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AROUND THE WORLD
WITH THE BLUE JACKETS
OR
HOW WE DISPLAYED
THE AMERICAN FLAG IN FOREIGN WATERS
BY
LIEUTENANT HENRY E. RHOADES
Engineer Corps U. S. N
BOSTON
D LOTHROP COMPANY
WASHINGTON STREET OPPOSITE BRO.MFIELD
Copyright, 1890,
BY
D. LoTHROP Company.
CONTENTS.
Page
CHAPTER I.
From New York to Rio 9
CHAPTER 11.
From Rio to the Cape of Good Hope 26
CHAPTER III.
From Simon's Town to the Comoro Islands 42
CHAPTER IV.
From the Comoro Islands to Bombay 50
CHAPTER V.
From Bombay to Singapore 71
CHAPTER VI.
From Singapore to Foo-Chow 85
CHAPTER VII.
At Shanghai 102
CHAPTER VIII.
From Shanghai to Hiogo 124
CHAPTER IX.
In Japan 138
CHAPTER X.
Doings and Customs in Japan 157
CHAPTER XI.
Transferred 168
CHAPTER XII.
In the Land of the Incas 185
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIIl.
Lima 201
CHAPTER XIV.
Around the Horn 218
CHAPTER XV.
Homeward Bound 232
CHAPTER XVI.
To THE North for Rescue 247
CHAPTER XVII.
Icebergs and Esquimaux 261
CHAPTER XVIII.
On to Upernavik 275
CHAPTER XIX.
Good-bye to the Pole 289
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
The Iroquois weathen'ug a storm in the Japan Seas . . . Frontispiece.
On the Spar-Deck 12
Listening to the Articles of War = . . . 15
At Guadeloupe 18
" Ceara does not present an Imposing Appearance " 22
A belle of Ceara 25
The Officers before King Neptune 28
Outer Harbor of Eio de Janeiro 31
Rio de Janeiro 35
Table Mountain 37
Ostriches 39
Among the Comoros 47
In Prince Abdallali's Palace 51
Our Guide to Aden 57
An Aden Mendicant GO
Tlie Sultan's Harem 01
Dancing Girls of Muscat G5
Inhabitants of the Island of Salsette, near Bonbay 67
A Parsee ISIerchant 68
Hindoo Women of Bombay in Ceremonial Dress 73
The Lions' Cave on the Island of Elephanta 75
In tlie Cavern of Siva 77
Singapore 79
Hashish Smokers 81
Chinese Junk 90
A Chinese Pagoda 93
Diagram of Gambling Table 95
Sedan-chair • . . . 96
A Chinese Theater 99
A Chinese Hair-dresser 102
Chinese Mourners 105
Chinese at dinner 110
A Chinese Holiday 113
A Cliinese Wedding 115
Coast of Formosa 122
Natives of Formosa 125
Home Scene in Japan ... 129
A .Japanese Garden 131
A Japanese Street Scene 135
A Japanese Family 138
Tlie Last of tlie Tycoons 141
ILLUSTKATIONS.
The Empress of Japan
A Jinrikisha
Interior of a Japanese Temple
A Sliop on Curio Street .
Statue of Dia-Bootz
Tattooing
Fusi-Yama
A Japanese Feast-clay
In a Gale ....
Xot a Pacific
Bird's-eye View of San Francisco
■Woodward's Garden, Sau Francisco
Scene in Panama
To receive the Consul
An Inca Ruin
A Peruvian " Palace "
Interior of Cathedral at Lima
A Liman Lady
The Picadores .
"Ease Her ofl", Blocl
Threshing in Chili
Heaving the Log
Santiago .
In Smyth's Channel
Penguins .
Natives of Terra del
At Mess .
Lieutenant Henry E.
G. W. De Long.
Charles W. Chipp
The Juniata in an Ice Floe
Village of Fiskenaes
An Esquimau .
A Sledge Journey
In the Crow's Nest
Upernavik
George "W. Melville
Prospecting
St. John's
linger ! "
Fuego
Rhoades
142
145
147
148
151
157
1(10
103
168
171
174
177
181
187
llJl
194
198
201
205
211
215
218
221
224
227
234
241
24(1
250
251
255
259
261
265
282
285
293
AROUND THE WORLD WITH
THE BLUE JACKETS
CHAPTER I.
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
THE grand old sloop of war Iro-
quois swung at her dock in
the Brooklyn navy-yard awaiting the
signal that should start her upon
her trip around the world.
Our nominal destination
was the East Indies, but
our commander was at
liberty to use his own
discretion as to the places
to be visited.
\ The mission of the Iroquois
was peculiar. The Great
Rebellion was over. The Repub-
lic of the United States I JBHB of America had not gone down in
shipwreck. It was V^^PSf ready to take to itself new life and
strength. To carry the \^^M flag into the by-places of the
world, to emphasize the fact, alike to civilized and barbarous folk,
that the United States " still lived," and that the American Navy
was still afloat and alert — this was, in a general way, the reason
for our cruise. Incidentally we were ourselves to observe and
9
10 FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
study the habits and life of the different peoples to whom we
should go, and add our investigations to the records already
in the possession of the Government.
Such an expedition partook largely of the nature of an
excursion. Applications for service were numerous, and the
influence of the " powers that be " was sought by many officers
to enable them to be detailed to the Iroquois.
Our twenty-four officers, our one hundred and seventy-five
sailors and marines all looked forward to the trip with eagerness^
and there was less of the conventional grumbling that is the
accompaniment of every voyage — unless it was at the delay in
starting.
Tiresome business, this of the navy ? you ask. Well — no !
and yes ! The bitter experiences are the long three-years' separa-
tions from loved ones at home, the weary waiting for news from
them, and for the often delayed orders to return after the term of
the cruise has expired. Each officer is supposed to be entitled
to a certain amount of sea-service, and a corresponding amount
of shore-service. Too often, however, favoritism has interfered
and permitted certain officers seven and eight years of service at
home, while others less fortunate have been compelled to spend
more than their rightful share at sea.
Many people are not aware of the fact that when an
officer goes to sea his family is not permitted to accompany
him upon his ship. The Navy Department, indeed, long ago dis-
covered that a naval officer's wife has not the faculty of preserv-
ing discipline on board ship. It is for this and kindred reasons
that the Government has frequently found itself forced to forbid
the wives of naval officers from following their husbands.
But all is not bitter in this life at sea. There is a charm in
RBC
NdJ
FEOM XEW YORK TO RIO. 11
the frequent changes that are part of an extended cruise. At
every port the " best people " have a ready welcome for a naval
officer of the United States; his uniform, so long as he respects
it, gives him entrance to any society. There is plenty of study
and routine work to occupy the time on long cruises, for before
each promotion the officer must pass a rigid examination upon
every subject pertaining to his profession. This may be the
designing: and buildins; of a vessel, the construction of her
machinery, the making of her guns, rigging or sails. In fact every
branch in the science and practice of the naval service, including
navigation and preparations for battle, must be familiar to
the naval officer. A man devoted to his profession loves the sea
and loves to be upon it.
Have vou never been aboard a man-of-war ? Then come with
me aboard the Iroquois, as she lies here ready for sea. Here she
is : a long, graceful ship with fine model ; her tall, raking masts
seeming almost to penetrate the clouds ; the yards crossed in
symmetrical perfection ; the halliards, sheets, braces, lifts, clew-
lines and every other bit of the rope-rigging hauled taut and the
spare ends neatly coiled on the deck ; the sails tightly and deftly-
rolled with the shapely bunt in the jaw at the mast ; the guns
with their big nmzzles closed by tompions poking their heads out
of the port-holes, and the guns themselves shining with the
burnishing given them by the use of a cork steeped in lamp-
black and bees-wax ; the decks so white from holy-stoning as
to be clean enough to eat from, and an officer in blue and gilt
at the gangway to greet you.
Once upon deck you are interested, at once, in the attractive-
looking sailors, or " blue jackets " as they are aptly termed. Their
large-legged trousers, their baggy-looking shirts trimmed with
12
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
white braid, and their peakless, flat-topped caps make them in
appearance the very pink of neatness. When the ship is under
way those not
on watch are sit-
ting about the
deck mending
their clothing,
braiding knife
'y>%, lanyards, or do-
i'^.Oj ing some fancy
'^'iP' embroidery — for
" ^ which all well-
' disciplined navy
sailors are noted
I — or are taking
a nap. Those on
watch are per-
;i^ forming the reg-
ular dutieSjStand-
V ing by the braces,
sheets or tacks,
or at the wheel.
They may be at
drill with small
arms, great guns
or broad.swords,
for a navy ship's
crew is a well-regulated family, and can handle a gun as well
as they can the capstan bars or marline-spikes. They are not
sailors alone, they are soldiers also, and do soldiers' duty when
ON THK SPAR-DKCK.
FROM NE^Y YORK TO RIO. 13
called upon. On the berth-deck below yon will find hooks
screwed into the beams at short intervals, and each numbered ;
and from these are suspended the hammocks at night. Along
on either side of the ship are big sea chests, one for each sailor's
mess (there are about a dozen men in each mess). In these
sea-chests are brightly-polished tin plates and pans and kettles,
sugar, pepper, biscuit, flour and salt ; above them hang the
"diddy" boxes or bags in which the sailors keep thread and
needles, pieces of cloth, comb and brushes, blacking, writing
materials and the pictures of sweethearts and wives, children
or favorite heroes.
Returning to the deck and going aft we descend a gangway
ladder into the ''country"; the space just outside of the officers'
quarters or wardroom. Passing inside we observe a long table,
and beyond it a pantry filled with white dishes, glistening glass
and bright silver ware. On either side of this wardroom are
the officers' state-rooms ; a single occupant to each.
It may be wondered how a man can live in so limited a space
with so much magnificence (for here he keeps his seven uniforms)
and have everything neat and orderly. The sea air is apt to ruin
the brave finery, but the officers have learned that if they must
clothe and support themselves from the meager pay the Govern-
ment allows them they must study a close economy. On the
walls of each room are little bits of art, in the way of etchings
or small paintings ; attractive hangings decorate the latticed
doors, and indeed a spirited rivalry exists as to the respective
beauty of these little rooms.
It is sometimes far from pleasant after expending much time
and taste in fitting up one's room to be obliged to give it up after
a short occupancy only, and to take the next room aft, simply
14 FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
because another officer happening to outrank you by a few num-
bers, is ordered on board. Yet this is one of the exigencies of
the Service. By reguhition, rank is respected in the occupation of
rooms, in going aboard and in leaving the ship, and in matters
of ceremony. If perchance you should be the junior of all the
others, and there were not rooms enough, you must put up with
sleeping in a hammock. The officer must not only furnish his
own uniforms, gold lace, buttons and all, he must also provide
his own table. For this reason the officers club together, have
their own larder, and have their meals served in what is known
respectively as the wardroom mess, the steerage or midshipman's
mess, and the warrant officers' mess.
The captain dines in his solitary apartment — the cabin, aft
on the spar-deck. Once in a while, at sea, he will invite two or
three of the officers to dine with him, and afterwards to enjoy a
sociable game at cards. When in port he will sometimes have
some friends on shore to dine with him. It often happens when
■meeting a vessel belonging to the navy of another nation that
official courtesies are exchanged at dinner with the officers, and,
although these courtesies are requisite, unlike foreign navies, our
officers must bear the expense of both food and wines.
Each Sunday there is a muster of officers and crew on the
quarter-deck, and religious services are held. On ships where
there is no chaplain, an officer is selected to read the Episcopal
service. On the first of every month there is a general muster,
when the officers and crew listen to the reading of the articles of
war. There is little " loafing " on board ship, even during peace.
At last the signal was given. The anchor was weighed and
catted, engines were started and the Iroquois sailed down the
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
15
beautiful harbor of New York, and was off for her cruise round
the world.
Passing outside of Sandy Hook we soon lost sight of those
two beacon lights on the Highlands of Navesink, always so wel-
MSk%
LISTENING TO THE ARTICLES OF WAR.
come to inward bound vessels. Fires were now hauled and the
Iroquois was put under full sail.
This was in accordance with the orders of the Navy Depart-
ment. Soon after the close of the Civil War it was ordered
that all steam vessels of the navy when off on a voyage should,
except in cases of emergency, proceed under sail.
The engines had not been stopped many hours when we en-
countered tempestuous weather, which continued, almost without
interruption, for twenty days. The wind blew a hurricane. It
16 FROM NP:W YORK TO RIO.
howled and shrieked through our rigging ; hatches were battened
down ; coils of ropes were flung down ; clew-lines, reef-tackles
and buntlines were manned ; halyards were let go with a run ;
orders were bawled out by strong lungs, and carried out by the
piping of the boatswain's whistle. The confusion was increased
by the taking in of all upper sails, sending the royal and top-
gallant-yards to the deck, and housing the topgallant-masts.
Life-lines were strung fore and aft. The winds came with a
rush, filling the lower sails and keeling the ship-channels under.
It needed genuine nautical toes to keep a grip of the deck. The
continual hissing of the seething waters, and at brief intervals
the smash of some great volume of green sea as it broke aboard
added alike grandeur and danger to the scene, while there was
also the continual jar of the ship and the creaking and groaning
of timber and panels strained in their strong fastenings by the
enormous leverage aloft, and the heaving of the ship.
Our good old ship, however, belied the stories of the weak-
ness of the American Navy. She bowled along under close-
reefed topsails and storm staysails ; the sea followed after us in
bold, jagged cliffs of surge and foam, and towering walls of green-
ridged waves lashed themselves into seething froth as if snarling
and struo-o-lins to overtake us. Now our bows would swoop down
to the base of a glittering green arch roiling along ahead of the
vessel, then down would fall the stern as the surging sea ran
under and past her, while the bows would go soaring upward
with a noble and majestic motion. The plunging ship, the daz-
zling masses of foam, and the whistling, screaming wind were
the continual features of our trip until we reached the island
of Guadeloupe. Life below decks was far from agreeable, and not
a few of our mess wished they had resigned before starting on
FROM XEW YORK TO RIO. 17
such a cruise. But aside from the general discomforts and irreg-
uhirity of meals, and the loss of one man who was washed over-
board, we had nothing of daily interest to record in our diaries
other than — " same as yesterday."
At last we sighted land, and on February 21 we anchored in
the harbor of Pointe-a-Pitre. Pointe-a-Pitre is the principal
town of that island of the Antilles in the West Indies, known
as Guadeloupe. It belongs to France. It is an island of some
two hundred and fifty thousand acres, and with its neighboring
small islands forms a separate colonial government. Guadeloupe
was one of the personal discoveries of Columbus in 1493, but
has been a French possession since 1635, with the exception of
four or five years in the early part of the present century, wlien
it was under British control. The colony to-day has a population
of one hundred and fortv-five thousand.
During the ten days of our stay at Pointe-a-Pitre we were
feted at cafes and entertained at cock-fights by the French officials.
On the mornino; after our arrival a few of us, bv invitation of
the Prefect, breakfasted with him at the Cafe Frangais. There
were twenty-eight at the table, and the first course was served at
ten o'clock. One course followed another, and it was not until
ten minutes after midnight — fourteen hours after sitting down — -
that we arose to bid each other " Good night! " Thus our first
holiday — Washington's Birthdny — was passed much more
pleasantly than one could have expected upon an island where
the day is seldom thought of. Other breakfasts and dinners
were arranged for our entertainment during our stay at this port.
It is scarcely necessary to dwell upon the sport of cock-fight-
ing. It is a cruel amusement, but it is the holiday and Sunday
pastime at Pointe-a-Pitre. At the urgent request of a prominent
18
FROM XEW YORK TO RIO.
citizen 1 was prevailed upon to witness a i^eleas de cjallos.
This is what we know in English as that hrutal encounter a cock-
fight. Bills, with illustrations suggestive of such an erent, were
liberally posted about the streets, and as there
must always be a "first experience," I went
to see the great battle. It was a panorama
of tropical life. Crowds were moving toward
•fe\^ the suburb along an avenue shaded by the
stately cottonwood-trees. From this grove-
like avenue a sudden turn brou^'ht us to an
unattractive collection of buildings, and here
from various directions came the galleros or
cock-fighters, each carrying a game-cock
which had attached to one of its legs a
string; and a small bit of wood.
[.f^ffMHi
i" 0
iil
'"'.
N!
^s^l
„, —
effl
n,'/'
^..'
AT GUADELOUPE.
Entering; an adobe buildinji:, the interior
of which formed an amphitheater, I found
hundreds already gathered there — a motley
crowd — all interested in the approaching
event. Earnest discussions in both French
and Spanish were in progress, and a bedlam
indeed it was, shrouded in clouds of tobacco
^j smoke, dense enough to smother any one but
a West Indian.
Passing through a narrow passage we
entered the amphitheater, where the contests
were to occur. Ranged around close to the
sides of the amphitheater were scores of
coops, each with its game-cock crowdng
lu.stily; as if it had just won a battle, wdth
FROM NEW YORK TO KIO. 19
no expenditure of physical force. The galleros flocked in with
their birds, waiting for some one of the sporting fraternity to
offer to purchase after he had made his expert examination. In
the center of the amphitheater was a circular space, perhaps
twenty feet in diameter, and surrounded by a fence three feet
high. This was the cock-pit, and its dirt bottom was as smooth
as a pavement.
In the pit stood the manager, a dignified, handsomely dressed
Guiuleloupian. The audience occupied the seats that rose around
the pit as in a circus. Every man was a study. The audience
was of all classes. Here you might see dandified-looking fellows,
in tight-fitting trousers and handsomely embroidered jackets, and
by their sides, perhaps, a veritable tramp — a fellow with a dirty
complexion, unkempt hair standing on end, and with a not over-
supply of clothing on his body. In close proximit}^ to the tramp
might be two jaunty and handsomely-dressed young women,
wearing a fair amount of rich jewelry, and between their thumb
and first two fingers, or clasped in silver holders, sweet-scented
cigarettes. As they conversed, now languidly or now with
spirit, the smoke from their cigarettes curled lazily about their
heads. At their sides sat the humble daughter of a servant or a
laborer, in rags, perhaps, but just as earnest a spectator as her
neighbors, as were also her father and mother who accompanied
her. Here truly were all sorts and conditions of men.
While I looked about me, studying the faces and dress of
these people, the birds were being made ready for the fight, and
I dropped into a " reserved " seat. A fjallero, looking more like
the respectable father of a family than a cruel sportsman, had a
sharpening stone, and was hard at work sharpening the spur for
his pet.
20 FROM NEW YORK TO lUO.
When fniislied, this spur is like a delicate razor-blade sharpened
on the outer edge and curving the reverse of a sickle ; so that
when the bird jumps up and strikes it will cut rather than pene-
trate, as does an ordinary spur. Only one spur is used, and when
the sharpening is done the spur is bound to the right leg. The
comb and wattle are trimmed close, to prevent the adversary
from catchinii: hold ; and the tail and other Ion"; feathers are cut
short.
The two birds selected for the fight are now carried into the
pit, where the birds are weighed. Each of the gaUeros then
takes his bird to opposite sides of the pit. Filling their mouths
with cold water they spray it over the birds as a Chinese laundry-
man sprinkles a shirt. At a signal from the manager the birds
are held beak to beak until they snap and bite at each other
with considerable ferocity. Then comes a second signal, and
now the birds are dropped to the ground. They look about, pass
by each other, and then turn with a rush and close in fight.
One springs up, bringing its spur over the other's head, but too
high ; and as it reaches the ground its adversary dashes at it,
sending a spur into its eye. A deafening shout ascends from
the backers of the successful bird, while a dismal silence hangs
over the friends of the other. The fight grows more exciting.
The dandified-looking spectator jumps to his feet, waves his
sombrero over his head and offers odds on the first bird ; and one
of the brilliantly-dressed young women shakes her bracelet in
response to the wager.
The battle is continued. The cocks leap and lunge at each
other with their spurs ; the spectators become wild with excite-
ment ; strange words of pleasure or disappointment are shouted ;
the gall er OS leap around the ring, each following his bird and
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO. 21
yelling to encourage it, not, however, being permitted to touch it.
In five minutes streams of blood are coursing down the necks of
the birds and almost blinding; them. Still the\- fio-ht, until a luno-e
from one lays its antagonist on the ground. There, as it lies on
its side, it continues to plunge and fight, until at a signal the
gaUeros seize the birds and take them to their respective corners.
Each man takes his bird, cleans out its mouth, breathes into its
nostrils and again sprays it with cold water, when the birds are
once more set to the battle.
Thev cut and slash at each other ten minutes lono;er, when
the bird that but a few moments before lay on its side makes a
desperate dash, sending the spur clear into its opponent's head.
The multitude is in an uproar, and the bird last wounded rolls
over on the ground — dead. The victor, weak and shaky, tries
to crow, and then amid the most intense excitement and a con-
fused jabbering of voices, it, too, sinks to the ground, dead, like
its vanquished antagonist. This brutal sport is not a spectacle cal-
culated either to refine or improve humanity ; even as a sport in
its lightest and least objectionable form, it is simple and absolute
cruelty. But it is the favorite diversion of these excitable and
light-minded islanders.
On the following day we left Pointe-a-Pitre, and after being
sixteen days at sea, with nothing to relieve the monotony other
than one of the heavy storms that so often sweej) the Caribbean
Sea, we anchored at Ceara, Brazil.
V/e were glad to get to Ceara. The place is neither command-
ing nor attractive, but — "any port in a storm!" We appre-
ciated Ivingi: at anchor in the harbor rather than rolling; and
tossing at sea ; we appreciated our new-found ability of sitting
at meals with some chance of getting food into our mouths,
22
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO.
ratlier tlian the certainty of spilling it clown our necks or into
our laps.
From our anchorage, a mile off" shore — for there are no
wharves to moor to — Ceara does not present an imposing appear-
ance. The town is the capital of the province of the same name
— one of the northernmost divisions of the present Republic of
Brazil, and has a population of from twenty to twenty-five thou-
sand. The greater part of the town is not visible from the
point of anchorage, but still, to one not thoroughly accustomed
"CKAKA DUES NOT l^RESENT AN IMPOSING APPEARANCE.
to tropical scenery, it has a romantic and novel air. Low, square-
looking houses, with red-tiled roofs, all joined together and
forming a sort of unbroken wall ; two square towers with black
corners at the top ; two unfinished spires, the tips only to be
seen ; a low yellow building with a heavy brick wall of the
same interesting color — this was Cerea as seen by us from the
harbor. And mingled with, and surrounding all, are trees — not
very tall, but with that luxuriance of foliage only produced by a
FROM NEAV YORK TO RIO. 23
tropical sun — these were mostly the cocoanut palms. On one
side rises a hirge bare sand hill, its base flanked with low bushes
and trees. It looked for all the world like a bald head with a
ring; of hair around it.
There are no piers, nor even a mole on the water-front of the
bay, hence the first care upon going ashore is to avoid being
capsized in the surf. The craft used by the native watermen is
called ii jimghada, and is safer than a ship's boat ; it is superior
to it for landing, and should be employed in preference. The
juncjhada is simply a raft formed of the cabbage palm-tree, the
loo-s beino- lashed tos^ether and fitted with a mast and a large tri-
angular sail. These rude rafts sail well and swiftly, and are just
the thin"- for landing on a beach in the surf. Riding in on the
crest of a toppling wave we were driven high and dry on the
beach, and sprang quickly to earth before the following wave
could overtake us.
The center of the town was reached by a walk of a mile
through the hot sand. It took us past miserable huts made of
wattles, and plastered with clay — the '• palatial " residences of
the colored population — and brought us in front of the square-
tow^ered cathedral that formed the most prominent object in the
town. I attempted to enter, but finding the entrance closed, I
continued on to the Hotel de France.
The hotel at Ceara is an '' elegant mansion " — at least it was
so advertised. On one side of the narrow main entrance was a
billiard room, with a single French carom table ; on the other side
was a small and dirty salle a manger, while dead ahead I Ijlundered
into a large room — kitchen, bedroom, and everything else besides !
I did not prolong my stay, but sallied forth in quest of a som-
brero, as my navy cap gave me nc protection from the hot sun.
24 FROM NEW YORK TO KIO.
Being hatted, I started siglit-seeing. As a matter of course,
the Catheth^nl came first. It M'as the biggest thing to see, and
wherever we might be, we always made it a rule to commence
at the top, working down gradually to huts and hovels. The en-
trance was now open, and 1 found myself in a small hall with
galleries similar to those in a theater. The grand altar faced the
doorway, and on either side of the entrance there were shrines,
the patron saints of which were represented by two doll-like
figures not more than three feet high. One was dressed in
womanly garments of red and blue, such as the Virgin Mary is
pictured as wearing ; the other was adorned in the Eastern style,
with the air of some unfortunate princess in the Arabian Nights.
She was altogether a rather mysterious-looking person.
Our next visit was to the fortress. Here we saw nothino;
worthy of note aside from superanuated guns, dirty stone walls,
and still more dirty soldiers. We had learned to mouth and
mumble enouo;h Portuo-uese to make the muchaclios understand
what we wanted to eat upon arrival at the Hotel de Nacoes.
After an comida (dinner) we sauntered out to the jail, and
were accosted at the great gateway by the formidable-looking
sentries. '• Podamos entrar ? " we demanded. " Si, senor ! "
we were answered, and in we went. One corridor crossed
another, and on either side were cells containinsr from eiii-ht to a
dozen men each ; one contained four women. The male pris-
oners were employed in making shoes, straw hats, and — them-
selves comfortable ; the women and children on the outside of
the gratings, were relatives of the prisoners on a social visit.
Upstairs were several lofts with a few individuals therein.
A very polite corporal, sergeant, or Lord High Chamberlain for
aught we knew, was inclined to be friendly, and insisted that we
>■^.l|-^Vi:,;;H':■•|,.
... IV ill '.111
A FELLK OF CEARA.
FROM NEW YORK TO RIO. 25
should examine every nook and cranny, while all the time he
poured into our ears his babbling jargon of l)ad Portuguese,
verv few words of which we understood.
AYe remained at this port five days, and after visiting the
cemetery, a sandy, solitary place quite filled with graves — among
which were those of two of the " sailors of the U. S. S. Mohican "
— we spent most of the time in social enjoyment. I formed many
pleasant acquaintances, two of them being especially agreeable.
These were the lovely seiioritas, Juanita and Emilia ; charming
young ladies with Castilian features and sparkling black eyes,
raven hair and olive complexion. One must meet these statu-
esque figures in society, and at their homes in evening dress, to
judge justly of their far-famed beauty, and yet I thought them
beautiful even in ordinary house or street dress. I found that
with my letters of introduction I was received with cordial hos-
pitality in the few homes I was privileged to visit ; but American
naval officers are especially welcome, and the belles of Ceara are
as strongly attracted by the glitter of brass buttons and gold
lace as are their sisters in the United States. Thev chat with
you in their rich musical Spanish or Portuguese, perform bril-
liantly upon the piano, dance well, and are delighted with a
tete-a-t'ete.
At last — all too soon, it seemed to me — we had to take our
departure from Ceara. We took away pleasant memories and
photographs of some of the belles ; and we left behind little bits
of our hearts. Sailors always do. Our next port of destination
was Rio de Janeiro, the seat of government of what was then
the Empire of Brazil. Fourteen days after leaving Ceara the
Iroquois was making her way into that grand and spacious old
harbor known to all who cruise the Southern Seas.
CHAPTER 11.
FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
E
XCEPT to the uninitiated, "cros-
sing the line" is a racy if rude ex-
perience. On a hot March forenoon
during our voyage from Ceara to Rio
we crossed the equator. And here we
met King Neptune. Only those who
have actually experienced the " line
baptism," as the sailor's first intro-
duction to King Neptune and his
bouncing wife Amphitrite is called,
can appreciate just what this first
crossing of the equator means. The
reception is a rude farce practiced
upon all persons who for the first
time cross the equatorial line, and
thus come within the sacred dominions
of King Neptune. One may only escape the rough initiation by
a money tribute.
At about ten o'clock on the March morning aforesaid a harsh
voice, which seemed to come from the depths of the sea, bawled
through a speaking trumpet, " Ship ahoy ! " The officer of the
deck (who had, like myself, tw^ice crossed the equator) responded
" Aye, aye, sir! " and those below rushed on deck in the expect-
26
FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 27
ation that a ship had been spoken. Then came the second hail :
" What ship is that ? Where do you hail from ? " Our name,
nationality and destination being given, King Neptune and his
queenly consort Amphitrite ^vere observed coming over the star-
board gangway. They were followed by a motley crowd of
courtiers armed with stuffed clubs, immense razors made of sheet-
iron, a bucket of lather into which were thrust a large white-wash
brush, and a piece of board sharpened and toothed like a comb.
The kingly mantle of the " god of the sea " was an old tar-
paulin ; his legs were encased in great water boots ; on his head
gleamed a yellow-painted crown, and his long hair and " massy
beard" had the suspicious appearance of manilla hemp. His
marine Majesty was as hideous looking a creature as one would
care to see. In one hand he carried a huge telescope, and in
the other a sextant. Neptune and his retinue at once took
charge of the ship, and summoned all of the officers before him
for muster. Tliose who could not furnish satisfactorv evidence
that they had crossed the line before, were taken into custody by
the king's body-guards. Neptune then elevated his sextant for
an observation, and after chalking out his problem on the deck
declared the latitude to be nought, and the ship on the line.
Many dodges to escape tribute were resorted to by the un-
initiated, but the secretaries of the water-god, with huge pen-
cils, would scrawl something on the open books and drawl out,
" The lie is recorded." Those who unhesitatinulv paid the trib-
ute in money or in '' grog," escaped the rough initiation. There
were, however, three on board who were determined to resist this
enforced tribute. They were therefore taken in hand. The first
victim, tightly blindfolded, was conducted before '• Neptune
Rex," who seated in state upon his throne, directed that the
28
FROM 1:10 TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
usual questions be put. A spy-glass was tlieu handed to the
initiate, and as he elevated it he Scaw a sharp line made by a
piece of thread stretched across the lens. When asked if he
saw the line, he attempted to answer, but as his mouth opened
to reply it was stopped with a douse of lather. The next
question was followed by the
thrust of a tooth brush, dipped
in a black mixtnre, which the
sufferer was informed was a
new kind of dentifrice. Then
the sheet-iron razor was drawn
roughly across his face, and
the initiate was informed that
he was at liberty to enter the
realms of Neptune. As he
rose to his feet he received
a push and at once fell into
a great tub of water. This
was the " line baptism." So,
one after the other, the three
recalcitrant ones passed
through the ordeal, when Nep-
tune and his courtiers fell into
line and disappeared over the
side. It is needless to say that the actors in this " sea-masque "
were members of the crew of the Iroquois.
We were now in what the sailors call " the doldrums," drifting
along under a frying snn, upon an ocean of molten brass. The
occasional draught of air that touched us now and then expired
in its efforts to reach us. A week of this is horribly monotonous.
THE OFFICERS BEFORE KING NEPTUNE.
FROM EIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 29
Hour after hour, day after day, one beholds always the same
placid sea, the same unrufHed swell, the same cloudless sun
tlashhig at mid-day. The heat fell straight upon our heads ; our
eyes were made sore with its fiercely-burning reflection from the
water ; the tar oozed from the deck seams. Added to this never-
varying monotony of the equator came the constant hauling
of braces and of tacks, and the almost continuous shifting
about of the sails m order to catch everv breath of air, the
officer of the deck testing its direction by the wetting of the ends
of his fingers.
Tiring of the doldrums after seventy-two hours' acquaintance
with them, fires were made under the boilers, the propeller was
lowered in its place, and we steamed along till we ran into the
" trades." Then we again hauled our fires, and on the tenth of
April arrived at the entrance of the harbor of Rio de Janeiro.
No town was to be seen at the entrance of this most beautiful,
most secure and most spacious bay in the world. A range of
granite mountains encircles the harbor. At the left of the
entrance rises the peak so often described by travelers. It is
higher than its neighbors, and of that peculiar conical_ form
which gives it the name of ''Sugar Loaf." I must confess to a
slight feeling of disappointment with regard to the height of this
famous hill ; but, as with Niagara Falls, time changed this feel-
ing to one of Avonder and admiration. It was truly a strange
freak of Dame Nature to place such an immense block of granite,
so like a grim sentinel, just at the harbor's mouth. All round
the bay the blue waters are girdled with mountams and lofty
hills in every variety of picturesque and fantastic outline. The
most attractive of these is " Lord Hood's Nose." Curious as to
the cause of this title, I found, by looking at the peak horizon-
30 FROM KIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
tally, that the outline of the top was a capital representation of
the profile of some such aristocratic old English nohle as one
sees in portraits of the British peerage.
Steaming: alon"' we came at last to the entrance of tlie harbor.
It is onlv seventeen hundred yards wide, and to me it seemed
to bear about the same proportion to the circular harbor within
as the entrance to the. ring of a circus bears to the entire tent.
The harbor contains fifty square miles of anchorage, is
flanked by beautiful hills and dotted with many islands. Its
entrance is protected by a number of formidable-looking fort-
resses. The city stands on the west shore of the bay, about
four miles from its mouth. As we came to anchor the main
part of the city lay on our left, at the foot of the hills. The
most notable peak, old Corcovada, towered above the clouds ;
while many, fully as high, are clustered around it.
The old town, nearest the bay, is laid out in squares ; the
streets, crossing at right angles, are narrow, but paved and
flao-o-ed ; and the white-walled houses with roofed vermilion tiles
are comraonlv two stories hio-h. The new town is built to the
west, and the two districts are separated by the Campo de Santa
Anna. This is an immense park or square, on different parts of
which stand an extensive garrison, the town hall, the National
Museum, the palace of the Senate, the foreign office, and other
prominent buildings.
The square gray towers of the mosque-like cathedrals, an old
convent on a hill, the custom house near the water's edge and a
cluster of the w^orld's shipping, make up the main town. On the
side toward '* Suu'ar Loaf " stands the town of Bota Foljo. to
which old-fashioned stages make frequent trips. On the opposite
side of the bav is the villas-e called Porto Grande, to which a
FR0:M RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOFE,
31
couple of old-fashioned ferry-boats run on irregular trips. Great
municipal improvements have been made in recent years ; the
streets though narrow are as well-paved as are those in man}- of
our own towns, and the city is abundantly lighted with gas.
OUTER HARUOR OF RIO DE JANEIRO.
From our anchorage, the great circle of regular gas-lights
around the water-front reminds one of a vast torch-light proces-
sion, with the deputations from the several wards filing in to
join the main body. The water-front has also commodious
wharves and quays built along its edge, and this capital city of
what is now the Brazilian Republic, has about fifty chapels and
churches, costly and imposing structures with rich internal
decorations. There are also numerous hotels and cafes.
32 FKOM lilO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
Fronting the landing is the Ro3"al Palace, from which, in
1880. the Imperial f;imily was expelled. At the time of our visit
the Empire was undisturbed and royalty was almost democratic.
The old Emperor, Dom Pedro II., seemed to care nothing for
splendor. He usually rode in an ordinary black coach, drawn
by six mules. Twelve negro cavalrymen followed after, their
discipline not too strict to prevent them from smoking cigarettes
as they escorted his Brazilian Majesty. The coachmen and foot-
men seemed almost shabby in worn suits and silver lace. The
Emperor w^ore the plainest of black clothes, and was very cour-
teous to all wdio approached him. He had aged rapidly since his
visit to the United States, at the time of the Centennial Exposi-
tion in 1876. To me he appeared to show a great increase of
agre since the dav wlien I first saw him in 1863. On a vovaEre
during that year to San Francisco by the way of the " Horn "
and the Straits of Magellan, on the new Pacific Mail Steamship
Golden City, we stopped at Rio Janeiro, and both the Emperor
and the Empress visited the steamer. Apparent!}' not afraid of
soiling either their persons or their clothes, they visited every
part of the vessel from the keelson to the hurricane deck.
After makinu: a vast collection of the brilliant Brazilian
beetles and srortreous feather flowers, for which Rio is noted, the
Iroquois, on April 25, bade farewell to the Western world and
sailed to the southwest, bound for Simon's Town, at the Cape of
Good Hope.
The details of an ocean voyage are generally monotonous.
There would have been wdth us little to vary this monotony on
the stretch from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of Good Hope, had
it not been for one or two experiences of bad weather. With
the wind fair and steady, an ocean voyage on a steamer or a
FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 33
sailing vessel presents an almost daily succession of the same
scenes. The broad ocean stretches away on either hand like a
level waste ; the sky is clothed in the apparently endless sun-
shine of the tropics. The lazy, even motion of the goodly ship;
the mechanical movements of the sailors; the regular reliefs of
the officers ; the daily quarters ; the morning drills at the great
guns or with broadswords, and the evening parades ; the appear-
ance of a sea-bird or two, mostly Mother Carey's chickens ; a
■group of tumbling porpoises, or a cluster of flying fishes — these
are the features of a tranquil voyage, so far as they attract the
attention of an ordinary observer.
To one of speculative mind or with a lively imagination an
ocean voyage always affords ample food for thought. For such
an one the wonders of the deep and of the sky may well attract,
interest and absorb. To such, the shifting colors of the sea, and
its varying expanse — now ribbed with waves like the dimples of
a pool, now heaving into long rolling ridges of dark green, cres-
ted with snowy foam ; the phosphorescent wake of the ship on
a moonlight night ; the white silvery sails bellied out smoothly
with the wind ; the soft sigh of the gentle breeze ; the dull roar
of the distant gale — all these are matters of intense pleasure.
But one day the wind rose quite suddenly. It came in such
violent and uncertain gusts, that it was not many hours before
it settled into a steady gale and we were running under a close-
reefed foresail and a storm staysail. Tarpaulins were brought
out to batten down the hatches , life-lines were stretched ; the
seas rose in their might, sweeping with such great force along the
deck that even the u'uns had to be secured with extra tacklino;s.
The orders of the officers could hardly be heard above the shriek-
ing and howling winds ; the heavy black, low-hanging clouds
o
4 FIIOM KIO TO THE CAPE OF (iOOD HOPE.
seeniecl to vie with one another in their swift transit above us ;
the ship rolled and pitched, now seemingly going upward with
her bows as if she would pierce the heavens, the next instant
plunging down into the deep abyss, w^ith an immense seething
sea rolling up ahead of her as if challenging our power to battle
with it. Then she would roll — oh! how she would roll. The
tliird-i*ate navy vessels have a well-earned reputation in that line,
and the Iroquois w^as no exception. The wardroom furniture,
or whatever else might not be secured to the deck, went rolling
and tumbling about. To sleep, or even to lie in one's berth at
such a time, was almost out of the question, and the only safety
from beino; unceremoniouslv thrown from the berths and landed
in a heap on the floor of the room, was to strap one's self
in. During such times our regular daily bill of fare was sadly
interrupted. A dinner w^as what the insurance companies would
call an extra-hazardous risk. Soup was dispensed with. So, in
fact, were the other courses, and our meals were mainly of bread
and coffee, sardines or canned meats.
The wind weirdlv whistling; throug:h the rig;u;ino; • the creak-
ing and groaning of the strained ship's timbers ; the roaring of
the commands of the officers ; the running about on deck of
heavy-booted men ; the ringing of the bell at each half-hour,
the number of strokes noting the time ; the rattling of chains
and ropes as the sails were shortened or reefed ; the sudden
loud report as again and again a sail was rent in ribbons ; the
rush of a heavy sea sweeping a boat from the davits, were the
chief elements in the savage and exciting experience of a storm
on the ocean. It made us almost wish that Diaz, the Portuo-uese
navigator, who attempted to precede Columbus in his discovery
of America, had never discovered the Cape of Good Hope.
iplilf
I I . IIIIIIIIIPI.
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'A, ! i:. .1 jlI :.!ij.,. t'.'jjJA'i •JMmh In.' mil,; i>ni i . i .ijilj
FROM lilO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
37
At last, after thirty-two da3's at sea, the cheering hail " Land,
ho ! " came from aloft. '• Where away ? " shouted the officer
of the deck. '■ One point on the port bow ! " came the reply
from the masthead lookout. An hour later the outlines of old
Stormberg, one of the peaks near the Cape, with its top nine
thousand feet above the sea, were plainly traced. Intending to
neglect Cape Town and go on the east side, to Simon's Bay, for
harbor, repairs and fresh provisions, our course was changed to
TABLE MOUNTAIN.
the southward. At sundown we sighted Lion's Head, one of
the mountains that flank Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony,
and, behind, one could make out the great precipices of Table
Mountain.
On the morning of the twenty-seventh of May we anchored
in Simon'sBay, opposite the settlement known as Simon's Town.
We remained here about a week. During our stay dinners and
receptions were given to the officers ; horseback rides to the
vineyards were taken ; we played billiards, called at the clubs,
at which every hospitality was extended us, and carried on the
usual innocent flirtations. The town is inhabited by an assem-
38 FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD UOPE.
blage of varied races, the English and KalHrs predoniinatiiio".
There are also a few Mozanibi(|iiers and Hottentots, besides a
number of half-castes. Wool appears to be the staple joroduct
of the colony, although ostrich farming and grape culture are
extensively carried on. The place, except when an English,
French or American war-vessel visits it, is dull and lifeless.
Then, however, everyone awakens from the usual lethargy, and
entertainments are at once improvised, so that Cape Town may
not be the only attraction. A more sociable people can hardly
be found than the good folk at Simon's Town and naval officers
find welcome in every home. We had been here only forty-eight
hours when the flagship of the Asiatic British Squadron stopped
on her way to England. The old English admiral was a jolly
fellow, and we met him at dinner on his vessel, on our vessel, and
on shore. He always had a good surfeit of fresh stories at com-
mand, and would entertain his company for hours, keepmg them
roaring; with lau2;hter.
I remember well how the old officer gave us our first impres-
sions of Japan and the life and habits of its people. iVs we were
to spend a year among the islands, we were much interested in
learnins: somethinsr beforehand. He treated of the islanders
generally, but dwelt seriously upon their mode of dress and their
festival customs. He warned us not to he over-fastidious ; that
we would no doubt have our ideas of morals encroached upon and
perhaps be disgusted, but we would become so accustomed to
these native peculiarities in a week's time that we would not even
notice them. His predictions proved true.
One most agreeable diversion at Simon's Town was our daily
ride to the numerous vineyards situated about fifteen miles in the
interior. Here we would sample the various native wines and
FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
39
invariably pronounce them '^ good." I have not yet seen
anv of our testimonials in print ; but as we were novices rather
than connoisseurs, our opinions would scarcely prove of mercan-
tile value.
Before leaving the Cape Colony I had, through the courtesy
of the English proprietor, the privilege of visiting an ostrich
ranch. I was furnished with a guide, or rather " we " were, for
there were a half-dozen of us in the party. Our guide was par-
ticularly watchful to see that no inquisitive American helped
himself to plumes from the seventy birds of the ranch. Stop-
ping in front of a pen I made bold to ask the guide where the
birds roosted ? I also inquired how it was that
the birds did not run their heads into the sand
when they appeared so afraid of us? My guide
enlightened me by cynically inquiring whether
I liad studied the characteristics of the ostrich
beyond the common - school primer. I was
forced to admit that I had not. He then in-
formed me that a tame adult ostrich is not
only afraid of nothing, but that it would be
dangerous to go into its pen.
His assurance would have been sufficient,
but to still further convince me he sprang into a
pen in which there
was a large male
bird. It was at
least eight fe et
high, and as it ap-
proached the guide
it looked at his
OSTRICHES.
