  in  1933,  engineering  sci- 
ence." 

"You  seem  to  have  tlie  fundamental 
courses." 

"Yes.  we  do  liave.  and  we  aim  to 
give  a  thorough  and  comprehensive 
training  in  each  one." 

Together  tiiey  walked  down  the 
marble  stairway  to  the  dean's  office 
on  the  first  floor. 

"This  is  Mr.  Western,  Dean  Tib- 
hals.     He  has  come  to  pay  us  a  visit." 

"I'm  happy  to  welcome  you  to  the 
Institute,  Mr.  Western,  and  I'll  be 
glad  to  answer  your  questions  and  to 
show  you  our  school." 

The  president  asked  to  be  excused, 
having  to  return  to  his  office  for  an 
appointment  with  a  Chicago  indus- 
trialist. 

"First  of  all,  I'd  like  to  know  about 
your  entrance  requirements,"  the  visi- 
tor said,  leaning  back  in  the  comfort- 
able chair  the  dean  had  offered  him. 

"Four  years  of  creditable  work  in  a 
creditable  high  school,"  the  dean  re- 
plied briefly. 

"Mathematics.''" 

"Yes,  indeed.  And  a  lot  of  it.  And 
physics,  and  chemistry,  and  English, 
all  fundamentals  for  the  young  en- 
gineering student.  By  the  way,  when 
we  step  into  the  registrar's  office,  I'll 
give  you  a  catalog  explaining  all  this 
in  detail." 

"Does  the  young  man  begin  studying 
engineering  the  first  year.''"  the  lawyer 
questioned. 

"No.  He  continues  with  the  funda- 
mentals, and  witii  few  exceptions  he 
does  not  begin  to  specialize  until  liis 
third  year." 

After  a  conversation  of  some  ten 
minutes,  the  dean  and  his  guest  started 
out  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  stopping 
first  at  tlie  office  of  the  registrar. 

"This  is  Mr.  Western,  Mr.  Kelly. 
He  has  a  son  who  is  interested  in  en- 


Tho    visitor 
receives   a 
cordial 
welcome 
from    the 
president, 
H.  T.  Heald 


gineering  and  is  thinking  about  enter- 
ing Armour  in  the  fall.  He  would  like 
to  have  a  catalog,  and  he  would  be  in- 
terested, I  am  sure,  in  knowing  some- 
thing about  our  enrollment." 

"Well,  we  liave  over  three  thousand 
students,"  tiie  registrar  remarked, 
iianding  Mr.  Western  a  catalog  and 
an  application  blank. 

"Over  three  thousand!  I  didn't 
realize  you  were  as  large  as  that." 

"Of  course,  that  figure  needs  some 
interpretation,"  said  tiie  registrar. 
"We  have  about  nine  hundred  regular 
students  in  the  college,  and  another 
two  hundred  co-operatives." 

"What  are  co-operatives?" 

"Boys  who  combine  working  at  a 
job  and  attending  classes  for  alter- 
nating periods  of  eight  or  nine  weeks 
throughout  the  year  to  graduate  in  five 
years  instead  of  four,"  the  dean  ex- 
plained. 

"What  an  excellent  arrangement!" 
said  Mr.  Western.  "And  Iiow  helpful 
to  boys  who  otherwise  would  be  unable 
to  obtain  an  education!" 

"Yes,  we  feel  that  it's  a  fine  thing — 
for  the  boys,  for  the  school,  and  for 
industry.      Of    course    we    could    not 


lielp  the  boy  if  we  did  not  liave  the 
co-operation  of  industry." 

The  registrar  was  waiting  to  con- 
tinue. "And  we  have  over  two  thou- 
sand students  in  the  evening  school." 

"As  many  as  that!   .>  .    ." 

"Yes,  and  here  we  feel  we  are  doing 
a  very  special  service  to  our  com- 
munity," tlie  dean  spoke  up.  "Most  of 
these  two  thousand  young  men  liavc 
not  had  the  opportunity  of  going  to 
college.  After  graduating  from  liigh 
school,  they  had  to  find  a  job.  Real- 
izing the  value  of  education,  to  them- 
selves and  to  their  employers,  they 
have  come  to  us  for  help." 

"But  can  tiiese  boys  get  work  of  col- 
lege grade  in  the  evening?" 

"Yes,  indeed.  But  here's  the  dean 
of  the  Evening  Division.  I  know  he 
will  be  happy  to  tell  you  something 
about  that.  Dean  Freud,  this  is  Mr. 
Western.  He  is  very  much  interested 
in  our  school.  He  would  like  to  know 
something  about  tlie  evening  school." 

"Well,  we  have  some  courses,  prac- 
tical in  nature  and  requiring  no  pre- 
requisites, for  young  men  with  ex- 
perience  in  the   subject;   but  most  of 


Rev.  F.  W.  Gunsaulus 


Joseph  F.  Armour 


Philip  D.  Armour 


our  evejiino-  courses  are  the  same  as 
tliose  of  the  reguhir  college." 

"But  can  a  man  earn  ai  degree  by 
attending  evening  classes?" 

"At  y)resent  he  may  take  two  years 
of  college  work  in  four  years;  but  this 
will  soon  be  extended  so  that  he  may 
obtain  his  degree  in  eight  years,  or 
twice  as  long  as  in  the  regular  col- 
lege." 

"Could  a  young  man  take  evening 
school  work  now,  and  day  school  work 
later,  or  both  at  once.'" 

"O,  yes.  I  told  you  the  courses  are 
the  same,  and  it  makes  no  difference 
when  he  takes  them.  If  a  young  man 
should  have  to  give  up  day  school  in 
order  to  go  to  work,  he  could  continue 
his  education  on  half  time  in  the  eve- 
ning. Also,  if  a  young  man  who  has 
been  attending  evening  school  should 
find  it  possible  to  attend  day  school, 


A   busy   hour  in   the 
library 


Dean  Tibbals  greets 
Mr.  Western 


he  could  transfer  without  any  diffi- 
culty whatsoever." 

"That's  a  very  fine  arrangement," 
the  visitor  commented.  "Now,  one 
more  question.  You  said  something 
about  helping  boys  increase  their  value 
to  their  employers.  Have  you  ever 
counted  up  the  number  of  companies 
these  boys  represent?" 

"Yes  we  have.  More  than  five 
hundred  organizations,  including  com- 
panies in  mechanical  engineering, 
electrical  engineering,  the  steel  and 
iron  industry,  public  utilities,  chem- 
ical manufacturing  concerns,  munici- 
pal and  governmental  organizations, 
and  many  others." 

"That's  very  impressive.  I  begin 
to  realize  how  significant  your  evening 
school  work  is  and  what  a  splendid  op- 
portunity you  are  offering  young  men 
to   improve    themselves." 

From  the  registrar's  office,  the  dean 
and  the  inquiring  visitor  proceeded  to 


the  library  adjoining.  Part  of  the 
space  allotted  is  for  a  reading  room, 
and  every  seat  in  the  room  was  oc- 
cupied bv'  students  Avho  were  com- 
pleting assignments  unfinished  at  mid- 
night or  seeking  some  assistance  in  a 
problem  they  had  not  been  able  to 
solve. 

Suddenly  the  bell  rang,  signalling 
the  termination  of  the  first  class.  Al- 
most immediately  the  room  was  stir- 
ring with  students  coming  and  going. 

"Now  I  see  what  a  busy  place  it 
is,"  the  visitor  remarked. 

"It  is  a  busy  place,  and  much  too 
small  for  our  needs.  But  we're  look- 
ing forward  to  the  time  when  we  shall 
have  a  building  that  will  be  adequate." 

"What  a  fine  opportunity  for  some 
Chicago  industrialist  to  create  a  me- 
morial and  to  contribute  to  the  intel- 
lectual life  of  his  city  !" 

The  dean  smiled,  half  wishing  tliat 


with  the  waving  of  some  magic  wand 
he  might  bring  it  to  pass. 

(Quietness  had  returned.  The  seats 
were  once  more  filled.  Late  comers 
had  to  find  quiet  corners  in  halls  and 
unoccupied  classrooms. 

"How  many  volumes  do  you  have?" 
the  visitor  inquired. 

"Over  fifty  thousand,"  the  dean  re- 
plied. 

"Are  they  all  technical  books?" 
"O,  no.  While  it  is  true  we  have 
a  somewhat  greater  proportion  of 
books  on  pure  and  applied  science,  we 
have  also  a  large  number  on  social  and 
I)olitical  science,  psychology,  history, 
languages,  even  drama  and  poetry." 
"That's  interesting,  and  of  course 
only  as  it  should  be  if  you're  aiming 
to  develop  the  whole  man  and  not 
merely  the  technical  side  of  him." 

"How  many  books  are  circulated  in 
a  year?"  the  dean  asked  the  librarian, 
in  order  to  develop  the  discussion. 

"Over  seventy  thousand,  of  which 
forty  thousand  were  used  in  the  li- 
brary and  over  thirty  thousand  at 
home." 

They  took  the  elevator  to  tlie  top 
floor  and  stepped  into  the  large  room 
at  the  south  end.  It  was  the  gj'm- 
nasium. 

"Our  field  house,"  said  the  dean, 
with  a  twinkle  in  his  eye. 

"I  understand.  You've  outgrown 
it,  as  you  have  the  library.  This  is 
where  the  boys  of  '92  did  their  calis- 
thenics and  gymnastics." 

"Exactly.  And  it  was  one  of  the 
finest  gymnasiums  to  be  found." 
"Do  you  use  it  still?" 
"O,  yes,  for  gym  classes  and  for 
boxing  and  wrestling.  For  track  and 
baseball,  we  have  Ogden  Field  across 
the  way;  and  we  have  tennis  courts  in 
the  rear  of  Chapin  Hall.  Fortunately 
we  have  the  108th  Engineers  Armory, 
only  two  blocks  away,  for  basketball; 
the    fieldhouse    of    the    University    of 


38 


Cliicago  for  indoor  track  and  swim- 
ming; and  numerous  tine  courses  near- 
by for  golf." 

"Do  you  iiavc  a  football  team?" 

"No,  we  don't.  We  hardly  have 
time,  because  our  school  work  is  very 
demanding;  but  we  do  have  excellent 
baseball  and  basketball  teams." 

The  dean  and  his  guest  walked 
across  the  hall  to  the  drafting  room. 
The  day  was  warm,  and  students  were 
working  in  their  shirt  sleeves. 

"Freshmen  are  required  to  take  en- 
gineering drawing  six  hours  a  week," 
the  dean  explained.  "First  they  learn 
to  use  their  instruments,  doing  plates 
of  lettering  and  learning  drafting 
fundamentals  and  conventions,  but 
after  they  have  acquired  technique, 
they  advance  to  the  drawing  of  ma- 
chine parts  and  of  models." 

"I  should  tliink  that  sometimes 
tliey'd  get  tired  and  slip  off  to  the 
gym." 

The  dean  laughed.     "They  do." 

Now  on  the  fourth  floor  the  dean 
and  his  guest  stepped  into  the  organic 
laboratory.  There  were  no  students 
present,    no    one    except    a    graduate 


regular  intervals  stood  ring  stands  for 
supporting,  by  clamps,  the  students' 
apparatus.  Above  the  benches  there 
were  gas  pipes  and  water  pipes  and 
plug-ins  for  electricity. 

In  a  closed  cabinet  stood  scores  of 
small  jars  filled  with  chemicals,  and 
on  a  rack  dozens  of  gallon  bottles  of 
solvents  and  reagents.  One  was 
labeled  plainly  "For  Acid  Hums." 

"And  what  is  tliis  tiling  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  room?"  he  asked. 

"A  fume  cabinet,"  the  graduate  re- 
plied, proceeding  to  explain.  "\Vhtn 
a  student  performs  an  experiment  in 
which  there  is  a  strong  reaction,  lie 
does  it  at  this  table  under  this  hood 
so  that  the  fumes  will  be  carried  out- 
doors and  not  be  disseminated  into 
the   room." 

They  walked  about  the  room,  the 
graduate  pointing  out  the  various 
pieces  of  apparatus.  "And  this,"  he 
announced,  "is  an  automatic  stirrer. 
It  saves  the  boys  a  lot  of  work." 

"That  ought  to  be  a  popular  sort 
of  machine,"  the  lawyer  said. 

"It  is.      The  boys   don't  even   have 


Mr.  Western  meets 
Dr.  Freud,  Dean, 
of  the  Evening 
Division,  and  Mr. 
Kelly,  the 
Registrar 


to  stir.  They  simply  turn  the  switch, 
and  the  machine  does  the  rest.  There 
are  six  stirrers  on  the  one  shaft,  each 
working   independently." 

In  the  chemical  engineering  labora- 
tory, seniors  were  carrying  on  experi- 
ments of  a  practical  character.  One 
was  making  a  gas  analysis. 

"What's  the  object  of  that  exinri- 
ment?"  the  visitor  asked. 

"To  find  the  constituents  of  tlic  gas 
and  the  relative  amounts  of  it,"  the 
senior   replied. 

"And  what  are  you  doing?"  the 
visitor    inquired  of  another  senior. 

"I'm     fractionating    various     liquid 
mixtures,"  he  answered. 
"Gasoline  ?" 

"O,  no,  sir.  Gasoline  has  a  number 
of  liquids  in  it.  From  the  crude  oil 
they  fractionate  or  separate  first  tlie 
lightest  liquids  and  continue  until 
they  have  only  pitch  and  paraffine." 

"Ah,  I  see.  So  that's  what  they 
mean  by  'fractionating.'  Well,  young 
man,  how  many  liquids  do  you  have 
there?" 

"Only  two,  sir.  This  is  called  the 
'binary  system'  and  is  intended  only 
for   experimental   purposes." 

They  went  on  into  the  industrial 
laboratory  where  stood  a  ten-foot 
fractionating  column,  steam- jacketed 
kettles,  dryers,  apparatus  for  studying 
radiation,  pumps  for  building  up  a 
vacuum  or  pressure,  centrifuges  for 
separating  liquids  and  solids  and  used 
in  milk  analysis. 

In  the  industrial  laboratory  annex 
were  other  machines,  such  as  pressure 
filters,  a  mill  for  mixing  raw  rubber 
with  chemicals,  a  vulcanizer,  extrac- 
tors, agitators,  gas  and  electric  high- 
temperature  ovens,  and  evaporators  of 
four  different  types. 

From  one  machine  to  another  the 
visitor  trailed  his  competent  guide, 
listening  with  careful  attention  to  his 
explanation. 

"I   am  ccrt.iiiily   impressed  and  can 


assistant,  who  was  working  unobtru- 
sively in  a  far  corner. 

The  door  had  barely  closed  behind 
the  dean  when  suddenly  it  opened 
again.  "Several  calls  and  appoint- 
ments for  you,  Dean  Tibbals,"  said 
tile  messenger. 

Turning  to  the  visitor  the  dean  said, 
"Now  you  see  what  sort  of  life  a  dean 
leads." 

They  laughed.  Asking  to  be  ex- 
cused, he  turned  his  guest  over  to  the 
graduate,  who  promised  to  guide  Mr. 
Western  througli  the  cliemical  labora- 
tories. 

The  room  was  full  of  work  benches, 
under  which  were  lockers  for  students' 
utensils.      On    top    of    the   benches    at 

37 


No  time  to  waste  in  the  freshman  drafting  room 


sec    liow    complete    and    tliorough    the 
course  must  be,"  said  tlic  visitor. 

"And  still  you  have  seen  only  a  part 
of  what  we  have.  Here,  for  instance, 
is  a  special  research  laboratory  for 
work  on  oil.  And  here  is  a  bacteri- 
ological laboratory  for  the  study  of 
water   treatment." 

They  stepped  into  the  second.  The 
visitor  bent  over  and  looked  at  the 
dun-colored  cultures  of  bacteria  that 
clung  to  the  bottoms  of  overturned 
glass  receptacles. 

The  equipment  included  an  incu- 
bator for  developing  the  bacteria,  an 
autoclave  for  sterilizing,  and  a  still 
for  making  nitrogen-free   water. 

Arriving  at  the  third  floor,  they 
looked  into  the  physical  chemistry 
laboratorj'  to  see  how  electricity  and 
chemistry  work  hand  in  hand.  But 
here's  the  freshman  laboratory.  .  ." 
"I  should  like  to  see  that.  My  boy, 
you  know,  is  interested  in  chemistry." 
"Well,  this  lab  is  much  like  the  first 
one  I  showed  you,  but  there's  a  class 
in  session  which  perhaps  you  would 
like  to  visit." 

"I  should,  indeed." 
Witiiin  this  laboratory  the  odors 
seemed  less  noticeable.  The  students, 
protected  by  an  apron,  seemed  to  be 
prepared  for  the  worst.  They  seemed 
also  to  be  in  a  state  of  perpetual  mo- 
tion, turning  from  and  returning  to 
their  experiments.  Passing  among 
them  moved  an  instructor  who  paused 
to  examine  the  nature  of  some  result. 
From  every  ])art  of  the  room  came 
chemists  in  the  rough  to  ask  questions 
and  to  interrupt  what  was  going  on. 
The  instructor  seemed  infallible, 
never  making  a  mistake  in  grading 
the  student's  qualitative  analysis  of 
unknown  specimens,  and  always  wil- 
ling to  analyze  any  sample  the  student 
was  in  doubt  about.  It  was  even  ru- 
mored that  the  instructor  carried  on 
his  fingertips  minute  quantities  of 
various  chemicals  which  enabled  him 
to  derive  a  positive  test  for  any 
missing  ion. 

Suddenly  there  was  a  crash  of 
glass,  followed  by  good-natured  laugh- 
ter and  serio-comic  remarks.  Even 
the  graduate  assistant  and  Mr.  West- 
ern had  difficulty  in  appearing  digni- 
fied and  sympathetic. 

"There  goes  what's  left  of  the 
dishes  and  the  breakage  fee,"  said  the 


Advanced  chemistry 
Industrial  chemistry 
Freshman   chemistry 


young    chemical    engineer,    who    was 
grinning  from  ear  to  ear. 

