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ουδν ταις δὰ ὧν  « Bee αι ἅν we ee .- απ ὼς, eee a lelti‘“™S 


FRANZ THIMM’S 


SERIES 


EUROPEAN GRAMMARS 


AFTER AN 


EASY AND PRACTICAL METHOD. 


SS 


PART XI. 


THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE. 


SO ROC OS 
LON DON: 
FRANZ THIMM, 

FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 
3 BROOK STREET, GROS BS 


GROSVENO 
1868. 


UARE W. 


A SHORT 
PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD 


OF LEARNING THE 


OLD NORSK TONGUE 
ICELANDIC LANGUAGE 


AFTER THE DANISH 
OF 


E. RASK 


WITH AN ICELANDIC READER 
AN ACCOUNT OF THE NORSK POETRY AND THE SAGAS 
AND A MODERN ICELANDIC VOCABULARY FOR TRAVELLERS 


BY 


H. LUND. 


——_—-sccoggoocoo ———- 
LONDON: 
FRANZ THIMM, 

‘FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER 
3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE W. 


* 1868. 


303. f. 22 


PREFACE. 


The Old Norsk or Icelandic and the Anglo-Saxon may 
be termed the parents of the English Language, and their 
Knowledge is not only highly useful but absolutely necessary 
to every educated Englishman who looks upon his language with 
the eye of a historian and philosopher. Nothing is more interest- 
ing than to look back to these two sources from whence the 
english tongue is derived, and a thorough knowledge of Eng- 
lish is only possible by being acquainted with its origin. 

These languages together with Anglo-Norman, early Ger- 
man, ancient, medieval and modern English, ought to be 
regularly studied. 

By adapting Rask’s abridgement we have indicated a simple 
method of learning Icelandic, which we hope will be found 
generally useful. 


The Editor. 


INDEX. 


PART I. 


I. The Pronunciation. 
II. Modification of Vowels. 


I. 


Inflection of Words. 
The Noun. Ist- Declension 


[[nd. - 
ΠΙτά. - . 
Declension of Nouns with the Article. 
. Adjectives. 
The Comparison of Adjectives. 
. Pronouns. 
Numerals. 
. The Verb. 
Auxiliary Verbs. 
Particles. 
The Formation of Words. . 
Syntax. . 
Prepositions. 
Prosody. . 
PART II. 
The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas. 
PART III. 
Icelandic Reader. 
PART IV. 


Modern Icelandic for Travellers, 


58 — 73 


) 


14—101 


102 —121 


PART I 


The Pronunciation. 


The Alphabet. 
The Icelandic Alphabet is composed of the following letters 


Pronunciation Pronunciation 
Aa ah Rr err 
ΒΡ bay Ss 8 
Dd day Tt tay 
Ee a Uu 00 
ΕΓ eff Vv vay 
G g ghay X x iks 
H h hah Yy ue 
11 e Zz zet 
Jj yod Pp th 
K k kah Β ὅ dh 
L 1 el ἘΦ ae 
Mm em ( ce oe (Danish ο, Ger- 
N n en _ Man 6 
0 o 0 ὃ ὅ oe (German ὅ) 
Pp pay 
1. The Old Norsk order of the vowels was the following 
Vowels Diphthongs 
a a 6B 
ὕ au ey 
e — el 
i — j 
0 ὀ ce 
u ι -- 
y — y 
Icelandic Grammar. 1 


2 


2. ὅ always open, as in the danish words: Déren, lénne. 


3. e, the same as in the danish: bedre, Hest. Before the 
open 6 (δ) an 7 is often added in the pronunciation, which 
generally receives the accent (') as: let (Wet) lod, agreeing 
with the Danish sjette from seks, jeg from ἐγώ. It is uncer- 
tain how far back into past ages this pronunciation may be 
traced. . | 

4. 7, as in the danish vis, ¢il, it comes near to the danish 
é in leve, and is both long and short. When it goes over into 
i, it sounds like the danish in Pil, vis, fire. 


5. 0, always open, as the danish ἃ, it is both long and 
short, as in: Bogen, os, komme; whilst ὁ sounds like the danish 
in Os, Stol, stor, perhaps a little broader. 


6. w as in the danish words Bud, Hul, kun, long and 
short, in its transition to ὦ it sounds like the danish Hus, 
Hul, brun. That this pronunciation of the «u and ὦ is the ge- 
nuine old norsk, is proved not only by all the northern lan- 
guages, but also by the Ferroe dialect, in which the correct 
sound has been maintainted to this day, f. 1. 


oldnorsk-ferroe danish 
kunna kunne 
κύρα kuna kue. 


7. y as in the danish Byg, hyppe; it approaches a little to 
the danish @ and is both long and short; changed into ¥ it 
sounds like the danish Bly, Syre, flyde. That y was really dis- 
tinguished from ¢, is proved partly by the languages of the 
northern continent (Fastlands sprogene) partly by the icelandic 
pronunciation of the day, which pronounces y in kyrr short, 
but the letter y long: but more particularly by the circumstance, 
that the poets (skaldene) form ἃ half-rhyme with ἡ, as Fms. 6, 35. 


Herstillis parf ek hylli, 
half eru véld und Kalfi 


8. ἀ like the danish av in Havre, greek, latin and italian 
au in aura with a clear a (not like the german au). 

9. ὦ almost like aj, so that the sound of a approaches 
the danish @, and the sound of 7 somewhat resembles 6 (ne- 
sten aye. 

10. au, as the danish éw or ow, which is still the pro- 
nunciation of the northern au, it is very much like the german 
au: Auga, Auge, the eye. 


8 


11. ey, as written, somewhat like ὅδ᾽, on northern monu- 
ments (Mindesmerker) it was often written ey, resembling the 
german eu. That it was distinguished from ei is partly seen 
from the Ferroe in which ey is changed into oj, δὲ into 4), 
but more particularly from the old verses, in which ey with δὲ 
form a half-rhyme as: Fms. 7, 13. 

hvern Peirra kvad herra 
(bjaldr-bliks) en sik miklu 
(bet ofmikit eydir 

dngr) makligra at hanga. 

12. ef like a broad é, in conjunction with ¢ (or 7) the 
e loses its open sound and adopts the close one, in which 
the sound of 7 is but little heard, on this account this diph- 
thong has sometimes been written ὁ (not the german et). 

4 and 6 (see 4 et 5). 

13. ὦ (9) like a broad danish 6 as pronounced by the 
people — « Te —; the 7 sound becomes faint and ends al- 
most with e (as in 976). 

In many good and ancient icelandic manuscripts this sound 
is blended (foreblandet) with @, and in the modern icelandic 
language ὦ (oe) has regularly changed into ὦ (ae); in Ferroe 
it has changed into 6, as: scekja (sekja) ferroe: sekja, seje. 

au and y (see 6 et 7). 

14. The simple vowels, a, ὅδ, 0, u are hard e, ¢, y, soft 
after g, k; the diphthongs formed with Ὁ are hard, as: d, au, 
6, ἀ; those formed with 7, are soft; as: @, ey, et, i, @, y. 
f.i. kann, kéttr, koma, kunna; also: kal, kaup, kol, 
kuga; but: kenni, kirkja, kyrki; and: kert, keypt, 
keipr, kif, keli, kyr. 

15. The order of the Consonants is the following: 

1) soundless (silent) Consonants: 
Labial letter lingual letter palatal letter letter 


ee Se, —__, 
hard p, ἢ, t, p, ~k, h, 
soft ὃ, v, d, 5, δ, 33 
2) liquids . 
m, 0, l, r, 3, 2 
3) mixed 


) 
Of their pronunciation is to be remarked: 
16. f has a double sound, namely 1) like f in the be- 
. " 


4 


ginning and when it is doubled, as in: fara, fra, vaff. 2) 
like a hard v in all other cases, as: haf, δίῃ, héfn, 
stefni, as seen in the Ferroe: Navn, Ηδνη, stevnt, stevndi, 
stevnt. 

17. P (th) sounds like the english th in think, thought. 
[t is only found at the beginning of a word, and is therefore 
never doubled. 6 (dh) sounds almost like the d in the danish 
words: med, Bad; Rad, most like the english th in: bathe, 
father; it is heard more strongly rolling than other Consonants 
as in: adrir, Oélast, fedrum, ridnir, fadmar. It does 
not appear at the beginning of words and never doubles, but 
it changes indo dd, as: gleé — gladdi, ry6 — ruddi. 
The Ancients often wrote p for 6, if the sense expressed its 
meaning, but they never wrote d for 6 before the 14'* Century. 


18. k has 1) the hard sound as in the danish kan, 2) 
the soft sound ‘4j) as in kert (14) but never aspirated as in 
the swedish kdnner; nor has sk the aspirated sound as in the 
swedish skdr or in the german word Scheere, but it is pronoun- 
ced like the danish skaere. 


19. g has 1) the hard sound as in gar; 2) the soft (gj) 
as in the danish Ger (14); 3) an aspirated sound after vow- 
els or at the end of words or syllables, as the danish g in 
Sag, Reg etc. We recognise this from the fact that the Ancients 
always wrote in such cases gh, as: légh, vegh. But it never 
sounded like 7, not even when followed by ὦ, this is visible in 
the old verses, in which otherwise the half-rhyme would have 
either been corrupted or vanished altogether, as: Fms. 6, 23. 88. 


eig-i gaztu lidskost ldg-an.. . 
syg ek or sdltum @g7... 


20. ἢ is sounded at the beginning of words, also before 
j. v, lr, n, as: hjarta, hvat, hled, hring, hnoda. 


21. nn, has a very peculiar hard sound after diphthongs, 
like dn, as: steinn (steidn) frdnn, kenn, huinn; but not 
if nn is joined to diphthongs as a compound, as: 4-nni, 
ku-uni, in such a case and after single vowels nn is pro- 
nounced as usual. 

22. Ul has a similar hard pronunciation after all: vowels 
and diphthongs, and sounds like dl, as: kall, all, ill, fill, 
full, full; but it loses a great deal of its hardness when 
followed by ¢, d, 8, as: allt, felldi, fulls. 


4) 


23. rm sounds very hard and short, almost like dn or 
more correctly like rdn, as: barn, biro, horn, it is there- 
fore often found in defective modern manuscripts or books 
steirn, seirn for steinn, seinn. rl sounds likewise hard and 
short, almost like d/ or more correctly like rdl; on this account 
one often finds jarl and jall, karl and kall, kerling and 
kelling. 


24. s is always hard, like the Danish or like the german 
fi (sz), never soft like the german ἴ. 


25. z always sounds like s and is only used as -an ety- 
mological sign for s, when a ¢, d, or 6 has dropped as: veiz- 
la for veitsla, islenzkr for islendskr, gerzkr for gerdskr. 
In old manuscripts they made use of z sometimes as an abbre- 
viation of ss, sometimes of st, about in the same manner 
in which the greek ζ stood for od, in modern and good edi- 
tions the use has been restricted, to specify distinctly the two 
pronunciations and derivations. 


26. x always sounds hard, like ks or gs with a hard g 
and s, as: lax, sex, 6x, uxi, (never like gz as in the french 
word exact). 


27. The old Norsk pronunciation was altogether broad, 
rich in sound (klangfuld) logical and precise. A vowel before 
a simple consonant is rather long, whether the consanant be 
hard or soft, as: ek (1. ek) or eg (1. weg), set (I. set), las 
(1. 185) to express the short sound, the consonant is doubled, 
as: egg, sett, hlass. 

Even vowels are shortened in the pronunciation if a con- 
sonant is added, as: 


héf-ud has a long 6 — hofdi a short and sharp one. 
ber, slir- - τ e — berja, Dat. bardi, has a short one. 
vil - - = 1— vilja, vildi -- - = 


28. To the syllable belong all consonants which follow a 
vowel, as: ask-a, sett-u, héfd-in-u, vild-1, marg-ir, 
hest-ar. According to this rule the words are abbreviated at 
the end of a line. 


29. Exceptions are 7 and v, which belong to the vowel 
following these letters, as: legg-jum, higg-va, the letter r, 
also never attaches itself to the preceding vowel, except, when 
it becomes altogether blended with the vowel as: steinn, 
grenn, hell, full, it is generally read with the next vowel, 


6 


as: ved-rit, ved-f, al- r, set-r; such an r will always in 
future be thus accented ἐ. 


30. The principal accent is constantly on the first syllable 
of the word as: vér-ald-ar-inn-ar; the secondary accent, 
lies on the penultimate in words of three or four syllables as: 
Upp-lend-ing-ar, vin-dtta, svaradi, not on the last syl- 
lable, except in composed words, ending in a monosyllabic: 
konungson. 


Il. 
Modification of Vowels. 


The Modification of vowels plays an important part in the 
declension and derivation of the Old Norsk Language. It is 
of a double kind. 


31. a) α into 6 in the principle syllable of a word if it 
ends in u, as: aska, dsku. Sometimes even if w is dropped 
as: blad, Plural bl0d, leaves. Jafn, jéfn. Reversed: 

32. ὅ into a, if the termination be a, as: ὅθ, agnar, 
sometimes before ¢r or with shortened terminations in compounds 
or derivations, as: agnir, jardvegr, jardneskr. 


33. b) Before endings im ὦ, j, or 7, even if these letters 
are left out: 
aintoe: land, lendi — nafn, nefni; 
6 — e: grif, gef — stk, sekr; 


ja —— i: bjart, birti — djarft, dirfist; 
jo — i: hjord, hirdir — bjorn, birni; 
6 — ἢ: regn, rignir — hverfi, hvirfill ; 
ἀ — @: rad, ταῦτ — na. ne; 
au —ey: raun, reyni — draup, dreypi; 
0 — y: son, synir — of, yfir; 

u — y: gud, gydja — full, fylli; 

ὦ — ¥: his, hysi — pratt, prydi; 


76 — Υ: bjdda, byir — μ!16ὅ, hlydi; 

ju — ¥: Ajaga, flygr — djupt, dypra; 

ὁ — ὦ (6): Κἱό, kler — bot, beeti. 
o sometimes, although rarely into 6, as: 


hnot, hnetr — trodga, tredr; 
koma, kemr — of, efra, efst. 


7 


34. In the oldest norsk language there were long and 
single vowels before ng, nk, these changed according to the 
above rule, as: langt, l6ngu, lengi, in latter times these 
vowels were modified into diphthongs and changed thus: langt, 
laungu, leing1. 

35. Sometimes there is no modification even if ¢ follows, 
nor if even the vowel on other occasions is changed in its 
root, as: land, Dative landi; 

nafn, - mnafni, and banki, thought 
kappi, fighter, although: ek peinki, J think, ek keppist, 
I fight are sayd. The reason of this appears to be that in 
such cases the vowel of the termination was not ¢ but 6, as 
we frequently find it in manuscripts thus: lande, nafne, panke, 
kappe. 

736. In the same way o is often found in terminations 
instead of #, particularly, so it appears, if the chief syllable 
received no modification of this kind, as: ero, varo, pin- 
gom etc. But according to rule, there is a difference in 
such endings between 6 and ¢, o and τι. 

37. There are many kinds of modification in the conju- 
gation of the verbs, which will be mentioned in the proper place. 

38. Amongst the consonants change: 

ndt into tt as: batt, bandt; satt, sandt. 
ngk — kk — sprakk, sprang; ekkja, Enke. 

39. nr into nn as: sleinn, steinr; seinn, seimr; seinna, 

sein-ra. 
lr into Ul, as: héll for hélr, selli for selri. 

40. » is dropped at the beginning of words before 0, u, 
y and r, as: verd, vard, urdu, yrdi, ordit; as also: hverf, 
hvarf, hurfu, hyrfi, horfit, rangt, vrangt, reidi, Vrede. 
But we find that the Ancients frequently did not drop the », 
as: vurdu, vyrdi, vordit. 


Inflection of Words. 


1. The Noun. 


41. Nouns are divided into two orders, the open aud the 


closed; the one is more simple in its inflection, the other more 
complex. 


The first has but one declension, the second has two. 
Each has three genders. The Neuter is the most simple. 


Open Order. 
42. First Declension. 


the eye the sunbeam the tongue 
Sing. Nom. auga, geisli, tiinga 
Gen. Dat. Acc. auga, geisla, tuingu (0) 
Plural Nom. augu (0), geislar, tungur (or), 
Gen. augu (0), geisla, tingur (or), 
Dat. augum (om), = geislum (om), tdingum (om), 
Ace. augna geisla tungna. 


' 43. Nouns, whose chief letter is a, change a into 6 be- 
fore the terminations in u (31): 


hjarta, Plural, D. hjértum, (the heart) 
kappl - - képpum, (the champion) 
saga, G. ἢ. A. sigue - - sdégur, ségum, (the saga) 


on the other hand a changes into w in the following syllables, 
as: harpari, hérpurum; leikari, leikurum. 
44, Some masculine substantives ending in ing?, take a 
j in all other cases, as: 
hofSingi, héfdingja, héfsingjar — the captain; ᾿ 
illvirki,  illvirkja — the illdoer; 
vili, vilja — will. 
45. Masculines ending in andi form their plural irregularly, 
f. i. buandi, which word is at the same time contracted, as: 
Sing. Nom. biiandi (the yeoman) bondi, 


Gen. Dat. Acc. bianda bénda, 
Plur. Nom. Gen. biendr, bendr, bendr, 
Dat. baindum, endum, béndum, bendum, 


Acc. bianda, enda bénda, benda. 


9 


46. The words herra and sira (germ. Herr, english Sire, 
father) which were used before the christian names of Priests 
and Provosts, are the only masculines ending in a, they only 
differ from geisli in the Nominative. 


47. Some Feminines take in the plural not na but only 
a, as in the Nom. Sing. as: lina, kanna, skepna, lilja, 
gydja, vara. 

48. The subst. kona (Queen), woman, changes in the plural 
into kvenna (wife); the word kvinna remains sometimes in 
this case unchanged by ancient writers, the moderns always use 
kvenna. 


Clesed Order. 


49. This Order embraces not only the words ending in 
Consonants, but also those ending in ¢ and w. Ten mascu- 
line substantives ending in ¢ of the first Declension, ought to 
end in 6. 

This order is divided in two declensions, to the first be- 
long the words ending in Consonants and in ?, to the second 
belong those ending in a pure sounding τ. 


50. Second Declension. 
Sing. Nom. land (land) brandf (brand) [Ὁγ (journey) 
for 


Gen. land brand 

Dat. \andi (e) brandi (e) for 

Acc. lands brands _farar 
Plur. Nom. lind brandar farir (ar) 

Gen. lind branda farir (ar) 

Dat. léndum briéindum forum 

Acc. landa branda fara. 


51. When there in neither a nor 6, no modification oc- 
curs, as: skip (ship), skipum — konungr (king), kontin- 
gum — eign (property), eign, eignar, eignir, eignum. 
only one word has two forms, namely: 

Sing. dagr (the day) Dat. degri, 
Plur. dagar - dégum. 
52. The letter r dissolves when n or I precede, into nn and 


ll, as in steinn (the stone) (instead of steint), haell (heel) 
instead of haelr) and in longer words as: drottinn (master), 


10 


lykill (key). Sometimes the ¢ of the Dative drops in the 
words ending in @ as: 
- hel, h6él for heli, héli. 

In the last radical letters r and s the use fluctuates be- 
tween r and rr, 8 and ss Porr, herr, hauss, iss, 6ss, 
is often found because of little consequence. 

Both kinds of words, if they are monosyllabic in the Nom. 
lose the ὦ in the Dative, as: her, is, for heri, isi. 

The r is altogether dropped after n and / when it comes 
into collision with other consonants as in: vagn, hrafno, 
fugl, karl (Nom. and Gen.) also after s and ss, as in hdls, 
kross (in the Nom. Gen. and Dat.). 

53. Words in two Syllables are contracted when the pro- 
nunciation allows it, as: 

Neut. sumar (summer), sumri — Plur. sumur sumrum, sumra, 
héfud (head), héfdum, hofda. 

Masc. hamri, hamrar, hamra, hémrum. 
drottni, drottnar — lykli, lyklar etc. 

Some words reserve an uncommon vowel in the contracted 
forms, as: 
megin, might, power; magni, megins. Pl. megin or mign 

(as: godmidgn), mignum, magna. 
g. m. ketill (kettle), katli, Plur. katlar, katla, kétlum. 
9. f. alin (the ell-measure) alnar, - alnir, alnum, dlna. 

54. To the contrated belong the Mascul. jéfurr, fjst- 
urr, they keep ὅ throughout jéfri, fjstri Plur. jofrar, 
fjétrar. 

The others of this class of all three genders have only 
an ¢ by the Ancient writers (not ur or urr), they must not 
therefore be looked upon as contracted, as: 

Mas. silfr (silver), silfri, 
akr (acre), akri, Plur. akrar, 
Fem. fjudr (feather), fjadrar, Plur. fjadrir (ar) fjodrum, fjadra. 

55. The polysyllabic Neuters ending in -ad, -an or the Fem. 
ending in an are not contracted, as: 

Sing. Nom. Gen. mannlikan (human being) skipan (order), 


Dat. wannlikani skipan 

Ace. mannlikans skipanar (onar) 
Plur. Nom. Gen. mannlifkun (on) skipanir, 

Dat. manolikunum skipunum (onom) 


Acc. mannifkana skipana. 


11 


56. Some words of this declension allow ἃ 7 or v to creep 
in before terminations which begin with a vowel, not however 
j before ὦ, rarely ἡ before u. This seems to be a remnant of 
terminations in ¢ or « which was originally in these words. 

57. The inserted letter » requires a preceding 6 (or au) 
before they change into @ or ὦ (see § 32) if it terminates in a 
and has therefore the same effect as u. In the Plural of the 
Fem. the inserted » takes the’ old termination in ar 


Sing. Nom. froe (frae) saungr or 
Gen. froe saung or 
Dat. froevi saungvi éru 
Acc. froes saungns érvar 
Plural Nom. froe saungvar érvar 
Gen. froe saugva Orvar 
- Dat. froevum (om) saungum (om) drum (om) 
Acc. froeva; saungva ; drva. 


58. The inserted letter 7 requires the Mas. to drop the entire 
termination (71) in the Sing. Dat. and to take in the plural ir 
G. 7. but the feminine always takes the ar, so that it terminates 
in jar, as; 

Sing. Nom. nes (neck of land) dreingr ben (wound) 


Gen. nesi dreing ben 
Dat. nesi dreing ben 
Acc. ness dreings benjar 
Plural Nom. nes dreingir benjar 
Gen. nes dreingi benjar 
Dat. nesjum dreingjum benjum 
‘Acc. nesja; dreinja ; benja. 


59. But there are a number of Mascul. with simple vowels 
or consonants before 7, which also drop the ὦ in the Sing. Dat. 
who take in the Nom. and Gen. Plur. ἐγ, and ¢ without insert- 


ing J — equally a number of Fem. ending in -ing, -&ng or 
in 7 (or ἢ which take ar in the plural without the insertion 
of either » or 7 as: [hunt) 
Sing. Nom. dali (dale) drottning (queen) veidi (veidi) (chase, 

Gen. dal drottning veldi 

Dat. dal drottningu veidi 

Acc. dals drottningar veidar 
Plur. Nom. dalir drottningar veidar 

Gen. dali drottningar veidar 

Dat. dolum drottningum veidum 


Acc. dala; drottninga ; veida. 


12 


But dali is sometimes found in the Dat. (f. i. Harbardsl. 
18) even in the Plur. Herdalar (Hk. 2, 8) likewise the swedish: 
brudr has in the Plural brudir. 

60. Some words resemble the third declension as they lter- 
minate in the Sing. Acc. in ar, otherwise they are declined like 
brandr, dreingr or dalt. To the former belong: hattr, 
kraptr (krafts) grautr, skégr, vindr in the language of 
the old bards vegr. To the latter belong: belgr, mergr, 
leggrt, hryggr, verkr, reykr, laekr, drykkf and boer, 
therefore: boejar, boejum, boeja with inserted 7, which 
is strictly observed by all good ancient authors; of the latter 
kind are mostly found: stadr, saudr, bragi, vegr (some- 
times in the Dat. vegu), ratti, vinr (or vin) hugr, hlutr, 
munf (difference) and all those ending in -nadr (-nudr) and 
-skapr, which occur however rarely in the plural. 

61. The Neuter terminating in -7, and the masc. terminat- 
ing in -tr, drop the ¢ before the terminations: -wm, -ar, -a, 
except those having g or k before them, these change ¢ into 7. 

The fem. ending in a pure ¢ remains unchanged in the 
Sing. but takes tr in the Plural: 


Sing. Nom. kveii merki leknir efi 
Gen. Dat. kvedi merki lekni efi 
Acc. kvedis merkis laeknis efi 
Plur. Nom. kvxidi merki lekn-ar efir 
Gen. kvxdi merki lekn-a efir 
Dat. κναὔτυ ἢ) merkjum —lekn-um eef-um 
Acc. kved-a; = merkja; lekn-a; eef-a. 
Eyrir (Danish: en Ore) an ear, forms the plural in 
aurar 
aura but eyri a low beach, has in the 
aurum Dat. and Plural eyrar. 
aura 


helgi, holiness, holy-day, Sunday, forms Dat. and Plur. hel gar. 

62. Others again from all three Genders have many irre- 
gularities. Thus the Nom. laeti, sound, forms Dat. Plur. la- 
tum, Acc. la ta. Some Neuters become Feminine in the Plur., as: 


Sing Plural: 
lim, brashwwood limar, branches, 
tal, " fraud talar, frauds, 
eing (Dan. en Eng.) meadow eingjar, meadows, 
mund, time mundir, ¢imes, 


pusund (Dap. Tusende) thousand ptsundir, thousands. 


i3 


The word froedi, knowledge, is in the Sing. fem. and re- 
mains unchanged, like efi; but in the Plur. it is Neut. and is 
declined like kv 286i. 


63. Some Neuters are found in the Nom. and Gen. with 
and without the termination in -7, as: eing and eingi; 
fulltiog (Dan. Hjelp) help; and fulltingi, sinn, and 
sinni, the longer form belongs to the modern icelandic 
language, but often appears in modern copies of old manu- 
scripts. 

64. The Masc. gud, which drops the r in the Nom. and 
forms the Plur. in gudir, is distinguished from the Nom. god 
(heathen image) Plur. god. Many words ending in ¢ and r 
form the Plur. in -ar, as: 

 kerleikt, kerleik, or kerleiki, kerleika; 
Plural kerleikar. 
sannleikr, sannleiki; Plural sannleikar. 


The forms -leiki are common in the modern language. The 
new. form often gives a new signification as: 

oddr, a point, oddi — a neck of land; 

munnr (Dan. Mund) mouth — munni, mouth of river; 

karl, an old man — Karli, male name ,, Charles“. 
Some differ altogether: 

bragr (= stradr, 60) α poem — Bragi, Male nime; 

πὰ σὲ, will — hugi, sense, thought and male name Hugo; 

hlutr, an ounce, thing — hluti, @ part. 
It happens sometimes that words are similar to these termina- 
tions, without being related together, as: 

bolt (= dalr) block — boli, bull; 
hagr, condition — hagi, garden. 

It is rare that the Neut. of this declension changes into the 
masc. of the former, by taking the termination of ¢; as: 

é6mak and é6maki (Gylfaginning 12) fainting fit; 

mal, speech — formali, tale; 

verk, work — verki, writing, poem, 
with the exception of those who lose at the same time their 
entire signification, as: | 

land, land — landi, countryman; 

bd (Dan. Bo), furniture — Βα], neighbour ; 

hofud (Dan. Hoved) head — hofdi, Cape; 

nordr (Dan. Norden) north — Nordri, name of a dwarf. 


14 


65. The other irregular Masc. are: 
Sing. Nom. sk6ér (shoe) dérr (spear) madr (man) fingr (finger) 


Gen. ské dor mann fingr 
Dat. 5κό dor manni fingri 
Acc. skés dors manns fingrs 
Plur. Nom. sktar derir menn fingr 
Gen. skua deri menn fing’ 
Dat. skom dijrum minanum finer um 
Acc. sktia; darra; manna; fingra. 


The moderns contract skor in the Plural into Nom. skér, 
Gen. sko, Dat. skoa. 


66. Irregular feminines are: 
sal, the soul, Dat. salu — Plural salir, Acc. salna, 


also in the Acc. Sing. salu, particularly found in compounds, 
as: sdluhjalp. 

grein forms the Plural in greinir and sometimes greinar, 

ey, island, Dat. eyju or ey, Plur. eyjar — but is gene- 
rally used in Iceland ‘eya after the 1.Declension. Monosyllables 
ending in d, which come im contact with an @ or w following, 
generally supplant them by 4, as: bra, eyebrow, Acc. brar, 
Plur. brar, Dat. bram, Acc. bra. Some derivatives with 
these endings remain unaltered in the Sing. by the ancients 
as: asja, care. 


Third Declension. 


67. This declension embraces all those words ending in 
“ΟΥ̓ v, which are however frequently dropped or in some other 
manner obscured. There are but few Neuters all of which end 
in 6 (for ev), the Masc. end in the Sing. in -ar, Plur -#r, those 
of the Sing. in -ar, or -7, form the Plural in -7: 


N. Mz F. —[(wood) 
Sing. Nom. tre (tree) villur (field) fjordur (bay) rot (root) mirk 
Gen. tre vill fjord rot mork 
Dat. tre velli firdi rot miérk 
Ace. tres vallar fjardar rétar = merkr 
Plur. Nom. tre vellir firdir retr  merk? 
Gen. tre villu fjordu ret?  merk? 

Dat. tram —_—rvillum fjordum r6tum miérkum 


Acc. trja; valla ; fiarda ; rota; marka. - 


1ὅ 


68. Like tre are declined kne; two words hle and spe 
do not occur in the Plural. It was only in the fifteenth Cen- 
tury that the Icelanders began to pronounce the e in these 
words like ye (instead of @) wherefore we meet in good editions 
of old works the reading tré, trés etc. Plur. Dat. and Acc. 
contracted for trjavum, trjava. 

The word Fe, cattle, goods, money, is irregular in the Dat. 
Sing.; we find fjar instead of fjavar; but ve, sanctuary, 
temple (from which Odinsve, Odense) is declined, like land 
or skip after the 25} Decl. 


- 69. The Masculines we find sometimes only written with 
r (instead of ur), it not being observed that the termination 
in 1 was the reason for writing 6, as in the Dat. Plural. 

Therefore hvalf with a, because the r is only distinguished 
by an ᾿ from the root. 

But kjélur with 6, because the ending contains u. The 
Genitive Plural of all these words has a double form, partly 
ending in ὦ, agreeing with the Nom. Plural as: velli, firdi, 
partly ending in -%, agreeing with the Dative Plural, and 
this form is the old genuine one. . Several kinds of modi- 
fications are to be noticed, although some words do not modify 
by reason of their nature. 


Sing. Nom sonur (son) drattur (drawing) vidur (wood, forest) 
10 


en. son dratt vi 
Dat. syn dretti vidi 
Acc. sonar drattar vidar 
Plur. Nom. synir dreettir vidir 
Gren. (syni) (dretti) (vidi) 
— sonu drattu vidu 
Dat. sonum drattum vidum 
Acc. sona; dratta ; vida. 


Irregular are these two: 


Sing. Nom. fotur (foot) vetr (for vetr-ur) (winter) 
Gen. fot. vetr (for vetr-u) 
Dat. fot vetri 
Acc. fotar vetrar ~ 
Plur. Nom. Gen. for vetr (for vetr-T) 
Dat. fotum vetrum 


Acc. fota; vetra 


16 


70. The feminines of this declension have also several 
- kinds of modification of vowels; some cannot be modified, 
some have a doubled form of declension after this or the for- 
mer specimen, as: “ 


Present Declension: Former Declension: [8100 
Sing. Nom. Gen. hnot(nut) staung mdirk (wood) staung (stake, 


Dat. hnot staung miurku staung 
Acc. hnotar = steingr = markar stangar 
Plur. Nom. Gen. hnetr steingr markir stangir 
Dat. hnotum = staungum mérkum __ staungum 
Acc. hnota; stanga; marka; stanga. 


The modification in staung, steingr is in reality the 
same, as in mérk, merkr (67) as it is merely a mechanical 
consequence of ng, the 6 changes into au and e into ef, we 
also often find sténg, stangar, steng?r (34). 

The words which are declined in two ways like mérk 
and staung are chiefly the following: 


strind (strand), rind (edge), spaung, taung, haunk. 
A difference of signification is only accidental, as: 

Snd, Plur. end? the duck — Ond, andir, α spirit, ghost 

(dan.: en and, Plur. Aender, duck, — en aand, Plur. 

aander, spirit. 


Strénd, rind, 6nd receive in the Acc. Sing. always stran- 
dar, randar, andar; so that dnd, spirit, differs only in 
one case in the singular, and two cases in the Plural from 
Snd, duck, Dat. Sing. bndu, Nom. and Gen. Plur. andir. 


71. Some accented monosyllables deviate by contraction, 
if the final syllable begins with a vowel, so that d absorbs 
a, u but ὁ, ὦ, absorbs only the u; as: 


ta, ten, A.tar (for taar) — Plur.taer, D. tam (for taum) 
klo, claw, A. kldar — Plur. kloer, kl6m, kl6éa 

a, sheep (hunfar), A. er — Plur. er. 

ku, cow, A. kyr — Plur. kyr. 


These forms er and kyr we find in the modern language given 
to the Sing. Nom. ; so that both these words are in the Sing. Nom. 
and Plur. Nom. and Gen. the same. 

Others blend the r of the Plural with the final letter, 
as braun, Plur. brynn (Egilss. 5. 306 and in the Edda Hel- 
gakv. Haddsk. 19) now we say bryn, or bry¥r; mus forms 
the Plur.in mgss or mys; dyrr ordyr, door, is only found 


17 


in the Plural and forms the Dat. and Acc. durum, dura or 
dyrum, dyra. Sometimes br{¥n and dyrr lean in the Plu- 
ral to n. 

The following are still more irregular: 


Sing. Nom. Gen. hind (hand) natt or πόϊῥ (night) 


Dat. hendi natt nottu 

Acc. handar nattar netr (netr) 
Plur. Nom. Gen. hendr netr (neetr) 

Dat. héndum nattum nottum 

Acc. handa; natta; nétta. 


72. Some of the names of relations ending in -*r, would 
require a separate declension, if there were not so few, namely: 


father brother daughter _ sister 


Sing. Nom. fair brdédir déttir systir 
Gen. Dat. Acc. [δα brédur dottur systur 
Plur. Nom. Gen. fedr bredr detr systr 
Dat. fedrum = bredrum  detrum _ systrum 
Acc. fedra; bredra; deetra; systra. 


Like bréOir is declined modir, mother. 
We find in the Ancients the Plur. of fadir, fedr, of 
brodir, bredr. 


73. We also find in the Ancient language some peculiar 
names of relatives with different terminations, which embrace 
two and more persons in one name, and which occur there- 
fore only in the plural; if the two persons are of different 
genders, they are in the Neuter: 


hjén, man and woman; 

systkin, brother and sister; 

hju, youth and girl or man and woman}; 
fedgin, father and daughter; 
mcdgin, mother and son; 

fedgar, father and son; 

mcedgur, mother and daughter. 


To these belongs also birn, the only one which also occurs 
in the Singular. barn (= land); only fedgar is masc. and 
mcdgur, fem. (== tungur) Sing. medgna. 


Icelandic Grammar. 4 


18 


Declension of Nouns with the Article. 


74. In the declension of the noun with the article hit, 
hinn, hin, both retain their endings unaltered, so that both 
combined have a double declension. The article is thus declined : 


Sing. Nom. hit hinn hin 


Gen. hit hinn hina 

Dat. binu hinum hinni 

Acc. hins hins hinnar 
Plur. Nom. hin hinir hinar 

Gen. hin hina hinar 

Dat. hinum 

Ace. hinna. 


