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Hindustani
AS IT ODGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
BY
J. T'NVEEDIE,
Bengal Civil Service,
' It is really surprising, when you come to think of it, how ungrammati-
cally people do talk."
Third Edition.
©alrutta
Thacker, Spink & Co.
London: W. THACKER & CO., 2, Creed Lane, Ludgate Hill.
1900.
\All rights reserved, '\
LOAN STACK
PRINTED BY TH ACKER. SPINK & CO., CALCUTIA.
n
jWO
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The Author must express his regret at this little work
having been out of print for a time. His excuse is the
unexpected rapidity with which the First Edition was
absorbed by the public. It is, however, satisfactory to
know that the book is fulfilling the purpose for which it
was written ; and has already become, in a great measure,
^/le dook, which even those who must eventually know
the vernacular character, read, in order to gain a rapid
knowledge of the construction of the language, and a large
stock of guaranteed words and phrases. Nothing is then
left but to study the Vernacular Alphabet.
The present volume is larger than its predecessor. This
is because many complaints reached the Author that there
was too little in the book. The cry was for more. This
is a good sign. But, on the other hand, there were com-
plaints of inability to remember words only * once given '
in the course of the " Lessons." The collecting of all
words given in the body of the book into the Glossaries at
the emi, is one cause of the increase I size.
Another is that the number of Exercises has, on demand,
been largely added to, implying the introduction of many
additional words.
It has been considered proper to retain in the body of
the book the lists of words there given, though now also
to be found in the Glossaries. They are selected words
€52
VIU PREFACE.
which, in the opinion of the Author, one must know ; and
whether one learns them or not as they stand above the
Exercises — one certainly would never learn them, if they
stood only in a ** Dictionary."
Perhaps the humble ** Index " deserves mention. Thus
by turning to the proper Sub-Head under the General
Head " Vocabularies," you will find where all the words
relating to any one subject, (as * Animals,' ' Birds,' ' Vermin,'
and so on,) are to be found collected in the body of the
book.
Another feature which certainly deserves notice here is
that m both Glossaries, nouns which are masculine but have
feminine terminations are marked (m.), while feminine
nouns not ending in the recognised feminine terminations
(see page 8,) are marked (f ). At page 105 you will find a
useful (but of course incomplete) list of such feminine
nouns. False genders grate horribly on the ear ; ' Mon
soeur est ires-beau,^
But the chief new feature of this Edition is "The
Reader," which contains a collection of modern extracts
of fable, story, dialogue and oratory. These should be
enough to satisfy all those who have ventured to * ask for
more.'
As the First Edition was complete in its exposition of
the grammatical structure of the language, much could not
be added on this subject. Some sections however have
been now more fully treated than before ; as for example,
the Pronoun * apna,' on page 30.
Thus has the Author endeavoured to give some return
to the public for its kind reception of the First Edition, by
making the Second Edition more copious, more complete
and more convenient than the First.
PREFACE. IX
The Author also hopes to be able to give the student
— very soon — a translation of all the Exercises, and of
*The Reader.' This will both shorten labour, and render
a correct acquisition of the language more certain and
easy.
It remains for the Author to acknowledge the services
rendered by Moulvi Zahir-ud-din of Patna in perusing the
Hinditstani additions, as they passed through the press.
Patna ^ February 1893.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
This little book has been written at the request of ladies,
so that no apology for its appearance is called for. Their
complaint was that no book exists from which they can
gain a complete and correct knowledge of the Hindilstani
language suited to their daily requirements; and so they
have to struggle with books which give them both too
much and too little. Therefore they requested that a
small book should be written by aid of which the true
grammatical structure of the language might be learned,
and a stock of words acquired which are actually in daily
use. It is hoped, that those who have learned the lessons
of this book viva voce with the Author will remember him
kindly when they see these lessons in print.
The scope of the book is not ambitious. Thus, there
are no dissertations on the origin of the language, or on
the derivation of words, or on philological analogies. Very
little will be found of ornate Persian or Arabic phraseo-
logy. Even some of the refinements of the alphabet— for
instance, the distinction between ^alif and 'ain' — '/^'
and ''to'e\^ have not been insisted on.
The aim has been to make the book a thoroughly
practical one, suited to all and every, whose mid life has
to be spent in India. The lessons remain in the form of
familiar oral teaching, dry rules being, as far as possible,
avoided. It is hoped that the book will thus be interest-
PREFACE. Xi
ing to read, as well as easy to learn. A special feature will
be found in the lists of English and other foreign words
which have become naturalised, at least among those
natives who come much in contact with Europeans.
It is believed that the Alphabetical Vocabularies — in
combination with a grammar — supply what does not at
present exist in any form. Each of these contains about
two thousand five hundred words and phrases, for the
most part additional to the copious lists of words and
phrases given during the course of the Lessons. All these
have been selected and tested with the greatest care ; so
that the reader may feel quite sure that he is getting in
all cases the words actually used by natives of ordinary
education when speaking of the common affairs of daily
life. The spelling is everywhere uniform; and may be
said to be the Government system of transliteration. Thus
is the student of Hindiistani (as is believed for the first
time) provided with an adequate and readily accessible
stock of really colloquial, every-day words; alphabetically
arranged in Roman type, both Hindiistani-English and
English-Hindiistani, on a uniform system of spelling
approved by Oriental Scholars and by Government, com-
bined with a short and easy grammar.
It cannot be denied that by far the greater number of
Englishmen and Englishwomen in India speak a very
peculiar language under the name of * Hindiistani ' — and
this, both as regards grammar and pronunciation. The
excuse is sometimes made, that they hear natives speak as
they speak. There is some truth in this; but it is for-
gotten that the natives referred to learned the language
which they so speak from their masters and mistresses, and
that if credit is due to anyone, it is due to the natives who
XU PREFACE.
have had the wit to understand, and the skill to acquire
the dialect which they hear addressed to them.
That (iialect is occasionally spoken of in the following
pages as * Anglo-Hindiistani.' It is the Author's hope that
by means of this little book, it will — in some degree at
least— be replaced by Hindiistdni as it ought to be spoken.
The contents of the book may be mastered in one
month's study, even by those who are *not good at
languages.' It is recommended that at the first-reading
little or no attempt should be made to translate English
into Hindustani. This should be made at the second
perusal. At the first perusal, the twelve lessons should be
completely mastered, the Hindustani exercises carefully
analysed, pronunciation practised aloud, and as large a
stock of words learned as the reader can possibly retain.