From  the  cloudy  region  tiie  inquirer 
and  the  graduate  descended  to  the 
clearer  atmosphere  of  the  electrical 
laboratories.  With  the  turning  of  a 
knob  thej^  stood  in  the  very  room  where 
Lee  De  Forest,  in  1901  an  instructor 
at  the  Institute,  experimented  with 
wireless  telegraphy  and  sent  his  first 
message  through  the  air.  Now  it  was 
full  of  strange  looking  machines,  like 
nothing  the  visitor  had  ever  seen 
before. 

"What  are  thev?"  he  asked  exeited- 
I.v- 

"Television    instruments,"    said    the 

instructor,  in  charge  of  tlie  laboratory. 

"And  how  do  they  work?" 

"If  you'll  excuse  me,  I'll  return  to 

the  laboratory,"  the  graduate  assistant 

interrupted. 

"Certainly.  And  thank  you  for 
your  courtesy." 

The  instructor  in  television  pro- 
ceeded. "We  have  in  this  room  rep- 
resentative equipment  for  all  phases 
of  television." 

"I  see,  but  .  .  ." 

"Now,  this  machine  on  the  left  is 
one  of  the  earliest.  It  has  telephones 
for  two-way  communication  for  sight 
and  sound  with  low-definition  picture, 
which  means  that  what  you  see  will  be 
recognizable,  but  not  very  clear.  We 
call  this  a  forty-five  line  scanner." 
"But  how  .  .  ." 

"Now,  the  one  on  the  right  has  a 
sixty-line  scanner,  whicli  means  that 
the  details  will  be  about  twice  as  clear 
as  on  the  first  one.  This  apparatus 
has  a  larger  scope  and  is  much  more 
flexible.  Also,  this  one  has  a  powerful 
arc  light,  whereas  the  other  has  only 
a  Mazda  bulb." 

"Very  interesting,  but  .  .  ." 
"Now,  the  one  over  near  the  win- 
dow is  our  very  latest  accession.  In 
fact  it  has  just  been  built,  and  largely 
with  the  help  of  these  two  student 
assistants.  It  is  the  first  high  defini- 
tion television  transmitter  to  be  con- 
structed in  Chicago.  .  ." 
"Well  !" 

"It    will    have    a    441    line    scanner, 
and  the  pictures  should  be  as  clear  as 
home  movies." 
"But  how.  .  ." 

"What  were  you  going  to  ask?" 
"How  does  one — how  does  the  ma- 
chine work?" 

"O,  yes  .  .  .  You  see  this  large 
bulb?  Well,  this  is  the  electric  eye, 
or  'iconoscope.'  You  focus  this  icono- 
scope on  an  outdoor  scene,  start  your 
apparatus,  and  transmit  both  picture 
and  sound  by  wire  or  wireless." 

Having  given  Mr.  Western  a  dem- 
onstration of  the  television,  the  in- 
structor locked  the  door  of  his  room 
of  magic   and   accompanied  him  on  a 


38 


Experiment  in  television 

tour  of  inspection  through  the  elec- 
trical department. 

First  object  of  interest  was  a  repli- 
ca of  Edison's  lamp  in  a  glass  case 
along  the  wall.  Here,  too,  were  other 
lamps:  one  for  a  Christmas  tree  con- 
trasted with  one  of  2500  candlepower 
for  a  street  light  on  State  Street.  In 
another  case  were  samples  of  elec- 
trical apparatus,  both  antique  and 
contemporary;  and  in  still  another, 
radio  tubes  from  the  smallest  to  the 
largest. 

But  these  cases  seemed  only  super- 
fluous ;  for  within  the  laboratory  stood 
many  more,  crowded  with  other  dis- 
plays. 

•Here  was  an  induction  motor,  part- 
ly cut  away  to  reveal  its  construction, 
and  there  a  locomotive  head-light  gen- 
erator   for   instructional    purposes. 

On  a  long,  low  table  was  an  arti- 
ficial telephone  line,  approximately 
equivalent  to  two  hundred  miles  of 
open  line,  used  in  experimental  work 
to  demonstrate  characteristics  of 
telephone   transmission. 

"What  can  you  do  with  that?"  the 
visitor  inquired. 

"We  can  calculate  the  velocity  and 
attenuation,  or  loss,  of  current  over 
the  wires,"  the  instructor  explained. 

"Do  you  have  a  course  in  radio?" 

"We  do,  and  many  of  these  instru- 
ments, designed  for  high  frequency 
measurements,  are  used  in  that  course. 
The  students  assemble  the  apparatus 
as  required,  spend  time  investigating 
vacuum  tubes,  and  investigate  circuit 
elements." 

"I  suppose  the  students  have  a 
radio    club." 

"Yes,  they  do.  And  they  have  a 
transmitter  which  sometimes  is  work- 
ing and  sometimes  not.  I  understand 
it  is  just  being  remodeled  from  what 
it  was  to  what  it  will  be." 

The  lawyer  laughed,  reminded  per- 
haps of  his  own  son's  experiments. 

On  the  first  floor,  was  still  another 
laboratory     that    was     filled    with     a 


variety  of  direct  and  alternating  cur- 
rent machines  such  as  are  used  in  in- 
dustry, on  which  students  experi- 
mented. 

"I  think  that's  a  group  of  junior 
chemicals,"  the  instructor  said. 

"Chemicals !  Do  you  mean  to  say 
that  chemical  engineering  students 
take  electricity?"  the  visitor  asked. 

"Of  course.  The  chemical  engineer 
also  must  know  the  principles  of  elec- 
tricity, because  many  chemical  pro- 
cesses involve  the  use  of  electrically- 
driven  machinery  or  the  use  of  elec- 
tricity directly   as  an  agent." 

"I    hadn't   thought    of    that." 

Nearby  was  another  group.  These 
happened  to  be  students  in  electrical 
engineering. 

"Experiment  number  twelve,"  said 
one. 

"A  Proney  brake  test  on  a  D.C. 
motor,"   someone  enlightened  them. 

For  a  few  minutes  it  seemed  as  if 
they  were  engaged  on  a  W.P.A.  proj- 
ect, with  three  of  them  working  and 
seven  looking  on. 

"Who  knows  what  we're  doing?" 
one  of  them  asked. 

"You  don't."  another  answered. 

"The  prof  said  it  would  take  us 
half  an  hour  if  we  knew  what  we're 
supposed  to  do,"  said  a  third. 

"It'll  take  you  two  hours,"  said  a 
fourth. 

By  this  time  an  instructor  in  tlie 
department  appeared  and  set  the  boys 
to  their  task,  and  the  visitor  and  his 
guide  moved  on  to  look  at  an  oscillo- 
graph, a  stroboscope,  a  transformer, 
and  a  sine-wave  alternator  with  tliird 
harmonic   generator. 

As  Mr.  Vv'cstern  and  liis  guide 
emerged  from  the  dynamo  laboratory 
they  were  met  by  the  dean,  who,  hav- 
ing just  concluded  a  conference  with 
the  director  of  the  mechanical  engi- 
neering department,  was  about  to 
tackle  the  problems  of  three  perspir- 
ing freshmen  who  had  been  sitting  on 

39 


Testing  a  radio 

a  cushionless  Iniu'h  waiting  for  an 
interview. 

The  dean  caught  the  dirtctor  by 
the  sleeve  as  lie  was  about  to  walk 
away  and  introduced  the  visitor.  "And 
how  is  it  going,  Mr.  Western?"  the 
dean  asked  him. 

"Great.  It's  like  seeing  all  of  Eu- 
rope in  three  weeks.  I'll  never  for- 
get the  time.  .  .  Well,  I'll  have  to  tell 
you  that  one  later.  .  ." 

"How  about  coming  in  to  my  office 
and  sitting  down,  or  do  you  wish  to 
go  on?" 

"Go  on,  of  course.  I've  come  to 
look  over.   .  ." 

"That's  fine.  You'll  have  just 
about  time  to  inspect  the  meclianical 
department  before  lunch.  I'll  be 
waiting  for  you." 

The  visitor  walked  off  with  the  di- 
rector, telling  him  the  story  about  the 
time  he  went  to  Europe  witli  his  wife 
on  a  Cook's  tour.  It  must  have  been 
a  humorous  story,  because  the  dean 
could     hear     their     laughter     as     they 

Practical    experiment    on    electrical    machin 


^r-4 


Crushing  a  concrete  block 

walked  down  stairs  to  tlu-  mechanical 
laboratory. 

"All  the  equipment  in  this  room," 
the  director  explained,  "is  for  experi- 
ments in  heating  and  ventilating.  This 
first  piece  of  apparatus  is  a  high  pres- 
sure steam  pump,  developing  12,000 
pounds  per  square  inch." 
"What's  it  used  for.^" 
"For  testing  the  strength  of  pipes 
and  fittings.  Now,  this  next  machine 
is  a  centrifugal  blower,  used  for  sup- 
plying a  large  quantity  of  air  for  ven- 
tilating and  air  conditioning." 

Beyond  these  were  many  other 
pieces  of  equipment:  a  vertical  steam 
engine,  a  condenser,  a  direct-acting 
steam  pump,  a  two-stage  centrifugal 
pump,  a  Pelton  water-wheel,  a  Ven- 
turi  meter,  each  a  story  and  an  ex- 
periment in  itself. 

From  here  they  went  into  the  ma- 
terials testing  laboratory,  where  ma- 
terials are  tested  b_v  being  stretched,  or 
twisted,  or  crushed,  or  bent. 

Here  stood  three  machines  that 
tested  mainly  iron  and  steel,  concrete 
and  wood,  for  intention  and  compres- 
sion. They  were  like  the  three  bears, 
for  one  was  of  200.000  jiounds  pres- 
sure, the  second  of  60,000  pounds, 
and  the  baby  bear  of  only  10  000. 

"I  should  think  these  machines 
could  run  tests  for  industry,"  the 
visitor  commented. 

"They  can,"  the  director  replied. 
"In  fact,  all  the  machines  in  this  lab- 
oratory have  been  used  that  way  to 
test  thousands  of  products.  Here, 
for  example,  is  a  torsion  machine  that 
twists  an  automobile  axle  until  it 
breaks ;  there,  is  a  hardness,  tester  for 
testing  the  hardness  of  metals ;  there, 
a  cold  bending  machine,  for  bending 
boiler  plate — which  is  supposed  to 
bend  double  without  cracking,  if  it  is 
good ;  and  there,  a  tension  machine  for 
stretching  fabrics." 

"These  must  be  of  considerable  in- 
terest and  practical  value  to  the  stu- 
dent,"  the  lawyer   commented. 

"In  the  south  end  of  this  building," 
the  director  continued,  "we  have  the 
power  plant  of  the  Institute,  where  Ave 
generate  cur  heat,  light,  and  power." 
"Do  the  students  have  anything  to 
do  with  that?"  the  visitor  asked. 


"No,  that  is  all  the  function  of  a 
trained  staif;  but  the  chief  engineer 
gives  instruction  in  the  practical  op- 
eration of  a  plant  and  explains  every- 
thing in  great  detail.  There  is,  how- 
ever, besides  the  steam  turbine,  an  air 
compressor,  and  two  generator  engine 
units,  a  Corliss  engine,  a  condenser, 
and  a  pump  which  arc  used  Hy  the 
students  in  running  efficiency  tests.  In 
other  words,  this  is  the  steam  labora- 
tory of  the  mechanical  engineering  de- 
partment." 

"What  about  shops?"  the  visitor 
asked. 

"I  was  just  coming  to  that.  They 
are  in  Machinery  Hall,  directly  oppo- 
site. I'll  have  a  senior  mechanical 
student  take  you  there,  also  to  the  au- 
tomotive and  refrigerating  laborator- 
ies." 

"We  may  as  well  start  at  the  bot- 
tom," the  senior  said  as  they  entered 
the  welding  laboratory. 

Here  were  different  types  of  A.C. 
and  D.C.  welding  machines  and  a 
manifold  system  of  gas  welding,  per- 
mitting a  small  class  to  work  at  one 
time. 

Along  the  wall  were  heat-treating 
ovens,  for  hardening,  annealing,  and 
carbonizing  metals;  and  two  power 
hammers,  the  modern  equivalent  of  the 
old  blacksmith's,  for  shaping  the 
heated  metals. 

From  the  welding  lab  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  machine  shop  on  the 
floor  above. 

"Our  equipment  includes  all  types 
of  standard  machine  tools,  some  auto- 
matic and  some  semi-automatic,"  the 
shop  instructor  explained,  naming 
them  as  he  pointed  them  out. 

"Do  all  students  take  shop  work?" 
the   lawyer  asked. 

"No,  only  the  mechanicals  and  elec- 
tricals,  who  must  take  it  during  their 
junior  and  senior  years.  With  others, 
this  work  is  elective." 

"What  about  foundry  work?" 

"That's  on  the  fourth  floor.  We'll 
go   there   now,"   the   senior   spoke   up. 

Within  the  foundry  were  furnaces 
for  pouring  brass,  bronze,  and  alumi- 
num ;  a  cupola  for  making  gray  cast 
iron ;  and  an  oven  for  making  cores. 
Along  the  wall  were  ten  stalls  within 


Testing  a  Diesel  engine 

each  of  whieii  two  students  worked  at 
bench  molding  while  others  worked  on 
the    floor. 

On  the  way  out,  the  senior  suddenly 
remembered  the  metallurgical  labora- 
tory, hidden  away  on  the  third  floor 
and  claiming  the  sjiacc  once  occupied 
by  the  old   woodworking  shop. 

"Would  you  be  interested  in  look- 
ing at  it?"  the  senior  asked. 

"Yes,  indeed." 

The  professor  who  answered  their 
knock  led  them  into  a  room  in  which 
three  photomicrographs  were  mounted 
on  stands. 

"What  are  they  for?"  the  visitor 
asked. 

"For  taking  photographs  through  a 
microscope  of  the  structure  of  metal." 

In  the  professor's  office  were  CE^ses 
of  geological  specimens;  and  in  the 
laboratory,  metallurgical  specimens, 
primarily  gold  and  silver,  but  also 
zinc,  lead,  and  copper,  from  every 
important  mine   in  the   country. 

"Does  the  work  include  practical 
applications?" 

"Yes,  many.  We  are  constantly  en- 
gaged in  determining  the  causes  of 
failures  in  metal:  here's  a  piece  of  a 
flag  pole  that  snapped  off  in  a  school 
yard." 

"Was  anybody  hurt?" 

"Fortunately  not.  And  here's  a 
fragment  of  a  rusted  milk  can,  a  car- 
bon dioxide  tank  that  blew  up,  a  high 
pressure  water  pipe  that  burst,  an 
auto  muffler  that  burned  through,  and 
a  stamping  die  that  refused  to  stamp." 

"I  see,  I  see,"  the  lawyer  inter- 
rupted good-naturedly,  realizing  how 
completely  the  professor  was  answer- 
ing his  question. 

On  the  second  floor  landing  the 
senior  pointed  out  a  case  of  tools. 

"Do  you  mean  to  say  that  students 
made  all  those  tools?"  the  visitor  de- 
manded. 

"Yes,  sir,  every  one  of  them.  That's 
a  part  of  the  course." 

As  they  approached  the  automotive 
laboratorv    to    the    north,    tliev    could 


40 


hear  the  noise  of  an  engine  in  opera- 
tion. Within  the  laboratory  the  human 
voice  was  useless  against  the  deafen- 
ing roar. 

As  the  engine  came  to  a  stop,  the 
senior  shouted,  "That's  the  same  type 
of  engine  that  Lindbergh  used  on  his 
hop  across  the  ocean." 

"Interesting.  And  do  you  have 
other  airplane  engines?" 

"Yes,  several.  There's  a  Packard 
engine,  the  same  as  was  used  on  the 
Shenandoah,  with  four  valves  and 
four  spark  plugs  in  each  cylinder." 
"Why  so  many?"  the  visitor  asked. 
"To  light  the  bon  fire  in  four  places 
at  once,  to  insure  complete  utilization 
of  fuel,"  tlie  senior  answered  pictur- 
esquely. 

The  lawyer  smiled.  "I  understand." 
"And  there's  an  old  Liberty,  used 
in  the  crates  that  were  flown  at  the 
end  of  the  World  War;  and  over  there 
some  rotary  motors :  the  (jnome,  the 
Wasp,  and  Hispana-Suiza,  that  swing 
around  a  stationary  shaft." 

"I  see.  And  now,  what  are  all  these 
other  engines?" 

"These  three  are  Diesels:  a  ten- 
horsepower  Fairbanks-Morse,  a  sixty- 
horsejiower  International,  and  a  one 
hundred  twenty-horsepower  Hercules. 
Over  in  the  corner  stands  an  old  West- 
inghouse,  three-cylinder,  forty-horse- 
power, gasoline  engine." 

"It   looks    like    a    sturdy    machine." 
"It  is.    The  prof  says  he  thinks  it 
could  run  twenty-four  hours  a  day  for 
a  year  and  still  not  wear  out." 

Students  were  making  a  heat  bal- 
ance test  on  a  Fairbanks-Morse  en- 
gine. "Every  part  of  the  fuel  going 
in  can  be  traced  and  evaluated,"  the 
senior  explained. 

The  professor  stepped  out  of  his 
office,  greeted  Mr.  Western,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  show  him  some  of  his  re- 
cently acquired  measuring  instru- 
ments. "Here,"  he  said,  "is  a  cathode 
ray  indicator,  used  to  show  variations 
in  the  very  rapid  changes  in  pressure 
during  combustion,  when  l/l 000th  of 
a  second  is  a   long  time." 

Practical  work  in  the  foundry 


"The  student  has  nothing  on  tlie 
professor  in  the  way  of  picturesque- 
ness,"   the  lawyer   thought. 

At  the  refrigeration  laboratory  the 
students  were  taking  ice  from  below 
the  floor  when  the  visitor  and  his 
guide  arrived. 