The ἢ is continually dropped when the article is com- 
pounded with a substantive ending in a short vowel, a, 7, Μ 
or 7; also the -ὦ is dropped after every polysyllabic word end- 
ing in -7. 


75. The Substantives when compounded drop the m of the 
Dative Plural, they end therefore in τι, whilst the Article drops -hz. 


First Order. 
Sing. Nom. hjarta-t (heart) andi-nn (spirit) gata-n (road) 
Gen. bjarta-t anda-nn gilu-na 
Dat. hjarta-nu anda-num gitu-nnil 
Acc. hjarta-ns anda-ns gétu-nnar 
Plur. Nom. hjértu-n andar-nir giétur-nar 
Gen. hjértu-n anda-na gitur-nar 
Dat. bjortu-num déndu-num gétu-num 
Ace. hjartna-nna; = anda-nna; gatna-nna. 


76. It must be borne in mind with respect to the Genitive 


and Dat. of the 254 Order where the ¢ in the Dat. of masc. 
subst. is wanting, they do not like to take the ¢ of the Article 
either, as: 

dreingr-inn, dreingnum; dalrinn, dalnum. 
But those which can take an ὦ keep it, as: fsinum, better 
than fisnum; stdédlinum (Snorr- Edda 114) better than 
stélnum. 


19 


77. Second Order. 
N. M. F, 

Sing. Nom. skip-it (ship) konungr-inn (king) eign-in (property) 

Gen. skip-it konung-in eign-ina 

Dat. skipi-nu konungi-num eign-inni 

Acc. skips-ins = kontings-ins eignar-innar. 
Plur. Nom. skip-in konungar-nir eignir-nar 

Gen. skip-in kontnga-na eignir-nar 

Dat. skipu-num = kontingu-num eignu-num 

Acc. skipa-nna; konunga-nna; elgna-nna. 


78. The rf before a vowel is read over with it and loses 
its half sound, as: silf-rit, malm-rinn, fjs5-rin. 


79. All the contracted and irregular forms remain as they 
are, as: 
degi-num, katlinum, salu-nni, dlnar-innar; 
> retains its half-sound before τ, as: bend?- -nir, fingf-na. 
Only madf (65) adds in the Nom. Plur. -ir. and in the Gen. 
-t, therefore: mennir-nir (rarely menninnir) mMenni-na. 


80. The monosyllabic feminine often expels the hi of the 
Article in the Gen. Sing. as: 
for-na, instead of fir-ina, griéfna inst. of gréf-ina 
(Snorra-Edda, S. 138); reid-na for reid-ina; hidna 
for hudina (Snorra-Edda 144). 
81. In case the substantive be a monosyllable, ending in 
a long vowel or double sound (Tvelyd) the ¢ of the article is 
retained if the word remains monosyllabic, but it is left out 
if the word becomes trisyllabic as: 
skrd-in, skrd-na, skrd-nnl; 
ey-in, ey-na, ey-nni (thus also eyju-nni 66). 


82. Third Order. 


N. M. F. 
Sing. Nom. kne-it (knee)  kjilr-inn (keel) bdk-in (book) 
Gen. kne-it kjél-inn bék-ina 
Dat. kne-nu ~ kili-num bék-inni 
Acc. knes-ins kjalar-ins bokar-innar 
Plur. Nom. kne-in kilir-nir beekr-nar 
Gen. kne-in kjolu-na beekr-nar 
Dat. kaja-num kjélu-num béku-num 
_ Ace. knja-nna; kjala-nna;} boka-nna. 


98 


20 


84. The more modern form (γὸ διοΟΓ treyt is yet found 
yn good manuscripts. 


84. On the whole the irregularities before the article re- 
main as in the second Order, as: mysnar, dyrnar, or in 
the Gen. Nom. dyrrin; but one says brynnar, with two, 
not three πὶ (Snorra-Edda 50). 


Il. Adjectives. 


85. The Adjective agrees much with the noun, but by no 
means in so perfect an order as in Greek or latin. 

Joined to the Article, which precedes the adjective, it 
makes an imperfect declension, which is termed the ,, definite 
form‘, resembling the first order of the noun, only that its 
plural is much simpler as it always ends in w, leaving to the 
article its further definition. Without an article the adjective 
has quite a different and perfect declension, which is termed 
the ,, indefinite form‘: resembling the closed form of the noun in 
its second declension. For there is no Adj. in which the Plur. 
n. g. ends in -e, or the m. g. Gen. Plur. in -u, or the f. g. 
Plur. in ΓΤ. This is the more primitive form and has therefore 
the precedent. 


Both forms distinguish three genders, and they resemble 
therefore the six classes of the declension of the Noun. 


86. As a complete Paradigm may serve spakt: 


Indefinite Form. 
N M F 


Stng. Nom. spak-t (wise) spak-? spok 
Gen. spak-t spak-an spak-a 
Dat. spdk-u spok-um spak-ri 
ti 
Ace. spaks spak-rar 
Plur. Nom. spik spak-ir spak-ar 
Gen. spik spak-a spak-ar 
a Al 
Dat. spokum 


Ace. spakra. 


21 


Definite Form. 
Sing. Nom. spaka spaki spaka 
Gren. Dat. Acc. spaka spaka spdku 
Le /e 
Plur. Nom. Gen. spoku 
Dat. spéku or spékum 
Ace. spoku. 


87. Although the Adjective has but one declension there 
are several varieties to be observed which occur through the 
joining of the final syllable with the root. 

If the last radical letter be 3 preceded by a vowel or 
a diphthong, it absorbs in the ἢ. g. with ¢ to ¢ as: 

glatt, gladr, gléd — glossy, bright; 
breitt, breidr, breid — broad; 
in one case, the accent is lost, namely in 
gott, géur, g69 (good). 
If a Consonant precedes, the 5 is altogether dropped: 
hart, hardr, hérd (hard) — sagt, sagdr, stgd (said) 
haft, hafS?, hofd (clever). 
The same in dissyllabic words, if a vowel precedes: 
kallat, kalladr, kollud; 
lagit, lagidr, lagidé (for kalladt, lagidt). 
Also d behind a consonant as: 
vant, vands, vind (difficult) — selt, seldr, 8614; 
geymt, geymor, geymd. 
gladt, gladdr, glidd (glad) — breidt, breidd?, 
breidd (broad) — medt, meddr, medd (tired). 
If the word ends in {ΐ, no further ¢ is added in the n. g. but 
the form becomes similar to the feminine, as: 
sett, settr, sett — met, metti, mett. 
In weaker consonants the gender may part as: latt, lattr, 
l6tt, nor can it be distinguished in the ἢ. g. from a similar 
word with single ¢, as: 
datt, lat®, lot (lazy) — hvatt, hvattr, hvétt and 
hvatt, hvatr, hvit (hasty). 


88. The Adjectives, the root of which end in an accented 
vowel, deviate in so far that they double the - in the n. g., 
the -r in the ἢ g. in the terminations -ri and -rar, the -ra 
in the Acc. Plur., and often the -s in ἢ. and τη. g. Acc.Sing. as: 


22 


pratt, prar, pra, prass, prassar, prarra; 
audselt, audser, audse (clear). 
mjétt, mjér, mj6 (delicate, narrow) — trutt, trur, 
tru (true). 
nytt, nyr, ny, nyss etc. (new). . 
Those with -d are sometimes contracted if followed by a or u, 
which are swallowed up by 4d, as: 


bla for δ]άυ — blan for bldan — blam for blaum. 


Likewise in the definite form, as: 
hinn grdai, Gen. hinn gra, Dat. hinum gra, Ace, hins 
gra. The contracted forms belong to the modern Icelandic 
and are scarcely written in old Manuscripts. The ancient lan- 
guage therefore sometimes inserts f (or v) to escape the con- 
traction, as: 


hatt, har, had (hight) — m. g. Gen. hafan, Dat. hafun, 

hdfom (or hdm); def. form hafa, hafi, hafa, hafu. 

mjéfa, mjofan, mjéfum; def. form mjofa, mjéfi etc. 
The word nytt inserts 7 before all vowels, with the exception 
of ἡ, 85: nyju, nyjan. 

89. Some Adjectives insert.j or » behind the last conso- 
nant, without altering the declension, these resemble the 
nouns in 57 and 58, 

dikkt (dodkt) dokk?, dékk (dark); 
Plur. diékk, dékkvir (décqvir) dékkvar; 
Def. form: dikkva, dékkvi, djkkva. : 
The only Adjective which inserts 7 correctly is: 
᾿ mitt, midr, mid — therefore: 
midjan, midja, midju, midjum, midri. 
The Dat. Plur. scarcely happens in the n. 8. where it would be 
mid, midir, midjar; in the other cases it is: 
mid, midja, midjar, midjum, midra; the definite 
form is wanting. 

In some words the last radical letter of which is g or k, 

an j is sometimes inserted before a or wu, as: 
fregt, fregr, freg; Gen. fregan or fregjan; Dat. 
fregum or fregjum. 
sekr, sekan or sekjan. 


. 90. Monosyllables ending in r after a long vowel or diph- 
thong are regular, as: 
bert, ber-r, fer-t, fer-r, fer. 


29 


The masculine termination -Ἴ is dropped in modern icelandic, 
as the pronunciation has changed and the m. g. and f. g. 
have become the same in the Nom. 

Those words whose vowels are short, and have therefore 
a double 7, drop one r in the n. g., before -t and before the 
termination to satisfy the orthography as three r’s ought not to 
appear; but such words retain the double r in the n. g. Nom.; 
as otherwise the vowels would be Jong and the root deformed. 
As: purt, purr, purr (dry); kyrt, kyrr, kyrr (still). 
Those ending in s, agree with this rule, as: laust, lauss, 
laus (free); particularly as a diphthong precedes; but hvast, 
hvass, hvdss (not hviés) because the vowel is short. 

In one word with a double s the vowel is accented in the 
n. g. aS: Vist, VISS, VISS. 


91. If a Consonant precedes the last radical letter 7, it 
changes before -t and s into 7 (halfsound), never into ur; but 
into r before a vowel and the terminations in -7t, rar, ra, one 
of the 7 is dropped, as a double r behind a consonant cannot 
be pronounced. The following example will prove the force 
of these observations: 


Sing. Nom. fagrt fagr [ὑσὶ (for fogr-u) 

Gen. fagrt fagran fagra 

Dat. fogru fogrum fagri (for fagrri) 

Ne, “πα 

Acc. fagrs fagrar (for fagrrar) 
Plur. Nom. fogr fagrir fagrar 

Gen. fogr fagra fagrar 

Dat. fogrum 

Ace. fagra (for fagrra) 

Definite Form. 
Nom. fagra fagri fagra 
Gen. fagra; fagra ; fogru. 


92. Words whose characteristic letter (Kjenderbogstav) 1s 

ὦ behind a double vowel, or, if dissyllabic, stands after any 
vowel, change it in the termination of r into W (39) as: 

heilt, heill, heil and in f. g. Dat. heilli, Acc. heil- 

lar, Plur. Acc. heilla; 

gamalt, gamall, gimul, Dat. gamalli, Ace. gamallar 

Plur. Acc. gamalla; thus also: 

pagalt or pigult, pigull, pigul etc. 


24 


Before terminations, beginning with a vowel, contractions occur 
as: gamlan, gamla, gimlu, gsmlum. Def. Form gamla, 
gamli etc., but: heimilt or heimult does not contract. 
Folt, félr, fl, does not contract its dr into UW, being a 
monosyllable with a simple vowel. 


93. In two words the / is dropped in the Neuter before 
the characteristic letters ¢, 5, except in a different declension in 
the m. g. Gen.; it is declined 
litid, litill, litil, Gen. τη. g. litinn (for lftiln) f. g. 
litla, Dat. litlu, litlum, litilli ete. 
It will be observed that the vowel loses its accent, as soon as 
a concussion of consonants occurs. Writing litid for litit 
is for euphony’s sake, which occurs in the best manuscripts ; 
namely the changing of this ¢ into 6, as soon as the word re- 
ceives ¢ in the beginning, therefore ritad, but bakat etc. 
The second word is mikit, mikill, mikil, Gen. mikit, 
mikinn, mikla, Dat. miklu etc, 

94. Those whose characteristic letter is m after a diph- 
thong, or dissyllables, followed by a vowel, contract the x with 
r into nn (39) as: 

vent, venn, ven, Gen. vent, venan, vena; Dat. 
venu, venum, venni and in f. g. 40. vennar, Plur. 
Acc. venna. 

Dissyllables deviate besides in m. g. Gen. by contraction 

if the termination begins with a vowel, as: 


Singular Nom. heidit heidinn heidin 
Gen. heidit heidinn heidna 
Dat. heidnu heidnum heidinni 
Acc. heidins heidinnar 

Plural Nom. heidin heidnir heidnar 
Gen. heidin heidna heidnar 

Nee, pe” 

Dat. heidnum 
Ace. heidinna 

Def. Form Nom. heidna; heidni; heidna etc. 


95. In this manner are declined all regular participles of 
the closed Order of Verbs (which remain monosyllabic in the 
Dat.) as: radit, radin, radin; gefit, gefinn, gefin; 
tekit, tekinn, tekin etc.; also several of the 3° order of 
the first chief Class (with modification of vowel) barit, har- 


25 


inn, barin. But these terminations stand in reality for -it, 
-t6r, 13 a change of pronunciation in accordance with the 
oldest danish language; they shorten with the radical letter 
so that ¢ is dropped and 6 is hardened into d or ¢, in words 
the characteristic letter of which is a hard Consonant as: 
bart, bardr, bird; tamt, tamdr, tomd; vakt, 
vaktr, vokt. 
In this manner we find in some of these words a double 
or triple form, of which the contracted one is the oldest; those 


in tt, inn, tm are modern Icelandic. — The words of double 
form receive the general mixed declension after the euphony, 85: 
Sing. Nom. vakit (wakened) vakinn vakin 
Gen. vakit vakinn vakta 
Dat. voktu voktum vakinni 
ed 
Ace. vakins ‘ _yakinnar 
Plural Nom. vakin vaktir vaktar 
Gen. vakin vakta vaktar 
Dat. viktum 
. Ace. vakinna 
Def. Form Nom, vakta vakti vakta etc. 


As a proof of the real use of contractions by the ancients, 
we cite: 
kraft (Fms. 4,122 and 176) paktr (Fms. 2,305; but, 
pakidr, Grimnism. 9) dult, (Islindingas. 2,243) ; 
huldr (Snorra-Edda S. 136), skilt (Fms. 6,220). 
The modern forms are: 
krafit, pakinn, dulit, hulinn, skilit. 

96. There is another kind of words which contracts as: 
audigt, rig-t, Plur. audug, audgir, audgar; 
-malugt, malgir; dflugr, Oflgir etc., but it is rare and 

not irregular. Heilagt, -lagr, -lig contracts in the short- 
ened forms ef into 6, Plur. heilig, helgir, helgar, def. 
Form helga, hel gi, helga. The root lJ is accented in the 
n. g. flit, ile, ill, and sann contracts nn with ¢ into tt: 
satt, ΒΔ ΠΗ, βὅπη; allt, allr, 611 wants the def. form, 
because it is definite in itself, 


97. Compound Adjectives in a are not declinable as: 
einskipa (Fms. 7,123), sundrskila (Fms. 11,131). But 
there are some, in which the gender is distinguished by the 


20 


ancients in the Nom. In the m. g. in -ἰ, f. g. in -α as: sam- 
medSri (Fms. 6,50), forvitri, forvitra (Fms. 6,56) also: 
Urviti (Fms. 7,158), πὶ 4] ὁ δ᾽ (Faereyjingas S. 218), fulltidi 
(Egilss. S. 185.) 


The Comparison of Adjectives. 


98. The Comparative is formed in Icelandic by: 
-ara (neut), ari (masc.), art (fem.), (kalda-ra, colder; har- 
da-ra, harder); which takes the place of the a in the definite 
form. The form Sing. and all genders of the Plur. retain ¢ 
everywhere (rarely Dat. in -wm) as: spaka, Comparative: 
spakara 


Neut. Masc. Fem. 
Sing. Nom. spakara spakari spakari 
Gen. Dat. Acc. spakara spakara spakari 
eh 


Plur. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. spakari 


99. The Superlative is formed by adding to the root 
-ast, astr, ust, and is thus declined: 


Neut. Masc. Fem. 
Indef. form Nom. spakast spakastr spikust 
Gen. spakast spakastan spakasta etc. 
Def. form Nom. spakasta spakasti spakasta 
Gen. spakasta spakasta spikustu etc. 


Those which shorten in the Posit., also do so in the other 
degrees, if the same cause exists, namely: that the termination 
begins with a vowel, as: 


audgara, audgari, audgast, audgastr, audgust etc. 


100. There is however in many cases a shorter manner of 
formation for these degrees, namely by dropping the final -a 
and adding for the Comparative -ra, -rt, -ri, and for the Super- 
lative -st, -str, -st. The modification of vowels which requires 


-r takes place (see 33. 34). Φ 

hit fagra fegra -ἴ fegrst fegrstr fegrst 

— laga legra -ri legst legstr legst, lowest 
— ldnga leingra -ri leingst _leingstr leingst, longest 

or langa lengra -ri lengst _lengsti lengst 

hit praungva preingra -ri preingst -str  -st, closest 


or préngva prengra -ri prengst -sti π-ϑί, narrowest 


27 


hit stéra stoerra -ri stoerst -str -st greatest 
— unga yngra  -ri yngst -str ὠ -st youngest 
—  punna  pynnra -ri pynnst -str = -st thinnest 
— djupa dypra_ -ri dypst -str = -st deepest 
— dyra dyrra -τ αἀγτβὶ = sti -st dearest 
— vena; vepna -ri; venst -sti ὠ ὠ -st. prettiest. 
The word mjétt, mjér, mj6, small, hit τὴ] ὁ ἃ does not 
modify the vowel, although it takes the shorter termination 
mjérra, mj6st. 
101. Some form their degrees in both manners, thus we 
meet with: 
djupara, djapari, djupast, -astr, -ust 
the shorter form almost always belongs to the old language. 
Several take the shorter form in the Comparative and the 
jJonger one in the Superlative, as: 
seint, seinna, seinast, 
selt, sella, 88 1881; 
nytt, nyrra, nyjast. 
102. The following are quite irregular: 


géda, gott, hit géda betra bezt-a_ best 
illt — illa . 
vant _— yanda } verra verst-a worst 
mikit — mikla meira mest-a greatest 
litid — litla minna minnst-a least 
mart (margr, mérg) fleira flest *) most 

. . ellra ellst-a . 
gamalt; ---- gamla; { eldra; εἰσί ἃ: eldest ; 


103. Some Compar. and superl. are formed from adverbs, 
prepos. and subst. and have therefore no positive, as: 


(nordr) nyrdra ὦ nordast, nyrdst, northmost 
(aust?) eystra austast eastmost 
(sudr) sydra sydst (syanst)  southmost 
(vestr) vestra vestast westmost 
(fram) fremra fremst foremost 
{aptr) eptra aptast, epzt aftermost 
(tt) ylra yzt outmost 
(inn) innra innst inmost 


*) This is not used definitely except in the plural: hin mérgu, 
hinir fleiri, hinar flestu mostly used by the moderns. 


(of) | efra  efzt : highest 
(nid?) nedra nedst nethermost 
(for) fyrra fyrst first 

(sid) sidara sidast latest 
(heldr) heldra helzt ratherest 
(adr) edra edst erst 

(fjarni) (firr) first farthest 
(na-) (ner, nerr) nest nearest. 


Fremra and sidara, have a regular positive, with different 
significations : 

framt, framf, from, excellent, valiant (poetically); 

sitt, sidr, sid, shallow, flat. 


104. Adjectives which have no positive, receive no com- 
parisons, as allt (96) and those ending in -t, or -α (97) as 
well as the Pres. part. pass. in -andi. But these words can 
yet be increased or decreased by means of the adverbs: 

meir, mest, or heldr, helzt, or: minn?f (midr), 
minnst (minzt), s{dr, sizt. 


111. Pronouns. 


105. The first two personal pronouns have a dual, which 
is commonly used as the plural, whilst the latter only occurs 


Sing. 1. person 2. person 3. person 
Nom. ek (eg) pa — 
Gen. mik (mig) pik (pig) sik (sig) 
Dat. mer per ser 
Acc. min pin sin 

 , omen aN, 
Dual = Plural Dual Ριωραὶ Plural 
Nom. vit (vid) ver pit per — 

Gen. okkr Oss ykkr γῆν sik (sig) 

Dat. okkr oss ykkr sy ser 

Acc. okkar var ; ykkar ydvar sin 


The third person has neither Nom. nor Plural which are replaced 
by the defin. pron. pat, sa, si, which is thus declined: 
Nom. hann hon (hin) 
Gen. hann hana 
Dat. hanum (om) henni 
Acc. hans hennar. 


29 


106. From the Accusative of the personal pronoun, are 
formed seven possessive pronouns: 


of the 1* person Sing. mitt minn min (mine) 
Y - 


- - 2 pitt pin pin (thine) 

- - gf - © - © sitt sinn sin (his) 

- - 1% - Dual okkart okkarr okkur (your) 
- - Qrd - -  ykkart ykkarr  ykkur 

- - 1" - ~ Plural vart varr var 

- - Qe - -  ydvart ydvarr your 


The three first are declined like the article (74) only they 
receive a double ¢ in the Neutr. and an accent, when an ἢ 
follows the 7, as: mins, mins, minnar. The four last 
pronouns are declined like indefinite adjectives, but they only 
take » (instead of an) in the Gen. Mase. as: okkarn (not 
okkran), varn (not varan) etc., but the two syllabic 
ones contract as usual, Dat. okkru, okkrum, okkarri. 


107. The demonstrative Pronoun is irregular: - 
pat, 84, su, that; petta, pessi, bessi, this; 
hinn, hin, that, the other; declined thus: 
Sing. Nom. pat sd st petta pessi _pessi 
Gen. pat pann pa petta penna pessa 
Dat. pvi peim peirri —pessu pessum bessi (-arri) 
Acc. pess bess peirrar pessa pessa _ pessar(-arrar) 


Plur. Nom. pau peir per bessi pessir pessar 
Gen. pau pa per ; pessi pessa _pessar. 
Nee,  τα eeu, 

Dat. peim pessum 

Ace. peirra pessarra. 


and the article hit, hinn, hin (74) which very frequently 
drops the hk and forms in it, inn, in, or even et, enn, en. 
These are all used as dem. pronoun, but the ¢ is doubled in 
the ἢ. g. as hitt, hinn, hin, nor is the h dropped or the 
e added, as its pronunciation sounds purer and more emphatic. 


108. Relative and interrogative pronouns, are with the 
exception of er and sem, the same, as: 
hvart (hvort), hvarr, hvar, which of the two 
hvert, hverr, hver, which of many 
hvilikt, what like, of what kind = — 


both declined as the indef. Adjectiv; only that they take in the 


90 


m. g. Gen. n instead οἱ -an; and hvert inserts 7, when the 
ending begins with the vowels @ or u, as: 

Gen. hvert, hvern, hverja; 

Dat. hverju, hverjum, hverni. 


The Skalds use in m. g. Gen. hverjan, every one. 


Declension of hvort (hvdrt): 


Neut. Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem. 
Sing. Nom. hvort hvorr hvor hvert hverr hver 
Acc. hvort hvorn hvora  hvert  hverjan hverja 
Dat. bvoru hvorum hvorri hverju  hverjum hverri 
Gen. hvors hvors hvorrar hvers  hvers —hverrar 


Plur. Nom. hvor hvorir hvorar hver  hverir hverjar 
Acc. hvor hvora hvorar hver  hverja_ hverjar 
Dat. bvorum bvorum hvorum hverjum hverjum hverjum 
Gen. hvorra hvorra hvorra hverra hverra _ hverra. 


109. There is also in the old norsk language a separate 
form for the interrogative pronoun what; it is thus declined: 


Neuter g. Common g. 
Sing. lhvat hverr (hvarr) 
hvat hvern (hvarn) 
hvi hveim 
hvess hvess ; 


in common speech vhat is only used a as pron. and hvi, as 
an Adjective. 


110. The indefinite Pronoun is partly primitive, partly de- 
rived from other interr. pron. Primitive is: 

eitt, einn, ein, one, each one, alone; sometimes it is 

declined like vent (94) except that πὸ in ἢ. g. takes tt, and 
that the Gen. m. g. has a double form as: 


einn and einan. 
111. Annat (aliud, alterum, secundum) the one, the se— 
cond, another, 
has a very irregular declension, thus: 


Sing. Nom. annat annarr énnur 
Gen. annat annan adra 
Dat. sdru 6drum annarri 


Acc. annars annars annarrar 


91 


Plur. Nom. snnur adrir adrar 
Gen. Snnur adra adrar 
Dat. vdrum 
Ace. annarra. 


It wants the definite form, and retains the indefinite; although 
it stands before the article 


112. Bedi, both, is only used in the Plural: 


Nom. bedi badir bdadar 
Gen. bedi bada badar 
Dat. badum baédum badum 
Acc. beggja beggja beggja. 


113. The most important of the derivatives are: 
hvartveggja, hvarrtveggi, hvartveggja, each one 
of two; both parts are declined: hvart (like 108) and tveggja 
like an adj. in defin. form, therefore in Plural: 


hvartveggju, hvarirtveggju, hvarartveggju etc. 


Annapvart, annarrhvarr, snnurhvar, one of 
two, one part of many parts, has also a double declension, 
particularly in the Sing.; in the newer language the last part 
is mixed with hvert, and is therefore generally met with an 
inserted j, as: 

sdruhverju for 6druhvaru etc. 


We also find: [other 
hvart (or hvat) annat, hvarr annan, hvar adra, each 
and hvert annat, hverr annan, hver adra 


or in Plur. hvert ὅπη, hverr adra, hver adrar 
in this case it is not compounded. 

Hvarigt, hvarigr (or hvarugt etc.), hvarig (none 
of the two, no part of the other) is declined like an Adjective 
indefinite form. 

Sitthvat, or sitthvart, sinnhvarr, sinhvar (each 
his own, each one’s) is used divided, but sitt stands first. More 
frequently one meets: 

sitthvert, sinnhverr etc. as: beir lita sinn { vher- 
ja att, each looks to his own side. 

114. Without reference to two, is used: 


eitthvat (Germ. etwas) some, or: 
eitthvert, einnhverr, einhver. 


92 


115. Nokkut (danish noget) any, is contracted from 
nak and hvert, hvat or hvart, in which ve or va is con- 
tracted into τ; this has many forms, of which we give the old- 
est and most correct one. 

Sing. Nom. nakkvart — nakkvarr nékkur or nokkor 
Gen. nakkvart nakkvaru nakkvara or nokkora 
Dat. nokkuru ndkkurum _ nakkvarri 


Sa, _ ,......ν....ὕ0..θὲθὕ...... 
Ace. nakkvars nakkvarrar 
Plur. Nom. nikkur nakkvarir nakkvarar 
Gen. nikkur nakkvara pakkvanar 
we 
Dat. nékkurum 
Acc. nakkvarra. 


In ἢ. g. also nakkvat, if derived from hvat, Dat. nékkvi 
Sometimes nékkut, nobkkurr, ndkkur, 

and often nokkut, nokkurr, nokkur, 

which has been adopted in the modern language. The two 
last forms are also abridged by the moderns as: 


Dat. nokkru, nokkrum, nokkurri 
116. The negative pronoun is a compound of eitt, einn, 


ein and the negative termination -gi, -kt, which also takes 
many irregular forms; the oldest and most correct seem to be: 


Sing. Nom- ekki (for eitki) eingi eingi 
Gen. ekki eingan (eingi) einga 
Dat. eingu (einugi) eingum eingri 
Acc. eingis einkis einskis . eingrar 

Plur. Nom. eingi eingir elngar 
Gen. eingi einga eingar 

,_ eee ¢ 

Dat. eingum 
Acc. eingra 


The syllable eing is often found contracted into eng; 
thus in the Gen.: engan, enga; and this eng changes with 
ὅπῃ, as: 6ngan, nga; or with an inserted v 

as: Ongvan, Sngva, 

Dat. bngu, Sngum, Sngri, 
or even: Ongarri, Acc. Sngarrar, it also lengthens into 
aung, 88: aungan, aunga, or aungvan, aungva. 

But in n. g. and m. g. Acc. occur the changes of et, 
or ὦ in the chief syllable, not 6nkis, aunskis or others. 


Cardinal Numbers. 


one eitt, einn, ein; 


two tvau (ivd), tveir, tvar; 
three prji, prir, prjar; 
four fjdgur, fjérir, fjorar; 


five fimm; 

6 sex; 

7 sjau (sjd) ; 

8 atta; 

9 nfu; 

10 thu; 

11 ellifu; 

12 tolf; 

13 prettan; 
14 fjértan; . 
15 fimtan; 
16 sextan; 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
50 
90 


ἀϊ]άῃ ; 
nitjan ; 
tultugu ; 


pryatiu ; 
forutiu ; 
fimtiu ; 
sextiu; 


Altatiu ; 
niulfiu; 


saul jan (seytjan) ; 


tultugu ok eitt etc.; 


sjautiu (sjotiu) ; 


38 


117. Numerals. 
Ordinal Numbers. 
the first fyrsta, -i, -a; 
- second annat, annarr, dnnur; 
- third pridja, pridi, pridja; 
A'b fidrda, -i, -a; 
5} fimta, -i, -a; 
6" sélta, (sjdtta) ; 
7.8 sjaunda, sjonda(sjiunda) 
8" atta (Attunda); 
9" niunda; 
10. tiunda; 
11“ ellifta; 
12" télfta; 
13" prettanda; 
14" fjortdnda ; 
15" fimtdnda; 
16" sextdnda; 
17™ sautjdnda (seytjdnda) ; 
18" dijanda; 
19" nityénda; 
20" tuttugasta ; 
21" tuttugasta ok fyrsta etc. 
30"" pritugasta ; 
40" fertugasta ; 
50" fimtugasta ; 
60"" sextugasta ; 
70" sjautugasta (sj¥tugasta) ; 
80" dttatugasta; 
90" nitugasta; 


hundrad, tiutiu; 

110 hundrad ok tid, ellifutiu ; 
120 ἢ. ok tuttugu, stért h.; 
200 tvau hundrad etc. 


100 


100" hundradasta ; 

110" hundradasta ok tiunda; 
120" ἢ. ok tuttugasta; 
200" tvau hundradasta ; 


1000 pdsund. 
118. The four 


1000" pusundasta. 
first of the numeral pron. are declined. 


ἘΠῚ (see 110), the others in the Plural thus: 


tvau 
tvau 


Plural Nom. 
Gen. 


Dat. 
Ace. 


Icelandic Grammar. 


— e e 
tveim (tveimr) 


tveir tver 
{νὰ ἴν 


ρη]ύ so prir = pryér 
pjra μυ)]ὰ pryjdr 
prim (primr) 


tveggija. priggja. 
3 


94 
4 


Plural Nom. fjigur ἢότνρ  ἤόγαγ 


Gen. fyigur fjéra fjérar 
’ Ne, παπππαπμαπουνι».," 

Dat. f}érum 

Ace. fjogurra. 


119. Those compounded with -tiu, have often another form 
in -tigir, -tigt as: prjdtigir, prjatigi, but are not further 
declined, as: prjdtigi ok fimm drum — Landn. pag. 2, still 
more visible in the noun tigr (tugr, tog?r, togr), Plur. 
tigir, as: sex tigir, Sverriss. pag. 230 and atta tigir, Hk. 
3,357. — Hundra®é is a regular noun (55). The ancients al- 
most always reckoned by the great hundred (120) so that 
halft hundrad counted for 60 etc. Pusund (pdshund- 
ra6) is irregular (62). 

120. From the ordinal Numbers are formed, those ending 
in -tugt, tug? , -tug (-togt or tdgt), 
and -rett, -redr, -red, as: 
the 25} part: tvitugt, tugT, tug; the St* part: dttroett, -reedr, -red ; 


- 3" -  pritugt; gt - πίοι; 
4* -ὀ  fertugt; - 10" -  tireett; 
- 5% -  fimtugt; - 11" - ellifurcett; 
- 6" -  sextugt; - 12" - olfreett. 
- 7 - — sjautugt (sjétugt) ; 


The half is expressed by: halft, halff, half, as: half- 
pritugt, halffertogr etc. which points out that 5 has been 
deducted from the last ten, thus: 

halffertogr — 35, halfattred? == 75. 


The Verb. 


121. Verbs are divided like the substantives into two chief 
orders the 1" or open, with the vowel in its termination; 
2" or closed, with a consonant. 
The first bas more than one syllable in the Imperfect, the 
second is monosyllabic. 
The open order is subdivided into 3 classes: 
1° Cl. has three syllables in the Imperfect, with vowel a, 
2. Cl. has two syllables in the Imperfect, with vowel ὦ, 
9 Cl. has two syllables with change or modification of vowel 


3D 


(it has in the 1" person us, but seems originally to have had 
the vowel 1). 

The closed order has two manners of inflection. 

i* Cl. the one in which the change of vowel takes place 
in the Indicative and Conjunctive of the Imperfect; the Part. 
takes the same vowel of the main syllable as the present tense. 

254 Cl. contains the modification of the vowel of the Im- 
perfect in the Part. with some exceptions. 

Each of these two conjugations is subdivided in three 
classes according to the modification of the vowel of the Im- 
perfect. There are therefore altogether 9 Conjugations in which 
every regular and irregular verb is included. 


122. The following table will show the distinctive feature 
of each: 


1. Open @rder. 


1° Form. 
Pres. Indic. imperfect. Sup. 
15 Class ek eila etlada etlat 
2 - - μοῦ = heyrda_sheyrt 
37% - - βργγ spurdéa _— spurt. 


ll. Closed @rder. 


2-4 Form. 


1** Class ek drep drep drap drepit 
Q¢ - - red τάδ rd radit 


3¢ - - dreg drag dré dregit. 
3° Form. 

15 Class ek renn rann Pl. runnum runnit 

Qn itl leit - fitum = 1itid 

34% - - byS baud - budum βοδιί. 


123. It must be borne in mind, that the Indicative and 
Conjunctive distinguish the Present and Imperfect, the Impe- 
rative is only used in the Present. 

The Infinitive and Participle are only single forms, but 
they are both declined like nouns, 

The Supine is the Participle in n. g. 

The Participles end generally in -st, in the oldest lan- 
guage in sk (an abbreviation of stk). 

3* 


80 


124, i* @pen Order. 
I* Form. 
kalla, to call; brenna, to burn; telja, to tell. 
1" Class. 2.4 Class. 34 Class. 
Indicative Active. 
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla brenni tel 
2. bd kallar brennir telr 
3. hann kallar brennir telr 
Plur. 1. ver kéllum brennum teljum 
2. per kallit brennit telit 
3. peir kalla brenna telja 
Imp. Sing. 1. ek kallada (i) brenda (i) _talda (i) 
2. pa kalladir brendir taldir 
3. hann kalladi brendi taldi 
Plur. 1. ver kélludum brendum téldum 
2. per kélludut brendut téldut 
| 3. peir kélludu brendu toldu 
Conjunctive 
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla (i) brenna (i) _telja (teli) 
2. pu kallir brennir telir 
3. hann kalli brenni teli 
Plur. 1. ver kallim brennim telim 
2. ber kallit brennit telit 
3. peir kalli brenni tell 
Imp. Sing. 1. ek kalladi (a) brendi (a) __ teldi (a) 
2. bu kalladir brendir teldir 
3. hann kalladi brendi teldi 
Plur. 1. ver kalladim brendim teldim 
2. ber kalladit brendit teldit 
3. peir kalladi brendi teldi 
Imp. Sing. 2. kalla (-du) brenn (-du) tel (-du) 
Plur. 1. kollum (ver) brennum teljum 
2. kallit (per) brennit telit 
Infinitive at kalla brenna telja 
Part. kallanda, i brennanda, i teljanda, i 
Sup. kallat. brent. talit (talt). 