40 FROM KIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
hetad as if to lincl the most presenUible spot to peck ; then, brac-
ing back, it pitched forward, then back again and forward on
its knees. Tlien the big bird lifted its wings, threw its neck back
and gave several severe thrusts of its head upon either side of its
back. The guide had with him a pole, crotched at the end.
This was used not to anger the ostrich, but to place against the
bird's neck if it should show fight. As the bird kicks forward
this crotched pole pins and overpowers it. The legs of the ostrich
are enormously powerful, and the two toes armed with formidable
claws look treacherous indeed. Each bird eats about forty pounds
of grass a day, ni addition to corn, vegetables and pulverized
shells.
The male birds are distinguishable by their black plumage
and white tail and wing feathers, the females by their brownish
gray color, and smaller stature. The nest of the hen-bird is
made in the ground, where she lays from twelve to fifteen eggs
weighing four or five pounds each. If the eggs are taken away
from the hen she will sometimes lay thirty (a suggestion that
may be of value to those interested in incubators). The birds
while sittino; take turns on the nest, the female bird sitting: from
sunrise till sunset, and the male bird from sunset to sunrise. It
takes forty-two days to hatch out the eggs, and the chicks are
brooded from four to six weeks by the old hen. An ordinary
hen ostrich will produce three broods a year. They begin to
lay eggs when about four years old, but, like wine, they improve
with ao-e.
The ostrich is plucked of its plumage about once every seven
months. Each bird, irrespective of sex, produces two dozen
living white plumes. The incentive for ostrich farming in South
Africa is that, as an article of export, ostrich plumes rank next
FROM RIO TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 41
to the diamond, and the business has assumed immense propor-
tions. It is estimated that in the Cape Colony alone ten million
pounds are invested in the ostrich business. So jealous are the
South Africans of such other sections as have endeavored to de-
velop the business that an immense export duty has been placed
both on the birds and their eggs.
CHAPTER III.
FROM SIMON S TOWN TO THE COMORO ISLANDS.
T was on the third of June that the boats-
wahi's whistle shrilled on deck, and his sten-
torian tones commanded : "All hands up anchor
— ahoy ! " When the fluke of the anchor
showed above the water, the ship's nose was
pointed seaward. Then, with a pnrting salute
from the guns of the fort, amid the dipping
of colors, and the waving of handkerchiefs, we
steamed out of the harbor and headed up the
Mozambique Channel.
Five days later we anchored in the quiet
and roomy harbor of St. Augustine, Madagas-
car. Here we spent three days of varied
experience.
Our pilot was a character in himself. He
met us about a mile outside the harbor, and
we enffag-ed his services for twelve silver half-dollars. Before
long we discovered that our pilot was a prince in disguise. He
was none other than Prince George, a son of King William, the
executive of this part of Madagascar. The prince's only insignia
of rank was a round, flat piece of ivory, about two inches in
diameter, fastened upon his forehead. His body was entirely
naked, with the exception of a loin-cloth made of cheap calico,
42
FEOM Simon's town to the Comoro islands. 43
and a short skirt of white muslin. He wore several rings on his
fingers ; home-made affairs hammered out from pieces of silver
coin obtained from the whalers who sometimes stop here for
chickens and yams. His hair was gathered up in about twenty
small knobs, each besmeared with a white grease.
The settlement is one of the largest native habitations on
the island. It has a population of perhaps two hundred, housed
in small nmd-huts, not more than three feet in height, and
rounded up from the sides, having as entrance-way an opening
only large enough to crawl through. In each of these huts
live a man, his wife, and perhaps two or three children.
Hardly had we cast anchor before a number of the officers,
myself included, obtained permission to go on shore to " see the
sights." We saw them, but, at one time, had " grave " appre-
hensions. Our Colt's revolvers, which we were thoughtful
enough to strap around our waists, overcame the prejudice of
the natives, and spared the Government's pension fund from
encroachment by our heirs, executors and assigns.
We wandered back from the coast, but had not gone more
than a half a mile when about thirty naked natives, armed with
long spears, suddenly emerged from the bush and surrounded
us. They began to mumble an unintelligible jargon, and we re-
verted to our youthful days and tried to recall the prayers we had
been tausrht before we received our first lesson at hazins; at the
Naval Academy. We concluded that they were expressing their
thanks to their god — whoever he might be — that they were so
soon to have a delicious feast, although none of us were fat enough
to kill. We tried to make them understand this at first, but as
their manner and movements grew more menacing, we concluded
that valor was the better part of discretion, and drew out our
44 FROM SIMOX'S TOWX TO THE COMORO ISLANDS.
big navy revolvers. The result was a great reassurance to us,
and I became convinced that there was at least one people on
the earth who could be made to quail before the American Navy.
We tired a few shots from our revolvers into the air, where-
upon our black, unclothed, grease-besmeared and cannibalistic
friends fell back and permitted us to pass on unmolested. But
curiosity, with us, was now at an end. We had no craving-
desire for a further survev of the interior of the island, and we
speedily returned to the settlement to observe and be observed.
The natives, men, women and children alike, were inclined to
be familiar, but as, in Madagascar, familiarity would breed —
vermin — we kept them at a favorable distance.
The village consists of about forty huts, of a half-globe shape
six feet in diameter, and made of thatch. The entrance is
through a small hole, rendering it necessary to crawl inside in
a horizontal position. In this hut the entire family eat, drink
and sleep. The only furniture of the mansion seemed to be the
bare ground, and a rude shelter between the inmates and the
hot tropical sun and the rains. The food of the villagers is prin-
cipally buffalo meat, chickens, Indian corn and sweet potatoes.
With a few pieces of silver we could buy the entire settle-
ment, including the women and children ; but gold is looked
upon as base metal of no more value than brass would be, and
as they have no use for money, excepting to hammer it into
trinkets and ornaments, the silver is used for this purpose. We
laid in a good stock of provisions at the following prices : a
buffalo carcass for eight half-dollar pieces ; a sheep for two yards
of calico: four dozen chickens for eight silver half-dollars;
twenty-five ears of green corn and two bushels of sweet potatoes
for a plug of tobacco, worth eighty-three cents.
FROM Simon's town to the Comoro islands. 45
On tlie following day we were visited by tli9 royal family,
King William, Prince George and several chiefs. Each native
carried a spear, each wore upon his forehead a circular piece of
ivory, and the royal robes of office were similar to the costume
of Prince George already described. They sat about on the
deck^ on the captain's table or berth, and upon other places con-
venient for them — excepting on the big guns — and rested per-
fectly content, all the time carrying on, between themselves, a
conversation in an unintelligible gibberish. The royal visitors
would have remained longer than was agreeable had we not
impressed upon them the impropriety of stopping away from
their wives and families after starlight.
But daylight, the next morning, witnessed the advanced guard
of the village coming to pay the ship a visit. They clambered on
board and wandered about the ship below and above, without so
much as asking " by your leave." After exchanging quarters
and half-dollars, and old files for some of their spears, and not
desiring to barter for any of their vermin, we cordially invited
them to leave. But they hesitated. Observing that the entire
village had embarked in their outrig^o-ers, and were intending; to
visit us, we concluded it a good time to have a little target prac-
tice with the great guns, utilizing a huge bowlder on the beach
as a target. The second shot had not been fired before the
natives scrambled into their boats and pulled toward the shore,
evidently believing that we intended to destroy their village.
Ceasing our firing we observed the village again afloat and com-
ing toward us. Then we resumed our target practice, and the
natives, seeing with what facility we shattered our natural target,
went ashcre again. This time they ran back into the country
and we were troubled no more.
4G FituM Simon's town to the comoko islands.
«
Early on the morning of July 13 we weighed anchor and set
sail, laying our course up the Mozambique Channel. Eleven
days later we anchored in the harbor of Moosamoodoo, Island of
Johanna. Tliis is one of the Comoro Islands, of which there
are foui*, of volcanic origin, and at the upper end of the Mozam-
bique Channel between the northern end of Madagascar and the
African coast. The four islands are, the Angaziya or Great
Comoro, Arijonan or Johanna, Mayotta and Mohilla. They are
mountainous, the highest peak rising above six thousand feet.
The inhabitants, about eighty thousand, are principally Moham-
medans, but fetichism or the worship of supposed magical
powers prevails to some extent.
Mavotta was ceded to France in 1842. The other islands
belong to Arabia. The people of Johanna find their principal
employment in connection with ships calling for provisions.
The trade of Comoro and Mohilla is of the same character, but
the islands are not now so much frequented for the purpose of
victualing as was the case in former years.
When within two miles of the entrance of the harbor of
Moosamoodoo, a boat came alongside with some of the principal
men of the island — one of them a pilot. This boat, we learned,
was formerly the fourth cutter of the Rebel privateer Alabama,
a notable " destroyer of the seas " which had touched at these
islands in February, 1864. The costume of the men of Moosa-
moodoo was decidedly attractive. It consisted of white robes
w^ith loose jackets, and a silken girdle about the waist, each
supporting a cimeter, the scabbards and handles elaborately
finished with gold and silver in the etruscan work peculiar to the
Arabs. These cimeters are purchased at Muscat, and cost from
one hundred to five hundred rupees each (fifty dollars to two
FROM SIMON S TOWN TO THE COMORO ISLANDS.
47
liimdred and fifty dollars each). Our visitors' feet were incased
in sandals, and large white turbans adorned their heads. Many
of them spoke English with fluency, and French as well. Within
half an hour after dropping our a^nchor our decks swarmed with
AMONG THE COMOROS.
the natives, but there was not that objection to their presence
that we found with the Madagascans.
Upon o-oino: on deck the next mornino- T was struck with the
soft picturesque beauty of the hills aa they lay in the morning
sun which lighted up their tops and sides, and threw the ravines
and valleys into shades of night. I was lulled by the roar of
the surf upon the rough beach. It was delightful to sniff the
fragrance of the land as it came to us upon the dew-laden wings
48 FROM Simon's town to the comoeo islands.
of the softest breezes. After lunch 1 \isited the town, which,
from our anchorage, made so picturesque a pictui'e, with its tall
minaret, its two forts — one perched on a hill commanding the
town, and the other upon the beach among the stone-houses.
But the illusion was rudely dispelled upon reaching the shore.
We landed upon a beach of rocks and shells, and through a con-
siderable surf even in the calmest of weather. Along the shore
was strewn the washed clothes of the officers and crew ; and a
set of vagabond-looking natives of all colors, save that of the
Caucasian, were lounging about, looking curiously on.
The town we found dilapidated and squalid to the last de-
gree ; the houses of rough stone, cemented and thatched ; the
streets not more than five feet wide, and horribly crooked. The
town is also inclosed by a stone wall, of perhaps twenty feet in
height. At each corner of the inclosure a gateway scarcely-
wide enough for two persons to pass at the same time, furnishes
an entrance to the town. This wall was built as a sort of de-
fense against the pirates, who, some years ago, were in the habit
of visiting the island and plundering the people of everything,
even to their slaves. Slaver}' is carried on to a large extent on
the islands ; and the Sultan of Johanna owns seven hundred,
whom he keeps principally to till his lands on the east side of
the island. The other Arabs own plantations and slaves, but
not to the same extent as the sultan. The people here com-
plained greatly of the oppressions practiced upon them by the
English who, they assert, " are strong enough to interfere in
everybody's business, and to threaten us with the exercise of
their power if we bring over any more slaves from the main."
The slaves would gladly go to the island, as their native chiefs
are continually making war and enslaving one another.
FROM SIMOX'S TOWN TO THE COMORO ISLANDS. 49
The inhabitants of the island, in great part a mixture of
Arabs and negroes, are intelligent and sprightly. They purchase
many cotton goods from the American whalers, but their oppor-
tunities were disastrously interrupted during our Civil War,
as Captain Semmes and his murderous crew of the Alabama,
captured and burned all American vessels coming in their way.
The highest parts of Johanna are densely wooded, and the
mountainous sides are so steep in some places that the tops of
some of the trees touch the trunks and roots of others. The
language, a peculiar Arabic dialect of the island, is very soft
and pleasing to the ear.
One of our few places of visit was the home of Prince Abdal-
lah, and I was struck with its novelty, as well as with the ex-
treme beauty of face and physical build of this pure and full-
blooded Arab. He was a tall, soldierly-looking fellow, w^ith
square shoulders, broad hips, well-pro]3ortioned limbs, olive com-
plexion, finely-cut features, black eyes, black hair and a shining
black heavy moustache. I was also surprised with the beauty
of one of his three w^ives, who I chanced accidentally to see with
her mask raised. The walls of his princely home were filled with
a number of small niches, receptacles for coffee cups, ornaments,
and everything imaginable. A number of couches were ranged
around the room, and the floors were covered with rich and
heavy Turkish carpets and rugs.
I afterwards visited the homes of two other minor princes, in
which I found everything half-way clean, w^tli an attempt at
tawdry finery. A black houri was set to fan me, and a crowd
of half-dirty children gathered around us, but no representative
of the full-grown fairer sex. The ^vomen of this country are
kept perfectly secluded from all men, except their fathers.
50 FKUM .Simon's town to tiik comoko islands.
brothers or liusbaiuls, until they become old and homely ; and
if a girl or women ha.s occasion to go on the street, it must be
with her face behind a tricornered mask, with her eyes peeping
over the top of it.
We were always served with refreshments upon each visit —
confections and rose syrup, the strongest drink used on the island.
No wine, malt or distilled liquors are allowed to be used under
a severe penalty; fifty lashes on the bare soles of the feet must
pay for each offense, or the culprit must sit in the stocks under
the broiling hot sun for four or five weeks. After refreshments
w^e walked into the prince's garden, a beautiful wilderness of
betel and cocoanuts, mandarin orange and mango-trees, with
heterogeneous patches of rice, sweet potatoes and beans, and here
and there a cotton-plant. Slave huts dotted the garden, and
walls of loose stones ran along crooked lanes and by-ways. As
we walked along, after leaving the garden, some of the people
were seen at prayer, and others were j^reparing their evening
meal. People met us with kindly greetings, and the Cadi, a
venerable-looking old man, stopped to w^ish me a safe return to
my home. From the parapet of the fort I enjoyed an excellent
view of the towai. A short distance away was the mosque, to
• which I paid a visit, being careful before entering to remove my
shoes, as did the natives.
After extending: our stroll a little further we made our way
to the beach and returned to the vessel to lunch. On the beach
we encountered tiie Johanna army — a company of about forty
soldiers being drilled in the manual of arms by their command-
ant. Their movements were as awkward as the soldiers wdiom
I have seen in Hayti, and on the Isthmus of Panama, But their
dress was a feature : white trousers, red coats and red caps —
FROM SIMON S TOWX TO THE COMORO ISLANDS.
51
condemned uniforms purchased from the English soldiers.
Scarcely any of them had a button on their coats, and, having
no means of sewing, they were fastened together with strings.
The soldiers were the blackest of slaves, and the most miserable-
looking set of beings one could expect to see. After lunch our
IN PKINCE ABDALLAH S PALACE.
commander, with a few of tlie officers, went ashore. They were
received in regal style by the " army," detailed on this day as
the bodv-cfuard of the sultan. We were escorted to the resi-
dence of Prince Abdallah, a band of music preceding us. It con-
sisted of two di'ums and a clarionet, each musician playing inde-
' pendently of the other, and much resembled the music of two tin
52 FK03I Sl.MOX's TOWN' TO THE COMOIIO ISLANDS.
pans and a fisli-honi. On Friday, Avliich, by tho way, is the
Mobanimedan Sabbath, though not kept so rigidly as our Puri-
tan Sabbath, we were visited by several princes — cousins-ger-
nian of the sultan — one of them being the commander-in-chief
of the army.
The next day the princes and other chief noblemen visited
us in force. The high priest was also Avith them. He was a fine-
looking personage, an Arab hy descent, with a well-developed
forehead, and an easy, gentlemanly bearing. He wore a hand-
some gold and silver mounted cimeter at his side, and was evi-
dently held in high esteem by his people. After the usual ex-
change of courtesies our visitors returned to their palaces. In
the afternoon the captain and a few other officers paid an official
visit to the sultan. Our reception on shore was similar to that
of the day previous, with the exception that the captain was
given the position of state in a palanquin — a silk upholstered
chair, fastened on two bars and carried on the shoulders of a
dozen slaves. Arrived at the palace the sultan and his staft
received us in official robes, and conducted us to the reception
parlor, which was gorgeously furnished. We drank one another's
health over a glass of sherbet, as well as that of the Pj-esident
of the United States, and after an hour's informal chat took
our leave.
On Sunday the Prime Minister paid an official visit to the
ship to announce that the sultan would pay his respects to the
officers on Monday. Promptly at noon on the day following
Sultan Abdallah, with his princes and staff, came off to the ; hip.
He was preceded by a boat in which was that irrepressible band
still hard at its alleged music, and reminding me very forcibly of
what a home for foundlings might be on a Christmas morning
FROM Simon's town to the Comoro islands. 53
after clriims and trumpets had been liberally distriljuted among
its small inmates.
In the full-dress uniform of the Navy, we received our royal
visitors and greeted them with the firing of a salute of twenty-
one guns. The sultan expressed a very favorable opinion of
the vessel, and seemed to be specially interested with the en-
gineer's department. His Highness was a fine-looking, well-
formed person, apparently about forty years of age. He had a
moderate harem of four wives. This is not an over-supply, ex-
cept when provisions are expensive. But then food is nearly as
cheap here as in Madagascar. Perhaps the sultan would not
object to a dozen wives, if the Arabic law did not hmit him to
four. The sultan is well-educated, and writes and speaks English
and French fluently. One of the laws of the island, which might
operate well in onr own country, provides that a person found
guilty of petty larceny shall, for the first offense, have one of his
hands cut off ; for the second offense he loses the other hand.
It may be well to note that few persons have lost a hand, and
there are none who have had both hands cut off'.
CHAPTER IV.
FEOM THE COMOEO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
^N the morning of the thirtieth of
July we sailed out of the harbor of
Moosamoodoo ; and if our personal com-
fort had been a consideration above the
interests of the Government, our sliip's
nose would have been pointed to the south-
ward rather than toward the equator.
■^j Our next stopping jDlace was to be Aden,
fj^jf the Arabian seaport at the mouth of the Red
ir Sea, and the westward key to the East Indies.
-^ From the Comoro- Islands to the Seychelles,,
the change in temperature was very agreeable, and
the nights were cooled by a delightful breeze. The
third day out we had a terrific gale. The seas rose in their
might, sweeping over the decks with great force and carrying
before them ever3'thing that could be loosened. With hatches
battened down, ship-life became frightfully uncomfortable. But
then the experience was no worse than it had been a score
of times.
On Augi;ust 9 we rounded the island of Soootra and entered
the Arabian Gulf. The next day ou" ship's carpenter Gerry died,
a victim to patent medicines. We tried to keep his body till we
54
FROM THE COMORO ISLAXDS TO BOMBAY. 55
should reach Aden, and give him a Christian burial on shore; but
decomposition set in a few hours after his death, and it became
necessary to bury him at sea. The body was sewed in canvas,
and weighted with a couple of hundred pounds of iron. It
was borne by the sailors to the port gangway ; the officers and
crew were piped to the gangway ; the engines were stopped, and
after reading the service for the " burial of the dead," the body
was slid from a plank into the sea, and the ship proceeded upon
her journey. It was the first death that had occurred on board
since we left New York, and was our only loss of life on the
voyage, with the exception of the sailor who had been washed
overboard during the storm in the Caribbean Sea.
Twelve days after leaving the island of Johanna we dropped
anchor off Steamer Point, Aden being about four miles distant.
There are few white people in this city, which is called by the
native Arabs Aden, or Eden (Paradise), because of its fine climate
and its once celebrated commerce. The city has a population of
about ten thousand. One tenth of this number are of that branch
of the Persians known as Parsees, differing from the Persians only
in their religion. The rest of the people are English, Arabs and
Jews. No sooner had our anchor touched the bottom than the
latter swarmed about us. They were burdened with ostrich feath-
ers, lion and leopard skins, attar of roses, and other articles of
barter, any of which could be purchased at one tenth of the original
price asked. The current money is the " rupee " and the " anna " ;
the former a silver coin of the value of forty-five cents United
States money, the latter worth about three cents, and minted by
the East Indies Company.
Several of us took an early opportunity to visit the city
of Aden. Hiring camels we were soon speeding our way along
56 FROM TTTE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
the roud. This camel-riding was, to us, a novel mode of transporta-
tion. The gaunt angularity and uncouth appearance of the beast
added to the novelty ; and its noiseless movement over the
sand has appropriately given it the name of the '• Ship of the
Desert." The amble of the camel, wliich is a curious amalgama-
tion of a simultaneous rolling and pitching, has its advantages.
The rider may sit sideways, backwards, or in the orthodox fashion,
with his feet in or out of the stirrups; he may let his legs dan-
gle carelessly, or sit cross-legged after the manner of Turks and
tailors, without fear of his equanimity being disturbed by the
stumbling, kicking, shying, or bolting, for the camel is a sure-
footed animal.
The riding-gear consists of a large double pad of goat's hair
cloth, stuffed with grass or straw, and thrown over the back
of the beast. A wooden frame-work of sticks, with a pair of
conical pommels four feet high, is placed on the pad, and this
is covered with carpets and cushions. Upon this superstruc-
ture the traveler is perched. The harness is completed by a
twisted bridle of goat's and camel's hair fastened over the animal's
nose. The camel has some of the obstinate traits of a mule, and
will oppose you until jou prove yourself the master ; it will lie
down if it thinks it has too much upon its back, and until some of
the load is removed, will refuse to rise, even though you should
beat it to death. When its burden is lightened the camel will
trudge along merrily — if a beast with so sullen a heart can ever
be called merry. Treat the camel kindly, pat it on the shoulder,
speak to it gently, or sing to it a song, and it will turn its head
toward you with a pleasant twinkle of the eye, as if to express
thanks.
The pace in camel-riding is steady and uniform, but slow ;
OUR GUIDE TO ADEN.
FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY. 59
yet the long strides take one over the ground almost as fast as
would a trotting pony. To mount, to ride and to dismount
are all awkward proceedings. That you may mount, the camel
kneels and you straddle its back, or rather jump into the saddle ;
then, as the beast rises, you have a feeling of light-headedness,
occasioned by the rapidity of the action and the distance covered.
To dismount, the beast again prostrates himself. Persons who
have never used this method of transportation can know little
about the sensation of those who take passage by camel. You
soon realize that it is possible to become seasick on dry land, and
you get down from the hump with as much gratitude as comes
to a seasick man when at last he lands in New York from a
pitching ocean steamer.
The changes of scenery on the journey to Aden were magnifi-
cent. The fortifications commanding the harbor are some of the
best and most formidable I have ever seen. Midway between
Steamer Point and the city there has been hewn from the solid
rock a magnificent system of cisterns for collecting the rain-
water from the surrounding; circle of hills. These cisterns range
from the bottom to the top of the mountain, and are each about
thirty feet square and fifty feet deep. Their total capacity is about
thirty millions of gallons. The builders of these massive cisterns
are unknown, but it is presumed that they were constructed several
hundred vears ago.
This is the most remarkable country that T ever saw for rain
— or rather the scarcity of rain. Most of the water used for
drinking and cooking is condensed from the sea water. I am told
that it has not really rained more than once in the past five or
six vears ; although once in four or five months there is a light
shower.
GO
'i:OM THE COMOIM) ISLANDS TO UOMBAY.
Aden is a dilapidated-looking town, but it has become more
important since the completion of the Suez Canal. The houses
are built of stone and cement ; they are about twenty feet high,
and are perfectly smooth on the out-
side. It is a thriving place, and most
of the business is monopolized by the
Parsees. A single visit is sufhcient
for pleasure, for at every step }ou meet
a dozen or more curb-stone peddlers
who thrust their wares into your face
and almost force you to buy. We re-
mained here five days, to coal and
make a few repairs, then took our de-
parture for Muscat.
We were ten days at sea between
Aden and Muscat. The long passage
was due to the light breezes which
barely gave our vessel steerage-way
under sail. But our three days' visit
to this important capital of 'Oman in
Arabia and its center of tr;i.de, were
profitably spent. Muscat, or more pro-
perly Maskat, is a large town, situated
on the Gulf of 'Oman, and in the gorge
of an extensive pass which cleaves the
dark mountain walls behind the city
and widens as it advances into the
interior. From our anchorage the city
presents a fine view. But, after landing, the illusion is dispelled.
It consists of narrow, crowded and filthy streets ; wretched huts,
AN ADEN MENDICANT.
ix\ww'T^'twim
z
<
-1
3
FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY. 61
intermingled witli mean and squalid houses ; and filthy bazaars, the
proprietors of which are money brokers, vegetable, cotton and
silk goods dealers, and an indolent, filthy and corrupt class of
Persians cand Arabs. The palace of the Sultan, Synnd Sileni,
the Governor's house and some other buildings, are good and sub-
stantial, and stand on the beach. The population of Muscat, and
of the adjoining town of Matrah, which is simply a large collec-
tion of huts, about two miles distant, is estimated at about seventy
thousand ; it consists of a mixed race of Turks, Persians, Arabs,
Syrians, Kurds, Afghans, Belochees, Indians and others. They
are chiefly engaged in commercial and maritime pursuits. The
principal body of merchants are the Banians, who almost exclu-
sively monopolize the pearl trade of the Persian Gulf. They also
deal very heavily in attar of roses, which can be purchased for
six rupees (three dollars) a bottle. Each bottle contains about
a hvuidred drops, or a little more than a teaspoonful of the pre-
cious liquid. One needs to be shrewd, however, or he will be
imposed upon with an adulterated article.
The most common language you hear is the Hindoostanee.
Our official visit to the sultan was made on the day after our
arrival, and we were handsomely entertained with sherbet, coffee,
dates and confections. The residence of the sultan, like all Turk-
ish houses, was divided into two distinct parts ; the selamlik for
the men, and the haremlik for the women. The latter had as many
separate suites of apartments as there are women. A Turk who
has but one wife — there are few who do not have more —
may require a large haremlik, if his mother and sisters live with
him ; for each must have her private suite of rooms and servants
for her separate use. No crowding nor mixing of domestics is
permitted in a well-ordered establishment in Muscat; so that,
G2 FROM THE rOMOKO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
should there be four wives, they need never see one another
unless they please. The first wife, who takes precedence over
all others while she lives, is called the " hanura." She has a
right to the best rooms, and to a fixed portion of her husband's
income, which he must not reduce to minister to the caprice of
the younger spouses. These points are, as a rule, settled through
the •• ulemas," or priests, before the marriage ; therefore a
lianum's jointure is as safe as is that of a French woman who has
her marriage contract drawni up by a notary.
Monogamy has become more and more the rule among the
Turks of the higher class, in recent years ; and even among those
who have two or three wives, the hanum has gradually come to be
regarded as having the same rank as the mistress of the Christian
home. She visits and entertains the hanums of other gentlemen,
but keeps aloof from wives of the second and other degrees.
These are not equals in her sight, being generally women of a
lower social status, who have not brought any dower to their hus-
bands. Time was when a pacha w^ould take four wives of equal
degree ; that is, daughters of other pachas, or of the sultan, and
all richly portioned ; but manners and custom have changed in
this respect, at least in the European part of Turkey. It must
not be supposed, however, that a hanum cherishes any jealous
hatred of her fellow-wives. She is content with the largest
share of her husband's respect, without demanding his exclusive
devotion. Her philosophy sometimes goes to the length of choos-
ing from among her '• odaliks," or companions, one whom she
deems meet to be his morganatic spouse, and she will do this the
more readily if she has taken a fancy to the girl, and is un-
willinci- to see her leave the house. In some houses, not of the
hicrhest class, the four wives are as friendly as it is possible for
FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY. 63
women to be under the same roof, though each may have a differ-
ent set of out-door friends whom she will not introduce to the
others. In any case, the supremacy of the hanum is always ac-
knowledged, and the others will not intrude into her presence un-
less invited.
So long as strange women are in the house, the huslDand is
excluded from the harem. The guests, at a reception, begin to
arrive toward six o'clock, accompanied by their maid-servants,
and negroes carrying lanterns. The reception rooms are bril-
liantly lighted with tinted wax candles, and scented with fragrant
pastilles. There is no handshaking or kissing between the hos-
tess and her guests ; but each lady, as she enters, lifts her hand
gracefully to her heart, her lips, and her brow, as much as to say :
" I am devoted to you with heart, mouth and mind." Refresh-
ments are soon brought in, and the women compliment one an-
other on their respective dresses. After coffee, sweetmeats and
cigarettes are discussed, and dancing girls are introduced ; at
this stage of the proceedings, the elderly women generally sit down
to cards or some other game. In some houses, where Christian
manners have penetrated, a lady pianist rattles off waltzes and
operatic airs to the company. But this does not exclude the per-
formances of the dancing girls, whose gyrations and fantastic
music with tambourines and castanets are much appreciated.
After several hours of uninterrupted pleasure, the lady of the house
gives the signal for guests to retire by clapping her hands and
ordering cake. At once the maids hurry to fetch the delicacy,
and soon a very aromatic and spongy pudding is produced ; after
disposing of this the guests wasli their fingers and mouths
with rose-water contained in silver basins, and the party is at
an end.
G4 FROM THE C()MOi;0 ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
On tlie morning of the twenty-ninth of Augnst, the day on
which we left Muscat, I liad the good fortune to influence our
guide — softening the palm of his hand with five rupees — to
break the laws of his land by permitting ys to look upon the
faces of some of his beautiful countrywomen. AVe followed him
to the suburbs of the town — outside of the wall; then takin^:
us to a vacant house, he bade us remain cjuiet. In a little
while he i-eturned, with his wife, sister, or cousin, I do not know
which. She removed her mask, and there before us stood a
blushing and splendid beaut}'. She had large black eyes, a broad
low forehead, full red lips, delicately red-tinted cheeks, and
a statuescjue form. She was a perfect type of a Circassian
W(unan. An artist would have gone into ecstasies over her
beautiful arms and rounded shoulders. She had small feet and
beautiful hands. Her feet were shod in loose sandals, with soft
covers and flexible soles. Her hair was bhtck, and worn long;,
and slie had expressive blue eyes. And her costume was as
picturesque as her form was fair. It consisted of loose silk
pantaloons reachinu' onlv to the knee, and finelv-wroiight stock-
ings ; with an upper garment which was a close-fitting sleeveless
vest, cut away in front and but slightly open at the neck.
Having encroached thus far upon the sacred customs of Mus-
cat, we again " insulted " our guide with more rupees, and he pro-
duced a company of dancing girls. In the poorest and shabbiest
huts on the outskirts of the town the dancing trirls have their
homes. We found them different from the neighbors of their
sex, in this — their faces were not covered. But they were
beautiful in feature, in form, in complexion, and in the flashing
ixlances of their eves. Their dresses Avere of a light rose color,
or a delicate yellow, while others were of a soft blue of the thin-
FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
65
nest gauze. Their foreheads were covered with jewels of Turkish
gold and silver coin, and suspended in strings one below another.
They Wcre stockmgless, but wore red morocco shoes, stiff and
hard.
Their belts were strung with trinkets, such as small silver
tmugles. or little bells, and they all had metallic cymbals on each
1 :- ::r^
DANCING GIRLS OB" MUSCAT.
hand. The music began, the shoes were suddenly stripped off,
and tlie dancing commenced. Their hips rose in unison with the
music ; their bodies swung either way ; their toes were cramped
into the sand, and their countenances assumed a peculiar
earnestness of expression ; their fervor increased ; their features
became impassioned ; the cymbals clicked with greater intent,
66 Fi;OM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
and thus they passed from one degree of excitement to another,
till they became exhausted with the intense action of every
muscle of their forms. And these senseless contortions of the
nuiscles of thoir bodies were called dancing. There was little
of the " poetry of motion " about it.
A few hours later we were leaving the quiet and sultry
harbor of Muscat on our eight hundred and fiftj^ miles run
to Bombay. The nights at sea were beautiful in the bright
moonlight, and as balmy as September at home. The change in
temperature, from that at Muscat, was very agreeable, and the
nights were delightfidly cooled by a splendid breeze, so that
our sleep was restful. Seven days at sea brought us to anchor
in the harbor of Bombay.
This is called the grandest city of the East Indies, but — I
forbear ! It is usuall}^ the first or the last city of India visited
by the tourist. If he comes from Europe by way of the Suez
Canal he generally lands at Bombay and proceeds overland
across India ; if he comes from America by way of Japan and
China, he may land at Calcutta and proceed to Bombay overland,
Bombay and Calcutta are the Alpha and Omega of India.
Bombay has a convenient and pretty harbor, with plenty of
anchoring ground ; and it and Calcutta are rivals for superiority,
their claims being hotly contested by their respective partisans.
As to which is the finer I will not attempt to decide. On land-
ing, we were greeted by large numbers of Hindoos, Sepoy
soldiers, women, palanquin carriers, buggy drivers and cats.
Escaping from these, we went up through the long narrow
streets on a tour of inspection. The natives who greeted us on
the quay had been waiting our coming on shore, with their
minds prepared to fleece the cargo of new victims. They came
INHABITANTS OF THE ISLAND OF SALSETTE, NEAR BOMBAY.
FEOM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY. 67
upon us like hungry wolves, and shouted at us in all sorts of
dialects. They pulled our clothes, crowded us in one direction
and pushed us in another; one urged us to ride in his carriage —
a vehicle much resembling a country doctor's gig — and another
pulled us towards his palanquin. While, last but not least, there
was the ever-present ludicrous and alarmingly persistent guide yell-
ing over our shoulders that he would show us all the si^dits and
describe them to us, if we would onl}- come his way, and all for
a rupee. But ^ve were determined, on this first day, to see the
city on our own hook.
Bombay is divided into two halves, or rather quarters ; one
the foreign quarter, and the other the native quarter. The for-
eign portion of Bombay is not attractive, for the public and
private buildings are inferior in architectural effect. The for-
eign quarter is designated as " The Fort." but the fort disap-
peared years ago to make room for Imilding purposes. The
buildings are closely crowded and the streets are narrow and
dingy.
. The Esplanade, as the redeemed ground is called, contains
some fine buildings. European faces are few and far between ;
the shops are native, and the crowd pushing through the streets
is as un-English as possible. Of the eight hundred thousand
inhabitants of Bombay only about ten thousand are Europeans.
But here are Asiatics of every class ; Parsees with their flowing
frocks and miter-looking hats ; Hindoos, with turbans of
various shapes and colors, some fitting close to the skulls, and
others spreading like mushrooms; Moslems, with close caps, or
with turbans differing from all others ; and coolies of the lower
caste, or no caste at all, quite uncovered as to the head, or sporting
only a thinly-wound dirty piece of cloth. The women pass you
68
FKO.M THE { O.MOI£0 IbLAXlJ.S TO BOMBAY.
with heads wholly or partially covered, and some expose their
faces completely to the gaze of the stranger without fear and
without reproach. All have " rings on their fingers and rings on
their toes, " and
many of them have
their ankles and
wrists thickly
hooped with bands
of silver or bone.
A profusion of jew-
elry is also suspen-
ded from noses and
enrs. Some are not
content with pierc-
ing the lobes of
their ears, after our
civilized, fashion,
but perforate their
entire circumfer-
ence to obtain
points of support
for jewelry. But
this fashion is not
solely confined to
the native women,
for many of the
men of Bombay are just as barbarous in their tastes.
The native town of Bombay has many large houses, with
successions of balconies and windows, suggestive of palaces. In
the narrow and open-fronted shops you see, as everywhere in tlie
A PARSEE MERCHANT.
FROM THE COMORO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY. 69
East, the merchants squatted among their wares, and in a space
so confined tliat it is not necessary to rise to reach any article
on sale. Workmen of various branches are observed to be busy ;
copper, silver and goldsmiths abound, as well as tailors, shoe-
makers, barbers, etc. Everywhere is seen the miter-like hat,
and the long, parson-like coat of the Parsee, and everywhere we
find the wearer thereof engaged in business. The Parsees really
control a monopoly of the shop-trade.
They are an attractive-looking people and possess a shrewd-
ness of no common order; they have all the Israelitish keenness
for mercantile pursuits, and are not inaptly called the " Jews
of Western India." As their name, " Parsis" or " Parsee," would
indicate, their origin is Persian. They came into India several
centuries ago, being the remnant of the old-time Fire-worshipers
who with their priests, or magi, emigrated from Persia after its
conquest by the followers of Mohammed. Bombay seems to be
their chief abiding place, and it to-day gives a livelihood to about
eighty thousand of them. Some of them possess enormous
wealth, and several of the hospitals and other institutions here
owe their origin to Parsees.
Bombay will have occasion to long revere the name of Sir
Janssetjee Jedeebhoy, a Parsee, who before his death on April 15,
18-59, contributed upwards of one million two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars towards the founding, endowment and support
of institutions of a purely benevolent character.
The Parsees are loyal to their ancient faith and are still wor-
shipers of fire as the symbol of Divinity. When they came from
Persia they brought the sacred embers with them. These fires
have ever since been kept burning perpetually on their altars.
They worship the sun as the great representative of the Divine
70 VllOM TUE CUMUUO ISLANDS TO BOMBAY.
Power, and at sunrise, every morning, they may be observed at
the water's edge with heads and hands reverently uplifted towards
the rising sun. As they rigidly refrain from using fire for any
ignoble purpose, it is not deemed courteous nor polite to offer
them a cigar ; yet they do not take offense if a stranger smokes
in their presence.
The disposition of the dead is neither by incineration or
burial ; but the bodies are left exposed to the sun until the vult-
ures have cleared all the flesh from them, when the bones are
swept into a deep pit. The principal place for exposing the
bodies is upon the highest point of Malabar Hill just outside the
city. Here are the famous burial structures known as the dakh-
mas or " Towers of Silence." Strangers are rarely admitted to the
inclosure, and no Parsee, except the few employed about the place,
may enter the tower. It is surrounded by a high wall ; the
yard is perhaps two acres in extent, and near the entrance is a
buildino; in which is an altar with the sacred fire. This is also the
sagii or temple where people come to pray, and here the priests
change their apparel after their services are over. The towers
are nine in number, of plastered masonry, not over twenty-five
feet high and about thirty feet in diameter. In the side of each
tower is a double iron door, where the bearers enter with the
bodies ; but through this door no Christian, no Hindoo, nor even a
Parsee, save the priests and attendants, is permitted to look.
Two of these towers are unconsecrated ; one of them being set apart
for the bodies of murderers, and the other for suicides. Vult-
ures may be seen at any time hovering about the tops of the
towers, evidently waiting eagerly for the coming of a fresh
corpse ', and an hour after the body has been placed within the
tower, nothing but bones remains.
CHAPTER Y.
FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
FROM the deck of our ship Ave obtained
the finest possible view of Bombay.
The picturesque hills were bathed in a
blue haze, and ships of every clime were
ridino; at anchor in the harbor. An
American man-of-war so seldom visits
Bombay that ours was an object of great
interest during the few days of our stay ;
our decks and cabins swarmed continually
with the officials and natives, the mer-
chants and the laborers from the town.
To us the shore offered the srreatest
attraction, and we never missed an op-
portunity of visiting it ; often taking
long rides into the country in one of the
cheap and numerous buggies, and some-
times in one of those novel native conveyances, the palanquin.
If one wants to enjoy a slow tour through the streets, with-
out stopping at the shops, he would better take a palanquin, a
comfortable little box in which the rider may recline or sit erect.
The palanquin of Bombay is so constructed that it may be
opened or shut at pleasure ; its interior being provided with a
cocoa mattress upholstered in leather, and so elevated at one
71
72 FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
end that the occupant may recline in a half-sitting posture.
Poles extend out from either end and rest on the shoulders of
the palanquin-1)earers. It is a comfortable though slow mode
of travel in 2^.
I have given a considerable space to the Parsees, but there
are also to be seen in the heterogeneous crowds in the Bombay
streets, the tall and martial Rajpoots ; the swaggering Mussul-
man, in his green turban ; the sleek Marwarees or Jodhpureans
with tight-fitting, parti-colored turbans of red and yellow ; the
pig-tailed Chinaman, and — beggars of every description. It
is said that among; the Parsees such a thinsj as a beD:2;ar is un-
known but a visitor to the East Indies, coming in contact with
the filthy, vermin-covered mendicants that are to be encountered
at every footstej^, would be apt to have his sentiment of charity
seriously encroached upon. I was much attracted by the Hindoo
women who, when young, are delicate and beautiful, so far as one
may reconcile beauty with the olive complexion. They are of
almost perfect proportion ; their limbs are small, their features
soft and regular, and their eyes black and languishing ; but the
bloom of beauty soon decays, and age makes rapid progress before
they have seen thirty years. This may be attributed to the
climate and the customs of the country.
No women can be more attentive to cleanliness than the
Hindoos. They employ every method to render their persons
delicate, soft, and attractive; their dress is peculiarly becoming.
It consists of a long piece of silk or cotton tied around the waist,
and hanging in a graceful manner to the feet. It is afterward
brought over the body in negligee folds, and under this, covering
the front of the body, is a short waistcoat of satin. Their long
black hair is adorned with jewels and wreaths of flowers ; their
FllOM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
73
ears are bored and loaded with pearls ; a variety of gold chains,
strings of pearls and precious stones fall in clusters from the
neck, and the arms are loaded with bracelets from the wrist
W^
^^'^■
HINDOO WUMEX Ol" BOMBAY I.\ CEREMOXIAL DRESS.
to the elbow. Many of them also wear gold and silver bands
or chains round the ankles, and an abundance of rings on
their fingers and toes. Among the adornments of the fingers
may frequently be seen a small circular mirror. The richer the
/4 FROM BOMBAY TO SINCiAPORE.
dress the less becoming is it. A Hindoo woman of distinction
always seems to be overloaded with finery ; while the village
girls, witli fewer ornaments, but in the same elegant drapery, are
more captivating. There are very few women, however, even of
the lowest families, who at their marriage have not some jewels.
The visitor should not leave Bombay without inspecting the
interesting Caves of Elephanta. These, tradition asserts, were
once the secret halls where assembled the ancient Freemasons.
The island is about a mile from the main land ; it is formed of
two bold mountains covered with trees and brushwood, and a
small stretch of rice-fields cultivated by a few Hindoo farmers.
Near the landing-place is a portion of the figure of an elephant.
It was once of life size, shaped out of solid rock, and gave the
name to the island. It has nearly crumbled to pieces by the
action of the . weather. Ascending the mountain by a narrow
path that winds among rocks and trees and underbrush, we
arrive at the excavation which has Ions; excited the attention of
the curious and afforded ample scope for the discussion of anti-
quaries. The principal temple and adjoining apartments are
two hundred and twenty feet long and one hundred and fifty
feet broad.
Wherever the observer casts his eye he is attracted by the
numerous and rich decorations. He is also constantly reminded
that he is in a trreat cave. He l)eholds four rows of massive
columns cut out of the solid rock — uniform in their order, and
placed at regular distances so as to form three magnificent
avenues leading from the principal entrance 1o the grand idol
which terminates the middle vista. The central image is com-
posed of three colossal heads reaching nearly from the floor to
the roof — a height of fifteen feet. It represents the triad deity
FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE. 75
in the Hindoo mythology — Brahma, Vishnu and Siva, in the
character of Creator, Preserver and Destroyer.* The middle face
(that of Brahma) displays regular features, and a mild and serene
character. The towering head-dress is much ornamented, as are
those on either side which appear in profile, lofty and richly
adorned with jewels. The countenance of Vishnu has the same
mild aspect as Brahma ; while the visage of Siva is altogether
different — severity and revenge, characteristics of his destroying
attributes, being strongly depicted. One of the hands of Siva
encircles a large cobra de capello ; while the other contains fruits,
flowers and blessings of mankind. The lotus and pomegranate
are also easily distinguished.