It only remains for the Author to express his obliga-
tions to Sayad Wajid Hossen, K. B., and to Baboo Sheo
Darshan, learned scholars of Bihar, for their kind labours
in revising, and, in some respects amending, the letter-
press of these lessons, — labours which render it probable
that the book contains nothing which will mislead the
student.
Patna^ December 1889.
PUBLISHERS^ PREFACE TO THIRD
EDITION.
Owing to the lamented death of the Author, Mr. Tweedie,
before the present edition was completed, the Publishers
have had to seek other aid in passing it through the press.
The work was entrusted to a distinguished linguist, and
the very careful manner in which he has performed his
task leads the Publishers to hope that the present edition
will receive the same cordial support that was accorded to
its predecessors. The features of the book remain in all
respects the same, and no trouble has been spared to make
the work as complete and accurate as possible.
Calcutta, 1900.
PARADIGM of the Verb ' Hona,' to be, or become.
According to the forms most commonly used; but see Page 14, Sect. 9.
To be read before the PARADIGM on page 16.
The second of two bracketted lines gives the Feminine forms.
See Page 10, Sect. 6.
Vai'ious Parts.
Stem, Ho. Infinitive, Ho-na. Pres. Part., Ho-ta. Past Part., Hii,a.
(fern. hii,i; ^ hii,in.^)
Tenses.
Singular. | Plural.
Subjunctive and Imperative, / ?nay be ; Be thou, drc.
Ho-iin, Ho-we, Ho- we. ( Ho- wen, Ho, Ho-wen.
Future, / shall or will be, ^c.
{Hun-ga, Ho-ga, Ho-ga. I Hon-ge, Ho-ge, Hon-ge.
Hiin-gi, Ho-gi, Ho-gi. I - - - same as the Masc. - - -
Present, / a??i, ^c.
Hun, Hai, Hai. | Hain, Ho, Hain.
Past, I was, &fc.
/Tha, Tha, Tha. I The, The, Tne.
(Thi, Thi, Thi. I Ihin, Thin, Thin.
The Compound Tenses are the same in formation as those shown
Dn page 16, viz. :— Ho-ta hiin, &c., I am being, Ho-ta tha, &c., /
was being. Hii,a hun. &c., I have been. Hii,a tha, &c., I had been,
Hii,a hunga, &c., I shall have been.
Special Parts.
Ho-ke, or ho-kar, having been.
Ho-te-hi, immediately on being.
Hujiye, be pleased to be.
^ Singular. 2 Plural.
CONTRACTIONS
USED IN THE BODY OF THE BOOK.
The ordinary grammatical ones, as * Sing.' for * Singular ' ; ' Plur.'
for * Plnral,' and so on, speak for ihemselves. * Anglo-Hind.' stands
for * Anglo-Hindustani.' (See Preface to the First Edition.) (E.)
means that the word beside which it is placed is an English* one in
common use by natives. * Ex : — ' stands for * Example.' ( H.) means
that the word may only be used of Hindus. (M.) means that the
word may le used of Muhammadans. (L.B.) means that the
word is current only or chiefly in Lower Bengal.
» Some words, e.g. 'frikasi,' ' aspik,* &c., are so obviously English, (or any-
how not Hindustani,) that they have been printed without the (E.).
CORRIGENDA.
The following corrections should be made, as far as
possible, before beginning the perusal of the book : —
Wherever * Huziir ' occurs, read * Huzur.' See page 28, also page 5r,
Exercise Ko. 16, &c
Wherever * tarah ' occurs, read ' tarah.'
Page 16, after the line beginning * Girta hiin,' insert : —
Imperfect, / was falling, ^c.
Gir-ta tha, tha, tha. | Gir-te the, the, the.
«> 43» place an asterisk before * sath.'
,, 47, Note I, For * It is also ' read 'Another particle,' ""tho,^ is...
Next line but one, for * to ' read * tho.'
,, ,, (last two notes,) for ' v ' and * vi.' read * iv ' and ' v.'
„ 103, (first line,) for * Ordinal,' read * Cardinal.'
,, 121, (second line,) for * ghisarta, ghisarta,' read * ghisatta,
ghisatta.'
„ 149, (line 17,) for * ghisarna,' read *ghisatna.'
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
1ST
Lesson.
2ND
5»
3RD
5)
4TH
J>
5TH
JJ
6th
5)
7TH
J)
8th
>J
9TH
n
IOTH
J>
IITH
5)
I2TH
))
I3TH
)5
I4TH
51
15TH
?J
Appendix No.
Page.
The Alphabet and Pronunciation... i
Nouns ; their Cases, Numbers and
Genders ... ... ... 5
Agreement ... ... 10
The Verb ... ... ... ... 13
The Pronouns... ... 28
Various Words allied to Pronouns 38
Prepositions ... ... 43
Conjunctions and Allied Words ... 46
Adverbs and Allied Words 54
Interjections ... ... ... 56
Arrangement of Words in a Sen-
tence ... ... 61
Numeration ... ... ... 64
Time ... ... ... 66
Miscellaneous ... ... ... 72
Supplementary Vocabularies and
Exercises ... ... 80
I. Numerals ... ... ... 103
II. Relative AND Co-relative Words 104
III. List OF SOME Feminine Nouns ... 105
A Hindustani Reader
A Glossary of Useful Words.
J) ?j >»
General Index
Hind.-English
English-Hind.
109
129
209
343
HINDUSTANI
AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
FIRST LESSON.
The Alphabet and Pronunciation.
The Consonants,
1. These, in Hindustani, correspond closely with the
English Consonants ; but in Hindustani there are soiwe
additional sounds. There is no x ; its place is supplied
by " ks." There is also no " c " whether soft or hard ;
*' q " does not occur in the Hindiistani in this book.
2. The unmarked " t " and " d " must be pronounced
with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth. When
these letters have a dot under them, pronounce with the
tongue against the bars of the roof of the mouth ; so vvith
"r"and"r."
T.. H, I
2 hindi5stXni as it ought to be spoken.
3. Pronounce "ch" as in " church,"..." sh" as in
" short,". .."g" as in "get,"..."ng" as in "king,"...