Indicative 
Pres. Sing. 


Plur. 


Imp. Sing. 


Plur. 


Conjunctive 
Pres. Sing. 


Plur. 


Imp. Sing. 


Plur. 


hnp. Sing. 
Plur. 


Infinitive 
Part. 
Sup. Pass. 


1* Class. 
Passive, 

1. kallast brennist 
2. kallast brennist 
3. kallast brennist 
1. kollumst brennumst 
2. kallizt brennizt 
3. kallast. brennast. 
1. kalladist brendist 
2. kalladist brendist 
3. kalladist brendist 
1. kélludumst brendumst 
2. killuduzt brenduzt 
3. kolludust. brendust. 
1. kallist brennist 
2. kallist brennist 
3. kallist brennist 
1. kallimst brennimst 
2. kallizt brennizt 
3. kallist. brennist. 
1. kalladist brendist 
2. kalladist brendist 
3. kalladist brendist 
1. kalladimst brendimst 
2. kalladizt brendizt 
3. kalladist. brendist. 
2. kallast-u brend-u 
1. kollumst (ver) brennumst 
2. kallizt (per). brennizt. 
at kallast. brennast. 

(kallandist). (brennadist). 

kallazt. brenzt 


37 


2° Class. 3°* Class. 


telst 
telst 
telst 
teljumst 
telizt 
teljast. 
taldist 
taldist 
taldist 
téldumst 
tolduzt 
tuldust. 


telist 

telist 

telist 
telimst 
telizt 

telist. 
teldist 
teldist 
teldist 
teldimst 
teldizt 
teldist. 
telst-u 
teljumst 
telizt. 
teljast. 
(teljamdist). 
talizt (talzt). 


125. Many of the personal terminations are unsettled, we 
have taken as the regular one those which have most claim 
The i* Person Pres. has sometimes 7, and 


to be called so. 


becomes alike to the 2°' and 3” Person, as: 
ek kallar, ek brennir, ek telr, 


98 


but the frequent and best use, as well as contractions, show 
the r to be spurious as 


kallag, brennig, telk, for kalla ek etc., 
hyggig, hykk for hygg ek etc. 


126. It is more correct to end the 1" Pers. of the Im- 
perfect in -a, than in -t, for the preceding part of the verb 
has always those vowels which harmonize with @ and not with 
i, except when ¢ in the Present has been substituted by deri- 
vation and runs in every tense through the entire word, as 
brenni, from brann. 


127. The 15 Pers. of the Conj. Present is also more 
correctly ended in a than ὦ, but both are frequently used, and 
good manuscripts prefer in certain cases the -ἴ. 

Abbreviations like hug dak (Lodbrkv. 24) munak (Snorra 
kK. 35) also prove the termination -a. 

The 1* Person Plural has -¢m, in harmony with the other 
termination, and by a general use of the ancients; in the mo- 
dern language this person has been changed into -wm as the 
Indicative (kéillum, brennum, teljum). 


128. The 1" Pers. of the Conj. Imp. has sometimes -a 
instead of ὦ in ancient writers, chiefly used by the Skalds; 
but it is less correct considering the vowel of the chief syllable. 
It is therefore less correct to say vekba ek than vekti ek 

bebaek - bedi ek 
(Snorra KE. 97) except the third person be taken, which could 
perhaps be placed in the 15 pers., as is done in the oriental 
languages, 

It is however always correct in the plural that the 15 pers. 
should terminate in -im, the 254 in -it, although, -wm, wt, is 
to be met with in more recent Mss. In all verbs, (except the 
15 Class) with the modification of vowel in the principal syl- 
lable, which requires the termination -#, as: 

killudum, kdélludut, brendum, brendut, teldum, 
teldut. 

The 3 Pers, is only ‘found in w, in the modern icelandic 
of the northern dialect, as: 

kolludu, brendu, teldu 
although these forms have crept into all Mss. The two first 
persons in -wm and -wt are generally wrong, even if they ap- 
pear in the Sagas or the Skalds. 


99 


129. It must be observed that the Imperative 15" and 954 
person harmonize with the Indicative Present. The third per- 
son is formed by the Conjunctive, as: Nj. 67: 

kéllum karl enn skegglausa! 
and Sverriss. S. 185: 


Tynom Birkibeinum! 
beri Sverrir hlut verra! ete. 


130. In reflective verbs the 15 Person Plur. -umst, is often 
seen, also in the 15" Pers. Sing. as: 
eigi berjumst ek (Fms. 6, 25), 
ek hugdumst (Snorra E. 97). 


131. The terminations of the Plural drop in the 1* Pers. 
-m, in the 2" Pers. -¢ (5) if immediately followed by a pronoun, 
particularly in the Imperative, as: 
megu ver, megu pit (Nj. 17), 
fdru ver! fari her! 


132. The 1% Class is very regular. Words which have no 
πα in the principal syllable take naturally no modification, as: 
ek skipa, ver skipum, ek skipada, ver skipudum, 
not even those which have 6, change it into a, although the 
—u termin., which seems to have occasioned the 6 in the prin- 
cipal syllable, is dropped and terminates in -a, as: 
ek fjitra, ver fjétrum, ek fjdtrada, ver fj0trudum, 
fjotrat. 


133. The other class has some irregularities, occasioned 
by the vowel -7 in the Imperfect and Part., which is dropped 
af the consonant is the same as the root. The ancients make 
it single, where it was double as: 

byggi bygda bygt -gor -g 
hnykki hnykta hnykt -ktr -kt 


kippi kipta kipt -ptr -pt 
kenni kenda kent -dr -d 
stemmi stemda stemt -dr -d 
hvessi hvesta hvest -tr -ἰ. 


134. The termination is still more influenced by the con- 
sonant of the root 


~ta after p, t, k, 8, 


10 


-da after 6, 5 (changed into d) fl, gl, fn, gn, m, 

-ὅα after f, g, r and every vowel; with another consonant 
preceding ¢ is dropped behind ¢¢ or ἢ, 

-d behind nd etc., 5 behind rd, as: 


steypi steypta Steypt -ptr -pt 
veiti veitta veitt -ttr -tt 
kreeki kroekta kreekt -ktr -kt 
[98] leesta lest -str -st 
kembi kembda kembt -bdr -bd 
reifii reidda reidt -ddr -dd 
efli eflda efit “ὦ -|ά 
nefni nefnda nefnt -ndr -nd 
fleemi flemda flemt -mdr -md 
deyfi deyfda deyft -fOr -ὄ 
vigi vigda vigt -gér -ρῦ 
leeri lerda lert -rér rb 
pjai pjada ραῦδ --ὅὄδ -8 
hitti hitta hitt -ttr οἰ 
ven venta vent -tr -t 
heimti heimta heimt -tr = -t 
sendi senda sent -dr -d 
virdi virda virt -dr -ὔ. 


135. Those in -lg, -ng, receive in some Mss. -lgda, -ngda; 
in others -lgda, -ngda; as fylgda, tengda (Fms. 7) — 
Those in J, n receive partly -da, partly -ta, as: fell, fellda 
(felda); meli, mzlta, s¥yni, syuda; reni, renta. 


136. Those whose last consonant is g or k, even with 
another consonant preceding, do not always drop the 7, but 
change it into 7, which they retain before the terminations -a 
and -u, as: 

byggi, ver byggjum, pbeir byggja, at byggja, 
byggjanda; likewise: 

ek fylgi, ver fylgjum; ek syrgi, ver syrgjum; 

ek teingi, ver teingjum; ek fylki, ver fylkjum; 
ek merki, ver merkjum. 


137. It will be observed that this class does not modify 
the vowel, having already received the modification in the first 
person (-¢), which is transmitted without regard to the ter- 
mination. In some words this is not accidental; it seems as if 


41 


the characteristic letter should be 6: these words have other 
irregularities, the most important of them are: 


dugi at duga dugdka 
- vaki - vaka vakta 
kaupi - kaupa_ keypta 
poli - pola bolda 
pori - pora porda 
unl - una unda 
vari - vara varda 
tru - triia truda 
ne - na nada 
lé (1) - ya léda 
to have: 
Indicative. 
Present. Sing. 1. hefi 
2. 3. hefir 
Plur. 1. hifum 
2. hafit 
3. hafa 
Imperf. Sing. 1. hafda 
2. haféir 
3. hafdi 
Plur. 1. héfoum 
2. hofsut 
3. hofdu. 
Imperat. Sing. 2. haf-du 
Plur. 1. bdifum 
2. hafid 


Conj. dygii 
= vekti 

- keypti 

-  pyldi 

-  pyrdi 

- yndi 

or varada-i 
Cony. trydi 

- nei 

- 126i 


dugat 

vakit -inn -in 
keipt -tr -t 
polat 

porat 

unat 

varat 

trdat 

nad 

1é6. 


138. To this class belongs the auxilliary verb ,,hefi“ 


Conjunctive. 
Present. Sing. 1. hafa 
2. hafir 
3. hafi 
Plur. 1. hafim 
2. hafit 
3. δῇ 
Imperf. Sing. 1. hefoi 
2. hefdir 
3. hefdi 
Plur. 1. hefdim 
2. hefdit 
3. hefdi. 
Infinit. at hafa 
Part. hafanda, i 
Sup. haft, -for, hofd. 


139. Sometimes the modification of a vowel appears in 


the Present: 
Sing. 


Plur. 


1. 
2. 3. 
1. 


vaki 
vakir 


vékum 


2. vakit 


3. 


vaka ; 


ne veld 
ner veldr 
nam (for naum) véldum 
nait valdit 
na (for nda);  valda. 


42 


Veld is one of the most irregular verbs: Imperf. olli, 
Cony. yili, Sup. valdit, now ollat, Infin. valda (only 
olla). In the Supine differs: lifi, lifdi, lifat. 


140. The third Class is monosyllabic in the Present 


Sing., but takes ἃ -j before the finals in -a, -w. 


In the Im- 


perfect it has like the preceding -ta, -da, or da, but more 
In the Part. Past. it has sometimes 


regularly da after ἰ, n. 


the shortened sometimes the mixed form (95). 


The Imperfect 


and Part. Past. has only a double modification of vowel, either 
e into a, or y Into τ, as: 


glep at glepja glapta glepti = glapit (glapt), to lead astray 
let - letja  Jlatta _ letti latt, to let 

vek - vekja vakti  vekti vakit, to waken 
kved - kvedja kvaddi kveddi kvadt, to take leave 
vel - velja νὰ veldi valit, to chose 
ven - venja vanda vendi _ vanit, to wean 
tem - temja tamda temdi _ tamit, to tame 
kref - krefja kraféa_ kreféi — krafit (kraft), to crave 
legg - leggja laggda legdi (lagit) lagt, to lay down 
ber - berja_ barda_ berdi __ barit (bart), [10 smite 

flyt - flytja flutta — flytti flutt, to carry 

lyk - ᾿γ Δ lukta — lykti lukt, to shut to 
bys - pysja_ pusta  pysti pust, to rush on 
ryO - ryéja_ rudda_ryddi rudt, to root out 
hy! - hylja bulda_ hyldi (hult) hulit, to hide 

styn - stynja stunda styndi (stunt) stunit, to groan 
rym - rymja rumda rymdi runt, to roar 
tygg - tyggja tugda  tygdi tuggit, to chew 

spyr - spyrja spurda spyrdi spurt, to ask 

ly - lyja = ldda γι luit (105), to hammer. 


141. Irregular in the Sup. is: hygg, hugda, hugat. 
The five following do not change the vowel: 


set at setja setta setti sett, to set 
sel - selja selda_ 8611] ___selt, to sell 
skil - skilja 514 5.14] (5{|10) skilit, to separate 
vil - vilja vilda vildi viljat, to will 
fly - flyja fiysa ἔἢγδι flyit, to fly. 


of these vil is found in the ancient Manuscripts in the 2"¢ 
and 3 person: vill (for vilr) sometimes to tthe 254 person 
villtu or vilt, modific. form Infin. vildu for vilja. 


48 


The five following have in the Present: 


segi at segja saga segoi sagt, to say 
pegi - pegja pagda  pegdi __ pagat, 10 be silent 
pykki = - pykkja potta peetti pott, το think 

. . orta yrti ort to write verse 
yrki yrhja yrkta yrkti yrkt to work 
seki - seekja sétta setti sétt, [0 seek. 


142. Some are also irregular in the Present, where they 
become monosyll.; and like the Imperfect of the closed order, 
they are: 


ann at unna unna yoni unt, to grant 
man - muna munda myndi munat, to remember 
kann - kunna  kunna kyoni kunnat, to be able 
man = - mundu } munda { myndi wanting will, would 
mun - munu mundi 

skal {- a | skylda skyldi wanting shall, ought 
parf - purfa purfta pyrfti  purft, to be needful 
4 - elga atta etti att, to own 

ma - mega  matta metti matt, 

knd4 - knega knatta knetti (kndatt), / fo be able 
veit - vita vissa Vissi vitad, to know. 


A regular word unni, unta, ynti, unt must be di- 
stinguished from ann. For Κα is also found knai, knada, 
kn ad. 


143. The irregularities in the Present consist in these 
verbs, that the 1" and 3™ person are alike, the 254 receives 
the termination -t or -st in words in which the principal letter 
is ¢, chiefly in the word veit; the 2°‘ pers. Plur. receives in 
some words -uf or -tf, the 3™ pers. Plur. often receives -u (0) 
by the ancient, and -a by the modern writers, as: 


Sing. 1. 3. kann skal a veit 
2. kant skalt att veizt 
Plur. 1. kunnum_~== skulum_—s eigum vitum 


2. kunnit skulut  eigut (i) — vitid (ad) 
3. kunna.  skulu. — eigu (a). νἱῖᾶ (u). 


44 


144. 115 Closed Order. 
114 Form. 


gefa, to give; lata, to let: fara, to fare. 
1" Class. 254 Class. J Class. 


Indicative ' Active. 
Pres. Sing. 1. gef let fer 
2. 3. gefr letr ferr 
Plur. 1. gefum ldtum forum 
2. gefit latid farit 
3. gefa lata fara 
Imp. Sing. 1. gat let for 
2. gaft lézt fort 
3. gaf lét for 
Plur. 1. gafum létum forum 
2. gafut létud férut 
3. gafu. létu. féru. 
Conjunctive 
Pres. Sing. 1. gefa (i) lata (i) fara (i) 
2. gefir latir farir 
3. gefi lati fari 
Plur. 1. gefim latim farim 
2. gefit laid farit 
3. gefi lati fari 
Imp. Sing. 1. gefi (a) léti (a) foeri (a) 
2. gefir létir ferir 
3. gefi léti feri 
Plur. 1. gefim Jétim foerim 
2. gefit letid foerit 
3. gefi leu feeri 
Imp. Sing. 2. gef (-ὅυ) lat far 
Plur. 1. gefum l4tum forum 
2. gefit 14d farit 
Inf. at gefa lata fara 
Part. gefanda, i. latanda, i. = faranda, i. 


Sup. efit. latid. farit. 


Π74 Form. 
brenna, to burn; gripa, to gripe; 5 Κὶ ὁ (ἃ. 


1" Class. 254 Class. 
Indicative Passive. 
Pres. Sing. 1. brenn grip 
2. 3. brennr gripr 
Plur. 1. brennum gripum 
2. brennit gripit 
3. brenna gripa 
Imp. Sing. 1. brann greip 
2. brant greipt 
3. brann greip 
Plur. 1. brunnum gripum 
2. brunnut griput 
3. brunnu. gripu. 
Conjunctive . 
Pres. Sing. 1. brenna (i) gripa 
2. brennir gripir 
3. brenni gripi 
Plur. 1. brennim gripim 
2. brennit gripit 
3. brenni gripi 
Imp. Sing. 1. brynni (a) gripi (a) 
2. brynnir gripir 
3. brynni gripi 
Plur. 1. brynnim gripim 
2. brynnit gripit 
3. brynni gripl 
Imp. Sing. 2. brenn grip 
Plur. 1. brennum gripum 
2. brennit gripit 
Inf. at brenna gripa 
Part. brennanda, i gripanda, i 
Sup. brunnit. gripit. 


3? Class. 


skyt 
skytr 
skjétum 
skjotid 
skjéta 
skaut 
skauzt 
skaut 
skutum 
skutud 
skutu. 


skj6ta (i) 
skjotir 
skjéti 
skjétim 
skjotid 
skj6ti 
skyti (a) 
skytir 
skyti 
skyuim 
skytid 
skyti 
skjot 
skjétum 
skjotid 
skjéta 
skjétanda, i 
skotit. 


145. Asa singularity in the Conjugation of this closed Or- 
der, it must be noticed that those whose principal letter is- 9, 


46 


take in the 252 and 3: person not -r, but in the 2" -¢, and 
retain in the 3™ the termination of the first, as: 

ek les, pu lest, hann les, Imp. las, Sup. lesit; 

ek bles, pu blest, hann blas, Imp. blés; Sup. blasit; 

ek ris, pba rist, hann ris, Imp. reis, Sup. risit; 

ekfrys, pufryst, hannfrys, Imp.fraus, Sup. frosit. 
No doubt this belongs to the modern icelandic language, not to 
the genuine old Norsk, in which the termination was without 
doubt r, contracted with s into ss: 

ek eys, pu eiss (Lokagl. 4), hann eiss, ver ausum, 

Imp. 168, Sup. ausit. Also: 

ek vex, bu vex (not pu vert), Snorra E. 114, hann 

vex, sst. ver vixum, Imp. v6x or 6x, Sup. vaxit. 
The modern language applies this rule generally to those words, 
whose principal letter is 7 as: 

eg fer, pu ferd, hann fer, for 

ek fer, puferr, hann ferr, 
which is generally the rule in the ancient language. 


146. The 254 form, 15‘ Class, contains some irregular 
verbs, as: 
ek tred at troda trad trédum  tredi  trodit, to tread 
- kem - koma kvam kvdmum kvemi komit to come 
- sef - sofa svaf svdfum svefi _ sofit, to sleep 


- get - geta gat gdtum geti _getid, to beget 
- get. - geta gat gdtum δῷ,  getad, to talk of 
- et - eta at -um eti etid, to eat 

- veg - vega va -gum vegi _—vegit, to kill 

- ligg - liggja la -gum legi _—legit, to lie 

- pigg - piggja ba -gum pegi _— begit, to receive 
- se - sja sa -m Sei séd (ϑὸ δ), to see. 


For kvam etc. we find often kom-um, kemi, rarely in the 
Imp. Sing. vig, lag, pag; the second person is bu vatt 
(Nj. 203), not vdgt. The word se shortens, when « follows 
after a, as: in the Pres. sj}4m (ver), Hk. 1, 163, and in the 
Imperf. s45 (per), Nj. 8. Part. Pass. adds 7 before e or takes 
the accent, as: in ἢ. g. sét (or 8ὲ δ), in m. g. sénn (Fms. 
5, 249) or sédr, in f. g. sén. 


147. To this class belongs also the auxiliary verb, ek 
em, I am: 


47 


Indicative: Conjunctive: Imperative: 
Pres. Sing. ek em (er) I am. se 


pu ert 
hann er 


Plur. ver erum 


per erut 


peir eru. 


Imp. Sing. ek var I was. 


pu vart 
hann var 
ver varum 


Plur. 


per varut 


peir varu 


ser 
se 

sem 

sed 

se. 

veri (a) 
verir 
veri 
verim 
veerit 
veri. 


veri 
ver-tu (verir) 

_ veri 
verum 
verit 
veri. 

Infinitive: 

Pres. at vera 
Part. veranda, i 
Sup. verit 


148. Some have irregular modification of the vowels in 


the Supine, as: 


nem at nema nam namum nemi numit 
bregd - ᾿γορῦδ ὃγά brugdum ὑγγρῦϊ Ὀδγιρὄι! 
ber - bera bar bdrum beri borit 
sker - skera — skar skérum skeri skorit 
stel - stela stal stdlum steli stolit 
fal falum fell falit 
fel fela 1 (f6l [ὅ]υπ) rolgit f 
149. The second class has but few irregularities, these are: 
heit at heita het -um -i heitid 
heiti - heita het -um -i heitid 
hangi - hanga  hékk hengum -i _hangit 
geing - gdnga  gékk gengum -i = gengit 
fee - fa fekk fengum -i _fengit. 


150. Several belonging to this class are quite irregular in 


the Imperfect: 


ny nua 
sny sniia 
re réa 
gre groa 


nera -rum -ri 
snera (Nj. 95) -rum -ri snGit 
rera -rum -Τῇ 
grera -rum -Τῷ 


nuit 


roit 
gréit 


they are conjugated according to the first form, namely 25 pers. : 
In the old language we often find 6 
or ey for e, in the new language ὁ, as: néra or néri, snéri, 


nerir, 3™ neri etc. 


etc. 


The word γωδ, which is regular in the old language, 


forms in the new the Imperfect with additional ὦ, ré3i. 


48 


151. The third Class has the following irregularities: 
svardi svérdum sverdi 


\ svarit, ¢0 swear 
86 5 sorum seri 


sver  sverja { 


stend standa stoS -um βίωι.  stadit, to stand 
sle 514 8:6  -gum slegi _slegit, to strike 
fle fla fl6 -gum flegi  flegit, to flay 


hle hleja hlo = -gum hiegi hiegit, to laugh 
dey deyja dé -gum dwgi ἀάϊϊ, to die 
spy spyja spj6 -m — spuit, to spit. 
In the Sing. Imperf. we find, although rarely 

slég, flog, lég, dog. 
The g is more frequently dropped in the Plur. of the Conj. 
Imperfect, as: 

sl6um, dén, hlei (Fms. 2, 152). 


152. Some verbs are quite irregular in the plural of the 
Imperfect, Indicative and Conjunctive, as: 


vex vaxa 6x uxum yxi vaxit, to wax, grow 
eyk auka 6 = jukum_—sC=s#pjykki _aukit, to increase 
eys 8:8 58. 5580 [γ8] ausit, to sprinkle 


hleyp hlaupa hijép hlupum_ ΠΥΡῚ _hlaupit, to run, urge 
by bua bjé6 bjuggum bjyggi buit, to dwell 
higg higgva hjd hjuggum hyjyggi  higevit, to hew. 

We also find é6xum, hljépum, but this form is spurious, 
as the Conjunct. exi, hljepi is not used, but only yxi, 
hlypi, which presupposes in the plur. of the Indicat. uxum, 
hlupum. 


153. The 15“ form of the 3" Class has also the following 
᾿ς irregular verbs: 
finn finna fann fundum_ fyndi fundit, to find 
bind binda batt bundum byudie bundit to bind 
vind vinda vatt undum  =yndi _ oundit to wind 
sting stinga stakk stingum styngi stungit to sting 
spring springa sprakk sprungum spryng) sprungit, to split 
geld gjalda galt guldum_ gyldi  goldit, tobeworth, pay 
skelf skjdlfa skalf skulfum skylfi skolfit, to shake 
hverf hverfa hvarf hurfum γῇ horfit, ¢o diminish. 
The last are regular with the exception of the accent in skjalfa, 
such is also the auxilliary verb: 

ek verd, at verda, vard, urdum, yrdi, ordit. 


49 


Most of the regular verbs have o in the first syllable of the 
Sup.; only those which have n after the vowel, receive 4; also 


drekk, drakk, drukkit 
because kk stands here for nk or ngk (38). 


154. The second class is very regular. But the Verbs in 
-ig have in the Imperfect not only -eig, but also the 2™4 form 
of the 2.ὁ Class in e, with a dropped g, as: 


steig  stiguin stigi «οἱ 
sug 5188 ᾿ sté (stéum stéi) stigit. 


Likewise: vik, vikja, veik or vék (Paradism. δ. 218). 


155. The third class is also very regular; only a few have 
8 in the Imperfect; oceasioned by a double Consonant following 
it, which is pronounced hard. Some in -ng take in the first 
syllable of the Sup. after a vowel wu. These ought to be added 
to those which take 6 in the Imperfect; but the extension of 
all vowels before -ng (34) is the reason that they generally 
take -au, as: 
sokk stkkva stkk sukkum sykki sekkit, to sink 
st0kk stékkva stékk stukkum stykki stokkit, ¢o leap. 
hrékk hroékkva brokk brukkum hbrykki hrokkit, to move quickly 
sjng syngja saung singum s¥ngi sungit, | to sing 
{syne syngva séng sungum ‘syngi sungit,! - ; 
Thus -also slyng, slaung (Helgakv. Hundb. I. V. 33); slun- 
git, and bryng, braung, prdngit, which are however 
antiquated poetical words. 


Auxiliary Verbs. 


156. These auxiliary verbs are used to supply the wanting 
tenses by periphrase; they are very simple in the Old Norsk, 
and were less frequently in use than in the Danish, otherwise 
they are about the same. 

Future periphr. man (mun) and skal; 

Future preterite. munda, skylda; 

Perfect. hefi, em (er); 

Pluperfect. hafda, var, 

f. i. with the auxiliary verbs em and verd. 
Icelandic Grammar. 4 


Indicative 


50 


Fut. periph. ek man vera 


Fut. preter. 


Per fect. 
Pluper fect. 


Conjunctive 
Fut. periph. 
Fut. preter. 


Per fect. 


Pluper fect. 


- skal vera 
munda vera 
skylda vera 
hefi_ verit 
hafda_verit 


ek muna (i) vera 


skula (i) vera 
myndi (a) vera 
skyldi (a) vera 
hafa (i) verit 


hefi (a) verit 


Derivative Forms 
Ind. Fut. per. (at) munda vera 


Perfect. 
Part. Perf. 


skyldu vera 
hafa verit 


hafanda verit. 


The Part. Perf. was rarely used. 


157. 
Indicative 


Passive. 


Pres. ek em (er) kalladr 


Future. | - 


Conjunctive 


- var kalladr 
man (verda) kalladr 
munda (verda) kalladr 


hefi verit kalladr 
hafda verit kalladr 


Pres. ek se kalladr 


Imp. 
Future. 


- veri (a) kalladr 
- muna (i) [verda] kalladr 


ek 


ek 


(at) 


man verda 
skal verda 
munva verda 
skylda verda 
hefi ordit 
em ordinn 
hafda_ ordit 
var ordinn. 


muna (i) verda 
skula (i) verda 
myndi (a) verda 
skyldi (a) verda 
hafa (i) ordit 

se ordinn 

hefdi (a) ordit 
veri (a) ordinn 


munda verda 
skyldu verda 
hafa ordit 

vera ordinn 
hafandi or@dit 
hafandi ordinn. 


talinn etc. 
talinn 
talinn 
talinn 
talinn 
talinn 


talinn 
talinn 
talinn 


51 


Fut. pret. - myndi (a) [verda] kalladr _talinn 


Perf. - hafa (i) verit kalladr talinn 

Pluperf. - hefdi (a) verit kalladr talinn 
Derivative Forms 

Ind. Fut. per. at vera kalladr talinn 

Perf. - mundu [verda] kalladr _talinn 

Pluperf. - hafa verit kalladr talinn 


These periphrase forms are rarely used in the order we have 
given, they are partly separated, partly transposed by inserted 
words. 

Skal is used in an obligatory and assured sense. After 
man or skal — νοῦ ὅδ or vera is frequently left out. Vera 
is used for the present time, which has begun, verda, for the 
future time, which is now beginning, man and skal for the 
future time, not yet begun. 


158. The Passive form in -st, has also derivatives, as: 


ek man kallast teljast 
- munda kallast teljast 
- hefi kallazt talizt 
- hafda kallazt talizt etc. 


V. Particles. 


159. This class of words, generally not inflected, take a 
comparison, they form the Comparative in -a, the Superlative 
in -ast; some have shorter forms in -1, -st: 


opt optar optast often 
titt tidar  ὀο[{δαϑὶ closely 
vida vidar vidast widely 
nordr nordar nordast northerly 
skamt skemr skemst shortly 
leingi leingr leingst long ago. 
160. Some are irregular or imperfect: 
vel betr bezt good 
ila verr verst bad 
mjok meir mest much 
litt minor (midr) minnst little. 
gjarna heldr helzt rather 
uti utar yzt without 


4* 


52 


inni innar innst ) within 
uppi ofar (efra) ofarst (efst) up 
nidri nedar nedst beneath. 


The ἢ. g. of the adjective in the 1* and 2°4 degree has often 
two forms with different significations as: 


utar, oufstde (opposite the door, but visible), 
ytra, without (out of sight), 

leingr and skemr, shorter, only of time, 
leingra and skemra, shorter, only of place. 


The Formation of Words. 


161. The formation of words, much resembles the Danish, 
but it is more lively, richer and more certain. We do not 
intend to enter here into a minute disquisition, but one of the 
chief sources of derivation deserves attention, it is the Imper- 
fect of the 2"¢ Order. From the plural are derived: 


162. A) Nouns, such as: 

drap, from drep, drap, drapum; 

nam from ἢ ΘΠ], nam, namum; 

fengr from fe, fékk, fengum; 

seri from sver, 506}; 

hlegi from hle, hiég; 

fundr from finn, fann, fundum; 

sprunga from spring, sprakk, sprdngum; 

hvarf from hverf, hvarf; 

stig from stig, steig, stigum; 

bit from bit, beit, bitum; 

Saungr (séngr) from syng, saung (sing). 
Sometimes there is no difference at all, and the noun 

seems to be the genuine old Imperfect, as: 


hragd from bregd, bra; 

bod from byd, baud; 
 Skot from skyt, skaut. 
The plural brugdum seems to be formed from bragd and 
not from bra; also stigum from stig, not from steig, 
bitum from bit, not from beit; budum, Conj. form bydi, 
from bod, not from baud; skutum, Conj. form skyti, 


53 


from skot, not from skaut. Related languages show the 
same, as for instance the english 
I bite, bit, 1 shoot, shot, with a bit, α shot, as nouns; 
such is also the german: 
beisse, biss, schiesse, schoss and the nouns: Biss, Schuss. 
Sometimes the German language lengthens the vowel as in 
steige, stieg; biete, bot; 
but even these lengthened Imperfects harmonize with the Old 
Norsk nouns: 
stig, bod, not steig, baud. 
But transitions occur from 
et into 2 
au (ey) into 0 (%) 
even in the old norsk formation of words, as: 
veik-t — vik-na; baugr, beygi — bogi, bugr. 


163. B) Adjectives which show in the Active as well as 
Passive that the extention of the verb is possible. These are 
so much more remarkable, as they have entirely disapeared 
in the modern language, as: 

drep-t, drep-r, drep, what one may kill; 

nem-t, to take easily, contagious, 

4-fengr, which is easily received, goes into the head, intoxicates ; 

al-geng-t, (german gdng und gdbe) current, usual, from 
geng, gekk, gengum; 

feer-t, navigable, from fer, for; 

upp- -tek- t, takeable, from tek, tok. 

fleyg-t, (german fliigge) fledged, from flyg, flaug; 
neyt-t, useful, from nyt, naut ete. 


164. C) Verbs, which instead of the unobjective take the 
active signification, or if the root were active they take the 
figurative signification as: 

svefi, to fall asleep, from sef, svaf, svafum; 
sexti, to watch, from sit, sat, sdtum; 

hengi, to hang up, from hangi, hekk, hengum; 
felli, to fell, from fell, fell-um; 

breyti, 10 alter, from bryt, braut; 

neyti, to eat etc. 


-.-“- -.--....-..-. ey 


54 


Syntax. 


165. In the position of sentences the Old Norsk resembles 
the Danish, but the definite inflection to which the ancients 
paid great attention, gave them greater scope and freedom in 
the composition of the sentence. — The most remarkable differ- 
ence of this kind is the custom of placing the verb, particu- 
larly the Imperfect, before the noun or pronoun, as: 

kalladi Njall petta logvirn; — 

varu { essu μά margir hifdingjar; — 
ok fékst pat af; 

gengu hvdrirtveggju pa; — 

ri§a peir nd heim. 


166. The numeral pronouns up to 29 are always added to 
the noun as adjectives, whether declinable or not, as: 


prir islenzkir menn; fimtdn bendr; tuttugu skip 
(HK. 3, 344), 

but 30 and the higher decimals govern the word in the Acc. as: 
prjdtigi skipa; sextigi heidingja (Fms. 6, 61); 
tiutigi manna (Fms. 7, 303). 

The reason of this is, that the last part of this compound is 

a noun (119) as with 


hundrad as: prju hundrud nauta. 


167. The Verbs frequently govern the Gen. as in other 
languages, often the Dat. and Acc. Some govern two cases, 
two Gen., two Dat. or Gen. and Dat., Dat. and Acc. ete. 

One of these rules has such expansion that we must spe- 
cify it; it is this: a number of verbs govern the Dative, showing 
that a thing changes place and position, without being changed 
in its own basis, as: 

sny, vendi, fleygi, kasta, skyt, lypti, dreifi, sai, 
styri, red etc. 
Some take the Gen. in a different signification, as: 


hann skaut dru til mannsins; but: 
*skj6éttu manninn bann hinn mikla. 


All Verbs which express a use, assistance, injury, saying etc. 
govern the Dative, some of them take two Datives, as: 


hann lofadi henni pvi; hon svaradi hanum ΡΥ]. 


55 


Prepesitions. 


168. The following govern the Genitive: 
um (of), over umfram, before 
umbverfis, round about framyfir, over 
{ gegnum, through, by = framundir, against, 
also a great many combinations with um, as: 
ut um, out of, outside, 
inn um; yfir um, { hring um (around in a ring), 
and those signifying a position, as: 
fyrir nordan, fyrir sunnan, fyrir ofan, fyrir ned- 
an, fyrir utan, fyrir innan, alsofyrir handan dna. 


169. The Dative govern: 


af, of hja, by 

fra, from dsamt, together with, 

or, yr, ur, or, out gagnvart, above 

undan, out of mét, 4 moti, i méti, against, 


with some combinations, as: 
ut af, upp fra, fram or, 4 undan (before), 
framhja, by, over; 
i gegn, against; 
4 hendr, against, in opposition; 
til handa, for, for the best; 
also: ner, nerri, fjarri, near, yet. 


170. The Accusative govern: 
til, 10 millum, 4 milli, 4 medal, between 
an, on, without i stad (hans), instead of (his) 
utan, out of sakir (fyrir sakir) 
innan, within sdkum by means of, 
auk, without vegna 
and the composita with megin, as: 

bdédum megin, on both sides, 

sdrum megin, hinum megin, on each side, 

pessum megin, on this side, 

dllum megin, on all sides. 


171. The Genitive and Dative govern: 


a, on eptir, behind 
i, to, in fyrir, for 
med, with undir, under 


vid, with, by, against yfir, over, 


56 


and a great number of combinations with short, local adverbs, as: 
upp a, ut i, fram med, i stadinn fyrir, inn undir, 
ut yfir ete. 


172. The preposition at governs three cases: 
1) the Genitive in the signification ,, after‘ (obsolete), 


2) the Dative in the sign. ,,to, towards“ used of things, 
places and time ,,at sumri, towards summer, 


3) the Acc. in the signification ,,at, in.“ 


173. It often happens that a preposition is found before 
a noun, without governing the same; in such a case the prep. 
belongs to the verb; in reading one makes a short stop between 
prep. and noun. As: 
sva at pegar tok of hifudit, 
so that (it) straight took off the head. 


174. The preposition is often found behind the verb in 
relative sentences, chiefly where the demonstr. pronoun is not 
declined, as: 

Sverrir kontingr hafdi vidsét pessi snéru, 
er peir etludu hann 4 veida. 

The king Sverrir had seen the cord 

with which they thought to catch him. 


The prepos. -¢ is accented, but forms no composite with veida, 
as iveida is no word. 


Prosody. 