On either side of the Elephanta triad is a gigantic figure lean-
ing on a dwarf, an object frequently introduced in these excava-
tions. The giants guard the triple deity and separate it from a
large recess filled with a variety of figures — male and female,
in different attitudes. They are in tolerable proportion, but ex-
press no particular character of countenance. One conspicuous
figure, is like the Amazon, single-breasted ; the rest, whether
intended for goddesses or mortals, are generally adorned like
the modern Hindoo women, with bracelets and rings for the
ankles ; but the men have bracelets only. The intervening
space between the large figures is occupied by small aerial
figures hovering about them in infinite variety. The sides of
the temple are adorned with similar compositions placed at
regular distances ; they terminate the avenues formed by the
colonnades so that, except at a near approach, only one group
is seen at a time. The regularity and proportions of the whole
*Tliis rcmiirknl)lc' bust i« now supposed to be a triform representation of Siva alone, and not of bis
associates in the Hindoo trinity.
70
FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
are remarkably striking. The figures are generally in grace-
ful attitudes, but those of herculean stature indicate no muscu-
lar streno:tli.
From the right and left avenues of the principal temple, are
passages to smaller excavations on each side ; that on the right
IN THE CAVERN UF SIVA.
is much decayed and not enough of the sculpture remains to
trace out the original figures. A pool of water penetrates from
it into a dark cavern far under the rock. A small temple on the
left contains two baths, one of them elesj-antlv finished. The
FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE. 77
front is open and supported by pillars of a different order from
those in the large temple ; the sides are adorned with sculpture ;
the roof and cornice are painted in mosaic pattern, some of the
colors being still bright. The opposite bath, of the same propor-
tions, is less ornamented. Between these two baths is a room
detached from the rock. It contains a colossal representation of
the Ungula. Several small caves also branch out from the great
excavation.
Elephanta Cave is a work which would be admired by the
curious, had it been raised from a foundation like other remark-
able structures. But when we consider that it was tunnelled
mch by inch into the solid rock, and with tools evidently not
used in similar works in modern times, we cannot but be aston-
ished at the conception and completion of so vast an undertak-
ing. I am, of course, no advocate of Hindooism, but I confess
that a visit to these excavations filled my mind with awe, even
though I was surrounded by idols. There are other great caves
aside from Elephanta, in the vicinity of Bombay, but want of
time alone prevented me from visiting them.
In direct contrast to this awe-filled experience was an amusing
spectacle which occurred on the seventh of September, during
our Indian visit, and which I had the privilege of observing.
This was the burial of the gods or idols of one of the many
castes of Hindoos. It is of yearly occurrence, and I went to a
quiet side of the harbor to witness this part of a strange relig-
ious ceremony. The idols are made of plaster, some of them
small, others of almost life-size; some of them plainly habited,
others richly and gayly adorned. Some were brought down in
palanquins and others in sedan-chairs, but always preceded by a
procession of from twenty to two hundred persons, most of whom
78 FllOM nOMUAY TO :>lNGAl'OKE.
were opium drunk and danced along the streets keeping unsteady
time to the beating of drums. Arriving at the beach a peculiar
ceremony was performed. It was, I learned, a burial service,
and consisted of dancing and a monotonous singing. This over
one of the celebrants, with an idol perched upon his head, waded
out till the water reached his chin and then dived down to bury
the idol in the mud. This is done to dispose of the sin-inoculated
idols, which have become corrupted with the wicked things un-
burdened to them at the confessional. During the two hours I
stood witnessing this strange and 3'et laughal^ly impressive cere-
mony, no less than a hundred idols were drowned and buried in
the mud. A stranger would have wondered if it was an insane
asylum delivery, and yet I should have been sorely displeased to
have missed the sight.
AVe bade good-by to Bombay on the seventeenth of Septem-
ber, and put to sea. Our next port was to be Singapore, in the
Straits of Malacca.
A remarkable and interesting incident occurred the night after
we entered the Straits. The island of Sumatra was in sight.
Our vessel lay in a dead calm, or, as it is sometimes called, an
" Irish hurricane " — the only wind being up and down with the
mast, and the sails hanging fiat and flapping back and forth with
the motion of the vessel in the swell. It was about midnight
when the messenger was sent bv the ofhcer-of-the-deck to arouse
all of the officers and the creAv's watch below. Hurrying on
deck we observed that the sea was peculiarly white, and we
seemed to be sailing in an ocean of milk. It aroused all of our
sailor-superstition ; but after rubbing our eyes until they were
fully opened and freshening up our faculties we realized that the
phenomena, one of rare occurrence, was due to innumerable ani-
U3
Oi
O
<
FROM BOMBAY TO SIXGAPOHE. 79
iiialcula?. Our commander, who later became Rear-Aclmiral Eavl
Eiiij-lisli, remarked that he had witnessed a simiLar occurrence m
the Indian Ocean about twenty-five years before.
On the third of October we anchored in the harbor of Sinsfa-
pore. No sooner was the anchor down tlian a hundred jabbering
natives sprang on board, chimbering up from the small boats in
which thev had come out from the shore. We seemed to have
dropped into Bedlam. They all talked at once in their strange
dialects, gesticulated to each other and to us, and everything
was in confusion. Some were hotel proprietors, and some were
beggars ; some were bird-sellers and some were Singapore gentle-
men and merchants ; some were laundrymen and some were
thieves. The hotel proprietors, with cards in their hands, were
recommendino' to us their various inns ; the beo;g:ars suns; in our
ears " backsheesh ! backsheesh ! " The laundrymen tried to con-
vince us that our clothes would be nicely done up and without
the use of stones and clubs to pound the dirt out, but we well
knew from experience how much dependence we could give to
these people. The thieves were on the alert to steal anything
from a hundred-pound solid shot to a gold watch.
Singapore, like Hong Kong, is an English port ; and, like
Hong Kong, it has a large population of Chinese. They are
found in all occupations, from the lowest to the highest. Some
of them are " hewers of wood and drawers of water," while
others are merchants doing an extensive business, even to owning
and managing steam vessels. The hotels are provided with
Chinese and Malay servants, and are infested with Chinese ped-
dlers, who bring to you Chinese and Japanese goods and curios,
and above all handsomely mounted birds of paradise and tiger
claws. The Bengalee and other natives of India are encrasfed in
8U FiiOM UOMIJAV TO blNCiAroKE.
tnides similar to those of the Chinese; uiul one must be careful
not to coniinc himself to the one-price system, for you may pur-
chase anything at one fifth of the original price demanded or less.
They have equally as weak consciences as the Jews 1 found at
Aden, or even those on Chatham and Division Streets in New
York. I obtained some handsome birds of paradise and some
tiger claws, both mounted and unmounted.
At Singapore will be found Indians (the Marhatti Hindoo)
with the turbans and bright-colored sarongs ; Parsees with that
tall, tapering, queer-looking indescribable hat of theirs very-
much like ca stove-pipe ; Chinese workmen stripped to the waist,
and wearing naught on their heads but the classic queue ; Malay
workmen, bare as to body and lower limbs, their entire garment
consisting of a loin cloth and a huge turban, and their skins a
finely polished black.
Singapore has quite an extensive business. It is the pur-
chasing point for Siam and Borneo, and in a great measure for
Java and Sumatra. There are two larije gardens here, both of
them well worth a visit. The luxuriance of tropical growth is
grand in itself, and one sees new and curious trees that would
require considerable space for a worthy description. In each
garden one may see the ourang-outang of the largest growth ; the
ostrich, the elephant, the lion, the camel, and many other species
of the animal kingdom peculiar to the torrid zones ; but the one
thing above all others of rare beauty is the male bird of paradise.
The males alone, like the peacock, are the birds of splendid
plumage ; not only are they characterized by great brilliancy
of tints, but they have a glossy, velvety appearance, a metallic
luster and a singularly beautiful play of colors. Tufts of
feathers growing from the shoulders extend far beyond the body
FROM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
81
and to the tip of the tail and are of great vakie as plumes for
ladies' hats.
There are pretty drives around and over the Malay Peninsula,
and to meet a tiger now and then in a portion of a jungle nearest
the main land is not an uncommon occurrence. The main land
HASHISH SMOKERS.
is infested with tigers, and they occasionally swim across the chan-
nel in search of prey. As tigers only attack persons on foot I was
especially careful to ride on all of my excursions and to select
only the fleetest-footed horses. The statistics of the Chinese and
natives eaten annually by tigers are not carefully kept, but they
?.re unhappily large.
82 FKUM BOMBAY TO SINGAPORE.
" So you never have smoked hashish ? " said a friend to me
one day at Singapore, and added, " Well, you've missed one of
the greatest treats of your life. But just come with me and Til
give you a taste of the drug which, for at least twenty centuries,
has caused happiness and misery to millions of our fellow-beings."
My friend had spent thirt}" years in the East, hence I readily
placed myself under his guidance. Hashish (pronounced has-
heesh) is the Oriental name for the plant we term Indian hemp,
and its use is said to cause real happiness, and by no means the
sensual enjoyment that might be supposed. The hashish-eater is
as happy as is one who hears pleasant news or is intoxicated
with success.
I followed my guide to a native house, and passing through a
dark hall we came to a door and gave a light tap. It was opened
at once by a black houri who bade us enter. It was difficult to
discern anvthino-. as everv avenue of li^j-ht seemed to be barricaded.
The floor was carpeted with thick Chinese matting, and on the
walls were a number of cheap pictures. Against the walls were
four long bunks with matting bottoms. A half-dozen benches, a
table and two low ottomans made up the rest of the furniture.
The bunks were occupied by either men or women in a semi-stupid
or dozing state.
A new customer had just preceded our entrance, and as the
proprietor brought him in a ''lay-out" I thought I would get my
experience from observation. The lay-out was a Turkish narghil,
a small brazier full of incandescent charcoal, and a porcelain jar.
The narghil was different in some respects from the one used for
smoking tobacco. It was, like the latter, a handsome glass globe
half-filled with perfumed Water and provided with two glass tubes,
one going almost to the bottom of the glol^e and terminating in a
FROM BOMBAY TO .SIXGAPOKE. 83
metal bowl ; the other just penetrating the cork top of the
globe and connected to a long rubber tube the end of which was
an amber mouth-piece. The metal bowl was about the shape and
size of a hen's egg, inside of which, a little space apart, were two
pieces of grating.
The proprietor, with a pair of small tongs, placed some small
live coals on the upper grate, and then with a thin knife took
from the porcelain jar a piece of hashish and placed it on the
coals. The drug w^as a thick paste of a dark greenish-black hue ;
its odor was penetrating, but thin. The moment the paste
touched the hot coals it began to smoke and burn. A perforated
cap was then put on the metal bowl, and the tube and mouth-
piece handed to the stranger, wdio very considerately gave me
the preference. A few deep inhalations filled my throat and
lungs with the vapor, the effect of which does not begin to com-
pare with that of opium. It seemed soothing and narcotic in
character ; it produced a pleasant sensation in the wind pas-
sages, and, unlike tobacco-smoke, caused no desire to cough. In
ten minutes the first charge of hashish had burned out and was
renewed.
My first symptoms were an increased action of the heart and
a sensation of pleasurable warmth. These w^ere followed and
supplanted by a mental exaltation, and a feeling akin to pain. It
seemed as if some enemy were trying to compress my skull.
This was followed by an illumination of the brain or mind, and
a fading of everything without. Then came a profound sleep,
from which I soon awakened wdth sensations of nausea and
headache. It was my first and last experience.
There are several preparations of hashish, both as a medicine
and an indulu'ent. and there are four wavs of usins it. The
84 FlIUM BOMliAY TO SINGAPORE.
French cat the extract or paste, a shigle dose being a pill as large
as a tive-cent silver piece. The Moors and Persians dissolve it
in a strong aromatic fluid and drink the concoction. You may
buy the leaves and smoke them in a pipe, or roll them into a
cigarette. Or you can smoke the paste in a narghil. The trou-
ble with eatino' or drinkin"- the drno- is, that it causes a disease
of the stomach, and eventually a painful dyspepsia. If you
smoke the leaves you irritate the lungs and throat with the
vapor of the wood-fiber. With the narghil the stomach and lungs
are not affected, and the narcotic effect comes on in a few min-
utes. It may be nnhealthful, but it is not as injurious as is
opium or morphine.
CHAPTER VI.
FROM SIXGAPORE TO FOO-CIIOW.
A'
FTER a stay of eleven
clays at Singapore, we
steamed out of the harbor,
and in a few hours left the
Straits of Malacca behind
us. Crossing the Gulf of
Siam, we had the island of
Borneo on our right ; this
remained in siirht for a con-
siderable distance, and then
we entered the China Sea.
Our experience of the
cyclones of the North Atlan-
tic, and the pamperos off the
River Plate, did not permit
us to look forward with
pleasurable anticipations at
the possibility of encounter-
ing, in these waters, one of those destrojang tempests known
as the •• typhoon." Our fears and superstitions, however, were
unnecessary, for we had the finest of weather, and ten days at
sea brouofht us in sicrht of the island of Luzon, one of the largest
85
86 FROM SINGAPORE TO FOO-CIIOW.
of the Philippines; before the night of the tenth clay had closed
in we were swinging at anchor in the harbor uf Manihi.
It was Sunday when we arrived, but tliat did not keep us
from desiring to go on shore, and before long a half-dozen of us
were walking along the esplanade. About the first thing to at-
tract our attention was a I'lila de (jallos (cock-fight), and we
stopped to see it, only to soon become disgusted. We had al-
ready been present at just such a brutal exhibition on the other
side of the globe, and had no desire for a repetition. Imagine
an amphitheater with four or five hundred Spaniards, and " mes-
tizos " or natives, each one crowding and pushing and yelling at
the top of his voice, and reaching over the heads of one another
handing i\\Q\v centavos (pennies) and reals (shillings) to the book-
makers to wager upon the fowl selected to win ; a circular space
in which were two men, each with a sharply spurred game-cock
in his hands and each one holdinsr his bird fast until the master
of ceremonies should give the signal for the fight to begin. The
confusion, the Babel of tongues, and the intense excitement, espe-
cially of those spectators who had wagered their few pennies on
the result, suggested the possibility of personal conflicts ; but
hardly a moment passes before one of the birds is seen to stag-
ger, bleeding freely from a chance wound given it by the other
bird; then the fight is ended, only to be succeeded by another
equally blood-curdling contest between two fresh fowls.
On the following day we again visited the shore to '' take in
the whole town." For this purpose we hired a barouche for the
whole day at an expense of " dos pesos' — two dollars.
Passing over the bridge that separates the old settlement
from the new, Ave rode for a mile along one of the pleasantest
drives I have ever seen. This broua:ht us to the walled town
FROM SINGAPORE TO FOO-CHOW. 87
which we entered through the " Puerto de Ysabel Segunda," or
Gate of Isabel the Second. Ridmg through the streets of the
old city we met on every side, ruins of old cathedrals, convents,
barracks, and other buildings, the result of the great earthquakes
of 1863. Convulsions of the earth have been frequent here, but
seldom so disastrous as in 1863. Only one of the old cathedrals
escaped the destructive upheaval.
We met on our drive uiany handsome private carriages, hlled
with the fair sex looking as bright, fresh and cheerful as the
flowers of May ; and with that beauty of feature and complexion
which is only to be found among the Castilian race.
The native population of the island live in houses walled with
bamboo rods, and roofed with palm leaves. These native dwell-
ings, usually encircled by banana plantations, are raised on poles
and stand some four feet above the ground, after the manner of
the prehistoric buildiugs of the lacustrine epoch. The entrance
is reached by a kind of ladder, and underneath the building is
the storehouse for the farming implements. Here, too, is the
refuge for the pigs and poultry. As a rule, these habitations
have a small ante-chamber — two rooms and a kitchen — sepa-
rated from the main house, but reached by a bamboo bridge. One
of these chambers is the eating-room, the other serves as a sitting-
room by day and a dormitory at night. In eyery home you hnd
plenty of cigars and cigarettes ; curved, finely tempered knives,
called bolos ; wicker-baskets and a few religious books, and betel
boxes. No house, no individual, indeed, seems to be complete
without this betel box.
The betel, or Penang nut, is really a native of the Malay Pe-
ninsula, but it may be found in any part of the East Indies. It
is about the size of an Enolish walnut. It is an astrinsfent ; but
/
88 FI.'OM SIXCAPOKE TO FOO-(IK)V.'.
with the leaf of the betel pepper it becomes a narcotic stimulant.
It causes a ijiddiness to those not accustomed to its use.
The betel nut seeins as essential to the Malays, whether in
their own peninsula or in the Philippines, as is tobacco to a New
York bootblack, or as is opium to the confirmed Chinese opium-
smoker. It is a revolting habit to a fastidious person, for
if a man or woman speaks to 3'ou while chewing his or her
"quid" of betel, the mouth looks as if it was full of blood.
The betel nut is the fruit of the Areca or betel palm. The nuts
oTow in clusters, but the tree does not beo:in to bear till it is six
years old. Each nut is about the size and shape of a nutmeg and
is covered with a fibrous yellow husk. The fruit is gathered, be-
fore it is quite ripe, in the early fall and deprived of its husks.
The nut is then boiled in Avater. cut into slices and dried in the
sun, assuming a black or dark brown color. The betel-chewer
takes a leaf of the betel-pepper, spreads upon it a paste of lime
or spices, and rolls it about a piece of the nut. When thrust
into the mouth the chewer begins to work his jaws and to spit.
The custom of chewing it has become so general with the
natives, not only in the Philippines but also in Java, Sumatra and
other places in the East Indies, as to be considered a part of eti-
cj[uette — men. women and children indulging in it from morning
till night. So widespread indeed is the betel habit in the East
that it is estimated that one tenth of the human familv indulge
m betel chewino-. It g-ives a reddish color to the saliva, so that
the lips and teeth seem to be covered with blood. By its habitual
use the lips and teeth become blackened as with a dye and the
teeth are loosened .
The Tatralas and Biscavers are the most numerous anion a;
Manila's population, wliile the Mestizos form the influential part
FROM SINGAPORE TO FOO-CHOW. 89
and by their activity engross the greatest share of the trade. The
Mestizos are mostly of Chinese fathers and native niotliers, but
possess more the characteristics of the Spanish than the Chinese.
Tlie principal industries depended upon here are coffee-grow-
ing, cigar-making and the manufacture of peha cloth from tlie
fibres of the leaves of the pine-apple plant. This cloth is of
different textures, some of it being as fine as silk while some is
as coarse as horse-hair cloth. It is all of it verv strono; and the
better arrades far excel the finest lawns in texture. Thousands of
women are employed in the factories and it is interesting to
watch them in their embroidery work on the better trrades of the
peila cloth, especially in the working of fine handkerchiefs, some
of which are here worth as much as one hundred dollars each.
The cigar-making industry is also c[uite extensive, and the
Manila cigars and cheroots are famous. Indeed the majority of
smokers prefer them to the Havana product. Theii" manufacture
is under the charge of an administration whose headquarters are
at Manila, and it is estimated that twenty thousand persons are
employed in this branch of manufacture. The annual output is
full}' one hundred millions. The best brand, the Imperials, may
be purchased here at less than forty dollars a thousand. Nearly
92,000,000 pounds of Manila hemp and more than 280,000.000
pounds of sugar are annually shipped from the port of Manila.
From Manila we sailed for our first port in China, the land of
the almond-eyed, pig-tailed, opium smoker and fan-tan player.
On the third day after leaving our Spanish friends we sighted
the lofty peak of Victoria Hill that rises 1825 feet above the
mao-nificent harbor of Houl;: Kone. Its summit was nearly
hidden by the clouds ; but, with our strong marine-glasses we
could see Sedan-chairs ascendino; or descending' with visitors on
90
KKOM HINGAPOPvE TO FOO-CHOW.
the main road. No sooner was the anchor down in Hong Kong
harbor tlian the ship was surrounded by sampans. This is the
Chine.^^e errand boat. It is iVoni twelve to hfteen feet in lenutli,
and is so constructed as to provide habitation for an entire family.
As the sampans pulled alongside us there sprang from them on
CHINESE JUNK.
board the Iroquois, washerwomen, compradors (runners for ship-
chandlers), tradesmen and boatmen all clamoring for our pat-
ron a o-e.
From our deck we obtained a grand panoramic view of Hong
Kontr, a citv which is under the o;overnment of the British
authorities. Its name properly rendered is Hiang-Kiang " the
place of sweet streams." The harbor and island bears a strong
resemblance to Gibraltar. The city itself has little about it to sug-
gest a port in China ; in fact but for its inhabitants it would an-
swer as well for any city in Europe of similar size. Its resem-
FKOM SINGAPORE TO FOO-CHOW. 91
blance to Gibraltar disappeared upon going ashore, for we found
the streets much wider and the houses more uniformly built. The
principal thoroughfare is called Queen's Road. It is lined on
both sides with fine warehouses, banking institutions, a hotel, and
other public buildings. A little back of the Queen's Road, is the
native quarter where are huddled together the Chinese residents.
The first thing to attract our attention was the Chinese women,
dressed in their baggy trousers and sacks, their feet encased in
diminutive sandals, and their black glossy hair combed up in a
novel manner and stiffened with pomade into a semblance of
a cock's comb.
The Chinese coolies are seen trotting along the street with a
wooden yoke over their shoulders. From each end of this yoke
is suspended a sling, one holding a case or basket of merchandise,
and the other a big stone, perhaps as a balance to the other
burden. Chinese tradespeople passed us, their silken skull-caps
handsomely embroidered or their silk pajamas fastened together
with gold buttons, in strong contrast to their more cheaply
costumed pig-tail brethren. From these would come a courteous
recog-nition or the salute: '"Chin-chin?" which has a similar
meanino: to our trreeting- of •' How are you ? " After a brief
stop at the hotel — thorougijly American in every respect — we
continued our sigrht-seeino-. Sedan - chairs were everywhere
rang;ed along the curb, the carriers readv to take us from one
end of the town to the other for a few " cash." But this was
our first day on shore and we preferred to walk. A few steps
from the hotel we heard the jingling of silver ; turning our
heads, we observed a Chinaman sitting beside a large basket
filled with " trade," or Mexican dollars, and he is testing them to
learn whether any of them are - chop " — that is light weight —
92 FROM SINGAPORE TO FOO-CIIOW.
or have not the true ring to tlieni. This is the bank and
'•.luhn'" (as all Chinamen are called) taking up a handful of
dollars passes them one at a time from one hand into the other
and readily detects the false ring. In fact none are so expert
as the Chinese in testins: coins. The Chinese are famous for
" chopping " silver dollars, a system of fraud largely practiced by
inserting alloy in the place of silver extracted ; this, while it
does not alter the appearance or weight of the coin perceptibly,
cannot be detected except by an ear most susceptible to sound.
The Chinese shops next attracted our attention ; here were
found articles of vertic of every class of Oriental design — carved
work in ivory and sandal-wood ; jewelry, silks, satins, crepe,
China ware of native pattern, and many other things too
numerous to mention ; the}^ were cheap, too, if one was but
shrewd enough to avoid being swindled. The principal mode
of conveyance, the Sedan-chair, is made of bamboo. It is borne
on the shoulders of the Chinamen and is a comfortable and
sleepy vehicle to ride in. The rapidity with which these coolie
carriers get over the ground is something surprising, and they
seem to be able to travel the entire day without becoming
exhausted.
From the curio shops we went to a gambling-house to see
the National game, fan-tan, or " yet, yee, sam, see " (one. two,
three, four), played. To the novice, fan-tan is to all appearances
a game in which there can be no cheating ; but a better acquaint-
ance with the Chinese and their delicacy of touch convinced me
that the dealers can tell to a " cash " (the small brass money
used) the exact number they pick up in their double-hand, thus
making cheating not only possible, but actual. The gambling
room was on the main floor ; in the center was a table about six
A CHINESE I'AUUDA.
FROM SINGAPOEE TO FOO-CHOW.
95
feet square, surrounded by a crowd of chattering Chinamen, each
with his string; of cash, and some with silver coin. I have never
seen o'reater excitement around the u-amblinu- tables in San
Francisco even. Above the table is a gallery where the
'• foreigners," Americans, English, Germans and others, congre-
gate, their wagers being lowered in a small basket to the table
below. On the table is traced a small square with, the first four
numerals on the sides, as in this diao^ram :
The dealer sits at one end of the table ; he holds in one hand
a long pointer and has at his left a pile of cash, with holes in the
center. Before the bets are made he takes a double handful of
the cash which he places immediately in front of him, covering
the pile with a large bowl. The bets having been made the
bowl is taken off, and with the pointer the dealer counts off the
cash, four at a time, until all are counted off except the last lot,
when, if one, two, three, or four, remains, that number wins.
Bets may be made on either of the four sides as the gamblers
select, or upon two numbers by placing the bet on either of the
four corners. Winning on a single number gives the winner
four times the amount bet, minus seven per cent, for the dealer ;
and winning on either of the corners (two numbers, or two
m
FKUM 5-l^UArOlJE TO FUU-tJlOW.
^■1
~^
clumces of winning) gives to the winner twice the amount of the
bet. minus seven per cent.
One peculiarity of the Chinese is that they can make them-
selves imdei'stuod in almost any European tongue in less than
one third the time re-
<^^s______ quired ])y the average
American or European
to make himself under-
stood in Chinese. They
readily acquire a smat-
tering of our language,
or " pigeon English,"
hut it is with the
greatest difficulty that
we learn anything of
theirs. Trade is cren-
erally conducted by
middle-men or " com-
pradores." If a foreign
merchant wishes to
make purchases of any
of the native products
he must do so throuo;h
the compradore. If
he wishes to sell aiiy-
thinof of foreio^n manufacture it must be done throucrh the same
channel. The compradore employs all the servants about the
house ; he fixes their salaries and is responsible for their honesty ;
he even keeps the bank account and superintends the shipping of
goods. Though a servant only, he is practically the head or the
SEDAN-CHAIR.
FKOM SIJ^GAPOKE TO FOO-CHOW. 97
manager of the house ; and he is invariably a shrewd, clear-
headed fellow, who watches his master's interests — and his own
— with a careful eye. " John Compradore " is an indispensable
necessary.
The Chinese guilds and trade combinations surpass any of
European or American origin. The Chinese, as a people, are self-
sufhcient, bigoted, supercilious, jealous, and seem likely to remain
so for all time. No people, it has been said, has ever been
found who did not profess some kind of religion. The Chinese
have their deities, but it would be more difficult than most peo-
ple imagine to say in just what their religion consists. The
teachings of Confucius form the basis of their national juris-
prudence ; but it can hardly be called a religion since it does not
inculcate the worship of any god. Buddhism is evidently the
religion of the masses in the interior provinces ; but the generally
low character of its priesthood, and the dilapidated condition of
its temples — as I later observed in my visits to Amoy and
Foo-chow — tell an impressive story of the growing indifference
of the educated and influential masses. The Mahometans are
much less numerous in some sections of the Empire, but, pos-
sibly, are a more intelligent and better class of people. The
Mandarins, or the government officials, are Confucians. In a
qualified sense, most Chinamen may properly be classed as
Spiritualists.
All over China, more even than in Hong Kong, one sees pago-
das or temples of worship, octagonal in shape and of enormous
height : and, upon inquiry as to their origin and title, one is told
that the first is unknown, and that the second has reference to
" Fantr-Shin." the Q;od of wind and water.
Leaving the " English city of China," as Hong Kong is called,
98 Fiioyi telNGAPOliE TO FOO-tllOW.
our next stop enabled us to view the very extreme of Chinese
life. This was Foo-Chow — or Fuh-Chow-Foo (Hai)pY City), the
capital of the province of Fiih-Keen. It is linely situated on
the River Min, aljout thirty-five miles from the sea, and is in-
closed by a great Avail six miles in circumference, it is about thirty
feet high and twelve feet thick. The Iroquois went within seven
miles of the city, and from there we took our steam launch to
the capital. The river was crowded with junks, some of them
used as lighters for transporting merchandise down the river to
the ocean vessels ; and some of them having a m}' sterious appear-
ance suggestive of pirates. There are very few foreigners^ in
Foo-Chow, but our one day's visit was intensely interesting. The
residence of the consul was an old Buddhist monastery in the
foreio-n reservation on the rig;ht bank of the river. To u'et into
the native cit}* we cross a bridge of forty arches spanning the
river, and then pass through one of the seven gateways of the
great wall.
At all hours of the day and night the narrow streets swarm
with Chinese. Each house seems packed with them ; each store
and cellar are alive. There are bazaars where are exhibited and
sold lacquer and ivory work the finest that can be found in
China. Here, too, are groceries, opium joints, gambling houses,
restaurants, barber-shops, and silk and crepe shops. Beggars
and peddlers meet one at almost ever}^ step ; the}^ were about
the first we had met in China. Ol^servinsf a crowd throno;ing;
into one particular buildiug we joined it. We entered through
a long; hall whose walls were covered with shelves and cases
filled with fish, fruit and tobacco. Doors half-open disclosed
bunks filled with drowsy men, and a gambling den upon whose
central table a score of Orientals were tempting fortune. On
FROM SINGAPOEE TO FOO-CHOW.
99
the next floor a restaurant and kitchen were in full blast, the
tables filled with patrons, while cooks and waiters were hurrying
to and fro. The next floor was an orchestra hall, decorated
with scarlet banners, joss-sticks, lanterns, gongs, cymbals and
A CHi^'iibi; THKAXiiK..
screens. Lovers of Chinese harmony (?) crowded the room.
The musicians sat in a circle. One had an instrument that
seemed a compromise between a piccolo and a bag-pipe ; another
held a small banjo-like instrument, and still another had a larger
one ; three of the musicians plaj^ed upon nameless instruments,
lOU FK03I SlNGAPOllE TO FOO-CIIOW.
\vliicli seemed a mysterious compound of dry wood and sheep-
skin, out of which unearthly nuisic was evolved by drumsticks ;
another was beating on a metal gong suspended from the ceiling,
and the last man of the " band " was clanging two brass cymbals
fullv tliree feet in diameter.
These musicians manage to extract more noise out of their
wood and metal than could a good-sized " Calatliumpian band." At
first all is crash, clash, bang! cluck-a-luck, cluck-a-luck ! and you
want to go home. After a' time you become accustomed to the
din and conclude to sit it out. The programme is long and
diversified — a national air, a love song, a symphony, etcr, etc.
Wagner and Strauss are outdone. The National air represented
the Chinese army in full retreat and the enemy after them — a
sort of Turkish, or rather Chinese patrol, and we were happy
enough when the music died away in the distance. The enemy
evidently got the best of it.
Eeturning to the ship we could not help giving a shudder as
we passed those mysterious-looking war-junks. Of all the dan-
gers that beset the mariner on the Chinese coast, be it from
storm or fire, or the hidden reef, none have such terrors for
vessels trading on the Pacific as do these pirate shijDs that infest
the Eastern seas. An attack by these pirates is conducted with
such cunning, treachery and skill, that, if successful, it leaves
the affair to those who watch and wait for a ship that never
returns to the port a mystery far harder to bear than would be a
known misfortune.
The quaint junks that leave the Chinese ports at nightfall
are, to all appearances, the peaceful traders they profess to be ;
but let an unprotected vessel come in view and at once the scene
chano;es as if bv mao;ic. Deck-loads of merchandise are thrown
FROM SINGAPOEE TO FOO-CHOW. 101
into the holds ; cannon bristle in their places ; the crews are
marvellously reinforced by men who have been hidden below ;
and the former lazy coaster glides swiftly along, propelled not
only by its sails, but by long and powerful sweeps. The doomed
vessel is quickly surrounded by the pirates, and a cannonade soon
brings her masts and yards crashing to the deck. Her crew may
defend themselves as they can, but they are outnumbered fifty to
one. The pirates close in upon the defenseless vessel ; they
throw rockets and " jingals " that leave an unquenchable fire and
a stupefying odor wherever they fall ; the defense grows more
feeble, and now, running alongside, the pirates board and slay
all of those who may have survived. After the slaughter, the
plunderers transfer the cargo, bore a hole below the water-line
of their captive and leave her to sink. Then the pirates repair
the damages which their own vessel may have sustained, stow
the guns below, divide the booty and disperse. If these pirates
should by chance be caught they are promptly punished with
death ; knowing this they yet brave the penalty and instances
are not unfrequent where no chance of escape being left to them
the baffled pirates have committed suicide rather than suffer the
inevitable penalty of an ignominious death.
CHx\PTER VII.
AT SHANGHAI.
F
7R0M the mouth of the
Mill to the mouth of the
Woosung River, which is
only about twelve miles from
Shanghai, is a run of but
three clays under sail and
steam. Anchoring off the
American concession, or set-
tlement, at Shanghai on Sun-
day night we went at once
on shore finding only the
bars, the billiard-rooms and
the churches open, and all
fairly well patronized.
As I had not been inside
of an American church or chapel in many months, I availed
myself of the opportunity to attend church once again and after
services returned to the ship.
The following day gave us a better opportunity for a pano-
ramic view of one of the foremost emporiums of commerce in the
East. Thirty years ago Shanghai was a third-rate Chin(ise town ;
to-day its great shipyards, mercantile houses and other imposing
buildino;s show what a benefit foreigners have been to China.
102
AT SHAXGHAI. 103
Shanghai proper, or rather the native town, is a city inclosed
by a great stone wall three miles and a half in circuit and pierced
with seven gates. It is inhabited strictly by natives. In general
appearance and in its population it does not differ from Foo-
Chow, as described in a previous chapter. Below the city on
the river is the distinctive territory of the foreigners — the
Americans, French and English. Each of these nations has con-
cessions of its own, each is separated from the other by a canal
or creek, spanned with bridges. Opposite the English settle-
ment, the largest of the three concessions, the river makes a
wide bend, and a picturesque view is presented as one approaches
the city by water. The river is thronged v/ith great homely
junks lashed side by side. The American concession is the scene
of greatest activity, inasmuch as its river front is one long line
of docks where the shipping discharges its cargoes. Here, too
may be found a dry-dock, machine shop and foundry run by
American interests.
The English concession is the place of residence of nearly all
the foreign merchants ; here are built the large and imposing
honf/s, or warehouses, the churches, hotels, etc. Its picturesque
appearance is greatly enhanced by a large garden along the front.
The French concession is of less importance. We found there in
one of the large buildings a large American billiard parlor, and
over it we learned that an American lodge of Free Masons meets
workino; under a Massachusetts charter. The steamboats which
traverse the river, like those running from Hong Kong to Canton
and Macao, are similar to those running on the Hudson River and
Lono- Island Sound ; most of them indeed were built in the
United States. Were it not for the numerous junks and for the
adjoining China-town one might imagine this an American port.
104 AT SHANGHAI.
One peculiar superstition among the Chinese is that of paint-
ing an eye on the l)ows of the junks and small boats, and on the
paddle-boxes of their steamers. They reason that '• no eye have
got, no can see." So deep rooted is this superstition that the}'
^villnot travel by water in any conveyance which is without this
talisman for fear that the vessel would come to o-rief.
The native'town is squalid and dirty ; it has low brick build-
ings, narrow streets, and is crowded with dirty, repulsive-looking
Chinese. At the main entrance a large and hideous-looking idol
greets the visitor, but I soon left it behind me and emerged into
civilization again. I enjoyed a two-wheeled perambulator resemb-
ling the jin-rick-i-sha of Japan ; it has two shafts and is drawn by
a Chinaman. I directed my man-horse to take me to Sikaway,
where are the Chinese cemeteries a centurv old. It is a vast
plain covered with small mounds. One of the mounds, the grave
of a mandarin, was surmounted by a life-size statue of two
horses. A little distance bevond were two small baskets fastened
at the tops of two poles planted in the earth. My curiosity was
awakened and I examined the baskets only to find in each the
head of a Chinaman who had been decapitated on the very spot
where each had committed a murder, this sentence being in accor-
dance with the old feudal law. The baskets had been hano^ino'
thus for two years or more.
A Celestial's funeral is as interesting as it is curious. It is the
custom in China when a native is about to die, for the eldest son
to remove the body from the bed to the floor of the principal
room in the house, placing the feet of the dying toward the door.
A piece of money is placed within the mouth in order that he may
have the wherewithal to pay his fare to the next world. In cer-
tain cases a hole is made in the roof to facilitate the exit of the
z
D
O
Z
s
I
AT SHANGHAI. 107
spirit as it leaves the body, under the supposition that some means
of exit is needed. At the same time priests and women, hired
as mourners, are sent for ; and upon their arrival a table is spread
with meats, fruits, lighted candles and joss-sticks for the delecta-
tion of the soul of the deceased. Superstition is a strong ele-
ment in the Chinese character, and it leads to the belief that each
person is possessed with seven animal senses that die with him ;
also that he has three souls — one of which enters Elysium and
receives judgment, another abides with the tablet and the third
dwells in the tomb.
The wailing and weeping by the mourning women is relieved
at intervals by the intoned prayers of the priests, or the discord-
ant " tom-tomming " of the drummers, who have also been called
to assist at the ceremonies. The women weep and lament with
an energy and direfulness which, if genuine, would be commend-
able. The priest usually directs these lamentations and emotional
demonstrations, much as the leader of a band would conduct his
musicians. Now and then the wails may become irremilar, but
they are relieved by a few nasal notes from the priest and a
drumming of the " tom-toms." It would be uncharitable, how-
ever, to assert that the grief of the nearest relatives is not
genuine.
The first ceremony after death is the washing of the body
with purchased water that has been blessed ; then the deceased
is dressed in his best clothes, a fan is placed in his hand, a hat
put on his head and shoes on his feet. Here, again, superstition
asserts itself in the peculiarities concerning dress, the belief being
that the " dear departed " will wear these habiliments in Elysium,
and it is desired that be should appear in the next world as a
respectable and superior member of society. It is also expected
108 AT SIIAXGnAI.
that he will need money in the next world and, at intervals dur-
ing the ceremonies, gilt and silvered paper in the shape of coins,
etc., is burned in the belief that it will accompany the soul and
be converted into '• cash." Clothes, furniture, horses, Sedan-
chairs, etc., made of paper, are burned in the belief that in the
next world they will be converted into similar necessaries on the
same principle — for the benefit of the dead.
When it is desired to transport a body from one part of
China to another, it is not permitted to carry the corpse through
any walled town ; nor across any landing place, or through any
gateway which can be construed in any way as part of the terri-
tory or right of way belonging to the Emperor. "Spare no ex-
pense " is the motto of all Celestial funerals, in the matter of coffins
and other funeral habiliments, and a dutiful son will see that the
parents are provided with these melancholy receptacles, some-
times, many years before their death. The coffins are heavy,
unwieldy things, and are not even provided with the handsome
silver handles and screws familiar to us. They are made of
heavy boards four or five inches in thickness, rounded at the
outer joints, and appear invariably to take the form of the pol-
ished trunk of a tree. The inside is lined with cement, the
joints are carefully sealed with a similar substance, but a hole
is invariably drilled through the lid over the face of the body to
facilitate the entrance and departure of the spirit.
Preceding- the coffin, as it is carried from the house of death,
are elaborately trimmed Sedan-chairs, each containing meats,
fruits and confections, and usually two roasted pigs. Banners
wave above it. Altar pieces emblazoned with the name and
age of the dead person, the tablet, photograph and other of his
belonpings, are also carried in the procession. Arriving at the
AT SHANGHAI. 109
burial-place the body is deposited in the earth with elaborate
ceremonies. The burial-places are generally selected by necro-
mancers, and if the family be rich the selection is made without
regard to difhcully or expense. One of the chief requirements
is to obtain a good view, as, for instance, from the side of a hill
overlooking water, a copse or a ravine near a hilltop. After
the burial the tablet is carried back to the house by the mourn-
ful procession, and is set up in a room with other tablets of the
family reserved for the purpose, and incense is daily burned and
prayers offered before them. The food carried in the procession
is either distributed among the poor or is consumed in the
house. Earl}^ in April in each year the relatives of the dead
may be observed wending their way to the tombs to repair and
to cleanse them, and to make offering's.
" Che lao fan 7nira ma iiuf' is as familiar a ureetino- amono-
Chinamen as '• How are you ? " is with the English-speaking peo-
ple. Translated it means : '' Have you eaten ? " it beiug the
oiiinion of Chinamen that he who is able to eat is surelv well,
happy and all right in every respect. The stomach is always
well taken care of, and "How many bowls of rice have you
eaten ? " is the same as asking of how many meals you have
partaken. It is answered among Celestials by stating how many
they have disposed of, and representing with their hands the
size of the bowls. The Chinaman believes that his stomach is
the source of intellectual life ; therefore the more iDortlv a man
is the wiser he is supposed to be. Those who regularly eat meat
at meals — the rich only — are credited with being wise, happy
and distinguished men ; but those whose chief diet is rice, corn,
vegetables and pickled raw fish, are believed to be unhappy,
ignorant and oppressed by fate.
110
AT SIIAXGIIAI.
Chinamen who have families enjoy their meals at home, and
the others eat at restaurants. The coolies, or M'orkiny^-class,
must be satisfied with two meals a day — usually at nine a. m.
and 5 p. m. — while well-to-do Chinamen have three or four
meals a daj*. The head of the family gets the choice of the
food, the father only eating meat ; the rest of the family must
-^r^^^^^
CHINESE AT DINNER.
be satisfied with rice and vegetables. Poor families purchase
their food from street venders who peddle out provisions, and,
on a small hand vehicle like a wheelbarrow, carry along a stove
on which to cook them.
The Chinese use no table-cloth, napkins, knives, forks,
spoons, plates or glassware. They carry the food from the
bowl to the mouth with the ancient chop-sticks, while sheets of
thin, soft rice-paper take the place of napkins and handkerchiefs.
After using the sheet of paper it is thrown away, and Orientals
look upon the custom of Europeans using a handkerchief several
times as a filthy habit.
I had the privilege of attending a formal Chinese dinner
AT SHANGHAI. Ill
given by a Mandarin. The invitations were on a reel colored
paper about six inches long by three, inches ^Yide, covered with
Chinese characters that I never attempted to interpret. At the
appointed time the guests were received after long and elaborate
ceremonies, and were then conducted to a large banquet room.
The dinner consisted of ninety-nine courses, each alternate
course being champagne or other wine. It was a tedious affair.
No topic of interest was discussed, but the host narrated a story
— part in Chinese and part in pigeon-English — which has ever
since left a mysterious impression upon my mind. Everybody
smoked during the dinner, and the only women present were
those who tried to amuse the a:uests with a sinD;le act of a
Chinese melodrama on an improvised stage.
Our host called attention to the small feet of some of the
players, and related to us how it was done. This distortion of
the foot is most generally observed among the higher classes,
and it is not uncommon to see a fully-developed woman with
feet no more than five inches in length. When the child has
learned to walk, and is able to do certain things for herself,
the binding of her feet is begun, and the pain caused by the
compression is said to be most intense.
Strong bandages, two inches wide, are manufactm^ed for
binding the feet. The end of the strip is laid on the inside of
the foot at the instep, and carried over the tops of the toes and
under the foot, drawing the toes with it down under the ball of
the foot ; thence it is passed over the foot, and clown around the
heel. By this stretch the toes and the heel are drawn together,
leaving a bulge on the instep and a deep indentation in the sole
under the instep. This course is gone over with successive layers
of bandage until two or three yards of cloth have been used.