"j" as in "jet,"..."y" as in "yet,"..." vv" as in "wet,''
though sometimes the sound of "v" in "vet," is given
to this letter. You should be careful also to pronounce
even a single " s," with a full hissing sound, not confound-
ing it with "z." In Hindustani, we have both an "f,'^
and "ph;" "f," as in English; "ph" as directed in the
next section; "h" is as much a consonant as any other;
it is to be lightly sounded like an ordinary English "h.'^
AVhen it is the last letter of a word, and is preceded by
another consonant^ the "h" is to be sounded like " ha,'^
cut short as you pronounce it ; " h," (with dot) is a rough
aspirate, such as is commonly heard in the border-country
at home ; " k " (without a dot) is sounded from the root
of the tongue; "k" (with a dot) is sounded low in the
throat.
4. Many words and syllables begin with a consonant
followed by "h." This "h" must not be ignored, as it
nearly always is l)y Europeans. By ignoring it, you may
call in a "loafer" when you merely want your "horse;" or
a native woman instead of your brother. The effect of this
"h," is to give sounds not familiar in English. You may
acquire them by separating the consonant and the "h"
with a very faint echo of any short vowel sound ; and
practising the gradual withdrawal of that sound, till you
can pronounce the consonant and the " h " as one sound.
Any plan is preferable to leaving out the " h." As laid down
in the last preceding section, "ch" is sounded as in
''church;'' and " sh," as in ''short;'' "th" and "ph"
also "kh" when not underlined, fall under this section.
* Ch ' and ' sh ' are single letters in Hindustani.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 3
5. Kh (underlined) is used to express a hard guttural
sound. No English word begins with it. The Scotch
word ''loch" ends with it. The "ch" in the German
word "ach !" comes still nearer it.
6. Gh represents a sound hardly attainable by adult
Western throats. The most you will be able to do, is to
treat it as a plain "gh," under Section 4 above; or you
may try and catch its true sound by getting a, more or less
educated Muhammadan to give you the word for a " domes-
tic fowl.'*
7. N (with dot) gives a strong nasal twang to the 7vhole
syllable in which it occurs.
The Vowels,
1. The short ones : —
a pronounced as the "u" in ''^fun. "
i pronounced as the " i " in ^^fin. ''
u pronounced as the "u" in "/////. "
2. The long ones : —
e always long (and to be pronounced at the end of
a word, as well as elsewhere) : like the " e " in
the German word mehr ; or the Scotch pronun-
ciation of words like ^' there, ^^ ''fare^' '^ dare.^'
always long, pronounced as "o" in pole; but
more protracted in sound.
a pronounced as the " a " mfar,
1 pronounced as the " i " in machine.
li pronounced as the **u" in the German " du,"
or "00" in ''fool;^^ but more protracted in
sound than the latter.
4 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Throughout this book when "a," "i," and " u," are j/^t?/-/,
they are not marked ; nor are they marked 7vhen final letters^
for then they are nearly always long ; when not final letters
and long^ they are marked ', " e" and " o," being always long,
are never marked. The instances in which words end in a
short vowel are shown by an *' h" following the vowel.
Diphthongs.
8. Take 'it that there are no diphthongs: when one
vowel follows another arid the two are not separated by the
mark *'," pronounce the second rapidly after the first as in
Italian. When that mark occurs, the two vowels belong to
different syllables.
VOCABULARY No. I.
admi, a human being} bahin, a sister.
mard, a man. bha,i, a brot/ur. \ing girl,
aurat, a woman. ba^i, a native woman ; a danc-
ma, a mother. bibi, a native lady.
bap, a father. ghora, a horse.
ma-bap, parents , a benefactor, gora, a European.^
beta, a son. khidmatgar, a table-servant.^
beti, a daughter. murghi, a hen.
khasam, a husband. ghusl, a bath.
joru ; zaujah, a wife. khana, dinner, [composition,)
larke-bale, children, khanah, a room {much used in
* But translate it, ordinarily, by * man; or * woman; according to
the context. ^Really means */ajV-r^w//^;»:/^;W.' often means a Euro
pean soldier ; is not applied to Europeans of rank. " So among Euro-
peans ; amont; natives, the word is applied to any domestic servant.
SECOND LESSON.
Nouns : their Cases, Numbers, and Genders,
Cases,
1. *'Cases," are marked by certain small words, which
follow the original word. The original word, however, so7?ie-
times undergoes a slight modification before the word indi-
cating the '*case" is written. For this modification, see
next section ; but note here, in anticipation, that there are
two accusative cases, the " simple acaisative^^'' which is al-
ways the same as the nominative ; and an accusative formed
with the particle " ko."
2. The words used to indicate case-relationship are
these : —
ka, ke, ki, of ; se, by : ivith (of the instrument) ;
ko, to ; at. also from ; also ^^ since ^^ (of
time) ; ago.
par, on ; at ; men, in ; itito.
ne, by (of agency) tak ; talak, up to ; as far as.
3. The selection to be made from ka, ke, ki is a diffi-
culty which should be mastered once for all, as there are
many analogies to it in the language. Note, therefore, the
following explanations : — .
6 hindijStani as it ought to be spoken.
i. The thing oivned regulates the selection,
ii. If that thing be feminine, always use * ki.'
iii. If that thing be singular, masculine and nomina-
tive, or simple accusative, always use *ka.'
iv. If that thing be (a) singular, masculine and any
case except the nominative or simple accusative :
or : (b) plural, masculine, and any case : then
always use * ke. '
4. The English style with '^apostrophe s," will always
give the correct Hindustani order of the words. An inver-
sion is required in our form with " of."
Modifications informing Cases and Nufubers.
5. Proper names and words expressing family relation-
ships do not change in the Singular; Ex. Khuda, God:
Chacha, a paternal uncle : Baba, a father : also, in Bengal,
a child,
6. Note again that the nominative and the simple
accusative - both singular and plural — are always the same.
7. As regards the other cases Singular : —
> i. Most masculine nouns ending in "a," also many
v ending in *'ah," change these into "e."
ii. No change is made in any other word, masculine
or feminine.
8. As regards the Nominative (and simple ace.)
Plural : —
i. Most masculine nouns ending in "a", and many
ending in "ah" change these into "e."
ii. No other masculine noun changes at all.
iii. Feminine nouns ending in "i," add "a^."
iv. Feminine nouns ending in any letter other than
"i,"add "en."
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 7
9. The OBLIQUE cases of the Plural (including the
ace. in "ko") are formed by adding "on," to the Nom.
Sing, of nouns not ending in "a," or "ah"; or by sub-
stituting "on" for "a" or "ah" in nouns which do end
in these vowels.
