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ουδν ταις δὰ ὧν « Bee αι ἅν we ee .- απ ὼς, eee a lelti‘“™S
FRANZ THIMM’S
SERIES
EUROPEAN GRAMMARS
AFTER AN
EASY AND PRACTICAL METHOD.
SS
PART XI.
THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE.
SO ROC OS
LON DON:
FRANZ THIMM,
FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER.
3 BROOK STREET, GROS BS
GROSVENO
1868.
UARE W.
A SHORT
PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD
OF LEARNING THE
OLD NORSK TONGUE
ICELANDIC LANGUAGE
AFTER THE DANISH
OF
E. RASK
WITH AN ICELANDIC READER
AN ACCOUNT OF THE NORSK POETRY AND THE SAGAS
AND A MODERN ICELANDIC VOCABULARY FOR TRAVELLERS
BY
H. LUND.
——_—-sccoggoocoo ———-
LONDON:
FRANZ THIMM,
‘FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER
3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE W.
* 1868.
303. f. 22
PREFACE.
The Old Norsk or Icelandic and the Anglo-Saxon may
be termed the parents of the English Language, and their
Knowledge is not only highly useful but absolutely necessary
to every educated Englishman who looks upon his language with
the eye of a historian and philosopher. Nothing is more interest-
ing than to look back to these two sources from whence the
english tongue is derived, and a thorough knowledge of Eng-
lish is only possible by being acquainted with its origin.
These languages together with Anglo-Norman, early Ger-
man, ancient, medieval and modern English, ought to be
regularly studied.
By adapting Rask’s abridgement we have indicated a simple
method of learning Icelandic, which we hope will be found
generally useful.
The Editor.
INDEX.
PART I.
I. The Pronunciation.
II. Modification of Vowels.
I.
Inflection of Words.
The Noun. Ist- Declension
[[nd. -
ΠΙτά. - .
Declension of Nouns with the Article.
. Adjectives.
The Comparison of Adjectives.
. Pronouns.
Numerals.
. The Verb.
Auxiliary Verbs.
Particles.
The Formation of Words. .
Syntax. .
Prepositions.
Prosody. .
PART II.
The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas.
PART III.
Icelandic Reader.
PART IV.
Modern Icelandic for Travellers,
58 — 73
)
14—101
102 —121
PART I
The Pronunciation.
The Alphabet.
The Icelandic Alphabet is composed of the following letters
Pronunciation Pronunciation
Aa ah Rr err
ΒΡ bay Ss 8
Dd day Tt tay
Ee a Uu 00
ΕΓ eff Vv vay
G g ghay X x iks
H h hah Yy ue
11 e Zz zet
Jj yod Pp th
K k kah Β ὅ dh
L 1 el ἘΦ ae
Mm em ( ce oe (Danish ο, Ger-
N n en _ Man 6
0 o 0 ὃ ὅ oe (German ὅ)
Pp pay
1. The Old Norsk order of the vowels was the following
Vowels Diphthongs
a a 6B
ὕ au ey
e — el
i — j
0 ὀ ce
u ι --
y — y
Icelandic Grammar. 1
2
2. ὅ always open, as in the danish words: Déren, lénne.
3. e, the same as in the danish: bedre, Hest. Before the
open 6 (δ) an 7 is often added in the pronunciation, which
generally receives the accent (') as: let (Wet) lod, agreeing
with the Danish sjette from seks, jeg from ἐγώ. It is uncer-
tain how far back into past ages this pronunciation may be
traced. . |
4. 7, as in the danish vis, ¢il, it comes near to the danish
é in leve, and is both long and short. When it goes over into
i, it sounds like the danish in Pil, vis, fire.
5. 0, always open, as the danish ἃ, it is both long and
short, as in: Bogen, os, komme; whilst ὁ sounds like the danish
in Os, Stol, stor, perhaps a little broader.
6. w as in the danish words Bud, Hul, kun, long and
short, in its transition to ὦ it sounds like the danish Hus,
Hul, brun. That this pronunciation of the «u and ὦ is the ge-
nuine old norsk, is proved not only by all the northern lan-
guages, but also by the Ferroe dialect, in which the correct
sound has been maintainted to this day, f. 1.
oldnorsk-ferroe danish
kunna kunne
κύρα kuna kue.
7. y as in the danish Byg, hyppe; it approaches a little to
the danish @ and is both long and short; changed into ¥ it
sounds like the danish Bly, Syre, flyde. That y was really dis-
tinguished from ¢, is proved partly by the languages of the
northern continent (Fastlands sprogene) partly by the icelandic
pronunciation of the day, which pronounces y in kyrr short,
but the letter y long: but more particularly by the circumstance,
that the poets (skaldene) form ἃ half-rhyme with ἡ, as Fms. 6, 35.
Herstillis parf ek hylli,
half eru véld und Kalfi
8. ἀ like the danish av in Havre, greek, latin and italian
au in aura with a clear a (not like the german au).
9. ὦ almost like aj, so that the sound of a approaches
the danish @, and the sound of 7 somewhat resembles 6 (ne-
sten aye.
10. au, as the danish éw or ow, which is still the pro-
nunciation of the northern au, it is very much like the german
au: Auga, Auge, the eye.
8
11. ey, as written, somewhat like ὅδ᾽, on northern monu-
ments (Mindesmerker) it was often written ey, resembling the
german eu. That it was distinguished from ei is partly seen
from the Ferroe in which ey is changed into oj, δὲ into 4),
but more particularly from the old verses, in which ey with δὲ
form a half-rhyme as: Fms. 7, 13.
hvern Peirra kvad herra
(bjaldr-bliks) en sik miklu
(bet ofmikit eydir
dngr) makligra at hanga.
12. ef like a broad é, in conjunction with ¢ (or 7) the
e loses its open sound and adopts the close one, in which
the sound of 7 is but little heard, on this account this diph-
thong has sometimes been written ὁ (not the german et).
4 and 6 (see 4 et 5).
13. ὦ (9) like a broad danish 6 as pronounced by the
people — « Te —; the 7 sound becomes faint and ends al-
most with e (as in 976).
In many good and ancient icelandic manuscripts this sound
is blended (foreblandet) with @, and in the modern icelandic
language ὦ (oe) has regularly changed into ὦ (ae); in Ferroe
it has changed into 6, as: scekja (sekja) ferroe: sekja, seje.
au and y (see 6 et 7).
14. The simple vowels, a, ὅδ, 0, u are hard e, ¢, y, soft
after g, k; the diphthongs formed with Ὁ are hard, as: d, au,
6, ἀ; those formed with 7, are soft; as: @, ey, et, i, @, y.
f.i. kann, kéttr, koma, kunna; also: kal, kaup, kol,
kuga; but: kenni, kirkja, kyrki; and: kert, keypt,
keipr, kif, keli, kyr.
15. The order of the Consonants is the following:
1) soundless (silent) Consonants:
Labial letter lingual letter palatal letter letter
ee Se, —__,
hard p, ἢ, t, p, ~k, h,
soft ὃ, v, d, 5, δ, 33
2) liquids .
m, 0, l, r, 3, 2
3) mixed
)
Of their pronunciation is to be remarked:
16. f has a double sound, namely 1) like f in the be-
. "
4
ginning and when it is doubled, as in: fara, fra, vaff. 2)
like a hard v in all other cases, as: haf, δίῃ, héfn,
stefni, as seen in the Ferroe: Navn, Ηδνη, stevnt, stevndi,
stevnt.
17. P (th) sounds like the english th in think, thought.
[t is only found at the beginning of a word, and is therefore
never doubled. 6 (dh) sounds almost like the d in the danish
words: med, Bad; Rad, most like the english th in: bathe,
father; it is heard more strongly rolling than other Consonants
as in: adrir, Oélast, fedrum, ridnir, fadmar. It does
not appear at the beginning of words and never doubles, but
it changes indo dd, as: gleé — gladdi, ry6 — ruddi.
The Ancients often wrote p for 6, if the sense expressed its
meaning, but they never wrote d for 6 before the 14'* Century.
18. k has 1) the hard sound as in the danish kan, 2)
the soft sound ‘4j) as in kert (14) but never aspirated as in
the swedish kdnner; nor has sk the aspirated sound as in the
swedish skdr or in the german word Scheere, but it is pronoun-
ced like the danish skaere.
19. g has 1) the hard sound as in gar; 2) the soft (gj)
as in the danish Ger (14); 3) an aspirated sound after vow-
els or at the end of words or syllables, as the danish g in
Sag, Reg etc. We recognise this from the fact that the Ancients
always wrote in such cases gh, as: légh, vegh. But it never
sounded like 7, not even when followed by ὦ, this is visible in
the old verses, in which otherwise the half-rhyme would have
either been corrupted or vanished altogether, as: Fms. 6, 23. 88.
eig-i gaztu lidskost ldg-an.. .
syg ek or sdltum @g7...
20. ἢ is sounded at the beginning of words, also before
j. v, lr, n, as: hjarta, hvat, hled, hring, hnoda.
21. nn, has a very peculiar hard sound after diphthongs,
like dn, as: steinn (steidn) frdnn, kenn, huinn; but not
if nn is joined to diphthongs as a compound, as: 4-nni,
ku-uni, in such a case and after single vowels nn is pro-
nounced as usual.
22. Ul has a similar hard pronunciation after all: vowels
and diphthongs, and sounds like dl, as: kall, all, ill, fill,
full, full; but it loses a great deal of its hardness when
followed by ¢, d, 8, as: allt, felldi, fulls.
4)
23. rm sounds very hard and short, almost like dn or
more correctly like rdn, as: barn, biro, horn, it is there-
fore often found in defective modern manuscripts or books
steirn, seirn for steinn, seinn. rl sounds likewise hard and
short, almost like d/ or more correctly like rdl; on this account
one often finds jarl and jall, karl and kall, kerling and
kelling.
24. s is always hard, like the Danish or like the german
fi (sz), never soft like the german ἴ.
25. z always sounds like s and is only used as -an ety-
mological sign for s, when a ¢, d, or 6 has dropped as: veiz-
la for veitsla, islenzkr for islendskr, gerzkr for gerdskr.
In old manuscripts they made use of z sometimes as an abbre-
viation of ss, sometimes of st, about in the same manner
in which the greek ζ stood for od, in modern and good edi-
tions the use has been restricted, to specify distinctly the two
pronunciations and derivations.
26. x always sounds hard, like ks or gs with a hard g
and s, as: lax, sex, 6x, uxi, (never like gz as in the french
word exact).
27. The old Norsk pronunciation was altogether broad,
rich in sound (klangfuld) logical and precise. A vowel before
a simple consonant is rather long, whether the consanant be
hard or soft, as: ek (1. ek) or eg (1. weg), set (I. set), las
(1. 185) to express the short sound, the consonant is doubled,
as: egg, sett, hlass.
Even vowels are shortened in the pronunciation if a con-
sonant is added, as:
héf-ud has a long 6 — hofdi a short and sharp one.
ber, slir- - τ e — berja, Dat. bardi, has a short one.
vil - - = 1— vilja, vildi -- - =
28. To the syllable belong all consonants which follow a
vowel, as: ask-a, sett-u, héfd-in-u, vild-1, marg-ir,
hest-ar. According to this rule the words are abbreviated at
the end of a line.
29. Exceptions are 7 and v, which belong to the vowel
following these letters, as: legg-jum, higg-va, the letter r,
also never attaches itself to the preceding vowel, except, when
it becomes altogether blended with the vowel as: steinn,
grenn, hell, full, it is generally read with the next vowel,
6
as: ved-rit, ved-f, al- r, set-r; such an r will always in
future be thus accented ἐ.
30. The principal accent is constantly on the first syllable
of the word as: vér-ald-ar-inn-ar; the secondary accent,
lies on the penultimate in words of three or four syllables as:
Upp-lend-ing-ar, vin-dtta, svaradi, not on the last syl-
lable, except in composed words, ending in a monosyllabic:
konungson.
Il.
Modification of Vowels.
The Modification of vowels plays an important part in the
declension and derivation of the Old Norsk Language. It is
of a double kind.
31. a) α into 6 in the principle syllable of a word if it
ends in u, as: aska, dsku. Sometimes even if w is dropped
as: blad, Plural bl0d, leaves. Jafn, jéfn. Reversed:
32. ὅ into a, if the termination be a, as: ὅθ, agnar,
sometimes before ¢r or with shortened terminations in compounds
or derivations, as: agnir, jardvegr, jardneskr.
33. b) Before endings im ὦ, j, or 7, even if these letters
are left out:
aintoe: land, lendi — nafn, nefni;
6 — e: grif, gef — stk, sekr;
ja —— i: bjart, birti — djarft, dirfist;
jo — i: hjord, hirdir — bjorn, birni;
6 — ἢ: regn, rignir — hverfi, hvirfill ;
ἀ — @: rad, ταῦτ — na. ne;
au —ey: raun, reyni — draup, dreypi;
0 — y: son, synir — of, yfir;
u — y: gud, gydja — full, fylli;
ὦ — ¥: his, hysi — pratt, prydi;
76 — Υ: bjdda, byir — μ!16ὅ, hlydi;
ju — ¥: Ajaga, flygr — djupt, dypra;
ὁ — ὦ (6): Κἱό, kler — bot, beeti.
o sometimes, although rarely into 6, as:
hnot, hnetr — trodga, tredr;
koma, kemr — of, efra, efst.
7
34. In the oldest norsk language there were long and
single vowels before ng, nk, these changed according to the
above rule, as: langt, l6ngu, lengi, in latter times these
vowels were modified into diphthongs and changed thus: langt,
laungu, leing1.
35. Sometimes there is no modification even if ¢ follows,
nor if even the vowel on other occasions is changed in its
root, as: land, Dative landi;
nafn, - mnafni, and banki, thought
kappi, fighter, although: ek peinki, J think, ek keppist,
I fight are sayd. The reason of this appears to be that in
such cases the vowel of the termination was not ¢ but 6, as
we frequently find it in manuscripts thus: lande, nafne, panke,
kappe.
736. In the same way o is often found in terminations
instead of #, particularly, so it appears, if the chief syllable
received no modification of this kind, as: ero, varo, pin-
gom etc. But according to rule, there is a difference in
such endings between 6 and ¢, o and τι.
37. There are many kinds of modification in the conju-
gation of the verbs, which will be mentioned in the proper place.
38. Amongst the consonants change:
ndt into tt as: batt, bandt; satt, sandt.
ngk — kk — sprakk, sprang; ekkja, Enke.
39. nr into nn as: sleinn, steinr; seinn, seimr; seinna,
sein-ra.
lr into Ul, as: héll for hélr, selli for selri.
40. » is dropped at the beginning of words before 0, u,
y and r, as: verd, vard, urdu, yrdi, ordit; as also: hverf,
hvarf, hurfu, hyrfi, horfit, rangt, vrangt, reidi, Vrede.
But we find that the Ancients frequently did not drop the »,
as: vurdu, vyrdi, vordit.
Inflection of Words.
1. The Noun.
41. Nouns are divided into two orders, the open aud the
closed; the one is more simple in its inflection, the other more
complex.
The first has but one declension, the second has two.
Each has three genders. The Neuter is the most simple.
Open Order.
42. First Declension.
the eye the sunbeam the tongue
Sing. Nom. auga, geisli, tiinga
Gen. Dat. Acc. auga, geisla, tuingu (0)
Plural Nom. augu (0), geislar, tungur (or),
Gen. augu (0), geisla, tingur (or),
Dat. augum (om), = geislum (om), tdingum (om),
Ace. augna geisla tungna.
' 43. Nouns, whose chief letter is a, change a into 6 be-
fore the terminations in u (31):
hjarta, Plural, D. hjértum, (the heart)
kappl - - képpum, (the champion)
saga, G. ἢ. A. sigue - - sdégur, ségum, (the saga)
on the other hand a changes into w in the following syllables,
as: harpari, hérpurum; leikari, leikurum.
44, Some masculine substantives ending in ing?, take a
j in all other cases, as:
hofSingi, héfdingja, héfsingjar — the captain; ᾿
illvirki, illvirkja — the illdoer;
vili, vilja — will.
45. Masculines ending in andi form their plural irregularly,
f. i. buandi, which word is at the same time contracted, as:
Sing. Nom. biiandi (the yeoman) bondi,
Gen. Dat. Acc. bianda bénda,
Plur. Nom. Gen. biendr, bendr, bendr,
Dat. baindum, endum, béndum, bendum,
Acc. bianda, enda bénda, benda.
9
46. The words herra and sira (germ. Herr, english Sire,
father) which were used before the christian names of Priests
and Provosts, are the only masculines ending in a, they only
differ from geisli in the Nominative.
47. Some Feminines take in the plural not na but only
a, as in the Nom. Sing. as: lina, kanna, skepna, lilja,
gydja, vara.
48. The subst. kona (Queen), woman, changes in the plural
into kvenna (wife); the word kvinna remains sometimes in
this case unchanged by ancient writers, the moderns always use
kvenna.
Clesed Order.
49. This Order embraces not only the words ending in
Consonants, but also those ending in ¢ and w. Ten mascu-
line substantives ending in ¢ of the first Declension, ought to
end in 6.
This order is divided in two declensions, to the first be-
long the words ending in Consonants and in ?, to the second
belong those ending in a pure sounding τ.
50. Second Declension.
Sing. Nom. land (land) brandf (brand) [Ὁγ (journey)
for
Gen. land brand
Dat. \andi (e) brandi (e) for
Acc. lands brands _farar
Plur. Nom. lind brandar farir (ar)
Gen. lind branda farir (ar)
Dat. léndum briéindum forum
Acc. landa branda fara.
51. When there in neither a nor 6, no modification oc-
curs, as: skip (ship), skipum — konungr (king), kontin-
gum — eign (property), eign, eignar, eignir, eignum.
only one word has two forms, namely:
Sing. dagr (the day) Dat. degri,
Plur. dagar - dégum.
52. The letter r dissolves when n or I precede, into nn and
ll, as in steinn (the stone) (instead of steint), haell (heel)
instead of haelr) and in longer words as: drottinn (master),
10
lykill (key). Sometimes the ¢ of the Dative drops in the
words ending in @ as:
- hel, h6él for heli, héli.
In the last radical letters r and s the use fluctuates be-
tween r and rr, 8 and ss Porr, herr, hauss, iss, 6ss,
is often found because of little consequence.
Both kinds of words, if they are monosyllabic in the Nom.
lose the ὦ in the Dative, as: her, is, for heri, isi.
The r is altogether dropped after n and / when it comes
into collision with other consonants as in: vagn, hrafno,
fugl, karl (Nom. and Gen.) also after s and ss, as in hdls,
kross (in the Nom. Gen. and Dat.).
53. Words in two Syllables are contracted when the pro-
nunciation allows it, as:
Neut. sumar (summer), sumri — Plur. sumur sumrum, sumra,
héfud (head), héfdum, hofda.
Masc. hamri, hamrar, hamra, hémrum.
drottni, drottnar — lykli, lyklar etc.
Some words reserve an uncommon vowel in the contracted
forms, as:
megin, might, power; magni, megins. Pl. megin or mign
(as: godmidgn), mignum, magna.
g. m. ketill (kettle), katli, Plur. katlar, katla, kétlum.
9. f. alin (the ell-measure) alnar, - alnir, alnum, dlna.
54. To the contrated belong the Mascul. jéfurr, fjst-
urr, they keep ὅ throughout jéfri, fjstri Plur. jofrar,
fjétrar.
The others of this class of all three genders have only
an ¢ by the Ancient writers (not ur or urr), they must not
therefore be looked upon as contracted, as:
Mas. silfr (silver), silfri,
akr (acre), akri, Plur. akrar,
Fem. fjudr (feather), fjadrar, Plur. fjadrir (ar) fjodrum, fjadra.
55. The polysyllabic Neuters ending in -ad, -an or the Fem.
ending in an are not contracted, as:
Sing. Nom. Gen. mannlikan (human being) skipan (order),
Dat. wannlikani skipan
Ace. mannlikans skipanar (onar)
Plur. Nom. Gen. mannlifkun (on) skipanir,
Dat. manolikunum skipunum (onom)
Acc. mannifkana skipana.
11
56. Some words of this declension allow ἃ 7 or v to creep
in before terminations which begin with a vowel, not however
j before ὦ, rarely ἡ before u. This seems to be a remnant of
terminations in ¢ or « which was originally in these words.
57. The inserted letter » requires a preceding 6 (or au)
before they change into @ or ὦ (see § 32) if it terminates in a
and has therefore the same effect as u. In the Plural of the
Fem. the inserted » takes the’ old termination in ar
Sing. Nom. froe (frae) saungr or
Gen. froe saung or
Dat. froevi saungvi éru
Acc. froes saungns érvar
Plural Nom. froe saungvar érvar
Gen. froe saugva Orvar
- Dat. froevum (om) saungum (om) drum (om)
Acc. froeva; saungva ; drva.
58. The inserted letter 7 requires the Mas. to drop the entire
termination (71) in the Sing. Dat. and to take in the plural ir
G. 7. but the feminine always takes the ar, so that it terminates
in jar, as;
Sing. Nom. nes (neck of land) dreingr ben (wound)
Gen. nesi dreing ben
Dat. nesi dreing ben
Acc. ness dreings benjar
Plural Nom. nes dreingir benjar
Gen. nes dreingi benjar
Dat. nesjum dreingjum benjum
‘Acc. nesja; dreinja ; benja.
59. But there are a number of Mascul. with simple vowels
or consonants before 7, which also drop the ὦ in the Sing. Dat.
who take in the Nom. and Gen. Plur. ἐγ, and ¢ without insert-
ing J — equally a number of Fem. ending in -ing, -&ng or
in 7 (or ἢ which take ar in the plural without the insertion
of either » or 7 as: [hunt)
Sing. Nom. dali (dale) drottning (queen) veidi (veidi) (chase,
Gen. dal drottning veldi
Dat. dal drottningu veidi
Acc. dals drottningar veidar
Plur. Nom. dalir drottningar veidar
Gen. dali drottningar veidar
Dat. dolum drottningum veidum
Acc. dala; drottninga ; veida.
12
But dali is sometimes found in the Dat. (f. i. Harbardsl.
18) even in the Plur. Herdalar (Hk. 2, 8) likewise the swedish:
brudr has in the Plural brudir.
60. Some words resemble the third declension as they lter-
minate in the Sing. Acc. in ar, otherwise they are declined like
brandr, dreingr or dalt. To the former belong: hattr,
kraptr (krafts) grautr, skégr, vindr in the language of
the old bards vegr. To the latter belong: belgr, mergr,
leggrt, hryggr, verkr, reykr, laekr, drykkf and boer,
therefore: boejar, boejum, boeja with inserted 7, which
is strictly observed by all good ancient authors; of the latter
kind are mostly found: stadr, saudr, bragi, vegr (some-
times in the Dat. vegu), ratti, vinr (or vin) hugr, hlutr,
munf (difference) and all those ending in -nadr (-nudr) and
-skapr, which occur however rarely in the plural.
61. The Neuter terminating in -7, and the masc. terminat-
ing in -tr, drop the ¢ before the terminations: -wm, -ar, -a,
except those having g or k before them, these change ¢ into 7.
The fem. ending in a pure ¢ remains unchanged in the
Sing. but takes tr in the Plural:
Sing. Nom. kveii merki leknir efi
Gen. Dat. kvedi merki lekni efi
Acc. kvedis merkis laeknis efi
Plur. Nom. kvxidi merki lekn-ar efir
Gen. kvxdi merki lekn-a efir
Dat. κναὔτυ ἢ) merkjum —lekn-um eef-um
Acc. kved-a; = merkja; lekn-a; eef-a.
Eyrir (Danish: en Ore) an ear, forms the plural in
aurar
aura but eyri a low beach, has in the
aurum Dat. and Plural eyrar.
aura
helgi, holiness, holy-day, Sunday, forms Dat. and Plur. hel gar.
62. Others again from all three Genders have many irre-
gularities. Thus the Nom. laeti, sound, forms Dat. Plur. la-
tum, Acc. la ta. Some Neuters become Feminine in the Plur., as:
Sing Plural:
lim, brashwwood limar, branches,
tal, " fraud talar, frauds,
eing (Dan. en Eng.) meadow eingjar, meadows,
mund, time mundir, ¢imes,
pusund (Dap. Tusende) thousand ptsundir, thousands.
i3
The word froedi, knowledge, is in the Sing. fem. and re-
mains unchanged, like efi; but in the Plur. it is Neut. and is
declined like kv 286i.
63. Some Neuters are found in the Nom. and Gen. with
and without the termination in -7, as: eing and eingi;
fulltiog (Dan. Hjelp) help; and fulltingi, sinn, and
sinni, the longer form belongs to the modern icelandic
language, but often appears in modern copies of old manu-
scripts.
64. The Masc. gud, which drops the r in the Nom. and
forms the Plur. in gudir, is distinguished from the Nom. god
(heathen image) Plur. god. Many words ending in ¢ and r
form the Plur. in -ar, as:
kerleikt, kerleik, or kerleiki, kerleika;
Plural kerleikar.
sannleikr, sannleiki; Plural sannleikar.
The forms -leiki are common in the modern language. The
new. form often gives a new signification as:
oddr, a point, oddi — a neck of land;
munnr (Dan. Mund) mouth — munni, mouth of river;
karl, an old man — Karli, male name ,, Charles“.
Some differ altogether:
bragr (= stradr, 60) α poem — Bragi, Male nime;
πὰ σὲ, will — hugi, sense, thought and male name Hugo;
hlutr, an ounce, thing — hluti, @ part.
It happens sometimes that words are similar to these termina-
tions, without being related together, as:
bolt (= dalr) block — boli, bull;
hagr, condition — hagi, garden.
It is rare that the Neut. of this declension changes into the
masc. of the former, by taking the termination of ¢; as:
é6mak and é6maki (Gylfaginning 12) fainting fit;
mal, speech — formali, tale;
verk, work — verki, writing, poem,
with the exception of those who lose at the same time their
entire signification, as: |
land, land — landi, countryman;
bd (Dan. Bo), furniture — Βα], neighbour ;
hofud (Dan. Hoved) head — hofdi, Cape;
nordr (Dan. Norden) north — Nordri, name of a dwarf.
14
65. The other irregular Masc. are:
Sing. Nom. sk6ér (shoe) dérr (spear) madr (man) fingr (finger)
Gen. ské dor mann fingr
Dat. 5κό dor manni fingri
Acc. skés dors manns fingrs
Plur. Nom. sktar derir menn fingr
Gen. skua deri menn fing’
Dat. skom dijrum minanum finer um
Acc. sktia; darra; manna; fingra.
The moderns contract skor in the Plural into Nom. skér,
Gen. sko, Dat. skoa.
66. Irregular feminines are:
sal, the soul, Dat. salu — Plural salir, Acc. salna,
also in the Acc. Sing. salu, particularly found in compounds,
as: sdluhjalp.
grein forms the Plural in greinir and sometimes greinar,
ey, island, Dat. eyju or ey, Plur. eyjar — but is gene-
rally used in Iceland ‘eya after the 1.Declension. Monosyllables
ending in d, which come im contact with an @ or w following,
generally supplant them by 4, as: bra, eyebrow, Acc. brar,
Plur. brar, Dat. bram, Acc. bra. Some derivatives with
these endings remain unaltered in the Sing. by the ancients
as: asja, care.
Third Declension.
67. This declension embraces all those words ending in
“ΟΥ̓ v, which are however frequently dropped or in some other
manner obscured. There are but few Neuters all of which end
in 6 (for ev), the Masc. end in the Sing. in -ar, Plur -#r, those
of the Sing. in -ar, or -7, form the Plural in -7:
N. Mz F. —[(wood)
Sing. Nom. tre (tree) villur (field) fjordur (bay) rot (root) mirk
Gen. tre vill fjord rot mork
Dat. tre velli firdi rot miérk
Ace. tres vallar fjardar rétar = merkr
Plur. Nom. tre vellir firdir retr merk?
Gen. tre villu fjordu ret? merk?
Dat. tram —_—rvillum fjordum r6tum miérkum
Acc. trja; valla ; fiarda ; rota; marka. -
1ὅ
68. Like tre are declined kne; two words hle and spe
do not occur in the Plural. It was only in the fifteenth Cen-
tury that the Icelanders began to pronounce the e in these
words like ye (instead of @) wherefore we meet in good editions
of old works the reading tré, trés etc. Plur. Dat. and Acc.
contracted for trjavum, trjava.
The word Fe, cattle, goods, money, is irregular in the Dat.
Sing.; we find fjar instead of fjavar; but ve, sanctuary,
temple (from which Odinsve, Odense) is declined, like land
or skip after the 25} Decl.
- 69. The Masculines we find sometimes only written with
r (instead of ur), it not being observed that the termination
in 1 was the reason for writing 6, as in the Dat. Plural.
Therefore hvalf with a, because the r is only distinguished
by an ᾿ from the root.
But kjélur with 6, because the ending contains u. The
Genitive Plural of all these words has a double form, partly
ending in ὦ, agreeing with the Nom. Plural as: velli, firdi,
partly ending in -%, agreeing with the Dative Plural, and
this form is the old genuine one. . Several kinds of modi-
fications are to be noticed, although some words do not modify
by reason of their nature.
Sing. Nom sonur (son) drattur (drawing) vidur (wood, forest)
10
en. son dratt vi
Dat. syn dretti vidi
Acc. sonar drattar vidar
Plur. Nom. synir dreettir vidir
Gren. (syni) (dretti) (vidi)
— sonu drattu vidu
Dat. sonum drattum vidum
Acc. sona; dratta ; vida.
Irregular are these two:
Sing. Nom. fotur (foot) vetr (for vetr-ur) (winter)
Gen. fot. vetr (for vetr-u)
Dat. fot vetri
Acc. fotar vetrar ~
Plur. Nom. Gen. for vetr (for vetr-T)
Dat. fotum vetrum
Acc. fota; vetra
16
70. The feminines of this declension have also several
- kinds of modification of vowels; some cannot be modified,
some have a doubled form of declension after this or the for-
mer specimen, as: “
Present Declension: Former Declension: [8100
Sing. Nom. Gen. hnot(nut) staung mdirk (wood) staung (stake,
Dat. hnot staung miurku staung
Acc. hnotar = steingr = markar stangar
Plur. Nom. Gen. hnetr steingr markir stangir
Dat. hnotum = staungum mérkum __ staungum
Acc. hnota; stanga; marka; stanga.
The modification in staung, steingr is in reality the
same, as in mérk, merkr (67) as it is merely a mechanical
consequence of ng, the 6 changes into au and e into ef, we
also often find sténg, stangar, steng?r (34).
The words which are declined in two ways like mérk
and staung are chiefly the following:
strind (strand), rind (edge), spaung, taung, haunk.
A difference of signification is only accidental, as:
Snd, Plur. end? the duck — Ond, andir, α spirit, ghost
(dan.: en and, Plur. Aender, duck, — en aand, Plur.
aander, spirit.
Strénd, rind, 6nd receive in the Acc. Sing. always stran-
dar, randar, andar; so that dnd, spirit, differs only in
one case in the singular, and two cases in the Plural from
Snd, duck, Dat. Sing. bndu, Nom. and Gen. Plur. andir.
71. Some accented monosyllables deviate by contraction,
if the final syllable begins with a vowel, so that d absorbs
a, u but ὁ, ὦ, absorbs only the u; as:
ta, ten, A.tar (for taar) — Plur.taer, D. tam (for taum)
klo, claw, A. kldar — Plur. kloer, kl6m, kl6éa
a, sheep (hunfar), A. er — Plur. er.
ku, cow, A. kyr — Plur. kyr.
These forms er and kyr we find in the modern language given
to the Sing. Nom. ; so that both these words are in the Sing. Nom.
and Plur. Nom. and Gen. the same.
Others blend the r of the Plural with the final letter,
as braun, Plur. brynn (Egilss. 5. 306 and in the Edda Hel-
gakv. Haddsk. 19) now we say bryn, or bry¥r; mus forms
the Plur.in mgss or mys; dyrr ordyr, door, is only found
17
in the Plural and forms the Dat. and Acc. durum, dura or
dyrum, dyra. Sometimes br{¥n and dyrr lean in the Plu-
ral to n.
The following are still more irregular:
Sing. Nom. Gen. hind (hand) natt or πόϊῥ (night)
Dat. hendi natt nottu
Acc. handar nattar netr (netr)
Plur. Nom. Gen. hendr netr (neetr)
Dat. héndum nattum nottum
Acc. handa; natta; nétta.
72. Some of the names of relations ending in -*r, would
require a separate declension, if there were not so few, namely:
father brother daughter _ sister
Sing. Nom. fair brdédir déttir systir
Gen. Dat. Acc. [δα brédur dottur systur
Plur. Nom. Gen. fedr bredr detr systr
Dat. fedrum = bredrum detrum _ systrum
Acc. fedra; bredra; deetra; systra.
Like bréOir is declined modir, mother.
We find in the Ancients the Plur. of fadir, fedr, of
brodir, bredr.
73. We also find in the Ancient language some peculiar
names of relatives with different terminations, which embrace
two and more persons in one name, and which occur there-
fore only in the plural; if the two persons are of different
genders, they are in the Neuter:
hjén, man and woman;
systkin, brother and sister;
hju, youth and girl or man and woman};
fedgin, father and daughter;
mcdgin, mother and son;
fedgar, father and son;
mcedgur, mother and daughter.