112 AT SHANGHAI.
Mlien the final end is sewed down. To wholly gratify a Chinese
woman the '• indentation " must measure about an inch and a
half from the ])art of the foot which rests on the ground up to
the instep. The toes are finally drawn completely over the sole,
and the foot is so squeezed upward that in walking only the ball
of the great toe touches the ground.
Powdered alum is freely used when the feet are first bound,
and always afterward, to prevent ulceration and to modify the
offensive odor. At the end of the first month the feet are put
in hot water, and after a long soaking the bandages are care-
fullv unwound, the dead cuticle beingr abraded durinar the
unwindino- of the bandage. When the bandas-es are removed it
is not unusual to find ulcers and other abominations. Fre-
quently, too, large pieces of flesh slough off the sole, and it
sometimes happens that some of the toes drop off. The patient
is not only oblivious of this fact, but she feels amply repaid for
the suffering by believing that she has smaller and more deli-
cately formed feet than have her neighbors. It frequently
happens that, in their intense desire to have small feet, some
girls will shrewdly tighten the bandages on their feet at the
expense of great pain.
Oar host carried us on a mental visit to Pekin, not having
the opportunity of going in any other way, and drew us a pict-
ure of the young Emperor, who rules over two hundred and fifty
million people, and who occupies the same apartments in which
lived the Emperor who preceded him on the Dragon Throne.
The palace is called the Yang-Hsin-Tien. Here he eats with
gold-tipped ivory chop-sticks ; here he sleeps on a large Ning-Po
bedstead, richly carved and ornamented with ivory and gold ;
and like one of those living Buddhas, who may be seen in a
A CHINESE HOLIDAY.
AT SHANGHAI. . 113
lamasery on the Mongolian plateau, lie is knelt to by all his
attendants, and is honored as a god. The respect felt for him
is far more profound than he feels for his subordinates, and the
seclusion in which he is kept is an almost complete isolation.
The great reception hall is back of the central gate of the palace.
When the principal mandarins wish to gain an audience with the
Emperor, they must, according to custom, enter on foot, by the
east or west gates, either of which is more than half a mile
from the center of the palace ; if, however, they are aged, a
special decree may be obtained, permitting them to be borne to
the palace in a Sedan-chair.
The rooms of the Emperor consist of seven apartments,
each of which is provided with a K'ang, or divan. The K'angs
are covered with red felt of native manufacture, and the floors
are covered with European carpets. The dragon and the
phoenix are embroidered upon all of the cushions. There is an
endless variety of pretty things scattered through the rooms,
and changes are made only when expressly ordered by the
Emperor. The rooms of state include a space of about ninety
feet long by twenty-five to thirty feet wide, and are divided into
three separate apartments, the throne room being the middle
one. These apartments open into one another by folding-doors,
the upper portions of which are of open-work in which various
auspicious characters and flowers are carved. In winter the
doors remain open, the spaces being closed by thick embroidered
damask curtains. In summer bamboo curtains fill the spaces.
These curtains are rolled up when ventilation is desired. Small
doors at the sides of the curtains are used for entrance and exit.
The fact that the Emperor's person is believed to be sacred,
and that no lancet could score his skin, led to his bein^ vacci-
1 14 AT SHANGHAI.
iiiited ulieii a babe, and before his high destiny wns thought of.
He lias eight eunuchs constantly in attendance upon him,
besides nn indelinite number for special occasions. The former
wait upon him at liis meals, and restrain him if he attempts to
take too much of any one thing.
Shanghai is noted for its display in Chinese weddings — a
ceremony which " barbarians " are not, as a rule, privileged to
attend. It was by special favor that I was permitted to witness
one. It proved an event tedious with manifold ceremonies.
At noon on the auspicious day I was escorted to the home of
the bridegroom, and was received by the host with much cere-
mony and politeness. I was next ushered into a room where
the wedding was to be solemnized. Four large oval lamps orna-
mented with silver tassels hung across the entrance ; four large
Chinese glass lamps were suspended from the ceiling, and in the
center of the room hung another lamp ornamented with bead
work. Two ordinary Chinese tables did service as an altar,
upon which was placed a large incense urn flanked by a pair of
large candlesticks. A smaller urn and a pair of candlesticks
stood farther back, the latter decorated with evergreens and
holding red candles. On the tables were ranged numerous small
dishes of fruits, pieces of sugar-cane, and various highly-colored
but unwholesome-looking cakes and confections.
One large picture and some scrolls covered with Chinese char-
acters ornamented the walls opposite the entrance, and the usual
high-backed chairs were ranged along the sides of the room.
Having seated myself and my escort, tea was brought us, so hot,
that not even my desire to comply as far as possible with Chi-
nese etiquette, could for some time induce me to taste the scald-
ing liquid. I had not long to wait for the ceremonies. First
AT SHANGHAI.
115
came a number of respectably-dressed men wearing official hats,
who ranged themselves about the entrance. Then came, in twos,
a dozen boys, clean and well-dressed — some playing upon flutes
almost as long as themselves, and others keeping a fair accom-
paniment on small dull-sounding tambourines or tom-toms, which
A CHINF.SE WEDDING.
they beat with a stick. Next came a more noisy and far more
discordant orchestra of adults ; and immediately following them
the gorgeous, closed bridal-chair, all scarlet and tinsel. This was
set down at the entrance of the hall, facing inwards.
The red candles on the table and the candles in the pendant
lamps were now lighted, and in came a fussy person, who proved
to be the master-of-ceremonies. He took his station at the
IIG AT SHANGHAI.
right liand of the table and began to repeat, in a measured
sing-song, expressions which no doubt were intended as suited
to the occasion. The next moment two middle-aged matrons,
who gave one the idea of being " poor relations," came forward,
each with a bowl of sweetmeats, and stood beside the bridal-
chair. At the bidding of the master-of-ceremonies the matrons
raised the curtain which hung in front of the chair, and pre-
sented some of the sweetmeats to the, as yet to us, invisible
occupant. The delicacy was transferred from the bowl to the
lips of the bride-elect on the points of silver chopsticks, which
each of the matrons gracefully drew from her own chignon for
the purpose. With a taste, however, which I could easily
appreciate, the bride refused the proffered dainties. The two
women then lowered the curtain, and turning to the assembled
guests, went about tempting them in the same manner with the
delicacy, on the same chopsticks, refused by the bride.
The master-of-ceremonies then sung another solo, but before
he concluded my eyes were attracted to the door leading to the
interior of the house, through which the young hero of the occa-
sion entered with feio;ned reluctance, the two matrons drao-D-incr
him forth to the ceremony. On he came, led by the relent-
less matrons like a lamb to the slaughter, a carpet being laid in
front of him. When he had been drao-o-ed to the side of the
room farthest from and opposite the entrance, he was left stand-
ing; with his face to the wall. It seemed to me as if he were in
a position to appreciate the pigeon-English expression of the
Chinaman who sees his neighbor turn from an accusation, " Have
got shame-face ! " More sing-song declamations from the master-
of-ceremonies now followed, and then the two women raised the
curtain of the chair, and reaching toward the bride-elect drew her
AT SHANGHAI. 117
gently from her place of concealment into the full gaze of the
o'Liests. A murmur of admiration escaped from the assembled
guests as the delicate young figure was, like the bridegroom, led
along a carpeted path to the place where the latter stood, until
both were side by side with their faces to the wall.
The bride-elect was attired in a long red garment profusely
embroidered with grold lace. Her head-dress was a most elabo-
rate affair. It was shaped somewhat like a helmet, was covered
with light blue enamel work, and studded plentifully with pearls ;
a long red silk veil, extending to her feet, completely concealed
her countenance. In this position the bride and groom began
" chin-chinning" (talking) first to each other and then to the-wall.
These were the vows and exhortations that each would be true to
the other, and live a happy and prosperous life. A mysterious
pronunciamento uttered by the leader of the rites was followed by
more protestations made to the wall, and then the " happy pair "
were turned round by the aid of the indefatigable matrons and
were uru:ed to kneel with their faces toward the tables. The
master-of-ceremonies then taking pieces of red and green ribbons
tied them tosrether, and g-ivino; the end of the latter to the bride
and the end of the red one to the groom, the ceremonies of union
were continued. x\ssisted again by the matronly aides the bride
and groom arose, turned their faces towards the wall and resumed
the repeating of profound vows to one another ; after this, they
knelt awhile, then arose, turned toward the company and were
seated side by side at the table.
The bridegroom's sister then appeared on the scene, and
with much modesty and confusion approached the two principals
and chin-chinned them in turn, while the master-of-ceremonies
showered majestic words upon them. The charge that they should
118 AT SHANGUAI.
'•love, honor, obey, cherish," etc., was pronounced, fire-crackers
were diseliargecl in the courtyard, the musicians struck up a
lively air with their banjo-like instruments, drums and gongs
were beaten, and in the midst of the din and confusion the
husband and wife were led away by the assistants, the husband
precedinsji: and walkinii; backwards in order that he mislit face
the Ijride, and thus they passed into tlie bridal chamber of their
future home.
This reference to the elaborate ceremonies of a Chinese
wedding invites attention also to one of the peculiar institutions
of China, and a most profitable vocation : the matrimonial bureau.
When, in China, either a man or woman possessed of an
eloquent tongue and suave manner wishes to replenish his or
her purse, instead of going upon the rostrum as a lecturer or
reader, he or she will start a matrimonial bureau.
Owing to the reverence paid to these agents by the public,
and the penalty imposed by law and custom in case of miscon-
duct, their responsibilities are by no means small. Marriage in
China, even though reduced to a business basis, is accepted by
the people as the one sacred contract that dem.ands unconditional
obedience. So much do the Chinese believe in the will of their
" Joss " or god in the selection of an help-meet, that the most
illiterate will appeal for the guidance of Joss before they broach
the subject to the match-maker. These prayers are invariably
offered by the parents or guardians of the parties desiring mar-
riage, and are a source of emolument to popular priests and
temples.
Before the match-maker starts out on his responsible but
pleasant duty he likewise will burn Joss-sticks and colored in-
cense papers before the idols, to insure his success. The condi-
AT SHANGHAI. 119
tion of a suitor's finances is not always considered by the
contracting parties, especially on the part of the men. It is
quite common for well-to-do men to marry poor girls, and occa-
sionally poor youths will marry the daughters of the rich. In
short, the characters rather than the wealth and influence of the
individuals are thought of in marriages. The family record of
the youth is carefully searched for two or three generations
back. If the respective occupations of the father, grandfather
and great-grandfather are found to have been respectable, and
the traits of chara.cter of the youth are satisfactory, he is then
dul}^ reported to his future father-in-law as an eligible party.
A scrutiny of the girl's family record is not necessary, except
in so far as it gives the moral standing of the father in the
community ; this must be unimpeachable. Her own peculiarities
are diligently inquired into. She must not have been seen to
stand at the outer gate of her own house, except upon holidays
and festival occasions, and then only in the company of older
women. She must not talk loud, nor long; must speak only
when absolutely necessary; and when older people are around
she must not speak at all. She must be economical in habit and
neat in dress ; industrious and ingenious with the needle ; gen-
erally amiable and courteous, and attentive to her parents. These,
in China, are the chief requisites of a good wife.
When the betrothal is concluded the match-maker receives his
fee, which ran«:es from one dollar to three hundred dollars,
according to the bridegroom's worldly condition, and the '•' matri-
monial agent " is constituted master-of-ceremonies at the wedding
feast.
CHAPTER VIII.
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO.
OUR instructions had been, after leaving
Shanghai, to go direct to Nagasaki,
Japan. On receipt, however, of information
that there had been trouble between the na-
tives and some American sailors, at Tam-
Sin, on the island of Formosa, it was ordered
that we should go there to investigate the
matter.
Formosa is a Portus-uese word meanina:
" beautiful," but the many criminal acts of
the natives, especially upon shipwrecked sai-
lors, have made the island anything l^ut at-
tractive. The island is about two hundred and thirty-seven miles
long, and seventy miles average breadth. It is really divided
into two parts by a chain of mountains running along its wdiole
length from north to south. The western side is occupied for
the most part by Chinese colonists, while on the eastern side
dwell the savage tribes.
The island was originally peopled by a brave and industrious
Malay race. It was invaded and conquered by the Chinese about
100 B. C. ; by the Dutch in 1634-6 ; and by pirates in 1661.
The pirate rule becoming too tyrannical, the people in 1683 re-
volted, defeated their oppressors and made a treaty with the Chi-
120
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO. 121
nese Government whereby Formosa should be annexed to the lat-
ter as a part of the provinces of Foo-Kien. If the Chmese re-
turns are trustworthy, the population of the island is now about
three and a half millions. Of the aborigines not more than thir-
ty-five hundred are still extant. Some of this number are em-
ployed at the coal-mines of Ke-Lung ; others obtain a livelihood
from the fisheries, but the majority inhabit the mountain regions
of the interior, and there cultivate the soil or raise cattle.
The carboniferous period of Formosa is especially well repre-
sented by an outcrop of rock two thousand feet in thickness, con-
taining twenty workable veins or seams of coal. The main coal
bed is about twenty feet thick and consists of a soft and easily-
mined semi-bituminous coal. It has been known to the Chinese
for centuries, and has been mined and sold throughout the sea-
port provinces for at least a thousand years. The mining is very
primitive — the labor being done by hand and not by machinery.
As the coal is worked, columns are left standing and passage-
ways are heavily timbered to prevent the falling of the roof upon
the workmen. The breaking, screening and cleaning is all done
by hand. The coal is then stored and delivered to the junks that
crowd the harbor of Ke-Lung. These supply nearly all the south-
eastern provinces. Little or no coal is used in the interior,
chiefly on account of the expense of transportation ; but along
the seaboard, the canals, the great rivers and the tributaries, it
is in constant demand. It is employed in households for roasting
and long-continued boiling ; it is used in the trades by porcelain
and china-ware manufacturers, smelters and metal-workers, and
other smaller industries.
The northern provinces of China likewise use coal, but obtain
it from the famous mines of Nu-Chwong, in the province of Shin-
122
FRO>r STIAXOTIAI TO TTIOGO.
Kiang, Corea. Like other mining properties in China, the coal-
mines belong to the Government. They are leased to private
parties, syndicates, or corporations for a percentage of the gross
out-put, varying from five to twenty per cent. The Ke-Lung
3>Tr c»
COAST OF FORMOSA.
mines produce as much as one million tons a year. As the cost of
mining is low and the freight by junks about equal to that of
the coasting coal schooners between New York and Philadelphia,
coal could be sold at Hon"; Kong^, Canton. Foo-Chow or Amoy at
three dollars a ton, and then give a handsome profit ; but the
tax, which is levied on the gross out-put and not on net delivery.
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO. 123
together with the open corruption of officials and the efforts of
the Chinese to keep foreigners out of the trade, increases its cost
per ton to anywhere from five to eight doUars.
For this reason the vice-royalty of Kwong-Tung and Foo-
Kien, under whose jurisdiction Formosa lies, is considered the
greatest prize in Chinese politics. It usually costs the successful
candidate from a quarter to a half million of dollars. It involves
an annual expenditure of half a million, and though the official
term is for three years only, the incumbent retires at the end of
the term a millionaire. It is needless to remark that these vast
sums are suspected of being drawn from the coal-mines of Ke-
Lung. Other minerals are obtained in large quantities in the
vicinity of Ke-Lung; in fact, between Ke-Lung and Tai-Wan-
Fu, the capital of Formosa, there are several valuable mines, in-
cluding gold, silver, copper, iron, quicksilver and lead.
The smelting and working of these ores, and of their resul-
tants, are principally done with Ke-Lung coal, and it gives em-
ployment to a large portion of the population; it also gives
heavy returns to the Imperial treasury and, to the Viceroy of the
provinces. It was owing to the convenience of these mines,
principally, that the Government ordered its main arsenals erected
at Foo-Chow.
Our mission to Formosa was to inquire into a gross insult up-
on the person of the United States Consul. With one or two other
gentlemen he had ventured into the interior on a pleasure tour,
where the whole party was attacked by the natives, and cruelly
beaten. The trouble was finally adjusted by the payment by the
natives of an indemnity of forty thousand dollars.
From Tam-Sin we went to Tai-Wan-Fu (meaning " Great Se-
cret " ) a few miles down the coast. It is the capital of the is-
124 FROM SIIANGHAI TO IIIOGO.
land and is a port of trade, having extensive dealings with for-
eign cunimerce. It is a large straggling town with numerous
open spaces surrounded with trees, and encircled by a wall some
six miles in extent. In addition to the several Buddhist temples,
variety is given to the architecture by the palatial homes of the
wealthy mandarins. The Cheh-wan, or " green " savages, with
the characteristics of the American Indians, live in the suburbs,
in domiciles festooned with Chinese skulls.
Tea-growing is extensive, the Formosa Oolong at one time
being a great favorite in the United States. Among other pro-
ducts are camphor, gum, rice, corn, sugar, tobacco, spices, oranges,
pineapples, guavas, cocoanuts and other fruits. The prominent
features of the harbor are a Chinese fort, and the old Dutch fort
" Zelondin." The latter I found in ruins and all of the guns dis-
mantled. Several empty shells were lying around loose in the
casemates ; and in one place (the old armory) were a number of
old STuns of G-inch caliber, and two 10-inch mortars. The fort
was tumbled in ruins by the earthquake of 1842. As in the Chi-
nese forts, there were inner and outer walls wdth a brick parapet,
and between them a moat ten feet wide. We were honored with
a visit by the Tao-Tai, or chief Mandarin, whose insignia of rank
was a red button and a peacock's feather in his hat. He was ac-
companied by his staff, distinguished personages — or rather, men
who considered themselves of much importance. The official de-
vice of his chief secretary was a white button on the peak of his
hat. There was the usual interchange of courtesies over a glass
of wine ; a verbal contract that any indignities practiced upon
American subjects should be met with speedy punishment was
agreed upon, and this was sealed by another glass of wine.
Two da3's was all-sufficient to satisfy my curiosity about For-
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOOO.
125
mosa, and we straightway laid our course for Nagasaki, on the is-
land of Kiu-Siu. This island is one of the Japanese group, and
has great capacities for trade with the civilized world. Arriving
at Nagasaki we found that the harbor fulfilled its wide reputa-
NATIVES OF FORMOSA.
tion. It was most accessible, was provided with an excellent
lighthouse at its farthest approach, and admirably protected by
high, rugged hills, that rise nearly to the dignity of mountains.
There is here a dock-yard, ship-yard, foundry and machine shops
adequate to every want ; and here the Japanese Government has
built several vessels that would be a credit to the skill and work-
manship of some of the American ship-builders. The island is
12G Fi;o>r siiaxoiiai to nior.o.
one of the most interesting of the group that forms the Empire
of Japan, and liere the Japanese are pushing their way and have
already succeeded in establishing a considerable trade. The coal
area of Ta-Kashima, the most important coal-field of Japan, is less
than an hour's sail from Nagasaki, and the supply is virtually in-
exhaustible. The coal is l)ituminous and the average daily out-
put is about one thousand tons.
The Island of Kiu-Siu, as are all of the Japanese islands, is
volcanic. Within a day's sail of Nagasaki, southward, is an ac-
tive volcano in a condition of almost perpetual action ; the scoria
from it covers the neiirhborincx o-round for a considerable distance
and is found in dense masses twenty miles at sea. Earthquakes
are not uncommon, but fortunately they are of a mild character,
rarely doing any damage. The general aspect of the country is
wild and rugged, and in many places there are to be found almost
inaccessible acclivities. The great need of the island is good
roads connecting Nagasaki with the interior, and with the larger
cities in the vicinity. Owing to the absence of needed highways,
the only means of communication with coast towns is by Ijoats,
junks, and small steamers ; and with the interior by rugged path-
ways used by the natives, who transport the products of the
country in panniers supported by a pole across the shoulders ;
and sometimes, wdiere the pathway permits, by buffaloes.
There are numerous valleys teeming with fertility, and cap-
able of supporting a much larger population and of producing
every variety of grain, vegetable, fruit and vine of the semi-trop-
ical climate. The vegetation is luxuriant and clothes the moun-
tains even to their very summits. With care and industry two
and three crops of cereals and vegetables can be raised. The
people, like the Latin races of Southern Europe, are impulsive,
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO. 127
imaginative and impassionate ; but they show an intense longing
for the culture, knowledge and mechanical appliances of more
favored races. In this latter characteristic they are vastly supe-
rior to the Chinese. They are especially friendly to the Ameri-
cans, and strain every effort to offer them a hospitable welcome.
The United States opened this country to the commerce of the
world, yet England and France have reaped the greater benefits.
Kiu-Siu is the birthplace of many of the heroes, warriors and
statesmen of Japanese history ; including such men as Satsuma,
in his time one of the leading daimios of the Empire. The great
rebellion of 1876, wdiich cost the Imperial Government of Tokio
one hundred million dollars in its six months of duration, was under
the leadership of the famous Daimio Saigo, who was also a native
of this island.
The first landing in a new country is generally a moment of
great interest, even to the oldest traveler. There is something
pleasant in new sensations ; novelty presents itself in almost
every form. Once among new things, the traveler discovers that
his ideal is something very different from the living embodiment.
In the first view of Japan — whether it be on the island of Kiu-
Siu, or Niplion, or even of little Yesso, there are peculiarities in
the Japanese figure, physiognomy and costume for which even
long familiarity with the adjoining population of China hardly
prepares one. For instance, the race of boatmen, and the work-
ing-classes in Japan, generally are content with the narrowest
possible girdle and connecting band ; this limited costume is, to
be sure, common enouo'h in other Asiatic countries. thoug;h as a
rule, there is, in China, a more liberal allowance of calico for a
coverino; anions; the men, ev^en under the hotter sun and harder
work, than seems to be the usage in Nagasaki.
128 FROM SIIAXCTIAI TO IIIOOO.
It is in a .study of the married Japanese women, however,
that one's notions become most confounded. One must be brouo-ht
up from infancy to these manners and customs to be able to look
upon their large mouths full of blackened teeth, and upon their
lips thickly daubed with a brick-red color, not to turn away with
a strong feeling of repulsiveness. When they have renewed the
black varnish to the teeth, plucked out the last hair from the
eyebrows, the Japanese matrons may certainly claim imrivalled
preeminence in artificial ugliness over all their sex. Their
mouths, thus disfigured, are open sepulchers. Were it not for
such perverse ingenuity in marring Nature's fairest work, many
among them might make some considerable pretensions to beauty.
The type is neither Malay nor Mongolian, but the elaborate style
of dressing the hair is in itself a study, and displays a marvelous
amount of feminine ingenuity. One might certainly search the
world throug;h without being; able to match the woman-kind of
Japan for such total abnegation of personal vanity. Surely some-
thing else than the whole womanhood of Japan deliberately mak-
ing itself hideous, might have sufficed to prove the absence of
all wish or design to captivate admirers.
It has occurred to me that the husbands pay dearly for any
protection or security such custom is supposed to bring ; since,
if no other man can find anything pleasing in a face so marred
and disfigured, the husband must be just as badly off if he has
in him any sense of beauty. It may be said by those who would
disagree with me, that, " when the affections are engaged, a lov-
m^-- husband sees onlv the mind and the heart in the face, and loses
the individual features." And this must be the only reasonable
answer.
Leavino- Na^^asaki we made an interesting and picturesque
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO. 129
trip up through the Simonoseki Straits and the inland sea to
Kobe, or Hiosro.
The inhand sea presents attractions to the pleasure-seeker
that are unsurpassed in any country. Each mile traversed offers
some new feature to please the eye. The main land, on either
side, with valley succeeding valley, and hill surmounting hill —
some bald and naked, while others are covered with the most lux-
uriant verdure — forms a picture grand and beautiful in the ex-
treme, and amply repays one for the unpleasant experiences of a
sea-voyage in reaching it. The cities of Hiogo and Osaka — the
latter about eight miles from the mouth of the river at the upper
end of Hiogo Bay — are in themselves objects of interest, fully
equal if not surpassing any in Japan. Situated on one of the
finest bays of the Empire, with boats of every description — from
the ponderous junk to the beautiful foreign pleasure yacht mov-
ing; over it — Hioo-o is of o-reat interest. Its beaches of white
sand afford every facility for sea-bathing.
Every house in Hiogo has its well of pure cold water ; the
hotels, of which there is a bountiful supply, are provided with
Avarm and cold baths of pure fresh water, and their tables are
supplied with almost every luxury. Good Japanese ponies may
be hired for a few tempos (pennies) for those who wish to visit
the mountains in the back-ground, where can be enjoyed the
sight of magnificent waterfalls, and cool and limpid streams.
Japanese temples enveloped in groves of pine and arbor-vitse
overlook the beautiful panorama below. The old and familiar
sound of the overshot and flutterino; water-wheel — as it drives
the hundreds of stamps in cleaning the hulls from rice and other
grains — is to be met at every turn, and the visitor is for some
time oblivious of the fact that he is in this ex-treme Oriental
lod vvoM siiA\(;iiAi TO iiinao.
point of tlie universe. The valley-lands are filled with the native
esculents, and as they rise in terraces one above the other here and
along the shores of the inland sea, with the tiny streams flowing
through them for irrigation, they afford a scene of rural life that
till' eye never tires of resting upon, enlivened as it is by the
happy song of the husbandman as he toils at his endless task.
The beautiful blending of mountain, valley and water scenery
forms a picture that challenges comparison.
The most important objects that greet the eye, as one rounds
the point at the entrance to Kobe harbor, are the two martello
towers, immovably picketed like twin giants for the defense of
the place. The origin of these towers and of their name is not
generally known. The word " martello " is derived directly
from the Italian, and indirectly from the Latin niarcuhis, or
martulus, diminutive of marcus, meaning a hammer. About
the year 1540, Charles the Fifth, King of Spain, introduced the
idea of this kind of defense for the Spanish coast, and erected a
number of them along the shores of Sardinia and Sicily, as a
protection against the numerous attacks of pirates. Long after-
wards the French placed several on the Corsican coast. When,
in 1794, Corsica fell into the hands of the English they appropri-
ated both the design and name of the defense and erected Mar-
tello towers on the Irish coast for the purpose of resisting the
threatened invasion of that island by the French. The Fenians
afterwards brought them into notice by using them as strong-
holds during their spasmodic efforts to throw off the English
yoke. There is but one along the American coast ; it stands, or
did stand, on Tybee Island.
These martello towers are circular in form, and thus present
the least surface to a shot from a battery ; the chances of a
c
<
FROM .SHANGHAI TO HIOGO. 133
cannon-ball striking the walls at a right angle are very small, and
a shot at any other angle would be turned aside. In the Hiogo
towers the entrance is by a heavy door near the ground. In the
center of the room within the tower a deep well has been sunk j
but the ascent to the second story may be made through a small
aperture in the floor. Here a half-dozen small guns are mounted
on a movable carriage, and may be fired from any of the ports
encirclinu- the tower. The two towers are within range of each
other ; both are built of strong masonry, the walls being four
feet thick at the base and about thirty feet high. They are of
quite modern construction, having been erected to resist the
encroachments of those very foreigners who are now so rapidly
over-running the country.
I well remember when I was first in Japan. It was in 1868,
during the Japanese rebellion, and it was rumored that the
retreating Tycoon's forces had arranged to attempt to destroy
these Martello towers at Kobe ; but the plan was thwarted by the
foreign vessels-of-war which sent armed forces to protect them.
A small quantity of powder was discovered^ but nothing more
than this to confirm the report of intended destruction, and it is
doubtful if the rumor had any better foundation than the thou-
sand-and-one canards that fed the public mind during that
exciting period.
From our anchorage a small white speck is visible as we look
to the eastward of the town of Hiogo, high up on the top of one
of the highest elevations. Seeking it out on one of my daily
horseback rides, I foitnd it to be the residence of the priests
belono-ino; to certain neig-hboring; pagodas, known as the '■ Moon
Temple." The place is well worth visiting and will repay the
Wearied traveler for the toil of ascending some steep and lugged
134 FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO.
paths. There are two paths leadmg to the •' Moon ; " one
branches off from the Osaka road abont three miles from Hio^o,
the other runs a little below a magnificent waterfall, which
may be visited on the way. The scenery along both pathways
is extremely varied and beautiful. That leading from the Osaka
road is the most frequented, and the tea-houses or refreshment
places for the acconnnodation of pilgrims abound at very short
distances. These tea-houses are built of bamboo, with thick,
soft matting on the floors, and a pot of tea boiling cheerfully in
a shee-bang, a box of coals. The other pathway, and I think the
grandest, has, after leaving the cultivated land, no habitation or
signs of man's home. Not a traveler did we meet ; the silence
and absence of human life makes this route very impressive.
The pathway finished, and all its difficulties surmounted, the
traveler stands before a gateway and sees beyond it a flight of
two hundred and seventy-eight stone steps. He feels there is more
hard work before him. The view from this spot is very bold and
striking ; the steps tower before one — wide and of good pro-
portion — and on each side are houses for the priests. The labor
of building these structures must have been very great. The
foundations are of rough masonry, rising some thirty or forty
feet above the ground built almost perpendicularly from a pro-
jection on the slope of the mountain. Ascending, the houses are
found to be scrupulously clean, and I was cordially invited to
enter upon condition that I should first remove my shoes.
Once within, I found the screens, bronze work, bedding, etc., to
be of the best description, and I could not help reflecting that
" poor, self-immolating priests, suffering and enduring all things,"
yet manage in all parts of the w^orld to get the best of
everything.
FROM SHANGHAI TO HIOGO.
135
The temples were not large, nor of such fine worknmnship
as 1 have seen elsewhere, although the bronzes and metal
work within seemed very beautiful ; but the visitor can
scarcely get close enough for a thorough inspection. A new
temple of larger size was in course of construction, the wood
JAPANESE STREET SCENE.
and stone being obtained on the spot. I observed some
excellently carved work in cedar, and it was evidently in-
tended to make the new buikling very attractive. The view
from the peak of the mountain was varied, and extended as
far as the eye could reach.
The bathing places at Kobe are not on the beach as at
Newport and Long Branch, but they are generally in that
portion of the house most accessible to the street, and where
130 FEOM SHANGHAI TO IIIOGO.
there is continual passing and repassing. Nor is any se-
clusion attempted. A visitor is greeted by the bathers with
that musical and courteous greeting, " 0-hai-O " (Good day!),
and it is not an uncommon thing to see men, women and
children bathing together in their primitive condition, dress-
ing and undressing in the open space around the circular
or square bathing tanks, into which is constantly flowing,
and passing oft' by overflow, the steaming water.
Let me, however, caution the uninitiated against doing
great injustice to the womanhood of Japan by judging them
by our American rides of decency and modesty. Where
there is no sense of immodesty, no consciousness of wrong-
doing, there is, or may be, a like absence of any sinful or
depraved feeling. Especially is this the case where the
customs of the country are rigidly observed. Fathers, broth-
ers and husbands all sanction it ; and from childhood the
feeling must grow up, as effectually guarding them against
self-reproach or shame, as their " more civilized " sisters in
adopting dresses in the ball-room or at the opera, that are
often open to criticism ; or any other generally adopted fashion of
garments or amusements. Any one of the real performers in
the bath-house scene, when all is over and the toilet is
completed, will leave the l^ath-house door a very picture of
womanly reserve and modesty, and musically utter to those
whom they leave behind, ^^Saionara!" (Good bye!)
The toilet of a Japanese damsel or '' moosome," is a matter
of no light consideration. The long, coarse tresses of raven
black hair must be w\ashed, combed and greased till the head
shines like a knob of polished black marble ; the cheeks must be
rouged to the proper tint ; the throat, neck and bosom are pow-
FEOM SHAXGIIAI TO IIIOGO. 137
derecl, carefully leaving, however, on the nape of the neck three
lines of the orisrinal brown skin of the owner in accordance with
the rules of Japanese cosmetic art ; the eyebrows must be care-
fully rounded and touched with black, and the lips reddened with
cherry paste with a patch of gilding in the center. When all
this has been done and the clothes properly adjusted, the "obi,"
or huge sa^h of many colors, is tied in the knot of prevailing
fashion; the cleanest of white socks and the newest of black-
lacquered sandals are drawn on the feet, and then the belle is ready
for her promenade or reception. She must, however, have the
proper allowance of rice paper in lieu of a single pocket-hand-
kerchief ; also her tobacco pouch, pipe and fan, and then she
sallies forth, turning her toes in and playing with her fan in
well-affected demureness.
The mother is likewise rouged, painted, combed and adorned,
but not a vestige of eye-brows graces her forehead, and her teeth
are blackened in accordance with the rules for married women.
The father is clean-shaved ; his queue or top-knot is smoothly
plastered in a roll on his head ; his raiment, stiff, new and
shining, has the family crest embroidered or stamped on the back
and flowing sleeves of his " kimono," or coat. Women with
blackened teeth are seen at everv turn, their mouths looking^
like open sepulchers, so dark and forbidding is the cavern they
disclose. They are generally uncovered nearly to the waist, if in
summer time, and usually have a copper-colored marmot hanging
to the breast or carried in a sort of pouch on the back. Tattooed
workmen and shopboys add to the throng, and swaggering among
the groups are many of the two-sAvorded gentry — " Yakunius " —
retainers of the daimios, all fully impressed with their own im-
portance and superiority, as well as of the masters they serve.
CHAPTER IX.
IN JAPAN.
T
HE customs and
the habits of the
Japanese differ l)ut
little in different sec-
tions of the Empire.
The old standards
are, however, more
closely followed in
those places where
the people have not
lono- been in contact
with foreigners and
have not adopted
some portions of
their dress. There is
something particu-
larly interesting and
pathetic in viewing
those people who
have not attempted to cast aside their original ideas and take up
with those of foreign importation. I was peculiarl}^ struck with
this in studying the Japanese workmen. They do their work
sitting upon the floor, and everything is performed in a manner
138
IN JAPAN. 139
just the reverse of the " civilized " people. The carpenter pulls
the plane towards him instead of pushing it forward as do we ;
the blacksmith pumps the bellows with his feet, while both hands
are occupied in holding and hammering ; the cooper holds his
tubs with his toes ; the doors of the houses do not swing on
hinges, but are pushed back to the right or left in slides ; the
locks slide to the left, ours to the right ; the horse stands in his
stall with his tail where, according to our custom, his head ought
to be ; pedestrians turn to the left, we to the right; an American
to injure his enemy kills him, a Japanese to spite his foe commits
hari-kari — kills himself.
Since my visit to Japan in 1868, the history of the Empire
has been crowded with incident ; the ports of Osaka and Kobe
have been opened to commerce, although prior to that event many
were skeptical of the sincerity of the Japanese in their avowal
of this intention. An immense assemblage of American and
English vessels-of-war with one French frigate lay snugly in the
bay of Kobe to force, if necessary, the native government to
comply with its treaties ; but, luckily, the great event passed off
quietly and peaceably, the powerful armament of the ships being
employed to announce from their hoarse throats by salutes of
twenty-one guns from each, the important fact that these two
great ports of Southern Japan were at last open to the trade of
the world from which they had been shut out so long. The
demonstration on shore was confined to the simple act of hoist-
ing the National emblems at the various consulates and making
the first official record that Kobe and Osaka had been made treaty
ports on January 1, 1868.
This event was quickly followed by the great internal revolu-
tion or rebellion, and the abolishment of the Tycoonate ; Stots-
140 IN JAPAN.
baslii retreated to his own castle at Osaka ; then came the as-
serted supremacy of Satsuma and his retainers ; then the defeat
and consequent retreat of the Tycoon and his forces, the Tycoon
taking refuge upon om^ vessel on the night of January 13, going
to Yokohama with us and rewarding our benefaction with a lib-
eral distribution of some of his most valuable personal property
— swords, lacquer ware, costumes, etc. I continue to prize my
gifts very highly, both because of their associations and their
intrinsic value. This was followed by the Mikado's new departure
by which he assumed the dignity of a secular Emperor, and so
announcino; himself to the w^orld. He came forth from the seclu-
sion of his sacred palace at Kioto, proceeded to Yeddo, formed a
new Cabinet, established officials at the open ports and at the
same time declared his determination to respect the treaties made
wdth foreign powers. It w^as the beginning of the new and pro-
gressive Japan.
Next followed a period of great excitement and trouble which
necessitated our immediate return to Kobe : all foreigners were
forced to quit Osaka ; the northern fleet of Japanese war vessels
blockaded the southern fleet of the Japanese Navy in Hiogo Bay ;
the latter escaped and the former returned to Yeddo Bay. Then
came a period of yet greater excitement beginning on February
4, wdien some of the advance body-guard of Prince Bizen made
an unwarrantable attack upon some American and French sailors
on the main street of Hiosro. Prince Bizen and his followers
w'ere driven before the bayonets of a couple of hundred Ameri-
can sailors and marines under command of Captain English and
a half-dozen other officers, myself included, and escaped to the
mountains. The city was then occupied and put under martial
law by the American, English and French naval forces. A week
THE LAST OF THE TYCOONS.
•«;
IX JAPAX. 141
later there arrived from Kioto, tlie Imperial capital, the envoy
Higashi-no-shoshi ; quiet and order wei'e restored and the envoy
and his subordinates departed for Yeddo.
On the second of March I witnessed, with others, the per-
formance of hari-kari and the decapitation of Ikeda-Ise. This
was the officer who commanded Bizen's men, and under whose
orders they attacked the American and French sailors, simply
because they did not prostrate themselves as did the Japanese
citizens upon the approach of Bizen in his ''norimous," or palan-
quin. Almost on the heels of this act came the massacre at Sa-
kai ; the visit of the foreign officials to the Mikado at Kioto ;
the dreadful attack on the English body-guard by the " ronins,"
or coolies ; the subsequent departure of the foreign ministers to
Yeddo, and, finally, the re-instalment of Stots-bashi to power,
and of the possession of his territories. A brilliant future for
Osaka and Hiogo was foretold, and the former has become a great
mart of trade in Japan, with Kobe as its seaport.
Kobe is the busiest of the shipping ports of Japan. Its har-
bor is dotted with merchant vessels of all kinds — from the huu-e
iron steamers, to the small barks and native junks. Because of
its nearness to the great tea districts, Kobe is also the chief port
of shipment for Japan teas, several exporters having large estab-
lishments for the firing and packing of the leaf.
The town lies at the foot of a low ranii-e of mountains cov-
ered with a beautiful verdure and foliage, and the rills of houses
running down from each ravine stop near a long bund on the
water-front — one part of which is lined with fine foreign resi-
dences. But the most picturesque part of the bund is where the
Japanese houses are situated, and in front of which lie hundreds
of junks loading and unloading their curious cargoes.
142
IX JAPAX,
The run from Iliogo to Yokohama is a distance of only three
himdred and twentv-five miles, and we were fortunate in havino;
pleasant weather for it. We had covered 23,339 miles since leav-
ing New York. Yoko-
hama is the principal
port of Japan, and is
situated on the grand
bay of Tokio, an arm of
the Pacific Ocean. It
is divided into two sec-
tions : the foreign settle-
ment at Yokohama,
and the native settle-
ment at Kanagama. The
business houses, bunga-
loAVS, shops, warehouses
and hotels are in the
former ; and the curio
shops and Japanese liv-
ing-houses are in the
latter. Upon the " bund," or river-front, is a wide street run-
ning the full length of the town. Here are the two principal
hotels, the banking houses, and the Yokohama Club.
The main street of the town has upon it the warehouses,
the large foreign mercantile houses, and two large banks. The
principal residences are on the plateau or bluff, at the upper end
of the town ; and here the married men and bachelors live in
houses furnished much as they are at home, their house-servants
being Japanese women or, more frequently, Chinese boys, who
are valets, butlers and. in most cases, chambermaids.
THE EMPRESS OF JAPAN.
IN JAPAN. 143
The main street of the native town is called Curio Street,
taking its name from its being the chief mart for every descrip-
tion of lacquer or cabinet inlaid work for which the Japanese are
famous. This thoroughfare, though always full, presents its busi-
est appearance when a strange man-of-war or a mail steamer
comes into the harbor, for all new arrivals seem suddenly smitten
with a desire to invest in china or porcelain ware, lacquer boxes,
cabinets or ivory work, all or any of which may be purchased in
any shop on the road. At such times groups will gather in front
of every curio establishment, bargaining either in plain or
" pigeon " English, eked out by a tremendous amount of gestic-
ulation. After a long dickering the purchaser will march off
with an armful of bargains, feeling satisfied with his shrewd-
ness, although the shop-keeper has taken from him fifty per
cent, more than he would have asked a resident in the settle-
ment.
The chief mode of conveyance is the " jinrikisha," a little
two-wheeled cart, with a top to shield the rider from the sun
and rain. It is much the shape of an old-fashioned doctor's
gig. The term ''jinrikisha" means one-man-power-wagon, and
this Japanese '' herdic " is drawn by from one to three native
coolies, many of whom, before the Japanese rebellion, were of
the " samurai " or two-sworded gentry, who were retainers of the
daimios. Owing to the poverty of the latter, and the Govern-
ment edict forbidding the promiscuous wearing of two swords,
these " samurai " have taken up with a more menial employment.
Before the introduction of the jinrikisha, in 1868, the " nori-
mous," or Japanese palanquin, was the common conveyance.
Journeying out beyond Kanagawa on the Tokaido or Im-
perial road, your half-naked coolies keeping up the invar-
144 IN JAPAN.
iable and monotonous chorus of '' 0-hai-o, o-hai-o," you meet
the pca.^ant women, scarce even half-clacl, and without a
thouuht that it is not the most correct and natural thincr
in the world. Unconcerned as if no eye rested upon them,
they go about their daily labor and household duties in that
state of undress that would seem almost shocking to a fastid-
ious woman of the "Western World.
The men are even less clad. A simple strip of cloth is
tied about their sturdy brown bodies, and hangs in as grace-
ful folds as the Roman toga. Children, entirely naked, are
runniui!: about as unconcerned and unnoticed as if it were
enjoined upon them to do so. This, at first, causes aston-
ishment, but a repetition of the sight soon familiarizes one
to it. There are no more indications of rudeness or in-
tended immodesty than are observed among those who wear
ampler clothing. It is a common sight in all the villages
to see the mother stretched upon the mats sleeping, the
babe beside her taking its nourishment, and the men and
children of the house dozing away as if there were no
future.
On landing at Yokohama the first thing to attract my
attention was the beggars. I had been warned against these
mendicants, but they did not appear to be more numerous
here than in other ports of Japan. Every foreigner who has
spent any time among tlie Japanese has become familiar with
the plaintive appeal that so frequently has greeted his ears :
'• Anatu ! tempo chodi ? chob-a-chow cum aremas ! " Trans-
lated into English this is : '' Sir ! give me a tempo ? I am
huno-rv ! " And each has learned as well that if he re-
sponds to every cry that assails his benevolence, during even
IN JAPAN".
145
a short walk, he must soon sensibly dimmish his stock of
change, be it ever so extensive. Had Charles Lamb ever
lived in Japan I doubt whether he would ever have penned
that exquisite plea : " A complaint of the decay of beggars."
But, so long as a Government licenses, and a false creed
A JINRIKISHA.
fosters, them, no Oriental Elia will ever be tempted to mourn
their decadence in a prize poem.