Note, — Plurals are sometimes further formed by adding the word
^*\og^^ people, (oblique cases, logon) to the Nom. Plural, parti-
cularly to express the idea of a * class.' Confer the use of
* Leute ' in German. Ex larke-Iog, the children. This idiom
is used only of human beings.
The Accusative in " /^<?."
10. This, in form, is the same as the dative. Its effect
is often said to be to particularize a special thing. But this
is not always so. The selection as between the two accusa-
tives is a nicety of the language, for which no rule can be
given. Avoid using the form with " ko " so as to cause
confusion in the sense as to which word is dative and
which accusative.
The Vocative,
11. The Vocative Singular is the same as the Nomi-
native, except that "a" or "ah" becomes "e." The
Vocative Plural ends in " o."
Gender.
12. Names of males are masculine. Names of females
are feminine.
Things called ^neuter'' in English, are either masculine
or feminine in Hindustani. They should be taken to be
masculine^ unless known to be feminine.
8 hindxjStAni as it ought to be spoken.
13. No detailed rules for gender can be given ; but
most nouns which end in * i/ * t,' * t ' and * sh ' are feminine.
Even to this rule, such common words as "/^«/," water;
"^///V a sort of butter; ^^ motij' a pearl ; '' dahi,^' curd, are
exceptions ; these being masculine. See Appendix, No. 3.
Paradigm of Nouns.
i. Masc nouns ending in " ^," and some in " ah " .• —
Cases. Sing. PUu.
Nom. and simple ace. larka (boy) larke.
Oblique case?, larke larkon.
So ; handah, slave, bande ; bande, bandon, &c.
ii. Any other Masc. noun : —
Cases. Sing. Plur.
Nom. and simple ace. mard {man) mard.
Oblique cases, mard mardon.
So; admi, man; moti, a pearl; guru, a spiritual
teacher, Szc, But '' ddmi' has also a Nom. Plural,
ddmi^dn.
iii. Fevi. nouns ending in "/"; —
Cases. Sing. Plur.
Nom. and simple ace. bibi (lady) bibi,an.
Oblique cases, bibi hibi,on.
So ; any other feminine noun ending in " i."
iv. Fern, nouns ending in any other letter : —
Cases. Sing. Plur.
Nom. and simnle ace. rat (night) raten.
Oblique cases, rat raton.
So ; any other feminine noun not ending in " i."
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
VOCABULARY No. II.
j^ote. — There are no ''Articles" in Hindustani; they are either
omitted in translation, or "«;" or '"''an'" is translated by
'«^/^" z= one; and 'Uhe''' by the demonstrative pronoun, which
you have not yet learned. N.B. Vej'bs are placed at the end
of a clause or sentence. See pa^e 6i.'
larka, a boy.
larki, a girl.
roti, bread.
pani, water,
diidh, milk.
taiyar, ready.
hazir, present.
do, give.
la,o, bring,
ja,o, go.
a,o, come.
leja,o, take away.
suno, listen to me.
bolo, speak ; say.
hai, is.
hain, are.
aur, and.
bhi, ^/i"^.
magar, ^///.
kitab, a book (fern.) i
kalam,^ /^;/.
bula,o, call ; summon,
chup raho, hold your
tongue,
rahne do, let alone ; leave.
sabr karo, have patience ;
wait a little.
hat-ja,o, get out of the way.
Exercise No. i. Translate.
Mard ki ma hazir hai. Aurat ka beta aur mard ki bahin
hazir hain. Larke ki roti taiyar hai. Ek admi bula,o.
Ek admi ko bula,o. Suno ! ba,i ke bete ko bula,o.
Suno ! ba,i ki beti ko leja,o. Ba,i ka bha,i hazir hai.
Gore ka ghora taiyar hai. Ghusl ka pani taiyar hai.
Sabr karo ! Chup raho. Hat-ja,o. Rahne do.
Account to yourself //z writing for all the ka, ke, ki's, and
for the changes of a into e, in the foregoing sentences.
THIRD LESSON.
Agreement.
1. " Ka, ke, ki " agree with the thing owned ^ according
to the rules above given.
2. Adjectives ending in a consonant, or any vowel
except *a,' agree without change.
3. Adjectives used in making compound-verbs (see
post^ page 21) do not change.
4. Adjectives in " a," become " i " in the feminine, and
then never change further, whether singular or plural.
5. If the noun be masculine^ "a" of the adjective
remains unchanged in the nominative and simple accusa-
tive singular. It changes into "e" in all other cases of
the singular, and in every case of the plural.
6. Such parts of verbs as end in "a" also "agree,"
under the same rule as applies to adjectives ending in
** a," and one rule more : for the feminine plural of verbs in
" agreement " is in " in." But note, that if there be more
than one word thus changeable, only the last takes the
"n": the other stop at the ** i." The agreement is, ordi-
narily, ^ with the nominative.
* See post^ Fourth Lesson, page 19, section 25.
HINDUStInI as it ought to be spoken. II
Example of a Verb agreeing in Gender with its Nominative.
With Singular Nominative Masculine.
tha, tha, tha, was,
hota tha, hota tha, hota tha, was becoming.
With Plural Nominative Masculine.
the, the, the, were.
hote the, hote the, hote the, were becoming.
With Singular Nominative Feminine.
thi, thi, thi, was.
hoti ihi, hoti thi, hoti thi, was becoming.
With Plural Nominative Feminine.
thin, thin, thin, were,
hoti thin, hoti thin, hoti thin, were becoming.
VOCABULARY No. III.
dhan, rice in the fields or achchha, good,
in the husk. kharab ; bura, bad.
chawal, uncooked rice. lamba, tall ; long,
bhat, cooked rice. lincha ; baland, high.
dal, a kind of pea. kotah, short,
dal-bhat, a native phrase bara, great,
for native food generally . chhota, ^/;/^//.
makkhan, butter. bahut, much.
dahi, curd. thora, a little.
ghi, native butter much used bas, enough ; thafs enough,
for cooking purposes. chhoti haziri, early tea.
cha,e, tea, bari haziri, breakfast.
kafi, (E.); kahwah, coffee. nahi'n, not.
chini, sugar. nahin, to, if not, then.
Note. ^V^hen two thina;s are intimately connected, and is omitted, as
ddl'hhdt, roti-makkhan [bread and butter), &c.
12 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Exercise No. 2.