To these belongs also birn, the only one which also occurs
in the Singular. barn (= land); only fedgar is masc. and
mcdgur, fem. (== tungur) Sing. medgna.
Icelandic Grammar. 4
18
Declension of Nouns with the Article.
74. In the declension of the noun with the article hit,
hinn, hin, both retain their endings unaltered, so that both
combined have a double declension. The article is thus declined :
Sing. Nom. hit hinn hin
Gen. hit hinn hina
Dat. binu hinum hinni
Acc. hins hins hinnar
Plur. Nom. hin hinir hinar
Gen. hin hina hinar
Dat. hinum
Ace. hinna.
The ἢ is continually dropped when the article is com-
pounded with a substantive ending in a short vowel, a, 7, Μ
or 7; also the -ὦ is dropped after every polysyllabic word end-
ing in -7.
75. The Substantives when compounded drop the m of the
Dative Plural, they end therefore in τι, whilst the Article drops -hz.
First Order.
Sing. Nom. hjarta-t (heart) andi-nn (spirit) gata-n (road)
Gen. bjarta-t anda-nn gilu-na
Dat. hjarta-nu anda-num gitu-nnil
Acc. hjarta-ns anda-ns gétu-nnar
Plur. Nom. hjértu-n andar-nir giétur-nar
Gen. hjértu-n anda-na gitur-nar
Dat. bjortu-num déndu-num gétu-num
Ace. hjartna-nna; = anda-nna; gatna-nna.
76. It must be borne in mind with respect to the Genitive
and Dat. of the 254 Order where the ¢ in the Dat. of masc.
subst. is wanting, they do not like to take the ¢ of the Article
either, as:
dreingr-inn, dreingnum; dalrinn, dalnum.
But those which can take an ὦ keep it, as: fsinum, better
than fisnum; stdédlinum (Snorr- Edda 114) better than
stélnum.
19
77. Second Order.
N. M. F,
Sing. Nom. skip-it (ship) konungr-inn (king) eign-in (property)
Gen. skip-it konung-in eign-ina
Dat. skipi-nu konungi-num eign-inni
Acc. skips-ins = kontings-ins eignar-innar.
Plur. Nom. skip-in konungar-nir eignir-nar
Gen. skip-in kontnga-na eignir-nar
Dat. skipu-num = kontingu-num eignu-num
Acc. skipa-nna; konunga-nna; elgna-nna.
78. The rf before a vowel is read over with it and loses
its half sound, as: silf-rit, malm-rinn, fjs5-rin.
79. All the contracted and irregular forms remain as they
are, as:
degi-num, katlinum, salu-nni, dlnar-innar;
> retains its half-sound before τ, as: bend?- -nir, fingf-na.
Only madf (65) adds in the Nom. Plur. -ir. and in the Gen.
-t, therefore: mennir-nir (rarely menninnir) mMenni-na.
80. The monosyllabic feminine often expels the hi of the
Article in the Gen. Sing. as:
for-na, instead of fir-ina, griéfna inst. of gréf-ina
(Snorra-Edda, S. 138); reid-na for reid-ina; hidna
for hudina (Snorra-Edda 144).
81. In case the substantive be a monosyllable, ending in
a long vowel or double sound (Tvelyd) the ¢ of the article is
retained if the word remains monosyllabic, but it is left out
if the word becomes trisyllabic as:
skrd-in, skrd-na, skrd-nnl;
ey-in, ey-na, ey-nni (thus also eyju-nni 66).
82. Third Order.
N. M. F.
Sing. Nom. kne-it (knee) kjilr-inn (keel) bdk-in (book)
Gen. kne-it kjél-inn bék-ina
Dat. kne-nu ~ kili-num bék-inni
Acc. knes-ins kjalar-ins bokar-innar
Plur. Nom. kne-in kilir-nir beekr-nar
Gen. kne-in kjolu-na beekr-nar
Dat. kaja-num kjélu-num béku-num
_ Ace. knja-nna; kjala-nna;} boka-nna.
98
20
84. The more modern form (γὸ διοΟΓ treyt is yet found
yn good manuscripts.
84. On the whole the irregularities before the article re-
main as in the second Order, as: mysnar, dyrnar, or in
the Gen. Nom. dyrrin; but one says brynnar, with two,
not three πὶ (Snorra-Edda 50).
Il. Adjectives.
85. The Adjective agrees much with the noun, but by no
means in so perfect an order as in Greek or latin.
Joined to the Article, which precedes the adjective, it
makes an imperfect declension, which is termed the ,, definite
form‘, resembling the first order of the noun, only that its
plural is much simpler as it always ends in w, leaving to the
article its further definition. Without an article the adjective
has quite a different and perfect declension, which is termed
the ,, indefinite form‘: resembling the closed form of the noun in
its second declension. For there is no Adj. in which the Plur.
n. g. ends in -e, or the m. g. Gen. Plur. in -u, or the f. g.
Plur. in ΓΤ. This is the more primitive form and has therefore
the precedent.
Both forms distinguish three genders, and they resemble
therefore the six classes of the declension of the Noun.
86. As a complete Paradigm may serve spakt:
Indefinite Form.
N M F
Stng. Nom. spak-t (wise) spak-? spok
Gen. spak-t spak-an spak-a
Dat. spdk-u spok-um spak-ri
ti
Ace. spaks spak-rar
Plur. Nom. spik spak-ir spak-ar
Gen. spik spak-a spak-ar
a Al
Dat. spokum
Ace. spakra.
21
Definite Form.
Sing. Nom. spaka spaki spaka
Gren. Dat. Acc. spaka spaka spdku
Le /e
Plur. Nom. Gen. spoku
Dat. spéku or spékum
Ace. spoku.
87. Although the Adjective has but one declension there
are several varieties to be observed which occur through the
joining of the final syllable with the root.
If the last radical letter be 3 preceded by a vowel or
a diphthong, it absorbs in the ἢ. g. with ¢ to ¢ as:
glatt, gladr, gléd — glossy, bright;
breitt, breidr, breid — broad;
in one case, the accent is lost, namely in
gott, géur, g69 (good).
If a Consonant precedes, the 5 is altogether dropped:
hart, hardr, hérd (hard) — sagt, sagdr, stgd (said)
haft, hafS?, hofd (clever).
The same in dissyllabic words, if a vowel precedes:
kallat, kalladr, kollud;
lagit, lagidr, lagidé (for kalladt, lagidt).
Also d behind a consonant as:
vant, vands, vind (difficult) — selt, seldr, 8614;
geymt, geymor, geymd.
gladt, gladdr, glidd (glad) — breidt, breidd?,
breidd (broad) — medt, meddr, medd (tired).
If the word ends in {ΐ, no further ¢ is added in the n. g. but
the form becomes similar to the feminine, as:
sett, settr, sett — met, metti, mett.
In weaker consonants the gender may part as: latt, lattr,
l6tt, nor can it be distinguished in the ἢ. g. from a similar
word with single ¢, as:
datt, lat®, lot (lazy) — hvatt, hvattr, hvétt and
hvatt, hvatr, hvit (hasty).
88. The Adjectives, the root of which end in an accented
vowel, deviate in so far that they double the - in the n. g.,
the -r in the ἢ g. in the terminations -ri and -rar, the -ra
in the Acc. Plur., and often the -s in ἢ. and τη. g. Acc.Sing. as:
22
pratt, prar, pra, prass, prassar, prarra;
audselt, audser, audse (clear).
mjétt, mjér, mj6 (delicate, narrow) — trutt, trur,
tru (true).
nytt, nyr, ny, nyss etc. (new). .
Those with -d are sometimes contracted if followed by a or u,
which are swallowed up by 4d, as:
bla for δ]άυ — blan for bldan — blam for blaum.
Likewise in the definite form, as:
hinn grdai, Gen. hinn gra, Dat. hinum gra, Ace, hins
gra. The contracted forms belong to the modern Icelandic
and are scarcely written in old Manuscripts. The ancient lan-
guage therefore sometimes inserts f (or v) to escape the con-
traction, as:
hatt, har, had (hight) — m. g. Gen. hafan, Dat. hafun,
hdfom (or hdm); def. form hafa, hafi, hafa, hafu.
mjéfa, mjofan, mjéfum; def. form mjofa, mjéfi etc.
The word nytt inserts 7 before all vowels, with the exception
of ἡ, 85: nyju, nyjan.
89. Some Adjectives insert.j or » behind the last conso-
nant, without altering the declension, these resemble the
nouns in 57 and 58,
dikkt (dodkt) dokk?, dékk (dark);
Plur. diékk, dékkvir (décqvir) dékkvar;
Def. form: dikkva, dékkvi, djkkva. :
The only Adjective which inserts 7 correctly is:
᾿ mitt, midr, mid — therefore:
midjan, midja, midju, midjum, midri.
The Dat. Plur. scarcely happens in the n. 8. where it would be
mid, midir, midjar; in the other cases it is:
mid, midja, midjar, midjum, midra; the definite
form is wanting.
In some words the last radical letter of which is g or k,
an j is sometimes inserted before a or wu, as:
fregt, fregr, freg; Gen. fregan or fregjan; Dat.
fregum or fregjum.
sekr, sekan or sekjan.
. 90. Monosyllables ending in r after a long vowel or diph-
thong are regular, as:
bert, ber-r, fer-t, fer-r, fer.
29
The masculine termination -Ἴ is dropped in modern icelandic,
as the pronunciation has changed and the m. g. and f. g.
have become the same in the Nom.
Those words whose vowels are short, and have therefore
a double 7, drop one r in the n. g., before -t and before the
termination to satisfy the orthography as three r’s ought not to
appear; but such words retain the double r in the n. g. Nom.;
as otherwise the vowels would be Jong and the root deformed.
As: purt, purr, purr (dry); kyrt, kyrr, kyrr (still).
Those ending in s, agree with this rule, as: laust, lauss,
laus (free); particularly as a diphthong precedes; but hvast,
hvass, hvdss (not hviés) because the vowel is short.
In one word with a double s the vowel is accented in the
n. g. aS: Vist, VISS, VISS.
91. If a Consonant precedes the last radical letter 7, it
changes before -t and s into 7 (halfsound), never into ur; but
into r before a vowel and the terminations in -7t, rar, ra, one
of the 7 is dropped, as a double r behind a consonant cannot
be pronounced. The following example will prove the force
of these observations:
Sing. Nom. fagrt fagr [ὑσὶ (for fogr-u)
Gen. fagrt fagran fagra
Dat. fogru fogrum fagri (for fagrri)
Ne, “πα
Acc. fagrs fagrar (for fagrrar)
Plur. Nom. fogr fagrir fagrar
Gen. fogr fagra fagrar
Dat. fogrum
Ace. fagra (for fagrra)
Definite Form.
Nom. fagra fagri fagra
Gen. fagra; fagra ; fogru.
92. Words whose characteristic letter (Kjenderbogstav) 1s
ὦ behind a double vowel, or, if dissyllabic, stands after any
vowel, change it in the termination of r into W (39) as:
heilt, heill, heil and in f. g. Dat. heilli, Acc. heil-
lar, Plur. Acc. heilla;
gamalt, gamall, gimul, Dat. gamalli, Ace. gamallar
Plur. Acc. gamalla; thus also:
pagalt or pigult, pigull, pigul etc.
24
Before terminations, beginning with a vowel, contractions occur
as: gamlan, gamla, gimlu, gsmlum. Def. Form gamla,
gamli etc., but: heimilt or heimult does not contract.
Folt, félr, fl, does not contract its dr into UW, being a
monosyllable with a simple vowel.
93. In two words the / is dropped in the Neuter before
the characteristic letters ¢, 5, except in a different declension in
the m. g. Gen.; it is declined
litid, litill, litil, Gen. τη. g. litinn (for lftiln) f. g.
litla, Dat. litlu, litlum, litilli ete.
It will be observed that the vowel loses its accent, as soon as
a concussion of consonants occurs. Writing litid for litit
is for euphony’s sake, which occurs in the best manuscripts ;
namely the changing of this ¢ into 6, as soon as the word re-
ceives ¢ in the beginning, therefore ritad, but bakat etc.
The second word is mikit, mikill, mikil, Gen. mikit,
mikinn, mikla, Dat. miklu etc,
94. Those whose characteristic letter is m after a diph-
thong, or dissyllables, followed by a vowel, contract the x with
r into nn (39) as:
vent, venn, ven, Gen. vent, venan, vena; Dat.
venu, venum, venni and in f. g. 40. vennar, Plur.
Acc. venna.
Dissyllables deviate besides in m. g. Gen. by contraction
if the termination begins with a vowel, as:
Singular Nom. heidit heidinn heidin
Gen. heidit heidinn heidna
Dat. heidnu heidnum heidinni
Acc. heidins heidinnar
Plural Nom. heidin heidnir heidnar
Gen. heidin heidna heidnar
Nee, pe”
Dat. heidnum
Ace. heidinna
Def. Form Nom. heidna; heidni; heidna etc.
95. In this manner are declined all regular participles of
the closed Order of Verbs (which remain monosyllabic in the
Dat.) as: radit, radin, radin; gefit, gefinn, gefin;
tekit, tekinn, tekin etc.; also several of the 3° order of
the first chief Class (with modification of vowel) barit, har-
25
inn, barin. But these terminations stand in reality for -it,
-t6r, 13 a change of pronunciation in accordance with the
oldest danish language; they shorten with the radical letter
so that ¢ is dropped and 6 is hardened into d or ¢, in words
the characteristic letter of which is a hard Consonant as:
bart, bardr, bird; tamt, tamdr, tomd; vakt,
vaktr, vokt.
In this manner we find in some of these words a double
or triple form, of which the contracted one is the oldest; those
in tt, inn, tm are modern Icelandic. — The words of double
form receive the general mixed declension after the euphony, 85:
Sing. Nom. vakit (wakened) vakinn vakin
Gen. vakit vakinn vakta
Dat. voktu voktum vakinni
ed
Ace. vakins ‘ _yakinnar
Plural Nom. vakin vaktir vaktar
Gen. vakin vakta vaktar
Dat. viktum
. Ace. vakinna
Def. Form Nom, vakta vakti vakta etc.
As a proof of the real use of contractions by the ancients,
we cite:
kraft (Fms. 4,122 and 176) paktr (Fms. 2,305; but,
pakidr, Grimnism. 9) dult, (Islindingas. 2,243) ;
huldr (Snorra-Edda S. 136), skilt (Fms. 6,220).
The modern forms are:
krafit, pakinn, dulit, hulinn, skilit.
96. There is another kind of words which contracts as:
audigt, rig-t, Plur. audug, audgir, audgar;
-malugt, malgir; dflugr, Oflgir etc., but it is rare and
not irregular. Heilagt, -lagr, -lig contracts in the short-
ened forms ef into 6, Plur. heilig, helgir, helgar, def.
Form helga, hel gi, helga. The root lJ is accented in the
n. g. flit, ile, ill, and sann contracts nn with ¢ into tt:
satt, ΒΔ ΠΗ, βὅπη; allt, allr, 611 wants the def. form,
because it is definite in itself,
97. Compound Adjectives in a are not declinable as:
einskipa (Fms. 7,123), sundrskila (Fms. 11,131). But
there are some, in which the gender is distinguished by the
20
ancients in the Nom. In the m. g. in -ἰ, f. g. in -α as: sam-
medSri (Fms. 6,50), forvitri, forvitra (Fms. 6,56) also:
Urviti (Fms. 7,158), πὶ 4] ὁ δ᾽ (Faereyjingas S. 218), fulltidi
(Egilss. S. 185.)
The Comparison of Adjectives.
98. The Comparative is formed in Icelandic by:
-ara (neut), ari (masc.), art (fem.), (kalda-ra, colder; har-
da-ra, harder); which takes the place of the a in the definite
form. The form Sing. and all genders of the Plur. retain ¢
everywhere (rarely Dat. in -wm) as: spaka, Comparative:
spakara
Neut. Masc. Fem.
Sing. Nom. spakara spakari spakari
Gen. Dat. Acc. spakara spakara spakari
eh
Plur. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. spakari
99. The Superlative is formed by adding to the root
-ast, astr, ust, and is thus declined:
Neut. Masc. Fem.
Indef. form Nom. spakast spakastr spikust
Gen. spakast spakastan spakasta etc.
Def. form Nom. spakasta spakasti spakasta
Gen. spakasta spakasta spikustu etc.
Those which shorten in the Posit., also do so in the other
degrees, if the same cause exists, namely: that the termination
begins with a vowel, as:
audgara, audgari, audgast, audgastr, audgust etc.
100. There is however in many cases a shorter manner of
formation for these degrees, namely by dropping the final -a
and adding for the Comparative -ra, -rt, -ri, and for the Super-
lative -st, -str, -st. The modification of vowels which requires
-r takes place (see 33. 34). Φ
hit fagra fegra -ἴ fegrst fegrstr fegrst
— laga legra -ri legst legstr legst, lowest
— ldnga leingra -ri leingst _leingstr leingst, longest
or langa lengra -ri lengst _lengsti lengst
hit praungva preingra -ri preingst -str -st, closest
or préngva prengra -ri prengst -sti π-ϑί, narrowest
27
hit stéra stoerra -ri stoerst -str -st greatest
— unga yngra -ri yngst -str ὠ -st youngest
— punna pynnra -ri pynnst -str = -st thinnest
— djupa dypra_ -ri dypst -str = -st deepest
— dyra dyrra -τ αἀγτβὶ = sti -st dearest
— vena; vepna -ri; venst -sti ὠ ὠ -st. prettiest.
The word mjétt, mjér, mj6, small, hit τὴ] ὁ ἃ does not
modify the vowel, although it takes the shorter termination
mjérra, mj6st.
101. Some form their degrees in both manners, thus we
meet with:
djupara, djapari, djupast, -astr, -ust
the shorter form almost always belongs to the old language.
Several take the shorter form in the Comparative and the
jJonger one in the Superlative, as:
seint, seinna, seinast,
selt, sella, 88 1881;
nytt, nyrra, nyjast.
102. The following are quite irregular:
géda, gott, hit géda betra bezt-a_ best
illt — illa .
vant _— yanda } verra verst-a worst
mikit — mikla meira mest-a greatest
litid — litla minna minnst-a least
mart (margr, mérg) fleira flest *) most
. . ellra ellst-a .
gamalt; ---- gamla; { eldra; εἰσί ἃ: eldest ;
103. Some Compar. and superl. are formed from adverbs,
prepos. and subst. and have therefore no positive, as:
(nordr) nyrdra ὦ nordast, nyrdst, northmost
(aust?) eystra austast eastmost
(sudr) sydra sydst (syanst) southmost
(vestr) vestra vestast westmost
(fram) fremra fremst foremost
{aptr) eptra aptast, epzt aftermost
(tt) ylra yzt outmost
(inn) innra innst inmost
*) This is not used definitely except in the plural: hin mérgu,
hinir fleiri, hinar flestu mostly used by the moderns.
(of) | efra efzt : highest
(nid?) nedra nedst nethermost
(for) fyrra fyrst first
(sid) sidara sidast latest
(heldr) heldra helzt ratherest
(adr) edra edst erst
(fjarni) (firr) first farthest
(na-) (ner, nerr) nest nearest.
Fremra and sidara, have a regular positive, with different
significations :
framt, framf, from, excellent, valiant (poetically);
sitt, sidr, sid, shallow, flat.
104. Adjectives which have no positive, receive no com-
parisons, as allt (96) and those ending in -t, or -α (97) as
well as the Pres. part. pass. in -andi. But these words can
yet be increased or decreased by means of the adverbs:
meir, mest, or heldr, helzt, or: minn?f (midr),
minnst (minzt), s{dr, sizt.
111. Pronouns.
105. The first two personal pronouns have a dual, which
is commonly used as the plural, whilst the latter only occurs
Sing. 1. person 2. person 3. person
Nom. ek (eg) pa —
Gen. mik (mig) pik (pig) sik (sig)
Dat. mer per ser
Acc. min pin sin
, omen aN,
Dual = Plural Dual Ριωραὶ Plural
Nom. vit (vid) ver pit per —
Gen. okkr Oss ykkr γῆν sik (sig)
Dat. okkr oss ykkr sy ser
Acc. okkar var ; ykkar ydvar sin
The third person has neither Nom. nor Plural which are replaced
by the defin. pron. pat, sa, si, which is thus declined:
Nom. hann hon (hin)
Gen. hann hana
Dat. hanum (om) henni
Acc. hans hennar.
29
106. From the Accusative of the personal pronoun, are
formed seven possessive pronouns:
of the 1* person Sing. mitt minn min (mine)
Y -
- - 2 pitt pin pin (thine)
- - gf - © - © sitt sinn sin (his)
- - 1% - Dual okkart okkarr okkur (your)
- - Qrd - - ykkart ykkarr ykkur
- - 1" - ~ Plural vart varr var
- - Qe - - ydvart ydvarr your
The three first are declined like the article (74) only they
receive a double ¢ in the Neutr. and an accent, when an ἢ
follows the 7, as: mins, mins, minnar. The four last
pronouns are declined like indefinite adjectives, but they only
take » (instead of an) in the Gen. Mase. as: okkarn (not
okkran), varn (not varan) etc., but the two syllabic
ones contract as usual, Dat. okkru, okkrum, okkarri.
107. The demonstrative Pronoun is irregular: -
pat, 84, su, that; petta, pessi, bessi, this;
hinn, hin, that, the other; declined thus:
Sing. Nom. pat sd st petta pessi _pessi
Gen. pat pann pa petta penna pessa
Dat. pvi peim peirri —pessu pessum bessi (-arri)
Acc. pess bess peirrar pessa pessa _ pessar(-arrar)
Plur. Nom. pau peir per bessi pessir pessar
Gen. pau pa per ; pessi pessa _pessar.
Nee, τα eeu,
Dat. peim pessum
Ace. peirra pessarra.
and the article hit, hinn, hin (74) which very frequently
drops the hk and forms in it, inn, in, or even et, enn, en.
These are all used as dem. pronoun, but the ¢ is doubled in
the ἢ. g. as hitt, hinn, hin, nor is the h dropped or the
e added, as its pronunciation sounds purer and more emphatic.
108. Relative and interrogative pronouns, are with the
exception of er and sem, the same, as:
hvart (hvort), hvarr, hvar, which of the two
hvert, hverr, hver, which of many
hvilikt, what like, of what kind = —
both declined as the indef. Adjectiv; only that they take in the
90
m. g. Gen. n instead οἱ -an; and hvert inserts 7, when the
ending begins with the vowels @ or u, as:
Gen. hvert, hvern, hverja;
Dat. hverju, hverjum, hverni.
The Skalds use in m. g. Gen. hverjan, every one.
Declension of hvort (hvdrt):
Neut. Mase. Fem. Neut. Mase. Fem.
Sing. Nom. hvort hvorr hvor hvert hverr hver
Acc. hvort hvorn hvora hvert hverjan hverja
Dat. bvoru hvorum hvorri hverju hverjum hverri
Gen. hvors hvors hvorrar hvers hvers —hverrar
Plur. Nom. hvor hvorir hvorar hver hverir hverjar
Acc. hvor hvora hvorar hver hverja_ hverjar
Dat. bvorum bvorum hvorum hverjum hverjum hverjum
Gen. hvorra hvorra hvorra hverra hverra _ hverra.
109. There is also in the old norsk language a separate
form for the interrogative pronoun what; it is thus declined:
Neuter g. Common g.
Sing. lhvat hverr (hvarr)
hvat hvern (hvarn)
hvi hveim
hvess hvess ;
in common speech vhat is only used a as pron. and hvi, as
an Adjective.
110. The indefinite Pronoun is partly primitive, partly de-
rived from other interr. pron. Primitive is:
eitt, einn, ein, one, each one, alone; sometimes it is
declined like vent (94) except that πὸ in ἢ. g. takes tt, and
that the Gen. m. g. has a double form as:
einn and einan.
111. Annat (aliud, alterum, secundum) the one, the se—
cond, another,
has a very irregular declension, thus:
Sing. Nom. annat annarr énnur
Gen. annat annan adra
Dat. sdru 6drum annarri
Acc. annars annars annarrar
91
Plur. Nom. snnur adrir adrar
Gen. Snnur adra adrar
Dat. vdrum
Ace. annarra.
It wants the definite form, and retains the indefinite; although
it stands before the article
112. Bedi, both, is only used in the Plural:
Nom. bedi badir bdadar
Gen. bedi bada badar
Dat. badum baédum badum
Acc. beggja beggja beggja.
113. The most important of the derivatives are:
hvartveggja, hvarrtveggi, hvartveggja, each one
of two; both parts are declined: hvart (like 108) and tveggja
like an adj. in defin. form, therefore in Plural:
hvartveggju, hvarirtveggju, hvarartveggju etc.
Annapvart, annarrhvarr, snnurhvar, one of
two, one part of many parts, has also a double declension,
particularly in the Sing.; in the newer language the last part
is mixed with hvert, and is therefore generally met with an
inserted j, as:
sdruhverju for 6druhvaru etc.
We also find: [other
hvart (or hvat) annat, hvarr annan, hvar adra, each
and hvert annat, hverr annan, hver adra
or in Plur. hvert ὅπη, hverr adra, hver adrar
in this case it is not compounded.
Hvarigt, hvarigr (or hvarugt etc.), hvarig (none
of the two, no part of the other) is declined like an Adjective
indefinite form.
Sitthvat, or sitthvart, sinnhvarr, sinhvar (each
his own, each one’s) is used divided, but sitt stands first. More
frequently one meets:
sitthvert, sinnhverr etc. as: beir lita sinn { vher-
ja att, each looks to his own side.
114. Without reference to two, is used:
eitthvat (Germ. etwas) some, or:
eitthvert, einnhverr, einhver.
92
115. Nokkut (danish noget) any, is contracted from
nak and hvert, hvat or hvart, in which ve or va is con-
tracted into τ; this has many forms, of which we give the old-
est and most correct one.
Sing. Nom. nakkvart — nakkvarr nékkur or nokkor
Gen. nakkvart nakkvaru nakkvara or nokkora
Dat. nokkuru ndkkurum _ nakkvarri
Sa, _ ,......ν....ὕ0..θὲθὕ......
Ace. nakkvars nakkvarrar
Plur. Nom. nikkur nakkvarir nakkvarar
Gen. nikkur nakkvara pakkvanar
we
Dat. nékkurum
Acc. nakkvarra.
In ἢ. g. also nakkvat, if derived from hvat, Dat. nékkvi
Sometimes nékkut, nobkkurr, ndkkur,
and often nokkut, nokkurr, nokkur,
which has been adopted in the modern language. The two
last forms are also abridged by the moderns as:
Dat. nokkru, nokkrum, nokkurri
116. The negative pronoun is a compound of eitt, einn,
ein and the negative termination -gi, -kt, which also takes
many irregular forms; the oldest and most correct seem to be:
Sing. Nom- ekki (for eitki) eingi eingi
Gen. ekki eingan (eingi) einga
Dat. eingu (einugi) eingum eingri
Acc. eingis einkis einskis . eingrar
Plur. Nom. eingi eingir elngar
Gen. eingi einga eingar
,_ eee ¢
Dat. eingum
Acc. eingra
The syllable eing is often found contracted into eng;
thus in the Gen.: engan, enga; and this eng changes with
ὅπῃ, as: 6ngan, nga; or with an inserted v
as: Ongvan, Sngva,
Dat. bngu, Sngum, Sngri,
or even: Ongarri, Acc. Sngarrar, it also lengthens into
aung, 88: aungan, aunga, or aungvan, aungva.
But in n. g. and m. g. Acc. occur the changes of et,
or ὦ in the chief syllable, not 6nkis, aunskis or others.
Cardinal Numbers.
one eitt, einn, ein;
two tvau (ivd), tveir, tvar;
three prji, prir, prjar;
four fjdgur, fjérir, fjorar;
five fimm;
6 sex;
7 sjau (sjd) ;
8 atta;
9 nfu;
10 thu;
11 ellifu;
12 tolf;
13 prettan;
14 fjértan; .
15 fimtan;
16 sextan;
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
50
90
ἀϊ]άῃ ;
nitjan ;
tultugu ;
pryatiu ;
forutiu ;
fimtiu ;
sextiu;
Altatiu ;
niulfiu;
saul jan (seytjan) ;
tultugu ok eitt etc.;
sjautiu (sjotiu) ;
38
117. Numerals.
Ordinal Numbers.
the first fyrsta, -i, -a;
- second annat, annarr, dnnur;
- third pridja, pridi, pridja;
A'b fidrda, -i, -a;
5} fimta, -i, -a;
6" sélta, (sjdtta) ;
7.8 sjaunda, sjonda(sjiunda)
8" atta (Attunda);
9" niunda;
10. tiunda;
11“ ellifta;
12" télfta;
13" prettanda;
14" fjortdnda ;
15" fimtdnda;
16" sextdnda;
17™ sautjdnda (seytjdnda) ;
18" dijanda;
19" nityénda;
20" tuttugasta ;
21" tuttugasta ok fyrsta etc.
30"" pritugasta ;
40" fertugasta ;
50" fimtugasta ;
60"" sextugasta ;
70" sjautugasta (sj¥tugasta) ;
80" dttatugasta;
90" nitugasta;
hundrad, tiutiu;
110 hundrad ok tid, ellifutiu ;
120 ἢ. ok tuttugu, stért h.;
200 tvau hundrad etc.
100
100" hundradasta ;
110" hundradasta ok tiunda;
120" ἢ. ok tuttugasta;
200" tvau hundradasta ;
1000 pdsund.
118. The four
1000" pusundasta.
first of the numeral pron. are declined.
ἘΠῚ (see 110), the others in the Plural thus:
tvau
tvau
Plural Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Icelandic Grammar.
— e e
tveim (tveimr)
tveir tver
{νὰ ἴν
ρη]ύ so prir = pryér
pjra μυ)]ὰ pryjdr
prim (primr)
tveggija. priggja.
3
94
4
Plural Nom. fjigur ἢότνρ ἤόγαγ
Gen. fyigur fjéra fjérar
’ Ne, παπππαπμαπουνι».,"
Dat. f}érum
Ace. fjogurra.
119. Those compounded with -tiu, have often another form
in -tigir, -tigt as: prjdtigir, prjatigi, but are not further
declined, as: prjdtigi ok fimm drum — Landn. pag. 2, still
more visible in the noun tigr (tugr, tog?r, togr), Plur.
tigir, as: sex tigir, Sverriss. pag. 230 and atta tigir, Hk.
3,357. — Hundra®é is a regular noun (55). The ancients al-
most always reckoned by the great hundred (120) so that
halft hundrad counted for 60 etc. Pusund (pdshund-
ra6) is irregular (62).
120. From the ordinal Numbers are formed, those ending
in -tugt, tug? , -tug (-togt or tdgt),
and -rett, -redr, -red, as:
the 25} part: tvitugt, tugT, tug; the St* part: dttroett, -reedr, -red ;
- 3" - pritugt; gt - πίοι;
4* -ὀ fertugt; - 10" - tireett;
- 5% - fimtugt; - 11" - ellifurcett;
- 6" - sextugt; - 12" - olfreett.
- 7 - — sjautugt (sjétugt) ;
The half is expressed by: halft, halff, half, as: half-
pritugt, halffertogr etc. which points out that 5 has been
deducted from the last ten, thus:
halffertogr — 35, halfattred? == 75.
The Verb.
121. Verbs are divided like the substantives into two chief
orders the 1" or open, with the vowel in its termination;
2" or closed, with a consonant.
The first bas more than one syllable in the Imperfect, the
second is monosyllabic.
The open order is subdivided into 3 classes:
1° Cl. has three syllables in the Imperfect, with vowel a,
2. Cl. has two syllables in the Imperfect, with vowel ὦ,
9 Cl. has two syllables with change or modification of vowel
3D
(it has in the 1" person us, but seems originally to have had
the vowel 1).
The closed order has two manners of inflection.
i* Cl. the one in which the change of vowel takes place
in the Indicative and Conjunctive of the Imperfect; the Part.
takes the same vowel of the main syllable as the present tense.
254 Cl. contains the modification of the vowel of the Im-
perfect in the Part. with some exceptions.
Each of these two conjugations is subdivided in three
classes according to the modification of the vowel of the Im-
perfect. There are therefore altogether 9 Conjugations in which
every regular and irregular verb is included.
122. The following table will show the distinctive feature
of each:
1. Open @rder.
1° Form.
Pres. Indic. imperfect. Sup.
15 Class ek eila etlada etlat
2 - - μοῦ = heyrda_sheyrt
37% - - βργγ spurdéa _— spurt.
ll. Closed @rder.
2-4 Form.
1** Class ek drep drep drap drepit
Q¢ - - red τάδ rd radit
3¢ - - dreg drag dré dregit.
3° Form.
15 Class ek renn rann Pl. runnum runnit
Qn itl leit - fitum = 1itid
34% - - byS baud - budum βοδιί.
123. It must be borne in mind, that the Indicative and
Conjunctive distinguish the Present and Imperfect, the Impe-
rative is only used in the Present.
The Infinitive and Participle are only single forms, but
they are both declined like nouns,
The Supine is the Participle in n. g.
The Participles end generally in -st, in the oldest lan-
guage in sk (an abbreviation of stk).
3*
80
124, i* @pen Order.
I* Form.
kalla, to call; brenna, to burn; telja, to tell.
1" Class. 2.4 Class. 34 Class.
Indicative Active.