175. The old verse of the Skalds may be reduced to three 
Orders; corresponding to the three manners of rhyme in which 
the chief poems of the old Icelandic tongue are written. 

They are all divided into sing-verses or strophes (visa, 
staka) which generally contain eight lines in each verse. 

These strophes are again divided into two halves (visu- 
helmingr) and each of these again ‘into two parts (visu- 
fjordungr) which form the fourth part of the whole strophe. 

The separate lines or verses (visuord) are generally 
short, the longest has but four feet, they all have the caesura. 


57 


176. The two lines which form the fourth part of the 
strophe are without exception united by alliteration (letter- 
rhyme), this is a most essential part of the Icelandic versification. 
The nature of Alliteration demands that three words should occur 
in these lines beginning with the same letter. One of these 
three words must stand at the beginning of the second line 
and is called the chief Jetter, the two others in the first line 
are governed by it, these are called the sub-letters. 

If the chief-letter he a compound as -sp, st elc., the sub- 
letters must correspond with it, but if the chief letter be a vo- 
wel or a diphthong the sub-letters may change the tone by 
another vowel, as: 

Stendr Angantyrs 
ausinn moldu 
salr { Sdmsey 
sunnanverori. 


177. It is net always necessary that the chief-letter stands 
at the beginning of the line, in short verses it often has a 
toneless word before it, indispensable for completing the sen- 
tence, these are called (malfylling) ,,filling up the sentence“, 
such are or, sem i etc. 


178. The Assonance or Line-rhyme, consists in the oc- 
currence in the same line of two syllables, the vowels of 
which and the following cons. agree together. The one stands 
at the beginning, the other at the end of the syllable. It is 
called half-assonance when the vowels are different, and only 
the consonants agree. These two kinds of the Line-rhyme 
are thus divided; the first line of the quarter verse has the 
half-assonance, the second has the assonance, as: 


held-vild, i the first line, 
veg-seg, in the second line. 


179. The final rhyme is the same as in the modern lan- 
guage, except that it is generally monosyllabic, and that the 
two lines united by the chief-letter rhyme together, as: 

Na er hersis hefnd 
vid hilmi efnd, 
gener ulfr ok orn 
of Ynglings burn. 


180. Quantity is not observed, as all syllables may be long. 
The freeest and oldest kind of verse is the (fornyrBalag) 


58 


speechverse; it has four long syllables, sometimes two with em- 
phasis, and if the verse permits it is followed by some short ones. 
The example of § 176 is quite regular without short syllables. 


181. The Heroic-poems (drottve28i) generally have the 
end-rhyme and the syllabic-rhyme. Regular lines, each with 
six long syllables, or three spondees, of which the two first 
change with dactyls. This is the verse used in most of the 
Sagas. It must be observed, that one meets sometimes a syl- 
lable in the oldest verses of this kind, before the chief-letter, 
which cannot be looked upon as ,,malfylling“, but which 
belongs. to the verse to give it the right lenght, as: 


sdttadu hrafn i hausti 
of hre- solli gjalla 


--- ao — ----- - ὄν 


182. The Songs (rinhenda) have also regular lines but 
they have both syllabic and final rhymes. The shortest verse 
of four syllables also has sometimes a syllable before the chief- 
letter, for the reason given, as: 

vid hilmi éfnd. 


Jon Olafsen, who has written a treatise ,,on the old Icelandic 
Poetry‘ expresses the same opinion on pag. 68. 
A single short syllable is frequently found in the verse. 


PART IL 


The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas. 


Iceland was formerly looked upon as the ultima Thule 
of Virgil; it received the greater part of its population from 
Norway, where it first became known between the years 860 
—870 through the skandinavian navigators Nadd-Odd, Gar- 
dar and Fleke. The last one called it Iceland in conse- 
quence of the masses of drift-ice which he found in all its 
creeks. 

The first settler was the Norweian Ingolf (870) who 
fled to the iceland with his retinue and relations from King 
Harald Harfager who after having subdued the other petty 
kings of Norway, obtained supreme power by levelling taxes on 
all the freeholds of the nobles, whom he in reality reduced 
to tenants, and all those who would not submit to this usurped 
authority, emigrated to Iceland, and thus within 60 years the 
habitable shoreland of the isle was taken possession of. 

As most of these emigrants were the freest and noblest 
men of Norway, some of royal descent, others from the flower 
of the aristocracy, they continued their old mode of life in 
their new home, and Iceland became an aristocratic republic. 
They brought with them their language, the Old Dansk, their 
rites of heathen worship and their civil institutions. The ground 
work of their political life was chiefly Ulfilot’s (927), who 
established a system of law and created the ,,Althing“ a national 
parliament, composed of all the freeholders of the island, which 
held its meetings every year for 14 days on the great plain of 
the Thingvalla to discuss the interests of the land. 

Besides this general meeting, there were instituted since 962 


60 


a number of smaller Things* for the various districts of the 
island, to which was added A. D. 1004 through Njal a superior 
court of justice. Christianity, already introduced by some of 
the early settlers, was legally established in 1000, and with it 
came the knowledge of the latin language and literature, in- 
deed poetry and science found ground ready to receive them 
on these shores, and both poetry and historic sagas where al- 
ready more widely cultivated here than in other parts of the 
germanic north. 

It is no wonder that in this remote region a literary life 
began and literary treasures were kept and reared, whilst the 
whole of northern Europe was nothing but a bloody battlefield. 
These noble Norsemen had brought with them a beautiful lan- 
guage, diamond-hard, pure as crvstal and golden tinted, in 
which the Edda Songs were written. We call it the Icelandic 
or Old Norsk tongue, but the Old Icelanders called it the 
»ddnsk tinga och norreena tunga.“ 

It was once the common language of all the tribes of the 
germanic north, spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The 
Farée, Orkney and Hebrides Islands, and transplanted by the 
Danes into England. This tongue is still spoken, with some 
modifications, in Iceland and the Farde Islands, it has kept up 
its ancient type, partly from the naturally secluded position of 
the island, partly because of its finished literature. In Den- 
mark itself, it underwent a process of degeneration by the mix- 
ture with the Anglo-Saxon and German, through the influence 
of latin and at last by the french, so that it is scarcely possible 
now to trace in the Danish language, the once powerful, 
harmonious, full-sounding Norrena-tongue. Thus it is that 
since the beginning of the 14 Century, the contrast of the 
old-norsk or icelandic tongue (islendska tunga) and the modern 
danish and swedish language has become visible. ** 

It is interesting to enquire how these rich treasures of 
ancient lore were preserved in this remote island. A great 
quantity of Sagas matter was collected in Iceland from the very 
first, not only did the emigrants bring with them the great 
national Sagas of the Norwegians, Swedes and Danes, but also 


*) Thing in Icelandic means, a meeting or assize, Court of Justice. 
**) Koeppen’s Literar. Einleitang in die Nordische Mythologie; one 
of the best books on icelandic literature and Mythology. 
Dietrich’s Altnordisches Lesebuch, with Introduction on the Old 
Norsk Literature. 


61 


the Sagas οἵ the tribes and the local traditions from every part 
of Scandinavia; besides a number of Sagas from the other 
countries which they continually visited in their numerous 
travels by sea and land. The nobles brought with them their 
own family Sagas from the remotest times, and they were also 
the keepers of the Old Sagas of Gods and Heroes, with the 
latter of whom their own families were often connected by 
tradition. Hence this incredibly rich mine of poetry and history, 
of mythology and superstition in Iceland. Moreover the nobles, 
from the old houses of Yaguis or Skidld, remained in their 
northern seats, without any other occupation than the care of 
their property, there was little agriculture and that was left to 
their servants. The national feasts, and the Things, and also 
disputes and wars occasionally interrupted their solitude, other- 
wise their days glided away evenly enough. Ennui drove the 
nobles partly to travel, partly to study and writing, and thus 
they became poets and historians, and created this rich icelandic 
jiterature which we possess. 


The Skalds. 


» the early dawn of literature Ὁ) in Europe was almost every- 
where else marked by an awkward attempt to copy the classi- 
cal models of Greece and Rome. In Iceland, an independent 
literature grew up, flourished, and was brought to a certain 
degree of perfection before the revival of learning in the South 
of Europe. This island was not converted to Christianity until 
the end of the tenth century, when the national literature, 
which still remained in oral tradition, was full blown and ready 
to be committed to a written form. With the Romish religion, 
latin letters where introduced; but instead of being used, as 
elsewhere, to write a dead language, they were adopted by 
the learned men of Iceland to mark the sounds, which had been 
befure expressed by the Runic characters. The ancient language 
of the North was thus preserved in Iceland, whilst it ceased to 
be cultivated as a wrilten, and soon became extinct as a spoken 
Janguage, in the parent countries of Scandinavia.“ 

The Skalds or poets were the Minnesingers of the North, 
they preserved poetry, mythology and history in the verses 


----.-. = 


*) Wheaton’s History of the Northmen pag. 49. — an interesting 
work for the early history of the Danes and Normans. 


62 


which they recited. As early as the 10} Century these ice- 
lJandic Skalds where known far and near. We find them at 
all the northern courts, where they occupy a distinguished po- 
sition in the trains of kings, whose companions and chroniclers 
they were ,,who liberally rewarded their genius (see Wheaton) 
,and sometimes entered the lists with them in trials of skill 
yin their own art. A constant intercourse was kept up by 
»the Icelanders with the parent country, and the Skalds were 
ον sort of travelling minstrels, going continually from one North- 
ern country to another. A regular succession of this order 
of men was perpetuated, and a list of 230 in number, of those 
who were most distinguished in the three Northern kingdoms, 
»from the reign of Ragnar Lodbrok to Valdemar II is 
» preserved in the Icelandic language, among whom are several 
crowned heads and distinguished warriors of the heroic age. 
» the famous king, Ragnar Lodbrok, his queen Aslég or 
»Aslauga, and his adventurous sons, who distinguished them- 
»selves by their maritime incursions into France and England 
»in the ninth century, were all Skalds. A sacred character 
»,was attached to this calling. The Skalds performed the office 
,of ambassadors between hostile tribes, like the heralds of an- 
cient Greece and of thé Roman fecial law. Such was the 
,estimation in which this order of men was held, that they 
Often married the daughters of princes, and one remarkable 
»instance occurs of a Skald, who was raised to the vacant 
,Jutish throne, on the decease of Frode IJ, in the fourth Cen- 
»tury of the Christian era.“ 

In such a position the Skalds accompanied the king in 
their raids and to the battle field, they were present in the 
banqueting hall and in the hot fight, continually collecting ma- 
terials for new Songs, Sagas and Tales; and at last when they 
were worn out and tired of life, they returned to their home 
in Iceland, frequently covered with renown and with riches, 
to tell their friends and countrymen of the foreign countries 
they had visited and of their own exploits. The Skalds therefore 
much more resemble the knightly Troubadours of the Middle ages 
than the Indian Bramahs, or the celtic Druids. They could sing 
of fights and battles and deaths, which they had personally wit- 
nessed, they could sing of the Sea with its charms and dangers 
because they had Jed a daring Vikinglife and had steered the 
»»Steed of the sea‘‘; through storms and tempests. They could 
sing of the bliss of the Gods and Einheriar, because they 


63 


had partaken of kingly hospitality and feasts, the prototype of 
which was Valhall. 

The Skalds obtained their highest position at the time of 
Eric, the bloody axe, Hacon the Good, Harald and Ha- 
con Jarl. 

The most celebrated Skalds of that period were: Egil 
Skallagrimson, Kormak Augmundarson, Einar Hel- 
gason Skalaglam, EilifGudrunarson, Guttorm Sin- 
dri, Glum Geirason etc., but they were all surpassed by the 
Norweian Eyvind, the great-grand child of Harald Haar- 
schiéns, who received the proud name of Skaldaspillir (the 
annihilator of the Skalds). Even the Icelanders acknowledged him 
and sent him a costly present (Harald-Grafelds-Saga c. 18).*) 

,,As there were female warriors (Wheaton), or Amazons 
»in the heroic age of the North, so there were female Skalds 
90 poetesses, whose lays sometimes breathed the harsh notes 
»of war and celebrated the achievements of conquering heroes, 
,and at others sung the prophetic mysteries of religion. 

» thus we perceive how the flowers of poetry sprung up 
»and bloomed amidst eternal ice and snows. The arts of peace 
» were successfully cultivated by the free and independent Ice- 
»landers. Their Arctic isle was not warmed by a Grecian sun, 
but their hearts glowed with the fire of freedom. The natural 
, divisions of the country by ice-bergs and lava streams, insu- 
,lated the people from each other, and the inhabitants of each 
valley and each hamlet formed, as it were, an independent 
community. These were again reunited in the general na- 
tional assembly of the Althing, which might not be unaptly 
yplikened to the Amphyctionic council or Olympic games, where 
all the tribes of the nation convened to offer up the com- 
»m@on rites of their religion, to decide their mutual differences, 
»and to listen to the lays of the Skald, which commemorated 
»the exploits of their ancestors.‘ 

A collection of these early remains of old Scandinavian 
poetry will be found in the Poetic or Elder Edda, the prose 
in the Younger Edda and the Sagas, the Njdla, the 
Heimskringla, the Konungsskuggsjd, and the Land- 
ndmab6ok.**) 


*) A Catalogue of the most celebrated icelandic skalds (Skaldatal) 
will be found in Worm’s Literat. Run, and in Peringskidld’s Edi- 
tion of the Heimskringla. 

**) See Bosworth’s Scandin. Literat. with specimens of the va- 


64 


Indeed the Icelandic literature begins with the compilation 
of the Poetic Edda in 1056 and ends in the 14‘ Century. 


The Edda. 


In the year 1643 the Bishop of Skalholt Bry njulf Svend- 
sen found amongst other Manuscripts, a very old Membran 
which contained icelandic poems, he had it copied and added 
to the title with his own hand ,,.Edda Semundar hins 
Fréda‘ Edda of Simund the Wise. The old Manuscript 
was sent to Copenhagen and is now to be found there ia the 
Royal Library. It seems to have been written in the 14'* Cen- 
tury and although not quite perfect, is the chief codex of the 
Edda. 

This Poetic Edda is one of the most incomparable works 
of the human race, no people have noted down their heathen 
belief in so innocent a manner and with such freshness of 
colour as the Icelanders. These Songs are the ancient Relics 
of Antiquity, and are for the Scandinavian Nations, what Homer 
and Hesiod combined are for Ancient Greece. It is the thoroughly 
eriginal and national poetic monument of the Northern Nations. 

-The Songs of this Edda consist of the Sagas of Gods and 
Heroes. Edda means ,,proavia‘t the great grand mother,* 
who tells to her numerous grand children the history and tales 
of their forefathers. 

The Songs of the Edda are mythologic or heroic -epic, 
they are of so remote a period, that it is not likely they were 
written in Iceland, it is much more probable that they were 
brought over to Iceland by the old Noble families in whose 
keeping they were preserved, and it is the proud distinction 
of the Icelanders that to their intelligence we are indebted for 
these, the most precious relics of the germanic races. 

Wheaton says: **) ,,About. two centuries and a half after 
the first settlement of Iceland by the Norwegians the learned 
»men of that remote island began to collect and reduce to 
writing these traditional poems and histories. Semund Sig- 


rious northern Dialects; Mallet’s Northern Antiquities. English (trans- 
lations of the Edda by S. Cottle (mythol. songs only) and by Thorpe. 
*) Halderson explains: ,,Modir heilir ein. amma 6nnur, edda 
hin pridia.“« (Moder is called the one [in the first degree] grand mother 
the second, Edda or the great, grand mother; the third). 
**) Northmen page 59. 


65 


,fussen, an ecclesiastic, who was born in Iceland in 1056 
»,and pursued his classical studies in the universities of Ger- 
»many and France, first collected and arranged the book of 
songs relating to the mythology and history of the ancient 
» North, which is called the poetic, or elder Edda. Various 
»and contradictory opinions have been maintained as to the 
ymanner in which this collection was made by Semund, who 
first gave it to the world. Some suppose that he merely 
gathered the Runic manuscripts of the different poems, and 
5transcribed them in Latin characters. Others maintain that 
»he took them from the mouths of different Skalds, living in 
»his day, and first reduced them to writing, they having been 
previously, preserved and handed down by oral tradition 
»merely. But the most probable conjecture seems to be, that 
»he collected some of this fragmentary poetry from cotem- 
»porary Skalds and other parts from manuscripts written after 
»the introduction of Christianity and Latin letters into Iceland, 
» which have since been lost, and merely added one song of 
»his own composition the Sélar Ljéd, or Carmen-Solare of 
»4 moral and Christian religious tendency, so as thereby to 
consecrate and leaven, as it were, the whole mass of paganism.“ 

The Edda contains I* Songs of the Gods, and [15 Songs 
of the Heroes. Vélu-spa (the oracle of vald, the seer) tells 
of the creation of the World, and the Gods and People who 
dwell in it. The Seer has heard of the doings in this world 
from her instructors, the primeval giants, and she is acquainted 
with nine heavens, she also knows the future. 

The entire poem is most prophetic and remarkable. 

Grimnis-mal, the Song of Grimnir, in which he de- 
scribes the twelve dwellings of the Gods and the splendour of 
Valhalla. ° 

The Vafprudnis-mal, Odinn undertakes to visit a 
wise and powerful giant and to question him on the World, 
the Gods and the Giants. The giant gives his replies and 
shows his knowledge, but from the tenour of the last question 
he guesses that the visitor who has drawn his secrets from him 
is the powerful God himself. 

The Sélar-1liéd, the song of the sun, as we have al- 
ready seen is a christian song, interwoven with old mytholo- 
gical fancies. , 

Besides these four most important songs, the following are 
of a very remarkable kind, in which the old poetry has a tinge 


Icelandic Grammar. 5 


66 


of divine lore, namely: the Skirnisfér, Vegtamskvida, 
Harbardsliod, Hymiskvida and the Prymskvida. 

The most important of the Songs of the Heroes are 
the Vilundarkvida, the two Songs of Helgakvida, the 
songs of Sigurd, Tafnismal and Sigrdrifumal. 

The Epic contents of some of these Songs are maintained 
by Jac. Grimm, to have been gathered from the german 
forefathers, and that the Scandinavians have saved these tutonic 
remains; these poems are of an epic grandeur, and a truly 
homeric power, which give them the foremost position in the 
Edda. 


Schools were formed in Iceland in the eleventh Century, 
and being far distant from Rome, enjoyed much liberty and 
national formation. The Bishops were elected by the Althing, 
the schools were not only established in the Monasteries but 
also in private houses. 

The Bishop of Skalholt introduced writing in 1057 and 
Sagas were then much collected. Without writing there were 
songs and sagas in abundance, even traditional science, but 
no literature. The Icelanders like other Norsemen certainly 
wrote earlier in Runic Characters, but these were only used 
for inscriptions in wood and stone, to express names, pedigrees 
and forms of witchcraft, rarely poems. 

The Runic alphabet *) , consists properly of sixteen letters, 
» which are Phenician in their origin. The Northern traditions, 
sagas and songs, attribute their introduction to Odin. They 
»were probably brought by him into Scandinavia, but they have 
»no resemblance to any of the alphabets of central Asia. All 
»the ancient inscriptions to be found on the rocks and stone 
»Monuments in the countries of the North, and which exist 
in the greatest number near old Sigtuna and Upsala, in Swe- 
,den, the former the residence of Odin, and the latter of his 
successors, and the principal seat of the superstition intro- 
, duced by him, are written in the Icelandic or ancient Scan- 
»dinavian language, but in Runic characters.‘ 

The Icelanders first received the Jatin alphabet from the 
missionaries, in a double form, namely from the Germans and 
Anglo-Saxons. The german writing (Ménchsschrift) became 
however predominant, but they retained some of the anglo- 


*) Wheaton’s Norsemen 61. 


67 


saxon characters. — Books were created through school-know- 
ledge. Young Icelanders visited Germany, England, Italy and 
France to study and prepare themselves for the church; they 
studied at the Universities in Oxford, Rome and Paris. Schools 
were established to teach christian learning and to educate 
their own clergy, Latin, Theology, reading, writing and sing- 
ing were the branches chiefly taught. 

Semund hinn frodi, Sigfusson (born 1036. d. 
1133) who collected the poetry of the elder Edda had studied 
at Paris and Cologne, and in the School on his property Odd 
was educated ,Snorri Sturluson the author of the Chron- 
icles of the Norwegian Kings from Odin downwards, and the 
Prose Edda. Historical prose rose to its highest point in the 
12.} and 13" Centuries when Sagas of all times and countries 
were written or translated. 

With the gradual fall of the political state in the begin- 
ing of the 13 Century, we also find that the compositions 
of the Sagas become less numerous; the 14 Century only fur- 
nished translations, fictions, fairy tales and Annals, and even 
these ceased to be created at the end of the Century, when 
Iceland was visited by diseases and plagues. 


Poetry ef the Skalds. 


We find in the 12 Century the most celebrated of the 
historical Skalds to be: 

Marcus Skeggson, Ivar Ingemundson at the nor- 
wegian court, the priest Einarr Skulason court poet, from 
1114 with Sigurd in Norway. He wrote poems on Sven, king 
of Denmark to whom he went in 1151. In the time of king 
Sverrer (1177—1202) the following are the most distinguished 
Skalds: Hallr Snorrason, Mani, Blackr, Porbisrn, 
Skackaskald, and the young Snorri Sturluson. 

In the first part of the 13" Century Liot, Héskuld 
the blind, Jatgeir, Snorri, Jarl Gizur, and chiefly Olaf 
hvita skald pordarson (d. 1259) the author of the Knyt- 
lingasaga and of many poems on king Waldemar of Den- 
mark and Hakon VI of Norway were much esteemed. His 
brother Sturla hinn frodi (d. 1284) wrote the histories of 
Hakon VI and Magnus VII. In the 12" Century we already find 
in the Icelandic and Norwegian Sagas a number of folk songs 

ΒΥ 


68 


(Volkslieder) interspersed. Saxo Grammaticus often quotes 
these songs as authorities. 

Prose writing rose high in the 12“ Century, historical 
events were frequently written down, and although the man- 
ner in which they were composed, was unfinished, yet an 
artistic form is visible in the narrative of events and in the 
treatment of the subjects generally. Real history of which the 
father is Ari hinn frodi who wrote a Chronicle of Iceland, 
and the Landndmabok is treated too much in the character 
of dry statistics and genealogy and is much in want of general 
survey and enlarged handling. It is only when we come to 
Snorri and bis nephews Olaf and Sturla that descriptive 
history becomes more finished and personal dialogues infuses 
life into the historical pages. Both Sweden and Norway have 
taken part in collecting and writing down their old laws and 
privileges, but we are only indebted to the industry and in- 
telligence of the Icelanders for having preserved to us the tra- 
ditions of their common Hero Sagas, to which we look as the 
real history of those remote ages. Without these Sagas there 
would be a great blank in northern history for several Centuries. 


The Sagas. 


The ancient literature of the North‘ says Wheaton, ,,was 
not confined to the poetical art. The Skald recited the 
y praises of King and heroes in verse, whilst the Saga-man re- 
called the memory of the past in prose narratives. The talent 
for story-telling, as well as that of poetical invention, was 
cultivated and highly improved by practice. The prince’s hall, 
»the assembly of the people, the solemn feasts of sacrifice, all 
»»presented occasions for the exercise of this delightful art. The 
»memory of past transactions was thus handed down from age 
οἷο age in an unbroken chain of tradition, and the ancient 
songs and Sagas were preserved until the introduction of book- 
»Writing gave them a fixed and durable record.“ 

The great mass of Prose writing which has come down 
to us, from these cold icebound shores, is truly amazing, it 
contains not only the Sagas of entire tribes, but of kings, Jarls 
or chiefs, skalds and other celebrities. We will mention some 
of the most important 


69 


1“ Hero Sagas 


were one of the first subjects of their prose tales. ‘In the Vol- 
sungasaga we find much of the germanic and northern ele- 
ment, it tells of Sigfrid’s youthful deeds, this is followed by 
the Ragnarlodbrokssaga, in which is set forth how the 
danish king, having lost his queen Thora, marries Sigfrid’s 
daughter, whose sons become the great conquerors. Both Sa- 
gas belong to the 12" or beginning of the 13" Century. 

The Vilkina or Niflungasaga are based on low ger- 
man poems and tales. 

There are a number of sagas whose heroes are renowned 
Icelanders, such as Finnbog and Gretter, Hialmter and 
Olver, Hromund, Hrdi and of the swedish Herraud 
and Bosi. Styrbiiérn, the Swedefighter, Gautrek King 
of Westgothia, and of his son Hrolf, and the Sagas of the 
Norwegian An, the bow-man, Sturlaug the industrious, Por- 
stein the son of Vikings and others. 

Foreign Hero-Sagas were introduced into Iceland and Nor- 
way during the 13° Century through translations, chiefly by 
Hakon Hakonarson and the icelandic clergy; of which 

Jon Halltér, Bishop of Skalholt 1322—39 was the most 
celebrated. Old British Legends are also early imported through 
translations, the Bretaségur is said to have been made by 
the monk Gunnlaug Leifson in Thingeyre (1218). 

Many foreign sagas were transcribed by order of Hakon 
VI, such as the Prophecies of Merlin, the Artursaga, the 
Méttulssaga, the monk Robert, the Tristram ok Isod- 
dusaga; and in the 13" Century the Alexandrasaga, and 
the history of King Tyrus and Pilate, both by Brandr 
Jonsson, who died Bishop of Holum in 1264. The precise time 
when many of these sagas were translated is not known, as the 
Trdéamannasaga and the spanish Flor and Blancheflur. 


154 The Historical Sagas 


were written unter the title Ségur, they contain much that 
is mythic before the time of Halfdan the Black (863) but 
much real history is interspersed, which is principally taken 
from the pedigrees and traditions of the Nobles of the land. One 
of the most important works, on the history of Iceland, chiefly 
- composed from the various family histories which were then 


70 


in existance, is the ,, Islendingabok*“ written by Ari hinn 
[τοδὶ (born 1067) which gives a general history of the colo- 
nisation and events of the island, down to the beginning of 
the 12“ Century, also the Landndmabok commenced by 
Ari, which after many continuations was finished by Sturla 
Pordarson (d. 1284) with additions by Erlauk Erlend- 
son (d. 1334). It contains a complete history of the island 
from the taking possession of the same to the 10" Century, 
but it is full of genealogies and dry detail. — We must further 
mention the excellent Fereyingasaga (12"C.) which treats 
of the history of Sigmund, who introduced Christianity into the 
Fard Islands. The Orkneyingasaga from the middle of 
the 13" Century; the Heidarvigasaga (12 C.) which gives 
an account of the battle on the Heath (1013—1015) a fearful 
contest, in which entire tribes fought against each other. The 
Hungurvaka (12" Cent.) treats of the first five Bishops of 
Skalholt. 

The Laxdelasaga (13 Cent.) is an interesting history 
of the trials and adventures of a very rich norwegian woman 
Auda, who fled with her father before Harald, first to Scot- 
land and then to Iceland. 

The Sturlungasaga (end of the 13" Cent.) is one of 
the most important historical documents we possess. It begins 
its narrative in 1110, and relates minutely the fate of Sturle, 
the father of Snorri, and the various conflicts of his race with 
other chiefs; its author was Sturla Pordssohn who was 
engaged in writing it until he went on his journey to Norway 
in 1164. 

The Vigastyrssaga written by a noble Icelander Styr 
(styled Arn grim) the “murderous fighter‘; he was at last slain, 
and it was in consequence of his death, that the celebrated 
battle on-the Heath was fought. 

The Liotsvetninga or Reykdclasaga, written by 
the rich Gudmund the powerful (d. 1025) and his sons. It 
gives an account of the earliest aristocracy of the island (12' C). 

The historical biographies of the icelandic Skalds are 
very interesting. One of the oldest is the Gunnlaug Orm- 
stunga ok Skald Rafn’s Saga from the 12" Cent. The 
Saga of two poets, whose valour was widely renowned is the 
Fostbredrasaga, it tells of Pormod who received his 
death wound in the battle of Stiklestad, and Porgeir 
who saw many a fight in Iceland, Ireland, England and Norway, 


71 


in the latter country he was for some time Court skald at 
Olaf’s, until at last he found his end in Iceland, where he 
was slain in battle. 

The Kormakssaga also belongs to this remarkable kind 
of Sagas, in which the battle and love adventures of these 
Minnesingers and gallant blades, which they experienced in 
their romantic wanderings are told. 

The Heimskringla (orbis terrarum) is one of the prin- 
cipal works of Iceland. It is written by Snorre Sturlason, a 
man to whom his country’s history and literature are much 
indebted; and who earned for himself the title of the Northern 
Herodotus. A scion of one of the old noble families, he was 
born in the year 1178 at Hvamm. He lived long at the Courts 
of Sweden and Norway, became an Icelandic lagman and was 
murdered in his castle on the 22°¢ September 1241. He was 
aman of great talents, and made himself famous as a poet, 
lawgiver and historian. 

Snorre collected 16 Sagas on his numerous voyages, the 
first of which treats of the mythic times before Halfdan the 
Black, followed by the histories of all Norwegian Kings down 
to Magnus Erlingsson (1162—1184). To these are add- 
ed three continuations, first by Karl Jonsson Abbot of 
Thingeyri (d. 1213) who wrote the minute history of King 
Sverrer, followed by the histories of Hakon Sverrersson, 
Guttorm Sigurdarson and Ingi Bardarson, written by 
an unknown author, and lastly by Sturla, the last Skald who 
wrote the life of Hakon VI and a fragment of Magnus VII. 

Snorre mentions that he has not only used the poems of 
the Skalds, but the Sagas of Kings which he found written, 
and which he collected in his travels. The completion of the 
entire work may be placed towards the year 1230. 

With this remarkable book, a masterpiece of history, only 
inferior to the Edda itself, closes the history of the Sagas. It 
is a mine of Icelandic history and mythology, interesting alike 
for its swedish and norwegian Annals, giving at the same 
time historical glances at Russia. 

The history of the Swedish Kings has not been treated 
with originality by the Icelanders; nor has Danish history been 
faithfully represented after the 12" Century. The Jomsvikin- 
gasaga is the history of the renowned pirates who lived in 
the Jomscastle, the terror of navigators and the coast popu- 
lation, and Jarl Hakon’s taking and destruction of this Castle; 


12 


the Knytlingasaga records the history of Knut the Holy 
(1080—1086) and his successors down to 1186. | 

There are also a great number of Biblical Sagas and Old 
Legends extant,- which it would be beside our sketch to 
dwell upon. 


Ur? The Old Law Statutes. 


are of great value to the philologist, as these Old Laws and 
Statutes were collected and written down by the northern Coun- 
tries in their own various dialects. One of the oldest is the 
Icelandic ,,Gragds‘ (Greygoose) which name was given to it 
by its last editor the Lagman Gudmund Porgeirsson 
(1123—1135). It commenced in 1119 on the basis of the 
laws of Ulfliot in the 10" Century, but was only used until 
the subjugation by Norway, since which time (1273) the Ha- 
konarbok was introduced, which, having being re-edited by 
Jon an icelandic Lagman (1280) was called Jonsbok. 

The Icelandic Cannon -Jlaw (Kristinrettr) dates from the 
year 1275. 


IV™ Science. 


Remains of Learning and Science are not wanting in Ice- 
land, for after the introduction of Christianity, many persons - 
studied abroad. Grammar, Rhetorics, Astronomy, Chronology, 
Physics and Geography were cultivated by them. The study of 
Grammar was an especial favourite in which Porodd became 
so great that he received the name Runameistari (Gram- 
maticus) but the most celebrated work is the 


Younger Edda or Prose Edda. 


It was first found 1628 by -Arngrim Johnson. Three 
Codices are extant, two in the Copenhagen and one in the 
Upsala Library. It was Snorre who contributed mainly to 
the compilation of this prose Edda. 

In the 14" Century the Younger Edda consisted of three 
parts. The 1* contained the Myths, or the material out of 
which the poetic language should be formed. The 2" Ken- 
ningar, gave the forms of authority, in which the mythic 
element should be adopted, and it therefore gives the Mytho- 
logy of the Poetic Edda. The 3™ part contains the Skalda, 


73 


the rules or art of poetry adopted by the Skalds subdivided 
into three classes namely 1) reading and writing, 2) speaking 
correctly and 3) writing verses as the result of the entire study. 
It further contains a Dictionary of poetic synonymes and the 
whole art of versification, alliteration, species of verse, etc. 

The ,, Konungsskuggsid4® Kingsmirror, from the 12" 
Century, is a curious collection of knowledge and experience. 
It contains firstly physical and geographical curiosities, secondly, 
rules of life and manners to be observed in the presence of 
Kings and Courts, and hence its title. 

The learned industry, so long and habitually practised by 
these noble Icelanders, continued during the Centuries following, 
but after the introduction of the Reformation, although literary 
occupations were kept up, the authors wrote in latin, much 
was translated, nor did poetry entirely die out, but the power 
and the lustre of its might and beauty were gone, the Saga 
with its powerful poetry and its heroic elements fled, and the 
old Icelandic Art was at an end for ever.*) 


*) We refer the student for further information to 
Mobius, T., Ueber die Altere islindische Saga. 1852. 
— — Ueber die altnordische Philologie. 1864. 
—  — Analecta Norreena. Auswahl aus der islindischen und norwegi- 
schen Literatur des Mittelalters. 1859. 
These books can be had of the publisher of this Grammar as well as: 
Haldorsson’s Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum. 
Jénsson’s Icelandic-Danish Dictionary. 
Fritzner, J., Old Norwegian Dictionary. 


PART IIL. 


Icelandic Reader. 


Sundurlausir Pankar.*) 


Souderlefe Tanker. 
Separated thoughts. 


Icelandic: Géd bék og géd kona, lagfera margann brest, 
Danish: @od Bog og gob Kone rette mangen Broft, 
English: Good book and good wife mend many fault, 
slem bék og slem kona skémma margt gott hjartalag, margir 
{lem Bog og flem Kone fordere mangt godt Hjertelav, mange 
bad book and bad wife spoil many good disposition, many 
geta ekki ad δὰ 4 bddum peim, enn  hvérnin per 
fee ile paa anbet paa begge bem, end Hvorledes de 
look not to others on both(sides) them, than how (but only to) they 
eru utan ; — Fer beim μά ad kvarta yfir 
ere ubdvortes. — O@pmmer bem ba at Hage over 
are the outside (of things). Beseems them then to complain over 
hvérnin hid innra_ seinna reynist. 

hoorledes det πότε fenere proves. 

how the interior later proves.**) 

Heimskum verdur ad halda til géda, pd peir _ tali 
DOumme bliver at holde til Gode, fiigndt be tale 
Stupid must to keep to good, although they speak 

nokkra heimsku, pvi bad veri hardt ad Jofa peim aldrei ad 
nogen DOumbed, tht bet vere haardt at tillade dem aldrig at 
some stupidity, for it were hard to allow them never to 
tala eitt ord. 
tale et Orb. 
speak one word. 


*) From Sivertsen’s Icelandic Leesbog. 
**) Must be constructed thus: Most people look not to both sides, 
but only to the outside of things; it behoves those who complain to 
examine. both sides. 


75 


Correct Danish. 


Tauntkef prog. 


En god Bog og en god Kone forbedre mange Feil, ἐπ 
flet Bog og en flem Rone forderve Mtanges gode Sindelav. 
De Flefte fee fun paa Begges Udvortes. GSemmer det fig 
da at flage over bvorledes Begges πότε fiden erfares? De 
DOumme maa man holde det til Gode, fijgndt be tale noget 
burt, ba bet vilbe vere baardt, aldrig at tillade dem at tale 
et Urb. 


Gatur — Gander — Riddles. 