Mendicants abound throughout the East, and Japan has her
full quota. At every turn you meet crowds of them, and
their melancholy but persistent prayers are continually ring-
ing in your ears. Take a stroll any morning through the
146 IN JAPAN.
tliorouglifares of Hiogo, Nagasaki, Osaka or Yokohama, and
you will pass groups of them basking lazily in the sun, and
possibly trying to reduce the number of vermin on their
l)odies. They belong to that suffering class peculiar to Euro-
})('an or American cities, whom rum or worse misfortune (if
there can be worse) has reduced to want. You trace no
resemblance here to tlie faces " pinched with cold, and the
eyes wild with huuu'er, that oft-times thrust themselves for
the moment upon your attention in the home promenades of
wealth and fashion •' like ghosts at weddings " to haunt you ever
after ; these are jolly, strong-limbed fellows ; happy amid their
rags as Italian lazzaroni who enjoy their own filthiness and
despise labor ; or, as we know them at home in the United
States, veritable '• tramps " of the truest type.
From a native the Japanese beggars will accept a few cash
(about ninety-six to a tempo, the latter worth only one and a
half cents) and add a benison, but from a foreigner nothing less
than a tempo will do. It is their price, and they must live.
Of course they gamble. Why shouhl they not ? they ask.
Their betters do the same, and you cannot expect to find all the
cardinal virtues in the humble sphere of a beggar. These tramps
are licensed to beg, and they pay a tax to the Government for
the privilege ; the religion of the country tolerates others who
make an easier and better living off the devoutly inclined Japan-
iese. There are several classes who thus live on eleemosynary
incomes: there are the nuns with hats like half-bushel baskets
-and a face beneath, frequently youthful and ruddy, and graced
with two bright eyes and a mouthful of pearlywhite teeth ; in
looped-up dress and sandal shoes they travel along from village
to village. There are the jolly fat friars, or " bonzes " as they
INTEklOR UF A JAPANESE TEMPLE.
IN JAPAN. 147
are termed in Japanese, clad in priestly garments and tingling a
bell as tliey go from house to house. And there are the travel-
ing singers, so forlorn in their costumes, so piteously melancholy
in their instrumental music, so execrably discordant in their vocal
efforts. But, after all, they belong to the same class — the class
which will always exist in Japan. Still, many of them are mis-
erably poor and surely worthy of our aid if one can only dis-
criminate.
Jumping into a jinrikisha, my man-horse sped on with his
ceaseless chant. Steering carefully out of the way of other
vehicles, we passed perambulators packed with vegetables on
their way to market ; and men with filled baskets suspended
from the bamboo shoulder pole, innumerable. One of these men
carried sixteen barrels (presumably empty), eight at each end.
Bettoes passed us running beside horses and their riders, and we
were everywhere greeted good-humoredly with, " 0-hai-o ! "
Only the yellow-robed and clean-shaven crown priests looked at
us askance. Every one seemed bent on doing things just
contrary to the ways we have at home : the cows had bells on
their tails instead of suspended at the neck ; the draught bullocks
wore straw shoes ; the horses were mounted from the right, every-
body turned out to the left ; acquaintances met and shook their
own hands ; the gardens were watered from a little pail with a
wooden spoon ; and, I believe, carpenters build houses beginning
at the roof first.
No one should leave Japan without visiting the famous Bud-
dhist statue of Dai-bootz. about sixteen miles from Yokohama.
Having the opportunity I joined a party one day and availed
myself of the privilege. Procuring each a horse and a '' betto,"
an attendant who follows all the way on foot, at the enormous
148
IN JAPAN.
expense of five itzaboos (one dollnr and sixty-six cents) for the
da}', we passed through the native town of Kanagawa and so on,
by the '' tokaido" (the Imperial road of Japan) to 0-don-gia ;
thence we went throug-h the hamlet of Tot-su-u;a to Fui::i-Sawa,
where we stopped for refreshments for horses and men.
A SHOP ON CURIO STREET.
From Fugi-Sawa to Dai-bootz, a distance of three miles, it
was not deemed prudent to become separated from each other,
because of the native prejudice against foreigners, so we walked
our horses till we came to a bridge crossing a stream, and there
near a bamboo grove loomed up before us the bronze divinity
IN JAPAN. 149
known as Dai-bootz, or the "Great Bncldha " ns it is generally
called — an object of admiration to travelers, and of adoration
by all Buddhists. It is erected in a mysterious retreat where the
storms of six centuries have beaten upon it, and wdiere it has
been worshiped by millions. Neither the storms nor the prayers
have had any seeming effect upon this, the greatest curiosity of
Japan, for there he sits with folded hands and head inclined, his
eyes and lips closed, in serene composure ; his head covered with
small knobs to represent snails.
On an altar at the foot of the statue, incense was burning ;
each side was flanked bv two laro;e bronze vases, and a bronze
table stood in front. The idol is formed of plates of bronze an
inch thick, cast in separate pieces, soldered together, and fin-
ished in so perfect a manner that one can hardly discern the
joints between the plates. It is considered the finest work of
art, and the most perfect expression of religious sentiment of
the Japanese people. It is in a squatting posture, and forty-
two feet high from the hips to the top of the head. It is upon
a pedestal thirteen feet high. Its other dimensions are : cir-
cumference at the base, one hundred and fifteen feet ; breadth
across the shoulders, twenty-four feet ; base to top of thumb,
seven feet ; diameter of finger, six and a quarter inches ; length
of thumb nail, seven and a half inches. It was erected in the
thirteenth century. Originally a temple was built over it ;
but this, tradition states, was swept away by some extraordinary
convulsion of the sea about two hundred years ago. The priests
now worship inside of the statue.
" Fools' names, like fools' faces, are ever seen in public places,"
and so, like hundreds of others who had preceded us, we inscribed
our names on the inside of the idol, selecting for our place of in-
150 IN JAPAN.
&cription, one of the shoulders. Some names were dated as writ-
ten in 18G1!. Our guide, like guides all over the world, was full
of information, and for a half-dozen tempos gave us a history of
Buddha's representative, about as follows:
Dai-bootz was Buddha's coadjutor, and when he came among
the Japanese to convert them to the new belief the native unbe-
lievers rebelled, and in their indignation determined to extermi-
nate the new missionary. But to their surprise, there suddenly
appeared myriads of snails and other shell-fish (periwinkles, prob-
ably), and covered the entire body of Dai-bootz. This caused
great consternation, and the natives being naturally superstitious
they fell upon their knees with their faces to the ground and at
once became Buddhists. Then this statue w\as erected to their
new divinity's most sacred memory.
Our curiosity about Dai-bootz satisfied, we pushed on a mile
further to Kama-Kura, a village of eight temples, two sacred
horses, and the " sacred " rock. I was curious to know why two
white horses should be considered worthv of more devout wor-
ship than two of any other color, but was led to believe that to
starve is a part of the worshiping catechism. The animals were
barely more than skin and bones, and w^ere dependent upon the
generosity of visitors for subsistence. We expended a few tempos
in the way of relief to their partialh^ collapsed stomachs, and
left them to live upon their faith until other visitors should come
and be moved with charitable impulse. The sacred rock at
Kama-Kura dropped, it is claimed, from Heaven in a meteoric
storm. The temples in this place were not unlike others in
Japan, excepting that the}^ were more beautifully adorned.
Hundreds of gla&s bells suspended from the outer corners of the
temples, fnrni.shed with pieces of tin which passed through the
5^^^
^:^im
#
fc
STATUE OF DAI-EOOTZ.
IN JAPAN. 153
bells, were vibrated by the light airs against the glass globes,
thus giving out a pretty but weird tinkling music.
Following the bettoes with their ceaseless chant, our ponies
sped on, carrying us safely between the ruts in the sandy track,
till we came to a tea-house. Calling a " moos-i-me," a pretty lit-
tle dame with shining black hair, a sweet smile, and sparkling
eyes, I bade her, " 0 cha mot-te-koi ! " (Bring me some tea ! ) and
then squatted on the soft matting. The next moment our charm-
ing waiter trotted in with a tray of little cups filled with the
Oriental beverage and some confections. After regaling our-
selves and giving the satin-skin Japanese beauty an " itza-boo "
(about thirty-five cents) we started on our return over the " to-
kaido," the same route by which we came. The " tokaido "
stretches from Yokohama to Yeddo. It is a wide and beautiful
avenue, and the scene of constant motion and traffic. Here
were pack-horses and porters with luggage ; travelers of a higher
order ; men and women in norimous carried by four bearers, go-
ing along merrily but more deliberately than is customary with
the Japanese, and as becomes the dignity of superior rank. We
also met "yacounins " or samurai ; " renins," or outcasts, who some-
times play the mendicant instead of the highway robber. And
so in time we get back to our hotel in Yokohama, where, after
a liberal dinner, we make ready to attend a Japanese theater.
The Japanese are, perhaps, more of a theater-going people than
can be found elsewhere. Their taste is catered to continually.
Theatrical entertainments are provided to gratify the wants and
means of all classes. At the first-class establishment which I
attended, was a revolving stage, upon which was set the scenery
and properties necessary to the play. The orchestra occupied an
elevated pen at the left of the stage-floor. The actors, we were
154 IN JAPAN.
assured, were of the first rank and their dresses were soru'eous
in the extreme. Everything in the play was intense!}^ Japanese
— descriptive of their fables and romances, as well as reproduc-
ing actual episodes in the history of the Empire. The play was
a first-class pantomime yet the actors possessed dramatic ability.
The first-class or orchestra seats cost an itzaboo, and smoking was
permitted all over the house, while tea was served between the
acts to those who would pay a tempo a cup. There was no
necessity for going out between the acts to " see a friend," or " to
get a clove." There was no sharp practice in the way of re-
served seats, and the Yankee custom of licensing ticket-specula-
tors had not then been adopted.
There are no " star " actors among the Japanese. A ubiqui-
tous prompter reads in a tone readily caught Ijy the ]3layers, words
which are duly repeated while the prompter is doing his duty
to the next one. Then there are side-shows of juggling. An
expert will bewilder an audience with top-spinning with tops of
all sizes. He will throw his top from him and by the action of
the string as it unwinds, draw it back so that it is caught in his
hand. An unopened fan is then taken in his other hand and the
top is placed on one of the sides and spun along it. Then the
fan is opened and the top continues to spin along its edge to the
further side, and along it until the hand is reached, when it runs
up the arm to the shoulder across the back and down the other
arm on to the fan again. Then it will be tossed into the air and
caught upon one of the corners of the open fan from which it is
tossed attain and aorain into the air and caug;ht as it descends.
Again the top will be started along a string that is fastened to an
open lantern thirty or forty feet from the ground ; the top as-
cends the incline until it enters the lantern which opens out in
IN JAPAN. 155
the shape of an iimbrella, and a wealth of festoons of bright-
colored tissue paper descends all about the performer. Those
who w^itnessed " Little All Right " and the troupe of Japanese
acrobats who exhibited their wonderful tricks years ago in the
United States will remember the many surprising feats performed
by them.
Of all the sports indulged in by both men and boys in Japan,
kite-flying seems to afford them the most amusement and enjoy-
ment. To attempt to describe the varied patterns of kites would
be almost if not quite impossible. They are made of tough rice
paper stretched upon frames of bamboo, and of all shapes —
square, oblong and oval. One may see a whole menagerie float-
ing in the air — crying babies, boys with outstretched arms, horses,
fish, bats, hawks, crows, monkeys, snakes, dragons, cattle, ships,
carts, etc. Across and behind the top of the kite is stretched a
thin strip of whalebone, which gives a humming, buzzing or
singing sound in the air like a hurdy-gurdy or a swarm of beetles.
In kite-time men and boys turn out in processions, and the sing-
ing made in the air by the hundreds of kites is delightful. There
is also great sport when they send " messengers " on the cords or
tangle each other's kites ; and the American boys may be
pleased to know how they cut the strings of rival kites and send
the proud prize fluttering to the ground. They take about ten
feet of string near the end held in the hand, dip it into glue and
then into bits of ground glass, thus covering the string with thou-
sands of tiny blades as sharp as lances. They then attempt to
cross each other's strings, and the most skilful will saw the cords
of their antao'onists' kites.
Fans and umbrellas are made all over the Empire, and
it is inte'restinir to watch the makers and their skilfulness.
156 IN JAPAN.
Osakca is the principal iii;inufacturing center of the"ogi,"or
folding fan, wliicli are those almost exclusively exported. The
prices vary from a tempo up to several itzaboos, according to the
quality. Fans of the ^^uperior quality, known as the " uchiwa,"
are manufactured at Kioto, where they are handsomely adorned
with figures, writing, etc., and are extensively used by the
w^ealthier Japanese. Fashion prevails there as well as in other
countries, and the designer gives out to the engravers the pat-
terns which are expected to be the most salable.
When the printed sheets that are to form the two sides of the
fans have been handed to the workmen, together with the bam-
boo splints that are to form the ribs, the two sheets with which
the fan is to be composed are put in between two pieces of pa-
per saturated with oil, and properly creased. The four are
then folded together and put into a strong press, or under a
heavy weight. After a sufficient time has elapsed the sheets are
then removed from the mould to be pasted upon the ribs. Before
the folds take their proper shape the fan has to be folded and
opened several times, and, when it is put away to dry, it has
received more handling than any foreign paper could stand ; in
fact, foreign paper has been tried and had to be given up as un-
suitable for the work. Prior to 1867 the sale of Japanese-made
fans seldom exceeded ten thousand a year, but since then as many
as three millions have been exported in a single year from Osaka
and Yokohama alone. During the Centennial Exposition at
Philadelphia, in 1876, no less than eight hundred thousand fans
were sent from Japan to be sold there, their cost aggregating fifty
thousand dollars; and these were over and above the annual
export.
CHAPTER X.
DOIXGS AXD CUSTOMS IX JAPAN.
w
HOSOEVER has visi-
ted the island of
Niphon has seen Fnsi-
Yama, the Sacred Moun-
tain of Japan . But no
one should go awa}' from
the island without visit-
ing this errand old freak
of nature.
Fusi-Yarna is eighty
miles inland from Yoko-
hama, and yet it is the
first thing sighted in approaching the coast. I have said that
no one should leave Japan until a visit had been paid to
Fusi-Yama, but it should be remembered that there are but two
months in the year, July and August, when the mountain is
sufficiently free from snow to permit the ascent to the top. It
is to this snow-capped and cloud-enveloped volcano that the na-
tives journey in crowds every year to worship. To make a pil-
grimage to Fusi-Y^ama is an act of virtuous duty with the Japan-
ese, as it is tauo:ht that deliverance from misfortune and sickness
attaches to this duty.
157
158 T)01X(;S AND CUSTOMS IN JArAX.
After making the necessary preparations for the long journey
on horsebnck, a party of us started to visit this cloud-piercing
mountain. Our horses and bettoes being made read}^ and our
saddle-bags packed, we started just as the rising sun touched the
slittering; cone of snow and liohted it with brilliant beams. It
presented a singular and picturesque appearance, springing ab-
ruptly from a broad base into an almost perfect cone, truncated
only at the extreme pinnacle, and towering far above all the
surrounding ranges of hills. By the Japanese, who are any-
thing Imt cosmopolitan, Fusi-Yama is esteemed : " The matchless;
for which poets cannot find words, nor painters find skill and
colors sufficient to represent the mountain as they think it
deserves."
Our route lay over a succession of hills of no great height, but
from whence excellent views were obtained stretching over the
cultivated valleys on either side, with a background of mountains
to the westward, among which Fusi-Yama soars conspicuous in
solitary grandeur. We halted at Tot-Sooka where we slept over
night, and after a light breakfast on the following morning pushed
forward on our journey. With our straw-shod horses our pro-
gress was not to the swift, as we had to go through some rough
passes when it required our bettoes to lead our ponies safely across
the boulders. Our last halt before we reached the base of grand
old Fusi was at a wayside tea-house, where, as at many other
places along the Tokaido of Japan, one can get with a few "cash"
or integral parts of a cent a meal served with courtesj^ and includ-
ing a sweet potato, a fried fish and a cup of tea. Or, if you de-
sire a lighter diet, you may have any fruit that is in season — a
bunch of grapes or a slice of water-melon, red and luscious.
Moori-yama, a hamlet at the foot of the mountain, we reached
DOIXGS AXD CUSTOMS IX JAPAX. 159
at nightfall and found a comfortable lodging-house, with beds of
the soft matting, our rooms being formed by the folding screens.
A refreshing night's sleep, a palatable breakfast, mainly of fruit,
found us in good condition for our laborious ascent of the moun-
tain. So with three "yoboos" or guides and a few strong
" yama-booshi " (mountaineers) we started on our ascent.
Making our way through waving corn-fields and numerous pas-
tures of high rank grass we soon arrived at Haki-Mondo, where
we left our horses and the last trace of habitation and the
haunts of men. Then, on foot, we began our winding ascent,
toiling over the rubble and scorice of the mountain. At intervals
we halted for rest in the little caves dug out and roofed over
where weary pilgrims had often found refuge from bad weather.
There are eleven of these huts or caves at distances of a mile or
more apart, and in one of them we spent the night ; sleeping on
our rugs, our limbs being too tired for over-fastidiousness.
At daylight we began the upper half of our ascent. The
clouds were skimming along beneath our feet, and a vast and
picturesque panorama of hill and plain, bounded by the sea,
stretched far away. The last half of the ascent was by far the
most arduous, as our path grew more steep as each rod of ground
was passed. The air became more rarefied ; our breathing
was perceptibly affected ; our path led directly over fragments of
out-jutting rocks ; our footing became more uncertain because of
the loose scoriae, and, consequently, these obstacles added much to
our fatigue. At last we were on the topmost stone and looking
down into the yawning crater. It was a great oval opening, with
ugly jagged lips. It seemed about a thousand yards in length,
six hundred in width and perhaps three hundred and fifty in
depth. The estimated height of the edge of the crater, above
160 DOINGS AND CUSTOMS IN JAPAN.
the level of the sea, was 13,977 feet, and the highest peak, 14,177
feet. The volcano has long been extmct, the latest eruption, by
Japanese record, having occurred in 1707.
The Japanese whom we met were dressed in white garments,
carefully stamped with mystic characters and images, by the
''bonzes" (priests) located there during the season for that pur-
pose. The origin of the pilgrimage of these religious delegates is
FUSl-VAMA.
traced back to an early date, when the founder of the Sin-too re-
ligion (the oldest in Japan) took up his residence in the moun-
tain. Since his death his spirit has been looked upon as possess-
ing influence to bestow health and various other blessings upon
those whose devotion to his memory induces them to make the
pilgrimage. Tradition also tells us that Fusi-Yama uprose in a
single night from the bowels of the earth ; also, that a lake of
equal dimensions made its appearance near Miaco (the former
abiding place of the Mikado) at the same hour.
DOINGS AND CUSTOMS IN JAPAN. 161
What, on the last clay, took us eight hours in actual time to
ascend, took us only three hours to descend. We could have
rolled down in much quicker time, but the consequences might
have been different. We found only patches of snow here and
there near the summit, but we were well repaid for our visit
as we succeeded in visiting the matchless mountain in the only
interval of fine weather, and before the setting in of winter — a
season of the year at which the journey is next to impossible.
On the journey to Fusi-Yama, I had an exceptional opportunity
of giving some attention to the investigation of the pagodas —
the Japanese joss-house or temple. I found them generally of
greater height than others I had seen in Japan — some of them
reaching an altitude of a hundred feet or more. Many of these
Japanese pagodas have existed for seven hundred years, and have
successfully withstood the many heavy vibrations of the ground
caused by earthquakes, which must certainly have achieved their
overthrow had they been built of stone or brick. The first
pagoda I ascended was during this trip to Fusi-Yama, and I was
struck with the amount of timber employed in its construction.
I could not help feeling that it was an absurdly excessive waste
of material. What occurred to me as most absurd, yet it had
a legitimate use, was an enormous pole which ran from the
base of the structure to its apex, and passed up through its cen-
ter. The purpose of this was, evidently, to avoid the structure
being blown over by the wind.
The pagoda is to a Buddhist temple what a spire is to a Christ-
ian church, and the great quantity of timber used as its central
and side supports may have seemed necessary in view of the fre-
quent earthquakes. Their scientific method of keeping the pa-
goda upright shows the careful observations of the Japanese.
1G2 DOINGS AND CUSTOMS IN JAPAN.
The pagodca or temple, referred to as the one first visited,
stands at the sacred gateway of Sn-ba-shi-ri, and is dedicated
to the gods of the mountain. Here many pilgrims, stopping
over night on their way to Fqsi-Yama, engage in worship. The
crowds of pilgrims on their way to and from Fusi-Yama pre-
sent a curious yet interesting spectacle, dressed in their white
garments, and wearing a rosary of beads suspended from the
neck. They also bear a staff, and a bell is suspended from
the "obi" that encircles the waist. No pilgrim ever goes to
Fusi-Yama without his bell.
During the season of the pilgrimage there is a constant jingle,
jingle, jingle ringing out upon the air at all hours of the day
and night. There are three of these worshipping places on the
direct road. They are in charge of the priests or guardians of
the mountains, and are so placed that every one must pass
through them as he goes up or down. Money is expected from
all, and that the pilgrims may be reminded of this duty the
officiating priests offer a glass of water to each as a refresh-
ment. They also have charms for sale to those who will pur-
chase them. One of these is a strip of paper which insures the
purchasers against the perils of fire and robbery. Another, an
envelope, has the outlines of Fusi-Yama upon it, and it is folded
in a mysterious way and contains fine grains of rice, the symbol
being that it is an antidote and specific against all the ills of the
bod}'. The native pilgrimage to Fusi-Yama is no child's play.
It is a heroic sacrifice, performed in obedience to a high religious
duty, nnd in the belief that in undertaking it the pilgrim honors
the memory of his gods.
Pagodas, however, are not confined to the district of Fusi-
Yama, and temples abound everywhere in the Empire. Each
m I
w
DOIXGS AND CUSTOMS IX JAPAX. IGo
hamlet has its especial gocl and shrine, and each new-born child
is taken to the shrine in its district within a month after its birth.
The god of this home-shrine becomes the child's patron. In
nearly every house there is a god-shelf with a miniature wooden
temple which contains tablets covered with paper, upon which
are written the names of the gods in which the household place
their trust, as also the names of the deceased ancestors and rela-
tives. At night a lamp is lighted in front of the shrine and on
the god-shelf of the Buddhists. The glowing glimmer of these
lamps is one of the evening features in the cities of Japan.
The fifth of May is the great festival day above all others,
and Japan has many fete-days. But on the fifth of May the
relatives and friends of that family to whom within the year a
boy has been born make it a special occasion for holding high
carnival. The parents testify to their joy by feasting all comers
who honor them by their remembrances. Friends and relatives
of the family make it an occasion to present gifts and toys
suitable for boys, and anticipate the future with gifts of clothing
fitting for the little lad as he grows to it. There are diminutive
suits of armor, tiny swords and bows and arrows, toy horses with
full suits of trappings — in fact, everything that contributes to, or
is likely to augment, the pleasure and comfort of little boys.
On such days grand processions are arranged. These parade
through the streets singing and gyrating about to the music of
a vile and irregular pounding upon tom-toms. The paraders are
dressed in their best and most gorgeous costumes, and they
carry through the streets suspended from bamboo poles the gifts
intended for the various boy-babies, stopping in front of each
house where a boy has been born during the year. Such houses
are designated by the effigy of a fish suspended from the roof.
1G6 DOINGS AND CUSTOMS IN JAPAN.
The fish is also an emblem that is carried in the procession.
These fish-emblems are made of variegated colored rice paper,
the eyes and scales being outlined by the brushes of the Japanese
artists ; they are so constructed as to be inflated by the breeze ;
and are thus exhibited to herald the glory that has its lodg-
ment in the house from which the emblem is exhibited.
The girl-babies are not forgotten, but less attention is given
to them than to the boys ; in fact, girls in Japan, are looked
upon as a necessary evil and are simply tolerated. Another day
and a separate festival time are given to herald the advent of
girls, but it is on the third day of March, a season when there
is little to do in the way of tilling the land and the time can be
well spared. But the fish is not floated as a symbol ; the doll
takes its place, and all the to3's known to the girl-world are
abundantly and lavishly displayed. There is, however, very
much of pride exhibited on both of these child festivals, and the
gifts are ostentatiously displayed by the fond parents for the
admiration of their friends.
In a few years the little girl-baby grows up ; she receives the
attentions, of the opposite sex; begins to have some idea of the
tender passion, and to rouge and powder as do her civilized sis-
ters ; resorts to strange devices to make herself attractive, and
so, after a time, finds a husband, blackens her teeth and pulls out
her eyebrows and becomes a Japanese matron.
Marriage in Japan is an institution unknown as a religious
sacrament, or as a legal contract pronounced or ratified by any
judge, mayor, or alderman. It is the simplest form of matri-
monial union that can be imagined.
When a Japanese child is born and named, it is registered in
the official records of the district where the parents live. If the
DOINGS AND CUSTOMS IX JAPAN. 1G7
person removes to another district the registration is transferred
to his or her new home. Wishing to take a wife and having
obtained the consent of the maiden and her parents, the would-
be husband appears at the "Kencho," or place of registration, and
after simply registering the woman as his wife she becomes
known and considered as his sacred property, to have and to
hold so lono; as he likes — and no lonp^er.
The manner of divorce is equally as easy as the contract of
marriage ; that is, if the man wishes to get rid of his wife, for
he only can divorce. The husband need only give the wife what
is known as the '•' three lines and a half paper," to the effect that
she is no longer bound to him as his wife. She is then con-
sidered unmarried and may reclaim her maiden name. The two
are "quits." But the woman is powerless to get rid of her
husband ; there is no power on earth — that is, no Japanese
power — that can divorce the husband from the wife. That
prerogative belongs to the noble man ; he alone binds, and he
alone can cut loose.
It must be stated, in closing this chapter, that the manners
and customs of the Japanese have undergone an almost marvel-
ous change since my visit there. No half-civilized nation on the
globe has shown itself so ready to adopt the manners, methods
and life of Europe and America. From governmental to domes-
tic forms the revolution has been general, and the old days of
mikado and tycoon are fast becoming a thing of antiquity.
CHAPTER XL
TRANSFERRED.
SAl-0-NA-RA ! " Good-by
to Japan. I said the
word with regret that Feb-
ruary day when I stepped
on board a Pacific Mail stea-
mer at Yokohama, en route
to San Francisco.
I was to leave the Iro-
quois. Orders had come
from the Secretary of the
Nav}' detaching me from
the squadron in Asiatic
waters and ordering; me
home for other duty. Sweet
as the word ''home"
sounded, I was still sorry to
say good-by for I had many
pleasant ties of friendship to bind me to the ship that had carried
me to the other side of the world. Then, too, in China and
Japan, I had made many friends and life had been both novel
and pleasant in these waters.
But orders must be obeyed, and my face was turned east-
ward. My servant packed all of my clothing, books, and my
168
TRANSFERRED. 169
collections of curios in as compact a space as possible — yes, and
my bedding, too, for the Government requires naval officers to
furnish everything from their stinted salaries — and I was soon
on my way to San Francisco. The only passengers on the
Pacific Mail steamer by which I went east were a half-dozen
other naval officers, and the wife of an American merchant in
Honsr Kono;.
It was a twenty-two days' steady steaming trip to San Fran-
cisco, and our ship life would have been monotonous indeed if we
had not prepared a daily schedule of pastime. Rising at half-past
seven, we took a light breakfast at eight, and spent the inter-
vening hours until our regular breakfast at eleven o'clock playing
" bull." This is purely an English game and is played as fol-
lows : A large square, with nine smaller squares, is chalked upon
the canvas-covered deck, and the players stand at a line fifteen
feet distant. Each player has two ring quoits, made of rope and
canvas, and the play is to lodge the quoits into any of the series
of smaller squares, each of which is numbered. The maximum
number of points to be made is one hundred.
Breakfast over, we promenaded the deck till lunch, at one
o'clock, smoking our Havanas, or rather, Manilas, meanwhile.
After lunch we smoked, read or enjoyed a siesta till dinner at
five. Following dinner the course was — smoke and promenade.
Then at eight o'clock we had tea and after that played whist till
midnight. On Sundays we changed the routine to smoking,
reading, promenading, sleeping and attending Divine service, one
of the officers being selected to read the Episcopal service. So
day after day we followed this routine till we reached San
Francisco.
It is the impression with many that on the Pacific one does
170 TKANSFEKRED.
hot experience as rough weather as on the Atlantic ; on this trip,
however, the okl Pacific belied its name. Some found the sea a
rougher life than the}^ expected, and one inexperienced individual
declared he would rather be a half-starved huckster's horse than
a sailor. He declared that the books about the Pacific Ocean
were full of lies, written only for girls to read. He had come
aboard without his sea-legs or a water-proof stomach, and the
latter was not warranted incapable of nausea. We had a seven-
days' gale, and the seas would sometimes break over in great
solid volumes, seething and rushing along the deck, while now
and then one would break into the saloon washing it out. After
the storm had cleared away and we had settled down to our
routine of daily amusements, life aboard ship was enjoyable.
An incident occurred on this trip which, to those who have
not stopped to give it consideration, will certainly be novel and
interesting. It will be necessary first to recall to the reader's
attention the fact that once in every twenty-four hours the
sun makes a complete revolution around the earth, traveling
through three hundred and sixty degrees of longitude (one hun-
dred and eighty degrees east and one hundred and eighty degrees
west of Greenwich). Hence it is that a degree east of the
voyager it is noon four minutes earlier than on board ship, be-
cause a decree" east the sun reaches its meridian four minutes
earlier.
Thus, as we travel east, we gain four minutes to each degree,
and if we should make a complete circuit of the earth around to
the eastward we would have gained twent3^-four hours in sun-
time. To adjust this on our records would call for two days of
the same date ; or, if we should go around to the westward, our
clocks would have to be set back four minutes for each degree
TRANSFERRED.
171
made, and when we would have completed the circuit of three
hundred and sixty degrees, would have lost twenty-four hours.
To adjust this on our record we should need to skip a day.
In other words, a traveler
bound eastward, who should
cross the one hundred and
eightieth de-
scree of lono;i-
tude at five
minutes before
midnight on
July 4, would
find the next
day would be of
the same date
and, consequently, would celebrate the anniversary of the Dec-
laration of Independence twice in the same year ; and, if on an
American vessel-of-war, he would on two successive days hear
the national salutes fired for the same purpose.
NUT PACIFIC.
172 TRANSFERRED.
If, on the other hand, the traveler bound westward should cross
the one hundred and eightieth degree of longitude at midnight on
February 28, of any leap year, he would find the next day to be
March 1, and hence would not see a twenty-ninth of February
in an interval of eight years ; or, if he had reached the same
point at midnight on July 3, the next day would have to be July
5, and the usual Independence Day gunpowder, fire-crackers,
devil-chasers and torpedoes would have to be dispensed with.
In my own case it was half-past eleven r. m., on March 15, when
we crossed the one hundred and eightieth meridian, and as I had
gone around to the eastward, we had an extra half-hour of March
14, and the next day was necessarily March 15, again, so we had
twenty-four and one-half hours of March 14, forty-seven and one-
half hours of March 15, and my log-book and diary and other
records show the fact that I lived one more day in that year than
did my friends at home. My diaries also show another fact, that,
as I never have made the circuit by the westward, I have lived .
one more day than all the days of my life added together. This
is a peculiar experience in one's career, yet, strange to say, I do
not feel a day older than I am.
The remainder of the voyage to the California coast was with-
out special interest. I continued to eat and digest five meals a
day, to smoke my regular allowance of cigars, promenade the
deck, and play " bull " and whist with as remarkable regularity as
I ate my breakfast, lunch and dinner and the sub-meals provided.
We did not sight more than three vessels in all that five-thou-
sand miles of sea-travel, and aside from passing a school of
whales now and then, nothing was seen to attract our vision
aside from the broad expanse of ocean.
We arrived at San Francisco — the Paris of the Pacific, as it is
TRANSFERRED. 173
called — on March 29. Here is a city that seems to have grown
from pure impulse, and in a lawless fashion, regardless of all
rules and precedents. I found that it had grown marvelously
since my first visit in 1863. In 1849, and for years afterwards,
it was a camping-ground of adventurers, and the original settlers
" squatted " around on the low-lying ground along the bay,
about a mile from the old Mission Dolores, the seat of Spanish
influence. It has grown like a weed on a southern river bottom;
and Telegraph Hill and Russian Hill are now well-covered with
fine residences. The city is built on a point of land shaped like
a clenched fist ; washed on two sides by the bay itself, and on a
third by the ocean. Here is a city like other cities — brilliantly
lighted shops and an army of restless people jostling each other
on the pavements. The cosmopolitan flavor here is like that of
Paris ; your next-door neighbor may be an Oriental, who is an
exact copy of his venerated ancestor dead and turned to clay
generations ago. Within a single square may be found repre-
sentatives of half the races of the earth.
One section of the city is known as China-town, and if one
has never seen the Chinaman in his native home he should by
all means look at him here. Passing along through Dupont
Street, one sees Chinese stores on either side, hears the cries of
Chinese street vendors, and catches scraps of the magpie chatter
of the revelers who sit in the high balconies of the restaurants.
Farther on there is a celebration of fireworks ; and then will
come the expiring clash of cymbals, and soon after a great roar
like the noise of a dam breaking its bounds. A streaming
throng of pig-tailed heathens from wide-open doors, filling the
sidewalks and overflowing into the street, tells you that it is a
Chinese play-house. A few minutes later you will find some of
174
TRANSFERRED.
these people gathered .about a long table, at the end of which
sits a demure-looking Chinaman counting " cash " with a pointed
stick, and you lind that it is a game of fan-tan, the national
gambling game. Back of this, into a room fitted up with rough
shelves or bunks, a throng of Chinamen is pouring to indulge
in an opium-smoke.
Two squares north of China-town is French-town. Here are
BIRD S-EYE VIEW OF SAN FRANCISCO.
numerous old rookeries which seem to be waiting only for an
earthquake to come and push them down ; narrow alleys with
swarming colonies grouped about courtyards, and bakers' shops,
and cabarats and groceries without number. A little beyond
is the Mexican quarter, with its low-browed and dark-skinned
populace.
Everywhere one sees wealth and poverty brought into sliarp
TRANSFERRED. 175
contrast ; no street preserves its character for more than a few
blocks. The stately avenue suddenly drops into the free-and-easy
street, with its old unpainted houses and a show of general neglect.
On the great promenades, fashion, wealth and respectability are
jostled by rags and squalor, and the extremes of disrespectability.
The unconventional and the grotesque are sure to obtrude
themselves at all times and places. But it is on Sunday that one
sees the city in its most characteristic aspect. The day is kept
sacred to religious observances by a small portion of the commu-
nity only ; fully three-fourths of the population look upon it with
a continental eye and keep it as a sort of holiday. The large
French, German and Italian colonies go on picnics with religious
regularity, and upon their return at nightfall with bands playing
and flags flying march through the streets to their society halls.
Workingmen take their outing at the suburban resorts, and in
the gardens near the Mission Dolores. At night the variety and
legitimate theaters are in full blast ; vice is flaunted in the open
glare of the street lamp, and its local habitations are scarcely a
block away from the chief thoroughfares.
Up anchor ! Afloat again ; the sloop-of-war Ossipee is south-
ward bound. Glad enough was I to get on board of a United
States war vessel once more where I could dispense with trunks
and boxes, and the labor of going to them every few days to get
out " clean biled linen." Here was everything again quite handy
in my five-by-eight room, contracted, but cosy and homelike.
And I am glad to get to sea once more. Along the Pacific
coast one rarely sees boisterous weather, unless, perhaps, it be in
crossing the Gulf of California.
After clearing the harbor our engines were stopped and the
vessel was put under sail, in order to save unnecessary expendi-
170 TKANSKKKKKI).
tures in the useless consumption of coai. With light winds aiicl
a smooth sea life on shipboard was lazy, and might have been
monotonous had it not been for the daily routine of a man-of-
war. There was drilling at great guns, small arms, and broad-
swords, and frequently we would be routed out at night at
"fire" or ''general" quartei's. This was always exciting and
highly -conducive to wakefuhiess for the remainder of the night.
Twenty-four days at sea brought us into the harbor of
Acapulco.
Of all the ports on the Pacific, between San Francisco and
Panama, Acapulco is the most picturesque and most charming.
It is a perfectly land-locked harbor, and its entrance lies between
two rugged eminences which rise abruptly from the sea. To one
who is unfamiliar with the coast, the spot offers no hint of a
refuge for ships, except an indifferent lighthouse. The emi-
nences which I mention are islands. The shores of these and of
the mainland are very steep and rugged, and great breakers dash
high upon the seaweed crags. Mountains closely hedge the
harbor about, and the town lies on its inner side, close to the base
of a promontory which juts out as if to reach its strong arms
toward the sturdy isles which guard the gateway. Groves of
cocoanut palms cast dense shadows upon the beach ; palms
adorn the courts of the principal houses and cluster about the
straggling quarters of the peons, while masses of them stretch
along the lower slopes of the mountains.
Some of the streets run up and back from the shore to a
considerable distance. They are lined with the small adobe or
reed huts of the lower class ; these are generally thatched with
leaves, with here and there, next to the street, a new awning
covered with tiles. In some of the principal streets the side-
•J
■J
z
C5
o
o
o
TRANSFERRED. 179
walks are raised a couple of feet from the level of the street,
according to the fancy of the builders of the adjoining houses.
Glancmg in at wide-open doors you invariably see a dusky female
slowly swinging in a hammock, and perhaps a servant or two
stretched lazily upon the floor. In almost all of the better
houses I observed sewing-machines, some of them operated in
the heat of the day. In some of the houses I shuddered with
surprise at seeing huge, many-colored lizards scurrying away as
I approached.
There is also at Acapulco a fort or citadel, battened somewhat
by the besieging shells of the French. It is chiefly used as a
caboose and contains many dungeons. Volcanic peaks loom up
in the background, and further back rises ever a continuous
and majestic procession of volcanic mountains.
The waters of the bay swarm with man-eating monsters, but
this does not prevent the natives from swarming about each
arriving vessel, offering to dive bottomward for the silver coins
thrown to them by the passengers. The most interesting feat-
ure of Acapulco is the life of the people who subsist by the small
traffic which they carry on with the steamers that touch here.
No sooner does the prow of a steamer show itself around the
sharp corner that vessels must turn in entering the harbor, than
the bum-boats may be seen pushing oft: from the shore, and in a
fe^v minutes are alongside, the natives chattering like so man}'
monkeys. The bum-boats at all these Mexican ports are the
primitive dug-out canoes, wdiich, as every one who has seen them
will acknow^ledge, are not ungraceful in appearance, especially
when tossing about on the waves. The natives paddle them
to-day just as did their ancestors centuries ago, before Cortez set
his desolating foot upon the Aztec empire.
180 TRANSFERRED.
The huts of the bum-boat people are on the beach, clo.se to
the foot of the promontory. Here clothesless children, chicken.s,
pigs, dogs, monkeys and parrots live promiscuou.sly together in
the sand. Copper-colored dam.sels wade into the water, secure
their dug-outs, load them with fruit, parrots and cocoanuts and
then push off to the newly-arrived vessel to dispose of their
merchandise. Garrulous parrots with beautiful plumage may
be purchased for five to eight dollars each, and other curiosities
mav be bouirht at fairly reasonable sums. But one mav be
swindled if he choose to permit it, for these natives who live a
lazily industrious life have little compunction and less conscience
when a trade is in sisiht.
The laborers of Acapulco are peculiarly interesting. I saw
a dozen or more of them bearing burdens on their backs from
the beach to the town. Their dress was meager in the extreme
— short drawers, hardly covering the thigh, and tunics which
left the neck and arms bare. They had very much the air of
slaves. Wrapped about their heads was a cotton scarf, its
elaborate color and figure giving them a decidedly Oriental
appearance. But Acapulco is a dreadfully hot place, and we
were glad enough to get to sea again, even with the prospect of
arriving in Panama Harbor in a few days.
Twelve days' sailing from Acapulco found our ship lazily
rocking in the Bay of Panama among a group of islands cov-
ered with luxurious pineapple and cocoanut palms and lemon
trees. Vessels find no wharves to lie aloncrside of nor can thev
get nearer than a mile from the city. From this anchorage
Panama looks like some storied house of romance and valor in
the Old World, and one might readily forget that it is in reality
the home of pestilence and death. As long as you remain under
TRANSFERRED.
181
the awning stretched above the deck the heat does not oppress
you, and the breezes blowing from the mountains of the isthmus
are really cooling in contrast with the stagnant air on shore or
below decks. Splendid fish sport about the vessel, and we court
the most pronounced tan by angling over the stern rather than
seek recreation on shore. The waters are alive with sharks of
SCENE IN PANAMA.
the ugliest and most rapacious species, and if a white man should
fall overboard by accident it would have been better had he
thought, beforehand, of leaving his watch and money behind as
mementos for his friends ; for sharks reckon nothing of time and
have no use for monev.
It is a singular tradition and yet, one declared to be true,
that the natives may swim about the harbor with perfect impu-
182 TKANSFERRED.
nity as sharks never attempt to molest them. In fact, the sharks
of Panama Bay and Acapulco Harbor are as fastidious in their
tastes as are the Feejee Islanders, who could not be induced to
eat one of their own color unless they were actually starving,
but who enjoy greatly a steak or chop of wdiite man.
The natives of Panama are the most intrepid boatmen of the
tropical coast, and it is an interesting picture to see these men,
almost as naked as when they were born, managing their lofty-
masted dug-outs in nasty, squally weather. They have a superb
physical development and are rather below the Anglo-Saxon
standard in stature ; but they are graceful in movement and as
quick and as lithe as the monkeys that infest the cocoanut groves.
They are not black, but their skin is of a rich glossy bronze.
Panama had a commercial importance more than a hundred
years ago, but lost it, and for more than a century the Isthmus
was deserted. The discoveries of gold in California in 1849
brought the isthmus again to notice by attracting to the west
coast most of the worthless population of the east coast of North
America. To accommodate the great flocking of reckless adven-
turers the construction of the Panama Railroad was begun in
1850, but not completed till five years later. Since then the
traveler has been enabled to enjoy the luxury of tropical scenery
along the forty-seven miles of railway, and without the fears of
dying from yellow fever before completing the journey in the
three hours' travel, which formerly took twice as many days to
accomplish on mule-back and in boats on the Chagres River.
The wealth of vegetation wdiich covers the isthmus is a glo-
rious sight ; the many varieties of palms are conspicuously in-
termingled with each other and are superbly relieved by the beau-
tifully green banana trees, lieavA^ with bunches of the luscious,
TRANSFERRED. 183
ripening fruit and by the splendid cotton trees. But, like all
luscious tilings, this luxuriant tropical vegetation soon palls upon
the senses.
Panama is not a pleasant place of residence and yet it is by
no means as unhealthy as supposed. True, it is long before a
European becomes acclimated ; but the great objection is that
summer and winter are of the same temperature, and the same
horrible heat continues without the comfort of the promise that
" in six months it will be cool enough."
But hotter than the climate is the intense heat of the political
atmosphere. Panama is almost constantly in a state of revolu-
tion, and it is not pleasant to live alongside of a bomb-shell with
the fuse lighted. Panama has a history. Its foundation dates
back to 1519. Five years later Pizarro sailed away from it on
his first daring voyage looking to the conquest of Peru. A
century later its great importance as a city, in buildings and com-
mercial wealth tempted Morgan and his company of buccaneers
to cross the isthmus to capture it. Panama continued to prosper
till the middle of the eighteenth century, when Spain's important
trade had to find another outlet, and Panama received its death
blow.