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla brenni tel
2. bd kallar brennir telr
3. hann kallar brennir telr
Plur. 1. ver kéllum brennum teljum
2. per kallit brennit telit
3. peir kalla brenna telja
Imp. Sing. 1. ek kallada (i) brenda (i) _talda (i)
2. pa kalladir brendir taldir
3. hann kalladi brendi taldi
Plur. 1. ver kélludum brendum téldum
2. per kélludut brendut téldut
| 3. peir kélludu brendu toldu
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing. 1. ek kalla (i) brenna (i) _telja (teli)
2. pu kallir brennir telir
3. hann kalli brenni teli
Plur. 1. ver kallim brennim telim
2. ber kallit brennit telit
3. peir kalli brenni tell
Imp. Sing. 1. ek kalladi (a) brendi (a) __ teldi (a)
2. bu kalladir brendir teldir
3. hann kalladi brendi teldi
Plur. 1. ver kalladim brendim teldim
2. ber kalladit brendit teldit
3. peir kalladi brendi teldi
Imp. Sing. 2. kalla (-du) brenn (-du) tel (-du)
Plur. 1. kollum (ver) brennum teljum
2. kallit (per) brennit telit
Infinitive at kalla brenna telja
Part. kallanda, i brennanda, i teljanda, i
Sup. kallat. brent. talit (talt).
Indicative
Pres. Sing.
Plur.
Imp. Sing.
Plur.
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing.
Plur.
Imp. Sing.
Plur.
hnp. Sing.
Plur.
Infinitive
Part.
Sup. Pass.
1* Class.
Passive,
1. kallast brennist
2. kallast brennist
3. kallast brennist
1. kollumst brennumst
2. kallizt brennizt
3. kallast. brennast.
1. kalladist brendist
2. kalladist brendist
3. kalladist brendist
1. kélludumst brendumst
2. killuduzt brenduzt
3. kolludust. brendust.
1. kallist brennist
2. kallist brennist
3. kallist brennist
1. kallimst brennimst
2. kallizt brennizt
3. kallist. brennist.
1. kalladist brendist
2. kalladist brendist
3. kalladist brendist
1. kalladimst brendimst
2. kalladizt brendizt
3. kalladist. brendist.
2. kallast-u brend-u
1. kollumst (ver) brennumst
2. kallizt (per). brennizt.
at kallast. brennast.
(kallandist). (brennadist).
kallazt. brenzt
37
2° Class. 3°* Class.
telst
telst
telst
teljumst
telizt
teljast.
taldist
taldist
taldist
téldumst
tolduzt
tuldust.
telist
telist
telist
telimst
telizt
telist.
teldist
teldist
teldist
teldimst
teldizt
teldist.
telst-u
teljumst
telizt.
teljast.
(teljamdist).
talizt (talzt).
125. Many of the personal terminations are unsettled, we
have taken as the regular one those which have most claim
The i* Person Pres. has sometimes 7, and
to be called so.
becomes alike to the 2°' and 3” Person, as:
ek kallar, ek brennir, ek telr,
98
but the frequent and best use, as well as contractions, show
the r to be spurious as
kallag, brennig, telk, for kalla ek etc.,
hyggig, hykk for hygg ek etc.
126. It is more correct to end the 1" Pers. of the Im-
perfect in -a, than in -t, for the preceding part of the verb
has always those vowels which harmonize with @ and not with
i, except when ¢ in the Present has been substituted by deri-
vation and runs in every tense through the entire word, as
brenni, from brann.
127. The 15 Pers. of the Conj. Present is also more
correctly ended in a than ὦ, but both are frequently used, and
good manuscripts prefer in certain cases the -ἴ.
Abbreviations like hug dak (Lodbrkv. 24) munak (Snorra
kK. 35) also prove the termination -a.
The 1* Person Plural has -¢m, in harmony with the other
termination, and by a general use of the ancients; in the mo-
dern language this person has been changed into -wm as the
Indicative (kéillum, brennum, teljum).
128. The 1" Pers. of the Conj. Imp. has sometimes -a
instead of ὦ in ancient writers, chiefly used by the Skalds;
but it is less correct considering the vowel of the chief syllable.
It is therefore less correct to say vekba ek than vekti ek
bebaek - bedi ek
(Snorra KE. 97) except the third person be taken, which could
perhaps be placed in the 15 pers., as is done in the oriental
languages,
It is however always correct in the plural that the 15 pers.
should terminate in -im, the 254 in -it, although, -wm, wt, is
to be met with in more recent Mss. In all verbs, (except the
15 Class) with the modification of vowel in the principal syl-
lable, which requires the termination -#, as:
killudum, kdélludut, brendum, brendut, teldum,
teldut.
The 3 Pers, is only ‘found in w, in the modern icelandic
of the northern dialect, as:
kolludu, brendu, teldu
although these forms have crept into all Mss. The two first
persons in -wm and -wt are generally wrong, even if they ap-
pear in the Sagas or the Skalds.
99
129. It must be observed that the Imperative 15" and 954
person harmonize with the Indicative Present. The third per-
son is formed by the Conjunctive, as: Nj. 67:
kéllum karl enn skegglausa!
and Sverriss. S. 185:
Tynom Birkibeinum!
beri Sverrir hlut verra! ete.
130. In reflective verbs the 15 Person Plur. -umst, is often
seen, also in the 15" Pers. Sing. as:
eigi berjumst ek (Fms. 6, 25),
ek hugdumst (Snorra E. 97).
131. The terminations of the Plural drop in the 1* Pers.
-m, in the 2" Pers. -¢ (5) if immediately followed by a pronoun,
particularly in the Imperative, as:
megu ver, megu pit (Nj. 17),
fdru ver! fari her!
132. The 1% Class is very regular. Words which have no
πα in the principal syllable take naturally no modification, as:
ek skipa, ver skipum, ek skipada, ver skipudum,
not even those which have 6, change it into a, although the
—u termin., which seems to have occasioned the 6 in the prin-
cipal syllable, is dropped and terminates in -a, as:
ek fjitra, ver fjétrum, ek fjdtrada, ver fj0trudum,
fjotrat.
133. The other class has some irregularities, occasioned
by the vowel -7 in the Imperfect and Part., which is dropped
af the consonant is the same as the root. The ancients make
it single, where it was double as:
byggi bygda bygt -gor -g
hnykki hnykta hnykt -ktr -kt
kippi kipta kipt -ptr -pt
kenni kenda kent -dr -d
stemmi stemda stemt -dr -d
hvessi hvesta hvest -tr -ἰ.
134. The termination is still more influenced by the con-
sonant of the root
~ta after p, t, k, 8,
10
-da after 6, 5 (changed into d) fl, gl, fn, gn, m,
-ὅα after f, g, r and every vowel; with another consonant
preceding ¢ is dropped behind ¢¢ or ἢ,
-d behind nd etc., 5 behind rd, as:
steypi steypta Steypt -ptr -pt
veiti veitta veitt -ttr -tt
kreeki kroekta kreekt -ktr -kt
[98] leesta lest -str -st
kembi kembda kembt -bdr -bd
reifii reidda reidt -ddr -dd
efli eflda efit “ὦ -|ά
nefni nefnda nefnt -ndr -nd
fleemi flemda flemt -mdr -md
deyfi deyfda deyft -fOr -ὄ
vigi vigda vigt -gér -ρῦ
leeri lerda lert -rér rb
pjai pjada ραῦδ --ὅὄδ -8
hitti hitta hitt -ttr οἰ
ven venta vent -tr -t
heimti heimta heimt -tr = -t
sendi senda sent -dr -d
virdi virda virt -dr -ὔ.
135. Those in -lg, -ng, receive in some Mss. -lgda, -ngda;
in others -lgda, -ngda; as fylgda, tengda (Fms. 7) —
Those in J, n receive partly -da, partly -ta, as: fell, fellda
(felda); meli, mzlta, s¥yni, syuda; reni, renta.
136. Those whose last consonant is g or k, even with
another consonant preceding, do not always drop the 7, but
change it into 7, which they retain before the terminations -a
and -u, as:
byggi, ver byggjum, pbeir byggja, at byggja,
byggjanda; likewise:
ek fylgi, ver fylgjum; ek syrgi, ver syrgjum;
ek teingi, ver teingjum; ek fylki, ver fylkjum;
ek merki, ver merkjum.
137. It will be observed that this class does not modify
the vowel, having already received the modification in the first
person (-¢), which is transmitted without regard to the ter-
mination. In some words this is not accidental; it seems as if
41
the characteristic letter should be 6: these words have other
irregularities, the most important of them are:
dugi at duga dugdka
- vaki - vaka vakta
kaupi - kaupa_ keypta
poli - pola bolda
pori - pora porda
unl - una unda
vari - vara varda
tru - triia truda
ne - na nada
lé (1) - ya léda
to have:
Indicative.
Present. Sing. 1. hefi
2. 3. hefir
Plur. 1. hifum
2. hafit
3. hafa
Imperf. Sing. 1. hafda
2. haféir
3. hafdi
Plur. 1. héfoum
2. hofsut
3. hofdu.
Imperat. Sing. 2. haf-du
Plur. 1. bdifum
2. hafid
Conj. dygii
= vekti
- keypti
- pyldi
- pyrdi
- yndi
or varada-i
Cony. trydi
- nei
- 126i
dugat
vakit -inn -in
keipt -tr -t
polat
porat
unat
varat
trdat
nad
1é6.
138. To this class belongs the auxilliary verb ,,hefi“
Conjunctive.
Present. Sing. 1. hafa
2. hafir
3. hafi
Plur. 1. hafim
2. hafit
3. δῇ
Imperf. Sing. 1. hefoi
2. hefdir
3. hefdi
Plur. 1. hefdim
2. hefdit
3. hefdi.
Infinit. at hafa
Part. hafanda, i
Sup. haft, -for, hofd.
139. Sometimes the modification of a vowel appears in
the Present:
Sing.
Plur.
1.
2. 3.
1.
vaki
vakir
vékum
2. vakit
3.
vaka ;
ne veld
ner veldr
nam (for naum) véldum
nait valdit
na (for nda); valda.
42
Veld is one of the most irregular verbs: Imperf. olli,
Cony. yili, Sup. valdit, now ollat, Infin. valda (only
olla). In the Supine differs: lifi, lifdi, lifat.
140. The third Class is monosyllabic in the Present
Sing., but takes ἃ -j before the finals in -a, -w.
In the Im-
perfect it has like the preceding -ta, -da, or da, but more
In the Part. Past. it has sometimes
regularly da after ἰ, n.
the shortened sometimes the mixed form (95).
The Imperfect
and Part. Past. has only a double modification of vowel, either
e into a, or y Into τ, as:
glep at glepja glapta glepti = glapit (glapt), to lead astray
let - letja Jlatta _ letti latt, to let
vek - vekja vakti vekti vakit, to waken
kved - kvedja kvaddi kveddi kvadt, to take leave
vel - velja νὰ veldi valit, to chose
ven - venja vanda vendi _ vanit, to wean
tem - temja tamda temdi _ tamit, to tame
kref - krefja kraféa_ kreféi — krafit (kraft), to crave
legg - leggja laggda legdi (lagit) lagt, to lay down
ber - berja_ barda_ berdi __ barit (bart), [10 smite
flyt - flytja flutta — flytti flutt, to carry
lyk - ᾿γ Δ lukta — lykti lukt, to shut to
bys - pysja_ pusta pysti pust, to rush on
ryO - ryéja_ rudda_ryddi rudt, to root out
hy! - hylja bulda_ hyldi (hult) hulit, to hide
styn - stynja stunda styndi (stunt) stunit, to groan
rym - rymja rumda rymdi runt, to roar
tygg - tyggja tugda tygdi tuggit, to chew
spyr - spyrja spurda spyrdi spurt, to ask
ly - lyja = ldda γι luit (105), to hammer.
141. Irregular in the Sup. is: hygg, hugda, hugat.
The five following do not change the vowel:
set at setja setta setti sett, to set
sel - selja selda_ 8611] ___selt, to sell
skil - skilja 514 5.14] (5{|10) skilit, to separate
vil - vilja vilda vildi viljat, to will
fly - flyja fiysa ἔἢγδι flyit, to fly.
of these vil is found in the ancient Manuscripts in the 2"¢
and 3 person: vill (for vilr) sometimes to tthe 254 person
villtu or vilt, modific. form Infin. vildu for vilja.
48
The five following have in the Present:
segi at segja saga segoi sagt, to say
pegi - pegja pagda pegdi __ pagat, 10 be silent
pykki = - pykkja potta peetti pott, το think
. . orta yrti ort to write verse
yrki yrhja yrkta yrkti yrkt to work
seki - seekja sétta setti sétt, [0 seek.
142. Some are also irregular in the Present, where they
become monosyll.; and like the Imperfect of the closed order,
they are:
ann at unna unna yoni unt, to grant
man - muna munda myndi munat, to remember
kann - kunna kunna kyoni kunnat, to be able
man = - mundu } munda { myndi wanting will, would
mun - munu mundi
skal {- a | skylda skyldi wanting shall, ought
parf - purfa purfta pyrfti purft, to be needful
4 - elga atta etti att, to own
ma - mega matta metti matt,
knd4 - knega knatta knetti (kndatt), / fo be able
veit - vita vissa Vissi vitad, to know.
A regular word unni, unta, ynti, unt must be di-
stinguished from ann. For Κα is also found knai, knada,
kn ad.
143. The irregularities in the Present consist in these
verbs, that the 1" and 3™ person are alike, the 254 receives
the termination -t or -st in words in which the principal letter
is ¢, chiefly in the word veit; the 2°‘ pers. Plur. receives in
some words -uf or -tf, the 3™ pers. Plur. often receives -u (0)
by the ancient, and -a by the modern writers, as:
Sing. 1. 3. kann skal a veit
2. kant skalt att veizt
Plur. 1. kunnum_~== skulum_—s eigum vitum
2. kunnit skulut eigut (i) — vitid (ad)
3. kunna. skulu. — eigu (a). νἱῖᾶ (u).
44
144. 115 Closed Order.
114 Form.
gefa, to give; lata, to let: fara, to fare.
1" Class. 254 Class. J Class.
Indicative ' Active.
Pres. Sing. 1. gef let fer
2. 3. gefr letr ferr
Plur. 1. gefum ldtum forum
2. gefit latid farit
3. gefa lata fara
Imp. Sing. 1. gat let for
2. gaft lézt fort
3. gaf lét for
Plur. 1. gafum létum forum
2. gafut létud férut
3. gafu. létu. féru.
Conjunctive
Pres. Sing. 1. gefa (i) lata (i) fara (i)
2. gefir latir farir
3. gefi lati fari
Plur. 1. gefim latim farim
2. gefit laid farit
3. gefi lati fari
Imp. Sing. 1. gefi (a) léti (a) foeri (a)
2. gefir létir ferir
3. gefi léti feri
Plur. 1. gefim Jétim foerim
2. gefit letid foerit
3. gefi leu feeri
Imp. Sing. 2. gef (-ὅυ) lat far
Plur. 1. gefum l4tum forum
2. gefit 14d farit
Inf. at gefa lata fara
Part. gefanda, i. latanda, i. = faranda, i.
Sup. efit. latid. farit.
Π74 Form.
brenna, to burn; gripa, to gripe; 5 Κὶ ὁ (ἃ.
1" Class. 254 Class.
Indicative Passive.
Pres. Sing. 1. brenn grip
2. 3. brennr gripr
Plur. 1. brennum gripum
2. brennit gripit
3. brenna gripa
Imp. Sing. 1. brann greip
2. brant greipt
3. brann greip
Plur. 1. brunnum gripum
2. brunnut griput
3. brunnu. gripu.
Conjunctive .
Pres. Sing. 1. brenna (i) gripa
2. brennir gripir
3. brenni gripi
Plur. 1. brennim gripim
2. brennit gripit
3. brenni gripi
Imp. Sing. 1. brynni (a) gripi (a)
2. brynnir gripir
3. brynni gripi
Plur. 1. brynnim gripim
2. brynnit gripit
3. brynni gripl
Imp. Sing. 2. brenn grip
Plur. 1. brennum gripum
2. brennit gripit
Inf. at brenna gripa
Part. brennanda, i gripanda, i
Sup. brunnit. gripit.
3? Class.
skyt
skytr
skjétum
skjotid
skjéta
skaut
skauzt
skaut
skutum
skutud
skutu.
skj6ta (i)
skjotir
skjéti
skjétim
skjotid
skj6ti
skyti (a)
skytir
skyti
skyuim
skytid
skyti
skjot
skjétum
skjotid
skjéta
skjétanda, i
skotit.
145. Asa singularity in the Conjugation of this closed Or-
der, it must be noticed that those whose principal letter is- 9,
46
take in the 252 and 3: person not -r, but in the 2" -¢, and
retain in the 3™ the termination of the first, as:
ek les, pu lest, hann les, Imp. las, Sup. lesit;
ek bles, pu blest, hann blas, Imp. blés; Sup. blasit;
ek ris, pba rist, hann ris, Imp. reis, Sup. risit;
ekfrys, pufryst, hannfrys, Imp.fraus, Sup. frosit.
No doubt this belongs to the modern icelandic language, not to
the genuine old Norsk, in which the termination was without
doubt r, contracted with s into ss:
ek eys, pu eiss (Lokagl. 4), hann eiss, ver ausum,
Imp. 168, Sup. ausit. Also:
ek vex, bu vex (not pu vert), Snorra E. 114, hann
vex, sst. ver vixum, Imp. v6x or 6x, Sup. vaxit.
The modern language applies this rule generally to those words,
whose principal letter is 7 as:
eg fer, pu ferd, hann fer, for
ek fer, puferr, hann ferr,
which is generally the rule in the ancient language.
146. The 254 form, 15‘ Class, contains some irregular
verbs, as:
ek tred at troda trad trédum tredi trodit, to tread
- kem - koma kvam kvdmum kvemi komit to come
- sef - sofa svaf svdfum svefi _ sofit, to sleep
- get - geta gat gdtum geti _getid, to beget
- get. - geta gat gdtum δῷ, getad, to talk of
- et - eta at -um eti etid, to eat
- veg - vega va -gum vegi _—vegit, to kill
- ligg - liggja la -gum legi _—legit, to lie
- pigg - piggja ba -gum pegi _— begit, to receive
- se - sja sa -m Sei séd (ϑὸ δ), to see.
For kvam etc. we find often kom-um, kemi, rarely in the
Imp. Sing. vig, lag, pag; the second person is bu vatt
(Nj. 203), not vdgt. The word se shortens, when « follows
after a, as: in the Pres. sj}4m (ver), Hk. 1, 163, and in the
Imperf. s45 (per), Nj. 8. Part. Pass. adds 7 before e or takes
the accent, as: in ἢ. g. sét (or 8ὲ δ), in m. g. sénn (Fms.
5, 249) or sédr, in f. g. sén.
147. To this class belongs also the auxiliary verb, ek
em, I am:
47
Indicative: Conjunctive: Imperative:
Pres. Sing. ek em (er) I am. se
pu ert
hann er
Plur. ver erum
per erut
peir eru.
Imp. Sing. ek var I was.
pu vart
hann var
ver varum
Plur.
per varut
peir varu
ser
se
sem
sed
se.
veri (a)
verir
veri
verim
veerit
veri.
veri
ver-tu (verir)
_ veri
verum
verit
veri.
Infinitive:
Pres. at vera
Part. veranda, i
Sup. verit
148. Some have irregular modification of the vowels in
the Supine, as:
nem at nema nam namum nemi numit
bregd - ᾿γορῦδ ὃγά brugdum ὑγγρῦϊ Ὀδγιρὄι!
ber - bera bar bdrum beri borit
sker - skera — skar skérum skeri skorit
stel - stela stal stdlum steli stolit
fal falum fell falit
fel fela 1 (f6l [ὅ]υπ) rolgit f
149. The second class has but few irregularities, these are:
heit at heita het -um -i heitid
heiti - heita het -um -i heitid
hangi - hanga hékk hengum -i _hangit
geing - gdnga gékk gengum -i = gengit
fee - fa fekk fengum -i _fengit.
150. Several belonging to this class are quite irregular in
the Imperfect:
ny nua
sny sniia
re réa
gre groa
nera -rum -ri
snera (Nj. 95) -rum -ri snGit
rera -rum -Τῇ
grera -rum -Τῷ
nuit
roit
gréit
they are conjugated according to the first form, namely 25 pers. :
In the old language we often find 6
or ey for e, in the new language ὁ, as: néra or néri, snéri,
nerir, 3™ neri etc.
etc.
The word γωδ, which is regular in the old language,
forms in the new the Imperfect with additional ὦ, ré3i.
48
151. The third Class has the following irregularities:
svardi svérdum sverdi
\ svarit, ¢0 swear
86 5 sorum seri
sver sverja {
stend standa stoS -um βίωι. stadit, to stand
sle 514 8:6 -gum slegi _slegit, to strike
fle fla fl6 -gum flegi flegit, to flay
hle hleja hlo = -gum hiegi hiegit, to laugh
dey deyja dé -gum dwgi ἀάϊϊ, to die
spy spyja spj6 -m — spuit, to spit.
In the Sing. Imperf. we find, although rarely
slég, flog, lég, dog.
The g is more frequently dropped in the Plur. of the Conj.
Imperfect, as:
sl6um, dén, hlei (Fms. 2, 152).
152. Some verbs are quite irregular in the plural of the
Imperfect, Indicative and Conjunctive, as:
vex vaxa 6x uxum yxi vaxit, to wax, grow
eyk auka 6 = jukum_—sC=s#pjykki _aukit, to increase
eys 8:8 58. 5580 [γ8] ausit, to sprinkle
hleyp hlaupa hijép hlupum_ ΠΥΡῚ _hlaupit, to run, urge
by bua bjé6 bjuggum bjyggi buit, to dwell
higg higgva hjd hjuggum hyjyggi higevit, to hew.
We also find é6xum, hljépum, but this form is spurious,
as the Conjunct. exi, hljepi is not used, but only yxi,
hlypi, which presupposes in the plur. of the Indicat. uxum,
hlupum.
153. The 15“ form of the 3" Class has also the following
᾿ς irregular verbs:
finn finna fann fundum_ fyndi fundit, to find
bind binda batt bundum byudie bundit to bind
vind vinda vatt undum =yndi _ oundit to wind
sting stinga stakk stingum styngi stungit to sting
spring springa sprakk sprungum spryng) sprungit, to split
geld gjalda galt guldum_ gyldi goldit, tobeworth, pay
skelf skjdlfa skalf skulfum skylfi skolfit, to shake
hverf hverfa hvarf hurfum γῇ horfit, ¢o diminish.
The last are regular with the exception of the accent in skjalfa,
such is also the auxilliary verb:
ek verd, at verda, vard, urdum, yrdi, ordit.
49
Most of the regular verbs have o in the first syllable of the
Sup.; only those which have n after the vowel, receive 4; also
drekk, drakk, drukkit
because kk stands here for nk or ngk (38).
154. The second class is very regular. But the Verbs in
-ig have in the Imperfect not only -eig, but also the 2™4 form
of the 2.ὁ Class in e, with a dropped g, as:
steig stiguin stigi «οἱ
sug 5188 ᾿ sté (stéum stéi) stigit.
Likewise: vik, vikja, veik or vék (Paradism. δ. 218).
155. The third class is also very regular; only a few have
8 in the Imperfect; oceasioned by a double Consonant following
it, which is pronounced hard. Some in -ng take in the first
syllable of the Sup. after a vowel wu. These ought to be added
to those which take 6 in the Imperfect; but the extension of
all vowels before -ng (34) is the reason that they generally
take -au, as:
sokk stkkva stkk sukkum sykki sekkit, to sink
st0kk stékkva stékk stukkum stykki stokkit, ¢o leap.
hrékk hroékkva brokk brukkum hbrykki hrokkit, to move quickly
sjng syngja saung singum s¥ngi sungit, | to sing
{syne syngva séng sungum ‘syngi sungit,! - ;
Thus -also slyng, slaung (Helgakv. Hundb. I. V. 33); slun-
git, and bryng, braung, prdngit, which are however
antiquated poetical words.
Auxiliary Verbs.
156. These auxiliary verbs are used to supply the wanting
tenses by periphrase; they are very simple in the Old Norsk,
and were less frequently in use than in the Danish, otherwise
they are about the same.
Future periphr. man (mun) and skal;
Future preterite. munda, skylda;
Perfect. hefi, em (er);
Pluperfect. hafda, var,
f. i. with the auxiliary verbs em and verd.
Icelandic Grammar. 4
Indicative
50
Fut. periph. ek man vera
Fut. preter.
Per fect.
Pluper fect.
Conjunctive
Fut. periph.
Fut. preter.
Per fect.
Pluper fect.
- skal vera
munda vera
skylda vera
hefi_ verit
hafda_verit
ek muna (i) vera
skula (i) vera
myndi (a) vera
skyldi (a) vera
hafa (i) verit
hefi (a) verit
Derivative Forms
Ind. Fut. per. (at) munda vera
Perfect.
Part. Perf.
skyldu vera
hafa verit
hafanda verit.
The Part. Perf. was rarely used.
157.
Indicative
Passive.
Pres. ek em (er) kalladr
Future. | -
Conjunctive
- var kalladr
man (verda) kalladr
munda (verda) kalladr
hefi verit kalladr
hafda verit kalladr
Pres. ek se kalladr
Imp.
Future.
- veri (a) kalladr
- muna (i) [verda] kalladr
ek
ek
(at)
man verda
skal verda
munva verda
skylda verda
hefi ordit
em ordinn
hafda_ ordit
var ordinn.
muna (i) verda
skula (i) verda
myndi (a) verda
skyldi (a) verda
hafa (i) ordit
se ordinn
hefdi (a) ordit
veri (a) ordinn
munda verda
skyldu verda
hafa ordit
vera ordinn
hafandi or@dit
hafandi ordinn.
talinn etc.
talinn
talinn
talinn
talinn
talinn
talinn
talinn
talinn
51
Fut. pret. - myndi (a) [verda] kalladr _talinn
Perf. - hafa (i) verit kalladr talinn
Pluperf. - hefdi (a) verit kalladr talinn
Derivative Forms
Ind. Fut. per. at vera kalladr talinn
Perf. - mundu [verda] kalladr _talinn
Pluperf. - hafa verit kalladr talinn
These periphrase forms are rarely used in the order we have
given, they are partly separated, partly transposed by inserted
words.
Skal is used in an obligatory and assured sense. After
man or skal — νοῦ ὅδ or vera is frequently left out. Vera
is used for the present time, which has begun, verda, for the
future time, which is now beginning, man and skal for the
future time, not yet begun.
158. The Passive form in -st, has also derivatives, as:
ek man kallast teljast
- munda kallast teljast
- hefi kallazt talizt
- hafda kallazt talizt etc.
V. Particles.
159. This class of words, generally not inflected, take a
comparison, they form the Comparative in -a, the Superlative
in -ast; some have shorter forms in -1, -st:
opt optar optast often
titt tidar ὀο[{δαϑὶ closely
vida vidar vidast widely
nordr nordar nordast northerly
skamt skemr skemst shortly
leingi leingr leingst long ago.
160. Some are irregular or imperfect:
vel betr bezt good
ila verr verst bad
mjok meir mest much
litt minor (midr) minnst little.
gjarna heldr helzt rather
uti utar yzt without
4*
52
inni innar innst ) within
uppi ofar (efra) ofarst (efst) up
nidri nedar nedst beneath.
The ἢ. g. of the adjective in the 1* and 2°4 degree has often
two forms with different significations as:
utar, oufstde (opposite the door, but visible),
ytra, without (out of sight),
leingr and skemr, shorter, only of time,
leingra and skemra, shorter, only of place.
The Formation of Words.
161. The formation of words, much resembles the Danish,
but it is more lively, richer and more certain. We do not
intend to enter here into a minute disquisition, but one of the
chief sources of derivation deserves attention, it is the Imper-
fect of the 2"¢ Order. From the plural are derived:
162. A) Nouns, such as:
drap, from drep, drap, drapum;
nam from ἢ ΘΠ], nam, namum;
fengr from fe, fékk, fengum;
seri from sver, 506};
hlegi from hle, hiég;
fundr from finn, fann, fundum;
sprunga from spring, sprakk, sprdngum;
hvarf from hverf, hvarf;
stig from stig, steig, stigum;
bit from bit, beit, bitum;
Saungr (séngr) from syng, saung (sing).
Sometimes there is no difference at all, and the noun
seems to be the genuine old Imperfect, as:
hragd from bregd, bra;
bod from byd, baud;
Skot from skyt, skaut.
The plural brugdum seems to be formed from bragd and
not from bra; also stigum from stig, not from steig,
bitum from bit, not from beit; budum, Conj. form bydi,
from bod, not from baud; skutum, Conj. form skyti,
53
from skot, not from skaut. Related languages show the
same, as for instance the english
I bite, bit, 1 shoot, shot, with a bit, α shot, as nouns;
such is also the german:
beisse, biss, schiesse, schoss and the nouns: Biss, Schuss.
Sometimes the German language lengthens the vowel as in
steige, stieg; biete, bot;
but even these lengthened Imperfects harmonize with the Old
Norsk nouns:
stig, bod, not steig, baud.
But transitions occur from
et into 2
au (ey) into 0 (%)
even in the old norsk formation of words, as:
veik-t — vik-na; baugr, beygi — bogi, bugr.
163. B) Adjectives which show in the Active as well as
Passive that the extention of the verb is possible. These are
so much more remarkable, as they have entirely disapeared
in the modern language, as:
drep-t, drep-r, drep, what one may kill;
nem-t, to take easily, contagious,
4-fengr, which is easily received, goes into the head, intoxicates ;
al-geng-t, (german gdng und gdbe) current, usual, from
geng, gekk, gengum;
feer-t, navigable, from fer, for;
upp- -tek- t, takeable, from tek, tok.
fleyg-t, (german fliigge) fledged, from flyg, flaug;
neyt-t, useful, from nyt, naut ete.
164. C) Verbs, which instead of the unobjective take the
active signification, or if the root were active they take the
figurative signification as:
svefi, to fall asleep, from sef, svaf, svafum;
sexti, to watch, from sit, sat, sdtum;
hengi, to hang up, from hangi, hekk, hengum;
felli, to fell, from fell, fell-um;
breyti, 10 alter, from bryt, braut;
neyti, to eat etc.
-.-“- -.--....-..-. ey
54
Syntax.
165. In the position of sentences the Old Norsk resembles
the Danish, but the definite inflection to which the ancients
paid great attention, gave them greater scope and freedom in
the composition of the sentence. — The most remarkable differ-
ence of this kind is the custom of placing the verb, particu-
larly the Imperfect, before the noun or pronoun, as:
kalladi Njall petta logvirn; —
varu { essu μά margir hifdingjar; —
ok fékst pat af;
gengu hvdrirtveggju pa; —
ri§a peir nd heim.
166. The numeral pronouns up to 29 are always added to
the noun as adjectives, whether declinable or not, as:
prir islenzkir menn; fimtdn bendr; tuttugu skip
(HK. 3, 344),
but 30 and the higher decimals govern the word in the Acc. as:
prjdtigi skipa; sextigi heidingja (Fms. 6, 61);
tiutigi manna (Fms. 7, 303).
The reason of this is, that the last part of this compound is
a noun (119) as with
hundrad as: prju hundrud nauta.
167. The Verbs frequently govern the Gen. as in other
languages, often the Dat. and Acc. Some govern two cases,
two Gen., two Dat. or Gen. and Dat., Dat. and Acc. ete.
One of these rules has such expansion that we must spe-
cify it; it is this: a number of verbs govern the Dative, showing
that a thing changes place and position, without being changed
in its own basis, as:
sny, vendi, fleygi, kasta, skyt, lypti, dreifi, sai,
styri, red etc.
Some take the Gen. in a different signification, as:
hann skaut dru til mannsins; but:
*skj6éttu manninn bann hinn mikla.
All Verbs which express a use, assistance, injury, saying etc.
govern the Dative, some of them take two Datives, as:
hann lofadi henni pvi; hon svaradi hanum ΡΥ].
55
Prepesitions.
168. The following govern the Genitive:
um (of), over umfram, before
umbverfis, round about framyfir, over
{ gegnum, through, by = framundir, against,
also a great many combinations with um, as:
ut um, out of, outside,
inn um; yfir um, { hring um (around in a ring),
and those signifying a position, as:
fyrir nordan, fyrir sunnan, fyrir ofan, fyrir ned-
an, fyrir utan, fyrir innan, alsofyrir handan dna.
169. The Dative govern:
af, of hja, by
fra, from dsamt, together with,
or, yr, ur, or, out gagnvart, above
undan, out of mét, 4 moti, i méti, against,
with some combinations, as:
ut af, upp fra, fram or, 4 undan (before),
framhja, by, over;
i gegn, against;
4 hendr, against, in opposition;
til handa, for, for the best;
also: ner, nerri, fjarri, near, yet.
170. The Accusative govern:
til, 10 millum, 4 milli, 4 medal, between
an, on, without i stad (hans), instead of (his)
utan, out of sakir (fyrir sakir)
innan, within sdkum by means of,
auk, without vegna
and the composita with megin, as:
bdédum megin, on both sides,
sdrum megin, hinum megin, on each side,
pessum megin, on this side,
dllum megin, on all sides.