"Do  you  buy  the  ice?"  he  asked. 
"O,  no,  sir.  That  ice  is  manufac- 
tured right  here.  That  boiler  over 
there  is  the  starting  point.  Steam  from 
that  boiler  runs  the  compressor  next 
to  it.  You  see,  ammonia  is  a  gas  and 
can  be  liquefied  by  compressing  and 
cooling." 

"I  always  think  of  ammonia  as  a 
water  solution  in  a  bottle  with  little 
Red-Ridinghood — no,  I  guess  it's  Bo- 
Peep,  on  it." 

"Yes,  that's  right.  Well,  the  com 
pressed  ammonia  gas  is  forced  into 
the  condenser  up  there,  and  then  it 
expands  in  pipes  placed  in  the  tank 
of  brine  under  the  floor.  You  see, 
when  ammonia  expands  it  absorbs  heat 
from  the  water,  and  thus  freezes  it. 

"Very  clear.  The  boys  seem  to  be 
enjoying  their  work — at  least  the 
coca-cola  they're  drinking." 

"Well,  since  there's  no  use  made  of 
the  ice,  and  the  boys  liate  to  see  it 
going  to  waste,  they  bring  along  a  few 
bottles  to  be  cooled." 

"V^ery  ingenious  boys,"  the  lawyer 
said  with  a  twinkle.  "They  ought  to 
make  a  success  in  life." 

The  dean  had  resolved  the  perplexi- 
ties of  the  perspiring  freshmen  and 
was  waiting  for  Mr.  Western.  To- 
getlier  they  walked  to  the  faculty 
club. 

Several  professors  came  in  and 
joined  them,  and  soon  appeared  the 
president  and  the  treasurer. 

Eddies  of  conversation  developed 
in  various  parts  of  the  room. 

"Did  you  have  a  successful  trip?" 
one  asked  the  director  of  music. 

"Very."  Then  turning  to  Mr.  West- 
ern he  explained  that  he  had  taken 
the  glee  club  on  a  short  trip  down 
state. 

"So  you  have  music  here,  too,  eh? 
I'm   glad  to  know  it." 

"We  have  also  an  orchestra,"  the 
director  added.  "Fast  night  the  mu- 
sical clubs  gave  a  program  over  a 
nation-wide  hookup." 


"Indeed!  That's  very  interesting.  I 
thought  from  what  I  saw  this  morning 
that  all  you  do  here  is  work." 

"We  also  play,"  said  the  instructor 
in  English  who  was  also  coach  of  dra- 
matics. "We  are  presenting  a  one  act 
play  by  O'Neill  tomorrow  at   10:30." 

"You  mean  these  engineering  stu- 
dents are  doing  that?" 

"Yes;  and  the  arcliitects,  too,"  the 
instructor  added.  "The  areliiteets  de- 
sign the  set  ;nid  the  engineers  build  it, 
both  usually  taking  ])art  in  tlir  act- 
ing." 

"All  such  activities  ought  to  make 
a  better  engineer,"  said  Mr.  Western. 
"They  should  add  to  his  appreciation 
of  the  fine  arts,  and  supplement  his 
affection  for  the  practical." 

"What  kind  of  morning  did  you 
have"  the  president  now  asked  of  Mr. 
Western,  causing  the  eddies  to  merge 
in  what  soon  became  a  current  of  con- 
versation. 

"Great,"  was  Mr.  \\'estern's  first 
word.  He  paused  as  if  gathering  force 
to  proceed.  "I  have  been  deeply  im- 
j)ressed.  I  am  beginning  to  under- 
stand the  vision  of  your  founder  in 
establishing  such  a  school  in  such  a 
place  as  Chicago.  It  seems  to  me 
you've  been  hiding  your  light  under 
a  bushel,  or  else  we  have  been  too 
blind  to  see  the  flame.  I  am  thinking 
of  the  thousands  of  young  men  you 
have  trained  and  sent  out  into  tiie 
active  life  of  this  great  metropolis, 
and  I  am  wondering  if  our  city  fully 
appreciates  the  technological  institute 
it  has  here.  All  I  can  say  is  that  I 
believe  you  have  a  great  future  aliead 
of  you,  situated  as  you  are  in  the  cen- 
ter of  world  commerce  and  industry." 
The  professors  were  for  the  mo- 
ment silent.  They  could  sense  the  sin- 
cerity of  the  visitor's  remarks,  and 
secretly  they  shared  liis  enthusiasm. 
The  president  broke  the  impressive 
calm.  "You've  seen  only  a  part  of 
it,  Mr.  Western.  We  should  have 
waited  till  this  evening."  And  tlicy  all 
laughed. 

"The  visitor  had  established  the  topic 
of  conversation:  one  after  another 
spoke  of  the  ways  in  which  the  school 
was  helping  industry  and  industry 
helping  the  school.  They  spoke  of  the 
regular  inspection  trips  that  students 

Metallurgical  laboratory 


;rH»" 


of  all  departments  take,  to  plants  and 
factories  of  all  types  situated  in  and 
near  Chicago,  to  bridges,  tunnels, 
cribs,  pumping  stations,  disposal 
plants,  and  many  more.  Even  the  pro- 
fessor of  business  management  spoke 
of  factories  as  the  laboratories  for  his 
courses  in  time  and  motion  study,  en- 
gineering economics,  and  surveys  and 
markets ;  and  he  described  a  confer- 
ence course  for  executives,  meeting 
for  several  hours  in  the  evening  once 
a  week.  The  co-ordinator  of  the  co- 
operative courses  spoke  of  linking  in- 
dustry and  the  school.  The  president 
closed  the  discussion  with  a  reference 
to   the    board    of   trustees,    nearly    all 


of  whom.  lie  said,  were  men  prominent 
in  commerce  and  industry. 

Lunclieon  past,  the  dean  invited  the 
visitor  to  inspect  the  Mission  building, 
reviewing  for  him  briefly  the  story  the 
president  had  previously  told  him 
about  the  founding  of  the  Institute. 
"Besides  the  faculty  club  and  grill, 
the  building  contains  a  student  lunch 
room,  a  school  store,  an  assembly  hall, 
classrooms,  and  a  large  drafting 
room." 

"A  fine  old  building,"  the  visitor 
remarked  after  looking  it  over. 

"And  now  we  are  planning  to  re- 
model and  recondition  it  and  turn  it 
into  a  student  union."  the  dean;  con- 
cluded as  they  walked  down  Federal 


til 


per 
six 


street  to  the  civil  engineering  labora- 
tories. 

In  Cliapin  hall,  they  examined 
the  filtration  plant,  set  inside  tlie 
building  and  occupying  a  space  ex- 
tending from  the  basement  to  tlie  third 
floor. 

"How  large  a  system  is  tli 
visitor    asked. 

"Thirty-six  thousand  galli 
day,  or  sufficient  for  a  towr 
luindred    people." 

"And    is    this    an    actual    plant?" 

"O,  yes,"  the   dean  assured  him. 

They  returned  to  the  first  floor  and 
examined  the  filter  pipe  gallery  and 
elilorinating  system,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  the  basement  to  inspect  the 
tanks  of  raw  and  filtered  water — the 
beginning  and  end  of  the  system. 

Back  on  the  first  floor,  they  visited 
the  soil  mechanics  laboratory.  Here 
one  could  see  demonstrated  what 
would  happen  if  one  built  his  house 
upon  sand,  with  another  building  be- 
ing erected  nearby. 

Within  the  laboratory  was  a  room, 
the  size  of  a  refrigerator  in  a  butcher 
shop.  But  this  room  was  just  the  op- 
posite of  a  refrigerator.  It  was  a 
humid  room,  full  of  steam,  and  drip- 
ping with  moisture,  with  a  temperature 
of  7.5  degrees.  Instead  of  legs  of  lamb 
enclosed  in  cloth,  there  were  chunks 
of  clay  wrapped  in  burlap  to  preserve 
them  in  their  natural  state. 

A  graduate  assistant  obligingly  took 
out  a  roast  and  cut  off  a  piece  which 
he  pressed  into  a  five-incli  cake  and 
put  away  to  harden  undisturbed  for 
six  weeks,  then  to  be  tested  in  the  soil 
consolidation   device   by   having   loads 


Above:   Story  con- 
test in  the   faculty 
club 


Below:    Between 
classes 


applit'd  to  it  to  determine  distortion, 
measurable  to  ten  thousandths  of  an 
incli.  And  if  one  had  built  his  castle 
upon  clay  instead  of  sand,  one  could 
determine  how  much  it  would  settle. 

In  other  rooms  were  other  exhibits: 
here  a  model  of  the  Chicago-type  bas- 
cule bridge,  there  two  panels  of  struc- 
tural steel  shapes,  and  another  of  wire 
products. 

"We  are  planning  a  museum  of  en- 
gineering models,"  said  the  director  of 
the  civil  engineering  option,  also  dean 
of  the  graduate  school. 

"Do  you  mean  a  museum  of  science 
and  industry  similar  to  the  one  in 
Jackson  park,  except  on  a  smaller 
scale?" 

"Well,  hardly  that.  There  you  have 
one  of  the  wonders  of  America,  a  tre- 
mendous educational  force,  an  institu- 
tion we  shall  make  more  and  more 
use  of  as  the  years  go  by,  and  with 
whicli  we  are  proud  to  co-operate  in 
every  way.  No,  we  could  not  nor 
would  not  attempt  to  duplicate  their 
undertaking.  What  we  have  in  mind 
is  a  museum  of  models  useful  for  in- 
structional purposes." 


The   engineei 
in  disguise 


The   engineer 

at  (and?)  his 

best 


-■ 

r^^Lt^l 

v'\~^  ^^^^^MM^^^^^^M 

^^^^^^H 

iB 

^^^^^^^^^H 

^    w^ 

^^H|^9 

"I  think  Mr.  Western  would  like 
to  know  about  your  laboratory  in  the 
country,"  the  dean  of  the  college  sug- 
gested. 

The  director-dean  smiled.  "He 
means  our  summer  school  of  surveying 
situated    on    a   lake   in    northern    Wis- 


consin which  sophomores  in  civil  en- 
gineering must  attend  for  six  weeks." 

"I'd  like  to  attend  that  school  my- 
self," the  lawyer  said. 

"The  boys  enjoy  it.  It's  a  memor- 
able event  for  them,  living,  working, 
and  playing  together." 


Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  the  troubled  engineer 


fi 


m:¥m 


A  problem  in  the  soil  mechanics 
laboratory 

"And  now,  Dean  Grinter,  I  think 
Mr.  Western  would  like  to  hear  some- 
tliing-  about  our  graduate  school." 

"I  should,  indeed." 

"Well,  our  graduate  sehool  is  ex- 
panding very  rapidly,  particularly  the 
evening  work." 

"Do  you  mean  to  say  that  a  eollegc 
graduate  located  in  Ciiicago  can  at- 
tend scliool  in  the  evening  and  obtain 
an  advanced  degree.^"  the  lawyer 
asked. 

"Yes,  that's  right.  We  have  over 
a  hundred  graduates,  of  Armour  and 
of.  many  other  schools,  temporarily  or 
permanently  residing  in  Chicago,  who 
are  taking  advanced  courses  leading  to 
a  degree,"  the  graduate  dean  ex- 
plained. 

"Well,  that  certainly  is  an  oppor- 
tunity for  young  men  who  otherwise 
would  be  unable  to  continue  their  ad- 
vanced  education." 

Close  by  was  the  office  of  the  direc- 
tor of  the  engineering  science  option. 

"This  is  the  newest  of  our  depart- 
ments," the  dean  said  to  his  guest  as 
they  entered. 

"It  is  planned  for  those  who  wish 
to  have  a  training  in  general  engineer- 
ing science  with  adequate  training  in 
all  the  special  fields,  but  specializing 
in  none  of  them,"  the  director  ex- 
plained. 

Mr.  Western  thought  well  of  such  a 
course  and  felt  that  more  and  more 
students  would  be  attracted  to  it,  es- 
pecially among  those  who  planned  to 
go   into   industrial   management. 

From  here  the  dean  led  his  guest 
through  corridors  and  past  room  after 
room  in  which  classes  were  in  session. 

"I  suppose  you  consider  mathemat- 
ics one  of  the  fundamentals  of  a  tech- 
nological training,"  Mr.  Western  sug- 
gested. 

"Yes,  we  do,"  the  dean  replied, 
"and  also  physics,  the  laboratories  of 
which  we   shall  visit  next." 


In  the  office  of  Dr.  L.  E.  Grinter, 
Dean  oi  the  Graduate  Division 

"What  about  English?"  the  lawyer 
asked.  "Do  you  believe  that  an  engi- 
neer needs   English?" 

"Indeed  we  do.  And  so  do  the  stu- 
dents. They  realize  what  lack  of  ex- 
pression will  mean  to  them  in  pursu- 
ing^ their  profession;  consequently  the 
Department  of  English  places  its 
emphasis  upon  the  fundamentals  of 
grammar,  logic,  and  rhetoric." 

"To  speak  frankly,  and  as  a  lawyer 
with  a  respect  for  words,  I  think  so 
too,   and  I'm  glad   to   hear   about  it." 

Classes  were  being  dismissed.  Cor- 
ridors became  instantly  crowded  with 
students  exchanging  classes  or  seeking 
exits  leading  outdoors  and  home. 

Along  came  two  young  men,  each 
wearing  a  red  bandana  about  his  neck 
and  carrying  a  large  monkey  wrench. 

"What's  the  meaning  of  that?"  Mr. 
Western   laughingly   asked. 

The  dean  explained  that  the  boys 
had  been  pledged  to  the  mechanical 
engineering  society  and  were  being 
put  through  the  preliminaries  before 
initiation. 

"And  do  you  have  social  fraterni- 
ties,  too?"   he   asked. 

"Yes,  we  do,  and  also  honoraries." 

"I  don't  suppose  you  have  a  chapter 
of  Eata  Baleof  Hay,  do  you?" 

"Yes,  we  have." 

"Ha,  ha.  It  must  have  been  added 
since  my  college  days,  or  I  should 
have  had  to  learn  it  when  I  memorized 
the   list." 

"I'm  sure  the  chapter  would  enjoy 
having  you  stop,"  the  dean  suggested. 

"I'd  like  to,  but  not  today." 

"We  have  other  activities  also,  such 
as  a  radio  club.  .  ." 

"My  son  is  interested  in  radio." 

"A  rifle  club,  chess  club,  stamp  club, 
camera  club  .  .  ." 

"That's  fine.  All  work  and  no  play 
would  make  Johnny  a  dull  engineer." 

The  dean  agreed.  "We  have  also  a 
student  newspaper  and  an  annual." 


Adjusting  controls  in  the  filtration  pl( 

They  had  reached  the  physics  lab- 
oratory. 

"Our  equipment  covers  the  work 
in  mechanics,  heat,  light,  sound,  wave 
motion,  and  electricity  and  magne- 
tism," the  professor  said  as  he  con- 
ducted ]Mr.  Western  through  the  gen- 
eral laboratory.  "Some  of  our  pieces," 
he  went  on,  "are  of  special  interest, 
because  they  were  sent  over  from  Ger- 
many and  Switzerland  for  exhibition 
at  the  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893, 
and  purchased  at  the  close  of  the  Fair. 
This  dividing  engine,  for  example,  is 
a  Geneva  Society  instrument." 

"That  should  be  very  interesting 
historically  to  such  a  school  as  yours, 
founded  at  that  time,"  the  lawyer  com- 
mented. 

"And  we  have,  also,  special  equip- 
ment for  more  advanced  courses  in 
heat,  light,  and  electronics." 

"I  suppose  there  are  many  applica- 
tions  of  physics   to   industry." 

"Yes,  practically  every  piece  of  ap- 
paratus has  its  applications,"  the  pro- 
fessor   concluded. 

"And  now  we  have  only  the  Re- 
search Foundation  laboratories  left," 
the  dean  said  to  Mr.  Western.  "But 
there  are  two  departments,  whose 
special  laboratories  are  down  town, 
that  I  wish  to  tell  you  about.  The 
first  is  our  school  of  architecture,  lo- 
cated in  the  Art   Institute." 

"Do  you  mean  on  the  lake  front,  on 
Michigan  avenue  and  Adams  street?" 

"Yes.  Our  architectural  department 
occupies  the  upper  floors,  above  the 
gallery." 

"I  knew  the  Art  Institute  conducted 
an  art  school,  but  never  dreamed  that 
Armour  Institute  of  Technology  had 
its   school  of  architecture  there." 

"We  have  been  affiliated  since  the 
establishment  of  the  new  Art  Institute 
and  the  founding  of  Armour  Institute 
in  1892." 

"Does  the  architectural  student  do 


44 


all  his  work  at  the  Art  Institute?" 

"No.  In  his  first  year  he  devotes 
more  of  his  time  here  to  engineering 
fundamentals,  but  in  the  following 
years  he  spends  more  on  architectural 
subjects  down  town." 

"I  suppose  the  school  is  widely  rec- 
ognized among  the  profession." 

"It  is,  indeed.  At  tlie  head  of  it 
are  competent  men;  and  it  has  an  ad- 
visory council  of  distinguished  arclii- 
tects  to  assist  in  its  direction. 

Mr.  Western  expressed  a  wish  to 
visit   it   at   some   later   time. 

"The  other  department  is  that  of 
Fire  Protection  Engineering,  the  only 
course  of  its  kind,  established  here  in 
1903." 

"I  should  certainly  like  to  know 
about  that." 

"Well,  here  we  are  at  the  office  of 
the  director  of  the  option,  and  lie  will 
be  pleased  to  tell  you  about  it  while 
I  go  back  to  the  office." 

"Our  arrangement  is  similar  in  a 
way  to  that  of  the  Department  of 
Architecture,"  the  director  explained. 
"The  student  does  his  work  in  engi- 
neering here  at  the  Institute,  taking 
most  of  the  required  courses  of  the 
first  two  years  and  regular  courses 
in  fire  protection;  and  he  goes  to  the 
Underwriters'  Laboratories  on  the 
near  north  side  for  his  special  work." 
"Does  the  fire  protection  student 
take  physics,  chemistry,  and  electric- 
ity. 