Eg er médurlaus, en hann fadir minn er madurinn minn. 
Seg ev moderl[p8, men han Fader min er Wanden min. 
I am motherless, but the father my is the husband my. 
Fra médur lifi kom eg héfudlaus, og fétavani, 
ra Wtoder-liv fom-jeqg hovedl[gs, og Foddersmanglende, 
From mother’s life came 1 headless and _feetwanting, 
fell eg pannin mdérgum vel, med hifdi og fétum er eg 
ae jeg jaaledes mange vel, meb Hoved og Fedber er jeg 
[ thus many well, with head and feet am I 
tik gédur maga pinum, en pa verdur pu ad bida. 
ogjaa gob = «=©Dtave din, men ba bliver bu at vente. 
also good [to] stomach thy, but then must thou wait. 
Hvad er bad sem i dag ekki verdur pat sama 4 
vad er bet fom t-dag iffe bliver det famme i- 
hat is it which to-day not becomes that same to 
morgun, missir bord, rum, his, og nafnid med, en gre- 
morgen, mifter Bord, Seng, Duns, og Navbnet med, men grees 
morrow, loses table, bed, house and the name with but  de- 
tur βό ekki missirinn. 
ber dog iffe Sfaden (Tabet). 
plores yet not the loss. 


Correct Danish: 
Gaader. 


Seg er moderl[gs, og min Fader er min Wegtefelle. — Cova. 
Seg ev fod uden ‘Ooved og Hooder, og behager dog Mange. 


76 


Med Hoved og Fodder fmager jeg dig ogfaa ret godt, men faa 
bu maa vente (fgrend be fomme). — Wg. 

Hvad er det fom i Dag ike bliver det famme t Morgen, 
forandrer Bord, Seng, Huus, og maajfe Navn, men begrader 
bog εἰ Cabet? — en ταῦ. 


Ν 


Thales — Thales. 


Merki til heimsku er ofmikil lyst til ad tala. 
Merke paa Oumbed er formegen Loft til at tale. 
Sign of stupidity is too-great desire to to talk. 
Likamans  farseld er innifalin { heilbrigdi, en salar- 
Legemets Lyffalighed er indbefattet i Helbred, men Sjce- 
The body’s happiness is contained in health, but the 

innar 1 lerdémi. 

ἴεπ8 i Lerdom (RKundffad). 

soul's in knowledge. 


ὃ] er innri madur. 


Ol er indre Mand. 


Ale is inner man. 


Tyrkja-keisarinn, edur eins og pa var kallad Califen, 
Chrkefeijeren eller lige fom da var falbet Galifen, 

The Turks’ emperor, or as then was _ called the Calif, 
Mahadi var einn af peim stiérnendum, sem véru sofandi a 
Mahadi var en af δὲ Styrere, fom vare fovende paa 
Mahadi was one of those rulers, who were sleeping on 
kéngs-hasetinu, og feingu dagjérnum rddherrum  taum- 
Rongs-Hoifedet, og finge αἱαττίᾳε Raadsherrer Tem- 
the king’s-highseat, and delivered avaricious councellors the rein- 
haldid i hendur. ΕἸ ΒΊΩΙ μά hann a dyraveidum var ad 
holdet i Henbder. CEngang da han paa Oprefangfter var at 


keeping in hands. Once then he on “€ereatchings was to 
(hunting) 


elta steingeit, _ villtist ~hann fra fylgiurum sinum, og 
forfolge Steengeed, vildedes han fra Felgere fine, 0g 


(went astray) ) ; : 
pursue —stonegoat strayed he from followers his, and. 


71 


néttin§ yfirféll hann. Pegar hann var preyttur ordinn, kom 
Natten overfaldt ham. Da han var tret  bleven, fom 
the night overfell him. When he was tired become, came 
hann i riddur, hvar hann 584 tyald eitt, wr hvdriu ara- 
ban t Lund, bvor ban faae Lelt et, ubdaf bHvilfet ara- 
he in clearing, where he saw tent a, from which Ara- 
biskur madur kom wut, og beiddi gést sinn ad vera vel- 
ἘΠ DMtand fom ud, og bad Gjeft fin at vere vel- 
bic man came out, and asked guest his to be wel- 
kominn. (δ) θη lét ekki 4 bera, hvérr hann veri, annad- 
fommen. Galifen lob iffe merle, bvem ban var, ens 
come. The Calif did not disclose, who he was, et- 
hvért til pess ad sjd seinna hvérnin bénda yrdi vid, pegar 


ten til det at fee fenere bvorledes Bonde ἐν fa), Da 


ther in order to see later how peasant became to, when 
hann feingi ad vita, hvér kominn veri, ellegar og hann 
han finge at vide, boo fommen var, eller og ban 
he got to know; who come was, or _ also he 
etladi einusinni 4 Iffstid sinni nidta pess yndis αἱ 
agtede engang paa Vivstid fin ποῦς bets ΠΕΙ͂Ν at 
intended once in lifetime his enjoy that delight to 
umgangast vid jafninga sinn. Medan pessi erlegi madur 
omgaaes ved Ligemand fin. Wtedens denne erlige Mtand 
converse with his equal. While this honest man 
gitrdi allt hvad hann gat til at taka vel 4 moti komum- 
gjorde alt bvabd ban funbe til at tage vel t mod  Gja- 
did all that he could in order to talk well against the com- 
anni, spurdi Califen hann ad, hvarfyri hann  byggi i 
ften, f{purgte Galifen bam om, bvorfor han byggede t 
er, asked the Calif him about, why he  dwelled in 
svoddan eydiplatsi? Padsem μόν med svo miklum rétti kallid 
faadant MIpeplads? Detfom De med faa ftor Ret falder 
desertplace? That which you with so great right call 
eydiplats, svaradi hinn arabiski, var fyrrum  fjélbyggt 
beplads, foarede -hin Arabiffe var fordum tetbygget [ted 
desertplace, answered the Arab, was formerly numerously inhabi- 
af Arabiskum og Tyrkjaminnum, sem hifdu nég  vidurveri 
af Arabijfe: og Thrfe-Diend, fom havde nof Underbold 
by Arabs and Turks, who had enough support 


78 


af kauphindlun og akuryrkju, og med dnegin guide 
af jgbbandel og Agerdprining, og med Forngjelfe betalte 
from trade and agriculture, and with pleasure paid 
polanlegann skatt Califanum Almansor. SA ρόδι Herra lagdi 
taalelig Gfat Califen Wlmanjor. Den gode Herre lagde 
bearable taxes(to) theCalif Almansor. That good Lord laid 


alid 4 ad stidrna sinum léndum, og gijira pegna 
Olid panat τὸ fine Lande, og gjgre Unbderfaatter 
diligence on to govern his countries and make subjects 


sina lukkusela; en ΔΒ eptirkomara og _ nitiverandi 
fine lIpffelige; men hans  Gfterfommeres og nuverende 


his happy; but his successors and present 
stidrnara leti og  hyrduleysi hefir feingid _hird- 
Sthreres Dovenflab og Shadesloshedb har . givet ἀνα 
rulers laziness and carelessness have delivered the coun- 
stj6runum 1 hendur begna hans, svo ad vegna 
ftyrerne t QOender Underfaatter bans, faa. at formedelft 
giverne) Den aa ane, 1464; at i 


cillors in hand subjects his, 50 that on account 
peirra dgirni ru hinir tvistradir vidsvegar sem hér 
beres Gjerrighed ere Hine abdfpredte vide Veie fom ber 
of their avarice are the others scattered far and wide who here 
bjuggu adur. Califen, sem nu i fyrsta sinni heyrdi sannleikann, 
byggebde for. Galifen, fom nu ferftegang herte Gandbeden, 
lived before. The Calif, who now for first time heard the truth, 
firtist ekki af pvi, heldur dsetti sér ad verda adget- 
prededes iffe af bet, men beftemte fig at blive opmerf- 
got angry not of it, but resolved himself to be more atten- 
nari { embettisskyldu sinni framveigis, en Jét ekki 
fommere t Gmbeds-Pligt fin frembeles, men lod iffe 
tive in office-duty his for the future, but let not 
husbéndann 4 sér  merkja med hvada paunkum hans 
Huusbonden paa fig merfe med bvilfe Lanfer hans 
the house-master (on) himself perceive with which thoughts his 
sinni var uppfylit. Sd arabiski vildi gjéra komumanni til 
Gind var opfylot. DOen Avabiffe vilde gipre  Gjeften til 
mind was upfilled. The Arab would do the comer to 
goda allt hvad hann = gat, og pd undireins var 
@®ode alt hoad han formaaede, og dog tillige var 
good all what he could, and yet at the same time was 


79 


hreddur um ad hann kynni hneixla hann, dré leingi timann, 
bange for at ban funne ele) bam, drog lenge Simen, 
afraid for that he might scandalize him, drew long the time, 
ddurenn hann taladi til bess, at hann etti eina  vinfliskn, 
ferend . ban talede til bets, at ban eiede en Btin-Glaffe, 
before he spoke to that, that he possessed one wine-/flask, 
sem hann gjarnan skyldi géfa honum ad drekka ur, ef 
fom ban gjerne ffulbe give bannem at odvriffe af, derfom 
which he willingly should give him to drink from, τῇ 
géstur byrdi ad taka pad uppd sfna_ samvitsku, pvi eptir 
@jaft turde at tage det oppaa fin Gamvittighed, thi efter 
guest dared to take it upon his conscience, for after 
Tyrkja-tra — er ekki leyfilegt ad drekka vin, edur neitt sem 
Chries-Lro er iffe tilladeligt at driffe Viin, eller noget fom 
Turks’-religion is not allowable to drink wine, or anything which 
afeingt er. Califen sem var é6vanur pessum drikk, vildi 
berufende er. Galifen fom var uvant denne Drif, vilbe 
inebriating ts. The Calif who was unused this drink, would 
nyta sér tekiferid til at nidta peirrar dnegiu, sem 
πος fig  eilighedet til at πρὸς bend Forngijelfes, fom 
use for himself the opportunity to to enjoy that pleasure, which 
honum yar vi yndislegri af pvi hun var fyribodin, og 
ham var defto bebageligere af det hun var forbubden, og 
him was the more delightful because she was forbidden, and 
hann vissi ad sitt misbrot mundi hér ei komast upp. 
han vidfte at fit Sorbrpdelfe monne her εἰ fommes op. 
he knew that his crime would here not come = up. 
Eptir ad hann var buinn ad drekka hid fyrsta staup, sagdi 
Gfter at han var ferdig at οὐδε det forfte Steb, fagde 
After that he was finished to drink the first glass, said 
hann med hiru bragdi vid pann arabiska: Minn vin! eg 
han med blidt Aafon ved den Arabiffe: Min Ben! jeg 
he, with mild mine to the Arab: My friend! I 
er einn af hirdsveinum Califans, og pu skalt ei purfa ad 
ex en af Qoffvende Galifens, og pu ffal et bebgve at 
am one of courtiers the Calif’s and thou shalt not need to 
ydrast eptir bann  greida sem pu hefir gjirt mér. Sa 
fortrpbe efter ben Bevertning fom du Haver gjort mig. Oen 
repent of that entertainment, which thou hast done me. The 


80 


arabiski Jét aptur 4 πιόϊ i té gledi og pakkle 
Arabiffe lod atter imod i tee Glade og (et) Latte 
Arab let again tm return joy and 


fyri pessa alud, og syndi komumanni "penser 
for denne Opmeert] ome, 98, ΕΝ @jeften Ὀε[ίοπιετε 
for _ this the comer the more 


vyrdingu. Pessi, sem sandisk vera  Califans embzttismadur, 
Anfeelfe. Denne, fom fagbes vere (δα επδ Embedsmand, 
honour. This, who said himself be the Califs officer, 

t6k fliétt til fléskunnar aptur, en vid hvort eitt staup 6x 
tog fnart til Flaffens atter, men ved hvert et Steb  vorte 
' took quickly to the bottle again, but at every one glass increased 
hans d4negja og  vidfeldni. Eg vil ekki leyna pig 
bans Forngijelfe og Omgengelighed. Seq vf tte {fjule (for) aig 
his pleasure and _ affability. I will conceal 

neinu sagdi hann vid hisbéndann, eg er "Ων sinks 
noget fagbe ban ved Sunsbonden jeg er Galifens  bebdfte 
anything said he to the housemaster, I am the Calif’s intimate 
vin, sem hann hefir mestar metur 4. Sévinskapur 
Ben, fom han aver fterfte Godheder paa. Den Benffab 
friend whom he has greatest goodness upon. That friendship 
sem hann vyrdist at hafa til min, skal innan skamms géfa 
font ban verdiges at have til mig, ffal inden Sowts give 
which he appears to have for me, shall within short give 
mér  tekiferi at dtvega pér velgjérdir af hanns hendi. 
mig (et) Leilighed at forffaffe dig Velajerninger af ang Saanbd. 
me opportunity to get thee benefits from ἢ hand. 
Pegar enn arabiski heyrdi petta, poktist hann οἱ négsamliga 
Ha den Arabiffe herte dette, thftes han εἰ toffomt 
When the Arab heard this, thought himself he not sufficiently 
géta veitt gésti sinum lotningu en kysti hanns  kledafald, 
funne θὲ Gjeft fin Hojagtelfe men tyfte hans (en) Reedebou, 
be able given quest his reverence but kissed his cloths'-seam, 
og beiddi hann fyrir alla muni ad spara ei petta vin, sem 
og bab bam for al Zing at fpare et dette Viin, font 
and bade him by all means to spare not this wine, which 
gjordi hann svo lystugann. Mahadi kom 86 betur og betur 
giorde ham faa [vftig. Dtahabdi tom fig δεῦτε og δεῦτε 
made him so merry. Mahadt came himself better and better 


81 


{i gjeti hjd vininu, svo hann purfti ekki ad taka nerri 
i Wenffab hos Binet, faa han behgvede iffe at tage ner 
into friendship by the wine, so that he needed not to take near 
sér ad drekka pad fyri hisbéndans bén. Eg 5]6 sagdi 
fig at τε bet for Huusbondens Bon. Beg feer fagde 
himself to drink it for the housemaster’s request. 1 see, said 
hann, ad Ol seigir allann vilja. Eg er hvdrki hirdmadur 
Han, at Of figer al {|| Seger Hverfen  Hoffinde 
he that ale says all will. 1] am neither courtier 
né einka vinur Calfifans, heldur er eg Califen sjalfur, og 
eller bedfte Ben Califens, beller er jeg Galifen felv, og 
nor intimate friend of the Calif’s, rather am I the Calif himself, and 
nui stadfesti eg og ytreka allt pad loford, sem eg adur_hefi 
niu ftadfefter jeg og gientager alt bet Lpfte, fom jeg for bar 
now confirm I and repeat all that promise which I before have 
gjért bér. Arabiski madurinn tok ~—strax =i kyrdum [τά 
gjovt dig. Avabiffeemanden tog ftrar i Stilbed fra 
amade thee. The Arab took immediately in quietness from 
honum fliskuna, og etladi ad bera hana burt. Hvad  ertd 
Hannem Flaffen, og agtede at bere den bort. Hvad er du 
him the bottle, and intended to carry her (it) away. What art thou 
ad gjjra? spurdi Califen, sem hugsadi ad sd arabiski mundi 
at gjigre? fpurgte Califen, fom tenfte at ben WWrabiffe monne 
to do? asked the Calif, who thought that the Arab would 
nu syna 86. ldngtum meiri lotningu enn ddur. Pér 
nu υἱέ fig Tlangt mere Oojagtelfe end for. De 
now show him far more reverence than before. You 
megit vera hvirhelst sem per viljid, svaradi husbdéndinn, 
maa vere boofombelft fom De vil, frarede Huusbonden, 
may be whosoever which you like, answered the housemaster, 
pa let eg ydur samt ekki drekka meir. Vid fyrsta staupid 
da labder jeg Oem bog iffe driffe meer. Ved ferfte Stpbet 
then let I you yet not drink more. At the first glass 
sigdust pér vera stdérherra, og pvi gat eg vel triad; 
fagdeS8 De vere Storbherre, og det funnejeg vel  troet; 
thou saidts you were great Lord, and that could 1 well believe; 
vid pad annad vorud pér ordinn mesta uppdhald Califans, 
wed bet anbdet var De bleven mefte Afhold  Califens, 
at the second were you become greatest favourite of the Calif’s, 
Icelandic Grammar. 6 


82 


og pa hafdi eg βἰόγα vyrdingu fyrir ydur; vid hid pridja 
0g ba havde jeg ftor Wrbgdighedb for Dem; veb det trebdie 
and then had I great reverence for you; at the third 
sigdust pér vera Califen sjdlfur, og pad getur  skéd, 
fagdeS De vere Galifen felv, og det fan ffee, 
thousatdst you were the Calif himself, and that may happen 
ad pad sé satt; en hett er vid, ad pér vid fjérda staupid 
at pet er fandt; men farligt er ved, at De ved [τὸς Stpbet 
that it be true; but danger ts to, that you at thefourth glass 
segist vera okkar  stéri spdmadur Mohameth, og kannské 
figes were vores ftoreSpaamand Mohamed, og fanffee 
say you were our great prophet Mahometh, and perhaps 
vid fimta staupid almdttugur Gud; en pvi 4 eg bdgt med 
ved femte Stpbet almegtige Gud; men bet ejer jeg Ondt med 
at the fifth glass Almighty God; but that own I difficult with 
ad tria. Mahadi hid ad pessu einfaldlega en pd ekki 
at troe. Dtabadi Loe αὖ dette eenfolbige men dog iffe 
to believe. Mahadi laughed at this simple but yet ποῖ 
heimskuliga svari; og par vinid var farid ad stiga uppi 
Dumtme Svar; og ba Binet var faret at ftige op it 
stupid answer; and as the wine was begun to rise up in 
hdfudid, lagdi hann sig noidur 4 dbreiduna, sem hius- 
Doverel, lagde han fig ned paa Leppen, fom It1tg- 
the head, laid he himself down on the coverlet, which the house- 
bondinn hafdi ztlad honum til sengur wm nottina. Daginn 
bonben havde agtet ham til Gengs om Natten. Dagen 
master had intended (for) him as bed during the night. The day 
eptir reid hann af stad, tok med sér pann arabiska, svo sem 
efter reed ban affted, tog med fig den Arabiffe, faafom 
after rode he away, took with him the Arab, as 
leidsigumann, og gaf honum stér gijafir, begar beir komu 
Ledjagelfesmand og gav ham ftore Gaver, da de fom 
guide and gave him great presents, when they came 
til Bagdad. 
til Bagdad. 
to Bagdad. 


88 


Utlegdarsagan. 


Gédgjijrdasamur madur nokkurr dsetti sér ad audsyna 
velgjirdir einum przli sinum, gaf honum pessvegna frelsi, skip 
med dllum reida, og svo mikinn forda, sem négur veri til ad 
leita sér lukku og frama med, i hvdériu hellst Jandi sem hann 
vildi taka sér bélfestu. Pessi frelsingi for um bord, og lét ur 
lagi, en skelfilegr stormur kom uppd, sem hrakti hann uppa 
nokkra ey, er honum syndist vera ébygd. Nu var bann buinn 
ad missa allt hvad hann atti, hjdlpdrlaus, vissi ekkert hvad af 
sér mundi verda, og gat ei hugsad til seinni timanna dn skél- 
fingar. Hann var einsog i poku hvad hann atti ad horfa, gékk 
dfram { paunkum, edur réttara ad seigja pankaleysi, pangadtil 
fyri honum vard sléttur og trodinn vegur. Med gledi héllt 
hanno dfram pann veg, og sé dleingdar stéra borg, hvad ed jok 
hans fégnud, svo hann hvatti sporid til ad koma pangad sem 
flidtast. Hissa vard hann, pegar hann ndlgadist borgina, sa 
hennar innbyggjara koma 1 hépatali 4 mdti sér, segja sig vel- 
kominn med mestu blidla4tum, og ad stadarins tulkur hrépadi 
harri réddu: pessi er ydar Kongur! Allir fylgdu bhonum til 
borgarinnar med fégnudi og gledilatum; hann var leiddur med 
mestu vidhifn og prakt { pd holl, hvar Kéngarnir véru vapnir 
ad hafa sitt adsetur, var ferdur 1 purpura kdpu og dirmet 
koéréna sett 4 hans hifud. Adstu hofdingjar borgarinnar séru 
honum hollustu eid { alls lidsins nafni, ad peir skyldu vera 
honum hlidnir, hollir, og triir, einsog beim beri vid Kong 
sinn ad breyta. Sd nyi Kéngur hugsadi { fyrstunni, ad petta 
allt veri ekki annad enn draumur, en af reynslunni blaut hann 
ad ganga ur skugga um, ad petta var raunar einsog pad syn- 
dist, svo hann { huganum vard ad spyrja sialfinn sig; hvad 4 
petta ad byda? Og hvad mun 84 edsti Stidrnari allra hluta 
tla sér med mig? Pessi bdnki for aldrei ur huga hans, og 


Audsyna, show. horfa, apply. 
Fordi, provisions. | aleingdar, from distance. 
leita, search. hvatli sporid, gutckened his paces 
Frami, honour. harri réddu, in a loud voice. 
Bolfesta, dwelling. Adsetur, residence. 
ad lata ur lagi, fo leave the dirmeetr, precious. 

harbour. breyta, behave. 
hrakti, drifted. hiaut, was obliged. 
buinn, finished. ganga ur skugga, be convinced. 
an, without. raunar, really, in fact. 


θ᾽ 


84 


loksins kom hann honum til δὰ grendslast eptir, hvornin 4 dllu 
pessu βίαι. Hann kalladi pvi pann af hirdménnum sinum 
fyri sig, sem optast var vanur ad vera { kringum hans per- 
sénu, var hans rddaneyti, og sem af Guds forsjén syndist hafa 
verid settr honum til adstodar { landstjérninni. Drdttseti! 
sagdi hann: hvdérr hefur gjért mig ad ykkar Kéngi? hvorsvegna 
hiyda mér allir? og hvad 4 af mér ad verda? Vitid Herra, 
svaradi hirdst jérinn honum, ad innbyggendur eyar pessarar, 
hafa bedid Gud ad senda beim 4 4ri hvériu pann Kong sem 
sé af Adam kominn. Sd Almdattugi hefur benheirt pa, svo ad 
4 ari hvériu kemur hfugad ein manneskja, allur lfdurinn tekur 
med mestu vidhéfn og fognudi méti pessum manni, og setur 
hann til Kéngs yfir sig; en hans rikisstjérn varir ekki leingur 
enn eitt dr. Pegar 84 timi er 4 enda, pa er honum velt ur 
hdsetinu, dregin af honum tignar kledin, og hann aptur fer- 
dur { litilfjorliga larfa, stridsmenn, sem ekki géfa nein grid, 
feera hann ofan til strandar, og kasta honum par uti skip, er 
flytur hann til annarar eyar, sem af sidlfrar sinnar kostum er 
hridstrug og gedalaus. Sdsem fyri nokkrum dégum var rikur 
kéngur, hefur p4 hvorki Pegna né vini, en lifir par { sorg og 
eymd. Lidurinn, sem laus er ordinn vid sinn gamla Kéng, 
flytir sér pd ad medtaka pann nya, sem Guds forsjén drlega 
sendir hingad, og petta Herra! er bad éumbreytanlega légmal, 
sem ekki stendur {i ydar valdi ad raska. Vissu peir sem fyri 
mig hafa verid spurdi Kéngurinn, pessi hérdu forlég? Eingum 
peirra svaradi Dréttsetinn, hefir pad verid dulid, en peir hafa 
ei haft négann mod og mannshug ad athuga svo sorglegar Ut- 
farir, bar augu peirra hafa verid blindud af glampa Kongdz- 
misins. Peir hafa lifad og ldtid einsog vellystingar og dnzegija 
hafa hvatt μά til, og aldrei hugsad til ad nd stédugri lukku, eda 
gjora sér berileg pau endalok, sem beir vissu sér var 6migulegt 
ad umflya; peirra lukku dr leid ztid fliétara enn pb vardi, svo 
éfara dagurinn kom loksins γὴν pd fyrr enn peir véru bunir, ad bua 
nokkud { haginn fyri sig, ad eymd og utlegd peirra yrdi beim bzeri- 
leg. Pegar Kongurinn heyrdi petti, vard hann midg ottasleginn, 
sveid honum pad mest, ad mikill partur af dirmeta timanum 
var til énytis lidinn; hann dsetti sér bvi ad brdka bess betur 


grendslast eptir, inquire. hridstrugur, barren. 

adstod, assistance. egn, subject. 

Drottseti, counsellor. eymd, distress. 

litilfjorlegr, mean. oéumbreytanlegr, unalterable. 


larfar, rags. raska, alter. 


85 


pad af honum, sem eptir var. Pu vitri Drottseti! Sagdi hann 
til hans, pu hefir sagt mér mitt tilkomandi fall, segdu mér 
lika hvdrt medal er til ad komast klaklaust hj4 pvi? Minnist 
pér, Herra! svaradi Droétisetinn, ad pér komud hingad allslaus 
til eyarinnar, og athugid pa undir eins ad allt eins muni verda, 
pegar bér farid hédan, og ad pér aldrei munud sia hana aptur. 
Kitt emasta medal er til, ad varna pvi 6falli sem fyrir ydur 
liggur, bér verdid ad senda smidi til eyarinnar, sem pér egid 
ad fara til, lata byggja bdr stér vistahus, og fylla pau af dllu 
sem barf til vidurlifis. Forsémid hédanaf ekkert augnablik sem 
péna kann til ydar lukku og brukid 611] pau meddél sem pér 
gétid upphugsad, til ad koma { veg fyri ba vesdld, sem flidtt 
dynur yfir en leingi varir; allt petta. verdur ad gidrast undan- 
drattarlaust pvi tidin fl¥gur, sd fastsetti timans puinktur ndlgast, 
og pad er forgéfins ad etla sér ad aptur kalla pa stund sem 
aflifud er; en yfir alla hluti fram, munid til pess ad 4 beim 
stad, sem pbér egid til svoddan léngframa ad bia, munud pér 
ekkert fyri finna nema pad, sem ber latid flytja bangad, 4 beim 
stutta tima er pér egid ennu eptir. Kéngurinn féllst 4 rad 
Drottseta sins, sendi strax smidi til Eyarinnar ad koma dllu 
pessu i verk, hann lét gjéra eyuna ad yndisligum og gagn- 
legum bustad. Loksins kom sd akvardadi dagur, kénginum 
var snarad tr hasetinu, allur Koéngs-skridi af honum tekinn, 
og hann hnepptur uti skip sem flutti hann i hans Utlegdarstad. 
Pessi afsetti Kongur kom pdngad lukkulega, og lifdi par bedi 
rélegri og dnegdari enn ddur. 


ofall, disaster. vidurlifi, subsistence. 
Klaklaust, without danger. undandrattarlaust, without delay. 
Vistahus, store-room. langframa, for so long a time. 


Af Egils-Saga. 
Upphaf rikis Haralds harfagra. 


Haraldr, son Halfdanar svarta, hafdi tekit arf eptir fodur 
sinn; hann hafdi bess heit streingt, at lata eigi skera har sitt 
ne kemba, fyrr en hann veri einvaldskonungr yfir Noregi; hann 
var kalladr Haraldr ldfa. 

Sidan bardist hann vid b4 kondnga, er nestir varo, ok 


80 


sigradi ba, og eru par langar frdsagnir. δίὔδη eignadist hann 
Upplénd, padan for hann nordr { Prandheim, ok Atti bar mar- 
gar orrostur, adr hann yrdi einvaldi yfir dllum Prendalégum. 

Sidan ztladi hann at fara nordr { Naumudal 4 hendr beim 
brozdrum Herlaugi ok Hrollaugi, er μά v4ro konungar yfir Nau- 
mudal. En er peir broeedr spurdu til ferdar hans, pa gekk 
Herlaugr { haug pann med télfta mann, er 4dr héfdu peir 
gera l4tid, ok varo at brj4 vetr; var sidan haugrino aptriokinn. 
En Hrollaugr konungr veltist or koningdémi, ok t6k upp jarls- 
rétt, ok (ὁ si§an a vald Haralds konings, ok gaf upp riki sitt. 
Sv4 eignadist Haraldr kondngr Naumdeelafylki ok Hélugaland; 
setti hann par menn yfir riki sitt. 

Sian bjést Haraldr konungr or Prandheimi med skipali3i, 
ok for sudr 4 Meeri, atti bar orrostu vid Hunpjéf konung, ok 
hafdi sigr; fell par Hdnpjéfr: pa eignadist Haraldr kondngr 
Norémeeri ok Raumsdal. 

En Sdlvi klofi, son Himpjéfs, haféi undan komizt, ok for 
hann 4 Sunnmeeri til Arnvidar konungs, ok bad hann ser full- 
tings, ok sagdi svd: Pott petta vandredi hafi na borit oss at 
hendi, pa mun eigi ldngt til, at sama vandredi mun til yévar 
koma; pviat Haraldr ztla ek at skjétt mun her koma, pa er 
hann hefir alla menn prelkat ok dpjad, sem hanno vill 4 Nord- 
meri ok { Raumsdal. Munu per hinn sama kost fyrir hdndum 
eiga, sem ver dttum, at verja fe ydvart ok frelsi, ok kosta 
partil allra Peirra manna, er ydr er lids af van, ok vil ek 
bjddast til med minu lidi méti bessum ofsa ok djafnadi. En 
at Odrum kosti munu per vilja taka upp Pat ra3, sem Naum- 
delir gerdu, at ganga med sjalfvilja i dnaud, ok gerast prelar 
Haralds. Pat pétti fodur minum sigr, at deyja { koningdémi 
med scemd, heldr en gerast undirmadr annars konings 4 ga- 
mals aldrt: hygg ek at ber muni ok sv4 pykja, ok sérum beim 
er nokkurir ero bordi, ok kappsmenn vilja vera. Af slikum 
fortélum var konungrinn fastrddinn til bess at samna lidi, ok 
verja land sitt. 

Bundu peir Solvi pa saman lag sitt, ok sendu ord Aud- 
birni koningi, er red fyrir Firdafylki, at hann skyldi koma til 
lids vid ba. En er sendimenn komu til Audbjarnar konungs, 
ok Βάγια hanum pessa ordsending, pd rédst hann um vid vini 
sina, ok rédu hanum bat allir, at samna lidi, ok fara til méts 
vid Meri, sem hanum varo ord send til. 

Audbjérn konangr Jét skera upp herdr, ok fara herbod 
um allt sitt riki; hann sendi ok ord rikisménnum, ok bad pa 


87 


koma a sinn fund. En er sendimenn kontngs komu til Kveld- 
lfs, ok s6gdu banum sin erendi, ok pat at kondngr vill, at 
Kveld-Ulfr komi til hans med alla huskarla sina; pd svarar 
hann: Pat mun konungi skylt pykja, at ek fara med banum, 
ef hann skal verja land sitt, ok se herjat { Firdafylki, en hitt 
ztla ek mer alldéskylt at fara nordr 4 Meri ok berjast par, ok 
verja land peirra. Er ydr pat skjétast at segja, bd er ber hittid 
koning ydvarn, at Kveld-Ulfr mun heima sitja um petta her- 
hlaup, ok hann mun eigi herlidi samna, ok eigi gera sina pd 
heimanteré, at berjast moti Haraldi lufu; pviat ek hygg at hann 
hafi par byréi gnéga hamingju, er kontogr varr hafi eigi krep- 
ping fullan. Foro sendimenn heim til kontings, ok ségdu hanum 
erendisluk sin, en Kveld-Ulfr sat heima at bium sinum. 

Peir Porélfr ok Egill varo bann vetr med. Péri (hersi) 
{ gddu yfirleti, en um varit bjuggu peir langskip mikit, ok 
fengu manna til, f6ru um sumarit { Austrveg ok herjudu, fengu 
par of fjdr, ok attu orrostor margar. Peir héldu til Kurlands, 
ok légdu vid landsmenn halfs mdnadar frid, ok héfSu vid pa 
kaupstefnu; en er bvi var lokit, pd téko peir at herja, ok logdu 
at { ymsum stédum. 

Einn dag légéu peir at vid ἀγόβ einn mikinn, ok var par 
mirk mikil 4 land upp; peir rédu par til uppgéngu. Lidi var 
skipt 1 sveitir, t6lf ménnum saman; peir gengu yfir skdéginn, 
ok var μά eigi langt, 4dr en bygdin tok vid; pbeir rentu pa, 
ok drapu menn, en Jidit flydi, unz peir fengu énga vidtéku. 
En er 4leid daginn, pa lét Pérdlfr bldsa lidinu til ofangéngu; 
sneru menn pa aptr 4 skéginn, par sem hverr var staddr. En 
er beir Pérélfr rannsdkudu lidit, ba var Egill οἰφὶ ofankominn, 
ok sveit hans, en pa t6k at myrkva af nétt, ok péttust menn 
eigi mega leita hans. ες 

Egill haféi gengit yfir ské6g nokkurn, ok 161} menn med 
hanum, ok 84 per pad sléttur myklar ok bygdir. Bor einn 
si63 skamt fri beim; peir stefna til beejarins, en er beir komo 
par, hlaupa peir { his inn, ok verda ekki vid menn varer; 
peir téko fe pat allt, er fyrir beim var, laust, par varo mérg 
hus, ok dvaldist beim bar lengi. 

En er peir varo utkomnir, ok fra benum, var lid komit 
milli peirra ok skégarins, ok sétti pat at beim. Skidgardr var 
har [τά beenum til skégarins; pd melti Egill, at peir skyldu 
fylgja hanum, svd at eigi matti sllum megin at peim ganga. 
Peir gerdu sv, gekk Egill fyrstr, en sf{§an hverr at sdrum, 
ον ner at ekki matti skilja ba. Kudrer séttu at beim fast, ok 


88 


mest med légum ok skotum, en gengu ekki i hdggorrostu. 
En er peir Egill héldu fram med skidgardinum, fundu peir eigi 
fyrr, en bar gekk annarr skidgardr jafnYramt, ok gerdist par 
mjétt { milli, partil er lykkja vard 4, ok matti eigi framkomast. 
Kurir sottu eptir beim { kvina, en suunr séttu utan at, ok 
logdu spjétum ok sverdum { gegnum gardana, en sumir béru 
kledi 4 vapn peirra. Urdu peir Egill sdérer, ok pvi nest hand- 
tekner, ok aller bundner, leiddir sv4 heim til beejarins. 

δά var rikr madr ok audigr, er be pann dtti; hann atti 
son roskinn. Ρά var umreedt, hvat vid μά skyldi gera: sagdi 
bondi, at hanum pétti pat rad, at drepinn, veri hverr 4 [ΟἿΣ 
drum; bdéndason segir at pd gerdi myrkt af noétt, ok matti 
enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja μά, bad hann ldta b{da morgins. 
Var beim pd skotid { hus eitt, ok bundnir ramliga; Egill var 
bundinn vid staf einn, bedi hendr ok fotr; sidan var husit 
lest ramliga, en Kurir gingu inn { stufu, ok métudust, ok 
varo allkdtir ok drukku. 

Egill foerdist vid, ok treysti stafinn, til bess er upplosnadi 
or gélfinu; sidan fell stafrinn, smeygdist Egill pd af stafnum. 
Eptir pat leysti hann hendr sinar med ténnum; en er hendr 
hans voru lausar, leysti hann bind af fotum ser. S{dan leysts 
hann felaga sina; en er peir vdro aller lauser, pba leitudust 
peir um, hvar likast var ut at komast. Husit var gert at vegg- 
jum af timbrstokkum stérum, en { annan enda hissins var 
skjaldpili flatt, hljé6pu peir parat, ok brutu pilit; var par hus 
annat, er peir komo {, varo par ok timbrveggir um. 