171. The Genitive and Dative govern:
a, on eptir, behind
i, to, in fyrir, for
med, with undir, under
vid, with, by, against yfir, over,
56
and a great number of combinations with short, local adverbs, as:
upp a, ut i, fram med, i stadinn fyrir, inn undir,
ut yfir ete.
172. The preposition at governs three cases:
1) the Genitive in the signification ,, after‘ (obsolete),
2) the Dative in the sign. ,,to, towards“ used of things,
places and time ,,at sumri, towards summer,
3) the Acc. in the signification ,,at, in.“
173. It often happens that a preposition is found before
a noun, without governing the same; in such a case the prep.
belongs to the verb; in reading one makes a short stop between
prep. and noun. As:
sva at pegar tok of hifudit,
so that (it) straight took off the head.
174. The preposition is often found behind the verb in
relative sentences, chiefly where the demonstr. pronoun is not
declined, as:
Sverrir kontingr hafdi vidsét pessi snéru,
er peir etludu hann 4 veida.
The king Sverrir had seen the cord
with which they thought to catch him.
The prepos. -¢ is accented, but forms no composite with veida,
as iveida is no word.
Prosody.
175. The old verse of the Skalds may be reduced to three
Orders; corresponding to the three manners of rhyme in which
the chief poems of the old Icelandic tongue are written.
They are all divided into sing-verses or strophes (visa,
staka) which generally contain eight lines in each verse.
These strophes are again divided into two halves (visu-
helmingr) and each of these again ‘into two parts (visu-
fjordungr) which form the fourth part of the whole strophe.
The separate lines or verses (visuord) are generally
short, the longest has but four feet, they all have the caesura.
57
176. The two lines which form the fourth part of the
strophe are without exception united by alliteration (letter-
rhyme), this is a most essential part of the Icelandic versification.
The nature of Alliteration demands that three words should occur
in these lines beginning with the same letter. One of these
three words must stand at the beginning of the second line
and is called the chief Jetter, the two others in the first line
are governed by it, these are called the sub-letters.
If the chief-letter he a compound as -sp, st elc., the sub-
letters must correspond with it, but if the chief letter be a vo-
wel or a diphthong the sub-letters may change the tone by
another vowel, as:
Stendr Angantyrs
ausinn moldu
salr { Sdmsey
sunnanverori.
177. It is net always necessary that the chief-letter stands
at the beginning of the line, in short verses it often has a
toneless word before it, indispensable for completing the sen-
tence, these are called (malfylling) ,,filling up the sentence“,
such are or, sem i etc.
178. The Assonance or Line-rhyme, consists in the oc-
currence in the same line of two syllables, the vowels of
which and the following cons. agree together. The one stands
at the beginning, the other at the end of the syllable. It is
called half-assonance when the vowels are different, and only
the consonants agree. These two kinds of the Line-rhyme
are thus divided; the first line of the quarter verse has the
half-assonance, the second has the assonance, as:
held-vild, i the first line,
veg-seg, in the second line.
179. The final rhyme is the same as in the modern lan-
guage, except that it is generally monosyllabic, and that the
two lines united by the chief-letter rhyme together, as:
Na er hersis hefnd
vid hilmi efnd,
gener ulfr ok orn
of Ynglings burn.
180. Quantity is not observed, as all syllables may be long.
The freeest and oldest kind of verse is the (fornyrBalag)
58
speechverse; it has four long syllables, sometimes two with em-
phasis, and if the verse permits it is followed by some short ones.
The example of § 176 is quite regular without short syllables.
181. The Heroic-poems (drottve28i) generally have the
end-rhyme and the syllabic-rhyme. Regular lines, each with
six long syllables, or three spondees, of which the two first
change with dactyls. This is the verse used in most of the
Sagas. It must be observed, that one meets sometimes a syl-
lable in the oldest verses of this kind, before the chief-letter,
which cannot be looked upon as ,,malfylling“, but which
belongs. to the verse to give it the right lenght, as:
sdttadu hrafn i hausti
of hre- solli gjalla
--- ao — ----- - ὄν
182. The Songs (rinhenda) have also regular lines but
they have both syllabic and final rhymes. The shortest verse
of four syllables also has sometimes a syllable before the chief-
letter, for the reason given, as:
vid hilmi éfnd.
Jon Olafsen, who has written a treatise ,,on the old Icelandic
Poetry‘ expresses the same opinion on pag. 68.
A single short syllable is frequently found in the verse.
PART IL
The Old Norsk Poetry and the Sagas.
Iceland was formerly looked upon as the ultima Thule
of Virgil; it received the greater part of its population from
Norway, where it first became known between the years 860
—870 through the skandinavian navigators Nadd-Odd, Gar-
dar and Fleke. The last one called it Iceland in conse-
quence of the masses of drift-ice which he found in all its
creeks.
The first settler was the Norweian Ingolf (870) who
fled to the iceland with his retinue and relations from King
Harald Harfager who after having subdued the other petty
kings of Norway, obtained supreme power by levelling taxes on
all the freeholds of the nobles, whom he in reality reduced
to tenants, and all those who would not submit to this usurped
authority, emigrated to Iceland, and thus within 60 years the
habitable shoreland of the isle was taken possession of.
As most of these emigrants were the freest and noblest
men of Norway, some of royal descent, others from the flower
of the aristocracy, they continued their old mode of life in
their new home, and Iceland became an aristocratic republic.
They brought with them their language, the Old Dansk, their
rites of heathen worship and their civil institutions. The ground
work of their political life was chiefly Ulfilot’s (927), who
established a system of law and created the ,,Althing“ a national
parliament, composed of all the freeholders of the island, which
held its meetings every year for 14 days on the great plain of
the Thingvalla to discuss the interests of the land.
Besides this general meeting, there were instituted since 962
60
a number of smaller Things* for the various districts of the
island, to which was added A. D. 1004 through Njal a superior
court of justice. Christianity, already introduced by some of
the early settlers, was legally established in 1000, and with it
came the knowledge of the latin language and literature, in-
deed poetry and science found ground ready to receive them
on these shores, and both poetry and historic sagas where al-
ready more widely cultivated here than in other parts of the
germanic north.
It is no wonder that in this remote region a literary life
began and literary treasures were kept and reared, whilst the
whole of northern Europe was nothing but a bloody battlefield.
These noble Norsemen had brought with them a beautiful lan-
guage, diamond-hard, pure as crvstal and golden tinted, in
which the Edda Songs were written. We call it the Icelandic
or Old Norsk tongue, but the Old Icelanders called it the
»ddnsk tinga och norreena tunga.“
It was once the common language of all the tribes of the
germanic north, spoken in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The
Farée, Orkney and Hebrides Islands, and transplanted by the
Danes into England. This tongue is still spoken, with some
modifications, in Iceland and the Farde Islands, it has kept up
its ancient type, partly from the naturally secluded position of
the island, partly because of its finished literature. In Den-
mark itself, it underwent a process of degeneration by the mix-
ture with the Anglo-Saxon and German, through the influence
of latin and at last by the french, so that it is scarcely possible
now to trace in the Danish language, the once powerful,
harmonious, full-sounding Norrena-tongue. Thus it is that
since the beginning of the 14 Century, the contrast of the
old-norsk or icelandic tongue (islendska tunga) and the modern
danish and swedish language has become visible. **
It is interesting to enquire how these rich treasures of
ancient lore were preserved in this remote island. A great
quantity of Sagas matter was collected in Iceland from the very
first, not only did the emigrants bring with them the great
national Sagas of the Norwegians, Swedes and Danes, but also
*) Thing in Icelandic means, a meeting or assize, Court of Justice.
**) Koeppen’s Literar. Einleitang in die Nordische Mythologie; one
of the best books on icelandic literature and Mythology.
Dietrich’s Altnordisches Lesebuch, with Introduction on the Old
Norsk Literature.
61
the Sagas οἵ the tribes and the local traditions from every part
of Scandinavia; besides a number of Sagas from the other
countries which they continually visited in their numerous
travels by sea and land. The nobles brought with them their
own family Sagas from the remotest times, and they were also
the keepers of the Old Sagas of Gods and Heroes, with the
latter of whom their own families were often connected by
tradition. Hence this incredibly rich mine of poetry and history,
of mythology and superstition in Iceland. Moreover the nobles,
from the old houses of Yaguis or Skidld, remained in their
northern seats, without any other occupation than the care of
their property, there was little agriculture and that was left to
their servants. The national feasts, and the Things, and also
disputes and wars occasionally interrupted their solitude, other-
wise their days glided away evenly enough. Ennui drove the
nobles partly to travel, partly to study and writing, and thus
they became poets and historians, and created this rich icelandic
jiterature which we possess.
The Skalds.
» the early dawn of literature Ὁ) in Europe was almost every-
where else marked by an awkward attempt to copy the classi-
cal models of Greece and Rome. In Iceland, an independent
literature grew up, flourished, and was brought to a certain
degree of perfection before the revival of learning in the South
of Europe. This island was not converted to Christianity until
the end of the tenth century, when the national literature,
which still remained in oral tradition, was full blown and ready
to be committed to a written form. With the Romish religion,
latin letters where introduced; but instead of being used, as
elsewhere, to write a dead language, they were adopted by
the learned men of Iceland to mark the sounds, which had been
befure expressed by the Runic characters. The ancient language
of the North was thus preserved in Iceland, whilst it ceased to
be cultivated as a wrilten, and soon became extinct as a spoken
Janguage, in the parent countries of Scandinavia.“
The Skalds or poets were the Minnesingers of the North,
they preserved poetry, mythology and history in the verses
----.-. =
*) Wheaton’s History of the Northmen pag. 49. — an interesting
work for the early history of the Danes and Normans.
62
which they recited. As early as the 10} Century these ice-
lJandic Skalds where known far and near. We find them at
all the northern courts, where they occupy a distinguished po-
sition in the trains of kings, whose companions and chroniclers
they were ,,who liberally rewarded their genius (see Wheaton)
,and sometimes entered the lists with them in trials of skill
yin their own art. A constant intercourse was kept up by
»the Icelanders with the parent country, and the Skalds were
ον sort of travelling minstrels, going continually from one North-
ern country to another. A regular succession of this order
of men was perpetuated, and a list of 230 in number, of those
who were most distinguished in the three Northern kingdoms,
»from the reign of Ragnar Lodbrok to Valdemar II is
» preserved in the Icelandic language, among whom are several
crowned heads and distinguished warriors of the heroic age.
» the famous king, Ragnar Lodbrok, his queen Aslég or
»Aslauga, and his adventurous sons, who distinguished them-
»selves by their maritime incursions into France and England
»in the ninth century, were all Skalds. A sacred character
»,was attached to this calling. The Skalds performed the office
,of ambassadors between hostile tribes, like the heralds of an-
cient Greece and of thé Roman fecial law. Such was the
,estimation in which this order of men was held, that they
Often married the daughters of princes, and one remarkable
»instance occurs of a Skald, who was raised to the vacant
,Jutish throne, on the decease of Frode IJ, in the fourth Cen-
»tury of the Christian era.“
In such a position the Skalds accompanied the king in
their raids and to the battle field, they were present in the
banqueting hall and in the hot fight, continually collecting ma-
terials for new Songs, Sagas and Tales; and at last when they
were worn out and tired of life, they returned to their home
in Iceland, frequently covered with renown and with riches,
to tell their friends and countrymen of the foreign countries
they had visited and of their own exploits. The Skalds therefore
much more resemble the knightly Troubadours of the Middle ages
than the Indian Bramahs, or the celtic Druids. They could sing
of fights and battles and deaths, which they had personally wit-
nessed, they could sing of the Sea with its charms and dangers
because they had Jed a daring Vikinglife and had steered the
»»Steed of the sea‘‘; through storms and tempests. They could
sing of the bliss of the Gods and Einheriar, because they
63
had partaken of kingly hospitality and feasts, the prototype of
which was Valhall.
The Skalds obtained their highest position at the time of
Eric, the bloody axe, Hacon the Good, Harald and Ha-
con Jarl.
The most celebrated Skalds of that period were: Egil
Skallagrimson, Kormak Augmundarson, Einar Hel-
gason Skalaglam, EilifGudrunarson, Guttorm Sin-
dri, Glum Geirason etc., but they were all surpassed by the
Norweian Eyvind, the great-grand child of Harald Haar-
schiéns, who received the proud name of Skaldaspillir (the
annihilator of the Skalds). Even the Icelanders acknowledged him
and sent him a costly present (Harald-Grafelds-Saga c. 18).*)
,,As there were female warriors (Wheaton), or Amazons
»in the heroic age of the North, so there were female Skalds
90 poetesses, whose lays sometimes breathed the harsh notes
»of war and celebrated the achievements of conquering heroes,
,and at others sung the prophetic mysteries of religion.
» thus we perceive how the flowers of poetry sprung up
»and bloomed amidst eternal ice and snows. The arts of peace
» were successfully cultivated by the free and independent Ice-
»landers. Their Arctic isle was not warmed by a Grecian sun,
but their hearts glowed with the fire of freedom. The natural
, divisions of the country by ice-bergs and lava streams, insu-
,lated the people from each other, and the inhabitants of each
valley and each hamlet formed, as it were, an independent
community. These were again reunited in the general na-
tional assembly of the Althing, which might not be unaptly
yplikened to the Amphyctionic council or Olympic games, where
all the tribes of the nation convened to offer up the com-
»m@on rites of their religion, to decide their mutual differences,
»and to listen to the lays of the Skald, which commemorated
»the exploits of their ancestors.‘
A collection of these early remains of old Scandinavian
poetry will be found in the Poetic or Elder Edda, the prose
in the Younger Edda and the Sagas, the Njdla, the
Heimskringla, the Konungsskuggsjd, and the Land-
ndmab6ok.**)
*) A Catalogue of the most celebrated icelandic skalds (Skaldatal)
will be found in Worm’s Literat. Run, and in Peringskidld’s Edi-
tion of the Heimskringla.
**) See Bosworth’s Scandin. Literat. with specimens of the va-
64
Indeed the Icelandic literature begins with the compilation
of the Poetic Edda in 1056 and ends in the 14‘ Century.
The Edda.
In the year 1643 the Bishop of Skalholt Bry njulf Svend-
sen found amongst other Manuscripts, a very old Membran
which contained icelandic poems, he had it copied and added
to the title with his own hand ,,.Edda Semundar hins
Fréda‘ Edda of Simund the Wise. The old Manuscript
was sent to Copenhagen and is now to be found there ia the
Royal Library. It seems to have been written in the 14'* Cen-
tury and although not quite perfect, is the chief codex of the
Edda.
This Poetic Edda is one of the most incomparable works
of the human race, no people have noted down their heathen
belief in so innocent a manner and with such freshness of
colour as the Icelanders. These Songs are the ancient Relics
of Antiquity, and are for the Scandinavian Nations, what Homer
and Hesiod combined are for Ancient Greece. It is the thoroughly
eriginal and national poetic monument of the Northern Nations.
-The Songs of this Edda consist of the Sagas of Gods and
Heroes. Edda means ,,proavia‘t the great grand mother,*
who tells to her numerous grand children the history and tales
of their forefathers.
The Songs of the Edda are mythologic or heroic -epic,
they are of so remote a period, that it is not likely they were
written in Iceland, it is much more probable that they were
brought over to Iceland by the old Noble families in whose
keeping they were preserved, and it is the proud distinction
of the Icelanders that to their intelligence we are indebted for
these, the most precious relics of the germanic races.
Wheaton says: **) ,,About. two centuries and a half after
the first settlement of Iceland by the Norwegians the learned
»men of that remote island began to collect and reduce to
writing these traditional poems and histories. Semund Sig-
rious northern Dialects; Mallet’s Northern Antiquities. English (trans-
lations of the Edda by S. Cottle (mythol. songs only) and by Thorpe.
*) Halderson explains: ,,Modir heilir ein. amma 6nnur, edda
hin pridia.“« (Moder is called the one [in the first degree] grand mother
the second, Edda or the great, grand mother; the third).
**) Northmen page 59.
65
,fussen, an ecclesiastic, who was born in Iceland in 1056
»,and pursued his classical studies in the universities of Ger-
»many and France, first collected and arranged the book of
songs relating to the mythology and history of the ancient
» North, which is called the poetic, or elder Edda. Various
»and contradictory opinions have been maintained as to the
ymanner in which this collection was made by Semund, who
first gave it to the world. Some suppose that he merely
gathered the Runic manuscripts of the different poems, and
5transcribed them in Latin characters. Others maintain that
»he took them from the mouths of different Skalds, living in
»his day, and first reduced them to writing, they having been
previously, preserved and handed down by oral tradition
»merely. But the most probable conjecture seems to be, that
»he collected some of this fragmentary poetry from cotem-
»porary Skalds and other parts from manuscripts written after
»the introduction of Christianity and Latin letters into Iceland,
» which have since been lost, and merely added one song of
»his own composition the Sélar Ljéd, or Carmen-Solare of
»4 moral and Christian religious tendency, so as thereby to
consecrate and leaven, as it were, the whole mass of paganism.“
The Edda contains I* Songs of the Gods, and [15 Songs
of the Heroes. Vélu-spa (the oracle of vald, the seer) tells
of the creation of the World, and the Gods and People who
dwell in it. The Seer has heard of the doings in this world
from her instructors, the primeval giants, and she is acquainted
with nine heavens, she also knows the future.
The entire poem is most prophetic and remarkable.
Grimnis-mal, the Song of Grimnir, in which he de-
scribes the twelve dwellings of the Gods and the splendour of
Valhalla. °
The Vafprudnis-mal, Odinn undertakes to visit a
wise and powerful giant and to question him on the World,
the Gods and the Giants. The giant gives his replies and
shows his knowledge, but from the tenour of the last question
he guesses that the visitor who has drawn his secrets from him
is the powerful God himself.
The Sélar-1liéd, the song of the sun, as we have al-
ready seen is a christian song, interwoven with old mytholo-
gical fancies. ,
Besides these four most important songs, the following are
of a very remarkable kind, in which the old poetry has a tinge
Icelandic Grammar. 5
66
of divine lore, namely: the Skirnisfér, Vegtamskvida,
Harbardsliod, Hymiskvida and the Prymskvida.
The most important of the Songs of the Heroes are
the Vilundarkvida, the two Songs of Helgakvida, the
songs of Sigurd, Tafnismal and Sigrdrifumal.
The Epic contents of some of these Songs are maintained
by Jac. Grimm, to have been gathered from the german
forefathers, and that the Scandinavians have saved these tutonic
remains; these poems are of an epic grandeur, and a truly
homeric power, which give them the foremost position in the
Edda.
Schools were formed in Iceland in the eleventh Century,
and being far distant from Rome, enjoyed much liberty and
national formation. The Bishops were elected by the Althing,
the schools were not only established in the Monasteries but
also in private houses.
The Bishop of Skalholt introduced writing in 1057 and
Sagas were then much collected. Without writing there were
songs and sagas in abundance, even traditional science, but
no literature. The Icelanders like other Norsemen certainly
wrote earlier in Runic Characters, but these were only used
for inscriptions in wood and stone, to express names, pedigrees
and forms of witchcraft, rarely poems.
The Runic alphabet *) , consists properly of sixteen letters,
» which are Phenician in their origin. The Northern traditions,
sagas and songs, attribute their introduction to Odin. They
»were probably brought by him into Scandinavia, but they have
»no resemblance to any of the alphabets of central Asia. All
»the ancient inscriptions to be found on the rocks and stone
»Monuments in the countries of the North, and which exist
in the greatest number near old Sigtuna and Upsala, in Swe-
,den, the former the residence of Odin, and the latter of his
successors, and the principal seat of the superstition intro-
, duced by him, are written in the Icelandic or ancient Scan-
»dinavian language, but in Runic characters.‘
The Icelanders first received the Jatin alphabet from the
missionaries, in a double form, namely from the Germans and
Anglo-Saxons. The german writing (Ménchsschrift) became
however predominant, but they retained some of the anglo-
*) Wheaton’s Norsemen 61.
67
saxon characters. — Books were created through school-know-
ledge. Young Icelanders visited Germany, England, Italy and
France to study and prepare themselves for the church; they
studied at the Universities in Oxford, Rome and Paris. Schools
were established to teach christian learning and to educate
their own clergy, Latin, Theology, reading, writing and sing-
ing were the branches chiefly taught.
Semund hinn frodi, Sigfusson (born 1036. d.
1133) who collected the poetry of the elder Edda had studied
at Paris and Cologne, and in the School on his property Odd
was educated ,Snorri Sturluson the author of the Chron-
icles of the Norwegian Kings from Odin downwards, and the
Prose Edda. Historical prose rose to its highest point in the
12.} and 13" Centuries when Sagas of all times and countries
were written or translated.
With the gradual fall of the political state in the begin-
ing of the 13 Century, we also find that the compositions
of the Sagas become less numerous; the 14 Century only fur-
nished translations, fictions, fairy tales and Annals, and even
these ceased to be created at the end of the Century, when
Iceland was visited by diseases and plagues.
Poetry ef the Skalds.
We find in the 12 Century the most celebrated of the
historical Skalds to be:
Marcus Skeggson, Ivar Ingemundson at the nor-
wegian court, the priest Einarr Skulason court poet, from
1114 with Sigurd in Norway. He wrote poems on Sven, king
of Denmark to whom he went in 1151. In the time of king
Sverrer (1177—1202) the following are the most distinguished
Skalds: Hallr Snorrason, Mani, Blackr, Porbisrn,
Skackaskald, and the young Snorri Sturluson.
In the first part of the 13" Century Liot, Héskuld
the blind, Jatgeir, Snorri, Jarl Gizur, and chiefly Olaf
hvita skald pordarson (d. 1259) the author of the Knyt-
lingasaga and of many poems on king Waldemar of Den-
mark and Hakon VI of Norway were much esteemed. His
brother Sturla hinn frodi (d. 1284) wrote the histories of
Hakon VI and Magnus VII. In the 12" Century we already find
in the Icelandic and Norwegian Sagas a number of folk songs
ΒΥ
68
(Volkslieder) interspersed. Saxo Grammaticus often quotes
these songs as authorities.
Prose writing rose high in the 12“ Century, historical
events were frequently written down, and although the man-
ner in which they were composed, was unfinished, yet an
artistic form is visible in the narrative of events and in the
treatment of the subjects generally. Real history of which the
father is Ari hinn frodi who wrote a Chronicle of Iceland,
and the Landndmabok is treated too much in the character
of dry statistics and genealogy and is much in want of general
survey and enlarged handling. It is only when we come to
Snorri and bis nephews Olaf and Sturla that descriptive
history becomes more finished and personal dialogues infuses
life into the historical pages. Both Sweden and Norway have
taken part in collecting and writing down their old laws and
privileges, but we are only indebted to the industry and in-
telligence of the Icelanders for having preserved to us the tra-
ditions of their common Hero Sagas, to which we look as the
real history of those remote ages. Without these Sagas there
would be a great blank in northern history for several Centuries.
The Sagas.
The ancient literature of the North‘ says Wheaton, ,,was
not confined to the poetical art. The Skald recited the
y praises of King and heroes in verse, whilst the Saga-man re-
called the memory of the past in prose narratives. The talent
for story-telling, as well as that of poetical invention, was
cultivated and highly improved by practice. The prince’s hall,
»the assembly of the people, the solemn feasts of sacrifice, all
»»presented occasions for the exercise of this delightful art. The
»memory of past transactions was thus handed down from age
οἷο age in an unbroken chain of tradition, and the ancient
songs and Sagas were preserved until the introduction of book-
»Writing gave them a fixed and durable record.“
The great mass of Prose writing which has come down
to us, from these cold icebound shores, is truly amazing, it
contains not only the Sagas of entire tribes, but of kings, Jarls
or chiefs, skalds and other celebrities. We will mention some
of the most important
69
1“ Hero Sagas
were one of the first subjects of their prose tales. ‘In the Vol-
sungasaga we find much of the germanic and northern ele-
ment, it tells of Sigfrid’s youthful deeds, this is followed by
the Ragnarlodbrokssaga, in which is set forth how the
danish king, having lost his queen Thora, marries Sigfrid’s
daughter, whose sons become the great conquerors. Both Sa-
gas belong to the 12" or beginning of the 13" Century.
The Vilkina or Niflungasaga are based on low ger-
man poems and tales.
There are a number of sagas whose heroes are renowned
Icelanders, such as Finnbog and Gretter, Hialmter and
Olver, Hromund, Hrdi and of the swedish Herraud
and Bosi. Styrbiiérn, the Swedefighter, Gautrek King
of Westgothia, and of his son Hrolf, and the Sagas of the
Norwegian An, the bow-man, Sturlaug the industrious, Por-
stein the son of Vikings and others.
Foreign Hero-Sagas were introduced into Iceland and Nor-
way during the 13° Century through translations, chiefly by
Hakon Hakonarson and the icelandic clergy; of which
Jon Halltér, Bishop of Skalholt 1322—39 was the most
celebrated. Old British Legends are also early imported through
translations, the Bretaségur is said to have been made by
the monk Gunnlaug Leifson in Thingeyre (1218).
Many foreign sagas were transcribed by order of Hakon
VI, such as the Prophecies of Merlin, the Artursaga, the
Méttulssaga, the monk Robert, the Tristram ok Isod-
dusaga; and in the 13" Century the Alexandrasaga, and
the history of King Tyrus and Pilate, both by Brandr
Jonsson, who died Bishop of Holum in 1264. The precise time
when many of these sagas were translated is not known, as the
Trdéamannasaga and the spanish Flor and Blancheflur.
154 The Historical Sagas
were written unter the title Ségur, they contain much that
is mythic before the time of Halfdan the Black (863) but
much real history is interspersed, which is principally taken
from the pedigrees and traditions of the Nobles of the land. One
of the most important works, on the history of Iceland, chiefly
- composed from the various family histories which were then
70
in existance, is the ,, Islendingabok*“ written by Ari hinn
[τοδὶ (born 1067) which gives a general history of the colo-
nisation and events of the island, down to the beginning of
the 12“ Century, also the Landndmabok commenced by
Ari, which after many continuations was finished by Sturla
Pordarson (d. 1284) with additions by Erlauk Erlend-
son (d. 1334). It contains a complete history of the island
from the taking possession of the same to the 10" Century,
but it is full of genealogies and dry detail. — We must further
mention the excellent Fereyingasaga (12"C.) which treats
of the history of Sigmund, who introduced Christianity into the
Fard Islands. The Orkneyingasaga from the middle of
the 13" Century; the Heidarvigasaga (12 C.) which gives
an account of the battle on the Heath (1013—1015) a fearful
contest, in which entire tribes fought against each other. The
Hungurvaka (12" Cent.) treats of the first five Bishops of
Skalholt.
The Laxdelasaga (13 Cent.) is an interesting history
of the trials and adventures of a very rich norwegian woman
Auda, who fled with her father before Harald, first to Scot-
land and then to Iceland.
The Sturlungasaga (end of the 13" Cent.) is one of
the most important historical documents we possess. It begins
its narrative in 1110, and relates minutely the fate of Sturle,
the father of Snorri, and the various conflicts of his race with
other chiefs; its author was Sturla Pordssohn who was
engaged in writing it until he went on his journey to Norway
in 1164.
The Vigastyrssaga written by a noble Icelander Styr
(styled Arn grim) the “murderous fighter‘; he was at last slain,
and it was in consequence of his death, that the celebrated
battle on-the Heath was fought.
The Liotsvetninga or Reykdclasaga, written by
the rich Gudmund the powerful (d. 1025) and his sons. It
gives an account of the earliest aristocracy of the island (12' C).
The historical biographies of the icelandic Skalds are
very interesting. One of the oldest is the Gunnlaug Orm-
stunga ok Skald Rafn’s Saga from the 12" Cent. The
Saga of two poets, whose valour was widely renowned is the
Fostbredrasaga, it tells of Pormod who received his
death wound in the battle of Stiklestad, and Porgeir
who saw many a fight in Iceland, Ireland, England and Norway,
71
in the latter country he was for some time Court skald at
Olaf’s, until at last he found his end in Iceland, where he
was slain in battle.
The Kormakssaga also belongs to this remarkable kind
of Sagas, in which the battle and love adventures of these
Minnesingers and gallant blades, which they experienced in
their romantic wanderings are told.
The Heimskringla (orbis terrarum) is one of the prin-
cipal works of Iceland. It is written by Snorre Sturlason, a
man to whom his country’s history and literature are much
indebted; and who earned for himself the title of the Northern
Herodotus. A scion of one of the old noble families, he was
born in the year 1178 at Hvamm. He lived long at the Courts
of Sweden and Norway, became an Icelandic lagman and was
murdered in his castle on the 22°¢ September 1241. He was
aman of great talents, and made himself famous as a poet,
lawgiver and historian.
Snorre collected 16 Sagas on his numerous voyages, the
first of which treats of the mythic times before Halfdan the
Black, followed by the histories of all Norwegian Kings down
to Magnus Erlingsson (1162—1184). To these are add-
ed three continuations, first by Karl Jonsson Abbot of
Thingeyri (d. 1213) who wrote the minute history of King
Sverrer, followed by the histories of Hakon Sverrersson,
Guttorm Sigurdarson and Ingi Bardarson, written by
an unknown author, and lastly by Sturla, the last Skald who
wrote the life of Hakon VI and a fragment of Magnus VII.
Snorre mentions that he has not only used the poems of
the Skalds, but the Sagas of Kings which he found written,
and which he collected in his travels. The completion of the
entire work may be placed towards the year 1230.
With this remarkable book, a masterpiece of history, only
inferior to the Edda itself, closes the history of the Sagas. It
is a mine of Icelandic history and mythology, interesting alike
for its swedish and norwegian Annals, giving at the same
time historical glances at Russia.
The history of the Swedish Kings has not been treated
with originality by the Icelanders; nor has Danish history been
faithfully represented after the 12" Century. The Jomsvikin-
gasaga is the history of the renowned pirates who lived in
the Jomscastle, the terror of navigators and the coast popu-
lation, and Jarl Hakon’s taking and destruction of this Castle;
12
the Knytlingasaga records the history of Knut the Holy
(1080—1086) and his successors down to 1186. |
There are also a great number of Biblical Sagas and Old
Legends extant,- which it would be beside our sketch to
dwell upon.
Ur? The Old Law Statutes.
are of great value to the philologist, as these Old Laws and
Statutes were collected and written down by the northern Coun-
tries in their own various dialects. One of the oldest is the
Icelandic ,,Gragds‘ (Greygoose) which name was given to it
by its last editor the Lagman Gudmund Porgeirsson
(1123—1135). It commenced in 1119 on the basis of the
laws of Ulfliot in the 10" Century, but was only used until
the subjugation by Norway, since which time (1273) the Ha-
konarbok was introduced, which, having being re-edited by
Jon an icelandic Lagman (1280) was called Jonsbok.
The Icelandic Cannon -Jlaw (Kristinrettr) dates from the
year 1275.
IV™ Science.
Remains of Learning and Science are not wanting in Ice-
land, for after the introduction of Christianity, many persons -
studied abroad. Grammar, Rhetorics, Astronomy, Chronology,
Physics and Geography were cultivated by them. The study of
Grammar was an especial favourite in which Porodd became
so great that he received the name Runameistari (Gram-
maticus) but the most celebrated work is the
Younger Edda or Prose Edda.
It was first found 1628 by -Arngrim Johnson. Three
Codices are extant, two in the Copenhagen and one in the
Upsala Library. It was Snorre who contributed mainly to
the compilation of this prose Edda.
In the 14" Century the Younger Edda consisted of three
parts. The 1* contained the Myths, or the material out of
which the poetic language should be formed. The 2" Ken-
ningar, gave the forms of authority, in which the mythic
element should be adopted, and it therefore gives the Mytho-
logy of the Poetic Edda. The 3™ part contains the Skalda,
73
the rules or art of poetry adopted by the Skalds subdivided
into three classes namely 1) reading and writing, 2) speaking
correctly and 3) writing verses as the result of the entire study.
It further contains a Dictionary of poetic synonymes and the
whole art of versification, alliteration, species of verse, etc.
The ,, Konungsskuggsid4® Kingsmirror, from the 12"
Century, is a curious collection of knowledge and experience.
It contains firstly physical and geographical curiosities, secondly,
rules of life and manners to be observed in the presence of
Kings and Courts, and hence its title.
The learned industry, so long and habitually practised by
these noble Icelanders, continued during the Centuries following,
but after the introduction of the Reformation, although literary
occupations were kept up, the authors wrote in latin, much
was translated, nor did poetry entirely die out, but the power
and the lustre of its might and beauty were gone, the Saga
with its powerful poetry and its heroic elements fled, and the
old Icelandic Art was at an end for ever.*)
*) We refer the student for further information to
Mobius, T., Ueber die Altere islindische Saga. 1852.
— — Ueber die altnordische Philologie. 1864.
— — Analecta Norreena. Auswahl aus der islindischen und norwegi-
schen Literatur des Mittelalters. 1859.
These books can be had of the publisher of this Grammar as well as:
Haldorsson’s Lexicon Islandico-Latino-Danicum.
Jénsson’s Icelandic-Danish Dictionary.
Fritzner, J., Old Norwegian Dictionary.
PART IIL.
Icelandic Reader.
Sundurlausir Pankar.*)
Souderlefe Tanker.
Separated thoughts.