"Yes,  a  graduate  fire  protection  en- 
gineer is  qualified  in  several  brandies 
of   engineering." 

"What  is  the  work  done  at  the  Un- 
derwriters' Laboratories?" 

"Devices  and  appliances,  both  do- 
mestic and  industrial,  are  thoroughly 
tested  for  fire  hazard.  Hydraulic  tests 
are  made  on  fire  hydrants,  sprinkler 
lines,  water  meters,  alarm  devices,  and 
water  valves  of  all  types. 

"Do  the  students  of  this  depart- 
ment also  go  on  inspection  trips  ?" 

"Yes,  frequent  trips  are  made  to 
familiarize  the  student  with  actual 
industrial  processes  and  the  common 
types  of  building  construction,  as  well 
as  types  of  applied  fire  protection." 

"What  about  your  graduates  ?  Do 
they  find  employment  readily?" 

"Yes.  Most  of  them  are  hired  by 
insurance  companies;  but  as  time  goes 
on  and  their  value  is  appreciated, 
more  and  more  are  employed  by  indus- 
tries." 

The  dean  had  returned.  "And  now, 
Mr.  Western,  as  I  said  before,  we 
have  only  one  thing  more  to  show 
you,  something  that  will  interest  and 
surprise  you.  At  noon  you  mentioned 
our  connection  with  the  technological 
and  industrial  life  of  the  city  and  of 
the  central  west.  We  told  you  about 
our  co-operative  students  who  work  in 


Summer   camp   for   civil    engineers 


shops  and  attend  school  alternately 
throughout  the  year;  about  our  eve- 
ning schcol  students  who  must  work 
during  the  day  but  who  may  attend 
both  graduate  and  undergraduate 
courses;  about  our  regular  students 
who  after  four  years  of  fundamental 
and  practical  training  go  out  and  as- 
sume their  share  of  responsiblility. 
Now  I  want  to  tell  you  about  our  Re- 
search Foundation  and  to  introduce 
you  to  its  directors  and  its  staff." 

"Is  this  Research  Foundation  more 
closely  connected  with  industry?"  Mr. 
Western  asked. 

"Yes  and  no.  It  docs  not  furnish 
the  men  to  industry  as  do  all  the  other 
departments  of  our  school,  but  it  fur- 
nishes service." 

"What  do  you  mean  by  that?" 

"Simply  this.  Industry  may  have  a 
technological  or  scientific  problem 
which  it  cannot  solve.  It  calls  upon 
the  Research  Foundation.  The  Foun- 
dation sets  its  trained  experts  to  the 
task  of  finding  a  solution." 

"I  see.  And  do  you  have  such  proj- 
ects  that  youi  are   working  on   now?" 

"Yes,  at  all  times.  Do  you  remem- 
ber looking  into  a  chemistry  labora- 
tory on  the  third  floor  of  Main  build- 
ing?" 

"Yes,  I  do.  Full  of  all  sorts  of 
tubes  and  bottles  and  glass  pipes 
and  .  .  ." 

"That's  the  one.  Well,  that  is  a  re- 
search laboratory  in  which  special 
problems  of  oil  are  investigated." 

"I  recall  that  the  young  man  said 
something  about  it." 

"And  do  you  remember  the  mate- 
rials testing  laboratory  where  those 
stretching,  and  twisting,  and  crushing- 
machines  were?" 

"O,  yes,  my  three  bears." 

"Well,  that  laboratory  can  handle 
special  problems  for  industry.  And 
so  can  many  others.  But  here  in  this 
building  we  have  established  the 
Foundation  headquarters  and  have 
equipped  several  laboratories  strictly 
for   research." 

45 


"I'd  like   very   mucli  to   sec  them." 

"This  is  Dr.  "Poulter,  Mr.  Western. 
He  is  the  director  of  the  Research 
Foundation,  and  tliis  is  Professor 
Vaglborg,   tlu-   associate   director." 

"I  am  pleased  to  meet  b  th  of  you 
gentlemen." 

"And  now.  Dr.  Poulter,  I'll  let  yon 
tell  Mr.  Western  about  ymir  work  and 
show  him  what  you  have." 

"This,  Mr.  Western,  is  called  tlie 
'coal  research  laboratory.'  " 

"For  studying  coal?" 

"Exactly.  Now,  this  simple  machine 
is  a  colloid  mill.  It  will  mix  materials 
that  will  not  ordinarily  mix,  as  for 
example,  oil  and  water.  That  mixture 
will  not  be  a  solution,  however,  but 
a  colloid,  which  is  a  suspension  of 
ultra-microscopic  particles  of  one  sub- 
stance in  another.  Let  me  explain: 
the  droplets  of  oil  are  broken  up  into 
a  size  too  small  to  be  observed  micro- 
scopically, and  because  of  electrical 
charges  the  particles  have,  they  re- 
main suspended.  What  we  get  appears 
to  be  a  solution,  but  it  is  not.  It  is 
a   colloid." 

In    the    physics    laboratory 


Activities  in  the   Department   of   Architecture 


"What   about   milk?" 

"Very  good,  Mr.  Western.  You 
couldn't  have  thought  of  a  more  com- 
mon example.  When  the  suspension 
in  the  bottle  breaks,  the  cream,  or  fat, 
separates  from  the  water." 

"But  how  do  you  use  it  with  coal?" 

"W'e  use  it  to  make  liquid  coal." 

"Impossible." 

The  director  laughed.  "Yes,  we  are 
using  worthless  fines,  which  mine  op- 
erators cannot  sell,  and  mixing  them 
with  oil  to  make  a  liquid  fuel." 

"Incredible!    And  does  it  work?" 

"Surely.  We  are  using  it  now  in 
our  automotive  laboratory  which, 
doubtless,  you  visited,  not  only  in 
Diesels,  but  in  internal  combustion 
engines  normallj'  using  gasoline  or 
kerosene." 

"But  wait.  The  cream  rises  to  the 
top  of  the  bottle.  How  do  you  keep 
the  coal  from  separating  from  the 
oil?" 

"That's  our  problem.  And  when 
we  can  draw  off  a  pint  or  a  gallon 
of  the  mixture  and  have  it  the  same 
throughout,  we  sliall  have  solved  our 
problem.  Then  you  will  be  able  to 
use  it  in  your  oil  burner." 

"Think  of  it!    Liquid  coal!" 

"All  this  other  equipment  is  for 
standard  testing  of  fuels  of  all  kinds," 
the  director  explained,  pointing  out 
ovens,   gas   analyzing   apparatus,   fur- 


naces, viscosimeters,  calorimeters,  and 
the  inevitable  accurate  balances. 

He  guided  his  guest  into  the  base- 
ment where  there  were  crushers  and 
grinders,  including  one  which  samples 
the  coal  as  it  grinds;  an  electro-mag- 
netic vibrating  screen  for  sizing  coal; 
a  high  temperature  gas  furnace,  for 
determining  the  fusion  temperature  of 
ash — useful  in  studying  clinkering;  a 
float  sink  apparatus,  for  studying  the 
economics  of  coal  washing  at  the 
mine ;  an  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
dustiness  of  coal;  and  an  experimental 
apparatus  for  studying  new  metliods 
of   removing  ash    from   coal. 

"Now,  this,"  said  the  director  on 
entering  the  machine  shop  on  the  sec- 
ond floor,  "is  the  heart  of  the  research 
laboratories.  Here  we  have  the  essen- 
tial machinery  for  turning  out  preci- 
sion equipment.  This  is  a  cylinder 
grinder,  and  this  a  precision  lathe. 
Here  is  a  drill  press  I  had  with  me 
at  the  South  Pole  .  .  ." 

"Soutli  Pole!" 

"Dr.  Poulter  was  second  in  com- 
mand on  the  Byrd  Antarctic  Expedi- 
tion," the  dean  spoke  up. 

"In  this  small  laboratory,"  tiie  di- 
rector went  on,  "I  am  studying  the 
effect  of  pressure  on  lubricating  oils. 
Under  pressures  as  high  as  -100,000 
pounds  per  square  inch,  oils  become 
as  hard  as  lead  or  copper." 


"But  do  you  meet  such  pressures  in 
actual  lubricating  problems?"  Mr. 
Western  asked. 

"O,  yes,  with  roller  ball  bearings 
under  a  heavy  load;  so  we  are  trying 
to  determine  the  hardness  curve  for 
the   different   oils." 

"What's  the  highest  pressure  you've 
been  able  to  get?"  Mr.  Western  asked, 
beginning  to  feel  almost  like  an  engi- 
neer himself. 

"The  highest  ever  reached — a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  pounds  per  square 
inch." 

"And  what  can  you  do  with  it?" 

Dr.  Poulter  smiled.  "It's  of  no  prac- 
tical value  at  the  present  time,  but  it 
is  of  theoretical  value." 

"They  visited  other  laboratories  in 
which  man}-  investigations  were  being 
made  for  industry,  and  Mr.  Western 
was  more  or  less  dazed  as  he  listened 
to  the  amazing  stories. 

"And  now,  finally,  we  come  to  the 
heat  insulation  laboratory,"  he  said, 
"where  all  sorts  of  materials  used  in 
heating  and  cooling  appliances  are 
tested." 

"What  kinds  of  materials  do  you 
mean?" 

"Materials  such  as  rock  wool,  as- 
bestos, and  many  others,  used  for  in- 
sulating domestic  stoves  and  large 
baking  ovens;  and  materials  for  re- 
frigerating    trucks,      storage      plants, 


Students  of  Fire  Pro- 
tection Engineering  in 
action. 


46 


High  pressure  equipment  in  the  Research  Laboratory  Dr.  Poulter   and    Professor   Vagtborg    discuss    the   Research    Foundation. 


show  cases  .  .  ." 

"Uo  you  test  any  of  tlie  apj)!!- 
ances.''"  he  asked. 

"Yes,  we  do:  refrigerators,  coolers, 
radiators,  and  many  others.  We  test 
lliem  in  this  constant  temperature 
room,  tlie  floor  of  which  is  made  of 
concrete  laid  over  cork,  the  walls  of 
plaster  over  cork,  and  the  ceiling  of 
asphalt  over  cork.  By  means  of  those 
steam  pipes  along  the  wall  and  refrig- 
erating coils  near  the  ceiling,  we  can 
maintain  a  constant  temperature 
twenty  to  one  hundred  degrees." 

"Do  I  understand,  then,  that  in  this 
room  you  can  duplicate  any  weather 
conditions  these  appliances  might 
meet?" 

"That's  right, — hot  or  cold,  dry  or 
moist." 

"Thank  you,  sir,  for  the  time  you 
have  given  me  and  your  kindly  inter- 
est. The  more  I  see,  the  more  I  am 
impressed  with  the  significance  of 
your  school  to  the  community." 

"But  have  you  no  way  of  enlighten- 
ing the  public  about  your  school?"  Mr. 
Western  asked  as  they  walked  away 
from  the  Research  Foundation. 

"Yes,  indeed.  I  have  been  saving 
that  for  the  last.  Here  we  are  now 
at  the  department  of  public  relations 
which  includes  publicity,  personnel 
and  placement,  alumni,  and  publica- 
tions. Let's  step  in  and  meet  Profes- 
scr  Moreton,  the  director,"  said  the 
dean,  "and  after  you  have  talked  with 
him,  please  come  to  my  office." 

"I'm  very  happy  to  make  your  ac- 
quaintance, Mr.  Western,"  the  direc- 
tor  said. 

"I  suppose  this  is  where  you  keep 
the   records   of   your   graduates." 

"^s  far  as  they  will  let  us,  it  is," 
the  director  said  cheerfully.  "But  you 
don't  realize  how  hard  it  is  to  keep 
that    record   up-to-date." 

"I    have    some    idea.     I    know    how 


•pin. 


careless    I    liave    been 
college  informed." 

"Well,  we  are  fortunate  in  having 
a  loyal  and  an  enthusiastic  body  of 
alumni,  that  part  of  a  college  that 
makes  for  weakness  or  strength.  A 
college  is  no  stronger  than  its  alumni, 
and  she  counts  on  them  as  they  count 
on  her,  and  both  are  happy  if  neither 
one  fails.  This  is  the  point  of  con- 
tact." 

"Ycu  have  expressed  that  very 
convincingly,  professor.  Now  what 
about  the  other  departments?" 

"The  chairman  of  publicity  takes 
care  of  promotional  publicity  in  the 
way  of  talks,  lectures,  and  announce- 
ments. The  personnel  officer  arranges 
for  interviews  between  employer  and 
graduating  students  and  does  every- 
thing he  can  to  increase  the  scope  of 
our  usefulness.  Our  magazine  is  the 
most  widely  distributed  college  pub- 
lication in  the  country." 

"Well,  you  are  doing  something 
and  I  wish  vou  the  best  of  luck." 


Mr.  Western 
learns  about 
the  activities  of 
the  Department 
of  Public  Rela- 
tions. 


"It  has  been  a  j)leasure  to  talk  with 
you,   Mr.   Western." 

The  clock  struck  five.  The  day  was 
ending  for  the  regular  students  and 
just  beginning  for  those  wiio  attended 
in  the  evening. 

The  dean  had  called  a  cab,  which 
stood  waiting  at  the  curb  in  front  of 
the  entrance;  and  when  Mr.  Western 
appeared,  the  dean  and  the  president 
were  there  to  see  him  off. 

"It  has  been  a  great  day  for  me," 
he  said,  "and  I  am  thoroughly  con- 
vinced after  meeting  the  men  on  your 
faculty  and  seeing  the  various  groups 
of  students  at  work  in  the  many  dif- 
ferent departments  that  Armour  In- 
stitute of  Technology  is  rendering  a 
very  valuable  service  and  that  our 
community  has  every  reason  to  feel 
proud  of  this  splendid  institution." 

"It  has  been  a  pleasure  to  have 
you,"  said  the  president. 

"W^e  hope  to  see  j'ou  and  your  son 
in  September,"  the  dean  said  as  the 
driver  closed  the  door  and  drove  away. 


47 


DONORS  OF  FUNDS  AND  EQUIPMENT 


iiiniii.    aiul     triciids 
,it    Arnimir    Iiistituti 


CONTIUBLTIONS    lr..iii    iiuhistrirs.    tnistc 
H'vc.-ith-   in   c'arr\iiii;-  on   tlic   ((iucatioiial    |ir( 
r.clinolo-v. 

Diirinsj,-  till-   past   year   the   fdUowiiiu-   individuals    and   ronipan 
li-il)ut.(l   funds  and  i(iuii)nunt. 

Arnir.nr    Institntr   of    IV-cimolooT   takis   tills   ()|)|i(.i-tunit.v   of  t 
iii-atitudf   lor  this  sul>stantial  assistance. 


DONORS  OF  FUND- 


Acnu^  StiH'l  Co. 

Alfred  S.  Alsclnihr 

Anurican  Stiel   l'"(nnidrits 

Claire  L.  Barnes 

S.  IJ.  Chapin 

Crane  Company 

A.  Daigfjer  &  Co. 

Economv  Fuse  &  Manufaetui 

Alfred  L  Eustiee 

Newton  C.  Farr 

Felt  &  Tarrant  Mfs;.  Co. 

(Joodnian   .Manufacturing  Co. 

Robert  B.  Harper 

H.  M.  Henderson 

Charles  W.  Hills.  Jr. 

Ug  Electric  Ventilating  Co. 

Inland  Steel   Co. 

International  Harvester  Co. 

Havniond  J.  Koch 

Howard  L.  Krum 

Link-Belt  Co. 


-Marbleluad   Lime  Co. 

Alice  C!iai)in   Mny 

John  J.  Mitchell 

^^'illiam  S.  Monroe 

Sterling  Mortm 

Harold  W.  Mundav 

Walter  Oherf elder" 

l'eoi)l,s  (ias   Light  &  Coke  Co. 

Harris    Perlstein 

Pheoll  Mfg.  Co. 

Pullman,  Inc. 

Revere  Coj)per  &  Brass   Incorporated. 

Dallas  Division 
John  P.  Sanger 
Sears,  Roebuck  &  Co. 
H.  N.  Spaulding 
Bernard  E.  Sunny 
Western  Actuarial   I'urcau 
Westinghouse  Electric  Elevator  Co. 
Whiting  Corporation 


DONOR.S  OF  KQLUPMENT 

.\meriean  Cork  Institute 
American   Television    Institute 
Athey  Truss  Wheel  Co. 
P>endix  Products 
Carnegie- Illinois  Steel   Corp. 
Central  Steel  &  Wire  Co. 
Economy  Fuse  &  Mfg.  Co. 
Electric" Si)ray-it  Co.,  Milwaukee 
Electric  Storage  Battery  Co. 
Ellison   Draft  Gage  Co. 
Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co. 
Faville-LeVallv   Corporation 
Hamler  Boiler"  Co. 
Hercules  Motor  Co. 
Holhij)  Corpor.-ition 
Internationa]   Harvester  Co. 
Lasker  Boiler  &  I'-nginecring  Cn, 
Midwest  Engineering  Works 
Moto  Meter  Clage 
Powers    Regulator   Co. 
Pratt  and  Whitney  Aircraft  Co. 
R.  C.  A.  \'iclor  Distributing  Corpr 
Republic  Flow  Meters  Co. 
Rockwood  Mfg.  Co. 
Ryerson  Steel  Co. 
United  American  Bosch 
Wallace  and  Tiernan  Co. 
Wheeico  Instruments  Co. 


ARMOUR 
INSTITUTE    OF    TECHNOLOGY 


CHICAGO 


THE    COLLEGE 


THE    EVENING    DIVISION 


Offers  four-year  courses  in  Architecture,  Chemical, 
Civil,  and  Electrical  Engineering,  Engineering  Science, 
Fire  Protection  Engineering,  and  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing; also  the  five-year  Mechanical  Engineering  course 
in  co-operation  with  Industry,  each  leading  to  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Science   in  its  particular  field. 