Ps heyrdu peir manna mal undir feetr ser nidr; leitudust 
peir pd um, ok fundu hurd { gélfinu, luku peir bar up, var 
parundir grof djap, heyrdu peir péngat manna milit. Pa 
spurdi Egill hvat manna par veri. δά nefndist Aki, er vid 
hann πη}. Egill spurdi ef peir vildi upp ur gréfinni; Aki 
segir at peir vildu pat gjarna; sidan létu peir Egill siga festi 
ofan { gréfina, pd er pbeir γάγο bundnir med, ok drégu par 
upp prjé menn. Aki segir at pat varo synir hans tveir, ok 
beir varo menn dansker, héféu par ordit hertekner it fyrra 
sumar. Var ek, sagdi hann, vel haldinn 1 vetr, hafda ek mjék 
fjarvardveizlur buanda, en sveinarner varo pbjdder ok undu peir 
flla. I vdr rédu ver til, ok hlupum 4 brott, ok urdum sidan 
fundner, varo ver pd her setter { grof pessa. Per mun her 
kunnigt um hisaskipan, segir Egill, hvar oss er venst 4 brott 
at komast. Aki sagdi at par var annat skjaldbili: brjéti per 
pat upp, munu per pd koma fram { korohlédu, en ba er ut- 


89 


βάηρα sem sjalfr vill. Peir Egill gerdu βνὰ, brutu upp pilit, 
gengu sidan { hléduna, ok padan ut. Nidamyrkr var 4. 

Pa maltu peir forunautar Egils, at beir skyldu skunda 
4 skéginn. Egill mzlti vid Aka ef ber eru her kunnig hybyli, 
44 muntu visa oss til fefanga nokkurra. Aki segir at eigi 
mundi par skorta lausafe: her er lopt mikit, er béndi sefr {, 
par skorter eigi vapn inni. Egill bad μά pangat fara til lopt- 
sins; en er heir komo upp 4 foptridit, ba 54 peir at loptit var 
opit; var bar [168 inni, ok pjénostu-menn, ok bjuggu rekkjur 
manna. Egill bad bd suma titi vera, ok geta at engi kemist 
ait. Egill hijép inn f loptit, greip par vapn, pvfat pau skorti 
par eigi inni, drépu bar menn alla, pa er par vdro inni; peir 
t6ko ser aller alvepni. 

Aki gekk par til er hlemmr var { gélfpilinu, ok lauk upp, 
melti at beir skyldi bar ofan génga { undirskemmuna. Peir 
toko ser }jés, ok gengu pdngat; varo par fehirzlur bénda ok 
griper ρόδον ok silfr mikit; t6ko men ser par byrdar, ok bdru 
ut. Egill t6k undir hénd ser mjiddrekku eina vel mikla, ok 
bar hana undir hendi ser. En er peir komo { skédginn, pba 
nam Egill stad ok melti: pessi ferd er allill, ok eigi hermann- 
lig; ver héfum stolit fe bonda, sva at hann veit ekki til, skal 
oss aldregi pd skimm henda; forum nt aptr til beejarins, ok 
létum pd vita hvat tftt er. Allir meltu pvf { mét, sdgdu at 
peir vildu til skips. 

Egill setr nidr mjdddrekkuna, sfSan hefr hann 4 ras, ok 
rann til bejarins; en er hana kom til bejarins, pd 84 hann, 
at pjonostusveinar gengu fra eldaskdla med skutildiska, ok baru 
inn { stofuna. Egill sd at { eldahdsinu var eldr mikill, ok 
katlar yfir, gekk hann pdngat til. Par hofSu verit stokkar 
stérer flutter heim, ok sv4 eldar gerver, sem par er sidvenja 
til, at eldinn skal leggja { stoksendann, ok brennr sva stokk- 
rinn. ἘΠῚ] greip upp stokkinn, ok gekk heim til stofunnar, 
ok skaut peim endanum er logadi upp undir upsina, ok sva 
upp i nefrina, ok festi bar eldinn { skjétt. En vidir lau par 
skamt i brott, ok bar hann pd fyrir stofudyrnar. Eldrinn las 
skjétt trédvidinn, en peir er vid drykkjuna sétu; fundu eigi 
fyrr, en loginn st6d inn um rafrit. Hljépo menn pa til dy- 
ranna; en par var ekki greidfert ut, bedi fyrir vidunum, sva 
pat at Egill vardi dyrnar, ok drap pd flesta er ut leitudu, bedi 
{ dyrunum ok uti fyri. 

Bondi spyrr, hverr fyrir eldinum rédi. Egill segir: s& 
einn redr nd fyrir eldi, er ber mundi élikast pykja { gerkveld, 


N 


90 


ok skaltu ekki beidast at baka heitara, en ek mun kinda; skaltu 
hafa mjakt bad fyrir mjika rekkjo, er μά veitter mer ok minum 
forunautum. Er her od 54} sami Egill, er pa lézt fjotra, ok 
binda vid stafinn i busi pvi, er per lestud vandliga: skal nu 
launa per vidtokur, sem pu ert verdr. [ pvi ztlar béndi at 
leynast Gt { myrkrit, en Egill var nzrstaddr, ok hjé hann pegar 
banabigg, ok marga adra. En pat var svipstund ein, adr stufan 
branp, sv4 at hon fell ofan; i¥ndist par mestr hluti lids pess, 
er par var ἴῃ]. 

En Egill gekk aptr til skégarins, fann par forunauta sina, 
fara pa allir saman til skips. Sagdi Egill, at mjdddrekku pa 
vill hann hafa at afndamsfe, er hann fér med, en bon var 
reyndar full af silfri. Peir Pérélfr urdu allfegnir, er Egill kom 
ofan, héldu peir μά pegar [τά landi, er mornadi. Aki ok peir 
fedgar varo i sveit Egils. Peir sigldu um sumarit, er dleid, til 
Danmarkar, ok légu par enn fyri kaupskipum, ok rentu par 
er peir komust vid. 

Haraldr Gormsson haféi p4 tekit wid riki i Danmork, 
en Gormr var pa daudr, fadir hans; landit var pa herskatt, 
lagu vikingar mjég uti fyri, Danmorku. Aka var kunnigt { 
Danmorku bedi 4 sj4 ok landi; spurdi Egill hann mjdg ept- 
ri, hvar peir stader veri, er stér fefaung mundi fyriliggja. Eo 
er beir komu { Eyrarsund, μά sagdi Aki at par var ὁ land upp 
kaupstadr mikill, er hét { Lundi, sagéi at par var fevin, en 
Ikligt at par mundi vera vidtaka, er bejarmenn veri. Pat 
mal var uppborit fyri lidsménnum, hvdrt’ par skyldi ra3a_ til 
uppgaungu eda eigi. Menn téko par allmisjafnt 4, fystu sumer 
en sumer léttu, var pvi mali skotid til st?rimanna. Pérdlfr 
fysti heldr uppgaungu; pa var reedt vid Egil, -hvat honum pétti 
Γάδ hann kvad visu: 

Upp skolum orum sverdum, 
llfs-tann-litudr ! glitra; 
eigum dad at drtgja 

{ dal miskunn fiska. 

Leiti upp til Lundar 

ly3a hverr sem bradast ; 
gerum par fyri setr sdélar 
seid dfagran vigra. 

Sidan bjuggust menn til uppgaungu, ok féro til kaupsta- 
Sarins. En er bejarmenn urdu varer vid ufrid, bd stefndu 
peir { mét; var bar treborg um stadinn, settu beir bar menn 
til at verja; tékst bar bardagi hinon hardasti. ἘΠῚ] sétti at 


91 


hlidinu fast med sina sveit, ok ΒΠδῚ ser litt; vard bar mikit 
mannfall; pi at hverr [ὃ] um annan borgarmanna. Er sva 
sagt at Egill gengi fyrstr manna { borgina, ok sidan hverr 
at ddrum; sidan flyéu boejarmenn, var par manonfall mikit. 
En peir Pérélfr rentu kaupstadinn, ok t6ku mikit fe, en brendu 
bejinn, adr peir skildust vid. Féro sidan ofan til skipa sinna. 


Af Snorre Sturlesens Heimskringla. 
Saga Bakenar géda. 


1. Hékon Adalsteinsf{éstri var bd 4 Englandi, er hann 
spurdi andlét Haralds konungs fddur sins; bjést hann ba pegar 
til ferdar: (ἀκ Adalsteinn konungr hanom lid, ok gédan ski- 
pakost, ok bj6 hans for allvegliga; ok kom hann um _haustit 
til Noregs. Ρά spurdi hann fall bredra sinna, ok pat med 
at Eirikr kondngr var δά { Vikinni: sigldi μά Hakon nor@r til 
Prandheims, ok fér 4 fund Sigurdar Hladajarls, er allra spekinga 
var mestr i Noregi, ok fékk par gédar vidtékur, ok bundo peir 
lag sitt saman; hét Hakon hanom miklo riki, ef hann yrdi 
konungr. 4 léto peir stefna ping fjélmennt, ok 4 pingino 
taladi Sigurdr jarl af hendi Haékonar, ok baud béndom hann 
til konings. Eptir pat st6d Hdkon sjdlfr upp ok taladi; mzlto 
pda tveir ok tveir sin 4 milli, at par veri kominn Haraldr har- 
fagri, ok ordinn Ungr { annat sinn. Hakon hafdi bat upphaf 
sins mals, at hann beiddi bendr vidtéku, ok at gefa ser kon- 
ungsnofn, ok pat med at veita ser fullting ok styrk til at halda 
koningdéminom; en parimét baud hann peim at gera alla 
beendr 6dalborna, ok gefa beim 6dol sin, er abjoggu. At besso 
érendi vard rémr sva mikill, at allr bénda mugrinn epti ok 
kalladi, at peir vildi hann til konings taka; ok var sva_ gert, 
at Prendir t6ku Hékon til konings um allt land, [par var hann 
15 vetra: t6k hann ser pa hird, ok for yfir land. 

Pau tidindi spurdust 4 Upplind, at Prendir hufSo ser kon- 
ang tekit, slikan at dllu sem Haraldr hinn harfagri var, nema 
pat skildi, at Haraldr haf®i allan lyd i landi [prelkat ok apjad, 
en pessi, Hakon, vildi hverjom manni gott, ok baud aptr at 
gefa béndom 630] sin, pau er Haraldr kontngr haféi af beim 
tekit. Vid pau tidindi urdo allir gladir, ok sagdi hverr sdrum, 


92 


flaug pat sem sinoeldr allt austr til lands enda. Margir bendr 
foro af Upplindum at hitta Héakon koning; sumir sendo menn, 
sumir gerdo ordsendingar ok jartegnir, en allir til bess, at 
hans menn vildo gerast. Kontngr t6k pvi bakksamliga. 

2. Hakon koningr for éndurdan vetr 4 Upplind, stefndi par 
ping, ok dreif allt f6lk 4 hans fund, pat er komast matti; var han 
pa til konuings tekinn 4 dllum pingom; fér hann pa austr til Vikr. 

11. Pa er Hékon var koningr { Noregi var fridr gédr 
med béndom: ok kaupménnum; svd at engi grandadi sdrum 
ne annars fe; pa var ok dr mikit bedi 4 5]ά ok landi. Hakon 
konungr var allra manna gladastr ok malsnjallastr ok litillatastr ; 
hann var madr stérvitr, ok lagdi_ mikinn hug 4 lagasetning: 
hann setti Gulapingslég med radi Porleifs spaka; ok hann setti 
Frostapingslég med radi Sigurdar jarls ok annarra prenda, 
peirra er vitrastir varo; en Heidsefislig haféi sett Halfdin 
svarti, sem fyrr er ritat. 

15. Hakon kontngr var vel kristinn, er hann kom i Noreg, 
en fyrir pvi at bar var land allt heidit, ok blétskapr mikill, 
ok stérmenni mart; en hann péttist lids burfa mjjk ok alpydu 
vinseld; μά t6k hann pat γάδ, at fara leyniliga med kristninni, 
hélt sunnodaga ok frjadagafdsto ok minning hinna steersto hatfda. 
Hann setti pat { légom, at hefja jélahald pann tima, sem krist- 
nir menn, ok skyldi μά hverr madr eiga melis 61, en gyjalda 
fe ella, ok halda heilagt medan ὃ] ynnist; en ddr var jélahald 
hafit Héko-nétt, pat var midsvetrar nétt, ok haldin priggja ndtta 
j6l. Hann etladi sva, er hann festist i landino, ok hann hefdi 
frjdlsliga undir sik lagt allt landit, at hafa pa fram kristnibod. 
Hann gerdi svd fyrst, at hann lokkadi μά menn, er hdnom varo 
kerstir til kristni; kom sv4 med vinseld hans, at mjdk margir 
lato skirast, en sumir léto af blétom. Han sat longom i Prand- 
heimi, pviat par var mestr styrkr landsins. En er Hakon kon- 
fingr pdottist fengit hafa ‘styrk af nokkorum rikisménnum, at 
halda upp kristninni, μά sendi hann til Englands eptir biskupi 
ok sdrum kennimdnnum; ok er peir komu i Noreg, μά gerd} 
Hakon kontngr pat bert, at hann vildi bjoda kristni um allt 
land, en Merir ok Raumdeelir.skuto pannug sino mali, sem 
Prendir varo. Haékon konungr lét pa vigja kirkjor nokkorar, 
ok setti par presta til. En er hann kom i Prandheim, p& 
stefndi hann ping vid beendr, ok baud peim kristni. Peir svara 
sv4, at peir vilja pesso mali skjéta til Frostabings, ok vilja pa 
at bar komi menn or illum fylkjom, peim sem ero i Prenda- 
légom; segja at μά mano beir svara besso vandmeli. 


93 


17. Hékon konungr kom til Frostapings, ok var par komit 
allfjjImennt af béndom. En er ping var sett, pd talaéi Hakon 
konungr, hefr par fyrst, at pat var bod hans ok been vid beendr 
ok bipegna, rika ok trika, ok barmed vid alla alpydo, unga 
menn ok gamla, selan ok veselan, konur sem karla, at allir 
menn skyldo kristnast léta, ok tria 4 einn gud, Krist Marioson, 
en hafna biétum dllum ok heidnom godum, halda heilakt hinn 
7da hvern dag vid vinnom éllum, fasta ok hinn 7da hvern dag. 

En Pegar er konungr haféi betta uppborit fyrir alpydo, 
pd vard pegar kurr mikill, kurrodo beendr um pat, er konungr 
vildi vinnur taka af peim, ok segja at vid pat matti landit eigi 
byggja; en verkalyér ok brelar kélludu, at beir metti eigi vinna, 
ef peir skyldi eigi mat hafa: ségdo ok at pat var skaplostr 
Héakonar konuings, sem [δ hans ok peirra frenda, at beir 
varo illir af mat sinom, pdétt peir veri mildir af gulli. 

Asbjirn af Medalhisom or Gaulardal st6d upp, ok svarar 
eyrindi konings ok malti. Pat hugdo ver beendr, Hakon kon- 
tngr! segir hann, at ba er bu hafdir et fyrsta bing haft her 
i Préndheimi, ok héfdom pik til kontngs tekit, ok pegit af per 
6561 var, at ver hefSim ba himin hindom tekit; en nu vitom 
ver eigi hvart heldr er, at ver manom frelsi pegit hafa, eda 
mantu nu ldta brelka oss af nyjo med undarligom hetti, at 
ver munim hafna dtrinadi beim, er fedr varir hafa haft fyrir 
oss, ok allt, forellri, fyrst um brunadld, en ni um _ haugsdld, 
ok hafa peir verit miklo giéfgari en ver, ok hefir oss pé dugat 
pessi dtrinadr. Ver héfum lagt til ydar sva mikla dstid, at 
ver hdfom pik τάδα ldtit med oss dllum légum i landino ok 
landsrétt. Νά er bat vili varr ok sampykki, béndanna, at halda 
pau lég, sem pu settir oss her 4 Frostapingi, ok ver jdtadom 
per; viljom ver allir ber fylgja, ok pik “til konungs halda, me- 
an einnhverr er lifs béndanna peirra, er her ero nui 4 pin- 
gino, ef bu, konungr, vill nokkut hdéf vidhafa, at beida oss 
pess eins, er ver megom veita per, ok oss se eigi égeranda. 
En ef per vilit petta mal taka med svd mikilli freko, at deila 
afli ok ofriki vid oss, μά héfum ver beendr gert rad vart, at 
skiljast allir vid bik, ok taka oss annan hdfdingja, pann er 
oss haldi til pess, at ver munim i frelst hafa pann dtrinad, 
sem [ver viljom. Nu skaltu, koningr, kjésa um kosti pessa, 
4dr ping se slitit. 

At eyrindi pesso gerdo bendr rém mikinn, ok segja at 
peir vilja sva vera lata. 

En er hij6d fekkst, pd svarar Sigurdr jarl: Pat er vili 


94 


Hdkonar konungs, δὶ sampykkja vid ydr, boendr, ok Ἰάϊα aldri 
skilja ydra vindtto. Boendr segja at peir vilja, at kontngr 
bloti til ars peim ok fridar, sv4 sem fadir hans gerdi, stadnar 
pd kurrinn, ok 5114 peir pbingino. Sidan taladi Sigurdr jarl 
vid kontng, ok bad hann eigi nemast med dllu, at gera sem 
beendr vildi, sagdi at eigi mundi annat lyda, en sveigja til 
nokkot vid beendr: er betta, kondngr, sem sjdlfir ber megut 
heyra, vili ok ἀκαῆ héfingja ok parmed alls folks; skolo ver, 
konungr, her finna til gott τάδ nokkut; ok samdist bat med 
beim konungi ok jarli. 

16. Sigurdr Lada-jarl var hinn mesti blétmadr, ok svd 
var Hadkon fadir hans; hélt Sigurdr jarl upp blétveizlom dllum 
af hendi konings par { Prendalégom. ) 

Pat var‘forn sidr, pA er bl6t skyldi vera, at allir boendr 
skyldo bar koma, sem Ποῖ var, ok flytja pannug fong sin, pau 
er peir skyldo hafa, medan veizlan st6d. At veizlo peirri skyldo 
allir menn 61 eiga: pa var ok drepinn allskonar smali ok své 
hross, en bl6d pat allt, er bar kom af, bat var kallat hlaut, 
ok hlautbollar pat, er bl6d pat st6d i, ok hlaulteinar, bat var 
sv4 gert sem stiklar, med pvi skyldi rjéda stallana dllo saman, 
ok sva veggi hofsins utan ok imnan, ok βνὰ slékkva 4 mennina; 
en slatrit skyldi sjééa til mannfagnadar. Eldar skyldo vera 
4 midjo gélfi i hofino’, ok par katlar yfir, ok skyldi full um 
eld bera. En sd er gerdi veizlona, ok héfdingi var, μά skyldi 
hann signa fullit ok allan blétmatinn. Skyldi fyrst Odins full, 
{skyldi pat drekka til sigrs ok rikis kontingi sinom, en sidan 
Njardar full ok Freys full til ars ok fridar. Pa var mérgum 
minnum titt at drekka parnest Braga full; menn drukko ok 
full frenda sinna, peirra er gifgir hdfdo verit, ok varo pat 
minni kdllud. 

Sigurdr jarl var manna orvastr; hann gerdi pat verk, er 
fregt var mjék, at hann gerdi mikla [blétveizlo 4 Hlsdom, ok 
hélt einn upp sllum kostnaii. 

18. Um haustit at vetrnéttum var blétveizla 4 Ltdom, ok 
sétti partil kondagr. Hann hafdi jafnan fyrr verit vanr, ef 
hann var staddr bar sem blét varo, at matast { litlu lusi med 
[ἃ menn; en bendr téldo at pvi, er hann sat eigi { hdszetr 
sino, ba er mestr var mannfagnadr; sagdi jarl, at hann skyldi 
eigi pd sv4 gera, var ok svd at konungr sat { hdseti sino. 
En er et fyrsta full var skenkt, p& melti Sigurdr jarl fyrir, 
ok signadi Oni, ok drakk af horniou til konings; kontingr 
t6k vid, ok gerdi krossmark yfir: ba melti Karr af Gratingi: 


95 


hvi ferr konunogrinn nu svd? vill hann eigi enn bléta? Sigurdr 
Jarl svarar: kontngr gerir sv4, sem peir allir, er tria 4 matt 
sinn ok megin, ok signa full sitt Por; hann gerdi hamarsmark 
yfir, 46r hann drakk. Var pa kyrt um kveldit. Eptir um da- 
ginn, er menn gengo til borda, μά pusto beendr at kontngi, 
ségdu at μά skyldi hann eta brossaslétr; kontingr vildi pat firir 
engan mun. P4 badu peir hann drekka sodit; hann vildi pat 
eigi. Pa μάδο peir hann eta flotit; hann vildi pat ok eigi; 
[ok var ba vid atgéngu but. ' 

(Jarl kvadst vildu setta bd, ok bad pd hetta storminom, 
ok bad hann kontng gina γῆν ketilhédduna, er sodreykinn hafdi 
lagt upp af hrossasldtrino, ok var smjérug haddan; pd gekk 
konungr til, ok bra Iinddk um hédduna, ok gein γῆν, ok gekk 
sidan til hdsztis, ok και hvarigom vel. 

19. Um vetrinn eptir var buit til jélaveizlo kontingi inn 
4 Meri; en er atleid jélunom, légdo peir stefno med ser atta 
hofdingjar, er mest rédo fyrir blétum 1 dllum Prendalégum; 
peir varo 4 utan or Prdndheimi: Karr af Grytingi ok Asbjorn 
af MeSalhisum, Pérbergr af Varnesi, Ormr af Ljoxu; en af 
Innprendom Botdlfr af Olvishaugi, Narfi af Staf { Veradal, brandr 
haka af Eggjo, Porir skegg af Husabe { eynni ldri: pessir 8 
menn bundust { pvi, at peir fjérir af [Utbreendom skyldu eyda 
kristninni, en peir fjérir af Innprendom skyldu neyda konung 
til bléta. Utbrendir féro 4 skipom suér 4 Meri, ok ἀγάρο 
par presta 3, ok brenndo kirkjor 3, [féro aptr sidan. En er 
Hakon konungr ok Sigurdr jarl komu inn 4 Meri med hird 
sina, bd varo par beendr komnir allfjolmennt. Hinn fyrsta dag 
at veizlonni [veitto beendr, kontingi atgingo, ok bddo hann 
bléta, en héto hanom afarkostom ella; Sigurér Jarl bar pa satt- 
mal { millom peirra, kimr pd sv4 at Hakon kontngr at nok- 
kura bita af hrosslifr; drakk hann pa oll minni_ krossalaust, 
pau er bendr skenkto hanom. _ 

En er veizlo pessarri var lokit, for kondngr ok jar! begar 
ait 4 Hladir; var koningr allukdtr, ok bjést begar { brott med 
dllu lidi sino or Préndheimi, [ok melti sva, at hann skyldi 
fjélmennari koma { Préndheim annat sinn, ok gjalda béndom 
penna fjandskap, er peir hdfdo til hans gert. Sigurdr jarl 
bad koming gefa Prendom betta eigi at sék; segir sva at kon- 
ungi muni eiga pat duga at heitast edr herja 4 innanlands 
folk, [par sem mestr styrkr er landsins, sem { Préndheimi 
var. Kontngr var pd svd reidr, at eigi matti orSom vid hann 
koma; for hann { brott or Préndheimi, ok sudr 4 Meeri; dval- 


96 


dist bar um vetrinn ok um varit. En er sumradi dré hann 
lid at ser, ok varo pau ord 4, at hann mundi fara med her 
pann 4 hendr prendom. 

20. [Βάκοῃ honungr var pd 4 skip kominn, ok hafdi lid 
mikit; b4 koma hdnom tidindi sunnan or landi, pau at synir 
Eiriks kontngs varo komnir sunnan af Danmiérk i Vikina; ok 
pat fylgdi, at peir hofdo elt af skipom Tryggva kontng Olafs- 
son austr vid Sdétanes; hifdo peir pa vida herjat { Vikinni, ok 
héfdo margir menn undir pd gengit. En er koningr spurdi 
pessi tidindi, pdttist hann lids purfa, sendi hann pd ord Sig- 
urdi jarli, at koma til sin, ok sv4 sdrum hdfdingjom, peim er 
hanom var lids at van. Sigurér jar] kom til Hékonar kontngs, 
ok haféi allmikit 1i5; varo par pa allir Prendir, beir er um 
vetrinn héfdo mest gengit at kondnginom, at pynda hann til 
blé6ta; varo peir pa allir [fi sett teknir af fortslum Sigurdar 
8118. 


Mannjafnadr med kenungum. 


Eysteinn koningr ok Sigurdr konungr foro einn vetr badir 
at veizlom 4 Uppléndom, ok atti sin bu hvarr peirra; en er 
skamt var milli peirra boja, er konungar skyldo veizlor taka, 
pa gerdu menn pat ra, at peir skyldu bddir vera samt at 
veizlonom, ok sino sinni at hvdrs bdum; varo peir fyrst badder 
samt at pvi bui, er Eysteinn kontngr atti. En of kveldit, er 
menn t6ku at drekka, pa var munngat ekki gott, ok varo menn 
hijoder. Pa mealti Eysteinn koningr: [Pé ero menn hijéder! 
hitt er dlsidr meiri, at menn geri ser gledi; fim oss dlteiti 
nidkkura, man pd enn 4reitast gaman manna. Sigurér brodir! 
Pat mun dllum scemst pykkja, at vid hefim nékkurar skemt- 
unarredur. Sigurdr konungr svarar heldr stygt: ver pu sva 
mdlugr sem pu vill, en ldét mik na at pegja fyrir per! 

Eysteinn koningr mzlti: sd dlsidr hefir opt verit, at menn 
taka ser jafnadarmenn, vil ek her svA vera lita. Ρά pagite 
Sigurér konungr. 

Se ek, segir Eysteinn kontngr, at [ek verd at hefja pessa 
teiti; mun ek taka pik, bréder! til jafnadarmanns mer: fei 
ek pat til, at jafnt nafn hifom vid bdéder, ok jafna eign, geri 
ek ok engi mun ettar okkarrar eda uppfeezlu. 

Pa svarar Sigurdr koningr: mantu pat eigi, er ek braut 
pik 4 bak, ef ek vilda, ok vartu vetri ellri! 


97 


Eysteinn konungr svaradi: eigi man ek bitt sidr, er pu 
fékkt ekki leikit, bat er mjukleikr var i. 

4 melti Sigurér koningr: mantu hversu of sundet for 
med okkr? ek matta kefja pik, ef ek vilda! 

Eysteinn sagéi: ekki svam ek skemra en pd, ok eigi var 
ek verr kafsyndr; ek kunna ok 4 isleggjom, sva4 at engan 
vissa ek, bann fer kepde vid mik, en pu kunnir pat eigi heldr 
en naut. 

Sigurdr konungr svarar: hofdingligri idrétt ok nytsamligri 
pykki mer su, at kunna vel vid boga; etla ek at pu nytir 
eigi boga minn, pétto spyrnir {6tom i. 

Eysteinn segir: ekki em ek bogsterkr svi sem bu, 
en minna mun skilja beinskeyti okkra, ok myklo kann ek 
betr en βμύ 4 skidom, ok hafée pat enn [verit kallat fyrr 
gd idrott. . 

Sigurér segir: pess pykkir mikill munr, at pat er hodfding- 
ligra, at 84 er yfirmadr skal vera annarra manna, se mikill { 
flokki, sterkr ok vdpnfcrr betr en adrir, audser ok audkendr, 
pd er [margir eru saman. 

Eysteinn segir: eigi er pat siér einkanna hlutr, at madr 
se fridr sdnom, ok er sa ok audkendr i mannfjilda, pikki mer 
pat ok hidfdingligt, pviat fridleikinom samir hinn bezti bunadr. 
Kann ek ok myklo betr til laga en pu; ok svd, hvat sem vid 
skolum tala, em ek myklo sléttordari. 

Sigurdr svarar: Vera kann at pu hafir numit fleiri log- 
pretto, pviat ek atta pa annat at starfa; ok engi fryr per slétt- 
melis, en hitt mela margir, at pu ser ekki allfastordr, ok litid 
mark se hverjo pu heitr, ok melir eptir peim er pa ero bja, 
ok er pat ekki konunglikt. 

Eysteinn svarar: pat herr til bess, er menn bera mal sin 
fyrir mik, μά hugsa ek pat fyrst, at Iuka sv4 hvers manns 
mali, at peim metti bezt pykkja; pd kemr opt annarr, 84 er 
mal 4 vid hann, verdr pd jafnan dregit til ok midlat, svd at 
badom skyldi Jika. Hitt er ok, at ek heit pvi er ek em bedenn, 
pviat ek vilda, at allir fori fegnir af minom funde; se ek hinn 
kost, ef ek vil bafa sem pu gerir, at heita dllum illu, en engi 
heyri ek efndanna fryja. - 

Sigurdr svarar: pat hefir verit mal manna, at ferd su er 
ek for or lande veri heldr bofdinglig, en pu sazt heima medan, 
sem dottir fudur pins. 

Eysteinn syarar: nu greiptu 4 kylino! eigi mynda ek pessa 
redo vekja, ef ek kynna her engu Tum at svara: ner pdétti 

Icelandic Grammar. 7 


98 


mer hino, at ek gerda pik heiman sem systor mina, adr pt 
yrdir buinn til fararinnar. 

Sigurér svarar: heyrt muntu pat hafa, at ek atta orrostor 
margar { Serklandi, ok fékk i dllum sigr, ok margskonar gjér- 
simar, per er eigi hafa slikar komit hingat { land; pdétta ek 
par mest verdr, er ek fann gifgasta menn, en ek hygg, at 
eigi hafir pi enn [hleypt heimdreganom. Fér ek til Jérsala, 
segir hann, ok kom ek wid Pul, ok sd ek big eigi par, brdédir} 
Ek gaf kondngdém Rodgeiri jarli hinom rika; vann ek atta 
orrostor, ok vartu at aungarri. Iér ek til grafar drottins, ok 
sd ek pig eigi bar, brédir! Fér ek i dna Jérdin, par sem 
drottinn [var skirér {, ok svam ek ut yfir dna, ok sd ek pig 
eigi par, {en Gt 4 bakkanom var kjarr ndkkut', ok knytta ek 
per par knut 4 kjarrino, ok bidr pin par; [ok melta ek sva 
fyrir, at bu skylder leysa, bréder! eda hata ellar pvilikan for- 
mala, sem par var alagdr. 

Pa melti Eysteinn kondngr: smatt mun ek hafa herimdti: 
Nordr { Vagom setta ek fiskimannabudir, at fateekir menn mettt 
nerast til lifshjdlpar, ok setta ek par prestvist, ok lagda ek fe 
til kirkju pbeirrar, er ndliga var alit heidit 4dr; méano beir 
menn muna, at Eysteinn koningr hefir verit { Noregi, Um 
Dofra fjall var for or Prandheimi; urdo menn par jafnan uti, 
ok féro par margir menn hirdom férum, lét ek par selohis 
gera, ok fe tilleggja, ok munu peir vita, at Eysteinn kontngr 
hefir verit { Noregi. Fyrir Agdanesi voru drefi ok hafaleysi, 
férust mérg skip; par er nd héfn ger ok gott skipalegi, ok 
kirkja gjér. Sfdan let ek vita gera 4 hafjéllom; nv munu pessa 
njéta allir menn innanlands. Hollina ἰὸϊ ek gera { Byjérgyn 
ok postulakirkju ok rid milli; munu konungar beir muna nafn 
mitt, er eptir koma. Mikjalskirkju ἰὸς ek gera ok muoklifi; 
skipada et ok légonom, brdédir, at hverr metti hafa réttindi vid 
annan, ok ef pau ero haldin, μά mun betr fara landsstjérnin. 
Stupulinn Iét ek gera { Sinhélmssundi. Peim jamtom hifom 
ver ok snuit undir betta riki, meir med blidom ordom ok viti 
en med dgdng edr 6fridi. Nu er petta smatt at telja, en égi 
veit ek vist at landsbiunom se petta dhallkvemara, en pdtt 
pu brytjadir blamenn fyrir fjandann [4 Serklandi, ok hrapa 
peim sva til helvitis. En par sem pa hrésadir gédgerningom 
pinom, δῖ] ek mer eigi minna til sdlubdétar staéi pd, er ek 
lét setja hreinlifisménnum. En par sem pi reitt mer kndtinn, 
ok mun ek pann eigi leysa, en rida matta ek ber pann knit, 
fef ek vilda, at pu verir aldregi kontngr i Noregi, bd er pu 


99 


sigldir einskipa 1 her minn, er pu komt { land. Liti nu vittrir 
meno hvat pi hefir umfram, ok vita skulut per pat, gullhals- 
arnir, at menn muno enn jafnast vid idr { Noregi. Eptir pat 
pégnudo peir bader, ok var hvartveggi reidr. Fleiri lutir urdo 
peir { skiptom peirra breedra, er pat fanst, at hvarr dré sik 
fram ok sitt mal, ok vildi vera ddrom meiri, en pd hélzt fridr 
{millum peirra, medan peir lifdo. 


Af Njalssaga. 


Gunnarr 2 Hlidarenda. 


19... Gunnarr Hémundarson bjé at Hlidarenda i Fijéts- 
hliS; bann var mikill madr vexti ok sterkr, [manna bezt vigr: 
hann hjé bédum héndum ok skaut, ef hann vildi, ok hann 
va svd skjétt med sverdi’, at pryi pdttu 4 lopti at sj4; hann 
skaut manna bezt af boga, ok heefdi allt pat er hann skaut 
til; hann hij6p meir en bed sina med dllum herkledum, ok 
eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik; hann var syndr sem selr; 
ok eigi var 8ά leikr, er nokkurr pyrfti vid hann at keppa; 
ok hefir sva verit sagt, at eingi veri hans jafningi. Hann var 
venn at yfirlitum ok }jés-litadr, rétt-nefjadr ok hafit upp i fra- 
manvert, bldeygr ok snareygr, ok rodi 1 kinnunum, harit mikit, 
ok fér vel ok vel litt; manna kurteisastr var hann, hardgjdrr 
{ ollu, femildr ok stiltr vel, vinfastr ok vinavandr; hann var 
vel audigr at fe; brédir hans hét Kolskeggr, hann var mikill 
madr ok sterkr, drengr gédr ok druggr { dllu. Annarr brédir 
hans hét Hjértr, hann var pa i bernsku... | 

20... Njall bjé at Bergpdérshvali i Landeyjum, annat bi 
4tti hann { Pordlfsfelli. Njdll var vel audigr at fe ok venn 
at dliti, hdnom vox eigi skegg. Hann var légmadr sva mikill, 
at eingi fannst hans jafningi; vitr var hann ok forspdr, heil- 
τάδ᾽ ok gédgjarn, ok varé allt at radi, pat er hann réd mdn- 
num, hégverr ok drenglyndr; hann leysti hvers manns vandredi, 
er 4 hans fund kom. eBergbéra hét kona hans, hon var Skar- 
phedins déttir, kvennskérdngr mikill ok drengr gédr, ok nokkut 
skaphird; pau dttu 6 béru, doetr prjdr ok sonu prja, ok koma 
peir allir vid pessa ségu sidan. 

25... Nu skal nefna sonu Njdls: Skarphedinn hét hinn 

7* 


100 


elzti, hann var mikill maér vexti ok styrkr, vel vigr, syndr 
sem sir, manna fothvatastr, ok skjétr ok druggr, gagnorér ok 
skjétordr, ok skald gott, en pd laungum vel stiltr; hann var 
jarpr 4 har, ok sveipr i harinu, augdr vel, folleitr ok skarpleitr, 
lidr 4 nefi, ok [ά hdtt tanngardrinn, munnljétr mjsk, ok pd 
manna hermanoligstr. Grimr hét annarr son Njdls, hann var 
fridr sénum, ok herdr vel, dékkr 4 hdr, ok fridari sinum en 
Skarphedinn, mikill ok sterkr. Helgi hét inn pridi son Njals, 
hann var fridr synum ok herér vel, hann var styrkr madr ok 
vigr vel, hann var vitr madr ok stiltr vel; allir varu peir 6k- 
vangadir synir Njdls. Héskuldr hét hinn fjéréi son Njals, hann 
var laungetinn, mddir hans var Hrddny, ok var Héskulds dottir, 
systir Ingjalds fra Keldum. 