Icelandic: Géd bék og géd kona, lagfera margann brest,
Danish: @od Bog og gob Kone rette mangen Broft,
English: Good book and good wife mend many fault,
slem bék og slem kona skémma margt gott hjartalag, margir
{lem Bog og flem Kone fordere mangt godt Hjertelav, mange
bad book and bad wife spoil many good disposition, many
geta ekki ad δὰ 4 bddum peim, enn hvérnin per
fee ile paa anbet paa begge bem, end Hvorledes de
look not to others on both(sides) them, than how (but only to) they
eru utan ; — Fer beim μά ad kvarta yfir
ere ubdvortes. — O@pmmer bem ba at Hage over
are the outside (of things). Beseems them then to complain over
hvérnin hid innra_ seinna reynist.
hoorledes det πότε fenere proves.
how the interior later proves.**)
Heimskum verdur ad halda til géda, pd peir _ tali
DOumme bliver at holde til Gode, fiigndt be tale
Stupid must to keep to good, although they speak
nokkra heimsku, pvi bad veri hardt ad Jofa peim aldrei ad
nogen DOumbed, tht bet vere haardt at tillade dem aldrig at
some stupidity, for it were hard to allow them never to
tala eitt ord.
tale et Orb.
speak one word.
*) From Sivertsen’s Icelandic Leesbog.
**) Must be constructed thus: Most people look not to both sides,
but only to the outside of things; it behoves those who complain to
examine. both sides.
75
Correct Danish.
Tauntkef prog.
En god Bog og en god Kone forbedre mange Feil, ἐπ
flet Bog og en flem Rone forderve Mtanges gode Sindelav.
De Flefte fee fun paa Begges Udvortes. GSemmer det fig
da at flage over bvorledes Begges πότε fiden erfares? De
DOumme maa man holde det til Gode, fijgndt be tale noget
burt, ba bet vilbe vere baardt, aldrig at tillade dem at tale
et Urb.
Gatur — Gander — Riddles.
Eg er médurlaus, en hann fadir minn er madurinn minn.
Seg ev moderl[p8, men han Fader min er Wanden min.
I am motherless, but the father my is the husband my.
Fra médur lifi kom eg héfudlaus, og fétavani,
ra Wtoder-liv fom-jeqg hovedl[gs, og Foddersmanglende,
From mother’s life came 1 headless and _feetwanting,
fell eg pannin mdérgum vel, med hifdi og fétum er eg
ae jeg jaaledes mange vel, meb Hoved og Fedber er jeg
[ thus many well, with head and feet am I
tik gédur maga pinum, en pa verdur pu ad bida.
ogjaa gob = «=©Dtave din, men ba bliver bu at vente.
also good [to] stomach thy, but then must thou wait.
Hvad er bad sem i dag ekki verdur pat sama 4
vad er bet fom t-dag iffe bliver det famme i-
hat is it which to-day not becomes that same to
morgun, missir bord, rum, his, og nafnid med, en gre-
morgen, mifter Bord, Seng, Duns, og Navbnet med, men grees
morrow, loses table, bed, house and the name with but de-
tur βό ekki missirinn.
ber dog iffe Sfaden (Tabet).
plores yet not the loss.
Correct Danish:
Gaader.
Seg er moderl[gs, og min Fader er min Wegtefelle. — Cova.
Seg ev fod uden ‘Ooved og Hooder, og behager dog Mange.
76
Med Hoved og Fodder fmager jeg dig ogfaa ret godt, men faa
bu maa vente (fgrend be fomme). — Wg.
Hvad er det fom i Dag ike bliver det famme t Morgen,
forandrer Bord, Seng, Huus, og maajfe Navn, men begrader
bog εἰ Cabet? — en ταῦ.
Ν
Thales — Thales.
Merki til heimsku er ofmikil lyst til ad tala.
Merke paa Oumbed er formegen Loft til at tale.
Sign of stupidity is too-great desire to to talk.
Likamans farseld er innifalin { heilbrigdi, en salar-
Legemets Lyffalighed er indbefattet i Helbred, men Sjce-
The body’s happiness is contained in health, but the
innar 1 lerdémi.
ἴεπ8 i Lerdom (RKundffad).
soul's in knowledge.
ὃ] er innri madur.
Ol er indre Mand.
Ale is inner man.
Tyrkja-keisarinn, edur eins og pa var kallad Califen,
Chrkefeijeren eller lige fom da var falbet Galifen,
The Turks’ emperor, or as then was _ called the Calif,
Mahadi var einn af peim stiérnendum, sem véru sofandi a
Mahadi var en af δὲ Styrere, fom vare fovende paa
Mahadi was one of those rulers, who were sleeping on
kéngs-hasetinu, og feingu dagjérnum rddherrum taum-
Rongs-Hoifedet, og finge αἱαττίᾳε Raadsherrer Tem-
the king’s-highseat, and delivered avaricious councellors the rein-
haldid i hendur. ΕἸ ΒΊΩΙ μά hann a dyraveidum var ad
holdet i Henbder. CEngang da han paa Oprefangfter var at
keeping in hands. Once then he on “€ereatchings was to
(hunting)
elta steingeit, _ villtist ~hann fra fylgiurum sinum, og
forfolge Steengeed, vildedes han fra Felgere fine, 0g
(went astray) ) ; :
pursue —stonegoat strayed he from followers his, and.
71
néttin§ yfirféll hann. Pegar hann var preyttur ordinn, kom
Natten overfaldt ham. Da han var tret bleven, fom
the night overfell him. When he was tired become, came
hann i riddur, hvar hann 584 tyald eitt, wr hvdriu ara-
ban t Lund, bvor ban faae Lelt et, ubdaf bHvilfet ara-
he in clearing, where he saw tent a, from which Ara-
biskur madur kom wut, og beiddi gést sinn ad vera vel-
ἘΠ DMtand fom ud, og bad Gjeft fin at vere vel-
bic man came out, and asked guest his to be wel-
kominn. (δ) θη lét ekki 4 bera, hvérr hann veri, annad-
fommen. Galifen lob iffe merle, bvem ban var, ens
come. The Calif did not disclose, who he was, et-
hvért til pess ad sjd seinna hvérnin bénda yrdi vid, pegar
ten til det at fee fenere bvorledes Bonde ἐν fa), Da
ther in order to see later how peasant became to, when
hann feingi ad vita, hvér kominn veri, ellegar og hann
han finge at vide, boo fommen var, eller og ban
he got to know; who come was, or _ also he
etladi einusinni 4 Iffstid sinni nidta pess yndis αἱ
agtede engang paa Vivstid fin ποῦς bets ΠΕΙ͂Ν at
intended once in lifetime his enjoy that delight to
umgangast vid jafninga sinn. Medan pessi erlegi madur
omgaaes ved Ligemand fin. Wtedens denne erlige Mtand
converse with his equal. While this honest man
gitrdi allt hvad hann gat til at taka vel 4 moti komum-
gjorde alt bvabd ban funbe til at tage vel t mod Gja-
did all that he could in order to talk well against the com-
anni, spurdi Califen hann ad, hvarfyri hann byggi i
ften, f{purgte Galifen bam om, bvorfor han byggede t
er, asked the Calif him about, why he dwelled in
svoddan eydiplatsi? Padsem μόν med svo miklum rétti kallid
faadant MIpeplads? Detfom De med faa ftor Ret falder
desertplace? That which you with so great right call
eydiplats, svaradi hinn arabiski, var fyrrum fjélbyggt
beplads, foarede -hin Arabiffe var fordum tetbygget [ted
desertplace, answered the Arab, was formerly numerously inhabi-
af Arabiskum og Tyrkjaminnum, sem hifdu nég vidurveri
af Arabijfe: og Thrfe-Diend, fom havde nof Underbold
by Arabs and Turks, who had enough support
78
af kauphindlun og akuryrkju, og med dnegin guide
af jgbbandel og Agerdprining, og med Forngjelfe betalte
from trade and agriculture, and with pleasure paid
polanlegann skatt Califanum Almansor. SA ρόδι Herra lagdi
taalelig Gfat Califen Wlmanjor. Den gode Herre lagde
bearable taxes(to) theCalif Almansor. That good Lord laid
alid 4 ad stidrna sinum léndum, og gijira pegna
Olid panat τὸ fine Lande, og gjgre Unbderfaatter
diligence on to govern his countries and make subjects
sina lukkusela; en ΔΒ eptirkomara og _ nitiverandi
fine lIpffelige; men hans Gfterfommeres og nuverende
his happy; but his successors and present
stidrnara leti og hyrduleysi hefir feingid _hird-
Sthreres Dovenflab og Shadesloshedb har . givet ἀνα
rulers laziness and carelessness have delivered the coun-
stj6runum 1 hendur begna hans, svo ad vegna
ftyrerne t QOender Underfaatter bans, faa. at formedelft
giverne) Den aa ane, 1464; at i
cillors in hand subjects his, 50 that on account
peirra dgirni ru hinir tvistradir vidsvegar sem hér
beres Gjerrighed ere Hine abdfpredte vide Veie fom ber
of their avarice are the others scattered far and wide who here
bjuggu adur. Califen, sem nu i fyrsta sinni heyrdi sannleikann,
byggebde for. Galifen, fom nu ferftegang herte Gandbeden,
lived before. The Calif, who now for first time heard the truth,
firtist ekki af pvi, heldur dsetti sér ad verda adget-
prededes iffe af bet, men beftemte fig at blive opmerf-
got angry not of it, but resolved himself to be more atten-
nari { embettisskyldu sinni framveigis, en Jét ekki
fommere t Gmbeds-Pligt fin frembeles, men lod iffe
tive in office-duty his for the future, but let not
husbéndann 4 sér merkja med hvada paunkum hans
Huusbonden paa fig merfe med bvilfe Lanfer hans
the house-master (on) himself perceive with which thoughts his
sinni var uppfylit. Sd arabiski vildi gjéra komumanni til
Gind var opfylot. DOen Avabiffe vilde gipre Gjeften til
mind was upfilled. The Arab would do the comer to
goda allt hvad hann = gat, og pd undireins var
@®ode alt hoad han formaaede, og dog tillige var
good all what he could, and yet at the same time was
79
hreddur um ad hann kynni hneixla hann, dré leingi timann,
bange for at ban funne ele) bam, drog lenge Simen,
afraid for that he might scandalize him, drew long the time,
ddurenn hann taladi til bess, at hann etti eina vinfliskn,
ferend . ban talede til bets, at ban eiede en Btin-Glaffe,
before he spoke to that, that he possessed one wine-/flask,
sem hann gjarnan skyldi géfa honum ad drekka ur, ef
fom ban gjerne ffulbe give bannem at odvriffe af, derfom
which he willingly should give him to drink from, τῇ
géstur byrdi ad taka pad uppd sfna_ samvitsku, pvi eptir
@jaft turde at tage det oppaa fin Gamvittighed, thi efter
guest dared to take it upon his conscience, for after
Tyrkja-tra — er ekki leyfilegt ad drekka vin, edur neitt sem
Chries-Lro er iffe tilladeligt at driffe Viin, eller noget fom
Turks’-religion is not allowable to drink wine, or anything which
afeingt er. Califen sem var é6vanur pessum drikk, vildi
berufende er. Galifen fom var uvant denne Drif, vilbe
inebriating ts. The Calif who was unused this drink, would
nyta sér tekiferid til at nidta peirrar dnegiu, sem
πος fig eilighedet til at πρὸς bend Forngijelfes, fom
use for himself the opportunity to to enjoy that pleasure, which
honum yar vi yndislegri af pvi hun var fyribodin, og
ham var defto bebageligere af det hun var forbubden, og
him was the more delightful because she was forbidden, and
hann vissi ad sitt misbrot mundi hér ei komast upp.
han vidfte at fit Sorbrpdelfe monne her εἰ fommes op.
he knew that his crime would here not come = up.
Eptir ad hann var buinn ad drekka hid fyrsta staup, sagdi
Gfter at han var ferdig at οὐδε det forfte Steb, fagde
After that he was finished to drink the first glass, said
hann med hiru bragdi vid pann arabiska: Minn vin! eg
han med blidt Aafon ved den Arabiffe: Min Ben! jeg
he, with mild mine to the Arab: My friend! I
er einn af hirdsveinum Califans, og pu skalt ei purfa ad
ex en af Qoffvende Galifens, og pu ffal et bebgve at
am one of courtiers the Calif’s and thou shalt not need to
ydrast eptir bann greida sem pu hefir gjirt mér. Sa
fortrpbe efter ben Bevertning fom du Haver gjort mig. Oen
repent of that entertainment, which thou hast done me. The
80
arabiski Jét aptur 4 πιόϊ i té gledi og pakkle
Arabiffe lod atter imod i tee Glade og (et) Latte
Arab let again tm return joy and
fyri pessa alud, og syndi komumanni "penser
for denne Opmeert] ome, 98, ΕΝ @jeften Ὀε[ίοπιετε
for _ this the comer the more
vyrdingu. Pessi, sem sandisk vera Califans embzttismadur,
Anfeelfe. Denne, fom fagbes vere (δα επδ Embedsmand,
honour. This, who said himself be the Califs officer,
t6k fliétt til fléskunnar aptur, en vid hvort eitt staup 6x
tog fnart til Flaffens atter, men ved hvert et Steb vorte
' took quickly to the bottle again, but at every one glass increased
hans d4negja og vidfeldni. Eg vil ekki leyna pig
bans Forngijelfe og Omgengelighed. Seq vf tte {fjule (for) aig
his pleasure and _ affability. I will conceal
neinu sagdi hann vid hisbéndann, eg er "Ων sinks
noget fagbe ban ved Sunsbonden jeg er Galifens bebdfte
anything said he to the housemaster, I am the Calif’s intimate
vin, sem hann hefir mestar metur 4. Sévinskapur
Ben, fom han aver fterfte Godheder paa. Den Benffab
friend whom he has greatest goodness upon. That friendship
sem hann vyrdist at hafa til min, skal innan skamms géfa
font ban verdiges at have til mig, ffal inden Sowts give
which he appears to have for me, shall within short give
mér tekiferi at dtvega pér velgjérdir af hanns hendi.
mig (et) Leilighed at forffaffe dig Velajerninger af ang Saanbd.
me opportunity to get thee benefits from ἢ hand.
Pegar enn arabiski heyrdi petta, poktist hann οἱ négsamliga
Ha den Arabiffe herte dette, thftes han εἰ toffomt
When the Arab heard this, thought himself he not sufficiently
géta veitt gésti sinum lotningu en kysti hanns kledafald,
funne θὲ Gjeft fin Hojagtelfe men tyfte hans (en) Reedebou,
be able given quest his reverence but kissed his cloths'-seam,
og beiddi hann fyrir alla muni ad spara ei petta vin, sem
og bab bam for al Zing at fpare et dette Viin, font
and bade him by all means to spare not this wine, which
gjordi hann svo lystugann. Mahadi kom 86 betur og betur
giorde ham faa [vftig. Dtahabdi tom fig δεῦτε og δεῦτε
made him so merry. Mahadt came himself better and better
81
{i gjeti hjd vininu, svo hann purfti ekki ad taka nerri
i Wenffab hos Binet, faa han behgvede iffe at tage ner
into friendship by the wine, so that he needed not to take near
sér ad drekka pad fyri hisbéndans bén. Eg 5]6 sagdi
fig at τε bet for Huusbondens Bon. Beg feer fagde
himself to drink it for the housemaster’s request. 1 see, said
hann, ad Ol seigir allann vilja. Eg er hvdrki hirdmadur
Han, at Of figer al {|| Seger Hverfen Hoffinde
he that ale says all will. 1] am neither courtier
né einka vinur Calfifans, heldur er eg Califen sjalfur, og
eller bedfte Ben Califens, beller er jeg Galifen felv, og
nor intimate friend of the Calif’s, rather am I the Calif himself, and
nui stadfesti eg og ytreka allt pad loford, sem eg adur_hefi
niu ftadfefter jeg og gientager alt bet Lpfte, fom jeg for bar
now confirm I and repeat all that promise which I before have
gjért bér. Arabiski madurinn tok ~—strax =i kyrdum [τά
gjovt dig. Avabiffeemanden tog ftrar i Stilbed fra
amade thee. The Arab took immediately in quietness from
honum fliskuna, og etladi ad bera hana burt. Hvad ertd
Hannem Flaffen, og agtede at bere den bort. Hvad er du
him the bottle, and intended to carry her (it) away. What art thou
ad gjjra? spurdi Califen, sem hugsadi ad sd arabiski mundi
at gjigre? fpurgte Califen, fom tenfte at ben WWrabiffe monne
to do? asked the Calif, who thought that the Arab would
nu syna 86. ldngtum meiri lotningu enn ddur. Pér
nu υἱέ fig Tlangt mere Oojagtelfe end for. De
now show him far more reverence than before. You
megit vera hvirhelst sem per viljid, svaradi husbdéndinn,
maa vere boofombelft fom De vil, frarede Huusbonden,
may be whosoever which you like, answered the housemaster,
pa let eg ydur samt ekki drekka meir. Vid fyrsta staupid
da labder jeg Oem bog iffe driffe meer. Ved ferfte Stpbet
then let I you yet not drink more. At the first glass
sigdust pér vera stdérherra, og pvi gat eg vel triad;
fagdeS8 De vere Storbherre, og det funnejeg vel troet;
thou saidts you were great Lord, and that could 1 well believe;
vid pad annad vorud pér ordinn mesta uppdhald Califans,
wed bet anbdet var De bleven mefte Afhold Califens,
at the second were you become greatest favourite of the Calif’s,
Icelandic Grammar. 6
82
og pa hafdi eg βἰόγα vyrdingu fyrir ydur; vid hid pridja
0g ba havde jeg ftor Wrbgdighedb for Dem; veb det trebdie
and then had I great reverence for you; at the third
sigdust pér vera Califen sjdlfur, og pad getur skéd,
fagdeS De vere Galifen felv, og det fan ffee,
thousatdst you were the Calif himself, and that may happen
ad pad sé satt; en hett er vid, ad pér vid fjérda staupid
at pet er fandt; men farligt er ved, at De ved [τὸς Stpbet
that it be true; but danger ts to, that you at thefourth glass
segist vera okkar stéri spdmadur Mohameth, og kannské
figes were vores ftoreSpaamand Mohamed, og fanffee
say you were our great prophet Mahometh, and perhaps
vid fimta staupid almdttugur Gud; en pvi 4 eg bdgt med
ved femte Stpbet almegtige Gud; men bet ejer jeg Ondt med
at the fifth glass Almighty God; but that own I difficult with
ad tria. Mahadi hid ad pessu einfaldlega en pd ekki
at troe. Dtabadi Loe αὖ dette eenfolbige men dog iffe
to believe. Mahadi laughed at this simple but yet ποῖ
heimskuliga svari; og par vinid var farid ad stiga uppi
Dumtme Svar; og ba Binet var faret at ftige op it
stupid answer; and as the wine was begun to rise up in
hdfudid, lagdi hann sig noidur 4 dbreiduna, sem hius-
Doverel, lagde han fig ned paa Leppen, fom It1tg-
the head, laid he himself down on the coverlet, which the house-
bondinn hafdi ztlad honum til sengur wm nottina. Daginn
bonben havde agtet ham til Gengs om Natten. Dagen
master had intended (for) him as bed during the night. The day
eptir reid hann af stad, tok med sér pann arabiska, svo sem
efter reed ban affted, tog med fig den Arabiffe, faafom
after rode he away, took with him the Arab, as
leidsigumann, og gaf honum stér gijafir, begar beir komu
Ledjagelfesmand og gav ham ftore Gaver, da de fom
guide and gave him great presents, when they came
til Bagdad.
til Bagdad.
to Bagdad.
88
Utlegdarsagan.
Gédgjijrdasamur madur nokkurr dsetti sér ad audsyna
velgjirdir einum przli sinum, gaf honum pessvegna frelsi, skip
med dllum reida, og svo mikinn forda, sem négur veri til ad
leita sér lukku og frama med, i hvdériu hellst Jandi sem hann
vildi taka sér bélfestu. Pessi frelsingi for um bord, og lét ur
lagi, en skelfilegr stormur kom uppd, sem hrakti hann uppa
nokkra ey, er honum syndist vera ébygd. Nu var bann buinn
ad missa allt hvad hann atti, hjdlpdrlaus, vissi ekkert hvad af
sér mundi verda, og gat ei hugsad til seinni timanna dn skél-
fingar. Hann var einsog i poku hvad hann atti ad horfa, gékk
dfram { paunkum, edur réttara ad seigja pankaleysi, pangadtil
fyri honum vard sléttur og trodinn vegur. Med gledi héllt
hanno dfram pann veg, og sé dleingdar stéra borg, hvad ed jok
hans fégnud, svo hann hvatti sporid til ad koma pangad sem
flidtast. Hissa vard hann, pegar hann ndlgadist borgina, sa
hennar innbyggjara koma 1 hépatali 4 mdti sér, segja sig vel-
kominn med mestu blidla4tum, og ad stadarins tulkur hrépadi
harri réddu: pessi er ydar Kongur! Allir fylgdu bhonum til
borgarinnar med fégnudi og gledilatum; hann var leiddur med
mestu vidhifn og prakt { pd holl, hvar Kéngarnir véru vapnir
ad hafa sitt adsetur, var ferdur 1 purpura kdpu og dirmet
koéréna sett 4 hans hifud. Adstu hofdingjar borgarinnar séru
honum hollustu eid { alls lidsins nafni, ad peir skyldu vera
honum hlidnir, hollir, og triir, einsog beim beri vid Kong
sinn ad breyta. Sd nyi Kéngur hugsadi { fyrstunni, ad petta
allt veri ekki annad enn draumur, en af reynslunni blaut hann
ad ganga ur skugga um, ad petta var raunar einsog pad syn-
dist, svo hann { huganum vard ad spyrja sialfinn sig; hvad 4
petta ad byda? Og hvad mun 84 edsti Stidrnari allra hluta
tla sér med mig? Pessi bdnki for aldrei ur huga hans, og
Audsyna, show. horfa, apply.
Fordi, provisions. | aleingdar, from distance.
leita, search. hvatli sporid, gutckened his paces
Frami, honour. harri réddu, in a loud voice.
Bolfesta, dwelling. Adsetur, residence.
ad lata ur lagi, fo leave the dirmeetr, precious.
harbour. breyta, behave.
hrakti, drifted. hiaut, was obliged.
buinn, finished. ganga ur skugga, be convinced.
an, without. raunar, really, in fact.
θ᾽
84
loksins kom hann honum til δὰ grendslast eptir, hvornin 4 dllu
pessu βίαι. Hann kalladi pvi pann af hirdménnum sinum
fyri sig, sem optast var vanur ad vera { kringum hans per-
sénu, var hans rddaneyti, og sem af Guds forsjén syndist hafa
verid settr honum til adstodar { landstjérninni. Drdttseti!
sagdi hann: hvdérr hefur gjért mig ad ykkar Kéngi? hvorsvegna
hiyda mér allir? og hvad 4 af mér ad verda? Vitid Herra,
svaradi hirdst jérinn honum, ad innbyggendur eyar pessarar,
hafa bedid Gud ad senda beim 4 4ri hvériu pann Kong sem
sé af Adam kominn. Sd Almdattugi hefur benheirt pa, svo ad
4 ari hvériu kemur hfugad ein manneskja, allur lfdurinn tekur
med mestu vidhéfn og fognudi méti pessum manni, og setur
hann til Kéngs yfir sig; en hans rikisstjérn varir ekki leingur
enn eitt dr. Pegar 84 timi er 4 enda, pa er honum velt ur
hdsetinu, dregin af honum tignar kledin, og hann aptur fer-
dur { litilfjorliga larfa, stridsmenn, sem ekki géfa nein grid,
feera hann ofan til strandar, og kasta honum par uti skip, er
flytur hann til annarar eyar, sem af sidlfrar sinnar kostum er
hridstrug og gedalaus. Sdsem fyri nokkrum dégum var rikur
kéngur, hefur p4 hvorki Pegna né vini, en lifir par { sorg og
eymd. Lidurinn, sem laus er ordinn vid sinn gamla Kéng,
flytir sér pd ad medtaka pann nya, sem Guds forsjén drlega
sendir hingad, og petta Herra! er bad éumbreytanlega légmal,
sem ekki stendur {i ydar valdi ad raska. Vissu peir sem fyri
mig hafa verid spurdi Kéngurinn, pessi hérdu forlég? Eingum
peirra svaradi Dréttsetinn, hefir pad verid dulid, en peir hafa
ei haft négann mod og mannshug ad athuga svo sorglegar Ut-
farir, bar augu peirra hafa verid blindud af glampa Kongdz-
misins. Peir hafa lifad og ldtid einsog vellystingar og dnzegija
hafa hvatt μά til, og aldrei hugsad til ad nd stédugri lukku, eda
gjora sér berileg pau endalok, sem beir vissu sér var 6migulegt
ad umflya; peirra lukku dr leid ztid fliétara enn pb vardi, svo
éfara dagurinn kom loksins γὴν pd fyrr enn peir véru bunir, ad bua
nokkud { haginn fyri sig, ad eymd og utlegd peirra yrdi beim bzeri-
leg. Pegar Kongurinn heyrdi petti, vard hann midg ottasleginn,
sveid honum pad mest, ad mikill partur af dirmeta timanum
var til énytis lidinn; hann dsetti sér bvi ad brdka bess betur
grendslast eptir, inquire. hridstrugur, barren.
adstod, assistance. egn, subject.
Drottseti, counsellor. eymd, distress.
litilfjorlegr, mean. oéumbreytanlegr, unalterable.
larfar, rags. raska, alter.
85
pad af honum, sem eptir var. Pu vitri Drottseti! Sagdi hann
til hans, pu hefir sagt mér mitt tilkomandi fall, segdu mér
lika hvdrt medal er til ad komast klaklaust hj4 pvi? Minnist
pér, Herra! svaradi Droétisetinn, ad pér komud hingad allslaus
til eyarinnar, og athugid pa undir eins ad allt eins muni verda,
pegar bér farid hédan, og ad pér aldrei munud sia hana aptur.
Kitt emasta medal er til, ad varna pvi 6falli sem fyrir ydur
liggur, bér verdid ad senda smidi til eyarinnar, sem pér egid
ad fara til, lata byggja bdr stér vistahus, og fylla pau af dllu
sem barf til vidurlifis. Forsémid hédanaf ekkert augnablik sem
péna kann til ydar lukku og brukid 611] pau meddél sem pér
gétid upphugsad, til ad koma { veg fyri ba vesdld, sem flidtt
dynur yfir en leingi varir; allt petta. verdur ad gidrast undan-
drattarlaust pvi tidin fl¥gur, sd fastsetti timans puinktur ndlgast,
og pad er forgéfins ad etla sér ad aptur kalla pa stund sem
aflifud er; en yfir alla hluti fram, munid til pess ad 4 beim
stad, sem pbér egid til svoddan léngframa ad bia, munud pér
ekkert fyri finna nema pad, sem ber latid flytja bangad, 4 beim
stutta tima er pér egid ennu eptir. Kéngurinn féllst 4 rad
Drottseta sins, sendi strax smidi til Eyarinnar ad koma dllu
pessu i verk, hann lét gjéra eyuna ad yndisligum og gagn-
legum bustad. Loksins kom sd akvardadi dagur, kénginum
var snarad tr hasetinu, allur Koéngs-skridi af honum tekinn,
og hann hnepptur uti skip sem flutti hann i hans Utlegdarstad.
Pessi afsetti Kongur kom pdngad lukkulega, og lifdi par bedi
rélegri og dnegdari enn ddur.
ofall, disaster. vidurlifi, subsistence.
Klaklaust, without danger. undandrattarlaust, without delay.
Vistahus, store-room. langframa, for so long a time.
Af Egils-Saga.
Upphaf rikis Haralds harfagra.
Haraldr, son Halfdanar svarta, hafdi tekit arf eptir fodur
sinn; hann hafdi bess heit streingt, at lata eigi skera har sitt
ne kemba, fyrr en hann veri einvaldskonungr yfir Noregi; hann
var kalladr Haraldr ldfa.
Sidan bardist hann vid b4 kondnga, er nestir varo, ok
80
sigradi ba, og eru par langar frdsagnir. δίὔδη eignadist hann
Upplénd, padan for hann nordr { Prandheim, ok Atti bar mar-
gar orrostur, adr hann yrdi einvaldi yfir dllum Prendalégum.
Sidan ztladi hann at fara nordr { Naumudal 4 hendr beim
brozdrum Herlaugi ok Hrollaugi, er μά v4ro konungar yfir Nau-
mudal. En er peir broeedr spurdu til ferdar hans, pa gekk
Herlaugr { haug pann med télfta mann, er 4dr héfdu peir
gera l4tid, ok varo at brj4 vetr; var sidan haugrino aptriokinn.
En Hrollaugr konungr veltist or koningdémi, ok t6k upp jarls-
rétt, ok (ὁ si§an a vald Haralds konings, ok gaf upp riki sitt.
Sv4 eignadist Haraldr kondngr Naumdeelafylki ok Hélugaland;
setti hann par menn yfir riki sitt.
Sian bjést Haraldr konungr or Prandheimi med skipali3i,
ok for sudr 4 Meeri, atti bar orrostu vid Hunpjéf konung, ok
hafdi sigr; fell par Hdnpjéfr: pa eignadist Haraldr kondngr
Norémeeri ok Raumsdal.
En Sdlvi klofi, son Himpjéfs, haféi undan komizt, ok for
hann 4 Sunnmeeri til Arnvidar konungs, ok bad hann ser full-
tings, ok sagdi svd: Pott petta vandredi hafi na borit oss at
hendi, pa mun eigi ldngt til, at sama vandredi mun til yévar
koma; pviat Haraldr ztla ek at skjétt mun her koma, pa er
hann hefir alla menn prelkat ok dpjad, sem hanno vill 4 Nord-
meri ok { Raumsdal. Munu per hinn sama kost fyrir hdndum
eiga, sem ver dttum, at verja fe ydvart ok frelsi, ok kosta
partil allra Peirra manna, er ydr er lids af van, ok vil ek
bjddast til med minu lidi méti bessum ofsa ok djafnadi. En
at Odrum kosti munu per vilja taka upp Pat ra3, sem Naum-
delir gerdu, at ganga med sjalfvilja i dnaud, ok gerast prelar
Haralds. Pat pétti fodur minum sigr, at deyja { koningdémi
med scemd, heldr en gerast undirmadr annars konings 4 ga-
mals aldrt: hygg ek at ber muni ok sv4 pykja, ok sérum beim
er nokkurir ero bordi, ok kappsmenn vilja vera. Af slikum
fortélum var konungrinn fastrddinn til bess at samna lidi, ok
verja land sitt.
Bundu peir Solvi pa saman lag sitt, ok sendu ord Aud-
birni koningi, er red fyrir Firdafylki, at hann skyldi koma til
lids vid ba. En er sendimenn komu til Audbjarnar konungs,
ok Βάγια hanum pessa ordsending, pd rédst hann um vid vini
sina, ok rédu hanum bat allir, at samna lidi, ok fara til méts
vid Meri, sem hanum varo ord send til.
Audbjérn konangr Jét skera upp herdr, ok fara herbod
um allt sitt riki; hann sendi ok ord rikisménnum, ok bad pa
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koma a sinn fund. En er sendimenn kontngs komu til Kveld-
lfs, ok s6gdu banum sin erendi, ok pat at kondngr vill, at
Kveld-Ulfr komi til hans med alla huskarla sina; pd svarar
hann: Pat mun konungi skylt pykja, at ek fara med banum,
ef hann skal verja land sitt, ok se herjat { Firdafylki, en hitt
ztla ek mer alldéskylt at fara nordr 4 Meri ok berjast par, ok
verja land peirra. Er ydr pat skjétast at segja, bd er ber hittid
koning ydvarn, at Kveld-Ulfr mun heima sitja um petta her-
hlaup, ok hann mun eigi herlidi samna, ok eigi gera sina pd
heimanteré, at berjast moti Haraldi lufu; pviat ek hygg at hann
hafi par byréi gnéga hamingju, er kontogr varr hafi eigi krep-
ping fullan. Foro sendimenn heim til kontings, ok ségdu hanum
erendisluk sin, en Kveld-Ulfr sat heima at bium sinum.
Peir Porélfr ok Egill varo bann vetr med. Péri (hersi)
{ gddu yfirleti, en um varit bjuggu peir langskip mikit, ok
fengu manna til, f6ru um sumarit { Austrveg ok herjudu, fengu
par of fjdr, ok attu orrostor margar. Peir héldu til Kurlands,
ok légdu vid landsmenn halfs mdnadar frid, ok héfSu vid pa
kaupstefnu; en er bvi var lokit, pd téko peir at herja, ok logdu
at { ymsum stédum.
Einn dag légéu peir at vid ἀγόβ einn mikinn, ok var par
mirk mikil 4 land upp; peir rédu par til uppgéngu. Lidi var
skipt 1 sveitir, t6lf ménnum saman; peir gengu yfir skdéginn,
ok var μά eigi langt, 4dr en bygdin tok vid; pbeir rentu pa,
ok drapu menn, en Jidit flydi, unz peir fengu énga vidtéku.
En er 4leid daginn, pa lét Pérdlfr bldsa lidinu til ofangéngu;
sneru menn pa aptr 4 skéginn, par sem hverr var staddr. En
er beir Pérélfr rannsdkudu lidit, ba var Egill οἰφὶ ofankominn,
ok sveit hans, en pa t6k at myrkva af nétt, ok péttust menn
eigi mega leita hans. ες
Egill haféi gengit yfir ské6g nokkurn, ok 161} menn med
hanum, ok 84 per pad sléttur myklar ok bygdir. Bor einn
si63 skamt fri beim; peir stefna til beejarins, en er beir komo
par, hlaupa peir { his inn, ok verda ekki vid menn varer;
peir téko fe pat allt, er fyrir beim var, laust, par varo mérg
hus, ok dvaldist beim bar lengi.