THE    GRADUATE    DIVISION 

Offers  full-time  or  part-time  programs  of  post  graduate 
study  leading  to  the  degree  of  Master  of  Science.  Pro- 
grams are  arranged  to  meet  the  needs  of  full-time  grad- 
uate students,  and  also  of  employed  graduate  engineers 
who  desire  further  specialized  training,  but  who  must 
carry   on   their   studies   in   the    evening   or   on   Saturday. 


Offers  college  credit  courses,  wherein,  by  way  of  an 
intensive  four-year  program,  the  student  may  obtain  the 
equivalent  of  two  years  of  full-time  college  training,  and 

Special  courses,  and  sequences  of  special  courses, 
wherein  employed  students  not  interested  in  degrees, 
may  secure  adequate  training  in  engineering  and 
architecture. 

THE  DAY   AND   EVENING   SUMMER 
SESSIONS 

Wherein  a  broad  program  of  fundamental  subjects  is 
offered,  furnishing  opportunity  for  students  of  other  col- 
leges as  well  as  of  Armour,  to  go  forward  in  their 
programs,   or  make  up  deficiencies. 


Summer  Session  June  20  to  August  12,  1938 

Summer    Session,    Evening    Division,    June    13    to    August    19 

First    semester   begins   September    12,    1938 

The  Institute  Bulletins   (General  Information,  Graduate  Division,   Evening   Division,   Summer   Session)    will   be   sent   on 

application.     Address 

Registrar 

ARMOUR 
INSTITUTE  of  TECHNOLOGY 

3300   FEDERAL   STREET,   CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS 


48 


TO  ARMOUR'S 
ENGINEERS  from 

America  s  Finest  Club! 


Incomparable 
facilities  for  your 
social  functions! 
Enjoy  a  distinc- 
tion of  unrival- 
ed luxury  at 
no  extra  tariff. 
Dances,  fra- 
ternal  affairs  & 
banquets  are  ar- 
ranged by  our 
own  expert  cater- 
ing staff. 

Your 

INSPECTION 

Invited 


meDinAH 


CLUB  <•/  CL 


505     NORTH    MICHIGAN     BOULEVARD 


The  John  Marshall 
LAW 


SCHOOL 

FOU  NDED  1899 

AN 

ACCREDITED 

LAW  SCHOOL 

TEXT  and  CASE 

METHOD 


For    Cat 

mended  I 


Study  o(  Low  and  Prope 
Preporotion"  oddress 
Edward    T.    Lee,    Deon 


COURSES 
(40  weeks  per  year) 
Afternoon— 3  years 
5  days.. .4:30-6.30 
Evening  —  4  years 
Mon„  Wed.,  Fri., 
6:30-9:20 
Post-graduate 
1  year..twicea  week 
Practice  courses 
exclusively. 
All  courses  lead 
to  degrees. 
Two  years'  college 
work   required   for 
entrance. 
New  classes  form 
in  Feb.  and  Sept. 


315  Plymouth  Ct.,  Chicago,  III. 


The  Firm  of 


CHARLES  W.  HILLS 

1414    Monadnock    Building 
53  West  Jackson  Blvd. 

CHICAGO 


3nt-Trade    Mark    and    Copyright 
Matters    Exclusively 


Washington   Office 

Munsoy   Building 
Washington,   D.  C. 


P.  A.  MONEY-BACK  OFFER.  Smoke  20  fragrant  pipe- 
f uls  of  Prince  Albert.  If  you  don't  find  it  the  mellowest, 
tastiest  pipe  tobacco  you  ever  smoked,  return  the 
pocket  tin  with  the  rest  of  the  tobacco  in  it  to  us  at 
any  time  within  a  month  from  this  date,  and  we  will 
refund  full  purchase  price,  plus  postage.  (Signed) 
R.  J.  Reynolds  Tobacco  Company,  Winston-Salem,  N.C. 


^ 


^ 


DH.  CHARLES  AUSTIN  TIB- 
BALS,  associate  dean  since  last 
October  and  professor  of  analytical 
cliemlstry  at  Armour  since  1908,  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  dean  of  the 
undergraduates  on  May   10th. 

Dr.    Tibbals    came    to    Armour    in 


DR.  C.  A.  TIBBALS 
APPOINTED  DEAN 


1908  from  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin, where  he  was  an  assistant  in 
chemistry  from  1902  to  1906.  He 
attended  Columbia  University  from 
1899  to  1902  as  an  undergraduate  and 
then  went  to  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, where  he  received  his  B.A.  in 
1!K)K  his  M.A.  in  1906,  and  his  Ph.D. 
ill  1908.  In  1909,  he  received  a  fel- 
lowship from  the  American  Associa- 
tion  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

From  1908  to  1911,  Dr.  Tibbals 
iicid  the  position  of  assistant  professor 
of  eliemistry  at  Armour  Tech.  In 
1911,  he  became  associate  professor 
of  analytical  chemistry,  and  held  this 
post  until  1928,  when  he  was  made 
full  professor.  He  received  the  title 
of  assistant  dean  in  1936;  associate 
dean  in  1937;  and  now  holds  the  title 
of  dean  of  the  undergraduates. 

Dr.  Tibbals  was  a  captain  in  the 
Ordnance  Department  of  the  United 
States  Army  in  1918  and  engaged  in 
research  work  on  high  explosives  and 
jjrojcctilc    loading.      He   is    now   Cap- 


tain of  Ordnance  in  the  U.  S.  Army 
Reserves. 

Aiding  the  Underwriter's  Labora- 
tories in  Chicago  he  has  written  va- 
rious technical  reports.  He  is  co- 
author with  E.  E.  Gill  of  the  book 
Qualitative  Analifsis.  He  has  also 
written  special  articles  for  technical 
magazines. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  University 
Club,  University  of  Wisconsin  Club, 
Illinois  Club  of  Columbia  Alumni,  and 
the  Tennis  Club  of  Chicago.  The  Phi 
Lambda  Upsilon,  Sigma  Xi,  Alpha 
Chi  Sigma,  Phi  Gamma  Delta,  and 
Triangle  fraternities  claim  him  a  mem- 
ber. He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society  since  1901, 
is  a  member  of  the  Army  Ordnance 
Association,  and  a  fellow  of  the  A. A. 
A.S.  Episcopalian  Club. 

Dr.  Tibbals'  kind  and  sympathetic 
attitude  toward  the  student  and  his 
problems  has  won  for  him  the  respect 
and  admiration  of  the  entire  student 
body. 


r>i^  CAMBRIDGE 
FLUXMETER 


A  Bettct  SHOP 
INSTRUMENT 

The  Cambridge  Illuminated 
Dial  Fluxmeter  is  particu- 
larly suitable  for  routine 
testing  of  magnets.  On  this 
model  figures  engraved 
upon  a  transparent  moving 
scale  are  projected  by  means  of  an  illuminating  optical  system 
onto  a  translucent  screen.  The  resulting  magnification  provides 
an  equivalent  scale  length  of  twenty  inches;  with  end,  center  or 
displaced  zero.  Useful  not  only  in  badly  lighted  places  but  also 
for  distant  readings  in  ordinary  daylight.  A  Bowden  wire  controls 
the  zeroising  device  at  a  distance.  If  required,  portions  of  the 
screen  can  be  colored  green  and  red  for  test  acceptance  or  rejec- 
tion limits.  It  is  readily  used  by  unskilled  workmen. 


3732  Grand 
Central 


CAMBRIDGE 


INSTRUMENT  CP  V 


Pioneei 
Manufactu 
of  Precisi 


TWO  INSTRUMENTS  IN  ONE— Com- 
bining a  temperature  regulator  with 
an  indicating  thermometer  gives  a 
visual  check  on  the  performance 
of  the  regulator  and  makes  it  easy 
to  adjust  it  for  the  required  opera- 
ting temperature. 

EASY  TO  INSTALL  — Both  ther- 
mometer and  regulator  operate 
from  the  same  thermal  system. 
Write  for  Bulletin  No.  229. 

TKE  POWERS  REGULATOR  CO.,  2780 
Greenview  Avenue,  CH  CAGO— 231  E.  46tli 
Street,  NEW  YORK  — Offices  in  45  Cities. 


50 


•■*«I' 


ALUMNI  NOTES 


MEET  OLD  FRIENDS 

AT  ALUMNI  BANQUET,  lUNE  7 
At  Medinah  Club  of  Chicago 

505  North  Michigan  Avenue 
Call  D.  P.  Moreton.  VICtory  4600  for  Reservations 


NEW  LIFE  MEMBERS  LOYAL  FRIEND  DIES 

SINCE  MARCH  ISSUE  -j^rjENDS    and    a  s  s  o  c  i  a  t  e  s    of 

^BrR??ErT'■J^TREDVR,CCLAY:A^^H^;5  t     FREDERICK  U^SMITHbusi^ 

DICKEY,   DIAMOND   S M.E.  '34  ncss     manager     and     Comptroller     ot 

ELLINGTON,    HAROLD    SLAIGHT   .C.E.  '08  Armour     Institute     from     1896     until 

ENGBLOM,   JOHN    F.    T EX.E.E.  '05  5920,    were    grieved    to    learn    of    his 

HENKE,    FRANK  X IND.ARTS  '23  ,         '            .     jj,                    „ 

LOEWENBERG,  ISRAEL  SIDNEY.  .ARCH,  '16  death  on  April  Id,   iJ.iH. 

NELSON,    MORRIS   O C.E.  '30  Mr    Smith  was  born  in  England  in 

OLDENBURGER,  WILLIAM   C C.E.  ;i4  ^^^^         j^^     ^^^.^^     ,,i^     ^^^t,,     t,._^,e^ 

OPPER,   GEORGE    L Ch.     \  S  .                                f   t?       i       j          j 

PARADISE,   LOUIS  A.  ..B.S.M.E.  ■06-M.E.  '11  worked  in  the  Bank  of  England,  and 

PETRIE,    ALFRED    E E.E,  '27  after  a  brief  military  experience  came 

RIETZ,    WALTER    H ^^•■^^^-  '.|^  to  America  in  ISTS." 

SALZMAN,    ABRAHAM    L EX,ARCH,  '13  ,       t.           ,                         j-.    . 

SCHIRMER,   WALTER    E F,P.E,  '31  While  in  the  East,  he  was  credited 

SCHOCK,    CHARLES    M ARCH.  '31  by   Alexander   Graham    Bell   with    ob- 

STEWARD,    ROY   FRANKLIN CH.E,  '07  ^.;;,,:„o.    ^Iip    npoessirv    c-init-il    to    nro- 

TABIN    (TABACHNIK)    ADRIAN    ..,  M.E.  '21  *'"'""^   ^he   neccssarv    capital   to   pro 

WILSON,   LESTER  ,..B.S,CH.E.  'K-CH.E.  '21  mote   and    place   the   telephone   at   the 


disposal  of  the  people  of  his  adopted 
country. 

In  1883,  Mr.  Smith  located  in  Chi- 
cago and  served  for  many  years  as 
the  personal  secretary  of  Mr.  P.  D. 
Armour,  the  founder  of  Armour  &  Co., 
and  Armour  Institute  of  Technology. 
At  the  Armour  &  Co.  office,  Mr. 
Smith's  balance  sheets  printed  by 
hand  are  still  exhibited  as  a  work  of 
art  and  for  their  meticulous  accuracy. 

Dean  C.  A.  Tibbals,  Mr.  G.  S.  Alli- 
son, Professor  J.  J.  Schommer,  and 
several  alumni  attended  the  funeral 
services  in  Milwaukee. 


413  N.  State  Street 


superior  6716 


51 


THE  ENGINEER 

(From   Page    12) 
Public    recognition    and    esteem 


of 


THEY'RE    BUILT 

TO  ''^ake.  W' 

-AND  THEN  SOME 

Although  precision-made 
throughout,  there's  nothing 
sissy  about  Lufkin  Tapes 
or  Rules,  for  they're  de- 
signed and  built  for  utility. 

No  matter  what  pattern 
of  Tape  or  Rule  you  prefer, 
you'll  find  it  in  the  Lufkin 
line  and  that  it  will  give 
you  the  utmost  in  accuracy, 
convenience  and  service. 

Write  for  256-page  Catalog 


UFKiN 


TAPES  .   RULES   .    PRECISION   TOOL! 


tlie  engineering  profession  is  probably 
as  general  today  as  it  ever  has  been. 
In  tile  minds  of  many  people  it  is 
recogiiized  as  a  learned  profession 
ranking  in  social  importance  with  the 
contemporary  professions  of  medicine, 
law,  architecture,  and  theology.  On 
the  other  hand,  this  recognition  is  not 
universal,  and  there  has  been  a  ten- 
dency in  some  quarters  to  criticize 
engineers  for  developing  America's 
capacity  for  production  in  faster 
teni])o  tlian  our  capacity  for  consump- 
tion. Tliere  is  little  sympathy  with 
this  view  among  engineers  themselves, 
but,  nevertheless,  they  have  been 
backward  in  disproving  it.  They  per- 
haps could  profit  from  the  example 
of  the  iron  worker  who  went  unbidden 
to  King  Solomon's  feast  in  celebration 
of  the  completion  of  the  temple,  and 
usurped  tile  seat  of  honor  at  Solo- 
mon's right.  Tile  people  clamored  for 
his  removal,  but  the  iron  worker  re- 
pliid  that  without  him  the  temple 
could  not  have  been  built.  Whereupon 
Solomon  allowed  him  to  remain  and 
said  to  the  i)eople,  "All  honor  to  tlie 
iron  worker." 

The  outlook  for  the  engineer  of  to- 


An  All  Purpose 

Air  Velocity  Meter 

Instantaneous  Direct  Reading 


is  it  necessary  to  use  complicated  Instruments 
and  stop  watches  w  make  slow,  mathematical  calculations 
to  obtain  accurate  velocity  readings  of  irregular  shaped 
or  slotted  grilles,  velocity  readings  in  ducts,  or  at  inlet 
or  outlet  openings  or  other  air   velocity  measurements. 

Now  you  can  do  all  this  and  more  with  the  "AInor" 
(Boyle  System)  Velometer,  the  instantaneous  direct  read- 
ing  air  velocity  meter,  and  you  can  do  it  accurately, 
conveniently  and  quickly.  You  can  obtain  static,  or  total 
pressures,  locate  leaks  and  losses,  detect  drafts,  or  deter- 
mine  efficiency   of  fans,   filters,   blowers,  and   ether  equip- 


The     Velometer     gives     instant 

air    velocity    readings 

directly    in    feet   per    minute   from 

as    low   as   20    F.P.M. 

up  to  its  maximum   scale  reading. 

Ranges  up  to  as   high 

as   18.000   F.P.M.  are  available. 

morrow  seems  brilliant  in  its  possibil- 
ities. By  virtue  of  his  training  in 
applied  science,  and  economy  in  all 
tilings,  the  engineer  is  peculiarly 
fitted  not  only  to  exceed  his  past  per- 
formances but  also  to  take  greater 
jiart  in  tiie  management  of  public  af- 
fairs. The  engineer  has  created  mod- 
ern civilization,  and  he  owes  a  dutv 
to  society  to  see  that  it  is  wisely  used. 


CHEMISTRY 

(From   Page    17) 
polisii,  seutHes.s  shoe  lieels,  and  wash- 
able water-proof  coated  fabrics  widely 
used  for  upholstery,  bookbinding,  and 
window  sliades. 

For  the  prevention  and  healing  of 
disease,  and  the  alleviation  of  pain, 
chemistry  has  made  contributions  of 
far-reaching  significance.  To  begin 
with,  Louis  Pasteur,  a  P'rench  chemist, 
was  the  founder  of  serumtherapy, 
whereby  antitoxins  are  developed  in 
the  blood  of  animals  for  inoculation 
against  various  diseases.  While  phy- 
sicians still  believed  that  diseases 
were  spread  by  mysterious  vapors 
that  issued  from  the  earth,  Pasteur 
showed  that  the  bodies  of  diseased 
animals  contain  bacteria  not  found  in 
those  of  hcaltliy  animals.  In  so  doing, 
he     established    the     germ     theory     of 


Write  joT  Bulletin  No.  2448 

ILLINOIS  TESTING  LABORATORIES,  Inc. 

146    W.    HUBBARD    ST.  CHICAGO.    ILLINOIS 


Do  You  Want 

A  Power  Plant 

Dismantled 

or 

Boilers  Removed 
or 

A  Smoke  Stack 
Razed 

? 

Phone 
BEN  PERLSTEIN 

Canal  7464 

HOYNE  INDUSTRIAL 
SALVAGE  CO. 

2501  S.  Hoyne  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


52 


Actuary 


ARTHUR   STEDRY   HANSEN 

Consulting  Actuary 

TELEPHONE    CENTRAL    1444 

135  S.  LaSalle  Street 

CHICAGO 


Air  Conditioning 


AIR    COMFORT    CORPORATION 

1107  S.  Michigan  Ave.  •  CHICAGO 


ILG 


VENTh^ION 

ILG  ELECTRIC 
VENTILATING  COMPANY 

2850   N.   Crawford   Ave.,   Chicago 

W.    H.    Hallstein,    Treas.    '14 
W.  H.  Rieh,  V.  P.  '15 


MELLISH  &  MURRAY  CO. 

CONTRACTORS    and    ENGINEERS 
1715  Carroll  Avenue 

CHICAGO 

AIR   CONDITIONING— VENTILATING 

SHEET   LEAD   WORK 

GENERAL  SHEET  METAL  WORK 


Athey  Truss  Wheel  Co. 

FORGED-TRAK 

WAGONS  TRAILERS 

FOR 

HEAVY  HAULING 


5631   West  65th  Street 
Chicago 


disease   upon   the  unshakable   founda- 
tion  of   scientific   experiment. 