33. Guonarr reid ok peir allir, en er beir komu 4 ping, 
pa varu peir svd vel binir, at Sngir voru par jafnvel bunir, 
ok féru menn ut or hverri bud at undrast p4. Gunnarr reid 
til budar Rangewinga, ok var bar med frendum sinum. Mar- 
gir menn [ότι at finna Gunnarr, ok spyrja hann tidinda; hann 
var vid alla menn léttr ok Κάϊγ, ok sagdi dllum slikt er vildu. 

Pat var einn dag, er Gunnarr gekk fra légbergi, hanno 
gekk fyrir mosfellingabid, pba sd hann kono fara i moti ser, 
ok var vel bitin, en er bau fundust, kvaddi hon pegar Gunnar, 
hann t6k vel kvedju hennar, ok spyrr hvat kvenna hon veri 
Hon nefndist Hallgerdr, ok kvadst vera déttir Héskulds Dal- 
akollssonar; hon melti til hans djarfliga, ok bad segja ser fra 
ferdSum sinum, en hann kvadst ekki varna mundu henni mals; 
settust pau pa nidr, ok téludu. Hon var βνὰ biin, at hon var 
i raudu kyltli, ok hafdi yfir ser skallazskikkju [hladbina i skaut 
nidr; hdrit to6k ofan 4 bringu henni, ok var bedi mikit ok 
fagrt. Gunnarr var { skallazkledum, er Haraldr koningr Gorms- 
son gaf hanum; hann haféi ok gullhring 4 hendi, pann er 
Hakon Jarl gaf hanum. 

Pau téludu lengi hatt, bar kom er hann spurdi, bvart 
hon veri égefin. Hon sagdi at svd veri: ok er pat [ekki 
margra at hetta 4 bat. Pikki per hvergi fullkosta? Εἰσὶ er 
pat, segir hon, en mannvénd mun ek vera. Hversu munt pa 
svara, ef ek bid pin? Pat man ber ekki { hug, segir hon. 
Kigi er pat, segir hann. Ef ber er nekkurr hugr 4, μά finn 
pu fodur minn. Sidan skildu pau talit. 

Gunnarr gekk pegar til bidar Dalamanna, ok fann mann 
ti fyrir budinni, ok spyrr hvart Héskuldr veri i bud; 84 segir 
at hann veri i bud; gekk pd Gunnarr inn. Héskuldr ok Rutr 


101 


téku vel vid Gunnari, hann settist nidr 4 medal peirra, ok 
fannst pat ekki i tali peirra, at bar hefdi misszetti verit i medal. 
Par kom nidr reeda Gunnars, hversu peir breedr mundu_ bpvi 
svara, ef hann bedi Hallgerdar. Vel segir Héskuldr, ef per er 
pat alugat. Gunnarr segir ser pat alviru: en svd skildu ver 
nestum, at mérgum mundi pat pikkja likligt, at her mundi 
ekki samband verda. Hyversu lizt per, Rutr frendi? segir Hés- 
kuldr. Rutr svaradi: ekki pikki mer petta jafnredi. Hvat 
finor pu til bess? segir Gunnarr. Rutr melti: pbvi mun ek 
svara ber um petta, er satt er; pu ert madr vaskr, ok vel 
at per, en hon er blandin mjék, ok vil ek pik { Sngu svikja. 
Vel man per fara, segir Gunnarr, en bd mun ek bat fyrir satt 
hafa, at ber virdit { fornan. fjandskap, ef ber vilit eigi gera 
mer kostinn. Eigi er pat, segir Rutr; meir er hitt, at ek se 
at pu matt nu ekki vidgera; en pdtt ver kaupim eigi, μά vil- 
dim ver pd vera vinir pinir. Ek hefi talat vid hana, segir 
Gunnarr, ok er pat ekki fjarri hennar skapi. Rutr melti: 
veit ek at badum er petta girnda rad, hettit pit ok mestu til, 
hversu ferr. 

Rutr sagdi Gunnari dfregit allt um skapferdi Hallgerdar, 
ok pétti Gunnari fyrst cerit mart, pat er afatt var, en bar kom 
sidjar, at saman dré kaupmdla med beim. Var pa sent eptir 
Hallgerdi, var pa talat um mdlit, svi at hon var vid. Létu 
peir nu sem fyrr, at hon festi sik sjdlf; skyldi betta bod vera 
at HifSarenda, ok skyldi fara fyrst leyniliga, en pd kom bar, 
er allir vissu. 

Gunnarr reid heim af pingi, ok kom til Bergpdérshvols, ok 
sagdi Njdli fr4 kaupum sinum; hann t6k pessu pungliga. Gun- 
narr spyrr ἢν! Njali pdtti petta sva urddligt? Pviat af henni 
man standast allt it illa, er hon kemr austr hingat, segir Njdll. 
Aldri skal hon spilla okkru vinfengi, segir Gunnarr. Pat man 
p6 [sva ner fara, segir Njall, en pé mant pu jafnan beeta fyrir 
henni. Gunnarr baud Njéli til bods ok sllum beim padan, sem 
hann vildi at foeri. Njall hét at fara. Sfidan reié Gunnarr 
heim, ok reid um heradit, at bj6da midonum. 


PART IV. 


Modern Icelandic. 


This part has been added for Travellers and for practical 
purposes; and will, it is hoped, be a welcome assistant for 


travellers in Iceland. 


The Modern Orthography and Grammar is the same as 
the ancient, except k, which 5 in modern orthography fre- 
quently changed into the softer g, and ¢, which is frequently 


changed into 8. 


Modern Icelandic. 


For Travellers. 


I. Alphabetical Vecabulary. 


accept ganga δ 
acceptable adgengilegur 
accommodate utvega 


canyouaccom- getid pér tt- 
modate me vegad mér 
account reikningur 
give me my ac- gefid mer reikn- 


count inginn minn 
I admire eg daist ad 
advice τάδ 
give me your gefid mér ydar 
advice rad 
after eptir 


afternoon 


again 
age 
agent 
air 
ale 
a glass of ale 
all 


not at all 
nothing atall 
alone 
also 


sidari hluti 
dags. 

aptur 

aldur 

umbodsmadur 

lopt 

él 

glas af Oli 

allur 

alls eigi 

alls ekkert 

einn, aleinn 

lika 


altogether 


always 
and 
angler 
animal 
to answer 
answer. me 
please 
answer slowly 
apartment 
have you an 
apartment to 
let? 
apple 
the arm 
to arrive 
to ascend 
I want to as- 
cend the 
mountain 
to ask 
ask him 
to assist 
assist me 


at sea 
mot at all 
attendant 
I want an at- 
tendant 
back 
let us go back 


bacon 

bad 
bandage 
bank 

' bank note 
banker 

the barber 


103 


allir § saman, 


dyr 
ad svara 
Gjurid svo vel 
ad svara mér 
svarid seint 
herbergi 
hafid pér her- 
bergi til 
leigu? 
epli 
handleggurinn 
ad koma 
ad fara uppa 
eg vil fara 
uppa fjallid 


ad spyrja, bidja 
spyrjid hann 
ad hjdlpa 
hjalpid mér 
f, 4 
heima 
4 5]ό 
alls eigi 
pénari 
eg vil fa pén- 
ara 
aptur 
forum § aptur, 
snuum aptur 
flesk 
vondur 
umbudir 
banki 
bankasedill 
vixlari 
rakarinn 


bath 


I want a bath 


to be 
be quick 
let it be 


because 
bed 
give me a bed 


I go to bed 


beef steakes 

beer 

I want some 
beer 


to beg 

I beg of you 

behind 

I left it be- 
hind 

the bell 

the bill 

to bind 

bind tt up 

the bird 

can you tell 
me where to 
get board 
and lodgings 

boat 

book 

bookseller 

boot 

I want my 
boots mended 
brush my 


boots 


bad 
eg vil fa 
bad 
ad vera 
verid fijétur 
latid pad 
vera 
af pviad 
rum 
latid mig fa 
ram 
eg fer ad hatta 
nautakjot 
{ nautakjots- 
steik 
bjor 
eg vil fa bjér 


δὅ bidja 

eg bid ydur 
eptir 

eg skildi pad 


eptir 

bjallan,klukkan 

reikningurinn 

aS binda 
bindid pad 
upp 

fuglion 

Getid pér sagt 
mér, hvar 
ma fa kost 
og husnedi? 

batur 

bok 

békasélumadur 

stigvél 

eg barf ad fa 
gjirt vid stig- 
vélin min 
burstadu stlig- 
vélin min 


boot jack 
box 
brandy 


I want some 
brandy 


fill my flask 
with brandy 


bread 
breakfast 

I want 

breakfast 

bridge 
bring 

bring me 

bring me some 


to 


a brush . 
brush 
clothes 

but 

butter 

to buy 

by 

by and by 


my 


by all means 
by no means 


cabbage 

cabbin 

to call 

call the wai- 
ter 

call the man 


what do you 
call that? 

can 

can you 


104 


stigvéla togari 
askja, kassi 
brennivin, ko- 
niakk 
egvil fa brenn- 
ivin 
fyllid fléskuna 
mina 
brennivini 
braud 
morgunverdur 
eg vil f4 mor- 
gunverd 
bri 
bera, fera 
ferid mér 
ferid mér 
nokkud 
bursti 
burstid fotin 
min 
en 
smjor 
δ kaupa 
hja, med, af 
vid og vid, brad- 
um 
fyrir alla muni 
fyrir engan 
mun, engan 
veginn 
kal 
kdhetta 
δ kalla 
kallid 4 pjén- 
inn 
kallid 4 mann- 
inn 
hvad — kalllid 
pér pad? 
ad geta, eg get 
getid μέν 


med . 


candle 

] wanta 
candle 

care 

take care 

carriage 

to carry 
carry this 

cartridge 


cattle 
certain 
chair 
chamber pot 
change 
give mechange 


to charge 


what do you 
charge 

cheap 

cheese 

chest 

- of drawers 

chicken 


child 

church 

chymist 

cigar 

city 

clean 

cloak. 

clock 

closet 

coach — 

coat 

coffee 

give me some 
coffee 
coffee-house 


kerti 
eg barf kerti 


umhyggja, var 
takid vara 

vagn 

ad bera 

berid . petta 

skotmanns ves- 
ki 

nautpeningur 

88 

stoll 

nattpottur 

skipti 
gefid 
skipti 

aS setja upp, 
heijmta 

hvad setid pér 
upp? 

édyr 

ostur 

kista 

dragkista 
henuungi, 
kjyuklingur 

barn 

kirkja 

efnafredingur 

vin dill 

ber, sladur 

hreinn 

kapa 

klukka 

afhus 

vagn 

frakki 

kaffi 
gefid 
kaffi 
kaffibus 


mér 


mér 


come here 
come with me 


a conveyance 
to cook 
cost 
what does it 
cost ? 
country 
courier 
cow 
cream 
give me some 
cream 


cup 
cup and saucer 
to cut 
cut it 
damp 
1 hope the 
sheets are not 
_ damp 
danish 
do you speak 
danish 
what 8 that 
called in da- 
nish 
I do not speak 
danish 
I understand 
a little da- 
nish 
dark 
day 
to-day 


105 


kaldur 
mér er mjig 
kalt 
kambur 
ad koma 
komid hér 
κοι! δι med 
mér 
flutningur 
ad elda 
kosta 
hvad _kostar 
pad 
land 
hradsendibodi 
kyr 
rjémi 
gefid 
rjéma 
bolli 
bolli og un- 
dirskal 
δῦ skera 
aS skera pad 
rakur, votur 
eg vona, ad 
rekkvodirnar 
sé ekki rakar 
danska 
talid μόν ἀδη5- 
ku? 
hvad er pad 
kallad a 
dénsku? 
eg tala ekki 
dénsku 
eg skil dalitid 
i dénsku 


mér 


at day break i digun 
dear d 
this is very  petta er πη] 
dear dyrt 
delightful yndislegur 
dentist tannleknir 
departure burtf6r 
descend fara nidur 
let us descend forum nidur 
dialect mallyzka 
what dialect hvada mallyzku 
dotheyspeak tala peir 
here? hér? 
difficult drdugur 
dinner middagsverdur 
I want to eg vil ta mid- 
dine dagsverd 
distance fjarlegd, vega- 
lengd 
what ts the hvad er vega- 
distance? lengdin ? 
to do ad gjira 
do this gjorid petta 
do that gjorid hitt 
do τί gjorid pad 
do me gjorid fyrir mig 
dont do tt gjérid pad ekki 
the doctor leknirinn 
dog hundur 
door dyr 
to doubt ad efa 
I doubt tt eg efa bad 
down nidur 
let us godown forum nidur 
drawers nerbuxur 
to dress ad kleda sig 
to drink a} drekka 
I want to eg vil fa ad 
drink drekka 
dry pur 
each hver 
eagle orn 


early 
earth 
east 
east wind 
easy 


to eat 
I want 

eat 
let us eat 


to 


have you any- 
thing to eat? 


€99 
give me two 
e998 

to engage 
engage a guide 


enough 
evening 
every 

every day 
eye 

my eye pains 


face 
far 
ts it far from 
here? 
how far is tt 
from here? 
a farm 
fast 
go faster 
do not speak 
so fast 
faster 
fellow 


snemma 

jord 

austur 
austanvindur 

audveldur, he- 
gur 

ad eta, borda 
eg vil fa ad 
borda 
latum oss 
borda 

hafid pér nokk- 
υ ab 
borda? 


egg 
gefid mér tvé 
egg 
ad festa 
festa fylgdar- 
mann 
nog 
kvild 
sérhver 
sérhvern dag 
auga 
mér er illt i 
auganu 
andlit 
langt 
er pad langt 
hédan? 
hvad langt er 
pad hédan? 
ber 


fljott 

gangid fljotar 
talid ekki 
svona fljétt 
fljétar 

madur 


youareagood bér erud g05- 


fellow 


ur madur | 


a fire 

I want some 
frre 

a fish 

to fish 

let us catch a 


fish 
my fishing rod 
flask 


fog 
foot 
my foot is 
sore 
for 
fork 
free 
frutt 
full 
game 
tts there any 
game here? 
german 
to get 
get me 
get it 
gin 
to give 
give me 
give tt 
a glass 
to go 
go with me 


go away 


engi 
fingur 
eldur 
kveykjum upp 
eld 


eg vil fa eld 


fiskur 
ad fiska 
latum oss 
veida fisk 
fiskisténgin 
min 
flaska, pudur- 
horn 
poka 
fétur 
féturinn a mér 
er vidkvoemur 
pviad 
gaffall 
frjals 
avéxtur 
fullur 
veidi 
er nokkur- 
veidi hér 
pyzkur 
ad fa, utvega 
itvegid mér 
titvegid pad 
einirberja- 
brennivin 
ad gefa 
gefid mér 
gefid pad 
glas 
ad ganga, fara, 
koma 
komid 
mér 
farid { burtu 


med 


go back 

go down 
go up 
good 

very good . 
better 

best 

be so good 


have the good- 
NESS 


hand 
give me your 
hand 
hand it me 
handkerchief 
handsome 


107 


fari} aptur 
farid nidur 
farid upp 
gédur 

mikid gédur 
betri 

beztur 

verid svo ρόδ- 


ur 
gjorid svo vel 


mikill 
mikill hluti 
byssa 
faid mér bys- 
suna mina 
hvar er byssan 
min? 
pudur 


har 

harbursti 

halfur 

hangid svins- 

leri 
hind 
gefid mér hove 
yoar ad 

réttid mér ἢ 

vasaklitur 

fallegur 

hdfn 

hardur 

héri 

aktygi 

hattur 

hattaskja 

δῦ hafa 
hafid pér 
14tid mig hafa 

hey 

hann 


head 
to hear 
do you hear? 
heart 
heat 
great heat 


help me 
give me a help 


hen 

here 

come here 

high 

how high is 
it? 


to hold 
hold this 
home 
is this your 
home? 
honest 
I want an ho- 
nest fellow 
horse 
horseshoe 
hot 
tt is very hot 


I want it hot 


héfud 
ad heyra 
heyridbér 
hjarta 
hiti 
mikill hiti 
pungur 
hed 
ἢναῦ 6Γ 
hedin? 
hjalp 
hjalpid _mér 
veitid mér 
hjalp 
hena 
hér 
komid hér 
har 
hvad hatt er 
pad? 
μοῦ 
ad leigja 
ad halda’ 
haldid 4 bessu 
heimili 
er betta ydar 
heimili? 
radvandur 
eg vil fa rd6- 
vandan mann 
hestur 
skeifa 
heitur 
pad er mikid 
heitt 
eg vil fa pad 
heitt. 
gest gjafahus 
klukkustund 
hus 
hversu 
hversu mikid 


hunger 


hungry 
I am hungry 


a hut 

Ice 

Iceland 

an Icelander 
are you an 
Icelander? 
do you speak 
Icelandic? 

what do you 
call this in 
icelandic? 


if 
all 
I feel ill 
T am ill 
fetch a doctor 
ἴῃ 
in the city 
in the country 
indeed 
the inn 


to keep 
keep it for me 


key 

knife 

give me a 
knife 
where is my 
knife? 

to know 

I know 


108 


hungur 
hungradur 
eg er hung- 
radur 


Islendingur 
erud pér Is- 
lendingur? 
talid pér is- 
lenzku? 
hvad kallid pér 
betta 4 is- 
lenzku? 

ef 

1: 

} mér er illt 


sekid leknir 
{ benum 
4 landinu 
svo! sannarlega 
veitingahus 
veitingamadur 
blek 
skorkvikindi 
jarn 
ey 
pad 
geyma 
geymid pad 
fyrir mig 
lykill 
hnifur 
1j415 mér hnif 


hvar er hnif- 
urinn minn 

δῦ vita, pekkyja 
eg veit 


do you know 
lake 

lamp 

land 

landlord 
language 
Lapland 

late 

it is very late 
lava 
to lay 

lay it down 


lay down 

to lead 

does the way 
lead up? 
lead to right 


let me alone 
let τί be 
let me do it 


let it be done 


letter 
any letters for 
me? 
send the letter 
to the Post 
life 
the light 
bring a light 


strike a light 
light the candle 


like 


vitid pér 
vatn 
Jampi 
land 
husboéndi 
tunga 
Lappland 
seint 
pad er mjig 
seint hraun 
δῦ leggja 
leggid pad- 
nidur 
leggid nidur | 
ad leida, liggja 


liggur vegur- 
inn upp? 
leida 4 réttan 
veg 
vinstri 
til vinstri ' 
ad lata 


lAtid mig vera. 

14tid pad vera 

1atid mig σ᾽] γᾶ 
5 


pa 
1atid bad vera 


nokkur _ bréf 


til min? 


sendid bréfid 
4 pést hisid 
lif 
]j6sid 
komid med 
}jé6s 
kveikid 1165 
kveikid 4 kert- 
inu 
lika, pykja 
vent um 


I should Uke 


linnen 
wash my lin- 
nen 
I want my 
linnen wash- 
ed timmedi- 
ately 
little 
to live 
liver 
loaf 
lock 
lock the door 
lodging 
long 
to look 
looking glass 
to lose 
I have lost 
have you lost? 
luggage 
where is my 
luggage? 


to make 
make haste 
man 
many 
market 
me 
meat 
roast meat 
boiled meat 
10 meet 
meet me 
merchant 
milk 
have you any 
milk ? 


109 


mér δ5ΚΥΠ4) 
pykja vent 
um 


linfot 

pvoid linfotin 
min 

eg barf ad fa 
linfétin min 
pvegin undir- 
eins 

litill 

δῦ lifa 

lifur 

braud 

las, skra 

lesid dyrunum 

leiguherbergi 

langur, lengi 

ad lita 

spegill 

ad missa, tina 
eg hefi misst 
hafid pér misst 

farangur 

hvar er fa- 
rangurinn 
minn? 

ad gjéra 

flytid ydur 

madur 

margur 

markadur 

mig, mér 

kjot 

steikt Καὶ 
βοῦϊδ͵ kjit 

ad meta 

metid mér 

kaupmadur 

mjéik 

hafid pér nokk- 
ra mjélk 


give me some 
milk 
mill 
money 
moon 
moor 
more 
more 
more 
most 
morning 
mother 
much, 
it 1s too much 
much more 
so much 
must. υ. AUD. 
you must do it 


and 


‘mustard 


mutton 
my 
nail 
name 
what is your 
name? 
my name ts N, 
narrow 
nasty 
near 
it is near? 
necessary 
needle 
neither 
neither-nor 
never 
new 
news 
next 
night 
last night 
no | 


gefid mér 
mjolk 

mynila 
peningar 
mani, tungl 
myri 
meira 

meira ogmeira 


mest 

morgun 

modir 

mikid 
pad er of mikid 
mikid meira 
svo mikid 

verda, hljsta 
pér verdid αὖ 
gjéra pad 

mustardur 

saudakjit 

minn 

négl 


. hafn 


hvad er nafn 
yoar? 

nafn mitt er N 
préngur 
slemur 
Neri 

er bad nerri? 
naudsynlegur 
nal 
hvorki 

hvorki-né 


~ aldrei © 


nyr 
tidindi 
nest. 
nott 
{ gerkvéldi 


enginn 


to oblige 
oblige me 


ocean 


off 
far off 
often 
oil 
old 
omlet 
on 
only 
open 
or 
an orange 
other 
the other man 
the other day 
each other 
out 
out of 
over 
02 
to pack 
the mules 
paper 
to pay 
I want to pay 


110 


enginn 
enginn madur 
nordur 
nordan vindur 
ekki : 
ekki enn pa 
nu 
hafrar 
hjalpa um 
hjalpid mér 
um 
haf 
burtu 
langt { burtu 
opt 
olfa, lysi 
gamall 
eggjakaka 
a 


einungis 


apelsina 
annarr 

hinn madurinn 
um daginn 
hver annan 


uxi 

ad lita uppa 
ulfaldarnir 

pappir 

ad borga 
eg etla ad 
borga? 


what have.I hvad 4 eg ad 


to pay? 
peak 
can we ascent 
the peak? 


borga 
tindur 
getum vid farid 
uppa tindinn 


pear 
pen 
penknife 
pencil 
people 
pepper 
perhaps 
person 
a pin 
pipe 
pistol 
place 
plate 
poor 
pork 
porter 
portmanteau 
post 
where is the 
post office? 
postage 
potatoe 


powder 
pronounce 
pronounee this 
to me 
provisions 
to put 
put it down 
put it there 


quick 
railway 
rain 
rain water 
tt is @ rainy 
day 


rainy 
will tt rain? 


pera 
penni 
pennahnifur 
ritbly 
lydur 
pipar 
ef til vill 
maéur 
tituprjénn 
pipa 
smabyssa 
stadur 
diskur 
fatekur, vesall 
svinakjot 
burdarmadur 
ferdataska 
péstur 
hvar er pést- 
skrifstofan ? 
burdareyrir 
jardepli, kart- 
apla 
pudur 
bera fram 
berid pér betta 
fram fyrir mig 
matveli, nesti 
ad setja 
setid pad nidur 
setid pad 
parna 
fijétur 
jarnbraut 
regn 
regnvatn 
paé er rignin- 
gar dagur i 
ag 
regniegur 
‘ etlar hann ad 
rigna? 


raw 
to read 
read it to me 


ready 
is every thing 
ready? 


are you rea- 


to return 
rich 
ride 
I will ride 
rifle 
right 
is this right? 
1s it the right 
way? 
to the right 
ripe 
river 
road 
the high road 
rough 
ᾳ rough road 
rum 
to run 
saddle 
saddlebags 
horse 
salt 
have you any 
salt? 
sand 
to say 
the sea 
the sea bird 
the sea shore 
tO see 


111 


hrar 
ad lesa 
lesid bad fyrir 
mig 
tilbtinn 
er allt tilbinid? 


eruS pér til- 
buiinn 


hvild 
vid skulum 
hvila hérna 


ad fara aptur 
rikur 
rida 
eg vil rida 
kulubyssa 
réliur 
er petta rétt 
er betta sa 
rétti vegur? 
til hegri 
proskadur 
a 


vegur 
alfaravegur 

dsléttur 
ésléttur vegur 

romm 

ad hlaupa 

hnakkur, sddull 
hnakkpoki 
hestur 

salt 

hafid bér nokk- 
ud salt? 

sandur 

ad segja 

sjorinn 
sj6fuglinn 

sjafarstréndin 

αὖ sjd 


let us see 
to send 
send it away 


servant 
to set 
set it down 
to sew 
to shave 


to smoak 

soap 

soon 

speak 
do you speak 
english? 
or french 


or icelandic 
or danish? 
I do not speak 
I speak a little 
speak slowly 

spoon 

steamer 

steel 

stocking 

stone 


| straw 


street 
strong 
stupid 


latum oss sja 

ad senda 
sendid pad § 
burtu 

pjénn 

ad setja 

setid bad nidur 

ad sauma 

ad raka 

hun 

skip 

skirta 

skér 

skéari 

sjukur 

ad sitja 

ad sofa 

svefn 

seinn 

litill 

ad reykja 

sdpa 

br4dum 

tala 

talid μόν 
ensku? 
eda_frakk- 
nesku 

eda islenzku 
eda dénsku? . 
eg tala ekki 
eg tala dalitid 
talid heegt 

skeid, spénn 

gufuskip 

stal 

sokkur 

steinn . 

stra 

streti 

sterkur 

heimskur 


sugar 
sun 
supper 
sweet 
to swim 
table 
the tailor 
to take 
take me, 
take it 
tea 
a cup of tea 
have you any 
tea 
hot tea 
cold tea 
tea spoon 
to tell 
tell me 
1 tell you 
tent 
thanks 
many thanks 


I am very 


sikur 

56] 

kvoéldverdur 

seetur 

ad synda 

bord 

skraddarinn 

δῦ taka 

takid mig 
takid pad 

tevatn 
tevalnsbolli 

hafid bér nokk- 
ud tevatn 
heitt tevatn 
kalt tevatn 
teskeid 

ad segja 
segid mér 
eg segi your 

tjald 

pakkir 
margfaldar 
pakkir 

eg bakka your 

δῦ 


hvad er fram- 
ordid? 
til, i, a 
i dag 
4 morgun 
tébak 


112 


towel handkledi 
town ber, stadur 
travel ferd 
trowsers buxur 
true sannur 
trunk koffort 
under undir 
understand skilja 
doyou under- skilid pér mig? 
stand me? 
I do not un- eg skil your 
derstandyou ekki 
can you un-. getid pér 
derstand? skilid? 
not much ekki mikid 
only a little elaungis dalit- 
i 
until til 
up upp 
up the hill upp hedina 
up the stream upp eptir fljot- 
inu 
upon a 
vegetables kalmeti 
very mjig 
the watter pjénninn 
to walk aj ganga 
warm heitur 
to wash a3 pvo 
the washing _ pvotturinn 
the watch urd 
water vat 
give me some _gefid mér vatn 
water 
the water closet nadhusid 
the way vegurinn 
show me the  visid mér veg- 
way inn 
which way hvadaveg verd 
must I go? eg ad fara? 
which is the hvar ervegur- 
way to? inn til? 


113 


window gluggi 
wine vin 
have you any hafid pér nokk- 
wine? ud vin 
Portwine or portvin eda 
Sherry? sérri 
with med 
without an 
woman kona 
wood skogur, vidur 
to write δῦ skrifa 
to write a ad skrifa bréf 
letter 
year ar 
yes ja 
yet enn, ennpa 
you bér 
you are pér erud 
are you? erud pér? 
yourself pér sjalfur 


Il. Necessary Questions. 


we vér, vid 
weather vedur 
will it be fair tli bad verdi 
weather ὃ gott vedur 
will it be bad =etli bad verdi 
"weather? vont vedur 
well gott, gddur, 
᾿ς friskur 
Tam not well eg er ekki g65- 
ur, friskur 
west vestur 
wet votur 
what hvad 
where hvar 
when hvenzr 
which hver, hvada 
why? pvi 
will you vilid pér 
wild viltur 
wind vindur 
I want Mig vantar, eg 
parf, eg vil 
fa 
some bacon flesk 
a banker vixlara 
a bath bad 
my beard shav- skegg mitt rak- 
ed ad 
a bedroom svefnherbergi 
some beer bjér 
my bill reikninginn 
minn 
the bill of matarlistann 
fare ° 
my boots clean- stigvéln min 
ed hreinsud 
my boots soled stigvélin min 


sélud 
Icelandic Grammar. 


some brandy _brennivin, kon- 


fakk 
a bottle of brennivins 
brandy flésku 
some bread _braud 
to breakfast δ borda morg- 
unverd 


tea, coffee, tevatn, kaffi 
two eggs and tvi egg og 
bacon flesk 


or ham eda hangid 

svinsleri 

a brush bursta 

some butter smjor 

to buy ad kaupa 
ferdapokann 

my carpetbag minn 

@ carriage vagn 
8 


for one, two 
hours 

for a day 

the chamber- 
maid 

some cheese 

to change some 


money 


my coat 

my collars 
washed 

a cup of coffee 

a cup of tea 

a comb 

to dine 


fish 

roast meat 
boiled meat 
potatoes 


vegetables 
pudding 
salad 
drawers 
eggs 
a fire 
to get up at 
5 o'clock 
a glass of water 
a glass of wine 
to go to the.. 
to goby steamer 


to go by ταῖϊ- 
way 

to go to bed 

some ham 


a good hotel 


‘elna, = tveer 
stundir 
einn dag 


pj6nustu stilku 


ost 
ad skipta nokk- 
rum pening- 
um 
frakkann minn 
kragana mina 
pvegna 
kaffibolla 
tevatnsbolla 
kamb 
ad borda mid- 
dagsverd 
fisk 
steikt kjét 
sodid kjut 
jardepli, kart- 
éplur 
kalmeta 
buding 
salat 
nerbuxur 
egg 
eld 
δῦ fara 4 fetur 
klukkan fimm 
glas af vatni 
glas af vini 
δῦ fara til 
δῦ fara med 
gufuskipi 
δῦ fara med 
jaérnbraut 
ad hatta 
hangid 
leri 
gott gestgjafa- 
hits 


svins- 


114 


a horse 

some ink 

an interpreter 
the landlord. 
my letters 

to write a letter 
to post a letter 


my linnen 
washed 
my baggage 


some meat 
cold meat 
hot meat 


the porter 

roast beaf 
mutton 

veal 

pork 

the railway 

a room 

some salt 

to see the town 

- - - thea- 
tre 

to see the pro- 
menade 

dry sheets 


shirts 
my shirts 
washed 
a sitting room 
my slippers 


some soap 

a stick 

my stockings 
suggar 


hest 

blek 

(ἀκ 

hushbéndann 

bréfin min 

ad. skrifa_ bréf 

ad koma bréfi 
4 pdstlinn 

linfétin min 
pvegin 
farangurinn 
minn 

kjot 

kalt kjot 


. heitt kjét 


pipar 

penna 

burdarmanninn 

steikt nautakjot 
- saudakjot 
- kalfskjot 
- svinakjot 

jJarnbrautin 

herbergi 

salt 

δ sj4 beinn 

- - leikhusid 


- - skemmti- 
géngusvidid 

purrar rekk- 
voir 

skirtur 

skirturnar min- 
ar pvegnar 

herbergi 

morgunskona 
mina 

sdépu 

staf 

sokkana mina 

sikur 


supper 
α ticket 
for the 1* class 
for the 2"“class 
toothbrush 
my trowsers 
my trunk 
umbrella 
you to wake me 
at... 
the waiter 
some water 
hot water 
cold water 
watch 
wine 
a bottle of wine 
port wine 


sherry 
claret 


JI. Will you 


ask 
assist me 
bring 
call me 
come 
drive 
divide 
do 
do me 
fetch 
find 
get 
go to 
away 
from 
give me 
go with 
go on 
hand me 


115 


kvildverd 
bileti 
4 fyrsta pldss 
4 annad plass 
tanobursta 
buxurnar minar 
koffortid mitt 
regnhlif 
ad μόν vekid 
mig um... 
pjéninn 
vatn 
heitt vatn 
kalt vatn 
ur 
vin 
flisku af vini 
portvin 
sérri 
rauda vin 


Vilid pér 
spyrja, bidja 
hjalpa mér 
feera, bera 
kalla 4 mig 
koma 
aka 
skipta 
σ] γᾶ 
gjéra fyrir mig 
sekja 


fara til 
fara burtu 
fara fra 
gefa mér 
fara med 
fara afram 
rétta mér 


help me 
let me 

let me have 
look for 
look after 
make 
mend 
oblige 
pick 
please 
procure 
recommend 
remain 
rest 

ride 

row 

skate 
speak 
swim 
stay 

stop 

tell me 
walk 


hjalpa mér 
lata mig 
lata mig hafa 
ga ad 

lita eptir 
δ) γᾶ 

gjéra vid 
hjélpa um 
tina 
péknast 
utvega 
mela med 
vera eptir 
hvila 

rida 

réa 

fara 4 skautum 
tala 

synda 
dvelja 
standa vid 
segja mér 


ganga 


IV. Does the 


bell ring? 


hringir bjallan? 


coach go to AP fer vagninn til 
A? 


coachstopatB? stendur vagn- 


inn vid { 
B? 


- stophere? stendur vagn- 


- leave at? fer 


inn vid 

hérna? 
vagninn 

burt? 


- take pass- tekur vagninn | 


engers? 


vid _ferda- 
ménnum? 


coach start at? fer vagninn 4 


stad ? 
8Ὲ 


road lead to? 
- take to? 
- pass near? 


- crosses at? 
railway go to? 
train go quick? 
train go slow? 
mail start 


journey take 


long? 
steamer 
from? 
steamer pass 
here? 


start 


steamer stops 
here? 
steamer 80} 
at? 
steamer land 
passengers? 


way lead over? 


way lead 
through? 
way go right? 


- —- left? 


- - strait 


on? 
time admit of? 


116 


{negur vegur- 
inn til? 
iggur vegurion 

nerri? 
liggur vegurinn 

yirum 
liggur 

brautin 


jaro- 


fer jarnbrautar- 


lestin hart ? 
fer Jarnbrautar- 
lestin hegt? 
fer pdsturinn 
af stad? 
varir  ferdin 
lengi? 
fer gufuskipid 
fra? 


fer guf uskipid 


hérna framhjé? 


stendur gufu- 
skipid hérna 
vid? 

stendur gufu- 
skipid vid 17 

letur gufuskip- 
18 ferda- 
menn a 
land? 

liggur vegurinn 
yfir? 

liggur vegurinn 
gegnum ἢ 

liggur vegurinn 
til hegri? 

liggur vegurinn 
til vinstri? 

liggur vegurinn 
beint dfram? 

leyfir timinn. 