Cha,e laiyar hoti hai. Thora dal-blidt do. Ghi achchha
nahin hai. Sabr karo ! makkhan nahin hai. Dahi le-ja,o,
diidh la,o. Khidniatgar hazir nahin hai. A,o, kafi taiyar
hai. Admi lamba hai, magar aurat kotah hai. Aurat ka
bha,i bura hai. Mard ki beti achchhi hai. Bas ! ja,o.
Exercise No. 3.
Call the good boy. Call good boys. Take away the
little girl. Take away little girls. Take away the bread and
butter of the little girls.* The little girls are present. The
men are ready. The horses are ready. The women are
good. The boy is tall. The girls are tall. Call the table-
servant. Call the table - servants. The early tea is very
good. Give (me) (some) dal-bhat. Give dal-bhat to the
women. Bring the cooked rice. Bring the uncooked-rice.
Give (me) a little' cooked-rice. The man was bad. The
woman was good. Early tea was getting {z^becoming) ready.
Have patience, the rice is getting ready. A good book.
Breakfast is ready. All right ! { = very good).
* Genitives and datives come, in order, befoie accusative .
See fosff page 61.
FOURTH LESSON.
The Verb.
1. There is only one conjugation, and very few irregu-
larities.
2. Simple tenses are those in which no "auxiliary
verb," (as '* am," *' have," '^ shall," *' will,") is used to
form them.
3. Compound tenses are those which are made of (gene-
rally) the present or the past participle of the chief verb,
and an " auxiliary^
4. The future tense, the present subjunctive, and the
imperative, (with ' let ') though compound in English, are
simple in Hindustani.
5. Nearly all languages use the verhs " /(^ be^' and ''''to
have^^^ as their chief auxiliary verb. Ex. " 1 am speaking,"
"I have spoken." In Hindilstani, there is no verb "to
have."* 'J'he verb " /<? be^'^ is therefore used as the only
" auxiliary^'' and must be generally translated by our verb
*''- have " in all compound tenses of the past participle. This
is a little difficult at first, as the tenses look like tenses with
the sense oi 2i passive voice, but it will soon become familiar
to you. Compare the German " Ich bin gewesen " and the
* See posi^ page 75.
14 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Italian, lo sono stato, literally, I avi been, but, in English,
French and Spanish " I have been."
6. Subject to what has just been said as to translat-
ing the Hindustani auxiliary by ''be'' or ''have,'' as the
English idiom may require, compound tenses are got by a
literal translation of the English, Remember, however,
that the auxiliary verb comes last in Hinddstani — " I speak-
inii am " : " They spoken had^' See, also, clause 4 above.
7. Every verb consists of an invariable "stem ; " and a
variable termination. Starting with the "Infinitive," which
always ends in " na," it is to be noted that that part of the
word which precedes " na," be it only a single letter, is the
" stem " to which the terminations are added.
8. The terminations are these : — (only masculine forms
are given, but see Third Lesson, section 6, page 10).
-lin -e -e -en -o -en, Imperative and Subjunctive.
-linga -ega -ega -enge -oge -enge. Future.
-ta, Present Participle.
-a, Past Participle.
-ke, kar, or karke, . Perfect Participle.
-te hi, A special form, meaning 'immediately on,' or,
* immediately after'
-iye, A respectful or polite form of the 2nd person of the
imperative ; meaning, 'please to,^ &c.
Note,—T\it. Imperative, the Subjunctive and the last three never
change ; * a ' agrees under the rules already given.
9. The Future, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative of
"bona," to be, are usually written in a contracted form.
The Future is as follows : the Subjunctive and the Imper-
ative being reached by dropping " ga " and "ge."
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 15
Sing., hiinga, hoga, hoga. Plur., honge, hoge, honge.
10. Sometimes these words are met with in the regular
form, hojunga, ho,ega, &c. ; sometimes a euphonic " w '' is
inserted, and then the words would be " howdnga, &c. " :
but the contracted forms are, perhaps, the most common.
So also the " e " of the stem of " dena " to give, is
generally omitted ; also, the " e " of the stem of " lena,"
to take: so we get '* diinga " or " de,unga," &c. '^ I shall
give:'' and "do," or **de,o" Imperative, ''give:'' so,
liinga, or le,iinga ; lo, or le,o, I shall take ; take,
11. Only the following parts of " ^(9;^^," therefore, can
be considered as materially "irregular" : —
Past Part., hu,a, been.
Pres. Tense,— hai, hai; hain, ho, hain, arn, d^c.
Past Tense, — tha, tha, tha ; the, the, the, was, c^c.
[Always bear in mind Section 6 of the Third Lesson.]
12. The compound tenses of "bona" are made with
hona as the auxiliary, the same as any other verb. Ex. : —
Main hii,a hiin ; ham hii,e the. I have been ; we had been.
13. All " Infinitives " are Verbal Nouns. Present Parti-
ciples are never verbal nouns.
14. When, by inflection, two " a "s meet, they are sepa-
rated by a "y," as ana to come ; stem a; past participle a,a ;
but written " aya." '
15. When by inflection, an "a" and an "e" meet, they
are usually separated by a " w." Thus from " ana," we may
write "a,ega," or " awega."
16. The plain stem is sometimes used as a 2nd per-
son of the Imperative ; but it is insulting to the person to
whom it is addressed. Ex : — ja, go.
17. On the next page is given a Paradigm of a Hindu-
stani Verb.
1 6 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Paradigm of a Hindustani Verb.
Active Voice : Gir-na, to fall. Stem, gir.
Various Parts,
Infin. Gir-na, to fall.
Pres. Part. Gir-ta, falling,
Perf. Part. Gir-ke, or Gir-kar, having fallen.
Past. Part. G'u-2i, fallen.
Tenses.
Singular. Plural.
Subj. and Imperative. / may fall. Fall thou, o^c.
Gir-iin, -e, -e. | Gir— en, -o, -en
Future. I will fall, qt'c.
Gir-unga, -ega, -ega. | Gir-enge, -oge, -enge.
Present. I afn falling, d^c.
Gir-ta hiiii, hai, hai. ■^ \ Gjr-te hain, ho, hain.
e^^.f. :. U^-^/^"Pasi /M f&^-i ^ t^ ^
Gir-a, -a, -a. | Gir-e, -e, -e.
Perfect. / have fallen, qt^c.
Gir-a hiin, hai, hai. | Gir-e hain, ho, hain.
Pluperfect. / had fallen, d^c,
Gir-a tha, tha, tha. | Gir-e the, the, the.