What  may  we  expect  of  the  scien- 
tist in  tiie  future?  Lacking  the  vision 
of  a  seer,  perhaps  it  is  rash  for  us  to 
speculate.  In  establishing  the  germ 
theory  of  disease,  Louis  Pasteur,  a 
cliemist,  pointed  the  way  to  the  pre- 
\ention  or  cure  of  such  maladies  as 
diplitheria,  yellow  fever,  smallpox, 
and  cholera,  and  I  confidently  expect 
the  sister  sciences  of  chemistry, 
physics,  biology,  and  medicine,  to 
point  the  way  to  the  prevention  or 
cure  of  such  diseases  as  cancer,  tuber- 
culosis, and  leukemia. 

It  seems  that  the  complex  organic 
chemistry  of  the  human  body  chal- 
lenges tlie  organic  research  chemist 
in  clarion  tones.  In  the  last  few 
years  we  have  begun  to  gain  some 
vague  appreciation  of  the  importance 
of  the  secretions  of  the  ductless  glands 
— the  hormones.  Following  the  pio- 
neer work  of  such  men  as  Abel  of 
Hopkins,  some  brilliant  pieces  of  re- 
searcli  work  have  resulted  in  the  eluci- 
dation of  the  constitution  of  a  number 
of  these  complex  organic  substances. 
It  is  safe  to  predict  that  increasing 
attention  on  the  part  of  the  chemist 
to  this  field  of  bio-chemistry,  and  the 
cooperation  of  the  chemist  and  the 
biologist  and  physicist,  should  yield 
results  of  tremendous  importance  to 
tlie  liealth  of  mankind.  This  seems 
to  me  the  most  useful  contribution 
that  organic  chemical  rcsearcli  could 
make  to  the  happiness  of  the  human 
race. 

We  may  safely  assume  that  in  the 
field  of  textile  fibers,  new  metallic 
alloys,  building  materials,  synthetic 
resins,  pigments,  and  colors,  vehicu- 
lar transportation,  illumination,  sani- 
tation— in  all  these  fields,  the  many 
striking  and  valuable  contributions  of 
applied  science  which  have  thus  far 
come  from  the  researcli  laboratory  are 
an  earnest  of  the  continuation  of  this 
type  of  valuable  development. 

The  roots  of  industrial  development 
are  the  research  laboratories,  and 
these  roots  iiave  penetrated  the  rich 
and  productive  soil  of  applied  science 
so  deeply  and  widely  tliat  there  is  no 
possibility  of  suspending  their  growth 
and  productive  activities,  save  by  the 
intervention  of  some  political  cata- 
clysm which  would  destroy  the  whole 
tree. 


Patronize  our 
Advertisers 


BORG  &  BECK 

DIVISION   OF   BORG-WARNER  CORP. 

Manufacturers 

of 

Automotive  Clutches 

6558  S.  Menard  Ave.    Chicago,  III 


Automobiles 


BUICK— CADILLAC 
LaSALLE 

Sales  and  Scrrirc 

FRED   C.    DIERKING 

3860  Ogden  Avenue 

Chicago,    Illinois 

Crawford   4100 


Bearing  Service 


Connecting  rod  babbitting  service — 
crankshaft  bearings — piston  pin  bush- 
ings— bronze  cored  and  solid  bars — 
babbitt  metals — connecting  rod  bolts 
and    nuts — Laminated    shims. 

FEDERAL-MOGUL 
SERVICE,  Inc. 

Victory  2488 

1923  S.   Calumet  Ave., 

Chicago,  III. 

H.   C.   SKINNER,   M.E.'IS 


Permanent 

BLUE  PRINTS 

Blue     Printing,     Black     Printing,     Blue     Line 
and    Color    Printing 

Drawing  Materials 

Special    Service   Always — Speed  and  Results 

Big   Floor  Space  and   Equipment 

for   Rush  Orders 

Photo  Prints 

GROFOOT,  Ni'ELSEN  &  GO. 

ENGINEERING  BLDG. 
205  Wacker  Drive 
Tel.    Randolph   3341 

Branch    Office 
307   N.   Michigan   Ave.  State   7046 


53 


Building  Supplies 


Cellufoam  Corporation 

OF   NEW   JERSEY 
Manufacturers 

THERMAL  &  ACOUSTIC 
INSULATION 


66th  &  LaVerne  Ave.  Chicago 


RODDIS  COMPANY 

PLYWOOD   PRODUCTS 

FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

1435  W.  37th  St.  Vir.  0110 

CHICAGO.  ILL. 


C.  H.  ANDERSON 
FLOOR    COMPANY 


WOOD  FLOOR 
CONTRACTORS 


I6f  E.  ERIE  ST. 

Delaware  1661 

CHICAGO 


LUMBER 

for 

Industrial  Purposes 

WHOLESALE  OR  RETAIL 

• 

SCHENK  LBR.  CO. 

6601   So.  Central  Ave. 
Hem.  3300 

"The  Only  Yard  in  the  Clearing  Dist.' 


CHICAGO   SANITARY 
DISTRICT 

(From  Page  24) 

j)loymcnt  in  1933  the  District  applii-d 
to  it  for  a  loan  and  grant  of  federal 
funds  to  permit  resumption  of  con- 
struction work.  The  P.  W.  A.  has 
made  available  to  the  District  a  loan 
of  $!■  1,938,000,  secured  by  4  percent 
bonds  of  the  District,  and  a  direct 
grant  of  $16,692,000,  or  a  total  of 
.$58,630,000,  with  which  we  are  now 
completing  enough  sanitary  works  to 
permit  the  District  to  accept  the  re- 
duction in  diversion  of  lake  water 
without  endangering  the  purity  of  tlie 
water  supply  of  this  area.  Principal 
items  in  this  program  are: 

80.3  miles  of  intercepting  sewers. 

Completion  of  Calumet  Treatment 
Works. 

Comi)h'tion  of  West  Side  Treat- 
ment Works. 

Construction  of  new  Southwest 
Treatment  Works. 

Construction  of  Chicago  River  Con- 
trolling Works. 

Addition  to  Nortli  Side  Treatment 
Works. 

Pumping  Station  at  39th  and  Ra- 
cine Avenue. 

Practically  all  of  the  sewers  in  this 
program  were  built  in  tunnels  under 
busy  streets  in  Chicago  and  suburbs 
without  disrupting  normal  street 
traffic.  These  tunnels  were  driven 
through  all  sorts  of  earth  and  solid 
rock,  and,  in  spite  of  difficult  and  even 
hazardous  tunnelling  conditions,  the 
work  has  been  completed  without  seri- 
ous accident  as  a  result  of  rigid  en- 
forcement of  safety  regulations.  Work 
on  the  Calumet  and  West  Side  plants 
was  resumed  at  once,  and  the  com- 
pleted works  were  placed  in  service 
promptly.  The  Calumet  plant  em- 
bodies the  modern  ideas  in  treatment 
by  the  activated  sludge  process  with 
disposal  of  the  sludge  by  drying  and 
burning.  Work  at  the  West  Side  plant 
included  completion  of  the  third  bat- 
terv  of  36  Imhoff  tanks  with  design 
capacitv  for  204.000,000  gallons  per 
day  average  flow  at  one-hour  deten- 
tion. 

The  new  Southwest  plant  to  be 
placed  in  service  early  next  year  is 
unique  in  many  respects  other  than 
mere  size.  The  layout  is  designed 
for  ultimate  expansion  to  1200  m.g.d. 
capacity  at  5-hour  aeration  and  the 
initial  capacity  will  be  400  m.g.d. 
The  main  sewage  pumps,  blowers,  and 
generators  for  auxiliary  electric  power 
will  be  driven  by  steam  turbines. 
Steam  will  be  generated  in  four  boil- 
ers having  total  capacity  to  produce 
440,000  pounds  of  steam  per  hour  at 
425  pounds  pressure  and  725  degrees 
final    temperature.      Clarified    sewage 


Building  Supplies 


SERVICISED  PRODUCTS 
CORPORATION 

6051    West  65+h  Street 
Chicago,    Illinois 

Exclusive     Manufacturers     of     SYRA-BORD 

Interlocked    Rubber    Tile    Floors 

Also 

Asphalt  Tile,   Planking,  and  expansion  joint. 

We  can  supply  your  needs  for  anything  in 

sponge   or  cork-rubber   products. 

PHONE  GROVE-HILL  0423 


Edward 

Mines 

Lumber    Co. 

Established  1892                                1 

243  1  So.  Lincoln  Street                     | 

Chicago' 

s  Largest 

Lumber  Yard 

Phone   Cana 

0349 

Chicago 

Business   Equipment 


Ajdressograph  Equipment 

Save  40%  to  60% 

We  have  a  complete  stock  of  fine  re- 
built Addressograph  and  Graphotype 
Machines,  available  in  either  hand  or 
power  models.  Also  Cabinets — Trays — 
Frames —  Plates —  Ribbons — Cards — ^Tabs 
— Etc.,  Etc.  We  also  cut  lists  and  have 
a  complete  embossing  service.  Get  our 
quotations  before  going  ahead  with  that 
next   job. 

BUSINESS  MACHINE 
SUPPLIES  CORP. 

300  W.  Adams  St.,  Chicago,   III. 

Central  7007 


Candies  and  Cigars 


Compliments  of 

MIDWAY  CIGAR 
FACTORY 


WHOLESALE 


CIGARS,     CIGAREHES,     TOBACCOS, 
CANDIES,   GLOVES  AND   SUNDRIES 


221   West  63rd  Street 

(2488 

Phones:  Englewood<  2489 

(2266 


54 


Candies  and  Cigars 


Compliments 

PIONEER  CANDY  CO. 

Wholesale   Confectioners 


CIGARS  —  CIGARETTES 

and 

FOUNTAIN  SUPPLIES 


3211  Ogden  Ave. 


Chicago 


WILKENS-ANDERSON    CO. 

Scientific     and     Industrial     Laboratory 
Supplies  and  Chennicals 

III     N.    CANAL    ST. 

CHICAGO 


NATIONAL  ALUMINATE 

CORPORATION 

6216  WEST  66TH  PLACE 

CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

Specialists  in  the  Manufacture  and 

Use  of  Sodium  Aluminate 


SERVING  THE 
PROCESS  INDUSTRIES 

through  representation  of  well- 
known,  fully  qualified  and 
progressive     manufacturers     of 

MACfflNERYand  EQUIPMENT 

Evaporators — Filters — Centrifugals. 

Steam  jet  units.  Condensers,  etc. — 

for  High  Vacuums — Vacuum  Cooling. 

Full  line  acid  p.  Chemical  Stoneware. 

F.  M.  de  BEERS  &  ASSOCIATES 

20  North  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago,  TeL  Rand.  2326 


WALTER  H.  FLOOD  &  CO. 

CLASS    1906  _ 

Chemical  Engineers 

Paving  and  Engineering  Materials 
—  Inspections  —  Reports — Specifica- 
tions— Physical  and  Chemical  Tests 
— Design  and  Control  of  Asphalt 
and  Concrete  Mixtures.  Atlantic  ooii 
822  E.  42nd  St.,  Chicago,  IH. 


SIECK  &  DRUCKER.  INC. 

CHEMICAL  ENGINEERS 
Complete  Plants  and  Equipment 
for   the   Vegetable   and   Animal 
Oils  and  Fats  Industries. 


9  S.  Clinton  St. 


Chicago 


effluent  will  be  used  for  condenser 
cooling,  thus  solving  one  of  the  major 
problem.^  in  steam  plant  operation. 
Also,  sludge  from  tliis  plant  as  well 
as  tiiat  from  tlic  North  Side  Works 
will  be  dried  by  the  new  system,  devel- 
oped by  the  District  engineers,  and 
burned  under  tlie  main  boilers.  Air 
lifts  will  be  used  for  pumping  acti- 
vated sludge  from  the  final  tanks  into 
the  return  channel.  Those  lifts  will 
probably  be  equipped  with  automatic 
control  mechanisms  using  an  "electric 
eye"  or  photo-electric  cell  to  maintain 
a  constant  depth  of  sludge  in  the 
tanks. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of 
the  new  process  for  disposing  of 
sludge,  heretofore  the  most  trouble- 
some and  expensive  single  operation 
in  the  process  of  sewage  treatment. 
This  process  is  the  result  of  six  years 
of  experiment  and  has  effected  a  saving 
of  about  fifty  percent  in  first  cost  of 
the  Southwest  works.  It  can  be  oper- 
ated the  year  round,  eliminating  the 
need  for  winter  storage  of  sludge. 
No  odors  can  escape  to  cause  a  public 
nuisance,  and  the  dried  sludge  can  be 
diverted  for  use  as  a  fertilizer  ma- 
terial if  desired.  By  this  process  the 
sludge  is  first  coagulated  by  adding 
a  conditioner  and  then  dewatered  on 
vacuum  filters.  The  filter  cake  is 
then  mixed  with  dried  sludge,  and  the 
mixture  is  completely  dried  in  a  closed 
circuit  of  superheated  sludge  vapor. 
The  excess  vapor  is  withdrawn  from 
this  circuit  and  passed  through  the 
furnace  flame  to  destroy  all  odors. 
The  dried  sludge  is  burned  like 
powdered  coal  and  supplies  enough 
heat  to  evaporate  its  own  moisture, 
so  it  is  not  necessary  to  add  fuel  ex- 
cept when  sludge  is  diverted  for  ferti- 
lizer. It  is  anticipated  that  this  sys- 
tem will  also  result  in  large  savings 
in  annual  operating  costs  as  compared 
with  other  methods  of  disposal. 

Another  important  item  in  this 
program  is  the  control  works  at  the 
former  mouth  of  the  Cliicago  river. 
These  works  provide  a  watertight  en- 
closure to  prevent  the  escape  of  any 
river  water  into  the  lake  because  of 
reversals  of  flow  in  the  river.  A 
navigation  lock  600  feet  long  will  per- 
mit shipping  to  pass  in  or  out  at  any 
time. 

Total  cost  of  the  artificial  treatment 
system  when  completed  will  approxi- 
mate |203  000,000  which  means  that 
each  person  served  will  have  "in- 
vested" $14. 30  in  the  construction  of 
sanitary  works  that  give  him  complete 
disposal  of  sanitary  and  industrial 
wastes  from  homes  and  factories  plus 
a  public  water  supply  that  is  free 
of  all  disease  germs.  The  annual  op- 
erating  cost   including   every   item   of 


Concrete  Breaking 


Phone;    Normal  0900 
WANTED:  A  HARD  JOB! 

Chicago  Concrete  Breaking 
Company 

BLASTING  EXPERTS 

WITH    A    NATION    WIDE    REPUTATION 

Removal  of 

MACHINERY    FOUNDATIONS— ROCK 

SALAMANDERS  — SLAG    DEPOSITS  — 

CONCRETE  STACKS— VAULTS— ETC. 

•     •     • 
6247  Indiana  Ave.      Chicago,  111. 


Consulting  Engineer 


INDUSTRIAL  HEATING 

Consulting     and     Contracting     Engineers 

Billet,    Slab    Heating    and    Special    Furnaces 

/Natural  Gas  ") 

To   Use:       ^^f"    Oven  Ga«   (      ^^   p^^,^ 

I  Producer  Gas         ' 

FLINN   &   DREFFEIN   COMPANY 

308  West  Washington   Street 

Chicago,    Illinois 


BRADY,  McGILLIVRAY 

&  MULLOY 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS 

37  W.  Van  Buren  Street 

Phone   Harrison   1188 

1270  Broadway, 

New  York  City. 

N.   Y. 


Contractors 


E.  H.  MARHOEFER,  JR.  CO. 

CONTRACTORS 

1506  Merchandise  Mart 


I.  M.  ECKERT  CO. 

Distinctive  Decorating 

5524  BROADWAY,  CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE  LONGBEACH  5437 

J.  M.  ECKERT.  Pres.     •    (Class  1910) 


Dress   Suits 

Phone  R.nnJolrh  S-393 

Opni  I-:-.-fninf,<  by  .i ppnintmtnl 

IDc  Huxc  Brcgs  ^ult  IRcntnl 

Companp 

TUXEDOS,  FULL  DRESS  and  CUTAWAY 

SUITS  TO  RENT 

J  FULL  LINK  OF  ACCESSORIES 

it  S.  State  Street.  Chicado 

Suite  4011               Mentor  Building         Cor.  Monroe 

55 


Drawing  Materials 


POST'S 

Drawing  Materials 
THE  FREDERICK  POST  CO. 

Hamlin   and   Avondale   Avenues 
CHICAGO 


Electrical   Contracting 


A.S.SCHULMAN 

ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

Electrical  Engineers  and 
Contractors 

537  South  Dearborn  Street 

CHICAGO 

PHONE  HARRISON  7288 

Address  All  Communications  to  the  Company 

A.   S.   SCHULMAN,   President 
HARVEY  T.  NACK,  Vice  President 


DOOLEY  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 

ELECTRICAL   CONTRACTORS 

456  E.  83rd  St.         •         Stewart  7268 
CHICAGO 


WHITE  CITY 

Electric  Company 

Electrical  Contractors 

• 

569  West  Van  Buren  St. 
Chicago 

Tel.   Wabash   5880  Established    1905 


DREIFUSS  BLOCK 

A    connplete     portable    unit    for 
quick,    accurate    drawing. 

Ideal  for 
Architects  Students 

Engineers 
DREIFUSS  and  COMPANY 

7841  Westwood  Drive 
Chicago 


cxpt-nsc  except  interest  and  retire- 
ment of  bonds  amounts  to  only  $1.17 
l)er  jierson  served. 

Typlioid  fever  lias  praetieally  dis- 
appeared from  Ciiicago.  Since  19;J0 
tile  averajje  death  rate  from  that  cause 
has  been  0..39  per  100,000  or  one.  per 
year  for  every  250,000  people. 

Desifijn  and  construction  of  nearly 
sixty  million  dollars  wortii  of  enfji- 
neerino;  works,  some  of  tliem  extremely 
complicated  in  nature,  in  less  than 
four  years  is  oI)viously  a  formidable 
taslv.  It  lias  been  carried  through 
with  complete  coordination  between 
Sanitary  District  and  P.  W.  A.  forces 
who  iiave  inspected  and  approved  the 
work  at  every  stage. 