V. Is tt? 


attentive 
bad 
beautiful 
bitter 
black 
blue 
blunt 
bold 
broad 
brown 
careless 
cheap 
clean 
clever 
cold 
dark 
dear 
deep 
disagreeable 


Er hann 
(pad) 


adgetinn 
vondur 
fagur 
bitur 
svartur 
blar 
sljér 
djarfur 
breidur 
brinn 
skeytingarlaus 
édyr 
hreinn 
lipur 
kaldur 
dimmur 
dyr 
djdpur 
épexgilegur 
erfidur 
éhreinn 
purr 
audveldur 
té6mur 
ésannur 
langt 
fallegur 
flatur 
fullur 
grenn 
gédur 
mikill 
pakklétur 
grar 
hardur 
pungur 
heilnemur, 
heilsugédur 
har 


nice 


old 


all 
almost, 
already 
always 
at last 
at once 


because 
besides 
but 


117 


holur 

Γἀδνδη 

heitur 

godur 

stor 

leifdur, eptir 

léttur 

langur 

Jagur 

mildur 

préngur 

neivi 

nyr 

nettur 

greidvikinn 

gamall 

kurteis 

fatekur, vesall 

hygginn, for- 
5]4}} 

raudur 

rikur 

réttur 

proskadur 

ésléttur 

kringloéttur, si- 
valur 

skarpur 


short 
sick 
small 
soft 
sour 
strong 
stupid 
sweet 
tedious 
thick 
thin 
tired 
true 
uggly 
unhealthy 
unwell 
warm 
weak 
well 
wet 
white 
wild 
wide 
wise 
wrong 
yellow 


young 


Vl. Adverbs. 


alls 

nzestum 

pegar 

alltaf 

ad sidustu 

i einu, undir- 
eins 

af pviad 

auk 

en 


by all means 
by no means 
by and by 


certainly 
daily 
early 
else 
enough 
ere 


stuttur 
syikur 
litill 
mjukur 
sur 
sterkur 
heimskur 
setur 
leidinlegur 
pykkur 
punnur 
preyttur 
sannur 
ljétur 
éheilnemur 
éfriskur 
heitur 
veikur 
heilbrigdur 
votur 
hvitur 
viltur 
vidur 

vitur 
rangur 
gulur 
ungur 


fyrir alla muni 

fyrir engan mun 

vid og vid, brad- 
um 

vissulega 

daglega 

snemma 

annars 

nog 

adur 


ever 
extremely 
exceedingly, 
here 
hither 
hourly 
how 
however 
if 

in 

indeed 

in fact 

in this manner 
in short 
just now 
late 

like 
monthly 
much 
neither-nor 
never 

no 

no doubt 
not 

not at all 
nothing 
now 

of course 
only 

oft 

once 

over 


I go to Iceland 

When? 

to-morrow 

how ? 

by the steamer 
mouth, 


118 


jafnan, τι 
mjig 
einstaklega 
hér 

hingad 
hverja stund 
hvernig, hversu 
samt sem 4déur 
ef 

[ 

50 

{ raun réttri 
svona 

{ stuttu mali 
einmitt nina 
seint 

likt 
manadarlega 
mikid 
hvorki-né 
aldrei 

nel 

efalaust 

ekki 

alls ekki 
ekkert 


nu 
sjalfsagt . 
einungis 
opt 
einusinni 
yfir 


VII. Voyage 


from Grange- 


out 
perhaps 
pretty 
quite 
Scarce | 
seldom 
since 

80 

some 
sometimes 
soon 
surely 
then 

there 
thither 
thus 

till 

to-day 
to-morrow 
to-night 
truly 

well 

very 
where? 
whence? 
why? 
with 
without doubt 
yearly 
yesterday 


yet 


to Iceland. 


ut 

ef til vill 
fallegt 
alveg 
valla 
sjaldan 
sidan 

500 
nokkud 
stundum 
bréddum 
vissulega 
pa 

par 
pangad 
pannig 
pangad til 
{ dag 

a morgun 
i kvéld 
sannarlega 
vel 

mjég 
hvar ? 
hvadan? 
pvi? 

4 medan 
efalaust 
arlega 

{ ger 
enn, ennba 


eg fer til Islands 


hvener ? 
a morgun 
hvernig? 


med gufuskipinu fra Grange- 


mouth, 


119 


It is a screw steamer 

It comes from Copenhagen 

And goes to Reykjavik 
calls at Grangemouth 

On their outward and home- 
ward voyage 

six times a year 

The ship is clean and fast 

The danish cheer provided is 
ample and wholesome 

No man used to luxuries 

Should make the trip 

Even in fine weather 

A few Icelanders are an board 


The weather is excellent 

We left the Shetlands yesterday 

The Faroe islands are in sight 

Their mountains and cliffs are 
lofty 

At noon we reashed Nalsoe 


From which we went to Thors- 
haven 

We leave the Faroes for Ice- 
land 

Iceland is one-fifth larger than 
Ireland 

It is situated about 500 miles 
N. W. of Scotland 


The Needles of Portland Head 
are curious 

We pass the singular rock called 
the ,,Mealsack“ and see Rey- 
kianaes 


The horizon is so clear, that 
we see in the north the mag- 
nificent outline of the Snae- 
fells Jokul 

The view is magnificent 

; 


pad er skrdfugufuskip, 
pad kemur fra Kaupmannahifn, 
og fer til Reykjavikur; 
pad kemur vid i Grangemouth 
4 ut- og heim-leidinni, 


sex sinnum 4 4ri. 

Skipid er hreint og traust. 

Hin danska feda, sem veitt er, 
er mikil og heilnzem. 

Enginn madur, vanur vid sellifi, 

etti ad fara pad for, 

jafnvel {1 grou vedi. 

Faeinir Islendingar a 
skipinu 

Vedrid er Agett. 

Vér férum fra Skotlandi i ger. 

Fereyararnar eru i syn. 

Fjéllin og bjirgin 4 beim eru 
ha 


Um hadegi komumst vér til 
Nalseyar, 
padan forum ver til pérshafnar. 


Vér forum [τά Fereyum til Is- 

, lands 

Island er einum fimta hluta 
sterra en Irland 

paG liggur hérumbil fimm hund- 
rud milur { ttnordur frd 
Skotlandi 

Drangarnir vid Dyrhélaey (Port- 
land) eru_ skritnir. 

Vid forum framhjd hinum sér- 
staklega kletti, sem kalladur 
er Mélsekkur, og sjdum Reyk- 
Janes 

Loptid er svo bjart, a3 vér 
sjaum { nordri hina tigulegu 
umgjérd af Snefellsjokli; 


Utsjonin er vegleg - 


120 


We soon reach the bay in which 
lies the capital Reykjavik 


Here you will find an hotel 

It ts not a bad one 

But you have only a week to 
return by the steamer 

We want ponies by to-morrow 
for the Geysers 

Early, very early! 

The Icelanders think little of 
tame 

It ts indefinite, 

Early in Iceland, is at any time 
during the forenoon 

The beds are delicious 

This is the land of eider-down 

The winter requires warmths, 
rest, sleep 

The harbour and Esianrange 
is visible 

There is a pretty cemetery 

At its foot ts the road to Bessa- 
stad 

This is the promenade of the 
beau monde 

There is a cathedral 

It contains a font by Thor- 
waldsen, 

who was of icelandic parentage. 

At the back of the church is 
the Alsing, the house of par- 
lament of the island, 

But the whole town looks more 
like a village. 

Society here is purely Danish. 


The great natural phenomena, 
with the exception of the 
Krabla, lie in and about the 
south-west portion of the ts- 
land. 


Vér komumst brddum inné fld- 
ann, parsem hifudstadurinn 
Reykjavik liggur. 

Par er gestgjafa hus; 

pad er ekki slemt; 

per hafid adeins viku, ef bér 
farid aptur med gufuskipinu. 

Vid purfum hesta 4 morgun 
til Geysis ; 

snemma — brddsnemma! 

{slendingar hugsa eigi mikid 
um timann; 

pad er odkvardad. 

Snemma 4 Islandi er allt til 
hadegis. 

Rumin eru inndzl; 

betta er eBarduns land. 

‘A veturna pburfa menn hita, 
hvild, svefn. 

Hofnin sést og fjallgardur sa, 
sem kalladur er Esjan. 

parna er laglegur kirkjugardur. 

Fram hj4 honum liggur vegur- 
inn til Bessastada. 

Hann er skemmtig dngusvid 
hinna ungu manna, 

parna er démkirkja, 

par er skirnarfontur 
Thorvaldsen 

Fadir hans var Islendingur 

‘A bak vit kirkjuna er er hus 
pad, sem Alping Islands er 
haldid {. 

Allur berinn litur ut likt og 
porp. 

Samkveemin eru hér med alveg 
dénsku snidi. 

Hin miklu natturu  einkenni 
eru dll { og kringum sud- 
vestur hluta landsins, ad 
Kréflu undan skildri. 


eptir 


121 


The island is volcanic. 
At Thingvalla, of historic re- 
noun, is good shooting. 


It is one of the most wonder- 
ful sights in the world. 

All are riding ponies. 

No one thinks of walking here. 


The Salmon fishing ts excellent 
sport, 

Particularly the salmon rivers 
at Bogar Fiord. 

From here you can go to Snae- 
fells Jokut 

Visit the valley of Reykholt and 
its terminal waters, 

The cave of Surtshellir, 

Than, if: you have time, go 
across country to Geyser and 
Hekla. 

. Generally the visitors only go 
to the Geysers and Hekla. 
You ought to have good travel- 

ling books. 


Landid er fullt af eldfjdllum. 

‘A Pingvéllum, sem nafnfregir 
eru { ségulegu tilliti, er nég 
aS skjota. 

Peir er ein hin undrunarverd- 
asta sjén 1 heimi. 

Allir τα 4 hestum. 

Engum dettur i hug ad ganga 
hér. 

Laxveidi er dget skemmtun, 


einkum i laxd4num i Borgar- 
firdi. 

Hédan ma fara til Snefells- 
jokuls 

Skodid Reykholtsdalinn og 
laugarnar bar. 

Surtshellir 

Ef bér hafid pd tima til, getid 
pér farid yfir um landid til 
Geysis og Heklu. 

Vanalega fara ferdamenn adeins 
til Geysis og Heklu. . 

pér xttid δ hafa gddar ferda- 
beekur. 


ww ὁ 5. . 


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Ζ. 


PT TT Tam μκὼ] 


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ITALIAN GRAMMAR by Marchetti. 4th Ed. 1863 . 

Key to ditto sewed . . . 
SPANISH GRAMMAR by Salvo. 2nd Ed. 1862. . 

Key to ditto sewed . . . 
PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR by Cabano. 2nd Ed. 1860 
SWEDISH GRAMMAR by Lenstrém. 2nd Ed. 1861 
DANISH GRAMMAR by Lund. 2nd Ed. 1860. . 

Key to ditto sewed oe 
DUTCH GRAMMAR by Ahn. 2ndEd. 1860. 
HEBREW GRAMMAR by Herxheimer. 1862 . 

Key to ditto sewed . . 
LATIN GRAMMAR by Seidenstticker. 2nd Ed. 1862 

Key to ditto. . . . . 

RUSSIAN’ ‘GRAMMAR by J. Alexandrow. 1867 . 
MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR by A. Vlachos. 1867 
ICELANDIC GRAMMAR by Rask (in the press). 


eooocoocosoocooosooocoooy 
PrP WNP Pe Lh bh LP = PP — PH w= ὦ ὦ 
Soacoconcocoococococoocanoo® 


Franz Thimm’s 
Series of European Grammars 

combine Theory with Practice, and follow the ideas which eminent men have 
adopted, as to the clearest and most rational method of teaching languages. 

The celebrated philosopher Letbnitz remarked “my opinion with regard 
to grammar is this, most ts learned by use — the rules must be added for 
Jinish” and the learned philologist Facciolati observes, J am indebted to the 
classical authors for every thing I know, to the grammarians I owe nothing.” 

Sx1pensttcker, was the first who in 1811 introduced this new Method 
for the Latin, Greek and French languages, and to him belongs in justice 
the merit, of having introduced a rational aystem of tuition. Ahn who made 
use of this method long after in 1834, acknowledges in his Preface, Seiden- 


stticker as the originator of the System. But there was an essential point 
omitted even in these books. It was, that the 
“grammatical form should precede the Exercises, so that the learner 
“should at once be made acquainted with the grammatical structure 
“of the foreign language, without which, he oduld never attain a 
“thorough knowledge of it”. 

This then is the principle which has been followed in “Franz ΤΗΙΜΜ᾿Β 
Series of European Grammars” and which gives it a distinct feature of 
progress over the former systems pursued. 

The prevalent idea in these grammars is that of teaching a language 
easily and pleasantly, of adapting it to every capacity, of removing all unne- 
cessary difficulties and at the same time of imparting the necessary gramma- 
tical knowledge. 

In this respect therefore 

“Franz Thimm’s Series of Grammars” 
is not ouly original, but extending the new Method to all the languages of 
Europe, it is unique. 


Franz Thimm’s 
NEW SERIES OF FOREIGN DIALOGUES, 


On an entirely new and practical plan, calculated to insure a rapid 


. acquisition of Foreign Languages. 12mo. Cloth, ¢ s. d. 
GERMAN and ENGLISH Dialogues, by Meissner. 0 2 6 
FRENCH 0 » » byDudevant. 0 2 6 
ITALIAN 9%) ” » by Marchetti. 0 2 6 
SPANISH » 2) » by Salvo. 0 2 6 
PORTUGUESE ,, ” »  byMonteiron 0 2 6 
SWEDISH 9 ,9 » byLenstrim 0 2 6 
DANISH ” - » by Lund. 0 2 6 
DUTCH 9 by Harlen. 0 2 6 


39 33 

Turkish, Russian, English and French Vocabulary for Tra- 

vellers in the Hast. . . . . . . « « « » O 2 6 

A correct and fluent conversation will soon be obtained by the use of 
these Dialogues for they contain nothing but important matter. The words 
generally in use, the easy colloquial phrases and the idiomatic expressions 
of the language, which form the essence of correct conversation, have been 
carefully arranged, so as to make these Dialogues really useful. 

Published by Mr. Franz Tum, Foreign Publisher, 3 Brook Street, 
Grosvenor Square, London. 


Dialogues in 3 Languages. 
FRANZ THIMM’S 
TRAVELLER’S PRACTICAL MANUAL 


OF CONVERSATION IN THREE LANGUAGES 
ENGLISH, GERMAN AND FRENCH. 
16°. boards. — 2 5. 


TRAVELLER’S PRACTICAL MANUAL 
OF CONVERSATION IN FOUR LANGUAGES 
ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH AND ITALIAN. 
109, boards. — 3 5. 6 d. 
“Useful for travellers or for the study of comparative languages.” 


a. 


Just published 
in a wrapper S8vo. “one Shilling” each 
FRANZ THIMMPS ' 
FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT, 
GERMAN SELF- TAUGHT, 
ITALIAN SELF- TAUGHT. 
SPANISH SELF- TAUGHT, 


A new System on the most simple principles for solf-tuition, with the com- 
plete english pronunciation of every word, table of coins etc. 8vo. 
Price “one Shilling” sewed. 


Very practical and useful introductory -treatises for self-tuition with the correqt 
pronunciation of these languages. 


The most approved Books for the tuition of Foreign Languages. 


German Language. 


I. For the Nursery. ες: a. 
CHILD’S GERMAN BOOK by Hahn. 3rdEd.42mo.Cl. 0 3 0 
“An excellent and easy Book for Children.” 
SCHMIDT, CH., One Hundred German Tales, with english 
notes by Mathias. 5th Ed. 8vo. 1866. Cloth 0 2 0 


“Simple moral tales written in an easy german style, the 
“very best book for beginners.” 
HAHN’S Interlinear German Reading Book, for self-tui- 
tion. (Hamiltonian Method.) 8vo. 1857. Cloth 0 2 6 
THE FIRST BOOK OF GERMAN POETRY. Deutsche 
Gedichte fiir den ersten Unterricht, ausgew&hlt von 
F. Geissler. 12mo. 1857. Cloth. . . . 0 2 6 
“Containing German Nursery Rhymes, Fables, and Poems 
“of an easy verse and construction, gradually rising to and in- 
“cluding the minor poems of Schiller, Goethe and Uhland. All 
“‘selected to be learnt by heart.” 
LESSING’S Fabeln (Prose and Verse) with english notes 
by Hill. 12mo. 1859. boards. .. . 0 1 6 
“Of a classic simplicity. Text book for Government 
“Examinations.” 
GERMAN SELF-TAUGHT, with complete Pronunciation 
of every word. 8vo. sewed. . 0 1 0 


11. For the Class Room. 


MEISSNER, M., A new practical and easy method of 
learning the German Language. Tenth corrected 
Edition, 1867. 8vo. Cloth. . . .... 90 38 6 
“This Grammar, which has at once embraced and super- 
“ceeded all former systems, is one of the most valuable german 
“Grammars published — if is not only an easy book for be- 
“ginners, but also a desirable class book for progressive study. 
“Professors pronounce it the “best german Grammar ever 
“published.” 
” Key to ditto. sewed. . . 0 1 0 
JULIUS, German Writing Copies (Deutsche Vorschriften. ) 
ard Ed. oblong. 8vo. 1863. sewed .. 0 1 6 
“These Copyslips are simple and graceful in form, they 
‘Care methodical and the proper modern handwriting.” 


FRANZ THIMM’S GERMAN COPY BOOK. A new and 
complete Method, imparting a modern and elegant 
form of German Handwriting. 410... . . . . 

“A perfect Method of german writing very useful for Schools 

“and Classes.” 


HAHN’S GERMAN TALES AND STORIES; including 
Hanff’s kalte Herz — Schmidt's Taubchen — Auer- 
bach, des Waldschiitzen Sohn, for progressive reading 
with english notes. 8vo. 1857. Cloth... 

CAROVE’S MARCHEN OHNE ENDE (the story without 


an end) with english notes by Mathias. 16mo. ~ 


Cloth gilt edged . ΝΥ 
“Nowhere will you find the book of nature more freshly and 
“beautifully opened, than in Carové’s ‘Marchen. ohne Ende’ of its 
“kind one of the best that was ever written.” 
Quarterly Reriew January 1867. 
SCHMIDT'S .German Plays, adapted for School-Reading 


with english notes by A. E. Hill, 8vo. Cloth . 
or separately : 
Part I. Die Erdbeeren — Der kleine Kaminfeger 
- II. Der Blumenkranz— Der Eeierdieb. . 
- IJ. Emma oder die kindliche Liebe. . ° 
“Adapted for children, and may easily be acted.” 
KOTZEBUE’S Deutsche Kleinstédter, with notes by 
Meissner. 8vo. . . . . © «© « « 
KOTZEBUE'S Pagenstreiche, with notes by Meissner. 8. 
“The text of these two Comedies has been altered in this 
“edition, so as to adapt them for Ladies and Schools. Only 
“these Editions by “Meissner” can be safely used.” 
MEISSNER’S German and English Idiomatic Phrases and 
Dialogues. 4th Ed. 12mo. Cloth. 1867... 
‘This Dialogue and Phrasebook only contains useful matter, 
“such as will give great facility of expression in speaking the 
“language. Very useful for Travellers.” 


Ill. For the Senior Class. 


THIMM, F., the Literature of Germany from its earliest 
Period to the present time. Historically deve- 
loped. 2nd Ed. illustrated, fscap. Svo. Cloth. 1866. 

“Among publications of a superior .kind, fitted to give an 

“excellent sketch of the rise and progress of German literature, 

‘‘we are acquainted with no work so well adapted as Mr. Thimm’s, 

“of which a new edition has just appeared. The charaoters of 

“the leading writers are ably and graphically depicted, and their 

“chief works enumerated.” 

Oxford Journal. 17 March 1866. 

THIEME’S German Dictionary, publ. by Franz Tunas. Cl. 

THIEME’S Critical German and English and English 
and German Dictionary. imp. 8. bound. 1866 
“These two, are the best german and english Dictionaries, 

“that can be placed into the hands of the german Scholar. Its 

“advantages are numerous. “The accent is given, which facilitates 


0 1 
0 3 
0 2 
0 5 
0 1 
0 1 
0 1 
0 2 
0 2 
0 2 
0 5 
0 7 
0 10 


Go Go o> Φ 


 —— 


“the german Pronunciation — to the substantive are added the 
“Gender, the genitive, dative and the termination of the plural — 
“to the Adjectives are added the irregular comparative forms — 
“and to the irregular Verbs all irregularities are added. — The 
“print of the Dictionaries is beautiful and the price very low.” 
MEISSNER. The German Exercise Book, being a 
Collection of Exercises intended as a supplement 
to every German Grammar, or as a necessary 
assistant for German Practice and Self-Tuition. 
8vo. Cloth, 1857 . . 2. . 2. «© © we ws 
- A key to. ditto. ὅνο. sewed. 1858. 
“Progressive Exercises, for writing more extended composi- 
“tions, tales, letters, historical prose” etc. 


GEISSLER. Die schénsten deutschen Balladen und Ge- 
dichte. (Collection of the most beautiful German 
Ballads and Poems. Goethe, Schiller, Birger, Uhland, 
Heine, Freiligrath etc. etc. Herausgegeben von 
Geissler. 2nd Ed., illustrated with the heads of 
the chief poets. Svo. Cloth neat.. . . . 
“This is one of the most beautiful collections of german 

“poems publishedfit gives the essence of all that is grand and 


“distinguished in german poetry, ahd therefore of particular 
“value to the student.” 


COLLECTION of the most esteemed Tales and Novels of 
Germany. (Klassischer Novellenkranz.) 
“These novels and tales are adapted for Ladies 
and Class Readings. vol. I. 8vo. Cloth. . 


9 vol... . ..- 
1. Zscnoxxy’ s Abenteuer der N eujabranacht, sewed Qnd Ra. 
2. Havrr’s Othello... oe ee ee 
3. VaRNHAGEN’s Sterner und Paitticher . . oe 
4. Horrmann’s Friulein Scuderi, 2nd Edit. 
5. ZscnHoxksr, der todte Gast . . 
6. Κινκει,Β Hauskrieg oe eee ke 
7. Svrprer’s Hochwald ..... +. -+ « « « e 
8. ZscHoKKr’s Furstenblick . . ΝΞ ΕΞ 
Part. 5 to 8 forms the 2nd Volume Cloth . ΝΞ ΞΕ 


Part 9 Zsonorxe’s Loch im Aermel . . oe ew ow 
ZSCHOKKE’S Vier Erzihlungen. Qloth. . .. 

“Nothing is more difficult than to recommend to German 
‘Scholars a good volume of elegant prose, which will make them 
“acquainted with the best authors and also tend to unite amuse- 
“ment with instruction. This Collection presents the Reader with 
“nine Masterpieces’ elegant and amusing tales by excel- 
“lent writers and also with such as may safely be placed 
“in the hands of every one without danger; in consequence 
“slight alterations of text have been deemed necessary, so as to 
“make these tales suitable for young ladies and for classes.” 


FRANCK’S Deutscher Briefsteller. (German Letter- 


writer.) 8vo. Cloth .. . oe ee 
. “This collection ποῦ only facilitates the composition of ger- 
“man letters, but serves the scholar as a book of study and asa 


“model of german prose composition, for it contains a collec- — 


“tion of letters by classical german authors,” 


Oo © 


COoocoocceocoeoooco & 


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en) μὰ “ἡ me ῷ μὸ δῷ μπὸ ee "ὦ pe Ὁ} (Ὁ 


DS MOASDSSAMQAADO OS 


THIMM’S 


CLASSICAL CERMAN. BRAMAS. 
SCHILLER’S Neffe als Onkel, with english Notes by 
M. Meissner. 12mo. 1866. boards . . 
“The text has been slightly modified so as to give this Edi- 
‘tion a ‘distinct character as a Class Book.” 
SCHILLER’S Wilhelm Tell, with english notes by 
. M. Meissner. 12mo. 1859 2 0 
GOETHE'S EGMONT, with english notes by 0. v. ᾿ Weg- 
nern. 12mo. 1863.. oe 0 
“The notes to these celebrated Dramas δι are historical, gram- 
“matical and explanatory, and facilitate the reading and appre- 
“ciation of these classical pieces.” 
French Language. 
1. Step. 
THE CHILD’S FRENCH BOOK by Hahn. Cloth . 0 
“This is the first book for the nursery.” 
AHN’S French Class Book for Beginners, being the first 
Course of the French Method adapted from the 
german original and improved by Dudevant. 4th 
Edition. 1862. .. . 0 
“This remarkable book was published first ἢ in Germany and 
“has now reached the 150th Edition ‘” 


FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT, A new system, on the most 
simple principles for self-tuition, with the complete 
english pronunciation of every word. . . 0 

POESIES DE L’ENFANCE, chosies par Francois Louis. 
(French Poetry for Children.) 12mo. 1859. boards 0 

“This collection has been made with great care, giving easy 

“and short pieces such as are rarely found in similar collections 

“and are adapted for the youngest children.” 


ΞΘ» 


If. Step. 
FRENCH GRAMMAR by Ahn. “Author's eighth Be Edition.” 
8vo. Cloth, 1867... .. . . 0 
Key to ditto. 1858. 0 


“Yhis is one of the most remarkable school books ever x pub- 
“lished for the french language.” 
FRENCH READER compiled after Ahn and other Readers 
by Dudevant. With English Notes. 8vo. Cloth. 0 
It contains: I. Detached sentences, Substantives, Adjectives 
Pronouns, Verbs, Particles. II. Anecdotes. III. Short pieces from 
Natural history. IV. Fables. V. Tales. VI. Descriptive Prose. 


DUDEVANT’S French and English Idiomatic Phrases 
and Dialogues; indispensable for a rapid acquisition 
of the French Language. 12mo. 1856. Cloth 0 
SPIER’S French and English and English and French 
| Dictionaries. 2 Vol. S8vo. 1854. Cloth... 1 
,9 ditto. ditto. abridged 12mo. . . 0 
BARRET’S French and Mingliah Pocket Dictionary. 24. 
Cloth 1855. , ,. . 0 


=a Ὁ 


© 


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9» 605) Ὁ 9» 


THEATRE FRANCAIS 


with english notes by A. DupEvanr. 


No. J. MOLIERE’S le BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME. 


Comedie. 16°. paper boards. 1 s. 6 d. 


“This School series will be continued and embrase Racine, 


‘<Corneille and Modern Theatre.” 


Italian Language. 


ITALIAN SELF-TAUGHT. A new system on the most 
simple principles for self-tuition, with the complete 
english pronunciation of every word. . . 

MARCHETTIS Italian Grammar. 3rd Ed. 1860. 8vo. Cl. 

Key to the Grammar. §8vo. sewed. 
“One of the ,most practical Grammars published, fall of 

“exercises, reading lessons and Dialogues.” 

MARCHETTI’ Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues 
for the rapid acquisition of the language. Cloth 

BLANC'’S Italian and Engl. pocket Dictionary. 24mo. Cl. 

MILLHOUSE Italian and English Dictionary. 2 Vols. 
8vo. Cloth. . . ΝΞ 


Spanish Language. 


SPANISH ‘SELF-TAUGHT, A new system on the most 
simple principles for self-tuition with complete engl. 
pronunciation . . 

SALVO’S Spanish Grammar. ond. ‘Ed. 1862. ϑνο.. Cloth 

9 Key to the Grammar. ὅνο. sewed . 

» Spanish and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cl. 
BLANC’S Spanish and English pocket Dictionary. Cloth 
DE MIER, ΕἸ Commerciante Espanol. 8vo.. 

Art de la Correspondance commerciale espagnole-franc. 


Portuguese Language. 
CABANO’S Portuguese Grammar. 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cl. 1860 
MONTEIRO’S Portuguese and Engl. Idiomatic Dialogues. 
1857... 
VIEYRA’S Portuguese and English Pocket Dictionary 
1857. . 
Arte de Correspondencia commercial portuguez 2 
FONSECA, Prosas Selectas (Portuguese Reader). 1837 


Danish Language. 
-_LUND’S Danish Grammar. 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cloth. 1860 

» Key to ditto. . 

» Danish and English Idiom. Dialogues. Cl. 1857 
Danish and English Pocket Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth. 1857 
FERRALL and REPP’S Danish and English Dictionary. 

2 Vols. 12mo. 1863. 1.2 bound. . 
HOLST’S Dansk Laesebog. Vol. I Prose 6 5. Vol. τ Poetry 
BRESEMANN’S ditto with german Notes. 12mo. 


ooo 


oooocoo & 


oo ὦ 


ooo o 


Nw Oo ON — μὸ 


ΘΦΦόἜςς-Τς- ὦ oo Oo 


Om Oo & 


Ooo & 


The Princess Alexandra and the Royal House of Φ s. 4d. 
Denmark. A Genealogy; giving an account of Da- 
nish history from the Sea-Kings-down to the family 
of the Princess of Wales. 12mo. 1863. . . 0 1 0 


Swedish Language. 
LENSTROM’S Swedish Grammar, 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cl. 


1861. . « «© «© «© © «© © «© «© © «© © » O 4 DO 
» Swedish and Engl.Dialogues. 12mo. 1857 0 2 6 
3 Svensk Loesebogi prosa og poesi. 8.1843 0 6 0 
Sveriges Litteratur Historia, 8vo. 1841 0 6 0 
TEGNER'S Frithiofs-Saga. 12mo . . 0 2 6 
Swedish and English Dictionary. 12mo. ‘Cloth. 1861 0 5 0 
Dutch Language. 
‘AHIN’S Dutch Grammar. 2nd. Ed. 1860. 8vo. Cloth 0 4 0 
HARLEN’S Dutch and Engl. Dialogues. 12mo.Cl.1858 0 2 6 
Dutch and English Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth . 0 5 0 
Russian and Turkish Languages. 

Russban, Turkish, Frenchand EnglishVocabulary 
for Travellers in the East. 2nd Ed. 12mo. Cl.1858 0 2 6 
ALEXANDROW’S Russian Grammar. 8vo. 1867. Cloth 0 4 0 
Russian and English Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth. . . 0 5 0 
Modern Greek Language. 
VLACHO’S Modern Greek Grammar, 8vo. 1867. Cloth 0 4 0 
BYZANTIUS Dictionnaire grec-frang. et fr.-gr. imp. 8vo. 1 5 0 
DEHEQUE, Dictionnaire grec moderne francaise. 12mo. 0 8 0 


Commercial Correspondences. 
GERMAN AND ENGLISH, Commercial Correspondence 


FRENCH AND ENGLISH ditto by Dudevant |. h 
ITALIAN AND ENGLISH ditto | by Marchetti (8 te press. 


SPANISH AND ENGLISH _ ditto by Salvo £ os. d. 
FLUGEL’S Triglotte, oder kaufrainnisches Worterbuch. 
Deutsch, Englisch, Franzésisch. 8vo. . . 014 0 


RHODE'’S praktisches Handbuch der Handels-Correspon- 
denz deutsch, franzésisch, englisch und italienisch. 
8vo. Cl. 0 10 

MANITIUS, der kaufmannische Correspondent deutsch, 
englisch, franzisisch, italienisch und spanisch . 0 6 

SCHULTEN, deutsche, Rollandische, franzésische und 
englische Handels-Correspondenz. 8 vo... 90 

LEIPZIGER Handels-Correspondent ..... .:90 

FORT, kaufminnische Correspondenz . 0 

KEEGAN’S kaufmannische Phraseologie } in franabsische 
und englischer Sprache . 


oO © Φ 7) 


c—) 
w 
=) 


4» 


SHAKSPEARIANA 


from 1564 to 1864. 
An account of the Shakspearian Literature 


of 
England, Germany and France 
during three Centuries 


with Bibliographical Introductions 
b 


y 
Franz Thimm. 
London 1865. 8°. Cloth. 4s. 

“The author has laid the student of Shakspearian literature under deep 
“obligations. That literature is now of itself an important and Mistinctive 
“branch of study. Innumerable essays, criticisms, commentaries, expositions, 
“and lectures upon Shakespeare have been published in England, Germany 
“and France. Their titles, authors’ names, and dates of appearance have 
“been collected together by Mr. Thimm, and arranged in alphabetical order. 
“‘Prefixed to each list is an historical account of the progress of Shakspea- 
‘rian criticism in the three countries, which instructively shows the growth 
“of the appreciation of the exhaustless dramas. The book is both valuable 
“as a reference, and as a study of the advance in the English and Conti- 
‘“‘nental estimation of Shakspeare. It is the fullest compilation of the kind 
“we have; Bohn’s edition of Lowndes has hitherto been the most complete 
“record on the subject; but to the works there enumerated Mr. Thimm has 
“added the titles of at least one hundred and seventy more books in the 
“English, and nearly three hundred in the German and French Department. 
‘Mr. Thimm’s is therefore the most perfect collection of Shakspeariana.” 

It has been his “endeavour to place before the lovers of the great dra- 
matistes” an elaborate Catalogue of what the Times ealls the “‘Shakspeare 
Library” and he has succeeded in accomplishing his object. 

Shrewsbury Observer. 1865. 
. FErom the Preface. 

The first ‘“‘Shakspeariana” by Wilson, published in 1827 was too im- 
perfect to be of much use, 

Mr. Halliwell’s, which appeared in 1841, is very useful for the varions 
early editions of Shakspeare’s works; but for so great a student of the dra- 
matist and his history, his collection of Commentaries and essays (which 
only extends to 233 numbers) is singularly imperfect. Sillig’s Shakspeare 
Literatur bis Mitte 1854 was decidedly the most perfect production of its 
kind, which had hitherto seen the light. 

Nevertheless I could not relinquish the idea of publishing my own 
Collectanea; for notonly were my materials and the labour expended upon 
them considerable (the subject has occupied me for more than 12 years) 
but it was moreover a part of my plan to classify the productions of Eng- 
land, France and Germany, in a manner as yet unattempted. Halliwell had 
only 26 additions to Wilson, I had over 600 more than Sillig, enough in 
themselves to constitute quite a new work. The latest addition to Shaks- 
pearian literature has appeared in the new edition of “Lowndes-Manuel” by 

r. Henry Bohn, and constitutes a “Shakspeariana” of which I cannot but 
speak in the very highest terms. And yet it will be found, on comparison, 
that I have at least 120 additional references in the English, and nearly 
300 in the German and French departments. 

“Southey said, when Isaac Reed’s contribution appeared, Comments 
“upon Shakespeare keep pace with the National Debt: yet I should like to 
“see his book and would buy it, if I could. Of course; and a costly store 
“ig obtained by such continual additions” 

The complete Catalogue, as far as it*is possible for a Bibliographer to 
give, of this Shakespeare “Library” it has been my endeavour to place be- 
fore the lovers of the great dramatist. 


Stir Ῥεπί[ὦ ε. 


Thimm’s 
London und Manchester. 
.Ein praktisches Reisebuch 
fiir England und Schottland 


mit einem neuen Plane von London. 
14. Jahrgang. Gebunden. 25 Sgr. oder 2 5. 6 d. 


Der 
Englische und Amerikanische Dolmetscher. 


Ein Handbuch 
fir Jeden, der in der allerkirzesten Zeit ohne Lehrer und ohne alle 
Mihe richtig Englisch lernen und sprechen will. 
Von William Jones. 
12°. cartonirt. 1 5. 6 d. 


. Terms of the 
German, French and Italian 


Circulating Library 
of 
Franz Thimm. 


* 3 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London. 

£ os. a. 
One year ι{ ι -- 
Six Months — 12 — 
Three Month — 7 6 
One Month -- 3— 

Country Subscribers. 

For one year 1 4 —- 
For six Months — 16 — 


“The newest books are added to the Library immediately after publication.” 
Tis Lrsrary has been established exclusively for the circulation of 


Foreign Books. It consists of the “cHo1cest works” of German, French, - 


and Italian Literature, and the newest puclications of interest are constantly 
added to the Library. 


Rules. 

1. Deposit, “Five Shillings.” 

2. Subscribers are entitled to one work at a time in Town, and six 
volumes in the Country. 

3. Country Subscribers pay all expenses incurred for Carriage, 
Booking, ete ᾿ 

4. The Books must be returned in one lot. 

5. When Books are detained beyond the terms of Subscription, an ad- 
ditional Subscription is paid up the day of delivering the books. 


SUBSCRIPTIONS TO BE PAID IN ADVANCE. 


A Register is kept for qualified Foretgn Governesses and Teachers for all the 
Languages of Europe. 


Leipzig, Printed by J. B. Hirschfeld. 


- 
- 


on.