En er peir varo utkomnir, ok fra benum, var lid komit
milli peirra ok skégarins, ok sétti pat at beim. Skidgardr var
har [τά beenum til skégarins; pd melti Egill, at peir skyldu
fylgja hanum, svd at eigi matti sllum megin at peim ganga.
Peir gerdu sv, gekk Egill fyrstr, en sf{§an hverr at sdrum,
ον ner at ekki matti skilja ba. Kudrer séttu at beim fast, ok
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mest med légum ok skotum, en gengu ekki i hdggorrostu.
En er peir Egill héldu fram med skidgardinum, fundu peir eigi
fyrr, en bar gekk annarr skidgardr jafnYramt, ok gerdist par
mjétt { milli, partil er lykkja vard 4, ok matti eigi framkomast.
Kurir sottu eptir beim { kvina, en suunr séttu utan at, ok
logdu spjétum ok sverdum { gegnum gardana, en sumir béru
kledi 4 vapn peirra. Urdu peir Egill sdérer, ok pvi nest hand-
tekner, ok aller bundner, leiddir sv4 heim til beejarins.
δά var rikr madr ok audigr, er be pann dtti; hann atti
son roskinn. Ρά var umreedt, hvat vid μά skyldi gera: sagdi
bondi, at hanum pétti pat rad, at drepinn, veri hverr 4 [ΟἿΣ
drum; bdéndason segir at pd gerdi myrkt af noétt, ok matti
enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja μά, bad hann ldta b{da morgins.
Var beim pd skotid { hus eitt, ok bundnir ramliga; Egill var
bundinn vid staf einn, bedi hendr ok fotr; sidan var husit
lest ramliga, en Kurir gingu inn { stufu, ok métudust, ok
varo allkdtir ok drukku.
Egill foerdist vid, ok treysti stafinn, til bess er upplosnadi
or gélfinu; sidan fell stafrinn, smeygdist Egill pd af stafnum.
Eptir pat leysti hann hendr sinar med ténnum; en er hendr
hans voru lausar, leysti hann bind af fotum ser. S{dan leysts
hann felaga sina; en er peir vdro aller lauser, pba leitudust
peir um, hvar likast var ut at komast. Husit var gert at vegg-
jum af timbrstokkum stérum, en { annan enda hissins var
skjaldpili flatt, hljé6pu peir parat, ok brutu pilit; var par hus
annat, er peir komo {, varo par ok timbrveggir um.
Ps heyrdu peir manna mal undir feetr ser nidr; leitudust
peir pd um, ok fundu hurd { gélfinu, luku peir bar up, var
parundir grof djap, heyrdu peir péngat manna milit. Pa
spurdi Egill hvat manna par veri. δά nefndist Aki, er vid
hann πη}. Egill spurdi ef peir vildi upp ur gréfinni; Aki
segir at peir vildu pat gjarna; sidan létu peir Egill siga festi
ofan { gréfina, pd er pbeir γάγο bundnir med, ok drégu par
upp prjé menn. Aki segir at pat varo synir hans tveir, ok
beir varo menn dansker, héféu par ordit hertekner it fyrra
sumar. Var ek, sagdi hann, vel haldinn 1 vetr, hafda ek mjék
fjarvardveizlur buanda, en sveinarner varo pbjdder ok undu peir
flla. I vdr rédu ver til, ok hlupum 4 brott, ok urdum sidan
fundner, varo ver pd her setter { grof pessa. Per mun her
kunnigt um hisaskipan, segir Egill, hvar oss er venst 4 brott
at komast. Aki sagdi at par var annat skjaldbili: brjéti per
pat upp, munu per pd koma fram { korohlédu, en ba er ut-
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βάηρα sem sjalfr vill. Peir Egill gerdu βνὰ, brutu upp pilit,
gengu sidan { hléduna, ok padan ut. Nidamyrkr var 4.
Pa maltu peir forunautar Egils, at beir skyldu skunda
4 skéginn. Egill mzlti vid Aka ef ber eru her kunnig hybyli,
44 muntu visa oss til fefanga nokkurra. Aki segir at eigi
mundi par skorta lausafe: her er lopt mikit, er béndi sefr {,
par skorter eigi vapn inni. Egill bad μά pangat fara til lopt-
sins; en er heir komo upp 4 foptridit, ba 54 peir at loptit var
opit; var bar [168 inni, ok pjénostu-menn, ok bjuggu rekkjur
manna. Egill bad bd suma titi vera, ok geta at engi kemist
ait. Egill hijép inn f loptit, greip par vapn, pvfat pau skorti
par eigi inni, drépu bar menn alla, pa er par vdro inni; peir
t6ko ser aller alvepni.
Aki gekk par til er hlemmr var { gélfpilinu, ok lauk upp,
melti at beir skyldi bar ofan génga { undirskemmuna. Peir
toko ser }jés, ok gengu pdngat; varo par fehirzlur bénda ok
griper ρόδον ok silfr mikit; t6ko men ser par byrdar, ok bdru
ut. Egill t6k undir hénd ser mjiddrekku eina vel mikla, ok
bar hana undir hendi ser. En er peir komo { skédginn, pba
nam Egill stad ok melti: pessi ferd er allill, ok eigi hermann-
lig; ver héfum stolit fe bonda, sva at hann veit ekki til, skal
oss aldregi pd skimm henda; forum nt aptr til beejarins, ok
létum pd vita hvat tftt er. Allir meltu pvf { mét, sdgdu at
peir vildu til skips.
Egill setr nidr mjdddrekkuna, sfSan hefr hann 4 ras, ok
rann til bejarins; en er hana kom til bejarins, pd 84 hann,
at pjonostusveinar gengu fra eldaskdla med skutildiska, ok baru
inn { stofuna. Egill sd at { eldahdsinu var eldr mikill, ok
katlar yfir, gekk hann pdngat til. Par hofSu verit stokkar
stérer flutter heim, ok sv4 eldar gerver, sem par er sidvenja
til, at eldinn skal leggja { stoksendann, ok brennr sva stokk-
rinn. ἘΠῚ] greip upp stokkinn, ok gekk heim til stofunnar,
ok skaut peim endanum er logadi upp undir upsina, ok sva
upp i nefrina, ok festi bar eldinn { skjétt. En vidir lau par
skamt i brott, ok bar hann pd fyrir stofudyrnar. Eldrinn las
skjétt trédvidinn, en peir er vid drykkjuna sétu; fundu eigi
fyrr, en loginn st6d inn um rafrit. Hljépo menn pa til dy-
ranna; en par var ekki greidfert ut, bedi fyrir vidunum, sva
pat at Egill vardi dyrnar, ok drap pd flesta er ut leitudu, bedi
{ dyrunum ok uti fyri.
Bondi spyrr, hverr fyrir eldinum rédi. Egill segir: s&
einn redr nd fyrir eldi, er ber mundi élikast pykja { gerkveld,
N
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ok skaltu ekki beidast at baka heitara, en ek mun kinda; skaltu
hafa mjakt bad fyrir mjika rekkjo, er μά veitter mer ok minum
forunautum. Er her od 54} sami Egill, er pa lézt fjotra, ok
binda vid stafinn i busi pvi, er per lestud vandliga: skal nu
launa per vidtokur, sem pu ert verdr. [ pvi ztlar béndi at
leynast Gt { myrkrit, en Egill var nzrstaddr, ok hjé hann pegar
banabigg, ok marga adra. En pat var svipstund ein, adr stufan
branp, sv4 at hon fell ofan; i¥ndist par mestr hluti lids pess,
er par var ἴῃ].
En Egill gekk aptr til skégarins, fann par forunauta sina,
fara pa allir saman til skips. Sagdi Egill, at mjdddrekku pa
vill hann hafa at afndamsfe, er hann fér med, en bon var
reyndar full af silfri. Peir Pérélfr urdu allfegnir, er Egill kom
ofan, héldu peir μά pegar [τά landi, er mornadi. Aki ok peir
fedgar varo i sveit Egils. Peir sigldu um sumarit, er dleid, til
Danmarkar, ok légu par enn fyri kaupskipum, ok rentu par
er peir komust vid.
Haraldr Gormsson haféi p4 tekit wid riki i Danmork,
en Gormr var pa daudr, fadir hans; landit var pa herskatt,
lagu vikingar mjég uti fyri, Danmorku. Aka var kunnigt {
Danmorku bedi 4 sj4 ok landi; spurdi Egill hann mjdg ept-
ri, hvar peir stader veri, er stér fefaung mundi fyriliggja. Eo
er beir komu { Eyrarsund, μά sagdi Aki at par var ὁ land upp
kaupstadr mikill, er hét { Lundi, sagéi at par var fevin, en
Ikligt at par mundi vera vidtaka, er bejarmenn veri. Pat
mal var uppborit fyri lidsménnum, hvdrt’ par skyldi ra3a_ til
uppgaungu eda eigi. Menn téko par allmisjafnt 4, fystu sumer
en sumer léttu, var pvi mali skotid til st?rimanna. Pérdlfr
fysti heldr uppgaungu; pa var reedt vid Egil, -hvat honum pétti
Γάδ hann kvad visu:
Upp skolum orum sverdum,
llfs-tann-litudr ! glitra;
eigum dad at drtgja
{ dal miskunn fiska.
Leiti upp til Lundar
ly3a hverr sem bradast ;
gerum par fyri setr sdélar
seid dfagran vigra.
Sidan bjuggust menn til uppgaungu, ok féro til kaupsta-
Sarins. En er bejarmenn urdu varer vid ufrid, bd stefndu
peir { mét; var bar treborg um stadinn, settu beir bar menn
til at verja; tékst bar bardagi hinon hardasti. ἘΠῚ] sétti at
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hlidinu fast med sina sveit, ok ΒΠδῚ ser litt; vard bar mikit
mannfall; pi at hverr [ὃ] um annan borgarmanna. Er sva
sagt at Egill gengi fyrstr manna { borgina, ok sidan hverr
at ddrum; sidan flyéu boejarmenn, var par manonfall mikit.
En peir Pérélfr rentu kaupstadinn, ok t6ku mikit fe, en brendu
bejinn, adr peir skildust vid. Féro sidan ofan til skipa sinna.
Af Snorre Sturlesens Heimskringla.
Saga Bakenar géda.
1. Hékon Adalsteinsf{éstri var bd 4 Englandi, er hann
spurdi andlét Haralds konungs fddur sins; bjést hann ba pegar
til ferdar: (ἀκ Adalsteinn konungr hanom lid, ok gédan ski-
pakost, ok bj6 hans for allvegliga; ok kom hann um _haustit
til Noregs. Ρά spurdi hann fall bredra sinna, ok pat med
at Eirikr kondngr var δά { Vikinni: sigldi μά Hakon nor@r til
Prandheims, ok fér 4 fund Sigurdar Hladajarls, er allra spekinga
var mestr i Noregi, ok fékk par gédar vidtékur, ok bundo peir
lag sitt saman; hét Hakon hanom miklo riki, ef hann yrdi
konungr. 4 léto peir stefna ping fjélmennt, ok 4 pingino
taladi Sigurdr jarl af hendi Haékonar, ok baud béndom hann
til konings. Eptir pat st6d Hdkon sjdlfr upp ok taladi; mzlto
pda tveir ok tveir sin 4 milli, at par veri kominn Haraldr har-
fagri, ok ordinn Ungr { annat sinn. Hakon hafdi bat upphaf
sins mals, at hann beiddi bendr vidtéku, ok at gefa ser kon-
ungsnofn, ok pat med at veita ser fullting ok styrk til at halda
koningdéminom; en parimét baud hann peim at gera alla
beendr 6dalborna, ok gefa beim 6dol sin, er abjoggu. At besso
érendi vard rémr sva mikill, at allr bénda mugrinn epti ok
kalladi, at peir vildi hann til konings taka; ok var sva_ gert,
at Prendir t6ku Hékon til konings um allt land, [par var hann
15 vetra: t6k hann ser pa hird, ok for yfir land.
Pau tidindi spurdust 4 Upplind, at Prendir hufSo ser kon-
ang tekit, slikan at dllu sem Haraldr hinn harfagri var, nema
pat skildi, at Haraldr haf®i allan lyd i landi [prelkat ok apjad,
en pessi, Hakon, vildi hverjom manni gott, ok baud aptr at
gefa béndom 630] sin, pau er Haraldr kontngr haféi af beim
tekit. Vid pau tidindi urdo allir gladir, ok sagdi hverr sdrum,
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flaug pat sem sinoeldr allt austr til lands enda. Margir bendr
foro af Upplindum at hitta Héakon koning; sumir sendo menn,
sumir gerdo ordsendingar ok jartegnir, en allir til bess, at
hans menn vildo gerast. Kontngr t6k pvi bakksamliga.
2. Hakon koningr for éndurdan vetr 4 Upplind, stefndi par
ping, ok dreif allt f6lk 4 hans fund, pat er komast matti; var han
pa til konuings tekinn 4 dllum pingom; fér hann pa austr til Vikr.
11. Pa er Hékon var koningr { Noregi var fridr gédr
med béndom: ok kaupménnum; svd at engi grandadi sdrum
ne annars fe; pa var ok dr mikit bedi 4 5]ά ok landi. Hakon
konungr var allra manna gladastr ok malsnjallastr ok litillatastr ;
hann var madr stérvitr, ok lagdi_ mikinn hug 4 lagasetning:
hann setti Gulapingslég med radi Porleifs spaka; ok hann setti
Frostapingslég med radi Sigurdar jarls ok annarra prenda,
peirra er vitrastir varo; en Heidsefislig haféi sett Halfdin
svarti, sem fyrr er ritat.
15. Hakon kontngr var vel kristinn, er hann kom i Noreg,
en fyrir pvi at bar var land allt heidit, ok blétskapr mikill,
ok stérmenni mart; en hann péttist lids burfa mjjk ok alpydu
vinseld; μά t6k hann pat γάδ, at fara leyniliga med kristninni,
hélt sunnodaga ok frjadagafdsto ok minning hinna steersto hatfda.
Hann setti pat { légom, at hefja jélahald pann tima, sem krist-
nir menn, ok skyldi μά hverr madr eiga melis 61, en gyjalda
fe ella, ok halda heilagt medan ὃ] ynnist; en ddr var jélahald
hafit Héko-nétt, pat var midsvetrar nétt, ok haldin priggja ndtta
j6l. Hann etladi sva, er hann festist i landino, ok hann hefdi
frjdlsliga undir sik lagt allt landit, at hafa pa fram kristnibod.
Hann gerdi svd fyrst, at hann lokkadi μά menn, er hdnom varo
kerstir til kristni; kom sv4 med vinseld hans, at mjdk margir
lato skirast, en sumir léto af blétom. Han sat longom i Prand-
heimi, pviat par var mestr styrkr landsins. En er Hakon kon-
fingr pdottist fengit hafa ‘styrk af nokkorum rikisménnum, at
halda upp kristninni, μά sendi hann til Englands eptir biskupi
ok sdrum kennimdnnum; ok er peir komu i Noreg, μά gerd}
Hakon kontngr pat bert, at hann vildi bjoda kristni um allt
land, en Merir ok Raumdeelir.skuto pannug sino mali, sem
Prendir varo. Haékon konungr lét pa vigja kirkjor nokkorar,
ok setti par presta til. En er hann kom i Prandheim, p&
stefndi hann ping vid beendr, ok baud peim kristni. Peir svara
sv4, at peir vilja pesso mali skjéta til Frostabings, ok vilja pa
at bar komi menn or illum fylkjom, peim sem ero i Prenda-
légom; segja at μά mano beir svara besso vandmeli.
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17. Hékon konungr kom til Frostapings, ok var par komit
allfjjImennt af béndom. En er ping var sett, pd talaéi Hakon
konungr, hefr par fyrst, at pat var bod hans ok been vid beendr
ok bipegna, rika ok trika, ok barmed vid alla alpydo, unga
menn ok gamla, selan ok veselan, konur sem karla, at allir
menn skyldo kristnast léta, ok tria 4 einn gud, Krist Marioson,
en hafna biétum dllum ok heidnom godum, halda heilakt hinn
7da hvern dag vid vinnom éllum, fasta ok hinn 7da hvern dag.
En Pegar er konungr haféi betta uppborit fyrir alpydo,
pd vard pegar kurr mikill, kurrodo beendr um pat, er konungr
vildi vinnur taka af peim, ok segja at vid pat matti landit eigi
byggja; en verkalyér ok brelar kélludu, at beir metti eigi vinna,
ef peir skyldi eigi mat hafa: ségdo ok at pat var skaplostr
Héakonar konuings, sem [δ hans ok peirra frenda, at beir
varo illir af mat sinom, pdétt peir veri mildir af gulli.
Asbjirn af Medalhisom or Gaulardal st6d upp, ok svarar
eyrindi konings ok malti. Pat hugdo ver beendr, Hakon kon-
tngr! segir hann, at ba er bu hafdir et fyrsta bing haft her
i Préndheimi, ok héfdom pik til kontngs tekit, ok pegit af per
6561 var, at ver hefSim ba himin hindom tekit; en nu vitom
ver eigi hvart heldr er, at ver manom frelsi pegit hafa, eda
mantu nu ldta brelka oss af nyjo med undarligom hetti, at
ver munim hafna dtrinadi beim, er fedr varir hafa haft fyrir
oss, ok allt, forellri, fyrst um brunadld, en ni um _ haugsdld,
ok hafa peir verit miklo giéfgari en ver, ok hefir oss pé dugat
pessi dtrinadr. Ver héfum lagt til ydar sva mikla dstid, at
ver hdfom pik τάδα ldtit med oss dllum légum i landino ok
landsrétt. Νά er bat vili varr ok sampykki, béndanna, at halda
pau lég, sem pu settir oss her 4 Frostapingi, ok ver jdtadom
per; viljom ver allir ber fylgja, ok pik “til konungs halda, me-
an einnhverr er lifs béndanna peirra, er her ero nui 4 pin-
gino, ef bu, konungr, vill nokkut hdéf vidhafa, at beida oss
pess eins, er ver megom veita per, ok oss se eigi égeranda.
En ef per vilit petta mal taka med svd mikilli freko, at deila
afli ok ofriki vid oss, μά héfum ver beendr gert rad vart, at
skiljast allir vid bik, ok taka oss annan hdfdingja, pann er
oss haldi til pess, at ver munim i frelst hafa pann dtrinad,
sem [ver viljom. Nu skaltu, koningr, kjésa um kosti pessa,
4dr ping se slitit.
At eyrindi pesso gerdo bendr rém mikinn, ok segja at
peir vilja sva vera lata.
En er hij6d fekkst, pd svarar Sigurdr jarl: Pat er vili
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Hdkonar konungs, δὶ sampykkja vid ydr, boendr, ok Ἰάϊα aldri
skilja ydra vindtto. Boendr segja at peir vilja, at kontngr
bloti til ars peim ok fridar, sv4 sem fadir hans gerdi, stadnar
pd kurrinn, ok 5114 peir pbingino. Sidan taladi Sigurdr jarl
vid kontng, ok bad hann eigi nemast med dllu, at gera sem
beendr vildi, sagdi at eigi mundi annat lyda, en sveigja til
nokkot vid beendr: er betta, kondngr, sem sjdlfir ber megut
heyra, vili ok ἀκαῆ héfingja ok parmed alls folks; skolo ver,
konungr, her finna til gott τάδ nokkut; ok samdist bat med
beim konungi ok jarli.
16. Sigurdr Lada-jarl var hinn mesti blétmadr, ok svd
var Hadkon fadir hans; hélt Sigurdr jarl upp blétveizlom dllum
af hendi konings par { Prendalégom. )
Pat var‘forn sidr, pA er bl6t skyldi vera, at allir boendr
skyldo bar koma, sem Ποῖ var, ok flytja pannug fong sin, pau
er peir skyldo hafa, medan veizlan st6d. At veizlo peirri skyldo
allir menn 61 eiga: pa var ok drepinn allskonar smali ok své
hross, en bl6d pat allt, er bar kom af, bat var kallat hlaut,
ok hlautbollar pat, er bl6d pat st6d i, ok hlaulteinar, bat var
sv4 gert sem stiklar, med pvi skyldi rjéda stallana dllo saman,
ok sva veggi hofsins utan ok imnan, ok βνὰ slékkva 4 mennina;
en slatrit skyldi sjééa til mannfagnadar. Eldar skyldo vera
4 midjo gélfi i hofino’, ok par katlar yfir, ok skyldi full um
eld bera. En sd er gerdi veizlona, ok héfdingi var, μά skyldi
hann signa fullit ok allan blétmatinn. Skyldi fyrst Odins full,
{skyldi pat drekka til sigrs ok rikis kontingi sinom, en sidan
Njardar full ok Freys full til ars ok fridar. Pa var mérgum
minnum titt at drekka parnest Braga full; menn drukko ok
full frenda sinna, peirra er gifgir hdfdo verit, ok varo pat
minni kdllud.
Sigurdr jarl var manna orvastr; hann gerdi pat verk, er
fregt var mjék, at hann gerdi mikla [blétveizlo 4 Hlsdom, ok
hélt einn upp sllum kostnaii.
18. Um haustit at vetrnéttum var blétveizla 4 Ltdom, ok
sétti partil kondagr. Hann hafdi jafnan fyrr verit vanr, ef
hann var staddr bar sem blét varo, at matast { litlu lusi med
[ἃ menn; en bendr téldo at pvi, er hann sat eigi { hdszetr
sino, ba er mestr var mannfagnadr; sagdi jarl, at hann skyldi
eigi pd sv4 gera, var ok svd at konungr sat { hdseti sino.
En er et fyrsta full var skenkt, p& melti Sigurdr jarl fyrir,
ok signadi Oni, ok drakk af horniou til konings; kontingr
t6k vid, ok gerdi krossmark yfir: ba melti Karr af Gratingi:
95
hvi ferr konunogrinn nu svd? vill hann eigi enn bléta? Sigurdr
Jarl svarar: kontngr gerir sv4, sem peir allir, er tria 4 matt
sinn ok megin, ok signa full sitt Por; hann gerdi hamarsmark
yfir, 46r hann drakk. Var pa kyrt um kveldit. Eptir um da-
ginn, er menn gengo til borda, μά pusto beendr at kontngi,
ségdu at μά skyldi hann eta brossaslétr; kontingr vildi pat firir
engan mun. P4 badu peir hann drekka sodit; hann vildi pat
eigi. Pa μάδο peir hann eta flotit; hann vildi pat ok eigi;
[ok var ba vid atgéngu but. '
(Jarl kvadst vildu setta bd, ok bad pd hetta storminom,
ok bad hann kontng gina γῆν ketilhédduna, er sodreykinn hafdi
lagt upp af hrossasldtrino, ok var smjérug haddan; pd gekk
konungr til, ok bra Iinddk um hédduna, ok gein γῆν, ok gekk
sidan til hdsztis, ok και hvarigom vel.
19. Um vetrinn eptir var buit til jélaveizlo kontingi inn
4 Meri; en er atleid jélunom, légdo peir stefno med ser atta
hofdingjar, er mest rédo fyrir blétum 1 dllum Prendalégum;
peir varo 4 utan or Prdndheimi: Karr af Grytingi ok Asbjorn
af MeSalhisum, Pérbergr af Varnesi, Ormr af Ljoxu; en af
Innprendom Botdlfr af Olvishaugi, Narfi af Staf { Veradal, brandr
haka af Eggjo, Porir skegg af Husabe { eynni ldri: pessir 8
menn bundust { pvi, at peir fjérir af [Utbreendom skyldu eyda
kristninni, en peir fjérir af Innprendom skyldu neyda konung
til bléta. Utbrendir féro 4 skipom suér 4 Meri, ok ἀγάρο
par presta 3, ok brenndo kirkjor 3, [féro aptr sidan. En er
Hakon konungr ok Sigurdr jarl komu inn 4 Meri med hird
sina, bd varo par beendr komnir allfjolmennt. Hinn fyrsta dag
at veizlonni [veitto beendr, kontingi atgingo, ok bddo hann
bléta, en héto hanom afarkostom ella; Sigurér Jarl bar pa satt-
mal { millom peirra, kimr pd sv4 at Hakon kontngr at nok-
kura bita af hrosslifr; drakk hann pa oll minni_ krossalaust,
pau er bendr skenkto hanom. _
En er veizlo pessarri var lokit, for kondngr ok jar! begar
ait 4 Hladir; var koningr allukdtr, ok bjést begar { brott med
dllu lidi sino or Préndheimi, [ok melti sva, at hann skyldi
fjélmennari koma { Préndheim annat sinn, ok gjalda béndom
penna fjandskap, er peir hdfdo til hans gert. Sigurdr jarl
bad koming gefa Prendom betta eigi at sék; segir sva at kon-
ungi muni eiga pat duga at heitast edr herja 4 innanlands
folk, [par sem mestr styrkr er landsins, sem { Préndheimi
var. Kontngr var pd svd reidr, at eigi matti orSom vid hann
koma; for hann { brott or Préndheimi, ok sudr 4 Meeri; dval-
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dist bar um vetrinn ok um varit. En er sumradi dré hann
lid at ser, ok varo pau ord 4, at hann mundi fara med her
pann 4 hendr prendom.
20. [Βάκοῃ honungr var pd 4 skip kominn, ok hafdi lid
mikit; b4 koma hdnom tidindi sunnan or landi, pau at synir
Eiriks kontngs varo komnir sunnan af Danmiérk i Vikina; ok
pat fylgdi, at peir hofdo elt af skipom Tryggva kontng Olafs-
son austr vid Sdétanes; hifdo peir pa vida herjat { Vikinni, ok
héfdo margir menn undir pd gengit. En er koningr spurdi
pessi tidindi, pdttist hann lids purfa, sendi hann pd ord Sig-
urdi jarli, at koma til sin, ok sv4 sdrum hdfdingjom, peim er
hanom var lids at van. Sigurér jar] kom til Hékonar kontngs,
ok haféi allmikit 1i5; varo par pa allir Prendir, beir er um
vetrinn héfdo mest gengit at kondnginom, at pynda hann til
blé6ta; varo peir pa allir [fi sett teknir af fortslum Sigurdar
8118.
Mannjafnadr med kenungum.
Eysteinn koningr ok Sigurdr konungr foro einn vetr badir
at veizlom 4 Uppléndom, ok atti sin bu hvarr peirra; en er
skamt var milli peirra boja, er konungar skyldo veizlor taka,
pa gerdu menn pat ra, at peir skyldu bddir vera samt at
veizlonom, ok sino sinni at hvdrs bdum; varo peir fyrst badder
samt at pvi bui, er Eysteinn kontngr atti. En of kveldit, er
menn t6ku at drekka, pa var munngat ekki gott, ok varo menn
hijoder. Pa mealti Eysteinn koningr: [Pé ero menn hijéder!
hitt er dlsidr meiri, at menn geri ser gledi; fim oss dlteiti
nidkkura, man pd enn 4reitast gaman manna. Sigurér brodir!
Pat mun dllum scemst pykkja, at vid hefim nékkurar skemt-
unarredur. Sigurdr konungr svarar heldr stygt: ver pu sva
mdlugr sem pu vill, en ldét mik na at pegja fyrir per!
Eysteinn koningr mzlti: sd dlsidr hefir opt verit, at menn
taka ser jafnadarmenn, vil ek her svA vera lita. Ρά pagite
Sigurér konungr.
Se ek, segir Eysteinn kontngr, at [ek verd at hefja pessa
teiti; mun ek taka pik, bréder! til jafnadarmanns mer: fei
ek pat til, at jafnt nafn hifom vid bdéder, ok jafna eign, geri
ek ok engi mun ettar okkarrar eda uppfeezlu.
Pa svarar Sigurdr koningr: mantu pat eigi, er ek braut
pik 4 bak, ef ek vilda, ok vartu vetri ellri!
97
Eysteinn konungr svaradi: eigi man ek bitt sidr, er pu
fékkt ekki leikit, bat er mjukleikr var i.
4 melti Sigurér koningr: mantu hversu of sundet for
med okkr? ek matta kefja pik, ef ek vilda!
Eysteinn sagéi: ekki svam ek skemra en pd, ok eigi var
ek verr kafsyndr; ek kunna ok 4 isleggjom, sva4 at engan
vissa ek, bann fer kepde vid mik, en pu kunnir pat eigi heldr
en naut.
Sigurdr konungr svarar: hofdingligri idrétt ok nytsamligri
pykki mer su, at kunna vel vid boga; etla ek at pu nytir
eigi boga minn, pétto spyrnir {6tom i.
Eysteinn segir: ekki em ek bogsterkr svi sem bu,
en minna mun skilja beinskeyti okkra, ok myklo kann ek
betr en βμύ 4 skidom, ok hafée pat enn [verit kallat fyrr
gd idrott. .
Sigurér segir: pess pykkir mikill munr, at pat er hodfding-
ligra, at 84 er yfirmadr skal vera annarra manna, se mikill {
flokki, sterkr ok vdpnfcrr betr en adrir, audser ok audkendr,
pd er [margir eru saman.
Eysteinn segir: eigi er pat siér einkanna hlutr, at madr
se fridr sdnom, ok er sa ok audkendr i mannfjilda, pikki mer
pat ok hidfdingligt, pviat fridleikinom samir hinn bezti bunadr.
Kann ek ok myklo betr til laga en pu; ok svd, hvat sem vid
skolum tala, em ek myklo sléttordari.
Sigurdr svarar: Vera kann at pu hafir numit fleiri log-
pretto, pviat ek atta pa annat at starfa; ok engi fryr per slétt-
melis, en hitt mela margir, at pu ser ekki allfastordr, ok litid
mark se hverjo pu heitr, ok melir eptir peim er pa ero bja,
ok er pat ekki konunglikt.
Eysteinn svarar: pat herr til bess, er menn bera mal sin
fyrir mik, μά hugsa ek pat fyrst, at Iuka sv4 hvers manns
mali, at peim metti bezt pykkja; pd kemr opt annarr, 84 er
mal 4 vid hann, verdr pd jafnan dregit til ok midlat, svd at
badom skyldi Jika. Hitt er ok, at ek heit pvi er ek em bedenn,
pviat ek vilda, at allir fori fegnir af minom funde; se ek hinn
kost, ef ek vil bafa sem pu gerir, at heita dllum illu, en engi
heyri ek efndanna fryja. -
Sigurdr svarar: pat hefir verit mal manna, at ferd su er
ek for or lande veri heldr bofdinglig, en pu sazt heima medan,
sem dottir fudur pins.
Eysteinn syarar: nu greiptu 4 kylino! eigi mynda ek pessa
redo vekja, ef ek kynna her engu Tum at svara: ner pdétti
Icelandic Grammar. 7
98
mer hino, at ek gerda pik heiman sem systor mina, adr pt
yrdir buinn til fararinnar.
Sigurér svarar: heyrt muntu pat hafa, at ek atta orrostor
margar { Serklandi, ok fékk i dllum sigr, ok margskonar gjér-
simar, per er eigi hafa slikar komit hingat { land; pdétta ek
par mest verdr, er ek fann gifgasta menn, en ek hygg, at
eigi hafir pi enn [hleypt heimdreganom. Fér ek til Jérsala,
segir hann, ok kom ek wid Pul, ok sd ek big eigi par, brdédir}
Ek gaf kondngdém Rodgeiri jarli hinom rika; vann ek atta
orrostor, ok vartu at aungarri. Iér ek til grafar drottins, ok
sd ek pig eigi bar, brédir! Fér ek i dna Jérdin, par sem
drottinn [var skirér {, ok svam ek ut yfir dna, ok sd ek pig
eigi par, {en Gt 4 bakkanom var kjarr ndkkut', ok knytta ek
per par knut 4 kjarrino, ok bidr pin par; [ok melta ek sva
fyrir, at bu skylder leysa, bréder! eda hata ellar pvilikan for-
mala, sem par var alagdr.
Pa melti Eysteinn kondngr: smatt mun ek hafa herimdti:
Nordr { Vagom setta ek fiskimannabudir, at fateekir menn mettt
nerast til lifshjdlpar, ok setta ek par prestvist, ok lagda ek fe
til kirkju pbeirrar, er ndliga var alit heidit 4dr; méano beir
menn muna, at Eysteinn koningr hefir verit { Noregi, Um
Dofra fjall var for or Prandheimi; urdo menn par jafnan uti,
ok féro par margir menn hirdom férum, lét ek par selohis
gera, ok fe tilleggja, ok munu peir vita, at Eysteinn kontngr
hefir verit { Noregi. Fyrir Agdanesi voru drefi ok hafaleysi,
férust mérg skip; par er nd héfn ger ok gott skipalegi, ok
kirkja gjér. Sfdan let ek vita gera 4 hafjéllom; nv munu pessa
njéta allir menn innanlands. Hollina ἰὸϊ ek gera { Byjérgyn
ok postulakirkju ok rid milli; munu konungar beir muna nafn
mitt, er eptir koma. Mikjalskirkju ἰὸς ek gera ok muoklifi;
skipada et ok légonom, brdédir, at hverr metti hafa réttindi vid
annan, ok ef pau ero haldin, μά mun betr fara landsstjérnin.