Fut. Perfect. / shall have fallen, c^c,
Gir-a hiinga, hoga, hoga. \ Gir-e honge, hoge, honge.
Special Parts.
Gir-te-hi, immediately on falling,
Gir-iye, be good enough to fall ; fall.
So with nearly all other stems in the language.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 7
16. The present participle^ used without the auxiliary,
forms the tense which is usually called '' The Conditional."
It expresses a condition witii reference to past time. The
next clause, which gives the consequence, is also thrown
into the same tense. Ex. : — If the man had come, (then)
I would have given him one nlpi : ( = Agar admi ata, to,
main us-ko ek riipiya deta).
ii. The same tense also expresses continuity of action
in past time ox ivhat usually happened ; \x'>^ "whenever the
king visited the town, he gave gratuities to the poor ; "
here also both clauses are put into this tense : Jab raja
shahar ko ate, tab gharib logon ko bakhshish dete.
[The verb is here m^.(\e plural ^ out of respect to the raja.]
I 7. The past participle, used without the auxiliary, forms
a tense which expresses an absolute, completed action in
past lime. Ex. : — " He wrote a letter yesterday." It also
expresses a hypothetical//////;'^ event. The ordinary future,
or subjunctive, expresses the same sense ; so you may
use any of the forms noted. When this participle is used
^7^ an adjective, it is followed by " hu,a," both words agree-
ing with the noun : as, pisa hu,a chawal, ground rice ; mari
hiiji larki, a beaten (female) child,
18. The future perfect tense, (see Paradigm) is much
used to express what you think must have occurred, though
you don't actually know that it has occurred. Hence the
common phrase, *' hii,a hoga," literally *^ it will have been ;"
but meaning '* no doubt it has so happened, though I don't
know it," and so, in similar senses. Ex. : — " pahuncha
h )ga," "no doubt he has arrived," "diya hoga," "it will
have been given," i.e., no doubt, it has been given.
19. ''Shall havej" is often equivalent to '•'must''' —
being used either where we give a peremptory order, or
1 8 HINDUSTi^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
recognise what is inevitable. The phrase is translated
by the Verbal Noun (infinitive) followed by " hogaT Ex. : —
Eng. We shall have to go in the carriage to-day (aj).
Note, Main, /. Ham, we. Ham-ko, to us.
Hind. To-day, to us in the carriage going will-be. Aj
ham-ko gari men jana hoga.
Eng. The table-servant must bring dinner.
Hind. To the table- servant, bringing dinner is obliga-
tory. Khidmatgar-ko khana lana hoga.
20. ^^ Must'' when used politely, and not peremptorily,
is rendered by the word " chdhiye^'' which is (in effect)
an irregular 3rd personal verb — meaning " it is ?iecessary,'*
^' proper,'' "^^ desirable'' or the VikQ. It is also used (with-
out any polite sense) of what applies to one's self. Ex. : —
Admi-ko jana chahiye, {to the man goi?ig is-proper) the man
must go. Ham-ko roti chahiye, {to me bread is-7iecessary).
I must have some bread,
21. " Ought," which is a sort of modified " must," may
be translated hy the same word " chahiye ; " or by appro-
priate adjectival phrases, e.g., *' it is necessary " (zariir) ;
"proper," (munasib) that I, you, the man, should do such
and such. The easiest construction is the same as that
given above, 'ham-ko jana chahiye.'
22. " May " and " can," denoting permission and ability
are translated by the verb " sakna," to be able. This is
properly added to the " stem " of the principal verb : but
is often used (incorrectly) even by natives with the geni-
tive of the infinitive. Ex. : —
He can speak [bolna] = wuh bol-sakta hai.
The children may remain = bdba-]og rahne sakte hain.
23. To " have done," or ''finished " with a thing is trans-
lated by " chukna " added to the " stem " of the principal
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN^
19
verb. Ex.: — He has done speaking = wuh bol-chuka hai.
Sometimes it is found added to the past participle.
Hence, the common *'ho-chuka" meaning ''^ if s finished,''
" it's done," " ifs all over." " Ho-gaya," irregular past from
the compound verb "ho-jana," to become, is often used as
equivalent to "ho-chuka." You may use either word; and
whe7i used alone, i.e., not as part of a sentence, you need
not alter the Wf^rH in any way. But you would say, " chhofi
hdziri ho-clmki hai, if you wished to make a sentence of it.
24. The language abounds in verbs intensified in mean-
ing by one verb being added to the " stem" of another, the
latter only being conjugated. They should be used rather
than simple verbs. Here are some examples : —
C.?\\\2i, to throw, plus di^xidi, to give, gives, dal-dena, to throw
dozvfi.
dena, to give.
jj
dt^na,
to give.
>>
de-dena, to give up.
dekhna, to see,
M
lena,
to take,
>>
dekh-lena, to take
a look at a thing.
kahna, to tell,
>>
dena,
to give,
)>
kah-dena, to inform.
khana, to eat,
J>
lena,
to take.
)j
kha-lena, to eat up.
khana, to eat.
JJ
jana.
to go,
>>
kha-jana to eat up.
lena, to take,
5)
ana.
to come,
)»
leana or lana, to
bring.
lena, to take,
?>
jana.
to go.
n
le-jana, to take
away.
marna, to strike,
• )J
dalna,
, to throw,
))
mar-dalna, to kill.
rakhna, to place
J)
dena.
to give,
1)
rakh-dena, to put
a thing doivn.
pina, to drink,
)J
lena.
to take.
JJ
pi-lena, to drink up.
pina, to drink.
}>
jana,
to go,
j>
pi-jana, to drink up.
and very many more.
25. The (so-called) Nominatives in the tenses of the
20 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
past participle of transitive verbs are peculiar : but this is
what you have to do : —
i. Change the nonn'native into the case with *'ne."
ii. Take the accusative, and consider it to be a nomin-
ative,
iii. Make //, so looked upon as a nominative, and the
verb " agree," according to Section 6 of the Third
Lesson.
Ex. : — The man struck a ho}\ mard-ne ek larka mara.^
The fjian struck a girl, mard-ne ek larki mari.
The man has struck two hoys, mard-ne do larke mare
hain.
The man had struck two girls, mard-ne do iarki,an
mari thin.
The explanation of this strange construction which is
usually given is that it is equivalent to *^ by a man, a boy
was struck^ But the explanation is faulty ; for that Eng-
lish phrase is in the passive voice, while the Hindiistani is
in the active voice. You must just accept the construction
as it stands.