Anchor was weighed about sunrise, and five minutes later we
were swinging around the beautiful little island of Ancon with
the good ship's nose one point to the eastward of Taboga. The
beauties of Panama Bay developed to our eyes as we rode her in-
creasing expanse ; the cathedral towers were sharply relieved by
the tremulous blue air around and above them. Taboga is ideally
beautiful, and once, long before workshops and the modern
summer cottages of the Pacific Mail Company profaned it, it was
an ideal abode of natural simplicity and innocence. The dark-
184 TRANSP^ERRED.
eyed, olive-tinted damsels, in their reed-built cots in the interior,
are still there, and one of them may attend you iit the famous
spring, which is one of the greatest treasures of Taboga ; but
you will not find them unsophisticated and confiding. The blight
of civilization is that while it corrects the worst phases of barbar-
ism it also smothers what little charm the latter possesses.
The coast of the State of Panama to the west of the city is ac-
centuated by a few peaks which rise abruptly from the low, gen-
eral surface of the isthmus and are therefore imposing. As it
receded from sight Panama became more and more attractive.
It was a case in which distance certainly did lend enchantment
to the view.
CHAPTER XII.
IX THE LAND OF THE IXCAS.
T was no cross to be compelled to leave
behind us the place so famous in the
past as a commercial center. The change
was in fact delightful ; for, once out at
sea, it became so cool that oui" blue cloth
uniforms were more comfortable than the
white linen suits that on the isthmus had
seemed so burdensome.
Five days under sail after clearing the
Bay of Panama we sighted Cape Santa
Elena. Rounding this we entered the
Gulf of Guayaquil. A little farther on we
sio-hted the island of Puna, risins; from the
low sandy beach so like a regular and uniform cone, that after
sailing around it one is almost in doubt whether or not he has
really looked at it from opposite sides.
By sundown we had anchored opposite the town of Guaj-a-
quil, from whose river no one has ever departed without one of
the perfect grass ham.mocks and the "Panama" hats for which
the place is noted.
The anchor was hardly off the cathead before the vessel was
surrounded by a fleet of canoes and the peculiar rafts known as
junghadas or balsas. From these craft crowds of men and women
185
186 IN THE LAND OF THE IXCAS.
streamed over our srano;\vav, climbins; the side of the vessel like
monkeys, their arms and heads burdened with fruits. And such
luscious fruit as it was ! Oranges and plantains, pomegranates
and bananas, cactus, alligator pears and mangoes, all tempting to
the eye and most agreeable to the palate. Besides these they
brought us the flavorless and watery nisperos and the memeys ;
the o;uava, a larg;e black bean of almost sickish sweetness cov-
ered with a slimy down, and the chirimoyo, or custard apple,
which last, though more luscious, is to my taste less delicious
than a strawberry or peach. In addition, most of the venders
had monkeys, parrots and paroquets for sale.
Guayaquil looked most attractive from the deck. Up and
down the river the bank was lined with canoes and rafts, laden
with the products of the upper country, and on each raft the
picturesque thatched hut, the home of the boatman. x\long the
shore stretched a row of three-storied wooden houses, the second
story protruding and supported by a colonnade so as to form a cov-
ered arcade over the front entrance. The characteristic building
material of Guayaquil is the bamboo, and all the houses and even
some of the churches are built of such reeds, so bound together
with cords that few nails enter into their construction. These
buildings are therefore almost earthquake-proof for they yield so
readily to the vibrations of the earth during the disturbances of
its surface peculiar to the region that they are comparatively
safe. The main street terminates at the hillock of Santa Anna,
from which springs the semi-circle of low hills, that with grace-
ful, broken outlines rise behind and above the town. The streets
elsewhere are a maze of channels of mud, more or less liquid,
through which one must pick his way around a ridge of stones ;
and, if tempted by the banana and cocoa palms overhanging the
IX THE LAXD OF THE INCAS.
187
reed fences to seek refuge from the vile odors of the streets to
enter an enclosure, one will find pigs and children wallowing
there together, in a filth through which there are no stepping
stones.
With the thermometer standing at ninety degrees Fahrenheit
in the shade, we tind it very pleasant to lie in a hammock upon
the piazza of one of the residences of the Alcalde, where we can
escape the hot sun-rays
and feel a soft breeze fan-
ning our cheeks.
The he m p of
which the hammocks
are made is called
henequin. It is an
evergreen, succulent
plant, and, three years
after transplanting,
the first leaves are
ready to cut. The
leaves are from four to six feet
in length and each plant contin-
ues to produce for from twelve to
thirteen years. The Guayaqnilians
have their own peculiar method of
scraping the leaf to obtain the filaments, which are dried in the
sun and done up in bales.
The making of the hammocks is one of the chief employ-
ments of the town. All the twine is made by hand, the hemp
being rolled between the hand and the thigh. Experts will
twist an average of a yard a minute, and the hammocks are
TO RECEIVE THE CONSUL.
188 IN THE LAND OF TlIK INCAS.
made by u'irls and women. Quick workers can make three or
lour liammucks a day, for which they receive about ten cents
each. The finest henequin. from which the most costly liam-
mocks are made is called ^;<7«. Hammocks are used by all
classes as substitutes for the ordinary beds.
The following day found us at sea again, sailing along an
almost desert coast. With the first glimpse of the Andes, that
vast mountain range that is the prominent feature of the
South American continent, we witnessed the effect of their in-
fluence. Tliis range gives expression to the scenery, and by its
influence on the climate and country in a great measure deter-
mines the character and habits of the people.
Two days later we cast anchor in the open roadstead of Parita,
a town without a drop of drinking water within twenty miles of
its center, excepting such as is produced by condensation.
Parita is the outlet of a rich back country and was once a
place of great importance. Our first visitor was United States
Consul Murphy, who seemed as pleased to meet us as if we
had been his nearest relatives. The old aqueducts built by the
Incas remain, but the rivers have worn their beds to a depth
below the canal levels. It is one of the most distressing places
on the South American coast. Besides a quay and an iron
Custom House, it boasts of only a few irregular streets, lined
with mud or cane houses. It was after dark when I went ashore
w4th Colonel Murphy, and the population was lying on mats in
the streets, a more agreeable sleeping-place than the interior of
the hot hovels. Those who were not lying on mats were moving
about at a funeral pace, the women enveloped in black mantos
which concealed their faces and figures. It reminded me of a,
city of the dead. We remained here but two days.
IX THE LAND OF THE INCAS. 189
After leaving Parita we stood well out to sea and made a long
ocean detour before we again put into port. This port was
Chimbote. At the time of my visit there it was a small settle-
ment built close to the beach, its few houses occupied mainly by
those employed in the survey and construction of the Chimbote
and Huaraz Railroad, the contract for which had been given by
the Peruvian Government to John G. Meiggs, brother of " Prince
Henrv " Meiyrtrs.
While here I obtained permission along with a brother officer
to make a three-days' horseback excursion into the country,
along the line of the new railroad. For several miles our path
led us over a sandy plain covered with a low leguminous bush
called '• algarrobera " ; and also a small coarse wild grass and
a running vine with a white blossom, similar to our " morning
glory." This vine-blossom ultimately develops into a fruit cov-
ered with thorns, about the size and shape of an Qgg. This
fruit has a saponaceous quality, and the natives use it largely in
place of soap. It makes a good lather and readily removes dirt-
stains.
As we rode along this sandy plain we were frequently sur-
prised by herds of wild donkeys, the sight of which would start
our horses into a sharp gallop. On inquiry of the natives we
learned that no one was permitted to dispose of these donkeys.
It seems that immediately following the Spanish conquest a great
number of these beasts were sent to this district and the natives
given possession of the land upon condition that they would
keep a fatherh/ supervision over their long-eared and unruly
neighbors, hence thousands of them run wild.
Leaving^ the '^ wild asses " and the res-ion of bushes behind us
we came out upon a soft, sandy plain. To the right rose a lofty
lOU IN THE LAXD OF THE IXCAS.
mountain, along the slope of which were the ruins of an old
"acequia," or aqueduct, built during the period of the reio-n of
the Incas. Eight miles from Chimbote we came out upon an old
road (formerly the Inca road), on either side of which stretched
for a long distance an adobe wall, and the ruins of several old
buildings. Seven miles further on we came to a Chinese camp,
in which lodged the laborers employed in grading the new rail-
road. The wages of these almond-eyed Celestials, including
board, clothing and medical attendance, was one sol, or about one
United States dollar a week, and yet they were never known to
go on strike for higher wages. To the right of the camp stood
in bold relief a mountain with a steep ascent, having an altitude
of four hundred feet. Upon its summit were the ruins of an
old castle or fortified srranarv- There were still standino; the
walls which formerly supported the towers or bastions. This, as
well as the aqueduct, which extends from Chimbote far inland,
was built at the time of the Inca dynast3\ The walls were
about sixty feet in height, and the enclosure one hundred and
fifty feet square. Near this was the site of an ancient town,
which, to all appearances, must have been of considerable
extent.
Leaving this our drive took us along a shady road leading
through a large '' hacienda," or plantation. We here crossed a
stream which nearlv encircled the hacienda. It was the first
running; water we had sio'hted since leaving; Chimbote. The
roadway was grandly shaded with a species of laurel and swamp-
willow. In a larsre enclosure were a score or more of China-
men threshing rice by driving horses rapidly around on the
straw. The mode of separating the rice from the straw and the
chaff was most primitive. The fanning machine was apparently
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAJS.
191
unknown here, and the rice was separated from the refuse by the
wmd as it was tossed up into the air.
At this pomt we reentered the roadway, walled on either side
with adobe, and leading us through another beautiful hacienda.
On the right was an immense field of about three hundred acres
AN INCA RUIN.
of growing cotton, boiled out and nearly ready to pluck, and pre-
senting a grand picture to the stranger's eye. On the left were
immense corn-fields, recjularlv laid out and irrio;ated from a stream
of water runninsc throuuli the hacienda. Leaving: this larg-e
plantation, we came out on a broad open plain covered with fine
loose sand, into which the horses'- feet sunk to the fetlocks. On
the right we again caught sight of the old aqueduct running
along the slope of the mountain ridge. For three miles along
192 IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS.
this plain we followed a line of stakes marking the course of the
railroad. Suddenly we found our progress checked by an arch-
way which had become filled up with the stones and dirt from
the embankment. We retraced our steps a short distance and
then found a path leading up the steep ascent of an immense
elevated plateau, up which our horses climbed. Driving a
couple of miles along the edge of the plateau, we had a grand
panoramic viev/ of the valley two hundred feet below, and of a
well-made road rimning through it. AYe looked at this longingly,
but the problem presented was, " How shall we reach it ? " The
sides of the plateau were too steep to attempt a descent, and we
were further aggravated by the beautiful and extended view of
the plantation which seemed to have no beginning or ending, and
with the Santa River coursintr through it.
It was now sundown, horses and riders alike were tired out,
we were hungry, darkness was rapidly creeping over us and no
camping-place on the plateau in sight. Our horses were too
much fatigued to attempt a return to our first camp, and if we
could not find a path down to the valley before night's darkness
settled, we must make the best of it with a bed on the bare
ground. Continuing along the edge of the plateau for two or
three miles further, we at last struck a tortuous but dangerous
path, down which we rode and near its foot found the lodge of
the '•' administrador,"or superintendent. \Ye had ridden about
twenty-five miles, most of the way through deep, heavy sand,
and one of the horses was so exhausted that we apprehended his
absolute breakino; down.
The lodcre was an immense low-lmilt structure. As we drove
up the administrador, Senor Pastor, advanced and in a polite
commanding tone, said, " Caballeros, entrada I " (Gentleman,
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS. 193
come in !) A servant was ordered to take our horses, and as we
entered the building observed that our host and three other Peru-
vian gentlemen were about to sit down to dinner. Places were
at once provided for us at the table. Our host protested against
our continuing the journey that night, ordered our horses to Ije
stabled and fed, and a room and beds to be prepared. Neither
Senor Pastor nor his friends could speak English, consequently
we had to resort to our limited knowledge of Spanish. We con-
gratulated ourselves that in this we succeeded admirabl}^ Our
new friends were as sociable as they were hospitable, and in spite
of the tired limbs and our desire for a bath, caused us almost to
regret when bed-time came. The evening was spent in chatting,
playing the guitar and singing Spanish and American songs
alternately, and I was glad to feel that I was enough of a player
to accompany myself on the guitar.
I learned that the plantation was the property of Seiior Benito
Valdeavallano, who lived in Lima, but who at that time was in
Europe on a bridal tour, having but recently married Senorita
Rosa Sauri, the belle and beauty of Lima. The plantation was
valued at about a half-million of dollars. There were then grow-
ing about a million cotton plants^ two hundred acres were planted
in sugar cane, and about six hundred acres sowed with rice.
Two hundred Chinamen were employed upon the plantation.
They cooked their own food, and their rations, mostly of rice,
were served to them every evening. Regularly at 7 o'clock in
the evening they were assembled at roll-call, and as each man's
name was called he stepped forward and received his allowance
of food for the following day.
A refreshing night's sleep, a light breakfast at eight o'clock,
consisting of coffee nnd fruit, found us in good condition to
194
JX THE LAND OF THE IXCAS.
re.-^ume our journey. Mounting our horses, we bade our kindly
host •• adios," and followed along the line of survey of the road.
At eleven o'clock we reached the engineers' camp and had
a sumptuous breakfast set before us. Later in the day we
started on our return, and reaching the Valdeavallano plantation.
^,<-»^.»--i _^
A PERUVIAN "PALACE."
took dinner, and spent the night there. The following day
we returned to our ship home, well pleased with our excursion to
the interior.
After making a careful survey of the harbor of Chimbote and
plotting a safely corrected chart, we put to sea again and in good
time reached Callao, the commercial port of Lima, the capital
of Peru. Callao is about six miles from Lima, and the two
places are connected by a railway.
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS. 195
My first visit to Lima, however, was not by railway but on
horseback over the " alameda," a road of considerable beauty,
and one of the most striking and impressive thoroughfares on
the continent. I had been here once before at the time of the
great earthquake which destroyed many of the towns along the
coast. At a distance the spires and domes of the cathedral and
iglesias, or churches, glitter in the sun, and the Moorish style of
architecture gives the city a very picturesque appearance. The
houses are low and irregularly built, but the streets are regular
and attractive. The " Plaza Major," or Great Square, is the prin-
cipal locality and faces the Cathedral. On one side is the palace
of the President and the bishop's palace ; and on the south side
is the old palace of Pizarro, in which is the noted painting rep-
resenting the violent death of Atahualpa, the favorite son of
Huayna Capac, Inca of Peru, who died in 1525.
The one thing which impressed me the most, as I made a tour of
the shops, was the dazzling beauty of the Peruvian ladies. They
seemed to be all eyes ; indeed they have the reputation of being
the most beautiful women in the w^orld. Meeting them on their
way to mass in the morning, or shopping later in the day they
strike you as charming. But to see them in their homes you
begin to reflect and are apt to conclude that they are not so much
fairer than some of the fair daughters of New York or Phila-
delphia. If it were not for the mantua, the most needful feature
in the street dress of the Limanian ladies, we would not so
thoroughly admit their perfect beauty. This garment they wear
in such a coquettish way, that it conceals every feature except
the fair one's bewitching eyes and lovely olive complexion.
The mantua is peculiar to Peru and Chili. It is worn by
women of all arrades and ages — the senora and the senorita, the
19G IX TllK LAXD OF THE INCAS.
mujer ami the iiiuchachita, the rich and the poor. It is always
of black, luaclo of crape, and costs anywhere from one to a thou-
sand sols, according to quality. The wealthy belle will wear a
niantua trimmed with fine silk fringe, or rare point lace ; while
the poorer girl must be satisfied with an edging of cheaper lace.
This is arranged so as to fall over the forehead and is always so
nicely adjusted that the edge of the lace will just reach the eye-
lashes and cover half the cheek. Then the ends are tastefully
thrown over the left shoulder, and fastened at the back with a
clasp pin more or less costly. Some wear the mantua so that it
covers one eye. I have said that in their homes the Lima wom-
en do not strike one as so beautiful as they appear on the street ;
but in the drawing-room they are, nevertheless, most attractive,
bright,vivacious and winning. They are affectionate, impetuous
and strong-willed ; impulsive, frank and generous. At seventeen
or eighteen the Peruvian girl marries ; at twenty-five she is the
mother of three or four children. To have the photograph of a
Limanian belle signifies no special concession ; you can buy them
of any photographer.
To think of a Peruvian breakfast, even after a Delmonico
dinner, sharpens my appetite even now. My first trip to Lima
gave me also my first experience at breakfast there. A brief
summary of it would not give you the faintest idea of its excel-
lence. It must be described in detail. Immediately after rising
on board of ship one is satisfied with a cup of coffee and a plate
of fruit, until the hour of the regular breakfast or eleven o'clock.
So are the native Peruvians. Eleven o'clock came and I sat
down with a familv at breakfast. The duskv senoras and senor-
itas, children and adults, if they are of the well-to-do class, dress
in spotless white wrappers, and permit their long, heavy, raven-
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS. 197
black hair to hang in two loose plaits down their backs. If the
sea-breeze be very cool they appear with little crimson or blue
sacques drawn over their white robes.
Our breakfast began with soup. Nothing can be more deli-
cious than these native soups — one, in particular, called cliupe.
It is made of a kind of crab, like the English shrimp, but more
delicate to the palate and resembling the lobster rather than the
crab. The shrimps were boiled alive in new milk, after which
was added rice, parsley, grated cheese, hard boiled eggs, potatoes
in halves, onions and bread crumbs. It was unsalted. The next
course consisted of oranges and bananas ; but, to such as pre-
ferred, fresh figs, melons, or bananas w^ere served before the
chiq^e- Then followed fish, broiled or fried ; the corbiiia, a salt-
water fish very much like mackerel in flavor, being broiled ; and
the pickailais, resembling our small fresh water perch, being fried.
After this came the more substantial course : fried bananas with
poached eggs ; mutton chops breaded ; delicious tender beefsteak
with fried potatoes, and a salad of lettuce or radishes ; ham and
eggs, and always the native dish, aquique, compounded of red
peppers and potatoes, and made so hot with Chili pepper that
the tears start from the eyes as one swallows it.
Then came rice cakes and picantic, another fiery dish made
principally of mustard, or a dish of rice and curry. The next
course was a delicious cup of hot coffee, never boiled but con-
densed in French coffee-pots, and always clear as amber ; served
in tiny Sevres china cups, with neither milk nor sugar, unless
requested — '• truly a nectar fit for the gods." The breakfast
ends with cigars, or cigarettes, and claret, and the ladies not only
light your cigars, but also light a cigarette for themselves. Here
you sit and chat at the table for a half hour longer — a siesta.
198
IN TlIK LAND OF THE IXCAS.
The Peruvian manner of eating is not American. Tlic}' use
the knife quite as often as they do the fork and the fini^ers more
it '?! ' V- '«" , .«!_■ • ' -as; -^rr
INTERIOR OK CATHEDRAL AT LIMA.
than either. One peculiar cu.stom at the table needs special men-
tion : — If there is a little delicacy upon the plate, a bit of the
IN THE LAND OF THE INCAS. 199
breast of a fowl, a tender morsel of turkey, or any little dainty
that is inviting, it is a very delicate compliment to the person
sitting next you to take this morceau between your thumb and
finger, and place it in that person's mouth. I have often seen a
young Peruvian gallant pick up a piece of chicken, or a bit of
game, and convey it with his fingers to the mouth of the leading
belle, although his fingers may be dripping with gravy. Or, if
it be preserved fruit, the juice may be running down his wrist.
It is considered a most delicate compliment, and for any one to
refus^e these proffered finger bits would be deemed an almost un-
pardonable msult. No large dishes are placed upon the table,
nor are platters of meat served in large quantities ; each person
has each course separately set before him, that he may help him-
self to what he pleases.
I found a visit to the Cathedral on the Plaza, an interesting
visit after my breakfast in Lima. The interior is richly furnished,
but the most elaborate ornament is the shrine, which reaches
nearly to the roof of the building. It is made of gold, silver
and copper and is said to be valued, in weight, at about three
million dollars. The various images are also very rich affairs.
Descending into the cellar, our guide led us to the vault or tomb
where lie the bones of Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, and his
chief commander. Their remnants of silk robes are in rags,
and evidences are plain that many little strips have been taken
away as relics. We believe, but with some hesitancy, the state-
ment of our guide that the gowns, or what is left of them, are
the original ones in which the bodies were laid out ; but we
are not inclined to be too incredulous when we hand our guide
a sol (valued at about eighty cents), and he turns away his head
as we tear off a little strip from each as a relic, to remind us
liUU IN THE LAM) OF THE INCxlS.
that we have looked upon the bones of the famous conqueror
of Peru.
It is still fashionable to go on resurrection expeditions among
the ancient Inca ruins, to dig in the ancient burying grounds for
the nnimmies and the coins and other valuables entombed with
them. So, immediately after breakfast, I started with three
others, a doctor being one of our party. Of course, the latter's
taste naturally tended toward securing skulls, but the rest of us
wanted huacos (water-coolers) made of clay and of the most
unifjue and quaint designs, or perhaps specimens of some other
household utensils. Our research convinced us that the Incas
had the same mode of preserving their dead as did the ancient
Egyptians ; and in each grave were placed articles of decoration
as well as utensils required by the spirits to set up housekeeping
in the Happy Land.
Among the latter were water-pots or huacos. These are jars
made of clay in various shapes, mostly of idols, and in which
drinking water was kept and cooled by evaporation. Rings and
other ornaments of gold, silver and copper ; copper chips and
balls used as coins by the Incas ; cups and plates made of metals
and of the most quaint designs — these, together with strings of
beads and a great variety of other relics, we found in the ruins.
They lay in close proximity to perfect skulls and other bones, as
well as weapons of primitive warfare and other curiosities that
interest antiquarians nowadays. We found there were hundreds
of graves yet untouched. In fact any one can dig up all the
relics desired by simply hiring a couple of men and going out to
the ruins.
CHAPTER XIII.
LIMA.
THE fashionable
entertainment
in Peru is bull-bait-
ing. The best bull-
fights are to be seen
on the Dos de Mayo
(second of May), or
some other great
fete-day. Excepting
on these prime fete-
days, the bull is not
killed, as in Spain
and in Mexico, and
no horses are slaugh-
tered in the rintj;.
The animal is simply
teased and tortured to make a Liman holiday. The Plaza del
Toros, or Bull Amphitheater, is only a short distance from the
city on the Calle de Alcalda, and the street was alive with a
motley crowd of pedestrians and carriages all pushing forward
to witness the combat de toros (bull-fight).
It was like the main thoroughfare of a country village on a
muster-day. The dense mass of people present all the colors of
201
202 LIMA.
the rai)il)ow. The focus to which all are pressing is the entrance
to the amphitheater, and. the shouts of the assemblage crowding
to the entrance are as bewilderimi; as must have been the famous
tournament of tongues at Babel. Finally we make our way in
and obtain seats, and then — what a change ! The place is .sim-
ply a huge amphitheater, wdth seats running seven-eighths of the
circle and every one occupied. There is a continual murmur of
conversation in Spanish ; a clatter of fans, and thousands of
spirals of smoke from the cigarettes which the senors, the seiio-
ras and the senoritas are happily indulging in.
The expectation is intense, and all is excitement and impa-
tience. After an overture from the band, a trumpet blast is
heard. A breathless hush falls upon the assembly like a j)all.
A door opens and four mounted jyicadoj^es (the prickers) enter the
arena. They are dressed in fanciful colors and carry long lances.
Then follow the chohis. These are the real combatants. In
addition to their gay attire, they w^ear short silken cloaks of
many colors. After these come the ccqKidores, with long
magenta-colored scarfs with which they provoke or divert the
attention of the bulls.
The attention of the spectators is divided between the men
and the door through which the bull is expected to enter. The
trumpet again sounds, and a fierce young bull plunges into the
arena with distended nostrils, a snort and a bound. Then the
terrible battle for supremacy begins. The sight is indeed a thrill-
ing one ; and yet, after all, it is a game of cowards, although in
the disgusting spectacle that follows, the safety of the actors is
insured by a moderate degree of skill and a nimble pair of legs.
The bright colors worn by the 'picadores, chohis and capadores.
tend to anger the poor badgered beast and provoke attack. Sud-
oriQ
LIMA. 20
denly the bull devotes its attention to one of the capadores, who
stands a short distance away flaunting his scarf, and at once
down goes the great head and drives straight on him. The cap-
ador runs for his barrier, a section of a fence at the side of the
ring, and another capador a short distance from the side of the
bull flaunts his scarf and the bull drives him to his barrier.
Then follows a dash at the ^icac?or who drives a dart into
the bull's side. Sundry of these tormenting pricks sting the bull
to madness, the shouts of the spectators rend the air, and the
blood streams from the side of the wounded bull. Perhaps the
bull has been quick enough to transfix its horns into a horse's
belly, and the horse goes galloping across the arena with intes-
tines trailino- on the ground. The bull's attention is then diverted
by a picador waving his scarf, or a cholu may have blinded the
beast's eyes by throwing a cloak over its horns.
The air rings with the plaudits of the spectators, the trumpet
again sounds and a handerillero (he who sticks the poisoned dart
with colored ribbons into the neck of the bull) enters to give the
final thrust. He carries two darts, each with a harpoon point at
one end. K picador stands near the handerillero and waves his
scarf, and as the bull dashes towards him the handerillero thrusts
the darts into the bull's shoulders. Then a cholu hands two
more darts to the handerillero, wdiich are wound with paper
tubes containing detonating powder. These are speedily thrust
into the enraged bull's shoulders. Stung with agony the poor
animal rushes at everything that comes in its way. The detonat-
ing powder ignites and soon the bull is enveloped in a cloud of
smoke and fire from which issues a fusillade of explosions.
Then the trumpet again sounds and the matador, the star
actor of the fi2:ht, enters. He carries in one hand a long, narrow
204 LIMA.
rapier ; in the other is a short stick, to which is attached a small
colored flag. He is the cynosure of all eyes ; loud and wild
shouts of applause hail his appearance. Approaching the bull
he provokes it with the flag, and the silence is almost painful, as
he must show both daring and art in the final coup. Suddenly
there is a flash of steel in the air. Like a stroke of liohtnino:
the long rapier descends upon the bull, and is driven into its body
clear up to the hilt. The bull stops short, staggers a few steps,
then drops to its knees and the next instant rolls over, dead.
The enthusiasm is as wild as a tornado ; it rises and falls
in shouts upon shouts, and continues for several minutes. A
team of horses is driven in ; the dead bull is dragged out from
the ring, cut up and sold to such as are willing to buy bull beef.
I witnessed the slaughter of three other bulls and two horses,
and then the spectators departed for their homes.
The following day, at the invitation of the superintendent of
the Oroya Railroad, I enjoyed a flying trip from the wearisome
monotony of the changeless summer weather of Lima, to the
cooler summit of the Andes. Before noon I found myself at
San Bartolomge, forty-seven miles from Lima, and at an eleva-
tion of eight thousand feet above the level of the sea in the
bracing mountain air of the summit.
The trip was made on one of the most powerful locomotives
that w^as ever placed upon rails. Passing through the green val-
ley of the Rimac which winds like a silver ribbon down to the
sea, we thundered through ravines; over iron and stone bridges;
and around the precipices of great mountains, to the sides of
which still clung w^reaths of the morning mists. Above, the
pinnacles of rock rose cloudward. Still, we rushed on and ever
upward, dashing now and then through a tunnel into which a
THE PICADORES.
LIMA. 207
river had burst and was rushing noisily ; and then dashing out
into the sunshine again we crossed a bridge hung fully a hun-
dred feet above another torrent.
At some phices the railroad formed a letter S ; at another
point its shape was that of a horse-shoe ; now it took the form
of the letter Z, and at times these windings were so close to-
gether' that but a glimpse of sunshine was vouchsafed us before
we plunged into the hollow darkness. Arriving at San Bartojo-
ra^ at the end of a three hours' ride through this picture of
grandeur we disembarked and took breakfast. The breakfast-
hour in Peru is never earlier than eleven o'clock, and here
amid the peaks of the Andes we enjoyed a meal equal to one
we might have obtained at Delmonico's.
A siesta of an hour after breakfast, including; a smoke of one
of Henry Meiggs' dollar Havanns. and the exciting and perilous
downward trip to Lima began. We rode in a hand-car with one
of the engineers in charo-e. At the start the brakes were re-
lieved, our car was given a gentle push and on we sped at the
rate of twenty-five miles an hour, with sparks of fire flying from
between the rails and the wheels of our car till we reached
Chosica, midway back to Lima. Here we stopped for lunch.
Another rest of an hour after lunch and we resumed our trip
homeward down the inclined plane, along the valley of the
Rimac and passing several beautiful haciendas.
Near one of those picturesque plantations, in a little meadow
enclosed by white palings, rises a simple mausoleum of brick,
where lie the remains of •■Prince Harry," as Henry Meiggs was
known by the Peruvians. The magnificent mountains, whose
ravines he had spanned, were in full sight in all their grandeur,
and the murmur of the train as it speeds along on the road he
208 . LliMA.
imniortalized seems to beat the long roll as it passes the mound
that marks his last resting-place. Within that brick mausoleum
lies the coffin that incloses all that was mortal of the man who,
exiled from his native land because of wrong-doing in California
through which man}^ creditors suffered, was yet able in due time '
to atone for the disaster he had caused and make good the losses
of those who had suffered. I know that he often wished that
he might return if only for a visit to his native land, and I be-
lieve that it was proposed by the California legislature to relieve
him from the ban under which he lived an exile. But it failed
to do him the justice he deserved or to recognize that he had
rio'hted his wrono;s.
Without other mishap than the killing of a llama that had
imprudently attempted to cross the track ahead of us, Ave sped
rapidly downward with the natural force of gravity, and even
that was held in constant check by the brakes. Lima was
reached in forty minutes from Chosica, and we soon sought re-
freshment for our weary limbs after partaking of the hospitali-
ties of Henry Meiggs, Jr.
Although our stay at Lima was a continuous round of enter-
tainment and festivities I was not sorry when the time was set
for us to leave. It was early on a Wednesday morning that the
mooring; shackles were loosened, the anchors weio-hed, and the
engines were started to take us out of harbor on the way to the
" Ciudad Principal," the leading city of Chili, Valparaiso.
The " spirit of economy " of the Navy Department having
decreed that the Government vessels shall not proceed under
steam, except in cases of emergency, after making a good offing
the fires were hauled, the vessel put under sail and the propeller
was hoisted. This gives but slow progress on the Pacific where
LIMA. 209
the winds are harcll}' sufficient to give us more than steerage
way, and we were thirty days making the run to Valparaiso.
The day before reaching the harbor of Valparaiso we sighted
the island of Juan Fernandez, sacred to the memory of Robin-
son Crusoe, and " his man Friday, who kept things tidy and
listened to the yarns his master told." Our captain concluded
to run in close enough and to permit some of us to go ashore
for an hour just to revive the memories of our boyhood days
when we had sat up nights and with the aid of a bottle of liirht-
ning bugs had read chapter after chapter of Crusoe's marvelous
experiences. Does the boy live, wherever the English tongue is
spoken, who has not read a description of this island and pored
over the tale of the famous castaway ? It is onl}' necessary to
say that Daniel Defoe, or whoever wrote the book, must have
studied the place with great attention, or had the island created
to suit the picture he gave to it.
The little harbor is there, with its rocks and its coves, its
nooks and its crannies, just as it was when Robinson Crusoe be-
came an involuntary inhabitant of the island. The cave in which
he, with Friday and the animals, lived during the rainy season is
in good order still ; and the cliffs, up which he and Friday used
to chase the mountain o-oats, have not been removed bv earth-
quake or tidal wave. The goats are there, and so are the arma-
dillos ; the birds of wonderful plumage still remain, and the
crawfish mav still be seen amonu" the rocks. I venture to sav
that every bov in the United States who has read the storv could
go all over the place and feel afterwards that everj'thing re-
mained — except Crusoe and the faithful Friday.
The island now belongs to Chili, and is leased to a cattle
company which has from thirty thousand to fift}- thousand head
210 LniA.
of cattle and as many more sheep grazing over the hills. R.
Crusoe, Esq. , were he alive would find plenty of associates there,
for it is inhaljited l»y half a hundred people — ranchmen with
their families under the supervision of a Frenchman. Besides
the stock, they raise poultry, and ship chickens and eggs and
vegetables also to the Valparaiso markets. There is also a large
cpiantity of excellent timber on the island, and no one goes there
without bringing awa}^ a cane or two as mementos. The interest
in Robinson Crusoe is much stimulated by those who come this
way.
It is difficult for others to appreciate as did we the fact that
we were so near a port where we could obtain fresh provisions.
It was on June 23, and we had been seventeen days at sea when
the ward-room mess extended its courtesies to our executive
officer, Lieutenant Commander Francis Morris (since dead) in
honor of his birthday. It could not be expected that after being
so long at sea a sumptuous and delectable meal, a la Delmonico,
could be served, but our steward, ever ready and competent in
any emergency, more than exceeded our anticipations. Our first
course was oyster soup ; second course, canned salmon ; third
course, canned beef, sausage, canned chicken, mashed potatoes,
bread and butter, and last, plum pudding and black coffee. It
was a feast fit for — well, for those who love "a life on the ocean
wave."
But a life on the ocean wave is not of the sentimental expe-
rience that some may suppose. The day previous to sighting
San Juan Fernandez, the falling barometer, the wind coming out
from the northwest, and the overcast sky, gave sufiicient warn-
inij" that we were to have some nasty weather. It be^ran to blow
scood and stiff soon after sundown, and at 10 P. m. was blowimj'
LIMA.
211
a ffoocl a:ale with ca bio; sea. The vessel was bove-to before
midnight under a close-reefed foretop-sail and a storm stay-sail.
Then the ship began to show some of her best points in rolling
" EASE HER OFF, BLOCKLINGF.R ! "
and did it successfully. The masts and timbers creaked and
groaned, the dishes and bottles were tossed about the ward-
room and pantry at every lurch, and the loose articles of furni-
ture chased each other about the deck.
212 LIMA.
Every room sliowed signs of sad havoc to clothes, books,
cards, pictures, etc., all lying in a confused mass upon their
floors. Then came the welcome intelligence that the officer
of the deck had just brought the vessel up a point to the sea
to steady her ; but either he or the sea had made a mistake,
for the ship gave one of her worst lunges and longest rolls —
and her movements were all extremely bad — and chairs and
tables, books and pictures and crockery broke loose once more
and began their perambulations about the ward-room. Before
the table was secured it went to pieces and one of the leaves
landed in my berth. Then a simultaneous shout was raised :
" Ease her off that point, Blocklinger ! " And so it went on
all that nii^ht and the next dav.
We arrived and anchored in the harbor of Valparaiso on the
Fourth of Julv, and we almost foro'ot that we were not at home.
The day was enthusiastically celebrated by the American resi-
dents ; the fireworks were elaborate, and the absence of the nois}^
firecrackers was thankfully noticeable.
Valparaiso, or, in English, " Paradise Vale," has been so
named not because it is a valley, nor does it come up to man's
idea of Eden. It is a city with a fine bay, which the people
compare to that of Naples, and to which, indeed, it would bear
some resemblance if it had Vesuvius on one side, the ridge of
Posilippo and the shore of Mergellina on the other. There is no
place on the sea, as we all know, in which ingenious minds do
not manage to trace some likeness to the famous Campanian
Bay. Many are the times when in sight of Sandy Hook, and the
Highlands of Navesink. and Lon^ Island, a strancrer is asked
whether the entrance of New York Harbor does not suggest the
view from Cape Miseno.
LIMA. 213
Valparaiso may be well content with being like itself. Be-
hind a spacious quay, and along the few yards of level between the
Ijluffs and knolls that rise almost perpendicularly over the town,
and the water edge, there run all along the bay two parallel
streets, two or three miles in length. And here are the shops
and warehouses, the hotels, the banks, and all other buildings
connected with trade or government business. These thorough-
fares are w^ell paved, have excellent sidewalks, are provided with
good Yankee horse-cars, and have a general air of comfort and
luxury.
Most of the business men, especially the Americans and
English, reside with their families ni the 23retty garden-houses
or villas with which the overhanging hills are studded, many of
them perched on the brow of perpendicular cliffs, propped up and
only accessible through winding paths and long and weary flights
of steps.
The mountains that sweep around the bay are arid and dusty,
for the coast here, as every where further north, is a thirsty,
burnt-up region. But so wonderful is the purity of the air that
on a fine morning or evening, as you look towards the northeast
across the bay and over the masts of the shipping, you see the
huge masses of the Cordilleras rearing themselves above the
landscape. In the rear of all. looms up the snowy range of
Aconcagua, at a distance of at least a hundred miles, and at a
heiu'ht six or seven times that of Vesuvius.
No seaport in the Old or New World is entitled to higher
praise for cleanliness, order and decency, than is Valparaiso. It
is a Spanish-American city. The French keep the hotels ; the
Americans, English and Germans run the banking-houses ; and the
Italians, chiefly Genoese, have the general minor trade. The latter
214 LIMA.
coiLstitute, here as at Lima, a thriving colony of petty shop-keepers.
Tlie Italian colonj' in Valparaiso is, however, not so numerous as
the one at Lima, nor is it by any means the largest in Chili.
\^ilparaiso is a •• white men's town." Here is to be seen less of
that endless muster of clingy complexions, made up of African or
Asiatic t^'pes, which saddens a traveler as he cruises among the
West Lidies. as he lands at the Isthmus, or proceeds along the
Colombian. Ecuadorian and Peruvian coasts. In Chili if this
does not altogether cease it at least becomes less obtrusive and
less offensive.
In the winter season Valparaiso is quite animated and fash-
ionable from the influx of a large portion of the population of
Santiago, who come here from that seat of government in quest
of fresh air and '' city society." Theatrical performances, circus
amusements, and the elite of metropolitan and provincial society
are then in town, and lend a fresh charm to the home circles,
among which female beauty both of the dazzling fair and the
piquant brunette type is at no time deficient.
The women of Chili are not so pretty as are their sisters of
Peru, but they are fair nevertheless. They are generally larger
in figure and feature, and have not the dainty feet and supple
grace of the Liman belles. Half the ladies are of the Saxon
type, and blonde hair looks very graceful where for months one
has seen nothino- but midnio;ht tresses. Modern costumes are
worn here more generally than in other sections of South Amer-
ica, and Paris bonnets are plentiful in all of the shops. But the
fascinatino- lace-trimmed black mantua is so common as to be
considered the costume of the country. It is becoming to al-
most everybody as it hides the defects of homely forms and
figures, and heightens the grace and beauty of those already
LIMA.
215
attractive. The maiitua makes an old woman look young and
coquettish ; a stout woman is made to look more slender and
graceful, and a slender person is made fascinating by it.
Here and there may be seen women with white flannel skirts
and black mantuas. These are penitents — well-intentioned
THRESHING IN CHILI.
women, who have taken some holy vow to get a measure nearer
Heaven, and who hover about the churches and sit for hours
saying prayers before some saint or crucifix, looking at nothing
and recognizing no one — an advertisement of penitence. Even
the wives of bankers and of merchants wander about clothed in
216 LIMA.
penitential rol^es, giving notice to the world that they have
sinned. And those souls that cannot be purged by this method
of advertising their acts of wrong-doing retire to a convent where
they scourge themselves with whi[)s, mortify the flesh with sack-
cloth and feed themselves upon mouldy crusts.
It is seldom that you find men among the penitents, and the
largest numbers nuiy always be observed after the society or
carnival season, or at the end of the summer when people return
from the fashionable resorts. At the beiifinnino; of Lent these
places are full. Those whose sins are too great to be washed
out by this process are sent to a House of Refuge, or a reforma-
tory. It was from one of these convents that "' Prince Harrj' "
Meiggs, got his second wife.
The whole Chilian territory, though more extensive than that
of Italy and the Italian islands, is barely one-third that of either
Peru or Bolivia ; and, unlike that of those two other States, it
all lies between the Cordillera of the Andes and the Pacific
Ocean, and owns not one single inch of that '• Montana," or east-
ern slope of the mountains which might supply boundless re-
sources of agricultural wealth to Peru and Bolivia. The Chil-
ians, as a matter of course, flatter themselves that the wealth
accruino; to them from the nitrate districts will never have for
them the demoralizinor effects that it had for Peru.
Chili became, from an early period, a thriving agricultural
community, making more of what she had on one side of the
Andes than Peru was able to get out of her boundless possessions
on both sides. The trans-Andine districts of Peru could be of
little or no practical use till that country had established a thor-
ousfh communication between her western and eastern watersheds.
The railways intended to open that intercourse exhausted the
LIMA. 217
Peruvian treasury, and they are yet and will probably remain
for years to come unfinished ; and. in so far, inefficient and un-
productive, if not doomed to perish. The heavy outlay occa-
sioned by those transversal lines has left nothing for the con-
struction of lonyjitudinal lines. These mig-ht and should have
favored the intercourse between the hundred valleys on the
Pacific side, both along the coast and, what was more important,
throusfhout the interior.
With better judgment or better fortune. Chili, having no
lands and no object to pursue across the Andes, turned all her
energies to her own, the western, side of those mountains and
scored it with useful and productive lines of longitudinal rail-
ways, one of which has a length of one hundred and fifteen
miles.
CHAPTER XIV.
AROUND THE HORN
N
OT until I had made a
long anticipated trip to
Santiago, the capital city of
the Chilian Republic, did we
bid farewell to Valparaiso.
I found the climate of the
Chilian capital much like
that of Washington, where
sometimes to feel the grate-
ful warmth of a fire is not
uncomfortable. There is
however an absurd notion among Chilians that fires in houses
are not healthful, hence the people spend a portion of the year
in a perpetual shiver, and a portion in perpetual perspiration.
July and August, it must be remembered, are mid-winter
months of South America. Nothing can convince a Chilian
that artificial heat is not danojerous to health, and durino- the
winter, which is also the rainy season, he depends upon heavy-
wraps to keep him warm or in anything approaching comfort.
Santiago, like Valparaiso, has its finest shops in the arcade,
or portales. They are brilliantly lighted every night till mid-
night. The shops are full of the most attractive goods, the
most expensive diamonds, jewelry and laces ; and it is a favorite
218
AROUND THE HORN. 219
boast that evervtbino; that can be found in New York or Paris
can be purchased in Santiago. Between eight and ten o'clock
at night, the shops are crowded with beautiful ladies, and as
there always seems to be plenty of money in Chili, and the peo-
ple have refined tastes and luxurious habits, the trade must be
continuous and large.
Many of the private residences are palatial in size and equip-
ment, and the toilets of the women are superb. The equipages
are equal to those seen in either New York, London or Madrid,
and on pleasant afternoons the alameda or public drive is a grand
and animated panorama. The alameda is about six hundred feet
wide and stretches its full length, a distance of four miles, across
the city, extending from Santa Lucia to the Exposition Park and
Horticultural Gardens. In the middle of the alameda is a grand
promenade, while on either side is the roadway a hundred feet
wide. The promenade is lined with statues representing famous
men, or commemorating historic events in the career of Chili.
Military bands, placed at intervals of a mile or so along the ala-
meda, play every afternoon or evening.
Fronting the alameda are the finest palaces in the city, magni-
ficent dwellings of carved sandstone, between one and two hundred
feet square. Residences which cost five hundred thousand dollars
to build and a quarter of a million dollars to furnish are common,
and there are several which cost much more. One of the most
conspicuous examples of extravagance in Chili is the former resi-
dence of Henry Meiggs. It was occupied by him before he went
to Peru. It stands in the center of a block eight hundred feet
square, surrounded by a forest of foliage and a beautiful garden,
and cost a mint of money. Every timber, brick and tile in it
was imported at an immense expense.