Stupulinn Iét ek gera { Sinhélmssundi. Peim jamtom hifom
ver ok snuit undir betta riki, meir med blidom ordom ok viti
en med dgdng edr 6fridi. Nu er petta smatt at telja, en égi
veit ek vist at landsbiunom se petta dhallkvemara, en pdtt
pu brytjadir blamenn fyrir fjandann [4 Serklandi, ok hrapa
peim sva til helvitis. En par sem pa hrésadir gédgerningom
pinom, δῖ] ek mer eigi minna til sdlubdétar staéi pd, er ek
lét setja hreinlifisménnum. En par sem pi reitt mer kndtinn,
ok mun ek pann eigi leysa, en rida matta ek ber pann knit,
fef ek vilda, at pu verir aldregi kontngr i Noregi, bd er pu
99
sigldir einskipa 1 her minn, er pu komt { land. Liti nu vittrir
meno hvat pi hefir umfram, ok vita skulut per pat, gullhals-
arnir, at menn muno enn jafnast vid idr { Noregi. Eptir pat
pégnudo peir bader, ok var hvartveggi reidr. Fleiri lutir urdo
peir { skiptom peirra breedra, er pat fanst, at hvarr dré sik
fram ok sitt mal, ok vildi vera ddrom meiri, en pd hélzt fridr
{millum peirra, medan peir lifdo.
Af Njalssaga.
Gunnarr 2 Hlidarenda.
19... Gunnarr Hémundarson bjé at Hlidarenda i Fijéts-
hliS; bann var mikill madr vexti ok sterkr, [manna bezt vigr:
hann hjé bédum héndum ok skaut, ef hann vildi, ok hann
va svd skjétt med sverdi’, at pryi pdttu 4 lopti at sj4; hann
skaut manna bezt af boga, ok heefdi allt pat er hann skaut
til; hann hij6p meir en bed sina med dllum herkledum, ok
eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik; hann var syndr sem selr;
ok eigi var 8ά leikr, er nokkurr pyrfti vid hann at keppa;
ok hefir sva verit sagt, at eingi veri hans jafningi. Hann var
venn at yfirlitum ok }jés-litadr, rétt-nefjadr ok hafit upp i fra-
manvert, bldeygr ok snareygr, ok rodi 1 kinnunum, harit mikit,
ok fér vel ok vel litt; manna kurteisastr var hann, hardgjdrr
{ ollu, femildr ok stiltr vel, vinfastr ok vinavandr; hann var
vel audigr at fe; brédir hans hét Kolskeggr, hann var mikill
madr ok sterkr, drengr gédr ok druggr { dllu. Annarr brédir
hans hét Hjértr, hann var pa i bernsku... |
20... Njall bjé at Bergpdérshvali i Landeyjum, annat bi
4tti hann { Pordlfsfelli. Njdll var vel audigr at fe ok venn
at dliti, hdnom vox eigi skegg. Hann var légmadr sva mikill,
at eingi fannst hans jafningi; vitr var hann ok forspdr, heil-
τάδ᾽ ok gédgjarn, ok varé allt at radi, pat er hann réd mdn-
num, hégverr ok drenglyndr; hann leysti hvers manns vandredi,
er 4 hans fund kom. eBergbéra hét kona hans, hon var Skar-
phedins déttir, kvennskérdngr mikill ok drengr gédr, ok nokkut
skaphird; pau dttu 6 béru, doetr prjdr ok sonu prja, ok koma
peir allir vid pessa ségu sidan.
25... Nu skal nefna sonu Njdls: Skarphedinn hét hinn
7*
100
elzti, hann var mikill maér vexti ok styrkr, vel vigr, syndr
sem sir, manna fothvatastr, ok skjétr ok druggr, gagnorér ok
skjétordr, ok skald gott, en pd laungum vel stiltr; hann var
jarpr 4 har, ok sveipr i harinu, augdr vel, folleitr ok skarpleitr,
lidr 4 nefi, ok [ά hdtt tanngardrinn, munnljétr mjsk, ok pd
manna hermanoligstr. Grimr hét annarr son Njdls, hann var
fridr sénum, ok herdr vel, dékkr 4 hdr, ok fridari sinum en
Skarphedinn, mikill ok sterkr. Helgi hét inn pridi son Njals,
hann var fridr synum ok herér vel, hann var styrkr madr ok
vigr vel, hann var vitr madr ok stiltr vel; allir varu peir 6k-
vangadir synir Njdls. Héskuldr hét hinn fjéréi son Njals, hann
var laungetinn, mddir hans var Hrddny, ok var Héskulds dottir,
systir Ingjalds fra Keldum.
33. Guonarr reid ok peir allir, en er beir komu 4 ping,
pa varu peir svd vel binir, at Sngir voru par jafnvel bunir,
ok féru menn ut or hverri bud at undrast p4. Gunnarr reid
til budar Rangewinga, ok var bar med frendum sinum. Mar-
gir menn [ότι at finna Gunnarr, ok spyrja hann tidinda; hann
var vid alla menn léttr ok Κάϊγ, ok sagdi dllum slikt er vildu.
Pat var einn dag, er Gunnarr gekk fra légbergi, hanno
gekk fyrir mosfellingabid, pba sd hann kono fara i moti ser,
ok var vel bitin, en er bau fundust, kvaddi hon pegar Gunnar,
hann t6k vel kvedju hennar, ok spyrr hvat kvenna hon veri
Hon nefndist Hallgerdr, ok kvadst vera déttir Héskulds Dal-
akollssonar; hon melti til hans djarfliga, ok bad segja ser fra
ferdSum sinum, en hann kvadst ekki varna mundu henni mals;
settust pau pa nidr, ok téludu. Hon var βνὰ biin, at hon var
i raudu kyltli, ok hafdi yfir ser skallazskikkju [hladbina i skaut
nidr; hdrit to6k ofan 4 bringu henni, ok var bedi mikit ok
fagrt. Gunnarr var { skallazkledum, er Haraldr koningr Gorms-
son gaf hanum; hann haféi ok gullhring 4 hendi, pann er
Hakon Jarl gaf hanum.
Pau téludu lengi hatt, bar kom er hann spurdi, bvart
hon veri égefin. Hon sagdi at svd veri: ok er pat [ekki
margra at hetta 4 bat. Pikki per hvergi fullkosta? Εἰσὶ er
pat, segir hon, en mannvénd mun ek vera. Hversu munt pa
svara, ef ek bid pin? Pat man ber ekki { hug, segir hon.
Kigi er pat, segir hann. Ef ber er nekkurr hugr 4, μά finn
pu fodur minn. Sidan skildu pau talit.
Gunnarr gekk pegar til bidar Dalamanna, ok fann mann
ti fyrir budinni, ok spyrr hvart Héskuldr veri i bud; 84 segir
at hann veri i bud; gekk pd Gunnarr inn. Héskuldr ok Rutr
101
téku vel vid Gunnari, hann settist nidr 4 medal peirra, ok
fannst pat ekki i tali peirra, at bar hefdi misszetti verit i medal.
Par kom nidr reeda Gunnars, hversu peir breedr mundu_ bpvi
svara, ef hann bedi Hallgerdar. Vel segir Héskuldr, ef per er
pat alugat. Gunnarr segir ser pat alviru: en svd skildu ver
nestum, at mérgum mundi pat pikkja likligt, at her mundi
ekki samband verda. Hyversu lizt per, Rutr frendi? segir Hés-
kuldr. Rutr svaradi: ekki pikki mer petta jafnredi. Hvat
finor pu til bess? segir Gunnarr. Rutr melti: pbvi mun ek
svara ber um petta, er satt er; pu ert madr vaskr, ok vel
at per, en hon er blandin mjék, ok vil ek pik { Sngu svikja.
Vel man per fara, segir Gunnarr, en bd mun ek bat fyrir satt
hafa, at ber virdit { fornan. fjandskap, ef ber vilit eigi gera
mer kostinn. Eigi er pat, segir Rutr; meir er hitt, at ek se
at pu matt nu ekki vidgera; en pdtt ver kaupim eigi, μά vil-
dim ver pd vera vinir pinir. Ek hefi talat vid hana, segir
Gunnarr, ok er pat ekki fjarri hennar skapi. Rutr melti:
veit ek at badum er petta girnda rad, hettit pit ok mestu til,
hversu ferr.
Rutr sagdi Gunnari dfregit allt um skapferdi Hallgerdar,
ok pétti Gunnari fyrst cerit mart, pat er afatt var, en bar kom
sidjar, at saman dré kaupmdla med beim. Var pa sent eptir
Hallgerdi, var pa talat um mdlit, svi at hon var vid. Létu
peir nu sem fyrr, at hon festi sik sjdlf; skyldi betta bod vera
at HifSarenda, ok skyldi fara fyrst leyniliga, en pd kom bar,
er allir vissu.
Gunnarr reid heim af pingi, ok kom til Bergpdérshvols, ok
sagdi Njdli fr4 kaupum sinum; hann t6k pessu pungliga. Gun-
narr spyrr ἢν! Njali pdtti petta sva urddligt? Pviat af henni
man standast allt it illa, er hon kemr austr hingat, segir Njdll.
Aldri skal hon spilla okkru vinfengi, segir Gunnarr. Pat man
p6 [sva ner fara, segir Njall, en pé mant pu jafnan beeta fyrir
henni. Gunnarr baud Njéli til bods ok sllum beim padan, sem
hann vildi at foeri. Njall hét at fara. Sfidan reié Gunnarr
heim, ok reid um heradit, at bj6da midonum.
PART IV.
Modern Icelandic.
This part has been added for Travellers and for practical
purposes; and will, it is hoped, be a welcome assistant for
travellers in Iceland.
The Modern Orthography and Grammar is the same as
the ancient, except k, which 5 in modern orthography fre-
quently changed into the softer g, and ¢, which is frequently
changed into 8.
Modern Icelandic.
For Travellers.
I. Alphabetical Vecabulary.
accept ganga δ
acceptable adgengilegur
accommodate utvega
canyouaccom- getid pér tt-
modate me vegad mér
account reikningur
give me my ac- gefid mer reikn-
count inginn minn
I admire eg daist ad
advice τάδ
give me your gefid mér ydar
advice rad
after eptir
afternoon
again
age
agent
air
ale
a glass of ale
all
not at all
nothing atall
alone
also
sidari hluti
dags.
aptur
aldur
umbodsmadur
lopt
él
glas af Oli
allur
alls eigi
alls ekkert
einn, aleinn
lika
altogether
always
and
angler
animal
to answer
answer. me
please
answer slowly
apartment
have you an
apartment to
let?
apple
the arm
to arrive
to ascend
I want to as-
cend the
mountain
to ask
ask him
to assist
assist me
at sea
mot at all
attendant
I want an at-
tendant
back
let us go back
bacon
bad
bandage
bank
' bank note
banker
the barber
103
allir § saman,
dyr
ad svara
Gjurid svo vel
ad svara mér
svarid seint
herbergi
hafid pér her-
bergi til
leigu?
epli
handleggurinn
ad koma
ad fara uppa
eg vil fara
uppa fjallid
ad spyrja, bidja
spyrjid hann
ad hjdlpa
hjalpid mér
f, 4
heima
4 5]ό
alls eigi
pénari
eg vil fa pén-
ara
aptur
forum § aptur,
snuum aptur
flesk
vondur
umbudir
banki
bankasedill
vixlari
rakarinn
bath
I want a bath
to be
be quick
let it be
because
bed
give me a bed
I go to bed
beef steakes
beer
I want some
beer
to beg
I beg of you
behind
I left it be-
hind
the bell
the bill
to bind
bind tt up
the bird
can you tell
me where to
get board
and lodgings
boat
book
bookseller
boot
I want my
boots mended
brush my
boots
bad
eg vil fa
bad
ad vera
verid fijétur
latid pad
vera
af pviad
rum
latid mig fa
ram
eg fer ad hatta
nautakjot
{ nautakjots-
steik
bjor
eg vil fa bjér
δὅ bidja
eg bid ydur
eptir
eg skildi pad
eptir
bjallan,klukkan
reikningurinn
aS binda
bindid pad
upp
fuglion
Getid pér sagt
mér, hvar
ma fa kost
og husnedi?
batur
bok
békasélumadur
stigvél
eg barf ad fa
gjirt vid stig-
vélin min
burstadu stlig-
vélin min
boot jack
box
brandy
I want some
brandy
fill my flask
with brandy
bread
breakfast
I want
breakfast
bridge
bring
bring me
bring me some
to
a brush .
brush
clothes
but
butter
to buy
by
by and by
my
by all means
by no means
cabbage
cabbin
to call
call the wai-
ter
call the man
what do you
call that?
can
can you
104
stigvéla togari
askja, kassi
brennivin, ko-
niakk
egvil fa brenn-
ivin
fyllid fléskuna
mina
brennivini
braud
morgunverdur
eg vil f4 mor-
gunverd
bri
bera, fera
ferid mér
ferid mér
nokkud
bursti
burstid fotin
min
en
smjor
δ kaupa
hja, med, af
vid og vid, brad-
um
fyrir alla muni
fyrir engan
mun, engan
veginn
kal
kdhetta
δ kalla
kallid 4 pjén-
inn
kallid 4 mann-
inn
hvad — kalllid
pér pad?
ad geta, eg get
getid μέν
med .
candle
] wanta
candle
care
take care
carriage
to carry
carry this
cartridge
cattle
certain
chair
chamber pot
change
give mechange
to charge
what do you
charge
cheap
cheese
chest
- of drawers
chicken
child
church
chymist
cigar
city
clean
cloak.
clock
closet
coach —
coat
coffee
give me some
coffee
coffee-house
kerti
eg barf kerti
umhyggja, var
takid vara
vagn
ad bera
berid . petta
skotmanns ves-
ki
nautpeningur
88
stoll
nattpottur
skipti
gefid
skipti
aS setja upp,
heijmta
hvad setid pér
upp?
édyr
ostur
kista
dragkista
henuungi,
kjyuklingur
barn
kirkja
efnafredingur
vin dill
ber, sladur
hreinn
kapa
klukka
afhus
vagn
frakki
kaffi
gefid
kaffi
kaffibus
mér
mér
come here
come with me
a conveyance
to cook
cost
what does it
cost ?
country
courier
cow
cream
give me some
cream
cup
cup and saucer
to cut
cut it
damp
1 hope the
sheets are not
_ damp
danish
do you speak
danish
what 8 that
called in da-
nish
I do not speak
danish
I understand
a little da-
nish
dark
day
to-day
105
kaldur
mér er mjig
kalt
kambur
ad koma
komid hér
κοι! δι med
mér
flutningur
ad elda
kosta
hvad _kostar
pad
land
hradsendibodi
kyr
rjémi
gefid
rjéma
bolli
bolli og un-
dirskal
δῦ skera
aS skera pad
rakur, votur
eg vona, ad
rekkvodirnar
sé ekki rakar
danska
talid μόν ἀδη5-
ku?
hvad er pad
kallad a
dénsku?
eg tala ekki
dénsku
eg skil dalitid
i dénsku
mér
at day break i digun
dear d
this is very petta er πη]
dear dyrt
delightful yndislegur
dentist tannleknir
departure burtf6r
descend fara nidur
let us descend forum nidur
dialect mallyzka
what dialect hvada mallyzku
dotheyspeak tala peir
here? hér?
difficult drdugur
dinner middagsverdur
I want to eg vil ta mid-
dine dagsverd
distance fjarlegd, vega-
lengd
what ts the hvad er vega-
distance? lengdin ?
to do ad gjira
do this gjorid petta
do that gjorid hitt
do τί gjorid pad
do me gjorid fyrir mig
dont do tt gjérid pad ekki
the doctor leknirinn
dog hundur
door dyr
to doubt ad efa
I doubt tt eg efa bad
down nidur
let us godown forum nidur
drawers nerbuxur
to dress ad kleda sig
to drink a} drekka
I want to eg vil fa ad
drink drekka
dry pur
each hver
eagle orn
early
earth
east
east wind
easy
to eat
I want
eat
let us eat
to
have you any-
thing to eat?
€99
give me two
e998
to engage
engage a guide
enough
evening
every
every day
eye
my eye pains
face
far
ts it far from
here?
how far is tt
from here?
a farm
fast
go faster
do not speak
so fast
faster
fellow
snemma
jord
austur
austanvindur
audveldur, he-
gur
ad eta, borda
eg vil fa ad
borda
latum oss
borda
hafid pér nokk-
υ ab
borda?
egg
gefid mér tvé
egg
ad festa
festa fylgdar-
mann
nog
kvild
sérhver
sérhvern dag
auga
mér er illt i
auganu
andlit
langt
er pad langt
hédan?
hvad langt er
pad hédan?
ber
fljott
gangid fljotar
talid ekki
svona fljétt
fljétar
madur
youareagood bér erud g05-
fellow
ur madur |
a fire
I want some
frre
a fish
to fish
let us catch a
fish
my fishing rod
flask
fog
foot
my foot is
sore
for
fork
free
frutt
full
game
tts there any
game here?
german
to get
get me
get it
gin
to give
give me
give tt
a glass
to go
go with me
go away
engi
fingur
eldur
kveykjum upp
eld
eg vil fa eld
fiskur
ad fiska
latum oss
veida fisk
fiskisténgin
min
flaska, pudur-
horn
poka
fétur
féturinn a mér
er vidkvoemur
pviad
gaffall
frjals
avéxtur
fullur
veidi
er nokkur-
veidi hér
pyzkur
ad fa, utvega
itvegid mér
titvegid pad
einirberja-
brennivin
ad gefa
gefid mér
gefid pad
glas
ad ganga, fara,
koma
komid
mér
farid { burtu
med
go back
go down
go up
good
very good .
better
best
be so good
have the good-
NESS
hand
give me your
hand
hand it me
handkerchief
handsome
107
fari} aptur
farid nidur
farid upp
gédur
mikid gédur
betri
beztur
verid svo ρόδ-
ur
gjorid svo vel
mikill
mikill hluti
byssa
faid mér bys-
suna mina
hvar er byssan
min?
pudur
har
harbursti
halfur
hangid svins-
leri
hind
gefid mér hove
yoar ad
réttid mér ἢ
vasaklitur
fallegur
hdfn
hardur
héri
aktygi
hattur
hattaskja
δῦ hafa
hafid pér
14tid mig hafa
hey
hann
head
to hear
do you hear?
heart
heat
great heat
help me
give me a help
hen
here
come here
high
how high is
it?
to hold
hold this
home
is this your
home?
honest
I want an ho-
nest fellow
horse
horseshoe
hot
tt is very hot
I want it hot
héfud
ad heyra
heyridbér
hjarta
hiti
mikill hiti
pungur
hed
ἢναῦ 6Γ
hedin?
hjalp
hjalpid _mér
veitid mér
hjalp
hena
hér
komid hér
har
hvad hatt er
pad?
μοῦ
ad leigja
ad halda’
haldid 4 bessu
heimili
er betta ydar
heimili?
radvandur
eg vil fa rd6-
vandan mann
hestur
skeifa
heitur
pad er mikid
heitt
eg vil fa pad
heitt.
gest gjafahus
klukkustund
hus
hversu
hversu mikid
hunger
hungry
I am hungry
a hut
Ice
Iceland
an Icelander
are you an
Icelander?
do you speak
Icelandic?
what do you
call this in
icelandic?
if
all
I feel ill
T am ill
fetch a doctor
ἴῃ
in the city
in the country
indeed
the inn
to keep
keep it for me
key
knife
give me a
knife
where is my
knife?
to know
I know
108
hungur
hungradur
eg er hung-
radur
Islendingur
erud pér Is-
lendingur?
talid pér is-
lenzku?
hvad kallid pér
betta 4 is-
lenzku?
ef
1:
} mér er illt
sekid leknir
{ benum
4 landinu
svo! sannarlega
veitingahus
veitingamadur
blek
skorkvikindi
jarn
ey
pad
geyma
geymid pad
fyrir mig
lykill
hnifur
1j415 mér hnif
hvar er hnif-
urinn minn
δῦ vita, pekkyja
eg veit
do you know
lake
lamp
land
landlord
language
Lapland
late
it is very late
lava
to lay
lay it down
lay down
to lead
does the way
lead up?
lead to right
let me alone
let τί be
let me do it
let it be done
letter
any letters for
me?
send the letter
to the Post
life
the light
bring a light
strike a light
light the candle
like
vitid pér
vatn
Jampi
land
husboéndi
tunga
Lappland
seint
pad er mjig
seint hraun
δῦ leggja
leggid pad-
nidur
leggid nidur |
ad leida, liggja
liggur vegur-
inn upp?
leida 4 réttan
veg
vinstri
til vinstri '
ad lata
lAtid mig vera.
14tid pad vera
1atid mig σ᾽] γᾶ
5
pa
1atid bad vera
nokkur _ bréf
til min?
sendid bréfid
4 pést hisid
lif
]j6sid
komid med
}jé6s
kveikid 1165
kveikid 4 kert-
inu
lika, pykja
vent um
I should Uke
linnen
wash my lin-
nen
I want my
linnen wash-
ed timmedi-
ately
little
to live
liver
loaf
lock
lock the door
lodging
long
to look
looking glass
to lose
I have lost
have you lost?
luggage
where is my
luggage?
to make
make haste
man
many
market
me
meat
roast meat
boiled meat
10 meet
meet me
merchant
milk
have you any
milk ?
109
mér δ5ΚΥΠ4)
pykja vent
um
linfot
pvoid linfotin
min
eg barf ad fa
linfétin min
pvegin undir-
eins
litill
δῦ lifa
lifur
braud
las, skra
lesid dyrunum
leiguherbergi
langur, lengi
ad lita
spegill
ad missa, tina
eg hefi misst
hafid pér misst
farangur
hvar er fa-
rangurinn
minn?
ad gjéra
flytid ydur
madur
margur
markadur
mig, mér
kjot
steikt Καὶ
βοῦϊδ͵ kjit
ad meta
metid mér
kaupmadur
mjéik
hafid pér nokk-
ra mjélk
give me some
milk
mill
money
moon
moor
more
more
more
most
morning
mother
much,
it 1s too much
much more
so much
must. υ. AUD.
you must do it
and
‘mustard
mutton
my
nail
name
what is your
name?
my name ts N,
narrow
nasty
near
it is near?
necessary
needle
neither
neither-nor
never
new
news
next
night
last night
no |
gefid mér
mjolk
mynila
peningar
mani, tungl
myri
meira
meira ogmeira
mest
morgun
modir
mikid
pad er of mikid
mikid meira
svo mikid
verda, hljsta
pér verdid αὖ
gjéra pad
mustardur
saudakjit
minn
négl
. hafn
hvad er nafn
yoar?
nafn mitt er N
préngur
slemur
Neri
er bad nerri?
naudsynlegur
nal
hvorki
hvorki-né
~ aldrei ©
nyr
tidindi
nest.
nott
{ gerkvéldi
enginn
to oblige
oblige me
ocean
off
far off
often
oil
old
omlet
on
only
open
or
an orange
other
the other man
the other day
each other
out
out of
over
02
to pack
the mules
paper
to pay
I want to pay
110
enginn
enginn madur
nordur
nordan vindur
ekki :
ekki enn pa
nu
hafrar
hjalpa um
hjalpid mér
um
haf
burtu
langt { burtu
opt
olfa, lysi
gamall
eggjakaka
a
einungis
apelsina
annarr
hinn madurinn
um daginn
hver annan
uxi
ad lita uppa
ulfaldarnir
pappir
ad borga
eg etla ad
borga?
what have.I hvad 4 eg ad
to pay?
peak
can we ascent
the peak?
borga
tindur
getum vid farid
uppa tindinn
pear
pen
penknife
pencil
people
pepper
perhaps
person
a pin
pipe
pistol
place
plate
poor
pork
porter
portmanteau
post
where is the
post office?
postage
potatoe
powder
pronounce
pronounee this
to me
provisions
to put
put it down
put it there
quick
railway
rain
rain water
tt is @ rainy
day
rainy
will tt rain?
pera
penni
pennahnifur
ritbly
lydur
pipar
ef til vill
maéur
tituprjénn
pipa
smabyssa
stadur
diskur
fatekur, vesall
svinakjot
burdarmadur
ferdataska
péstur
hvar er pést-
skrifstofan ?
burdareyrir
jardepli, kart-
apla
pudur
bera fram
berid pér betta
fram fyrir mig
matveli, nesti
ad setja
setid pad nidur
setid pad
parna
fijétur
jarnbraut
regn
regnvatn
paé er rignin-
gar dagur i
ag
regniegur
‘ etlar hann ad
rigna?
raw
to read
read it to me
ready
is every thing
ready?
are you rea-
to return
rich
ride
I will ride
rifle
right
is this right?
1s it the right
way?
to the right
ripe
river
road
the high road
rough
ᾳ rough road
rum
to run
saddle
saddlebags
horse
salt
have you any
salt?
sand
to say
the sea
the sea bird
the sea shore
tO see
111
hrar
ad lesa
lesid bad fyrir
mig
tilbtinn
er allt tilbinid?
eruS pér til-
buiinn
hvild
vid skulum
hvila hérna
ad fara aptur
rikur
rida
eg vil rida
kulubyssa
réliur
er petta rétt
er betta sa
rétti vegur?
til hegri
proskadur
a
vegur
alfaravegur
dsléttur
ésléttur vegur
romm
ad hlaupa
hnakkur, sddull
hnakkpoki
hestur
salt
hafid bér nokk-
ud salt?
sandur
ad segja
sjorinn
sj6fuglinn
sjafarstréndin
αὖ sjd
let us see
to send
send it away
servant
to set
set it down
to sew
to shave
to smoak
soap
soon
speak
do you speak
english?
or french
or icelandic
or danish?
I do not speak
I speak a little
speak slowly
spoon
steamer
steel
stocking
stone
| straw
street
strong
stupid
latum oss sja
ad senda
sendid pad §
burtu
pjénn
ad setja
setid bad nidur
ad sauma
ad raka
hun
skip
skirta
skér
skéari
sjukur
ad sitja
ad sofa
svefn
seinn
litill
ad reykja
sdpa
br4dum
tala
talid μόν
ensku?
eda_frakk-
nesku
eda islenzku
eda dénsku? .
eg tala ekki
eg tala dalitid
talid heegt
skeid, spénn
gufuskip
stal
sokkur
steinn .
stra
streti
sterkur
heimskur
sugar
sun
supper
sweet
to swim
table
the tailor
to take
take me,
take it
tea
a cup of tea
have you any
tea
hot tea
cold tea
tea spoon
to tell
tell me
1 tell you
tent
thanks
many thanks
I am very
sikur
56]
kvoéldverdur
seetur
ad synda
bord
skraddarinn
δῦ taka
takid mig
takid pad
tevatn
tevalnsbolli
hafid bér nokk-
ud tevatn
heitt tevatn
kalt tevatn
teskeid
ad segja
segid mér
eg segi your
tjald
pakkir
margfaldar
pakkir
eg bakka your
δῦ
hvad er fram-
ordid?
til, i, a
i dag
4 morgun
tébak
112
towel handkledi
town ber, stadur
travel ferd
trowsers buxur
true sannur
trunk koffort
under undir
understand skilja
doyou under- skilid pér mig?
stand me?
I do not un- eg skil your
derstandyou ekki
can you un-. getid pér
derstand? skilid?
not much ekki mikid
only a little elaungis dalit-
i
until til
up upp
up the hill upp hedina
up the stream upp eptir fljot-
inu
upon a
vegetables kalmeti
very mjig
the watter pjénninn
to walk aj ganga
warm heitur
to wash a3 pvo
the washing _ pvotturinn
the watch urd
water vat
give me some _gefid mér vatn
water
the water closet nadhusid
the way vegurinn
show me the visid mér veg-
way inn
which way hvadaveg verd
must I go? eg ad fara?
which is the hvar ervegur-
way to? inn til?
113
window gluggi
wine vin
have you any hafid pér nokk-
wine? ud vin
Portwine or portvin eda
Sherry? sérri
with med
without an
woman kona
wood skogur, vidur
to write δῦ skrifa
to write a ad skrifa bréf
letter
year ar
yes ja
yet enn, ennpa
you bér
you are pér erud
are you? erud pér?
yourself pér sjalfur
Il. Necessary Questions.
we vér, vid
weather vedur
will it be fair tli bad verdi
weather ὃ gott vedur
will it be bad =etli bad verdi
"weather? vont vedur
well gott, gddur,
᾿ς friskur
Tam not well eg er ekki g65-
ur, friskur
west vestur
wet votur
what hvad
where hvar
when hvenzr
which hver, hvada
why? pvi
will you vilid pér
wild viltur
wind vindur
I want Mig vantar, eg
parf, eg vil
fa
some bacon flesk
a banker vixlara
a bath bad
my beard shav- skegg mitt rak-
ed ad
a bedroom svefnherbergi
some beer bjér
my bill reikninginn
minn
the bill of matarlistann
fare °
my boots clean- stigvéln min
ed hreinsud
my boots soled stigvélin min
sélud
Icelandic Grammar.
some brandy _brennivin, kon-
fakk
a bottle of brennivins
brandy flésku
some bread _braud
to breakfast δ borda morg-
unverd
tea, coffee, tevatn, kaffi
two eggs and tvi egg og
bacon flesk
or ham eda hangid
svinsleri
a brush bursta
some butter smjor
to buy ad kaupa
ferdapokann
my carpetbag minn
@ carriage vagn
8
for one, two
hours
for a day
the chamber-
maid
some cheese
to change some
money
my coat
my collars
washed
a cup of coffee
a cup of tea
a comb
to dine
fish
roast meat
boiled meat
potatoes
vegetables
pudding
salad
drawers
eggs
a fire
to get up at
5 o'clock
a glass of water
a glass of wine
to go to the..
to goby steamer
to go by ταῖϊ-
way
to go to bed
some ham
a good hotel
‘elna, = tveer
stundir
einn dag
pj6nustu stilku
ost
ad skipta nokk-
rum pening-
um
frakkann minn
kragana mina
pvegna
kaffibolla
tevatnsbolla
kamb
ad borda mid-
dagsverd
fisk
steikt kjét
sodid kjut
jardepli, kart-
éplur
kalmeta
buding
salat
nerbuxur
egg
eld
δῦ fara 4 fetur
klukkan fimm
glas af vatni
glas af vini
δῦ fara til
δῦ fara med
gufuskipi
δῦ fara med
jaérnbraut
ad hatta
hangid
leri
gott gestgjafa-
hits
svins-
114
a horse
some ink
an interpreter
the landlord.
my letters
to write a letter
to post a letter
my linnen
washed
my baggage
some meat
cold meat
hot meat
the porter
roast beaf
mutton
veal
pork
the railway
a room
some salt
to see the town
- - - thea-
tre
to see the pro-
menade
dry sheets
shirts
my shirts
washed
a sitting room
my slippers
some soap
a stick
my stockings
suggar
hest
blek
(ἀκ
hushbéndann
bréfin min
ad. skrifa_ bréf
ad koma bréfi
4 pdstlinn
linfétin min
pvegin
farangurinn
minn
kjot
kalt kjot
. heitt kjét
pipar
penna
burdarmanninn
steikt nautakjot
- saudakjot
- kalfskjot
- svinakjot
jJarnbrautin
herbergi
salt
δ sj4 beinn
- - leikhusid
- - skemmti-
géngusvidid
purrar rekk-
voir
skirtur
skirturnar min-
ar pvegnar
herbergi
morgunskona
mina
sdépu
staf
sokkana mina
sikur
supper
α ticket
for the 1* class
for the 2"“class
toothbrush
my trowsers
my trunk
umbrella
you to wake me
at...
the waiter
some water
hot water
cold water
watch
wine
a bottle of wine
port wine
sherry
claret
JI. Will you
ask
assist me
bring
call me
come
drive
divide
do
do me
fetch
find
get
go to
away
from
give me
go with
go on
hand me
115
kvildverd
bileti
4 fyrsta pldss
4 annad plass
tanobursta
buxurnar minar
koffortid mitt
regnhlif
ad μόν vekid
mig um...
pjéninn
vatn
heitt vatn
kalt vatn
ur
vin
flisku af vini
portvin
sérri
rauda vin
Vilid pér
spyrja, bidja
hjalpa mér
feera, bera
kalla 4 mig
koma
aka
skipta
σ] γᾶ
gjéra fyrir mig
sekja
fara til
fara burtu
fara fra
gefa mér
fara med
fara afram
rétta mér
help me
let me
let me have
look for
look after
make
mend
oblige
pick
please
procure
recommend
remain
rest
ride
row
skate
speak
swim
stay
stop
tell me
walk
hjalpa mér
lata mig
lata mig hafa
ga ad
lita eptir
δ) γᾶ
gjéra vid
hjélpa um
tina
péknast
utvega
mela med
vera eptir
hvila
rida
réa
fara 4 skautum
tala
synda
dvelja
standa vid
segja mér
ganga
IV. Does the
bell ring?
hringir bjallan?
coach go to AP fer vagninn til
A?
coachstopatB? stendur vagn-
inn vid {
B?
- stophere? stendur vagn-
- leave at? fer
inn vid
hérna?
vagninn
burt?
- take pass- tekur vagninn |
engers?
vid _ferda-
ménnum?
coach start at? fer vagninn 4
stad ?
8Ὲ
road lead to?
- take to?
- pass near?