26. Whenever it is possible to use the accusative with
" ko,'' you partly avoid the difficulty ; for then the verb
is always in the third person singular, masculine.
Ex. : — Mard-ne larke ko mara, the man struck the boy.
Mard-ne larki ko mara, the man struck the girl.
Aurat-ne larki ko mara hai, the woman has struck
the girl,
Auraton-ne larki,on ko mara tha, the women had
struck the girls.
Also note that verbs such as those given on page 19, of
* " Mama " may also mean io kill.
HINDl5sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 21
which the last part is got from "ana," or "jana" {e.^.
lana, to bring) (though transitive) follow the ordinary rule,
and not the rule given at Section 25.
27. By ad<Hng "karna," or "dena" to certain adjec-
tives and nouns, you can reach a large number of corre-
sponding verbs, Ex. : —
taiyar, ready, taiy^r karna, to prepare ; ?nake ready.
saf, clean^ saf karna, to dean.
kala, black, kala karna^ to blacken,
hazir, present, hazir karna, to bring one in ; intro-
duce,
supurd, trust, supurd karna, to entrust.
bavvar, belief, bawar karna, to believe,
and many more.
28. Other forms of derivative verbs are such as the
following : —
bolna, to speak, bulana, to call.
marna, to strike, marna, to die,
khana, to eat, khilana, to give to eat ; to feed.'^
pina, to drink, pilana, to give to drink ; to water. ^
dena, to give, dilwana, to cause to be given,
dekhna, to see, dikhlana, to show.
and many more.
29. There are some irrej;ular forms of the "respectful
imperative," Viz. : — i. Dijiye, from dena, be pleased to give.
ii. Kijiye, from karna, be good enough to do or make, iii.
Lijiye, from lena, be pleased to take. iv. Pijiye, from pina,:
drink ; v. Hiijiye, from bona, be or become.
30. One other useful idiom should be learned, viz., the
use of the pres. part, to express that you do one thing while
* Governs the accusative
2 2 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
also doing another thing. Ex. :— Wuh mard bolta chala-
jata hai, that man goes along, talking.
2:Jote, — This idiom is often strengthened by doubling the participle.
With a fern. nom. it will be {e,g.) bolti, and in the plur. masc
holte, according to the ordinary rules of agreement.
The Irregular Past Participles,
31. There are six irregular past participles (including
"hi'i,a" from "hona" already given). They are as follows : —
c
Sing.
Plur.
Masc.
Fern.
Masc.
Fem.
From jana, to go
gay^
ga,i.
ga,e
ga,in.
„ karna, to do
kiya,
ki.
ki,e
kin.
„ dena, to give
diya,
di.
di,e
din.
„ lena, to take
liya,
li.
li,e
lin.
„ hona, to be
hil,a,
hii,i.
hii,e
hii,in.
„ marna, to die
mu,a
miiji
mij,e
mil, in
Note. — *'In Bengal, gaya is frequently corrupted into giya''"' in ordi-
nary talk. Alania has also a regtdar past participl;r, mara.
The Passive Voice,
32. Never use the passive voice, if you can express
your meaning in the active voice.
In making the passive voice, use **jana," to go, where
English uses the verb **to be." Confer Italian, which
makes much use of ^ venire,^ in forming the passive; also
the German, verloren gegangen. Ex. : —
The man is struck — The man is going struck. Mard
mara jata hai. ... The woman was struck = The woman
was going struck, Aurat rrari jati ihi. ... The horse will
IfC beaten = The horse will go beaten. Ghora mara ja,ega.
hindcstAni as it ought to be spoken.
VOCABULARY No. IV.
23
About the House.
House, ghar ; (not * gar ')
makan ; kothi.
The verandah^ haramdah.*
Office^ afis (E.) daftar ; ka-
chahri.
Room, kamra.
The stairs, sirhi.
The floor ^ zamin.
The roof, chhappar ; chhat.
The Walls, diwar.
The door, darvvazah.
The window, khirki.
The glass-door, shishe ka
darwazah.
The Venetians, jhilmili.
The dining-room, khane ka
kamra.
The drawing-room ^2X-\zv[\x2i.
The private- room, kjhas-ka m r a.
Thebed-rooin, sone ka kamra.
The bath-room, ghusl-khanah
The furniture, saman; chiz
sab.
The pictures, taswiren (fern.)
The carpet, dari.
The mat, chata'i.
The curtains, pardah.
A table, mez (fem.)
A chair^ kiirsi ; chauki.
An easy-chair, aram-kursi.
A bracket, braket. (E.)
The books, kitaben (fem.)
The ornaments, ara,ish.
The vases, gul-dan.
The store-room, god am (cor-
rupted from ^'godown").
The stables^ astabal.
The cook-house, bawarchi-
khanah.
The he?i-house^ mur gh i-khanah.
The coiv-shed, gao-salah.
The flower-garden, phiil-bagh
{or baghcha).
The vegetable-garden, sabzi-
ba gh (or baghcha)
The orchard, bagh.
Land in zvhich a house stands^
* compound.' ^
^ Derived from the Persian, ** bar-dtnadan^^'' to come out.
'^ Pronounce as in English ; the derivation of this word is not known
to the author. The word is used only by English people.
24
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
VOCABULARY No, V.
Useful Verbs.
Toopen^ khulna (////r.).
To open, kholi-a : khol-dena
{trans).
To close, band-karna.
To read, p<rhna.
To push, thelna.
7^/////,khichna,(L.B.)tanna. To put on clothes, kapre
To sleep, nindlena. p >hinna ; orhna.
To Ik down, sona, often used To take off clothe.
To do accounts, liisab likhna.
To sew, sina; sila,i karna.
To learn, sikiina.
To teach, sikhana, or sikhlana.
To dance, nachna.
To sing, gana.
to mean *to sleep.^
To get up, uthna.
To raise, uthana.
To take a walk, sair karna :
hawa khana.
To ride, sawar liona.
To go in a carriage, gari men
swar bona.
To run, da urn a.
To 7vash, dhona.
kapre
utarr.a.
To drive, hankna.
To get out of the ivay, hat-
jana.
To laugh, hansna.
2^0 weep, rona.
To take the air, hawa khana.
To go away\ i:o, clialajana.
To put into motion, or cause
to go faster, chalana.
To run off, bhag-jana.
To write, hkhna.