Electrical  Equipment 


OIL   REFINING 

(From  Page  29) 

plioric  acid  catalyst.  The  yield  of 
motor  fuel  per  tliousand  cubic  feet  va- 
ries as  a  function  of  the  olefin  per- 
centage in  the  gas.  From  gas  con- 
taining 36  percent  of  propene  and 
butenes,  the  yield  (10  lb.  Reid  vapor 
pressure)  is  8.3  gallons  per  1000 
cubic  feet. 

One  of  tlie  major  developments  in 
the  utilization  of  butanes  derived 
from  natural  gas,  natural  gas  gaso- 
line, and  refinery  gases  is  their  con- 
version into  high  octane  motor  fuels 
by  a  combination  of  cracking  and 
catalytic  polymerization.  A  plant  is  in 
operation  processing  over  1,000  bar- 
rels a  day  of  butanes,  producing  a 
relatively  large  yield  of  olefin  con- 
taining gases  at  a  temperature  of 
1075°  F.  and  750  pounds  pressure  as 
well  as  some  pyrolytic  gasoline. 
These  gases  are  then  passed  through 
solid  phosphoric  acid  catalyst  which 
polymerizes  the  olefins  into  motor 
fuel.  A  typical  operating  run  pro- 
cessing 1,090  barrels  a  day  of  butanes 
produced  4.02  barrels  of  polymer  gas- 
oline made  up  of  109  barrels  of  pyro- 
lytic and  293  barrels  of  catalytic  poly- 
mer gasoline. 

Tlie  cracking  of  butane  and  other 
paraffinie  gases  prior  to  polymeriza- 
tion inevitably  leads  to  loss  of  ma- 
terial through  side  reactions.  A  more 
desirable  first  step  is  catalytic  deliy- 
drogenation,  which  at  950°  F.  and 
atmospheric  pressure  gives  olefins 
suitable  for  polymerization.     Thus  if 


GOLDBERG    &    O'BRIEN 

ELECTRIC  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERS    AND 

CONTRACTORS 

OFFICE     AND     PLANT 

17  South  Jefferson   Street 
Chicago,   Illinois 


iNorthwestern    Electric    Company 

408412  South  Iloyne  Avenue 

Electric    Motors — Converters — Welders 
Guaranteed  Service 


"Extra -Service" 

Friction  and  Rubber  Tapes 
.  .  .  at  no  extra  cost 

VAN  riEEF  BROS. 

Mfri.  Rubber  and  Chemical  Product! 

Woodlawn  Ave.,  77th  to  78th  Sts. 
CHICAGO 


tv.S^£'fl< 


COMPLETE 

Electrical  Insulation 

Service 

HIGHEST    QUALITY    MATERIALS 
Macallen 
Dolphins 
Manning 
Emerald 

and  Other  Brands 
Consultation  Service 

INSULATION  MANUFACTURERS 
CORPORATION 

Cleveland  Chicago 


Motors  and  Generators  Rebuilt 

New   and    Used   Motors  for  Sale 

Telephone  Boulevard  2389 

CENTRAL  MOTOR  &  REPAIR  CO. 

ELECTRICAL    ENGINEERING 

MANUFACTURERS    OF     RADIO    GENERATORS 

GENERAL     ELECTRICAL     AND     MECHANICAL 

REPAIRING 

615-617  ROOT  STREET 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


56 


Electrical  Equipment 


The  PYLE-NATIONAL 
COMPANY 

RAILROAD  AND  INDUSTRIAL  CONDUIT 
WIRING    FiniNGS 

AIRPORT  AND  AIR  CRAFT 
LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

STEAM  TURBINES 

one-fourth   to   five   horse   power 

TURBO  GENERATORS 

one-half    to    twelve    kilowatt 

FLOOD  LIGHTS 
Chicago  lllinolt 


THOMPSON  -  JAMESON 
ELECTRIC  CO. 

220   Inslilute   Place,  Chicago 

MOTORS  and  ELEVATORS 

MAINTAINED  and  REPAIRED 

LIGHT    and    POWER    WIRING 

24   hour  service  SUPERIOR   1396 


Transformer   Specialists 

Design  and  production  of  transfornners  for 
Radio,  Sound  Annplification  and  Amateur 
Transmission.      1 1/2   K.  W.  limit. 

STANDARD  TRANSFORMER 

CORPORATION 

STANCOR 

1500   N.   Halsted  St.  Chicago,   Illinois 


R.  E.  FISCHEL 

Becker  Brothers  Carbon  Co. 

Electrical    and    Mechanical    Carbon 

Products 

3450  S.  52ND  AVE. 

Cicero 

CRAWFORD    2260 


Economical 


Grade    Rebuilt  Dependable 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 

MOTOR   GENERATORS,    ROTARY 
CONVERTORS,  ETC. 

Ask   for   Special    Llit 

Gregory  Electric  Co. 

1603    S.    Lincoln    Street  Chicago,    III. 


LIGHTING  EQUIPMENT 

by 

ARMOUR  MEN 

MULTI    ELECTRICAL    MFG.    CO. 
1840  West  14th  Street,  Chicago 


tlie  propane  and  butanes  in  the  resi- 
due gas  from  the  polymerization  unit 
in  tile  example  cited  be  dcliydrogen- 
ated,  and  reeycicd  tiirougii  tlie  poiy- 
merization  step,  the  yield  will  i)c  in- 
creased by  3.8  gallons  per  thousand 
feet,   making  a   total   of    12.1    gallons. 

The  catalytic  polymerization  units 
now  in  operation  have  daiiy  gasoline 
capacities  of  l.,000  to  110,000  gallons. 
One  plant  of  15  million  cubic  feet  ca- 
pacity produces  approximately  60. 000 
gallons  per  day.  Another  catalytic 
unit  with  a  capacity  of  about  27  mil- 
lion cubic  feet  of  craclvcd  gas  will  pro- 
duce roughly  110,000  gallons  of  81 
( etane  rating  gasoline. 

Tlie  investment  cost  of  tlic  poly- 
merization units  in  operation  in  the 
U.  S.  is  about  .$18,000,000.  Tiie  pres- 
ent yearly  production  is  about  360,- 
000,000  gallons,  while  were  all  the 
jjossible  sources  of  polymer  gasoline 
utilized.  the  potential  production 
would  be  9,000,000,000  gallons  of 
polymer  gasoline. 

Isooctane    Motor   Fuel 

Tile  manufacture  of  isooctane  mo- 
tor fuel  iiaving  100  octane  rating  in 
large  quantities  whicli  is  an  actuality 
today  has  had  a  profound  influence  on 
tiie  design  and  operation  of  modern 
motors. 

In  contrast  to  the  former  expensive 
method  of  producing  isooctane  fuel 
(at  $20.00  a  gallon)  from  butyl  alco- 
liol,  we  are  now  able  to  ])olymerize 
cat.-iiytically  the  normal  and  isobutenc 
in  tiie  gases  derived  from  tiie  craciv- 
ing  process.  The  catalytic  polymeriz- 
ation of  tiiese  hydrocarbons  taites 
places  witii  either  sulfuric  acid  or 
solid  phosplioric  acid  forming  isooc- 
tcnes  which  upon  mild  hydrogenation 
form  isooctanes  ranging  from  90  to 
100  octane  rating.  To  produce  avia- 
tion gasoline  of  100  octane  rating  the 
isooctanes  are  blended  with  isopen- 
tane  derived  from  tiie  distillation  of 
natural  gasoline  or  with  natural  gaso- 
line of  75  octane  and  tiien  tetraethyl 
leaded  to  100  octane. 

The  manufacture  of  isooctanes  by 
tills  process  in  plants  in  operation  or 
projected  is  at  the  present  time  at  the 
rate  of  126,000,000  gallons  a  year. 

In  airplane  engines  designed  to 
malie  use  of  the  higher-quality  fuels, 
it  has  been  estimated  that  each  addi- 
tional octane  number  is  worth  from 
two  to  eight  cents  more  per  gallon  be- 
cause of  the  increased  earning  power 
of  the  airplane.  Higher  octane  rat- 
ings mean  quicker  take-ofF  and  in- 
creased pay-load  ability  and  cruising 
range  of  the  airplane.  Comparing  tiie 
use  of  87  octane  with  100  octane  gaso- 
line, the  latter  lifts  about  30  percent 
more   weight   and   increases   mounting 


Electrical  Equipment 


ELECTRIC 
MOTORS 


CALUMET 
4961 


DAVID    GORDON 

ELECTRICAL   EQUIPMENT 

1720  SO.   MICHIGAN   AVE.,   CHICAGO 


LIGHTING  PICTURES 

and 

ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES 

TRIANGLE  ELECTRIC  CO. 

600  West  Adams  Street 
Chicago 

Mr.  Byrnes  Tel.  HAYmarket  7980 


IHORMRSON 


TRANSFUKMERS 
Write  for  catalogs  and  manuals 

•    Transmitter      Guide  —  No.      344 

Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
inging  from 


25 


tts  to  1,000 


•    Radio  SeniclnK  Guide — No.  342 

Auto  Installation  hints,  how  to 
build  a  direct  reading  voltmeter, 
how  to  make  and  use  output  Indi- 
cators   and    align     receivers,     tube 


dat 


IBo 


•   Sound  Amplifler  Guide— No.  346 

Circuit  diagrams,  details  and  parts 
list  for  Ampliflers  ranging  up  to 
100  watts  output,  db  table,  etc..  .16c 


500 


Huron  St.,  Ch 


).  111. 


Illinois    Electric    Porcelain 
Company 


MACOMB.    ILLINOIS 


E.  J.  BURRIS 

District  Representativt 


Telephone    Mansfield    7873 
5263  Quincy  Street,   Chicago,   Illinois 


Chicaso  Transformer 
Corporation 

3501    ADDISON  STREET 
Chicago,  Illinois 

Independence    I  120 


CHICAGO    •    ILLINOIS 

FOR  QUALITY 
WHITE  METAL  ALLOYS 

ALL  KINDS 


57 


Electroplating 


You  wreck   'em  We  fix  'em 

McVITTIE 

1600   South   State   St. 

We    plate    anything    made    of    metal. 

No  job   too  large   or  too  small  for  us. 

RESPONSIBLE  RELIABLE 

1600   South   State   St. 

Chicago 

Calumet    6881-6882-68«3 


Electrical  Windings 


ELECTRICAL  WINDINGS 
INCORPORATED 

DESIGNERS  and  MANUFACTURERS  of 
ELECTRICAL  WINDINGS  AND  SPECIALTIES 

16  NORTH  MAY  STREET 
CHICAGO 

Telephone   SEEley   6400 


Felts 

WESTERN  FELT  WORKS 

Manufacturers     and 

Cutters      of      Felts 

For  all   Mechanical  and  Industrial 
Purposes 

CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 

Flowers 


Telephone    Victory    4515-4516 
"YouT    Telegraph    Florist" 

J.  F.  KIDWELL  CO. 

Not    Inc. 

FLOWERS 

3530    MICHIGAN    AVENUE 
T.  A.  Kidwell  Chicago 


Hardware 


Serson  Hardware 
Company 

ALL    KINDS    SHEET    METAL 

WORK 

Special  Attention  to  Repair  Work 

Phone  Victory  1773  109  E.  Slet  St. 


Ice  Cream 


Not   in    the   Trust  All    Departnnents 

Kenwood   0050 


GOODMAN  AMERICAN 
CORPORATION 

First  in  Chicago 

FINE  ICE  CREAMS 
BETTER  BEVERAGES 

Manufacturers    &    Distributors    of 

DAIRY-PRODUCE 


and  cruising  speed  about  30  percent. 

The  drive  for  higher  octane  motor 
fuels  lias  led  to  studies  of  other  or- 
ganic compounds  than  hydrocarbons. 
In  countries  wliich  have  no  crude  oil 
supplies  and  are  nationalistic-minded 
to  the  extent  of  trying  to  make  them- 
selves economically  self  sufficient,  the 
use  of  methanol  and  ethyl  alcohol  as 
motor  fuel  blended  with  gasoline  de- 
rived from  crude  oil  is  being  adopted. 
Alcohol  is  much  more  expensive  to 
produce  than  gasoline  from  crude.  The 
world  consumption  of  ethyl  alcohol 
blended  in  motor  fuel  during  1937  was 
about  200.000,000  gallons  or  0.6  per- 
cent of  the  33,000,000,000  gallons  of 
motor  fuel  consumed.  The  U.  S.  con- 
sumption of  alcohol  as  motor  fuel  is 
practically  zero. 

^^'ith  tiie  demand  for  motor  fuels  of 
very  high  octane  rating,  studies  have 
been  made  of  tiie  utility  of  ethers  and 
ketones. 

Contrary  to  the  behavior  of  etliyl 
ether,  which  is  a  violent  knock  in- 
ducer, some  ethers,  notably  isopropyl 
ether  and  mixed  ethers,  have  higli 
antiknock  value  and  in  general  good 
susceptibility  to  tetraethyl  lead.  How- 
ever, such  fuels  as  isopropyl  ether 
have  lower  energy  content  than  hydro- 
carbon fuels  of  the  same  octane  rat- 
ing, and  octane  increase  must  be  dis- 
counted by  about  two  numbers  for 
each  percent  lowering  in  heat  content 
of  the  fuel  compared  to  hydrocarbons. 

Isopropyl  ether  is  produced  by 
chemical  treatment  of  propene,  which 
is  present  in  refinery  cracking  plant 
gases  or  which  may  be  produced  by 
dehydrogenating  or  cracking  the  pro- 
pane contained  in  both  natural  and  re- 
finery gases.  Isopropyl  ether  can  be 
used  as  a  supplement  to  isooctane  to 
supply  the  necessary  front-end  vola- 
tility which  isooctane  lacks. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  is  now 
sufficient  propene  available  in  the 
United  States,  exclusive  of  all  normal 
demands  for  other  purposes,  to  pro- 
duce approximately  340  million  gal- 
lons of  technical  isopropyl  ether  per 
year.  This  quantity  of  isopropyl 
"ether,  when  blended  40  percent  with 
gasoline  and  "leaded"  with  3  cc.  of 
tetraethyl  lead  per  gallon,  will  equal 
850  million  gallons  of  100  octane  gaso- 
line. The  volume  of  antiknock  ethers 
could  be  greatly  increased  if  mixed 
ethers  such  as  methyl  isopropyl  were 
also  produced.  In  addition,  if  all  the 
propane  available  in  the  United  States 
were  converted  to  propene  and  then  to 
isopropyl  ether,  the  potential  volume 
of  100  octane  gasoline  would  be 
greatly  increased. 

The  ketones,  of  which  acetone  and 
methyl  ethyl  ketone  have  been  used 
as  motor  fuels,  have  high  octane  rat- 
ing and  good  tetraethyl  lead  suscepti- 


FOR   40   YEARS 

A   NAME   STANDING   FOR 

QUALITY 

AND 

FINE  WORKMANSHIP 

IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF 

SCIENTIFIC  INSTRUMENTS 

GAERTNER  SCENTIFIC 
CORPORATION 

1201  Wrightwood  Ave.  CHICAGO' 


AIRGUIDE  WEATHER  INSTRUMENTS 

Hygrometers — Thermometers — 
Barometers 

for   Domestic   and    Industrial   Purposes 

FEE  AND  STEMWEDEL.  INC. 

4949    North    Pulaski    Road,    Chicago,    Illinois 
EEYstone  6600 


GAD  GETE  E  R  S 


0  9  9  lyHAT'S  what  we've  been 
J.  ccilled  by  laboratory  men 
who  never  before  realized  what  service 
they  could  get  on  special  custom-built 
apparatus  until  they  called  us  in  on  the 
job.  With  thousands  of  standard  parts 
in  our  apparatus  stock-room,  a  modem 
plant  built  expressly  for  producing  "pre- 
cision" products,  and  long-experienced 
engineers  on  the  job,  we  can  save  you 
plenty  of  time  and  money  when  you 
need  laboratory  equipment  that  can't 
be  bought  out  of  a  catalog. 

PRECISION    SCIENTinC    CO. 

1740    N.  Springfield  Ave.,  Chicago,  Illinois 


COMPLETE   AND    INTELLIGENT 
INSURANCE  SERVICE 

Life  Fire  Casualty 

NATIONAL   PROTECTED   INVESTMENT 
COMPANY 

Fred    G.    Heuchling    Co;),    President 

Suite    428 — 606    South    Wabash    Avenue 

Chicago 


The    Sooner 

You 

Plan    Your    Future,    the 

Better 

Your 

Future   Will    Be— 

WM. 

c 

KRAFFT 

EQUITABLE  LIFE  ASSURANCE 
SOCIETY  OF  UNITED  STATES 

120  S.  LA  SALLE  ST.                  FRA.  0400 

58 


! 

1 

CAREERS 

O     F 

C     A    B     R     I 

E     R 

E     N     G     1 

[     N     E     E     R     S 

.J 

On  the  Great  Nieuw  Amsterdam— 
The  Largest  Air  Conditioning  System  Afloat! 


IT  WAS  no  simple  task  adapting  air  con- 
ditioning to  the  ocean  liner.  Carrier 
engineers  worked  for  years  to  overcome 
what  seemed  to  be  unsurmountable  ob- 
stacles. The  corrosive  effect  of  salt  air  and 
water,  for  example,  made  it  necessary  to 
introduce  special  metals  for  condensers 
— and  drip-proof  or  water-tight  construc- 
tion for  motors.  New  types  of  equipment 
were  necessary  to  meet  the  restrictions 
imposed  by  low  ceilings  and  limited 
space.  Then  there  were  problems  of 
propeller  vibration  .  .  .the  rolling  of  the 
ship... the  rapid  changes  of  outdoor 
weather  conditions.  And,  above  all,  the 
necessity  for  absolute  dependability. 