220 AROUND THE HORN.
xVnother fanioiisly expensive residence, is a magnificent struC'
tiire modelled after a Turkish palace. It was built by an Irish
adventurer, named O'Brien, who discovered one of the richest
silver mines in Chili, and lived like a prince till his money was
all gone. At the time of our visit, O'Brien was said to be
again in the mountains building up another fortune. Tn the
courtyard of the post-office grounds one is surprised at being con-
fronted with marble statues of Washington and Lincoln.
Santiago is a handsome city, but blue jackets like us, who
must roam over the w^orld to protect what there is left of the
American commerce, and the other interests of the country, are
not privileged to stop a long time anywhere. Our movements
are controlled by the Secretary of the Navy, and as our ship was
our house we returned to it, and the following day set sail from
delightful Valparaiso.
An interesting trip was before us. Our captain informed us
that our orders were to go down through Smyth's Channel, a
tortuous route with narrow channels, attended with more or less
danger, and seldom traversed by large vessels. I do not recall
that any American vessel ever navigated it before, excepting the
steamer Hassler, in 1872, upon which the late Professor Agassiz
made his famous fishins; tour around the world when he g-ath-
ered specimens of the finny tribe and studied the origin, forma-
tion and disposition of the glaciers.
"We had been eighteen days at sea when we sighted Cape
Tres Montes ( Three Mountains ). This name is taken from the
three high peaks on the point of land that here juts out from
the coast. It stands at the entrance to Smyth's Channel. The
first few days after leaving Valparaiso, we had a succession of
calms, and the observations on the seventh day at sea put us only
AROUND THE IIOllN.
221
about a hundred miles to the southward. Then we had a terrifie
gale, and with heavy seas the vessel rolled unmercifully and
made life in Neptune's arms scarcely worth the living. The
sighting of Cape Tres Montes was therefore a welcome deliver-
ance, for we at once raised steam and made for harbor. Before
1=-* /
jiirfcfe',r
:,i'-
^^'^\^
*5
SANTIAGO.
night we were lying quietly at anchor in the Harbor of Port
Otwav.
What a relief to have an all-night's sleep without the fear of
being thrown from your berth by the lurching of the ship, and
with the privilege of being able to cook breakfast in the morning
and eating it in a civilized way. The following morning we
weighed anchor and, steaming across the Gulf of Peiias, entered
the mouth of the Channel. My first impression of this notable
222 AROUND THE HORN.
passage-way was certainly favorable. It was a winding channel,
the glassy sniootlmess of which was only broken by the splashing
of " steamer " ducks and other inland seabirds. On the main
shore, not far from the beach, I observed a quietly browsing herd
of guanacos, the Patagonian sheep fi'om whose wool many of
our finest sleioh-robes are made.
We had already carefully studied our charts, and had become
convinced that our journey through this narrow and tortuous
channel was not to be absolutely free from danger or of easy
navigation ; that it must be made in daylight only ; and as the
safe anchorages are from twenty-five to seventy-five miles apart,
that, on some days, we could hope to travel the shorter distances
only, owing to the fact that the next anchorage might be at too
great a distance to be reached before dark on the same day.
It had been our captain's intention to make his first anchor-
age within a quiet little harbor known as Hail Cove, but circum-
stances prevented. It was now August 1, by the calendar, and
the first day of the last of the summer months in the Northern
Hemisphere ; but, in this latitude, we were deeply impressed
with the truth of its being mid-winter on the coast of Patagonia.
The tops and sides of the mountains were covered with snow,
and there was a cold drizzling rain with now and then an inter-
ruption of sleet and hail. It was at this point that we really left
the Pacific Ocean and entered the channel.
Passing; Sombrero Island we crossed Tarn Bav, and then
sighted Hail Cove. We pushed on through a narrow and dan-
gerous portion of the channel expecting to reach Island Harbor
before sundown. Our progress, however, was aggravatingly slow
because of the corroded condition of our old boilers which made
it next to impossible to generate steam enough to more than keep
AROUND THE HORN. 223
the enci'ines running^. Darkness was comino- on. We could not
return to Hail Cove with safety, and it was dangerous to go on
to Island Harbor. So we simply kept the engines turning over
to stem the current, and held our position abreast of a high
peak, an excellent landmark.
^yith such treacherous weather as we had, it was a long and
tedious night Daylight was welcomed as it seemed to me I had
never welcomed it before. The boilers were in such a worn-out
condition, having been in continuous and hard service during and
since the Civil War, that I feared they might really give out
before we could make harbor, so I stood watch in the engine-
room all night in order to see that the pressure of steam was
not permitted to fluctuate. When day began to break we pushed
on towards Island Harbor.
Here we remamed at anchor for nearly twenty-four hours,
strengthening b}' patches some of the weakest spots of the boil-
ers. Not a ripple disturbed the placid surface of the water and
the landscape and waterscape made a spectacle of grandeur. In the
background were high, undulating plains or plateaus, frequently
intersected by valleys and ravines, or rising into successive or
isolated mountains, many of the latter of volcanic origin. The
peaks, and sides of the mountains, were covered with snow ; in
some of the ravines were huge expanses of glacier, and in others
cascades of silvery waters; at the foot or base of the mountains
appeared only a sparse vegetation of stunted bushes, and round
thistle clumps.
The wind in piercing and howling blasts swept almost inces-
santly from various quarters. We were thankful enough that
we were not being: tossed about at the mercv of the ancrry seas
outside, for in this latitude the old Pacific belies its name. At
991
AROUND THE HORN.
frequent intervals we espied three or four guanacos bounding
over the phiteaus ; along the edge of the channel were seals and
sea-otters ; and now and then a sea-lion, whose barkings were any-
thing but musical, would bob up his head. At daylight the next
morning under a light pressure of steam we started upon an-
IN SMYTH S CHANNEL.
other stretch, hoping to reach Gray Harbor, fifty-four miles dis-
tant.
Upon arriving abreast of Connor's Cove, however, a distance
of only twenty-six miles, it seemed best to anchor here to make
repairs to the boilers. There is nothing really attractive about
Connor's Cove, unless it be the mountains at either side. They
are of immense proportions and make this spot the safest and
most quiet harbor in the channel.
At one point, a few miles before reaching Connor's Cove. T
PENGLIXS.
AROUXD THE TIOIJX. 225
noted a strange rock formation. A bare rock, in outline mneli
like that of Anthony's Nose on the Hudson River, opened to
view and as we approached it the profile bore a marked resem-
blance to the facial outlines of the immortal Washing-ton. It
was nearly perfect in lines and proportion. Before again leav-
ing- harbor I went ashore to orather ferns and shoot g-ame. We
were successful in the former only for no game was to be seen.
By daylight the following morning w^e were ready to proceed
intending to stop at Gray Harbor, but, upon reaching that point
several hours of daylight were still left to us, and we concluded
to push on through the English Narrows.
This point is the great bugbear to navigators of Smyth's
Channel. A strong six-knots current runs through here, and at
one half-mile stretch of the ten-mile run there is hardly room
enoug-h for a vessel of our size to pass throug-h without g-etting;
dangerously near to one shore or the other. We could jump
from either side of the vessel to the shore, and the overhanging
branches of the trees along the banks swept against our boats
at the davits. The captain and navigator were forward direct-
ing the movements of the vessel ; two of the quartermasters
were in the " chains " on either side and alternating in getting
rapid casts of the lead ; two quartermasters were at the helm,
to respond quickly to the orders ; the engineer was at the valves
of the engines, and every other officer and man was at his post
ready to act under instructions in case of emergency.
It was an anxious twenty minutes for every person on the
vessel. Not the slightest accident occurred, however, and after
the great danger was passed the navigator dropped his hands and
uttered with great relief and satisfaction a fervent " Thank
God ! " The look of anxiety lifted from tlie captain's face, and
226 AHUUM) THE IIOKX.
he expressed his coiigratuhitions to both officers and crew for
their unswerving attention and fidelity to their duties. At four
o'clock in the afternoon we encountered the first ice. It was a
large iloe and several small bergs. Fifteen minutes later we
anchored in Eden Harbor.
Here the space was too limited for the ship to swing in safety,
and as we did not care to leave the ship on the rocks a hawser
was run from the stern and made fast to a large tree on the
shore. There were ducks, penguins and seals in abundance.
The scenery about us was grand in the extreme — the mountain
tops heavily capped with a snowy mantle ; great high cascades,
the fall of whose silvery waters gave forth a roar in their descent
like showers of heavy rain ; while the beautiful contrast between
a great glacier in a ravine on the right, and the trees that grew
at the water-side furnished a striking foreground for our picture.
At times the shores were shut in from view by heavy snow-
squalls, the flakes so large as to resemble showers of feathers.
The main-land for a stretch of a mile or more is a bold massive
rock, whose side is almost perpendicular and with an altitude of
about two thousand feet above the level of the sea. The follow-
ing morning, bright and early, w^e started on another day's jour-
ney of fifty-six miles to Puerto Bueno (Good Port). When off
Topar Island, looking through Trinidad Channel, we could see the
turbulent Pacific with its seas running almost mountain hioh.
From Puerto Bueno we made a journey of twenty miles only to
Mayne Harbor.
After making some more necessary repairs to the boilers —
putting on twenty-two soft patches — I went on shore with a
half-dozen other officers to gather ferns and mussels. The latter
were easilv secured and there was an abundance of them. The
AROUND THE HORN. 229
largest of them grew on the rocks under the water, but it was
too cold to encourage the dij^ping or plunging an arm's length
below the surface to s:et them. We were also fortunate enoug^h
to shoot a few ducks, and we saw large flocks of " steamer "
ducks, which derive their name from their peculiarity in flying,
or rather in propelling themselves, for they do not fly. They
move rapidly along above the surface of the water by a paddling
motion of their wino-s. leavinoj a wake of foam which resembles,
on a small scale, that of a paddle steamer. Our shoot of game
furnished us a dinner and breakfast of fresh meat, and our mus-
sels served as a palatable first course.
Our next day's run was to Isthmus Bay. This was to be our
last anchorage in Smyth's Channel. A heavy August snow-
storm set in soon after starting, but when it ceased what a grand
view set up before us ! Long ranges of mountains from thirteen
hundred to five thousand feet in height, clothed in snow with
here and there great patches of green foliage, gave us another
striking picture. In a few hours we rounded Cape Tamar.
Here we left Smyth's Channel ; here we gave our last look
upon the Pacific and bade it " Good-bye ! " Just before reaching
this point we obtained a good view of the '• Hassler Glacier," in
Glacier Bay, named by Professor Agassiz when he was here in
1872 on the Hassler. It has probably existed thousands of
years, being added to by the snows, and as it has drifted
towards the water has broken oft' into small bergs. We also saw
several sea-lions whose barkings were hideous. We also sighted
the English steamer Ariel on her way to Valparaiso through
Magellan's Strait. Here was an always welcome opportunity to
send letters home. So speaking the Ariel we hurriedly made up
a mail, went throna:h all the sea-courtesies of an ocean acquaint-
230 AROUND THE HORN.
anceship and sent our messages for home on board tlie English
steamer.
At noon we passed Cape Forward, which is the southernmost
point of South America. At this point we changed om- course
east-northeast towards the boisterous and inhospitable Atlantic,
sailing through the Straits of Magellan.
Grand pictures often opened up to view. The land on our
left was of undulating slopes of grassy-looking land, with high,
bold mountains, their peaks towering above the clouds that gave
a backo-round. Glaciers were to be seen in the fiords of the
main-land, and we had opportunities for studying fine examples
of complete and incomplete glaciers, exhibiting in all their gran-
deur that wonderful denuding power which these ponderous
masses of ice exercise as they move over their rocky beds.
We stopped once or twice during the day to do a little pros-
pecting on the shore, where we examined the billets of wood
which, nailed upon the trees, recorded the dates of passage of
other vessels at that point. Billets such as these have sometimes
recorded instances of shipwreck and the suffering of castaways,
which succor mio-ht have relieved had it but been at hand.
About four o'clock in the afternoon we reached Playa Parda
Cove, a beautiful land-locked basin. Here, as at other points in
the straits, we found little billets of wood fastened to the trees
bordering the shore, and recording the visits of other explorers
to these uninhabitable regions. There was also a small box, into
which letters are frequently deposited from passing vessels to be
collected by the mail steamers passing through. Availing our-
selves of this ocean post-office we left a few letters here ad-
dressed to our wives or sweethearts. These missives reached
their destinations months before our arrival home.
AROUND THE HORN. 231
The steamer clucks, which we here found in large numbers,
would occasionally fly out from their retreats and cackle vigor-
ously as they paddled over the water. As they strung out to the
seaward, flapping their wings in imison, there was a sort of
wabble in their swimming motion arising from the alternate
paddling of their feet. The hills here seem to be more lofty
than in any other part of the straits, for they are very narrow,
widening perceptibly as we travel towards the Atlantic, thus giv-
ing to the scenery a most imposing character. In the bushes, a
little back from the beach, I stumbled across a rudely built coffln,
the inscription telling me that it contained the remains of a
young oflicer of the Chilian frigate Almirante Cochrane. There
were numerous foxes and rabbits to be seen, but they traveled
faster than our shots, and not being able to shoot any I returned
on board.
CHAPTER XV.
nOMEWAED BOUND.
.vJ
N the following; mornina: as
we were just about weigh-
ing anchor to proceed to
the Chilian convict settle-
ment, known as Sandy
Point, two Fuegian canoes
were observed approaching
our vessel, the natives in
them screeching at the top
of their voices " Galleta
tabac " (biscuit and to-
bacco). A green branch was stuck in the bows of each canoe,
and in the leading boat stood a native waving a piece of white
cloth intended as a flag of truce.
We responded amicably to their vociferous shouting, and the
natives slowly but warily approached us. These were not the
first Fuegians that we had seen, but they were the first we had
opportunity of communicating with.
There were eight of the natives, in addition to five dosrs, the
latter being by far the most respectable portion of our native
visitors. A more diabolical cast of countenance than that pre-
sented by the savages, for such they really were, would be diffi-
cult to imagine. All were naked, with the exception of a very
232
HOMEWARD BOUND. 233
narrow waist-cloth and a .square scrap of seal-skin that covered
their shoulders, neither of which offered but little protection
from the freezing atmosphere.
On a mat of sea-weed, in the stern of the boat, sat a woe-
begone creature of a woman steering the boat; on the bottom
sat two black little youngsters, as naked as when they were
ushered into the world, with big chunks of ice in such close
proximity as to suggest that the pickaninnies might be warming
themselves by them. These natives in their guttural jargon
could only articulate in language to be understood, " Galleta
tabac ! " and then point to the chunks of ice, suggesting a desire
to exchange. We gave them biscuit and tobacco, and one of the
sailors took compassion on the woman and gave her a pair of
discarded trousers and a "jumper " (blue sailor's shu^t). One of
the natives, with a freak of selfishness peculiar to some men, im-
mediately donned them and an hour after they left the ship re-
turned and begged for more. Concluding to 'defer continuing
our journey till next day, we cordially extended the hospitalities
of the Navy Department to our native visitors who scrambled on
board and gave us an opportunity of studying their features.
My observations led me to believe that these inhabitants of
Patagonia bear away the palm as among the most primitive of
all the varieties of the human species. They lead a wandering
life, constantly shifting in their canoes from place to place, and
traveling in families of from eight to a dozen, all of whom stow
themselves away in the same canoe and sleep in the same hut.
They live almost entirely upon mussels and limpets ; this simple
fare being varied occasionally after the capture of a seal, an
otter, or a guanaco. During December and January the natives
have an abundance of seal meat.
234:
lIOMhnVAUI) IJOUND.
Those who came on board were similar to all of the Fuegians.
They were of low stature, the men averaging only about five
feet ill height. Their complexion is of an ochery or copper
color ; their heads are large, with broad prominent cheek bones ;
they have large and wild-looking eyes, dark and placed close to-
gether : large mouths and beautiful teeth ; their limbs are long
and bony, their shoulders and chests of good proportion. Their
NATIVES OF TERRA DEL KUEGO.
hair is black and coarse, but they wear no beard, excepting a
few straggling hairs on lip and chin. In spite of the fact that
they were almost naked, I discovered that they were sensible to
the cold, and I frequently observed their teeth chattering and
their bodies shivering from head to foot as the snow or rain
pelted over their unprotected skins. Each of the men carried
HOMEWARD BOUND. 235
two spears, similar to those used by the Esquimaux. One is for
fishing and the other for sealing.
While in the cabin the natives chanced to look in the mirror
and saw for the first time the reflection of their own faces. At
once they exhibited such an inexpressible look of astonishment,
that one could not tell whether they were pleased or disappointed
with their features. But as there seem to be no degrees of
beauty among the Fuegians it is hardly possible that there is
any divided opinion among them as to one being handsomer
than another. They carried on an incessant and unintelligible
jargon which soon grew monotonous. Some brandy was offered
to them which one of their number tasted and spat out, where-
upon the others deliberately emptied their glasses upon the cabin
carpet. And yet there is no temperance society in Terra del
Fuego.
Soon afterward they left the ship, and then in company of
four or five of our officers I followed and landed near the same
spot where the natives beached their boat, ^yalking back into
the bush we were met by the native men, each armed with a
bludgeon, and wearing upon their faces such a determinedly re-
pidsive look that we could see we were not welcome. They
were inclined to obstruct our approach to their little huts, into
which the women had been taken and jealously shut up. The
question was : What strategy could we devise to unbend their
oppositions ? Bribery ? Yes, a few biscuits and pieces of tobacco
won their esteem and we were then conducted to the huts and
permitted to examine them and the canoes.
The latter were made of roughly hewn planks, the bottom
ones being turned up at each end so as to form a flat bow and
stern. The planks were secured by lacings of a creeper vine,
236 HOMEWARD BOUND.
such as is seen to clinib around the trunks of trees. The seams
were caulked with strings of bark ; the oars, or paddles, were
rude pieces of wood. On the bottom of the canoe that I exam-
ined was a small fire resting on a bed of clay, and near it lay a
large piece of seal blubber.
The hut, in which the women had been imprisoned, was
shaped like a haycock, its skeleton frame being made of the
bou(»:hs of vouno; trees, over which were thrown the skins of
sea-lions. The interior was bare of furniture, not even the trou-
sers and shirt given by one of the sailors being anywhere in
sight. And it was the most forbidding human covering that one
could imatrine. The features of the women were much like
those of the men, and there was little difference in the stature as
compared with the sturdy members of the family. Our curiosity
was speedily satisfied and we returned to our ship.
On the following morning we weighed anchor and proceeded
to Punta Arenas (Sandy Point). This is an interesting Chilian
settlement, and was established in 1843. Our run here was de-
lightfully entertaining, both with the grandeur of scenery, the
schools of seals, the barking sea-lions and the large flocks of
steamer ducks which we passed. The long ranges of mountains
on both shores present an imposing sight, those on the Patago-
nian side being the grandest. The highest mountains are es-
timated to reach an altitude of seven thousand to eio;ht thousand
feet; but, as they are covered with an almost perpetual haze or
mist, their peaks are seldom seen. The highest and most impos-
ing of the Patagonian peaks is Sarmiento, which seems to rise
abruptly from the water at its foot. The landscape panorama
was relieved from all possible monotony by numerous blue-tinted
glaciers.
HOMEWARD BOUND. 237
The town of Sandy Point is interesting because it is the only
settlement on the Straits of Magellan. It is the southernmost
settlement of the world, and, excepting our ship village, was the
first sign of civilization we had seen since leaving Valparaiso.
It is about midway between the southernmost city (Valparaiso)
on the west coast, and the southernmost city (Buenos Ayres) on
the east coast of South America. The town comprises between
two and three hundred houses, which shelter from the intermit-
tent, m fact, almost ceaseless storms, a community of perhaps a
thousand people. These represent all sorts and conditions of
men — for there are few women — from the Digger Indian to
the f)ure Caucasian. There are convicts, traders, deserters and
shipwrecked sailors ; Chilians, Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards,
French, wandering Jews, and those of other types and tongues.
English or Chilian (Spanish) is most generally spoken, but an
interpreter for any language, excepting Fuegian and Esquimau,
mav be found here without s^reat search.
J o
The Chilian Government deserves great credit for its perse-
verance in maintaining a settlement in this wild region, notwith-
standing the sad fate of the colony which was established by Sar-
miento in 1850 in a sma.ll bay westward of Sandy Point, which
he named Bahia del Gente (Bay of the People). Eight years
later Sarmiento returned to find that the colonists had perished
from starvation. After that the bay was named and it has since
been called Port Famine. Merchant steamers and war vessels,
including the two lines of Pacific coast mail steamers running to
Europe, avail themselves of the safer and shorter route through
the straits from ocean to ocean ; and, as all of these vessels
touch at Sandy Point, the colonists are kept in comparatively
frequent communication with other parts of the civilized world.
238 HOMEWARD BOUND.
For several years Sandy Point was a penal colony, with a
small garrison guarding it ; but, after the mutiny which occurred
among the convicts and exiles in 1877, when a greater portion
of it was burned to the ground. Chili ceased sending her convicts
there. They were employed in working the coal mines.
In the only half-dozen hours of quiet weather which we were
fortunate to have, we here took on board a hundred tons of coal.
Southerly winds prevail which always cause a heavy surf to
break along the shore, and, as there is no breakwater to protect
the boats from being swamped in attempting to go ashore, com-
munication with the town is dangerous so long as these winds
continue.
Wherever they visit tourists always display an appetite for
curios. So here we satiated ours. We bought sea-lion tusks,
ostrich feathers, guanaco skins, serpent skins, armadillo tails,
ostrich ruiJS made from the breasts of the voung birds and as
soft as down, and with plumage more beautiful than that of the
eider duck of Greenland. Ostriches are not bred here as in
South Africa, but run wild and seem to be dying out. They are
hunted by the natives, who, at a distance of two and three hun-
dred yards, dexterously lasso them with a bola (two heavy balls
on the end of a long rope). The hola revolves in the air, and,
upon striking the bird, the momentum it has attained causes the
rope to coil about the bird's neck or legs, crippling or tripping it.
The following morning we got under way intending to go
right out and challenge the blustering Atlantic, but a blinding
snow-storm caused us to seek shelter under the lee of Cape Greg-
ory where we anchored till the next day. Our anchor had hardly
touched bottom than a canoe with a half-dozen Fuegians came
alongside and greeted us with the now familiar plaint, " Galleta
HOMEWARD BOUND. 239
tabac ! " These natives of Terra del Fuego have acquired the
taste of tobacco from the sailors, and are so crazy for it that I
believe they would sell themselves to procure it, if they could
not get it in any other way.
Some of us did profitable trading with the natives, and for a
couple of plugs of tobacco and a few biscuit I obtained in ex-
change a handsome guanaco robe, one of the rarest of fine skins,
which I could have sold in New York for seventy-five dollars.
On the following morning we made our final start for the
home-waters of the Atlantic Ocean. In a few hours we passed
Cape Virgin and sailed out through the east entrance of the
Straits of Magellan into the Atlantic. Keeping our course to
the eastward till in sight of the Falkland Islands, we then
pointed our ship's nose north and towards home.
The Falkland Islands lie about two hundred and fifty miles
off the coast of Terra del Fuego, and belong to the British
Crown. The governor of the islands lives at St. Louis, a small
town on the coast with a population of about eight hundred.
Here is maintained a coaling station solely for English vessels-of-
war. Like Australia, the chief industry of the islands is sheep-
raising, and the wool exports are becoming quite large. Nothing
else g;rows here because of the barrenness of the soil and the
low temperature, but steamers call at the islands about once a
month to leave and take uj) the mails, and to leave provisions
and take away the wool.
After getting clear of the land our engines were stopj)ed, the
fires drawn from the boilers and the vessel put under sail. Day
after day we sailed along, at times with barely steerage-way ;
at others hurriedly taking in all sail to escape the results of a
terrific squall ; and at others bowling along under close-reefed
240 HOMEWARD BOUND.
topsails, with the wind howling and shrieking through the rig-
ging, with the vessel plunging and surging in the heavy seas ;
sometimes on our direct course, but too often in an opposite
direction. But all these are the experiences of the sailor who is
homeward-bound by the longest way round ; and they were the
experiences of our thirty days' trip between the Straits of
Mauellan and Rio de Janeiro.
We had the usual heavy squalls of rain, snow and hail ; and
some of them seemed to have been gotten up for our special in-
convenience. The hailstones were frequently as large as wal-
nuts. There were days, however, but not of frequent occurrence,
when we had sunshine. But in the entire thirty days we did not
pass a dozen vessels all told, and those we saw were sailing-ves-
sels, all under the foreign flag with the exception of one — a
California packet, flying from her head the handsome stars and
stripes.
There is no finer sight than a full-rigged ship heeling over
with a fierce supply of wind screeching past her. Her white
sails were swelled out like the sides of a balloon, and the sight
of her flag dipping three times to us sent a thrill of pride and
patriotic fervor through my veins, for there is not a handsomer
flag; in the world than our own.
When we passed our sea-companion we were about fourteen
hundred miles south of Rio de Janeiro. It was September 1,
and a cold, blustering March-like day. Two hours later was ob-
served an ominous-looking black cloud which threw a solid
shadow upon the sea. It came up rapidly, and as experience
had taught us that here was quick work required, we sought to
shorten all sail before the squall should strike us. The boat-
swain's whistle, shrill as it always is, seems to have been given a
HOMEWARD BOUND.
241
new force in calling all hands to " shorten sail." The officer of
the deck, with his big tnnnpet, alert and experienced after his
three years' cruise, bellowed out : " Let go the topgallant hal-
liards ! Hands by the fore and mizzen topsail halliards ! Hands
AT MESS.
b}' the braces ! " Scarcely had the yards come down from aloft
by the run, and the sails hauled up to the lower yards, when the
squall burst upon us. The old ship leaned down to it under a
fores tay-sail, and a tarpaulin used as a storm-sail in the miz-
zen-rigging. For a space she laid almost motionless with the
242 IIOMKWAKI) BOUND.
smooth water under her lee bubbling and churning half-way up
the bulwarks.
But now, yielding to the full impulse of the blast, with a
long, hissing plunge, she takes the first of the seas, and, like
a fleeing gypj^y, rushes forward as though she were the very '
spirit of the storm whose darkness had rolled over her, and
whose ravingrs from the rio:2:in2; are deafenino;. What a grand
sight is the heaving, snow-like path of the vessel, headed with
the squall, which seems to speed along on the wings of it. iVll
was flying darkness for a full quarter of an hour as though the
tornado had not yet ended ; then the windward darkness light-
ened, a streak of blue broke through the clouds, the weight of
the wind sensibly diminished, and the vessel was again put under
sail. The welcome steady wind which followed the squall sent
us bowling merrily along, with each mile made bringing us
nearer to our homes and our loved ones whom we had not seen
for three long years. Fifteen days more at sea brought us in
sight of Lord Hood's nose, that rocky profile which commands
the entrance to the harbor of Rio de Janeiro.
I found that Rio had not changed any in general appearance
since I was there three years before on my outward tiip around
the world. At least the changes were so slight as not to be spe-
cially noticeable. The feather-flower stores, the Brazilian bug
shops, the jewelry shops, the hotels, the Emperor's city palace, all
presented the same attractive appearance as when I first saw
them ; they were as treacherous to the purse, for a visitor here
could never think of returning; home without a collection of dia-
monds and bug jewelry and feather flowers for sister or cousins,
for sweetheart or wife, or bless them ! the children.
HOMEWARD BOUND. 243
Here we found letters from home, some that had been await-
ing us for two months. Old in date, but new to us with re-
assurances of remembrance and affection from our loved ones.
The few necessary repairs were hurried forward, coal was taken
in, but the start on our final heat for home was delayed two
days to permit the officers to attend a grand reception given by
Dom Pedro. The delay was only welcomed because of the
social opportunity which it gave to us, an opportunity to again
greet one who then seemed to be Brazil's popular sovereign, and
an opportunity to engage in the ball-room whirl with some of
Rio's lovely and titled daughters. But it was not a welcome
m.issive which the mail steamer, that arrived meanwhile, brought
from the Secretary of the Navy, ordering a careful survey to be
made of some reported rocks off Cape St. Roque, and to locate
them correctly on the charts.
I had already written home requesting that a plate be set for
me at the Thanksgiving table, and I feared I should not be there
to empty it, but my fears were needless, as I reached home just
in time to help at the feast, and interest all at the gathering
with startling sea-stories — all of them, of course, strictly true !
We bade good-bye to Rio de Janeiro a few days before the
first of October, and with our " homeward bound " pennant fly-
ing, and saluted by the flag-ship Lancaster's band playing
" Home, Sweet Home ! " we passed out of the harbor, almost
wiping Lord Hood's nose with our pennant as we passed it. In
a few hours we had left Cape Frio behind, and were headed
homewards.
Adverse winds and light breezes made us twenty-four days at
sea before reaching Fernando de Noronha, off Cape St. Roque.
244 HOMEWARD BOUND.
We were four days locating Las Rocas (the two rocks) and then
we again pointed for New York, reaching there without inci-
dents of interest two days before Thanksgiving.
The vessel was inspected, inventories of stores, etc., taken
and turned over to the officers of the Navy Yard, and then the
vessel was put out of commission, the officers detached and
placed on •' waiting orders." My cruise around the world was
over.
LIEUTENANT HENRY E. RHOADES.
CHAPTER XVL
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE.
Y home-stay-
ing was to
be but brief.
By the custom
of the Depart-
ment I was en-
titled to remain at home for at least a
year, but duty was afoot for which I had
always yearned.
The cry for rescue came from the
frozen north where Captain Hall of the
Polaris and his companions were impri-
soned in the ice. The Juniata was de-
tailed in the spring of 1873 to go in search of the castaways and
here was my opportunity.
From my youth I had read with avidity of the Arctic experi-
ences of Sir Hugh Willoughby, of Barentz and Ross, and Parry,
of Sir John Franklin and Weyprecht, and our own American
explorers — Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, Dr. Isaac I. Hayes and Dr.
C. H. Hall. In my most enthusiastic moments I had scarcely
dared hope that I should ever have the opportunity to have my
name recorded among the Arctic explorers, living or dead.
For four hundred years men had been striving to reach the
North Pole and had failed. I wanted to go and — succeed!
247
248 TO THE XOKTII FOR RESCUE.
The fascination for Arctic researcli was strong within me. I
wanted to visit the Pohir seas, the home of icebergs, icefields
and glaciers,' of the grand aurora and the midnight suns, and the
home of o-reat white bears, seals and the Eskimau.
The opportunity to gratify my thirst for Arctic travels came
at last when in the year 1873 it was proposed to fit out the
United States steamer Juniata to go to the North, in search of
the nineteen missing people of the Polaris. Without delay I
volunteered for the expedition, and pleaded so hard for permis-
sion to go up on this cruise, that in a few days I received my
orders from the Secretary of the Navy to report for duty on the
Juniata as assistant engineer — not to fathom the unexplored
region, not to discover the disturbances to the magnetic needle,
but for the noble purpose of rendering succor to the unfortunate
remnant of Captain Hall's ill-fated expedition.
At the latest tidings received from them in 1872 the cast-
aways were reported as drifting about in a disabled vessel some-
where among the ice barriers of Smith's Sound, north of Cape
York.
The Polaris started north in June, 1870. She was in command
of Captain C. H. Hall, who died November 8, 1871, and was
buried in a stone tomb in Thank God Harbor. Up to the time
of his death there had been continual bickerings, because of
jealousy regarding superiority to command, between Captain
Buddington, the sailing-master, and Captain Tyson, the ice-pilot.
Captain Hall lacked the power to discipline, hence serious con-
flicts repeatedly occurred which it seemed must eventually end
in a disgraceful mutiu}-. It would appear as if an interposition
of Providence alone prevented a personal conflict.
The vessel drifted helplessly about after the commander's
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE. 249
death and at last was nipped in the ice and received injuries
which made it a question of how long she could be kept afloat.
Preparations were made to abandon her. Captain Tyson and a
portion of the crew, including Hans Christian, the Eskimau in-
terpreter, his wife and two children, and fourteen others were
landed on an ice-floe, and a portion of the ship's provisions were
landed with them.
Suddenly' the ice broke, the ship parted from her moor-
mgs and drifted away, and the parties were separated near the
seventy-eighth parallel of latitude, about the middle of October,
1872. Tyson and his eighteen companions drifted on the ice-
floe for one hundred and ninety-six days, a distance of over
twelve hundred miles, and then on April 30, 1873, were rescued
bv the sealinc!: steamer Tigress and brought to St. Johns, N. F.
From St. Johns they were sent to New York.
The Polaris drifted north and went into harbor back of
Littleton Island. Houses were built on shore, and the party
landed with their records, provisions and instruments. During
the winter the Polaris was so badly crushed between two ice-
bergs that she sunk. This left Buddington's party without any
chance of escape, except by their two small boats and the hope
of being picked up by some of the Arctic whalers.
The Juniata was fitted out with provisions, etc., for a two
years' cruise ; her bows were heavily sheathed with wood and
iron for penetrating the ice, and the command was given to
Captain D. L. Braine, U. S. N. We left New York for the North
on June 24. With us we took a small steam launch, to be used
for continuing the search after the vessel had reached the highest
point deemed consistent with safety. Among our officers were
Lieutenants G. W. De Long and Charles W. Chipp, navigator and
250
TO THE NORTH FOK RESCUE.
watch officer respectively, l)otli of whom were afterwards
victims of the Jeannette expedition. We were ordered to stop
at St. Johns to replenish our supply of coal and provisions.
Long before reaching there I grew very anxious to see one
of those grim old Arctic mon-
sters of which I had read so
much, and which have so often
driven almost into hysterics
Polar travelers who attempted
to describe them ; those beauti-
ful but grim warders of the pole
that have caused the mysterious
disappearance of many of our
steamers and sailins: vessels,
leaving no one to tell the tale.
At last our lookout aloft suno;
out in a clear and strong voice,
" Land ho ! two points on the
starboard bow ! " Immediately the engines were slowed down,
and in another minute the lookout shouted, " Iceberg about two
miles, sharp on the starboard bow ! " At about the same instant
the Arctic monster became plainly visible from deck, but the
shout of the lookout had caused great commotion ; officers and
men came tumbling up from below and went each to his station.
Ten minutes later we were abreast of our cold visitor. It
was an immense fellow, its table-like top being about sixty feet
above the level of the sea, and its length, at the base, fully four
hundred feet — a dangerous monster for a ship to strike in a
fog.
On sighting this big berg we were not more than forty miles
G. W. DE LONG.
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE.
251
from the entrance of St. Johns harbor. An hour later we
picked up a pilot, and our first question was : " Have any tid-
ings of the Polaris people been received since the Frolic took
Tyson and his party to New York? " We had a faint hope that
she might have been heard from, but we also hoped that our
voyage to the Arctic regions would not be interrupted. Not the
least tidings had been received, although several sealers had
come in from Baffin's Bay since Tyson's party had been picked up.
Arrivins; at St. Johns we had some heavv beaver-clothinsc
made up, and laid in a stock
of thick and warm under-cloth-
ing and strong leather water-
proof boots. We also had the
bows of the vessel resheathed
with stiff plate-iron. To make
the steam launch serviceable
for the crossing of Melville
Bay, after reaching Upernavik,
a skeleton frame was put over
the screw to protect it from the
ice and her bows were heavily
sheathed. The bunkers of the
vessel were also filled with coal,
and a hundred additional tons were stored on deck, as there was
no knowino; when or where we might sfet coal in the Arctic, un-
less there was some remaining at Disco, left there by the frigate
Congress when she convoyed the Polaris to that point.
While in St. Johns one of the places visited was the lunatic
asylum. Here T experienced an amusing incident. An insane
spiritualist. Henry Earle by name, imagined himself the victim
CHARLES W. CHIPP.
252 TO THE NORTH FOR rtP:SCUE.
of prejudice and imposition ; he claimed that he was imprisoned
at the instigation of the " Tek'graphic Cable Company," against
which he assumed to have a claim of three million dollars, and a
royalty of five thousand pounds a year from England and the
same from the United States, for his advice to Cyrus W. Field at
the time of the second laying of the cable. He begged me to
nitercede on his behalf with President Grant to secure his re-
lease, and he handed me the following remarkable communica-
tion whicli he asserted had been sent to him from the Spirit
woi'ld :
" To the Captain and Officers of the United States Steam
sloop-of-ioar Juniata :
" I am commanded to inform you that the Polaris is in 70°
12' north latitude, and in longitude 45° 10' west.* She will be
ready to leave that place on the twelfth of July to proceed to
the nearest port where stores are deposited. The divine power
will grant you favorable winds so as to spare your fuel. You
shall have no difficulty in finding the ship and we advise you to
leave this port in eight days from this date. I was communi-
cated with heretofore by Captain Hall, who regrets that such
a report as poisoning him should have originated in the minds
of his countrymen, as he died of heart disease and is very happy
in the sixth sphere. I wish you to inform his friends and the
public to the same effect, so that the crew of the Polaris who
are rescued may enjoy their liberty and citizenship.
'• Henry Earle."
That the spirits were so seriously in error in their geography
was no fault of Mr. Earle ; they had probably departed from
* This Nvould place her high and dr)' in the interior of Greenland.
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE. 253
this world before Greenland's coast was well defined. Earle was
a man of superior education, and his gray hair and flowing
white beard and sorrowful features enlisted my sympathies.
On the morning of July 9, having received our mail from
the incoming steamer and been favored with the last letters from
home that we could reasonably expect to receive before our re-
turn, however long our stay in the Arctic, we weighed anchor
and steamed out of the harbor of St. Johns amid the thunder-
ing salutes from the forts, the waving of handkerchiefs and the
cheers of the populace. Our two ice-pilots. Captain Buddington,
uncle to the sailing-master of the Polaris, and Captain Dodge
who was with Dr. Hayes' exjDedition, now began their regular
duties on watch.
There was little relief from the monotony of the fogs, and
the days grew longer as we approached the latitude of the mid-
night sun and continual winter. We began to meet with small
fields of ice soon after we left St. Johns, but we did not mind
small things. As we traveled north the ice became thicker and
in larger pieces, and we grew more and more careful of our
movements.
The second day out we fell in with some large bergs. One
of these looked much like a stately church with an immense
towering steeple. There was not one on board who did not
realize a sort of fascination with the slow but perceptible move-
ment of those Arctic monsters. There they floated, not a sin-
gle one but dozens — looming up before us as we steamed along
and extending; miles over the sea.
The third morning out a dense fog shut down upon us, and
though we crept cautiously along, the danger became a fixed
fact when our ice-pilot hailed to change the course at once to
254 TO THE NORTH for rescue.
escape an iceberg almost under our bows. The greatest excite-
ment and confusion prevailed.
The helm was put hard over, the engine stopped and re-
versed, and then we saw how narrowly we had escaped the peril
of striking either one of two monster bergs. Had our ship been
cauyrht between them it could no more have resisted the crush-
ino; than could an eg-or-shell in the hand of a man.
The only sound that broke the ominous stillness of the
broad sea was the occasional crunching and grinding here and
there of the bergs coming together, or the reverberations as they
broke apart — sending out reports like to distant artillery.
These two bergs, that, but a moment before, had threatened
to end our very existence, stood as commandingly as the Rock
of Gibraltar. But already the warmer latitudes had begun to
tell upon them. Pieces of ice crumbled away at the tops and
rolled down their sides ; deep rents appeared on their surfaces,
and at last, with one great convulsion that seemed to shake the
very skies, one of them toppled completely over with a report
that was frightful to an Arctic novitiate.
In dense fogs, and especially during dark nights, these ice
mountains are a constant source of solicitude to the most careful
navigator, as contact with one of them is inevitable shipwreck.
Sometimes their proximity may be indicated by plunging a sen-
sitive thermometer into a bucket of water drawn from the sea, but
the farther north one sails this decrease of temperature is not
always to be depended upon with any degree of certainty.
In the calm succeeding a storm, when there is a heavy sea
or swell, timely warning of the approaching iceberg is sometimes
given by the low murmur of the surf beating against the berg
like the breakers on a lee shore. If an ice pack, a uniformly
o
z
<
<
<
Z
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE. 257
level field of broken ice, is near, the grinding of the huge ice
blocks on the outer edge of the pack adds materially to the din.
Such weather as we had was anything but encouraging to
our mission to say nothing of the general effect upon our dis-
positions. We had fogs and fogs, so that in the daylight we
ran slowly, and at night hove-to because of the danger from the
bergs, hence our progress was slow. On the fourth day out we
sighted Cape Farewell, the southernmost point of Greenland,
and laid our course for Fiskenaes, to buy dogs for our sledge
journeys. Here and there were fields of ice and numerous ice-
bergs which reminded us of our proximity to the Arctic circle.
In the distance loomed the hio-h snow-covered land that was in
truth '' Greenland's Icy Mountains " — no hymnal myth as sup-
posed by some, but grand ranges devoid of all verdure and
wrapped in their mantles of eternal snow. These peaks rose,
some of them, to an altitude of from two thousand to three
thousand feet above the level of the sea, and stood before our
eyes a majestic and sublime reality. The appearance of this
part of Greenland's coast was very striking, especially to strang-
ers to Arctic scenery.
The mountains, with their peaks so pointed as scarcely to
admit of the snow resting upon their steep and almost precipi-
tous sides, were intersected by grand fiords and gorges penetrat-
ing for miles into the interior, and formed a magnificent land-
scape. The farther north we sailed the more were we impressed
with the fact that icebergs have a habit of coming down in
nests ; and that they owe their existence to a common parent
glacier, or to having once been a single huge mass of ice that
a warmer climate and the ever-restless forces of nature have shat-
tered into a family.
258 TO THE NORTH fou kescue.
Although about seven-eighths of an iceberg is submerged, the
remaining one-eighth only being visible, it must not be inferred,
as seems too often to be the case where the height has been de-
termined, that it extends seven times as. far in dej)th. Besides
they are often surrounded by a hazy mist, even on the clearest
days, due to the surrounding moisture of their chilly faces ; the
effect of this is to make them seem much higher than they really
are, a fact which under these circumstances renders estimates of
their altitudes particularly unreliable.
It was about noon that we were abreast of the little Danish
settlement of Fiskenaes.
Here on July 3, 1721, Hans Egede landed with wife and
children, and began his noble and unselfish labor of Christian
love among the Esquimaux. The missionary institutions founded
by him and the Moravians have gradually incorporated the
whole native population of Greenland into Christian communi-
ties. The harbor of Fiskenaes is undefined on the general
charts, and having no harbor chart we had to thread our way
among icebergs having as a guide only the large chart, which
Kane and Hayes had used on their expeditions. A fin-back
whale and scores of seals, the latter sporting on the ice-floes,
were the only things presented to relieve the monotony of our
journey except tlie ever-present and thundering icebergs and
the crunching ice-fields.
It was here that we grappled with the most perplexing phase
of Arctic life that greets the inexperienced explorer, viz. : that
of continuous daylight. Not only did we not know when the
hour for retiring came, but it was so nearly impossible to sleep
that we were obliged to nail something dark over all the open-
ings to the room to keep out the light. A quarter of an hour
TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE.
259
after midnight the eastern horizon was grandly picturesque from
the reflection of the rising sun, that peeped above the horizon at
2.20 A. M.
We were unable to work into the harbor of Fiskenaes be-
cause of the thick, impenetrable ice, so the course was changed
and the ship's nose directed towards Godhaab. A dense fog
VILLAGE OF FISKENAES.
soon shut down, and I had just fallen into a sound sleep when 1
was startled hy a sharp and quick ring of the engine-room gong.