- crosses at?
railway go to?
train go quick?
train go slow?
mail start
journey take
long?
steamer
from?
steamer pass
here?
start
steamer stops
here?
steamer 80}
at?
steamer land
passengers?
way lead over?
way lead
through?
way go right?
- —- left?
- - strait
on?
time admit of?
116
{negur vegur-
inn til?
iggur vegurion
nerri?
liggur vegurinn
yirum
liggur
brautin
jaro-
fer jarnbrautar-
lestin hart ?
fer Jarnbrautar-
lestin hegt?
fer pdsturinn
af stad?
varir ferdin
lengi?
fer gufuskipid
fra?
fer guf uskipid
hérna framhjé?
stendur gufu-
skipid hérna
vid?
stendur gufu-
skipid vid 17
letur gufuskip-
18 ferda-
menn a
land?
liggur vegurinn
yfir?
liggur vegurinn
gegnum ἢ
liggur vegurinn
til hegri?
liggur vegurinn
til vinstri?
liggur vegurinn
beint dfram?
leyfir timinn.
V. Is tt?
attentive
bad
beautiful
bitter
black
blue
blunt
bold
broad
brown
careless
cheap
clean
clever
cold
dark
dear
deep
disagreeable
Er hann
(pad)
adgetinn
vondur
fagur
bitur
svartur
blar
sljér
djarfur
breidur
brinn
skeytingarlaus
édyr
hreinn
lipur
kaldur
dimmur
dyr
djdpur
épexgilegur
erfidur
éhreinn
purr
audveldur
té6mur
ésannur
langt
fallegur
flatur
fullur
grenn
gédur
mikill
pakklétur
grar
hardur
pungur
heilnemur,
heilsugédur
har
nice
old
all
almost,
already
always
at last
at once
because
besides
but
117
holur
Γἀδνδη
heitur
godur
stor
leifdur, eptir
léttur
langur
Jagur
mildur
préngur
neivi
nyr
nettur
greidvikinn
gamall
kurteis
fatekur, vesall
hygginn, for-
5]4}}
raudur
rikur
réttur
proskadur
ésléttur
kringloéttur, si-
valur
skarpur
short
sick
small
soft
sour
strong
stupid
sweet
tedious
thick
thin
tired
true
uggly
unhealthy
unwell
warm
weak
well
wet
white
wild
wide
wise
wrong
yellow
young
Vl. Adverbs.
alls
nzestum
pegar
alltaf
ad sidustu
i einu, undir-
eins
af pviad
auk
en
by all means
by no means
by and by
certainly
daily
early
else
enough
ere
stuttur
syikur
litill
mjukur
sur
sterkur
heimskur
setur
leidinlegur
pykkur
punnur
preyttur
sannur
ljétur
éheilnemur
éfriskur
heitur
veikur
heilbrigdur
votur
hvitur
viltur
vidur
vitur
rangur
gulur
ungur
fyrir alla muni
fyrir engan mun
vid og vid, brad-
um
vissulega
daglega
snemma
annars
nog
adur
ever
extremely
exceedingly,
here
hither
hourly
how
however
if
in
indeed
in fact
in this manner
in short
just now
late
like
monthly
much
neither-nor
never
no
no doubt
not
not at all
nothing
now
of course
only
oft
once
over
I go to Iceland
When?
to-morrow
how ?
by the steamer
mouth,
118
jafnan, τι
mjig
einstaklega
hér
hingad
hverja stund
hvernig, hversu
samt sem 4déur
ef
[
50
{ raun réttri
svona
{ stuttu mali
einmitt nina
seint
likt
manadarlega
mikid
hvorki-né
aldrei
nel
efalaust
ekki
alls ekki
ekkert
nu
sjalfsagt .
einungis
opt
einusinni
yfir
VII. Voyage
from Grange-
out
perhaps
pretty
quite
Scarce |
seldom
since
80
some
sometimes
soon
surely
then
there
thither
thus
till
to-day
to-morrow
to-night
truly
well
very
where?
whence?
why?
with
without doubt
yearly
yesterday
yet
to Iceland.
ut
ef til vill
fallegt
alveg
valla
sjaldan
sidan
500
nokkud
stundum
bréddum
vissulega
pa
par
pangad
pannig
pangad til
{ dag
a morgun
i kvéld
sannarlega
vel
mjég
hvar ?
hvadan?
pvi?
4 medan
efalaust
arlega
{ ger
enn, ennba
eg fer til Islands
hvener ?
a morgun
hvernig?
med gufuskipinu fra Grange-
mouth,
119
It is a screw steamer
It comes from Copenhagen
And goes to Reykjavik
calls at Grangemouth
On their outward and home-
ward voyage
six times a year
The ship is clean and fast
The danish cheer provided is
ample and wholesome
No man used to luxuries
Should make the trip
Even in fine weather
A few Icelanders are an board
The weather is excellent
We left the Shetlands yesterday
The Faroe islands are in sight
Their mountains and cliffs are
lofty
At noon we reashed Nalsoe
From which we went to Thors-
haven
We leave the Faroes for Ice-
land
Iceland is one-fifth larger than
Ireland
It is situated about 500 miles
N. W. of Scotland
The Needles of Portland Head
are curious
We pass the singular rock called
the ,,Mealsack“ and see Rey-
kianaes
The horizon is so clear, that
we see in the north the mag-
nificent outline of the Snae-
fells Jokul
The view is magnificent
;
pad er skrdfugufuskip,
pad kemur fra Kaupmannahifn,
og fer til Reykjavikur;
pad kemur vid i Grangemouth
4 ut- og heim-leidinni,
sex sinnum 4 4ri.
Skipid er hreint og traust.
Hin danska feda, sem veitt er,
er mikil og heilnzem.
Enginn madur, vanur vid sellifi,
etti ad fara pad for,
jafnvel {1 grou vedi.
Faeinir Islendingar a
skipinu
Vedrid er Agett.
Vér férum fra Skotlandi i ger.
Fereyararnar eru i syn.
Fjéllin og bjirgin 4 beim eru
ha
Um hadegi komumst vér til
Nalseyar,
padan forum ver til pérshafnar.
Vér forum [τά Fereyum til Is-
, lands
Island er einum fimta hluta
sterra en Irland
paG liggur hérumbil fimm hund-
rud milur { ttnordur frd
Skotlandi
Drangarnir vid Dyrhélaey (Port-
land) eru_ skritnir.
Vid forum framhjd hinum sér-
staklega kletti, sem kalladur
er Mélsekkur, og sjdum Reyk-
Janes
Loptid er svo bjart, a3 vér
sjaum { nordri hina tigulegu
umgjérd af Snefellsjokli;
Utsjonin er vegleg -
120
We soon reach the bay in which
lies the capital Reykjavik
Here you will find an hotel
It ts not a bad one
But you have only a week to
return by the steamer
We want ponies by to-morrow
for the Geysers
Early, very early!
The Icelanders think little of
tame
It ts indefinite,
Early in Iceland, is at any time
during the forenoon
The beds are delicious
This is the land of eider-down
The winter requires warmths,
rest, sleep
The harbour and Esianrange
is visible
There is a pretty cemetery
At its foot ts the road to Bessa-
stad
This is the promenade of the
beau monde
There is a cathedral
It contains a font by Thor-
waldsen,
who was of icelandic parentage.
At the back of the church is
the Alsing, the house of par-
lament of the island,
But the whole town looks more
like a village.
Society here is purely Danish.
The great natural phenomena,
with the exception of the
Krabla, lie in and about the
south-west portion of the ts-
land.
Vér komumst brddum inné fld-
ann, parsem hifudstadurinn
Reykjavik liggur.
Par er gestgjafa hus;
pad er ekki slemt;
per hafid adeins viku, ef bér
farid aptur med gufuskipinu.
Vid purfum hesta 4 morgun
til Geysis ;
snemma — brddsnemma!
{slendingar hugsa eigi mikid
um timann;
pad er odkvardad.
Snemma 4 Islandi er allt til
hadegis.
Rumin eru inndzl;
betta er eBarduns land.
‘A veturna pburfa menn hita,
hvild, svefn.
Hofnin sést og fjallgardur sa,
sem kalladur er Esjan.
parna er laglegur kirkjugardur.
Fram hj4 honum liggur vegur-
inn til Bessastada.
Hann er skemmtig dngusvid
hinna ungu manna,
parna er démkirkja,
par er skirnarfontur
Thorvaldsen
Fadir hans var Islendingur
‘A bak vit kirkjuna er er hus
pad, sem Alping Islands er
haldid {.
Allur berinn litur ut likt og
porp.
Samkveemin eru hér med alveg
dénsku snidi.
Hin miklu natturu einkenni
eru dll { og kringum sud-
vestur hluta landsins, ad
Kréflu undan skildri.
eptir
121
The island is volcanic.
At Thingvalla, of historic re-
noun, is good shooting.
It is one of the most wonder-
ful sights in the world.
All are riding ponies.
No one thinks of walking here.
The Salmon fishing ts excellent
sport,
Particularly the salmon rivers
at Bogar Fiord.
From here you can go to Snae-
fells Jokut
Visit the valley of Reykholt and
its terminal waters,
The cave of Surtshellir,
Than, if: you have time, go
across country to Geyser and
Hekla.
. Generally the visitors only go
to the Geysers and Hekla.
You ought to have good travel-
ling books.
Landid er fullt af eldfjdllum.
‘A Pingvéllum, sem nafnfregir
eru { ségulegu tilliti, er nég
aS skjota.
Peir er ein hin undrunarverd-
asta sjén 1 heimi.
Allir τα 4 hestum.
Engum dettur i hug ad ganga
hér.
Laxveidi er dget skemmtun,
einkum i laxd4num i Borgar-
firdi.
Hédan ma fara til Snefells-
jokuls
Skodid Reykholtsdalinn og
laugarnar bar.
Surtshellir
Ef bér hafid pd tima til, getid
pér farid yfir um landid til
Geysis og Heklu.
Vanalega fara ferdamenn adeins
til Geysis og Heklu. .
pér xttid δ hafa gddar ferda-
beekur.
ww ὁ 5. .
LIST OF
ICELANDIC BOOKS
IN STOCK OR IMPORTED BY
FRANZ THIMM
EUROPEAN AND ORIENTAL BOOKSELLER 3 BROOK STREET,
GROSVENOR SQRE, LONDON. W.
Andreae, Lexicon Islandicum. ed. Resenius. 4°. 1683.
Dietrich’s, Altnordisches Lesebuch, Poesie und Prosa bis
XV. Jahrh. 1843.
Edda Islandorum, Islandice, danice et latine. ed. Rese-
nius. 4 partes. 4° 1665—73.
— Sxmundi, dicta Voluspa, Iscel. et Lat. ed. Resenii, 4°. 1673.
— Semundar Hinns Froda. 3 Vol. 4. 1787—1828.
— die, tibersetzt von Simrock, 8° 1855.
Egilsson, Lexicon pret. anti. Liuguae septentrionalis. 1854.
Fornmanna, Sogur eptir gomlum Handritum utgefnar ad Tilh-
lutun hins Norreena Fornfreeda Felags; in Icelandic. 12
Vols. 8°. Kop. 1812—1837.
Gilason’s, Donsk Ordabok, med Islenzum Thydingum. 4. 1851.
— um frum. parta Islenzkrar tungu i forndld. 1846.
Grimm, W. C. Alldanische Heldenlieder, Balladen u. Mar-
chen, tibersetzt ins Deutsche. 1. 1811.
Haldorsen’s Lexicon Islandico-latino-danicum ed. Rask. 1814.
Jonsson’s Oldnordisk (islandsk-dansk) Ordbog. Cop. 1863.
Ire. (J. Glossarium Suio-Gothicum ; Dialect. Moceso-Gothica,
Anglo-Saxonica, Anglica hodierna, Islandica, etc. 2 Vol.
Folio. 1769.
Islands Landnamabok: Islandice et Lat. 4to. 1774.
Képpen, Liter. Einleitung in die Nordische Mythologie. 1837.
Mobius. tiber die alteste islandische Saga. 1852.
— Ueber die altnordische Philologie 1864.
— Analecta Norrena. Island. u. norw. Lit. ἃ. Mittelalters 1859.
Miiller, L. C. Islandsk Laesebog. Kop. 1836.
Pfeiffer, Altnordisches Lesebuch. Text, Grammatik, Wartb.
1860.
Rask, die Verslehre der Islander, deutsch. von Mohnike. 1830.
— Undersdgelse om det gamle islandske nordiske eller
Sprogs Oprindelse. Cop. 1818.
— Icelandic Grammer by Dacent (rare) 1843. Cloth.
Scripta Historica lslandorum de rebus gestis veterum
Borealium. ed. Soc. Reg. Antiq. Sept. 12 Vols. 8°. Cop.
1828/46.
Wheaton’s history of the Northmen 1831.
Ζ.
PT TT Tam μκὼ]
| |
© nw © Da] mG Ol m= @
»"ὦ ped
on
—
QD or
Is
low! II [ΠῚ oomll olall! °
oO
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ENGLISH, GERMAN, FRENCH AND ITALIAN.
109, boards. — 3 5. 6 d.
“Useful for travellers or for the study of comparative languages.”
a.
Just published
in a wrapper S8vo. “one Shilling” each
FRANZ THIMMPS '
FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT,
GERMAN SELF- TAUGHT,
ITALIAN SELF- TAUGHT.
SPANISH SELF- TAUGHT,
A new System on the most simple principles for solf-tuition, with the com-
plete english pronunciation of every word, table of coins etc. 8vo.
Price “one Shilling” sewed.
Very practical and useful introductory -treatises for self-tuition with the correqt
pronunciation of these languages.
The most approved Books for the tuition of Foreign Languages.
German Language.
I. For the Nursery. ες: a.
CHILD’S GERMAN BOOK by Hahn. 3rdEd.42mo.Cl. 0 3 0
“An excellent and easy Book for Children.”
SCHMIDT, CH., One Hundred German Tales, with english
notes by Mathias. 5th Ed. 8vo. 1866. Cloth 0 2 0
“Simple moral tales written in an easy german style, the
“very best book for beginners.”
HAHN’S Interlinear German Reading Book, for self-tui-
tion. (Hamiltonian Method.) 8vo. 1857. Cloth 0 2 6
THE FIRST BOOK OF GERMAN POETRY. Deutsche
Gedichte fiir den ersten Unterricht, ausgew&hlt von
F. Geissler. 12mo. 1857. Cloth. . . . 0 2 6
“Containing German Nursery Rhymes, Fables, and Poems
“of an easy verse and construction, gradually rising to and in-
“cluding the minor poems of Schiller, Goethe and Uhland. All
“‘selected to be learnt by heart.”
LESSING’S Fabeln (Prose and Verse) with english notes
by Hill. 12mo. 1859. boards. .. . 0 1 6
“Of a classic simplicity. Text book for Government
“Examinations.”
GERMAN SELF-TAUGHT, with complete Pronunciation
of every word. 8vo. sewed. . 0 1 0
11. For the Class Room.
MEISSNER, M., A new practical and easy method of
learning the German Language. Tenth corrected
Edition, 1867. 8vo. Cloth. . . .... 90 38 6
“This Grammar, which has at once embraced and super-
“ceeded all former systems, is one of the most valuable german
“Grammars published — if is not only an easy book for be-
“ginners, but also a desirable class book for progressive study.
“Professors pronounce it the “best german Grammar ever
“published.”
” Key to ditto. sewed. . . 0 1 0
JULIUS, German Writing Copies (Deutsche Vorschriften. )
ard Ed. oblong. 8vo. 1863. sewed .. 0 1 6
“These Copyslips are simple and graceful in form, they
‘Care methodical and the proper modern handwriting.”
FRANZ THIMM’S GERMAN COPY BOOK. A new and
complete Method, imparting a modern and elegant
form of German Handwriting. 410... . . . .
“A perfect Method of german writing very useful for Schools
“and Classes.”
HAHN’S GERMAN TALES AND STORIES; including
Hanff’s kalte Herz — Schmidt's Taubchen — Auer-
bach, des Waldschiitzen Sohn, for progressive reading
with english notes. 8vo. 1857. Cloth...
CAROVE’S MARCHEN OHNE ENDE (the story without
an end) with english notes by Mathias. 16mo. ~
Cloth gilt edged . ΝΥ
“Nowhere will you find the book of nature more freshly and
“beautifully opened, than in Carové’s ‘Marchen. ohne Ende’ of its
“kind one of the best that was ever written.”
Quarterly Reriew January 1867.
SCHMIDT'S .German Plays, adapted for School-Reading
with english notes by A. E. Hill, 8vo. Cloth .
or separately :
Part I. Die Erdbeeren — Der kleine Kaminfeger
- II. Der Blumenkranz— Der Eeierdieb. .
- IJ. Emma oder die kindliche Liebe. . °
“Adapted for children, and may easily be acted.”
KOTZEBUE’S Deutsche Kleinstédter, with notes by
Meissner. 8vo. . . . . © «© « «
KOTZEBUE'S Pagenstreiche, with notes by Meissner. 8.
“The text of these two Comedies has been altered in this
“edition, so as to adapt them for Ladies and Schools. Only
“these Editions by “Meissner” can be safely used.”
MEISSNER’S German and English Idiomatic Phrases and
Dialogues. 4th Ed. 12mo. Cloth. 1867...
‘This Dialogue and Phrasebook only contains useful matter,
“such as will give great facility of expression in speaking the
“language. Very useful for Travellers.”
Ill. For the Senior Class.
THIMM, F., the Literature of Germany from its earliest
Period to the present time. Historically deve-
loped. 2nd Ed. illustrated, fscap. Svo. Cloth. 1866.
“Among publications of a superior .kind, fitted to give an
“excellent sketch of the rise and progress of German literature,
‘‘we are acquainted with no work so well adapted as Mr. Thimm’s,
“of which a new edition has just appeared. The charaoters of
“the leading writers are ably and graphically depicted, and their
“chief works enumerated.”
Oxford Journal. 17 March 1866.
THIEME’S German Dictionary, publ. by Franz Tunas. Cl.
THIEME’S Critical German and English and English
and German Dictionary. imp. 8. bound. 1866
“These two, are the best german and english Dictionaries,
“that can be placed into the hands of the german Scholar. Its
“advantages are numerous. “The accent is given, which facilitates
0 1
0 3
0 2
0 5
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 2
0 2
0 2
0 5
0 7
0 10
Go Go o> Φ
——
“the german Pronunciation — to the substantive are added the
“Gender, the genitive, dative and the termination of the plural —
“to the Adjectives are added the irregular comparative forms —
“and to the irregular Verbs all irregularities are added. — The
“print of the Dictionaries is beautiful and the price very low.”
MEISSNER. The German Exercise Book, being a
Collection of Exercises intended as a supplement
to every German Grammar, or as a necessary
assistant for German Practice and Self-Tuition.
8vo. Cloth, 1857 . . 2. . 2. «© © we ws
- A key to. ditto. ὅνο. sewed. 1858.
“Progressive Exercises, for writing more extended composi-
“tions, tales, letters, historical prose” etc.
GEISSLER. Die schénsten deutschen Balladen und Ge-
dichte. (Collection of the most beautiful German
Ballads and Poems. Goethe, Schiller, Birger, Uhland,
Heine, Freiligrath etc. etc. Herausgegeben von
Geissler. 2nd Ed., illustrated with the heads of
the chief poets. Svo. Cloth neat.. . . .
“This is one of the most beautiful collections of german
“poems publishedfit gives the essence of all that is grand and
“distinguished in german poetry, ahd therefore of particular
“value to the student.”
COLLECTION of the most esteemed Tales and Novels of
Germany. (Klassischer Novellenkranz.)
“These novels and tales are adapted for Ladies
and Class Readings. vol. I. 8vo. Cloth. .
9 vol... . ..-
1. Zscnoxxy’ s Abenteuer der N eujabranacht, sewed Qnd Ra.
2. Havrr’s Othello... oe ee ee
3. VaRNHAGEN’s Sterner und Paitticher . . oe
4. Horrmann’s Friulein Scuderi, 2nd Edit.
5. ZscnHoxksr, der todte Gast . .
6. Κινκει,Β Hauskrieg oe eee ke
7. Svrprer’s Hochwald ..... +. -+ « « « e
8. ZscHoKKr’s Furstenblick . . ΝΞ ΕΞ
Part. 5 to 8 forms the 2nd Volume Cloth . ΝΞ ΞΕ
Part 9 Zsonorxe’s Loch im Aermel . . oe ew ow
ZSCHOKKE’S Vier Erzihlungen. Qloth. . ..
“Nothing is more difficult than to recommend to German
‘Scholars a good volume of elegant prose, which will make them
“acquainted with the best authors and also tend to unite amuse-
“ment with instruction. This Collection presents the Reader with
“nine Masterpieces’ elegant and amusing tales by excel-
“lent writers and also with such as may safely be placed
“in the hands of every one without danger; in consequence
“slight alterations of text have been deemed necessary, so as to
“make these tales suitable for young ladies and for classes.”
FRANCK’S Deutscher Briefsteller. (German Letter-
writer.) 8vo. Cloth .. . oe ee
. “This collection ποῦ only facilitates the composition of ger-
“man letters, but serves the scholar as a book of study and asa
“model of german prose composition, for it contains a collec- —
“tion of letters by classical german authors,”
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DS MOASDSSAMQAADO OS
THIMM’S
CLASSICAL CERMAN. BRAMAS.
SCHILLER’S Neffe als Onkel, with english Notes by
M. Meissner. 12mo. 1866. boards . .
“The text has been slightly modified so as to give this Edi-
‘tion a ‘distinct character as a Class Book.”
SCHILLER’S Wilhelm Tell, with english notes by
. M. Meissner. 12mo. 1859 2 0
GOETHE'S EGMONT, with english notes by 0. v. ᾿ Weg-
nern. 12mo. 1863.. oe 0
“The notes to these celebrated Dramas δι are historical, gram-
“matical and explanatory, and facilitate the reading and appre-
“ciation of these classical pieces.”
French Language.
1. Step.
THE CHILD’S FRENCH BOOK by Hahn. Cloth . 0
“This is the first book for the nursery.”
AHN’S French Class Book for Beginners, being the first
Course of the French Method adapted from the
german original and improved by Dudevant. 4th
Edition. 1862. .. . 0
“This remarkable book was published first ἢ in Germany and
“has now reached the 150th Edition ‘”
FRENCH SELF-TAUGHT, A new system, on the most
simple principles for self-tuition, with the complete
english pronunciation of every word. . . 0
POESIES DE L’ENFANCE, chosies par Francois Louis.
(French Poetry for Children.) 12mo. 1859. boards 0
“This collection has been made with great care, giving easy
“and short pieces such as are rarely found in similar collections
“and are adapted for the youngest children.”
ΞΘ»
If. Step.
FRENCH GRAMMAR by Ahn. “Author's eighth Be Edition.”
8vo. Cloth, 1867... .. . . 0
Key to ditto. 1858. 0
“Yhis is one of the most remarkable school books ever x pub-
“lished for the french language.”
FRENCH READER compiled after Ahn and other Readers
by Dudevant. With English Notes. 8vo. Cloth. 0
It contains: I. Detached sentences, Substantives, Adjectives
Pronouns, Verbs, Particles. II. Anecdotes. III. Short pieces from
Natural history. IV. Fables. V. Tales. VI. Descriptive Prose.
DUDEVANT’S French and English Idiomatic Phrases
and Dialogues; indispensable for a rapid acquisition
of the French Language. 12mo. 1856. Cloth 0
SPIER’S French and English and English and French
| Dictionaries. 2 Vol. S8vo. 1854. Cloth... 1
,9 ditto. ditto. abridged 12mo. . . 0
BARRET’S French and Mingliah Pocket Dictionary. 24.
Cloth 1855. , ,. . 0
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THEATRE FRANCAIS
with english notes by A. DupEvanr.
No. J. MOLIERE’S le BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME.
Comedie. 16°. paper boards. 1 s. 6 d.
“This School series will be continued and embrase Racine,
‘<Corneille and Modern Theatre.”
Italian Language.
ITALIAN SELF-TAUGHT. A new system on the most
simple principles for self-tuition, with the complete
english pronunciation of every word. . .
MARCHETTIS Italian Grammar. 3rd Ed. 1860. 8vo. Cl.
Key to the Grammar. §8vo. sewed.
“One of the ,most practical Grammars published, fall of
“exercises, reading lessons and Dialogues.”
MARCHETTI’ Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues
for the rapid acquisition of the language. Cloth
BLANC'’S Italian and Engl. pocket Dictionary. 24mo. Cl.
MILLHOUSE Italian and English Dictionary. 2 Vols.
8vo. Cloth. . . ΝΞ
Spanish Language.
SPANISH ‘SELF-TAUGHT, A new system on the most
simple principles for self-tuition with complete engl.
pronunciation . .
SALVO’S Spanish Grammar. ond. ‘Ed. 1862. ϑνο.. Cloth
9 Key to the Grammar. ὅνο. sewed .
» Spanish and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cl.
BLANC’S Spanish and English pocket Dictionary. Cloth
DE MIER, ΕἸ Commerciante Espanol. 8vo..
Art de la Correspondance commerciale espagnole-franc.
Portuguese Language.
CABANO’S Portuguese Grammar. 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cl. 1860
MONTEIRO’S Portuguese and Engl. Idiomatic Dialogues.
1857...
VIEYRA’S Portuguese and English Pocket Dictionary
1857. .
Arte de Correspondencia commercial portuguez 2
FONSECA, Prosas Selectas (Portuguese Reader). 1837
Danish Language.
-_LUND’S Danish Grammar. 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cloth. 1860
» Key to ditto. .
» Danish and English Idiom. Dialogues. Cl. 1857
Danish and English Pocket Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth. 1857
FERRALL and REPP’S Danish and English Dictionary.
2 Vols. 12mo. 1863. 1.2 bound. .
HOLST’S Dansk Laesebog. Vol. I Prose 6 5. Vol. τ Poetry
BRESEMANN’S ditto with german Notes. 12mo.
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ΘΦΦόἜςς-Τς- ὦ oo Oo
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The Princess Alexandra and the Royal House of Φ s. 4d.
Denmark. A Genealogy; giving an account of Da-
nish history from the Sea-Kings-down to the family
of the Princess of Wales. 12mo. 1863. . . 0 1 0
Swedish Language.
LENSTROM’S Swedish Grammar, 2nd Ed. 8vo. Cl.
1861. . « «© «© «© © «© © «© «© © «© © » O 4 DO
» Swedish and Engl.Dialogues. 12mo. 1857 0 2 6
3 Svensk Loesebogi prosa og poesi. 8.1843 0 6 0
Sveriges Litteratur Historia, 8vo. 1841 0 6 0
TEGNER'S Frithiofs-Saga. 12mo . . 0 2 6
Swedish and English Dictionary. 12mo. ‘Cloth. 1861 0 5 0
Dutch Language.
‘AHIN’S Dutch Grammar. 2nd. Ed. 1860. 8vo. Cloth 0 4 0
HARLEN’S Dutch and Engl. Dialogues. 12mo.Cl.1858 0 2 6
Dutch and English Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth . 0 5 0
Russian and Turkish Languages.
Russban, Turkish, Frenchand EnglishVocabulary
for Travellers in the East. 2nd Ed. 12mo. Cl.1858 0 2 6
ALEXANDROW’S Russian Grammar. 8vo. 1867. Cloth 0 4 0
Russian and English Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth. . . 0 5 0
Modern Greek Language.
VLACHO’S Modern Greek Grammar, 8vo. 1867. Cloth 0 4 0
BYZANTIUS Dictionnaire grec-frang. et fr.-gr. imp. 8vo. 1 5 0
DEHEQUE, Dictionnaire grec moderne francaise. 12mo. 0 8 0
Commercial Correspondences.
GERMAN AND ENGLISH, Commercial Correspondence
FRENCH AND ENGLISH ditto by Dudevant |. h
ITALIAN AND ENGLISH ditto | by Marchetti (8 te press.
SPANISH AND ENGLISH _ ditto by Salvo £ os. d.
FLUGEL’S Triglotte, oder kaufrainnisches Worterbuch.
Deutsch, Englisch, Franzésisch. 8vo. . . 014 0
RHODE'’S praktisches Handbuch der Handels-Correspon-
denz deutsch, franzésisch, englisch und italienisch.
8vo. Cl. 0 10
MANITIUS, der kaufmannische Correspondent deutsch,
englisch, franzisisch, italienisch und spanisch . 0 6
SCHULTEN, deutsche, Rollandische, franzésische und
englische Handels-Correspondenz. 8 vo... 90
LEIPZIGER Handels-Correspondent ..... .:90
FORT, kaufminnische Correspondenz . 0
KEEGAN’S kaufmannische Phraseologie } in franabsische
und englischer Sprache .
oO © Φ 7)
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SHAKSPEARIANA
from 1564 to 1864.
An account of the Shakspearian Literature
of
England, Germany and France
during three Centuries
with Bibliographical Introductions
b
y
Franz Thimm.
London 1865. 8°. Cloth. 4s.
“The author has laid the student of Shakspearian literature under deep
“obligations. That literature is now of itself an important and Mistinctive
“branch of study. Innumerable essays, criticisms, commentaries, expositions,
“and lectures upon Shakespeare have been published in England, Germany
“and France. Their titles, authors’ names, and dates of appearance have
“been collected together by Mr. Thimm, and arranged in alphabetical order.
“‘Prefixed to each list is an historical account of the progress of Shakspea-
‘rian criticism in the three countries, which instructively shows the growth
“of the appreciation of the exhaustless dramas. The book is both valuable
“as a reference, and as a study of the advance in the English and Conti-
‘“‘nental estimation of Shakspeare. It is the fullest compilation of the kind
“we have; Bohn’s edition of Lowndes has hitherto been the most complete
“record on the subject; but to the works there enumerated Mr. Thimm has
“added the titles of at least one hundred and seventy more books in the
“English, and nearly three hundred in the German and French Department.
‘Mr. Thimm’s is therefore the most perfect collection of Shakspeariana.”
It has been his “endeavour to place before the lovers of the great dra-
matistes” an elaborate Catalogue of what the Times ealls the “‘Shakspeare
Library” and he has succeeded in accomplishing his object.
Shrewsbury Observer. 1865.
. FErom the Preface.
The first ‘“‘Shakspeariana” by Wilson, published in 1827 was too im-
perfect to be of much use,
Mr. Halliwell’s, which appeared in 1841, is very useful for the varions
early editions of Shakspeare’s works; but for so great a student of the dra-
matist and his history, his collection of Commentaries and essays (which
only extends to 233 numbers) is singularly imperfect. Sillig’s Shakspeare
Literatur bis Mitte 1854 was decidedly the most perfect production of its
kind, which had hitherto seen the light.
Nevertheless I could not relinquish the idea of publishing my own
Collectanea; for notonly were my materials and the labour expended upon
them considerable (the subject has occupied me for more than 12 years)
but it was moreover a part of my plan to classify the productions of Eng-
land, France and Germany, in a manner as yet unattempted. Halliwell had
only 26 additions to Wilson, I had over 600 more than Sillig, enough in
themselves to constitute quite a new work. The latest addition to Shaks-
pearian literature has appeared in the new edition of “Lowndes-Manuel” by
r. Henry Bohn, and constitutes a “Shakspeariana” of which I cannot but
speak in the very highest terms. And yet it will be found, on comparison,
that I have at least 120 additional references in the English, and nearly
300 in the German and French departments.
“Southey said, when Isaac Reed’s contribution appeared, Comments
“upon Shakespeare keep pace with the National Debt: yet I should like to
“see his book and would buy it, if I could. Of course; and a costly store
“ig obtained by such continual additions”
The complete Catalogue, as far as it*is possible for a Bibliographer to
give, of this Shakespeare “Library” it has been my endeavour to place be-
fore the lovers of the great dramatist.
Stir Ῥεπί[ὦ ε.
Thimm’s
London und Manchester.
.Ein praktisches Reisebuch
fiir England und Schottland
mit einem neuen Plane von London.
14. Jahrgang. Gebunden. 25 Sgr. oder 2 5. 6 d.
Der
Englische und Amerikanische Dolmetscher.
Ein Handbuch
fir Jeden, der in der allerkirzesten Zeit ohne Lehrer und ohne alle
Mihe richtig Englisch lernen und sprechen will.
Von William Jones.
12°. cartonirt. 1 5. 6 d.
. Terms of the
German, French and Italian
Circulating Library
of
Franz Thimm.
* 3 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London.
£ os. a.
One year ι{ ι --
Six Months — 12 —
Three Month — 7 6
One Month -- 3—
Country Subscribers.
For one year 1 4 —-
For six Months — 16 —
“The newest books are added to the Library immediately after publication.”
Tis Lrsrary has been established exclusively for the circulation of
Foreign Books. It consists of the “cHo1cest works” of German, French, -
and Italian Literature, and the newest puclications of interest are constantly
added to the Library.
Rules.
1. Deposit, “Five Shillings.”
2. Subscribers are entitled to one work at a time in Town, and six
volumes in the Country.
3. Country Subscribers pay all expenses incurred for Carriage,
Booking, ete ᾿
4. The Books must be returned in one lot.
5. When Books are detained beyond the terms of Subscription, an ad-
ditional Subscription is paid up the day of delivering the books.
SUBSCRIPTIONS TO BE PAID IN ADVANCE.
A Register is kept for qualified Foretgn Governesses and Teachers for all the
Languages of Europe.
Leipzig, Printed by J. B. Hirschfeld.
-
-
on.