Carrier  engineers  overcame 
these  obstacles  —  overcame  them 
so  thoroughly  that  today,  any  ship 
built  without  air  conditioning  is 
considered  obsolete  before  she  is 
launched.    The  "Normandie,"  the 


"Queen  Mary,"  the  "Mariposa"  and 
dozens  of  smaller  vessels  all  feature 
Carrier  Air  Conditioning  for  passengers' 
comfort.  And  now,  with  the  maiden 
voyage  of  the  "Nieuw  Amsterdam"  this 
spring,  the  largest  air  conditioning  system 
afloat  will  be  in  operation. 

Aboard  the  "Nieuw  Amsterdam,"  pas- 
sengers will  enjoy  true  air  conditioning 
at  any  season  of  the  year.  They'll  be  kept 
cool  in  hot  weather  by  Carrier  Centrifu- 
gal Refrigerating  Machines  providing 
300  tons  of  cooling  —  or  the  equivalent 
of  melting  600,000  pounds  of  ice  each 
day.  In  cool  weather  they'll  be  warmed 
by  gentle  Carrier  heating.  And  always, 


arrie 


Air  Conditioning 


they'll  find  perfect  ventilation  and  circu- 
lation of  clean,  humidity-controlled  air. 
Engineering  enabled  Carrier  to 
pioneer  in  the  marine  field  —  just  as  it 
enabled  Carrier  to  pioneer  in  every  other 
field  of  industry  and  commerce.  And  the 
opportunity  for  still  greater  engineering, 
and  still  greater  pioneering  are  as  great 
or  greater  today  than  ever  before.  Youth 
is  no  obstacle — at  Carrier,  recognition  is 
gained  by  accomplishments,  not  by  age 
alone.  And  the  young  engineer  is  en- 
couraged to  use  his  abilities  to  their  best 
advantage  —  whether  they  be  adapted  to 
experimental,  development  or  installation 
workinCarrier's  world-wide  organization. 
•  •  • 

During  1937,  Carrier  trained  300  recent 

schools  in  every  section  of  the  country. 
Carrier  needs  more  men.  If  you  had  a  good 
school  record,  and  are  interested  in  the 

growing  industry,  write  us. 


CARRIER    CORPORATIOKr     SYRACUSE,    N.     Y. 


ORGANIZAT 


ENGINEERS 


59 


JACK  I.  KITCH 

"INSURANCE"  is   My   Middle  Name 

South    East    National    Bank    Building 

1180  East  63rd  Street 

PHONE:    FAIRFAX   7200 


YOUR  FINANCIAL  PLANS 

Can  be  guaranteed  of  accomplishment 
with  an  Equitable  Life  Insurance  or  Annuity 
Contract. 

ROBERT  G.  PILKINGTON.  JR. 

"New  Light  on  Old  Problems" 
120  So.  La  Salle  St.  Franklin  0400 


Build  a  Monthly  Income 

through 

MAN'S  STAUNCHEST  FRIEND 

His  Life  Insurance 

By   Consulting 
O.   D.   RICHARDSON 

Asso.  General  Agent 

Berkshire   Life   Insurance  Co, 

Pittsfield,    Mass. 

Room     1229—1     No.    La  Salle    St. 

Chicago,     Illinois 

Tel.   Ran.   2224 


EVERETT  R.  COLE 

ASSOCIATED  WITH 

FRED.  S,  JAMES  &  CO. 

ESTABLISHED  1872 

INSURANCE 

175    WEST    JACKSON    BOULEVARD 

TELEPHONE  WABASH   3720 

CHICAGO 


Investmenl.'! 


PAUL  L  MULLANEY  (1924) 
INVESTMENTS 

THE    FIELD    BUILDING 
135  South  La  Salle  Street 

Chicago 
Telephone  Franklin   1166 


bility.  Tile  octane  number  of  ace- 
tone i.s  100  and  that  of  methyl  ethyl 
ketone  is  98.5.  Like  the  ethers,  ho\v<i 
rver.  tluir  energy  content  is  lower 
than  tli.it  of  hydrocarbon  fuels. 

Lubricating    Oils 

The  macliines  of  today  call  for  im- 
proved qualities  in  the  lubricants  used. 
Lubricating  oils  as  produced  by  na- 
ture are  not  suitable  for  many  modern 
motors.  This  is  in  large  part  due  to 
the  increase  in  compression  pressure 
under  which  combustion  is  brought 
.ibout  in  order  to  increase  tiie  effi- 
ciency of  tiie  engines.  As  the  pres- 
sure increases,  natural  mineral  oils 
fail  to  give  satisfaction.  Hence,  the 
treatment  of  lubricating  oils  has  un- 
dergone revolutionary  changes  by  the 
use  of  solvents,  and  addition  of  syn 
thetic  chemical  compounds  and  poly- 
merized olefins. 

Yor  many  years  sulfuric  acid  has 
been  the  agent  used  to  rerine  motor 
fuel  and  lubricants.  Sulfuric  acid  re- 
fining of  lubricants  involves  a  heavy 
loss  due  to  polymerization,  oxidation, 
formation  of  addition  compounds,  and 
solubility  of  certain  hydrocarbons  in 
the  acid.  These  effects  are  eliminated 
by  using  solvents  to  separate  the  hy- 
drocarbons of  high  viscosity  index  and 
other  good  properties  from  those  of 
low  quality,  the  separation  being  by 
physical  rather  than  chemical  refininji. 
Such  solvents  as  phenols,  used  with 
and  without  propane,  acetone,  nitro- 
benzene, aniline,  chloraniline,  benzol- 
sulfur  dioxide  mixtures,  dichlorethyl- 
ether  (chlorex)  and  furfural  are  used 
for  the  improvement  of  lubricating 
oils. 

An  important  development  in  chem- 
ical synthesis  is  the  production  of  com- 
pounds for  addition  to  lubricating  oils 
in  order  to  improve  such  properties  as 
oiliness.  viscosity  index,  pour  point, 
and  oxidation  resistance.  Products 
used  in  order  to  improve  one  or  more 
of  these  qualities  include  polymerized 
hydrocarbon  oils,  oxidized  petroleum 
oils  and  waxes,  fatty  acids  and  some 
cf  their  salts,  halogenated  hydrocar- 
bons, long  chain  alkylated  aromatics, 
methyldichlorstearate,  tricresylphos- 
phate,  beta-naphthol,  and  aluminum 
naphthenate. 

Addition  of  certain  of  these  com- 
pounds to  lubricants  cuts  down  the 
wear  on  motors,  and  starting  at  low 
temperature  these  are  more  efficient 
because  of  the  ease  with  which  the  oil 
penetrates  and  keeps  its  film  strength 
between  moving  parts.  Low  oil  con- 
sumption and  safe  lubrication  using 
compounded  oils  at  liigh  temperatures 
combined  with  low  sludge  and  varnish 
forming  tendencies  are  also  important 
advantages  when  operating  at  high 
speeds.    Some  of  these  addition  agents 


Jewelry 


SPIES   BROTHERS.    Inc. 

Manufacturing  Jeivelers 

CLASS  PINS  AND  RINGS 

Fraternity     and     Sorority     Jewelry 

Medals  and  Trophies 

Dance    Programs    and    Announcements 

27  E.  Monroe  Street 

CHICAGO 


DiEGEs  and  rmsT 

185  N.  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 

Central   3115 
CLASS   JEWELRY  FRATERNITY    PINS 


Laundry 


Tel.    Haymarket    2338 

HANDLER'S  LAUNDRY 

Industrial  Supply 

Since    1875 

464-66  Milwaukee  Avenue 

E.    O.    Mandler  Chicago,    III. 


WEST  LAKE  LAUNDRY  COMPANY 

3329  S.  State  Street 
Chicago 

Serving  railroads,  institutions,  industries 
since  1890. 

Telephone:  Victory  6300 


CHICAGO 

KENT 


COLLEGE  off 

LAW 


Founded    1887 

Independent — Endowed — Non- Sectarian 

Afternoon    and    Evening    Classes. 

TeL    Dea.   8883.     College   BIdg.,    10   N.    Franklin   St. 


Management  Engineer 


GRIFFENHAGEN  & 
ASSOCIATES 

Established    1911 

MANAGEMENT  ENGINEERS 

AND  ACCOUNTANTS 


CONSULTANTS  ON  PROBLEMS  OF  OR- 
GANIZATION,  FINANCE,  PERSONNEL, 
AND  OPERATING  PROCEDURE. 


Head  Office:   LaSalle-Wacker  Building 
Chicago 


60 


Management   Engineer 


CHARLES  R.  SIMMONS 

CONSULTANT   IN   MANAGEMENT 

Industrial  Engineer 


10  South  La  Salle  Street 

CHICAGO 

Telephone  Franklin  1234 


Mechanicnl 


Fitzgibbons  Boiler  Co., 

Inc. 

STEEL     HEATING     &     POWER 

BOILERS 

Represented  by 

MALVIN   &   MAY,   INC 

RAY  C.  MALVIN 

2427  So.   Michigan   Avenue                   | 

Chicago,     Illinois 

Victory    1617 

THE  STAR  OIL  COMPANY 

tSTABLISHED      1890 

LUBRICATING    OILS    AND    GREASES 

Telephone   Seeley  4400 

GEO.  HAMILTON 

344-348    N.    Irving    Avenue,    Chicago 

Welding  Specialists 

Hamler    Boiler,    Tank   Co. 

6025  W.  66th  St. 

Chicago 
Fabricators   of   Steel    Plato 
ASME     PRESSURE    VESSELS 
STAINLESS     STEEL     TANKS 


when  added  to  lubricants  in  concen- 
trations of  about  one  percent  are  re- 
j)orted  to  cause  the  oil  to  withstand 
jH-essures  of  more  than  15,000  pounds 
to  the  square  incli  and  reduce  tlie  mo- 
tor wear  over   hO  percent. 

Polymerized  lubricants  of  special 
j)roperties  have  been  manufactured  by 
the  catalytic  action  of  aluminum  chlo- 
ride on  propene,  butenes,  pentenes, 
and  light  fractions  of  gasoline  from 
the  cracking  of  paraffin  wax  or  w.ixy 
oils.  When  lubricating  oils  from 
tthyhnc  were  manufactured  by  this 
nutliod,  it  was  found  that  the  viscos- 
ity-temperature coefficient  was  infe- 
rior, but  thermal  polymerization  fol 
lowed  by  aluminum  chloride  treatment 
gave  an  improved  lubricant.  Since  the 
viscosity  of  a  lubricant  is  a  function 
of  the  length  of  the  straight  chain  in 
tlie  molecule,  the  polymerization  treat- 
ment most  desirable  in  lubricating  pro- 
duction is  that  which  encourages  the 
lengthening  rather  than  the  branching 
of  the  chain.  A  further  observation 
has  also  been  made,  that  the  more 
straight  chain  the  molecule,  the  less 
readily  it  will  polymerize.  The  long 
chain  paraffins  as  lubricants  are  re- 
jjorted  to  be  superior  compared  to  the 
cycloparaffins,  olefins,  and  aromatics. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  lubricant 
and  rejjair  bills  of  the  gasoline 
and  high-speed  Diesel  motors  used 
throughout  the  world  can  be  reduced 
over  .$1. '50,000,000  a  year  by  use  of 
the  im])roved  lubricating  oils  avail- 
able. 


Motor  Trucks 


SOL  ELLIS  &  SONS,  Inc. 

PLUMBING  AND  HEATING  SUPPLIES 
Chicago's  Most  Complete  Stock  of 
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ARC  WELDING 

(From  Page   32) 

nickel  electrode.  Sometimes  this 
method  is  not  feasible  from  the  cor- 
rosion resistance  standpoint,  and  in 
this  case  it  is  suggested  that  a  weld- 
ing electrode  corresponding  in  analy- 
sis to  the  parent  metal  be  used  on  the 
side  where  the  corrosion  takes  place 
and  the  18-8  electrode  be  used  on 
the  opposite  side  for  streng-th  and 
ductility. 

Stainless  steels  falling  in  the  Aus- 
tenitic  group  are  as  follows: 
18%   chromium —  8%   nickel. 
25%   chromium — 12%    nickel. 
25%)    chromium — 20%^    nickel. 
■35%.   nickel — 15%    chromium. 
60%    nickel — 15%    chromium. 
The   above  steels   may   also   contain 
additions      of     titanium,     columbium, 
molybdenum,  etc. 

It  is  fortunate  that  approximately 
80%  of  the  total  tonnage  of  the  stain- 
less steel  used  in  this  country  is  of 
the   Austenitic  type,  because  it   is   by 


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far  the  mo.st  easily  welded.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal  physical 
characteristics  of  Austenitic  stainless 
steels: 

1.  Thermal  conductivity — one-half 
that  of  mild  steel. 

2.  Coefficient  of  expansion — 50 '^v 
greater  than  that  of  mild  steel. 

3.  ILleetrieal  resistance — G^o  tinns 
that  of  mild  steel. 

1.    Non-magnetic. 

•5.  Melting  temperature  approxi- 
mately 200°  F  less  than  that  of 
mild  steel. 

G.     Does  not  air  harden. 

7.    Carbide  precipitation. 

From  the  above  physical  character- 
istics we  can  work  out  correct  weld- 
ing procedures.  It  is  recommended 
that  20%  less  welding  current  be 
used  on  an  18-8  stainless  electrode  be- 
cause the  heat  is  localized  along  the 
seam  because  of  the  low  thermal  con- 
ductivity and  because  the  melting 
temperature  is  lower  than  mild  steel. 
A  gap  should  be  allowed  between  the 
plates  to  allow  for  the  excessive  ex- 
pansion. These  steels  are  non-mag- 
netic and  therefore  lend  themselves 
to  greater  ease  of  welding  because  the 
effect  of  magnetic  are  blow  is  not  en- 
countered. Steels  of  this  type  receive 
their  maximum  ductility  and  corro- 
sion-resisting properties  by  rapid 
cooling  from  the  critical  temperature. 
Therefore,  every  precaution  should  be 
taken  to  allow  the  weld  metal  to  cool 
as  rapidly  as  possible.  This  may  be 
accomplished  by  running  the  weld  in 
stringer  beads  (no  weaving),  small 
diameter  electrodes,  and  low  weldiu'-- 
current. 

Austenitic  stainless  steels  possess 
a  property  known  as  "carbide  precipi- 
tation" or  "intergranular  corrosion," 
M-hich  takes  place  when  this  metal  is 
cooled  slowly  between  the  tempera- 
tures of  1550°  and  700°  F.  Slow 
cooling  between  these  temperatures 
will  cause  the  carbon  to  combine  with 
the  chromium,  forming  chromium  car- 
bide, which  aligns  itself  along  the 
grain  boundaries,  thus  impoverishing 
the  immediate  area  of  chromium.  The 
depletion  of  chromium  at  the  grain 
boundaries  results  in  lowering  the  cor- 
rosion resistance  of  the  steel. 

Carbide  precipitation  in  the  weld 
deposit  is  not  a  serious  problem  be- 
cause the  rapidity  with  which  it  cools 
in  the  average  weld  prevents  this  phe- 
nomenon from  occurring.  However, 
if  the  welded  structure  is  to  be  re- 
heated above  700°  F  during  service 
and  allowed  to  cool  slowly,  chromium 
carbide  will  form. 

For  welded  structures  operating  in 
service  at  temperatures  above  700°  F 


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it  is  recommended  that  additions  of 
eolumbium  be  added  to  both  the  base 
metal  and  the  electrode.  Columbium 
has  a  greater  affinity  for  carbon  than 
chromium,  and  columbium  additions 
of  approximately  ten  times  the  carbon 
content  will  prevent  the  formation  of 
chromium  carbide.  Titanium  will  also 
accomplish  this  purpose,  but,  unfor- 
tunately, it  is  practically  impossible 
to  transfer  this  element  across  tiic 
arc,  whereas  columbium  is  approxi- 
mately 80%  efficient  in  this  respect. 

During  the  past  year  practically  all 
of  the  steel  warehouses  have  stand- 
ardized their  stocks  of  round,  square, 
and  flat  bars  with  a  grade  of  stain- 
less steel  known  as  "free  machining 
18-8."  Instead  of  the  regular  .025 
maximum  phosphorus  and  sulphur 
content,  this  type  of  stainless  steel 
contains  .17%  maximum  phosphorus 
and  .60%  maximum  sulphur  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  tiie  machin- 
ability. 

Many  shops  have  encountered  dif- 
ficuty  in  welding  this  type  of  steel 
because  a  high  sulphur  content  intro- 
duces "hot-shortness,"  which  invari- 
ably results  in  the  weld  cracking. 
Wherever  the  design  is  such  as  to  in- 
troduce excessive  stress,  it  has  been 
found  practically  impossible  to  weld 
this  steel,  and  it  is  strongly  recom- 
mended that  no  attempt  be  made  to 
do  so. 

The  use  of  stainless  clad  has  grown 
in  popularity  during  the  past  few 
years  because  rapid  strides  have  been 
made  in  perfecting  the  bond  between 
the  stainless  steel  and  mild  steel.  This 
material  has  a  veneer  of  stainless  steel 
bonded  to  mild  steel  with  the  stainless 
layer  comprisino;  20%  of  tlie  total 
thickness  of  the  plate.  Stainless  clad 
may  be  welded  with  a  stainless  elec- 
trode on  the  stainless  side  and  a 
shielded  arc  mild  steel  electrode  on 
the  opposite  side.  It  is  recommended 
that  the  stainless  side  be  welded  first 
with  a  25%  chromium — 12%-  nickel 
electrode  in  order  to  allow  for  any 
possible  dilution  with  the  mild  steel. 
If  this  procedure  is  followed,  the  weld 
deposit  will  always  contain  an  alloy 
content  of  at  least  18%  chromium  and 
8%  nickel. 

This  article  is  not  written  with  the 
intention  of  providing  detailed  weld- 
ing procedures  but  rather  to  point  out 
the  fact  that  a  basic  knowledge  of  the 
physical  characteristics  of  stainless 
steels  will  enable  the  welder  to  out- 
line correct  welding  procedures.  A 
knowledge  of  practical  metallurgy  as 
applied  to  shop  practice  will  permit 
the  welder  to  proceed  with  under- 
standing and   not   guesswork. 


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