It was the signal for the engines to be stopped. Simultaneously
there was a confused commotion on deck and shrill, quick cries
of "Breakers ahead ! " "Icebergs on both bows, close aboard! "
" Go astern quickly ! "
With a single bound I jumped from my berth to the engine-
260 TO THE NORTH FOR RESCUE.
room, and at the same instant ordered my servant to gather my
few vakiables (my thick clothing and water-proof boots) and put
them in my straps ready in case of necessity to abandon the
ship. The prompt responses to the orders from deck saved the
vessel from destruction. After the eno;ines had asj^ain been
started I went on deck to face the dangers we had defied and to
express my opinion regarding them in terms more emphatic than
elei>'ant.
There on the starboard bow was a huge black rock with the
surf breaking over it ; and on the starboard quarter a great
stranded iceberg, each not more than a ship's length from us.
The vessel's headway had been stopped just in time ; twenty
seconds more would have made us a wreck. The fos: lifted
almost immediately afterwards, and we found that we were not
more than a half-mile from the coast. This was altog:etlier too
near for mental comfort, especially to one with a family depen-
dent upon him. It often occurred that we were in error as to
our position. This however was not due to carelessness nor
negligence, but rather to the great deviation of the compass
needle, to imperfect charts and unknown currents.
CHAPTER XVII.
ICEBEKGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
A
FEW hours after our
escape from ship-wreck
between an iceberg and an
almost submerged rock we
had the pleasant experience
of a furious gale — if an Arc-
tic C3^clone can be thought
pleasant. We made harbor
in a cove where the high
rockv shore shielded us from
the violence of the tempest.
Here a party of us landed,
and with our shot-i^^uns we
secured nine eider-ducks ; the
meat of these birds was eaten
with relish after our long ex-
perience with canned foods.
In this desert place I stum-
bled upon the grave of an infant. It was a rudely-made tomb, in
which the body was seen lying on the face of the rock with stones
piled up about it. How long it had lain here there was no way
of telling, but the features and flesh were as perfect as if the
baby had just died, though possibly it had lain there for months.
261
2G2 ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
Here and there were patches of soil with a few spears of
grass growing up through them. A quarter of a mile back was
a good depth of snow, covering the rocks as far inland as the
eye could reach. Fox tracks were numerous, but no foxes could
be seen ; and as not the least sign of habitation was anywhere
apparent, the country presented a deserted and uninviting ap-
pearance. Just after dinner two kayaks, each with its single
occupant, paddled alongside, and we hoisted kayaks and Esqui-
maux on deck.
It was the first kayak I had seen and I examined it minutely.
It was the frailest specimen of marine architecture that ever car-
ried human freight. One kayak is the same as every other
kayak, all being alike in general construction and dimensions.
This one was about sixteen feet long, as many inches wide at
the beam, tapering with an upward curve to a sharp point at
each end and the keel protected by narrow strips of walrus bone.
The skeleton of the boat was of light strips of wood, covered
with dressed and tanned sealskin sewed together by the native
women with the tendon and sinew of the deer, and made very
strong. Not a drop of water could find its way through the
seams, and the skin itself was absolutely waterproof. The only
opening to the boat was a round hole midway between the ends
which admits the hunter or paddler as far as the hips. This hole
is bound with a wooden rim over which the kayaker laces the
lower edge of his water-tight jacket, and thus fastens himself in
and keeps the water out.
The kayaker propels his novel boat with a single double-
bladed oar. about six feet Ions;. This instrument of locomotion
is grasped in the middle and dipped alternately into the water
to the right and then to the left. The kayak weighs only about
ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX. 263
thirty pounds and sets as gracefully as a duck upon the water.
Long practice is required to manage this Greenland canoe, and
no slack-rope dancer ever needed more steady nerve and skill of
balance than does this same kayaker. Yet, hi this frail craft he
does not hesitate to ride seas which would swamp an ordinary
boat, or to break through surf which may sweep completely over
him. But, being used to all kinds of weather and every hard-
ship, in spite of all adversaries he manages to keep himself
upright.
These two kayakers were dressed as are all Greenlanders —
in sealskin from head to foot. This was not however the skin
of tJie fur-seal such as our fashionable ladies wear in the me-
tropolis, but of the hair-seal — the only species that abounds in
Greenland waters. As our Esquimau visitors knew no English,
and as our Esquimau education had unfortunately been neg-
lected our communication was neither brilliant nor entertaining.
Our captain wrote a letter to the Danish governor, or rather to
the agent of the Greenland Trading Company, as are all the
supervisors of the Greenland settlements, and sent it by one of
the kavakers who darted off at a rate of not less than eitj^ht
miles an hour. The other remained on board. Early on the
following morning a large number of kayaks swarmed about the
ship, and each occupant had with him fish and sealskin clothing
which he wished to exchange for tobacco, underclothing or
money. One fellow amused us by turning himself and kayak a
complete revolution in the water, and recovering his equilibrium
each time.
We weighed anchor and in a few hours w^ere lying oft" Suk-
ker-toppen, or the Sugar-loaf, where a hundred or more natives,
men, women and children, had assembhid on the rocks and
26-t ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
were shouting '' Kiiiio ! Kiiiio ' " (Welcome ! Welcome ! ) We
were unable to get any dogs here so we amused ourselves with
a tour of observation through the settlement, buying little bits
of native handiwork — kayak models, sealskin money bags, etc.
In the evening a reception was given in our honor by the
natives, and we found it both novel and convenient to dance
with women whose costumes neither trailed upon the floor, nor
fell away on the neck, nor were curtailed on the arms from above
vaccination mark.
The women's dress differs but little from that of the men.
The women wear breeches, the men trousers; the women's boots
come up above the knees, while those of the men do not go
much above the calf of the legs. The women's clothing is more
finely wrought, and is ornamented with trimmings and lacings of
Ijright-colored skins. The women also dress their hair by comb-
ing it up from the front and back and sides to the top of the
head into a sort of horn-shape, standing straight up, with a strip
of colored cloth or ribbon banded around it. A piece of blue
cloth or ribl3on indicates that the woman is married ; a black
piece indicates that she is a widow ; a red piece that she is a
maiden.
The following day we proceeded to Holsteinborg, ninety miles
from Sukker-toppen. This is a settlement of about one hun-
dred and fifty Esquimaux and the most dirty and vermin-covered
people I have ever seen in Greenland. A Danish brig was lying
here, about to sail for Copenhagen. As this was an opportunity
for sending mail home we spent some time writing letters know-
ing that they would be gladly received in spite of the fact that
they would be from four to six months old when opened. We
were detained at Holsteinborg by a fog, denser and even worse
^^■■■■IRiHilim i
ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
265
than a London fog, if one can be worse. It entailed upon us an
aggravating delay of three days before we could start for God-
havn, a settlement on Disco Island, of about the same population
as Holsteinborg;.
It was at Godhavn that the United States frigate Congress
ESQUIMAU AND HIS SEAL-DOG.
came with coal and provisions for the Polaris. The most of this
extra fuel we found intact in the storehouse. Our route from
Holsteinborg, and even at the very entrance of Godhavn Harbor,
was obstructed by numerous icebergs of every fantastic form and
shape.
It was here that we saw for the first tim^e the midnio-ht sun.
266 ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
The novelty of a seemingly endless day, experienced for the first
time, sadly interfered with our natural rest and sleep. Long
past midnight and giving no thought to passing time, sounds of
mirth and music from our improvised ballroom in the storehouse
were wafted off to the ship.
At Godhavn we found the Esquimaux similar in feature, dress,
and stature as in other places, but more strongly odorous. There
is no word in the English, Esquimau, or any other language that I
ever understood, which could describe this Polar perfume. The
natives are a most jovial, merry-hearted band of savages; laugh-
ing heartily at everj^thing that had the appearance of a joke, and
imposing more work upon the muscles that held up the corners
of their mouths into a chronic grin, than upon any other in their
lazy bodies.
It was here that I first saw the oomiak, or woman's boat. It
was a sealskin scow, made of a light frame of wood over which,
when quite green, the skins were drawn ; and the seams stitched
together as in the kayak.
We remained a week at Godhavn before we started for
Upernavik, the northernmost point to which our vessel had been
authorized to go. From Upernavik further search for the
Polaris people was to be made by a selected crew in the steam
launch, Little Juniata, under command of Lieutenant De Long.
The interval of our stay at Godhavn was spent in various ways :
rambling through the ravines, climbing over the glaciers, scaling
the mountains in search of game, or going down the coast on hunt-
ing expeditions. Here also we had our first experience with the
Arctic mosquitoes. You may talk about Florida and New Jersey
mosquitoes ! Why, they are not for a moment to be compared
with those we found, or, rather, to those that found us at God-
ICEBEEGS AXD ESQUIMAUX. 267
liavn and Upernavik. They were as thick as raindrops durino-
the rainy season on the Pacific coast, and when once they had
fastened tlieir nippers upon us and got in their fine work — oh,
what misery I They attacked us in armies, but their bites stung
only for the moment as they seemed to leave no poison. And
thev were immense fellows !
On the north side of the harbor are the Lyngenmarkfjeld, a
range of mountains about two thousand feet in height. From
the summit of one peak, which I reached after a tedious climb
through ravines and over glaciers, a glorious picture was presented
before me. At my feet lay the picturesque settlement of God-
havn, with the Juniata, resembling a toy ship, lying snugly at
anchor in the harbor. Outside the harbor the sea was blocked
with numberless icebergs. From where I stood I counted seven
hundred and thirty bergs dotting the placid sea ; and beyond
stretched the great ice fiord of Jacobshavn, flanked by its gigan-
tic discharging glacier, and with the mouth of the fiord almost
choked with huui:e iceber2:s.
At brief intervals a rolling thunder, as of distant artillery,
told us of the disruption of one of those great bergs. They were
of so many different shapes as to make a magnificent panorama.
One resembled the capitol at Washington, with its dome almost
perfect, but minus the Goddess of Liberty with her back to the
city. Others were in the shape of castles, cathedrals, arched
bridges, etc.
Remarkable as it may seem, I found at this altitude consider-
able veo;etation. Most of it was what is known as the rock
willow, and grew in soil of only three or fo-ur inches' depth. I
observed that the Esquimaux utilize this growth by cutting it into
small blocks of peat in the summer-time and piling it up into
268 ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX.
mounds to dry out. It is then saturated with seal oil and used
as fuel.
Upon my return to the vessel, I sat down to dinner, after
which and a siesta with an Havana cigar — made in Canada
and purchased at St. Johns ! — I went ashore to enjoy our
regular evening dance with the Esquimau maidens.
The waltz and polka steps of the Esquimau women were in
good time to the music and quickly acquired. The baUroom was
the cooper-shop, a room about fifteen feet square, and its decora-
tions the tools of the carpenter and pieces of wood. Except when
dancing, the women stood on one side of the room, and the men
on the other ; and the instant the music stopped the women
would rush back to their places. Here was no retiring to a quiet
corner for an innocent flirtation, no stepping upon the useless
trains of dresses.
In their simple, and I must say, modest costume, the Esqui-
maux appear a happy and contented lot. They are a people
who live from hand to mouth on the product of the winter's
hunting ; some of this they dispose of to the Greenland
Fur Company, which is not over liberal in remunerating tlie
Greenlander. This Company keeps and sells hard rye biscuit,
rice, and some other provisions to the Esquimaux, and a meal of
"hard-tack" and "salt-junk" (corned beef) would be a feast to
them.
Their turf-built hut is roofed over with drift-wood, or skins.
It is a hovel with a single room ten or twelve feet square ; a
small window is cut on one side to admit a scanty ray of light,
and a long tunnel-shaped entry opens into the hut by a skin door.
Here they eat, drink, and lodge.
Upon first landing at the shore the men meet you with a
ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX. 271
respectful bow and a broad grin ; next, the women with their
infants on their backs ; and mingled in with the crowd are the
children and dogs, howling in unison and evidently trying to
compete with each other in making a noise. What greets one
most strikingly perhaps, is the odor which rises from the slabs
of drying seal meat, or from the vapor sent off from the pots of
boiling seal-blubber, seal oil, or offal ; and yet these people live
happily without annoying any one, and would hardly think of
exchanging their abode for any other home.
The conveniences of these people for life comforts are not
numerous. A half-dozen sealskins constitute both mattress and
comfortables for two persons ; or a dog-skin bag will do for one.
An iron pot does duty as a stove, in which the Esquimaux burn
peat saturated with seal-oil ; a couple of pots for boiling rice and
other foods serve all the purposes for cooking ; a rude lamp
made from a dish of oil with dried moss for wicking, answers the
purposes of a light through the long winter night. Each family
has its half-dozen dogs, a sledge and a kayak ; an old musket,
a couple of lances or harpoons, materials and implements for
repairing clothes, fishing-lines, and, to ray great surprise, each
hut had its time-piece — an American clock.
Aside from the Governor, who is the agent for the Fur Com-
pany as well, the principal person is the schoolmaster, a man part
Dane and part Esquimau. He also fills the place of priest and
carpenter. His hut, similar to the others, furnishes a home for
himself, his wife and his five children.
We often had opportunities to observe the grand effect of
the Arctic mirage. Jacobshavn, forty-eight miles distant, and
numerous icebergs seemed to be suspended or floating above the
horizon in bold relief. One berg with a pinnacle at one end, had
27- ICEBKIUJS AND KSC^UIMAUX.
the appearance of the steeple of a stately church ; -when in-
verted by the mirage it presented the appearance of two churches,
one balancing itself by its steeple upon the steeple of the other.
After having several suits of sealskin clothing made up, and
purchasing a lot of dogs, we started for Upernavik. Our depart-
ure was attended with sadness on the part of the Esquimaux.
The men stood on the rocks waving adieu with sealskins, and the
women shed tears. What wicked civilized creatures we seemed
to thus have broken the hearts of any of these Arctic maidens !
To add to the pleasing state of the vessel we had twenty-four
Esquimau dogs coralled in a pen on deck to be used on our
prospective sledge journeys. Such a howling lot as they were !
No sooner did we get them into their pen than a regular battle
ensued, and for some days we were compelled to tie up a few of
the most pugnacious in order to seciu^e anything like peace.
This incessant dog fight continued until we had gained the
acknowledged supremacy by thrashing the whole pack.
This state of things happens in all badly-regulated dog com-
munities, and there is always a " king " dog, one who must con-
quer all the others, after which he may rule his subjects with
despotic sway, frequently settling a quarrel between a couple of
pugilistic disputants, and reserving for himself the best of every-
thing in the shape of food. The other dogs yield their tid-bits
with cringing servility, the conqueror exerting a complete mas-
tery over his canine subjects, and exacting from them the most
abject homage. To take charge of such an unruly pack we ob-
tained the services of an expert Esquimau driver, who, with his
kayak and long-lashed whip, lived with the pack forward. The
whip is the main feature in dog government as well as dog-
driving, and its use would no doubt rouse all the charitable
ICEBERGS AND ESQUIMAUX. 273
instinct — for clogs — of the late renowned Henry Bergh. To
be a good driver of Esquimau dogs it is necessary to be able to
use the implement of discipline in a dexterous manner.
The whip-lash is a thong of sealskin about twenty feet long,
attached to a short handle no more than two feet in length. In
the hands of an experienced driver it is a formidable weapon,
and the dogs often receive severe punishment from it. They
are guided solely by it. A very annoying and distressing piece
of work connected with dog-sledging is disentangling the lines,
which in a short time become in a grievously entangled state
from the constant dodging about of the dogs ; and this, it must
be remembered, has to be done with hands encased in thick
woolen mitts. To bare one's hands in the Arctic would ensure
serious frostbite.
In consequence of the great amount of dog food that has of
necessity to be carried, it is almost impossible to use the dogs
for long journeys to the northward. The Esquimau dogs are
usually voracious ; they are nlways hungry ! Nothing in the
shape of fresh meat or of skin is safe from their insatiable appe-
tites ; even the thongs that are used for lashing the di;fferent
parts of a sledge together, unless they have been well rubbed
over with tar, are unsafe when dogs are around and will most
assuredly be gnawed off.
We had also with us a couple of large sledges for long
iournevs and bulky freiuht ; but I never had but two sledo^ins;
expeditions in the Arctic, and these were, happily, short. Those
who stay at liome at ease have little or no idea of what sledge
traveling in the Arctic really is. We often see pictures of trav-
elers on sledges, comfortably wrapped in blanket shawls and
furs, and drawn by dogs or reindeer gayly caparisoned, their bells
274 ICEBKKG.S AND ESQUIMAUX.
jingling as they dash along at a rapid pace over a smooth plain
of snow and ice ; and after the day is finished a large fire is built,
when salmon and venison provide a sumptuous meal. And
then tlie travelers ensconce themselves in a nice, warm snow-
house. This is the fiction ; the fact is a much sterner picture.
But it is a novel sensation nevertheless to go dashing along
on the dog-drawn Greenland sledges, exploring a perfectly un-
known country, a wild and barren tract of land, or rather of
rock; riding over a snow-covered expanse, receding from the
coast in long undulations into the interior until lost among the
conically-shaped hills of from one thousand to two thousand feet
in lieio;ht, that invariablv form the chief features of Arctic
scenery in these high latitudes.
CHAPTER XVIII
ON TO UPEKNAVIK.
OUR run to Uper-
navik was a
continued skirmi.sh
with the icebergs.
The farther north
we went they became
more numerous and
of more gigantic pro-
port ion s. One in
sight, not more than
a mile away, was
like an immense flat-
topped mountain, and, cut through it from side to side, a perfect
archway. Soon afterward we ran within three hundred feet of
an immense table berir, its roof towering: a hundred feet above
the tops of our masts, thus making it in the neighborhood of three
hundred feet above the sea's surface. Hence, there may have
been a depth of twenty-one hundred feet below, on the prin-
ciple that seven-eighths of the bulk of ice is submerged.
Early on the morning of July 30, we were startled by the cry
of the lookout in the crow's nest aloft : " Land ho ! close
aboard ! " The engines were stopped and reversed, all hands
were called to quarters, the anchors cast from the catheads, the
275
276 ON TO UrEKXAVIK.
cables cleared for running, and the next instant the officer-of-the-
deck shouted through his trunijoet, " Let go the port anchor! let
go ! " After running out about sixty fathoms of chain (tliree
hundred and sixty feet) without getting bottom, we feared our
bold rock ahead might prove to be an iceberg in the middle of
the sound. But after twenty fathoms more of chain were run
out the anchor took bottom. Then we let go the starboard
anchor to be doubly sure of holding. After eight hours' delay
the fog lifted and we realized from the bold, lofty Gibraltar-
looking rock, that faced us how barely we had escaped shijDwreck
from running into it. But, fortunately, we had anchored about
six hundred feet from the shore in a little bay with bold rocky
cliffs on three sides of us.
Our getting in so dangerously close to the land was due to
the great variation between the magnetic needle and the true
north, the variation being about eiglitj^ degrees and affected
largely by local polarization. We were about twelve miles south
of Upernavik to which place we steamed and came to anchor.
The little bay of Upernavik was so limited in its accommodations
that it was necessary to moor the vessel bow and stern by run-
ning hawsers out to either shore. This served to keep the ice-
bergs from floating down upon us, as well as to keep the vessel
from swino'ingj hei- ends on the rocks. One laro;e berg: floated
CD <D O O
dangerously near us, and the next instant great pieces of ice
showered over the vessel's decks from stem to stern as the result
of a solid shot fired into it from our pivot gun.
Two days after our arrival the Little Juniata, in command of
Lieutenant George W. De Long, and with him among others, Lieu-
tenant Charles W. Chipp, started across Melville Bay for Little-
ton Lsland, in search of the Polaris or her survivors. As the
ox TO UPEllNAVIK.
'^i i
little steam launch sailed away with her sealskin-clad crew, our
rigging was manned and rousing cheers were given for the
daring explorers. They were cheerily responded to by De Long
and his party, a hopeful set braving the Arctic dangers to render
succor to their castaway brethren. The launch made her way
direct to Tessiussak, the northernmost settlement of the Esqui
UPERNAVIK.
manx, and where was obtained from Trader Jensen a carcass of
venison.
Tessiussak is a small habitation of a half-dozen huts and a
population of perhaps fifty Esquimaux. It lies in 73° 24' north
latitude, and its destiny is presided over by Sergeant Jensen,
one of the agents of the Greenland Fur Company. This man, it
will be remembered by those who have read Dr. Isaac I. Hayes'
Arctic explorations, accompanied the doctor upon his two expe-
278 ON TO UPERNAVIK.
ditions as dog-driver, hunter and interpreter. He is a fine-
looking fellow, above six feet tall, and one of the most hospitable
of the Greenland governors, not excepting genial Dr. Rudolph
at Upernavik. Jensen and his wife have lived about twenty-
three years at Tessiussak, bringing up a family of four child-
ren. They live in a thick-walled frame house that was brought
out from Denmark for them. With an overflowinLi- larder of
seal-blubber, canned meats and desiccated vegetables, and with
plenty of books and papers, they seem more comfortable and
happy than do thousands of working-people whom I have seen in
our navy-yards.
It is the agents' business to buy the furs, oil, walrus ivor}',
deer-skins, and the few bear-skins that n:iay be obtained from the
Esquimaux of his district, and once a year a government vessel
comes from Copenhagen to get them, leaving behind the few
letters brought from friends in Denmark, some books, papers,
flour, and canned meats and vegetables. The family have grown
so accustomed to their constant isolation, even to the long four
months of Arctic night that, as Mrs. Jensen told me, tliey had no
wish to return to Denmark. In the school maintained by the
Home Government the children are taught geography, and they
read books descriptive of the great world they have never seen.
Dr. Rudolph a few years ago went back to Demnark intending to
end his days there, but he soon returned to Upernavik, conclud-
insr that there was no contentment in civilized life for him, and
that he wcs better at ease in that section of the M'orld where
there was only one night and one day in the year.
Leaving Tessiussak, the Little Juniata kept close to the coast,
working her way among the bergs, ice packs, and false leads until
she reached Wilcox Head, latitude 74° 40'.
ON TO UPERNAVIK. 279
Here the fog became so dense that the boat was made fast to
a berg and waited for a clearing. Getting under way again a
few hours later, the boat encountered heavy pack and hummock
ice, and newly-formed ice. By steady ramming she succeeded in
forging ahead a little at a time, but the prospects were so dubious
that a course was made to the westward, and after several hours'
more ramming she reached clear w^ater. After that more pack
ice and numerous icebergs were encountered, and after losing: a
great deal of time and consuming much coal in working out from
false leads in the ice she succeeded in reaching a point about eight
miles from Cape York. To add to the discouragement of De
Long and his party a furious gale broke over them accompanied
with a fearful sea, some of the spray dashing over bergs a hun-
dred feet high. Being on the edge of a heavy ice pack which
was rapidly breaking up the situation became one of great danger
and anxiety. The fire had been put out and everything in the
boat was saturated. After thirty hours there came a lull, and as
prosecuting the search longer with the steam launch was out of
the question, De Long reluctantly announced that they must turn
back. The next serious question was relative to starting a fire.
After repeated attempts by Ensign May, who warmed and dried
some matches by rubbing them next to his body, a fire was
started with some cotton waste saturated w^ith oil, steam was
raised, and then the battle with the ice was resumed.
The Little Juniata was sighted on its return from its perilous
cruise on the forenoon of August 12, and hearty cheers of
welcome rang out from the lusty throats of officers and sailors
who manned the rigging before the order had been completed.
De Long was the first to step over the gangway and his ex-
clamation to Captain Braine was : " I am sorry tha t I have no
280 ON TO UPERNAViK.
better news than that we are all well and safely back ; but we
had a tedious time of it." Reading over their log we were thor-
oughly convinced of the fact.
Our stay at Upernavik, especially during the eventful cruise
of the Little Juniata, was made most pleasant. The governor,
or inspector of the fur company, was Dr. E. N. Rudolph, a genial
old gentleman who has greeted many Arctic expeditions, and who
will always be gratefully remembered by all American explorers.
The settlement of Upernavik contains a population of a little
less than a hundred Esquimaux (there were ninety-four then), with
whose life and habits I became more familiarly acquainted than
with any of their race elsewhere in Greenland. The number of
population remains about the same: — that is, the births are
about equal to the deaths, and none ever reach the allotted '' three
score years and ten." The men marry at about twenty and the
women at eighteen.
Hunting is a favorite pastime, but North Greenland has very
little game, and bears and reindeer are rare. The polar bears
are not nearly so plentiful as people who have never been to the
Arctic in recent years are apt to believe, or as our common-school
geographies picture to us in Arctic scenery, where every cake of
floatino; ice and iceberg; is traced with two or three of these g-rand
and noble-looking brutes. The bears seem to be nearly all exter-
minated, and the reindeer have been driven back to the interior
by the introduction and use of the rifles among the natives.
When the winter has been unusually severe the bears that have
taken refuge northward risk a southern journey in search of
food.
One day it was suggested to Dr. Rudolph that if we could
only get a little fresh animal food now and then we could man-
ON TO UPERNAVIK. 281
age to exist. His response was, '' You must learn to eat seal and
walrus meat and you will tind it quite palatable food, even to
your fastidious tastes." I found that it was an acquired taste ;
and the more experience I had here, the stronger became the con-
viction that we would have to accj^uire the taste of seal-blubber
before much of the approaching winter should pass. We had
already begun to drink lime juice freely, it being considered an
indispensable anti-scorbutic, and it was regularly issued to officers
and men. Precautions were taken to insure the certainty of
each one drinking the daily allowance. With few exceptions we
drank it off without a cpialm, and those who did not like it at
first gradually educated their taste to it by small quantities until
they had overcome their dislike for it.
We were not long in finding that there was plenty of good
game. A few miles down the coast the eider duck and the auk
were in abundance, and we soon organized a small hunting party
for our small steam launch, returning two hours afterwards with
ninety-one birds. We found them relishable food, in fact a lux-
ury. The cliffs, about five miles below Upernavik, are the best
nesting places for the innumerable auks. These small ducks,
circling about in immense flocks, darkened the air in their rapid
flight, and kept up day and night a most harassing and incessant
clatter.
Among the rocks nearer the water we found the homes of the
eider duck, a bird which comes up from the sea to the land.
They hunt their food by diving and swimming over the billows,
and sleep and dream with their heads hidden under their wings.
The eider duck is the producer of a thick growth of down, and
belongs to one of the largest species of the Arctic birds. The
plumage of the male is handsome and brilliant. It is a combina-
0 09
ON TO UPKRNAVIK.
tiou of black, ashen gray, ice green, white, brown and yellow,
mingled with beautiiul effect. The head and back is of snowy
white, the neck is red, and the belly of deep black. The female
is less richly liued, the principal color being gray set off with
black spots and stripes.
Two days before the return
of the Little Juniata the Tigress,
in command of Captain Green,
with Chief Enc!;ineer Georg;e W.
Melville as the engineer, arrived
from New York brina-ino- us
mail and the New York papers
only a month old. On the fol-
lowing day the Tigress left us
for her search up Smith's Sound
for the Polaris. Three days
later we started for Godhavn to
await the return of the Tigress.
As our supply of coal was running short I volunteered to go
on a prospecting expedition in the Waigat, or straits around the
island of Disco, as I had learned that something resembling coal
had been found on the shore by some natives. The Little Juni-
ata was fitted up, and on August 23, with a crew of eleven sail-
ors, provisions, tents, with an electric battery and torpedoes, with
pickaxes and crowbars, and with Ensign J. D. Keeler as my asso-
ciate, we started on our c{uest. We were clad in sealskin suits,
covering every portion of our body excepting our faces, and as
we left the ship, looking more like natives than officers and sail-
ors of the navy, there rang out lusty cheers from nearly two
hundred Blue Jackets who manned the rigging of the ship.
GEORGE \V. MELVILLK.
ON TO UPERNAVIK. 283
Steaming along, dodging the icebergs and field ice, forty
hours after leaving the vessel we put into a small bay or cove
opposite the settlement of Rittenbeuk, and only seventy-eight
miles from Godhavn. It was in the wee sma' hours of mornhio-
o.
but the sun was up, in fact it had not set for many weeks, and
as soon as we observed any stir of life among the huts, Mr.
Keeler and myself went on shore and introduced ourselves to the
Danish trader who presided over the destinies of the fifty or
sixty Esquimaux there.
The trader's residence was the nearest approach to civilization
that I had seen in Greenland. It was cosey and homelike and
at one side of the room was a piano at which his Danish wife
passed away much of her time. The trader with his wife and
daughter warmly received us, and offered us such hospitalities
as they had at hand so long as we desired to stay. After break-
fasting with him I hired eleven of the natives (six women and
five men) to aid us wdien we should tind coal, men and women
working alike. We left Rittenbeuk at noon and at seven p. m.
anchored off Njarasusuk, another small settlement, Mr. Keeler
and myself prospecting along shore meanwhile, and turning over
and examining minutely and scientifically every little bit of dark
stone.
We concluded to spend the night in the huts at Njarasusuk,
leaving two men on the launch as a watch. About sundown,
eleven p. m., we dropped into our reindeer sleeping bags and were
soon fast asleep dreaming of home. The wind was howling bitterly
and a fearful, beating snowstorm begun, continuing throughout
the night and till nearly mid-day. But our sleeping bags were
too comfortable to allow the storm without to interfere with our
rest. In fact these sleeping bags are a wonderful improvement
284 ON TO UPEKNAVIK.
upon ordinary bed clothing for Arctic life, as there is no danger
of any portion of the body becoming uncovered wliile in them.
They are made either of reindeer or dog skins, and the shape of
an ordinary bag with a flap that is thrown over the head, leaving
only a small opening to prevent suffocation.
Resuming our tour of prospecting about noon we continued for
nearly eight miles beyond Njarasusuk and then discovered a black-
ish brown carboniferous stone, but in small quantities. This was
our first find and here we drove a stake to which we tied a piece
of cloth to identify the place upon our return. With a half-
dozen men, armed with chisel bars and pickaxes, I pushed a few
miles further on, examining the pieces of stone more minutely
until I came to unmistakable coal croppings. After blowing out
a good portion of the frozen sand with a torpedo bomb, we
opened up a good vein of vitreous and resinous coal that grew
thicker and of better quality the farther we went in. Conclud-
ing to inform the captain of our success I sent a written report
to him by an Esquimau with his kayak ; the postage, or rather
the cost of sending this apprisal of our good fortune one hundred
and twenty miles, being sixteen Danish dollars, or eight dollars
and a half American money.
After formally staking out the claim in the name of the
United States, and planting over it the American ensign, and
naming it '• Eureka Mine," I set my men to putting up three
canvas tents — one for the officers and provisions, another for
the sailors, and the other for the Esquimaux. By this time it was
nearly time to stop work (on the twelve hours a day system), and
to get our meal of pemmican, desiccated potatoes, crackers and
coffee. After our supper and a smoke, the selection of psalms
from the prayer book and prayers were read, and then we
ON TO UPEKNAVIK.
285
dropped into our sleeping bags. We did not awaken before 5.30
A. M., which is proof that we did not suffer from insomnia, and
then after a breakfast of coft'ee and cold boiled pork sandwiches,
we went to work, the sailors digging out the coal with pickaxes
PROSPECTING.
and chisel bars, the officers setting the torpedoes and blowing
the coal out, and the Esquimaux filling the bags and carrying them
to the beach.
I say nothing of the customary morning ablutions, of plung-
ing into a cold water bath, for we neglected both, where it was
necessary to melt the ice to get fresh water ; and those who
have used salt water for dirt removing know how useless it is.
Our regular diet was cold fat pork and " hard tack " (crackers),
286 ox TO rPERNAYIK.
with desiccated potatoes and canned tomatos, and once a day
pemmican. If our friends at home could have seen us biting
through a half-inch slice of fat pork laid on a single cracker it
might have caused them a little qualmishness, but we found it
not only a necessary food for our stomach and fuel for the bodily
organs and blood veins, but also a palatable food.
On the afternoon of the second day at the mine a party of
hunters from Njarasusuk in kayaks and oomiaks came up and
invited us to a walrus hunt. I o-ave the men a half-holidav to
witness a genuine and exciting hunt for the walrus ; not an ex-
hibition, but a real chase by Innuits, as the Esquimaux call them-
selves. There were about a dozen of the hunters, each one thor-
oughly equipped with weapons. Some had rifles, others lances,
harpoons and floats. Pulling across the Waigat, and nearing the
opposite shore, the kayaks forged ahead to make the first attack
upon a family of walruses which had paddled themselves up on
the ice to bask in the warm sunshine.
All conversation was hushed, or dropped to whisperings when
communication was necessary ; the paddles were plied as if they
were mutiied, and all movements were as silent as possible ; for
the walrus has an acute ear, and the hunters had a sharpened
appetite for walrus meat. When the leader-hunters reached the
edge of the ice pack they walked stealthily along it, and then
without any warning a harpoon was suddenly poised over the
shoulder of the chief and in another second went whizzing
through the air and the spear-head was buried deep in the
animal's thick hide. The Greenlander's harpoon is a wicked
looking instrument, about six feet long with a barbed spear-head,
and fastened to a supple line of tanned sealskin fifty feet long.
On the other end of the line is attached a sealskin float.
ox TO UPERXAVIK. 287
The instant the speared wah'us was struck he gave a plunge
into the water and the rest of the herd darted off with him.
The Esquimau hunters rushed for their kayaks and oomiaks, and
scurried away after the wounded wahais, which, in addition to
being fatally wounded, was dragging behind him fifty feet of
heavy line and a big bladder-like float.
The wounded walrus dived below, and a couple of minutes
later, like a whale, came up to blow. After going down, perhaps
a dozen times, the great black water-beast, nearly exhausted,
came up to get a breath of air when another lance was sent
whizzing through the air and pierced his shoulder as he was
about to dive. He was then secured and dragged to the shore.
Then the hunters began cutting the carcass up into square pieces,
each weighing from one hundred to one hundred and fifty pounds.
The bundles or chunks of meat were then divided up and taken
to the settlement where they served as food for Esquimaux and
doofs.
The walrus has about an inch and a half to two inches of
blubber directly under the hide, and this is tried out by the
natives to get oil for their lamps and for heating, and to use as
food. The meat and blubber are eaten both cooked and raw.
The tough hide is cut into small strips and served out as dog-
food.
After working at the coal mine three days, and taking out
about thirtv tons of o-ood coal with our rude minino; tools, our
kayak mail transport returned with orders from the captain to
return to the ship as speedily as possible.
I was loath to leave behind me the result of our three days
of hard labor, but I have always recognized that Navy discipline
requires prompt obedience to orders from superiors in spite of
288 ox TO UrEKNAVIK.
all persoiical interests. The coal had become of good quality,
was bituminous in its nature and contained much resinous mat-
ter ; the vein had also grown thicker, and below the original
stratum we opened another, so that the results promised better
if we had not so soon been recalled. So hurriedly shipping our
camp equipment and tools, and taking about four tons of the
new coal we sadly turned our backs upon Camp Eureka and the
thirty tons of coal we had dug.
CHAPTER XIX.
GOOD-BYE TO THE POLE.
THE Eureka Mine was
gradually lost to view
and we, in time, passed
Njarasiisuk, and then came
to Rittenbeuk. Here I dis-
charged my Esquimaux help
and paid them their wages
— twenty-six cents a day.
We were only fifteen hours
returning to the ship, our
new coal giving us plenty
of steam and enabling us
to keep down the satura-
tion of the water we were
using. Disrobing our sealskins, taking a thorough bath and put-
ting on our heavy beaver suits we again felt and appeared like
civilized humans. We learned that in our absence the Tigress
had returned from the north, having gone as far as Littleton
Island where was found the camp occupied by Captain Budding-
ton of the Polaris party through the winter. The rude house
with its berths remained, but the people had gone. Instruments
and records were found, and from the latter it was learned that
the Polaris had been crushed and sunk. between two icebero;s.
289
290 GOOD-BVK TO THE I'OLE.
Nothing of the departure or destination of the crew could be
found. A cairn evidently built by them was examined, but con-
tained only seal-blul)ber. The presumption was that they had
started south earlj' in June expecting to be able to reach Uper-
navik, but as nothing had been seen of them along the coast it
was believed they had been picked up by a whaler, and this after-
wards proved to be the case. After the arrival of the Tigress at
Godhavn, Captain Greer was ordered to cruise off towards the
coast of Labrador in hopes of intercepting the whalers, and in
case nothing was learned of the Buddington party, then the
Tigress was to push on to St. Johns.
Captain Braine concluded to get the news to Washington as
soon as possible, and we felt a mutual pride in the hope of being
the first to communicate what little news there was to send. It
was something of a risk for a steam vessel like the Juniata to
attempt to reach St. Johns under sail with the aid of our remain-
ing ten tons of coal only. A fearful snowstorm delayed our
departure from Godhavn for two days, and then we weighed
anchor and bade good-bye to Disco Island and the Esquimaux.
Four days later we passed Cape Farewell and bade " farewell "
to " Greenland's Icy Mountains."
The days had grown considerably shorter before we left God-
havn ; in other words, there were several hours between sunset
and sunrise, and we had frequent displays of the northern lights,
or the aurora borealis. These peculiar and remarkable phenom-
ena, when observed in the latitude of New York, often command
much notice from scientists and laymen, and much space in the
newspapers, but I never witnessed such grandeur in the skies as
the displays in the Arctic latitudes.
Nearly everybody, who has given the subject thought and
GOOD-BYE TO THE POLE. 291
study, advances a different theory regarding the aurora borealis
for every display it has made. Students have given it careful
study and have sought to obtain more authentic data from the
vast amount of confusing statements made and published, than
to studying what they really may be. Whatever these studies
and conjectures with regard to these fireworks of the frigid zone
may result in ; whether they be f rictional electric displays, re-
flections from some fiery furnace or from the sun's rays upon the
vast fields of polar ice, or phosphorescence in the atmosphere
acted upon by wave currents of the air, as a layman it is sufficient
to speak of their grandeur. In this latitude they have a daily
fluctuation of frequency and brilliancyj seeming to be more
marked at certain hours.
This is what they seemed to me : Long rolling ribbons lash-
ing the sky lazily backwards and forwards like a huge serpent ;
while here and there would be a broader ribbon suddenly illumi-
nated, and shooting out from this rigid bar of golden flame
toward the zenith. These waves of brilliancy would pulsate
sometimes, almost about to disappear, and then coming back
to greater and more energetic life.
Our run to St. Johns was without accident or incident of note,
excepting the unpleasant experiences of icebergs and fogs and
ice-floes.
Upon leaving Disco I observed great families of seals begin-
ning their southern migrations, keeping ahead of the ice as it
forms and moving along the coast of Labrador, feeding in its
fiords and bays on the journey. They always start for their
southern headquarters on the banks of Newfoundland in Septem-
ber, when winter beo-ins to set in. At the head of each division
are small detachments, like pioneers, leading the great army
292 GOOD-BYE TO THE POLE.
behind them in one continuous mass. They appear to fill the
sea as far as the eve can reach, impressing one with an idea of
vast thuLisands, on whose ranks the hunters have for eighty years
made systematic onslaughts. I say systematic, because a New-
foundland law limits the time when they may be hunted.
Still onward swims the great army until it reaches the Banks
where the seals feast upon the swarms of fish till the latter part
of February when they begin their journey northward again.
But the Greenland seas are not depopulated of seals, for the
Esquimaux find large numbers still remaining and these they
hunt on the ice durino- the Ions; Arctic nisrht. There are four
species of seals in these northern waters — the bay, the harp, the
hood, and the square flipper. The first and the last are com-
paratively rare, and when taken are of little commercial import-
ance. The harp seal, the seal of commerce, is so called from
having a broad line of connected dark spots proceeding from each
shoulder, and meetino; on the back above the tail, thus formino; a
figure like an ancient harp. But it is not until the second year
that this fio;urinfi: is marked.
The hood seal is much laro-er and more ferocious than the
harp seal. The male, or " the dog-hood " as the hunters signify
him, is distinguished from the female by a singular hood or bag
of flesh on his nose. When attacked or alarmed he inflates his
hood so to cover the face and eyes, and this natural protection is
strong enough to resist an ordinary size rifle ball. It is impossi-
ble to kill one of these creatures when his sensitive nose is thus
protected, unless he is shot in the side of the head and a little
behind it, so as to strike him in the neck at the base of the skull.
Cases have been known where fights between the ''dog-hoods"
have become so furious as to drive off the hunter.
i/3
GOOD-BYE TO THE POLE. 295
After being ten days at sea from Disco we anchored in the
quiet harbor of St. Johns, when the results of our expedition were
telegraphed to the Navy Department. On the following day a
telegraphic despatch of three words : " Continue the search ! "
came from the Secretary of the Navy. Such an order was less
welcome to our families who looked hopefully forward to soon
seeing us after learning of our arrival at St. Johns, than it was
to us. Our mission was one of humanity, to render succor to
some of our own brethren and men of our own profession, per-
haps, so far as we knew, on an ice-floe. After taking in coal we
left St. Johns on our second northw\ard journey, our hearts throb-
bing with hopes of finduig the castaways. Night came on and a
darker night in clear weather I never experienced.
Shortly before midnight a light was reported on our port-
quarter ; then we were startled by seeing rockets bursting sky-
wards, and the sending up of other night signals which were
interpreted as a request to haul about to be communicated with.
Then our vessel was slowed down and we sent up signals. There
was the greatest excitement on board, and everv officer and man
was soon on deck. A steamer in this sea so late in the season
was a rare thing, and we all felt that it was the Tigress with
news of the Polaris. Our hearts were throbbing with delight-
ful anticipations. An hour later the two vessels were close
enough to each other to communicate and a shout came over the
water
Ship ahoy ! "
" Ay, ay ! " was returned from the Juniata.
"Is that the Juniata ? "
"Ay, ay, sir!"
" We have the American consul on board from St. Johns.
296 GOOD-LJYE TO THE POLE."
We lowered a boat and ^^ent to the steamer which brousrht
buck Consul Molloy, who informed us that he had received a
telegram from Dundee, Scotland, that the Polaris crew had
arrived there on the whaling vessel Arctic. Upon receipt of the
despatch he chartered the sealing steamer Cabot, and followed
the Juniata to intercept her, with the result as I have stated, and
infcnnned the Navy Department of his action. The news was
received witii great delight, but not with the utmost credulity ;
yet both vessels returned to St. Johns, where we awaited further
instructions from Washington.
The Tigress was still in the north, and she was not expected
at St. Johns until well toward October 15, the day set for her to
return in case she should get no tidings of the Polaris people-
A few days after our return to St. Johns the mail steamer from
Halifax brought information from Washington that Captain
Buddington and his companions were picked up near Cape York
by the whaling bark Ravenscraig, eleven of them afterwards
being transferred to the Arctic, and the three others to the whal-
ing steamer Intrepid.
The Tigress returned to St. Johns on October 16, and there
learned from us the delightful news of the arrival of the Polaris
survivors at Dundee. The following day came telegraphic orders
from the Secretary of Navy for us to proceed to New York, but
it was not until October 19, that the weather permitted us to
start. Six davs later we anchored in the North River, near the
Battery, and the first mail to Washington carried applications
from De Long and myself for duty upon any future or prosjDec-
tive expedition to the Arctic.
RARE BOOK
COLLECTION
THE LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF
NORTH CAROLINA
AT
CHAPEL HILL
Travel
G440
.R47