The master of the house, \:\\7ir ka sahib.
The lady of the house, ghar ki mem-sahibah.
The young lady of the house, gh^-r ki mis-sahibah.
The youfig gentleviaft of the house, chhota sahib.
No/e. — The first three phrases are required by the exigencies of Euro-
peans ; but are not good Hindustani. The frofer feminine of
*'• sahib ^' is ^^ sd/iibah ; " but ^sdhd)^ is often used as if of both
genders. Never allow ^^ nits-bdha''^ for a gto7an -up youx\g lady.
Mem-sdhibah is used to mean a mariied lady, plur. mem-log, the
ladies. * Chhota sdhib^' used in an official sense, rtieaus ' the
Assistant Magistrate,' junior partner, or the like.
HINDl^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO KK SPOKEN.
25
khula, open.
band, shut.
baland, high.
nicha, low.
achchha, good.
khatab ; bura, bad.
nahin, not., often contr;ict-
ed, na\
nahi'n to, other7vise ; if Jiot,
then.
hakim, ruler ; judge.
ta j w 1 z, inves tiga tion
(fern.)
naukar, a servant.
naukarlcg, the servants.
larke-log, ^
baba-log, :>
bal-bachche, J
khabar, neivs.
khabar ka kaghaz
the newspaper.
bakhshish, a gratuity
khurak, /(?6>^, (fern.)
VOCABULARY No. VI.
zor ?>Q, forcibly ; " hard''
agar, if}
kih, that (of narration),
ek sath ; bahati), together.
juda ; a lag, separate.
^V?>ViX, t'rtqufntly.
justice
the chil-
dren.
akhbar,
jab, 1 2 "^^^^^fi-
tab, J then,
kliiisiisan, especially.
poshak, dress ; fine clothing.
(fern.)
sharm, shame (fern.)
janam, birth.
nikah ; shadi, marriage.
zindagi, life.
maut, death (fern.)
hiizur, Your Honor.
band-o-bast, arrangements
(of any kind).
koshisli, endeavour ; strug-
gle; attwipt.
apna-e-i, oivn^ reflexive ; alt
- persons, both numbers.
Exercise No. 4.
Ghar ki mis-sahibah ghar men nahin hai. JhilmiH
khuli hai. Darwaze ko band karo. Pankha tano. Pan-
kha zor se khicho. Naukar los; hazir nahin hain. Baba-
* Ahvays followed by '* to " at the beginning of the second clause ;
Ex.: —If he comes, (then, ** to ") I shall leave.
* *'/a^ " of the first clause is followed by tab in the second : Ex.: — '•
When he came, (then, ** tab ") I left. See Appendix No. II, page 104.
26 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
log gari men hawa khate hain. Darwazah band hai.^
Agar admi ka bha,i awe, to bolo, kih darwazah band hai.
Agar admi ata, to band-o-bast achchha hota. Mard-ue larki
bula,i hai. Mard-ne larki ko bulaya hai. Mard-ne apni
jorii ko poshak di hai. Hakim-ne achchhi tajwiz ki hai.
Naukaron-ko bula,o. Mis-sahibah ghar ka hisab taiyar
karti hai. Roti do, diidh dijiyt-, pani lijiye. Larke log-ko
le-ja,o. Khana t.iiyar.^ Hal-kamre men jata hiin. Chup
raho, so,enge. Huziir ma- bap.
Exercise No. 5.
N.B. — Datives come before accusatives.^ Wuh = he,
she, it, that.
Put the book on the floor. Shut the glass-door. Open
the Venetians. Please to bring bread, water, milk. Take
away the children mto the dining-room. Push hard, the
door will opt-n. Open the door. Please give bread to the
European. Water ihe horse. If the man had called out,
the children would have come into the house. Immedi-
ately after speaking, he called the servants. The Sahib*
' This phrase is use<l in India as equal to ** not at home'''* (as well as
in its plain material sense).
* •* Hai," is often left to be ** understood," but it is better to
express it.
* For full instructions as to arrangement of words, the reader may
refer to page 61.
* Custom warrants the use of this word by itself, or after a personal
name, with reference to any European of fair social position Its cor-
rect use is (not after a personal name but) after a designation, or name
of office, whether Etiropemi or native: as Judge-sahib, the jfudj^e ;
Diwan-sahib, the drwdn ; Munshi sahib the {Mtihammedan) 2uriter,^
&c. The phrase ** call my Baboo," meaning ** call writer, &c.,"
should be cut out of our Anglo-Hindustani.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 27
has given a gratuity to the table-servant. He ,is striking
the boy. She will strike the boy. The man has struck a
boy. The man has struck a girl. The man has given food
to the woman. The woman has made many attempts. I'm
going. He has gone. Keep quiet! the * sahib' is lying
down; the Mnem-sahibah ' is sleeping: the * mis-sahibah '
is learning Hindustani. Wait a little ! I am reading the
newspaper. The children will go into the garden. The
children may (can) go into the drawing-room.
FIFTH LESSON.
The Pronouns.
These seem at first intricate ; but if you will notice
the analogies which run tli rough them, they will become
easy.
2. To begin with a simple point. There is the pro-
noun of respectful address to be used to equals and
superiors, " ap." The word is unchangeable ; but takes the
case-signs after it. With the case-signs of the genitive, it
of course means **your." — It is joined to the third person
plural for politeness sake.
3. If you are addressing a person of not less rank than
"raja," you may use the noun " huziir " (with the third
person plural). Ex. : — " Huzur ka mizaj kaisa hai ? " Your
Honour's health, how is it ? Huzur nahin jante hain (kih
&c.) Does your Honour not knoiv (that &c.). The ordinary
address to inferiors is made by the second person plural.
The second person singular is used only in abusive or
contemptuous address, and therefore ought to be always
avoided.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 29
4. The Personal Pronouns are as follows : —
The First Person.
Sing. Plur.
Norn. ... ... main, /. ...ham, we.
Gen. ... ... mera.* ...hamara.*
Form to which to add all ])articles, excent ' ne' : —
niujh. ...ham.
The Second Person.
Nom. ... ... tu, thou. ...tum.
Gen. ... ... tera.* ...tumharn.^
Form to which to add all particles, except * ne ' : —
tujh. ...tum.
Notes :—
i. " ne " is always added to the Nominative forms,
ii. You will never be wrong if you use only these forms ; but
there are also these other forms : —
Dat. and Ace. Sing. " mujhe," ** tujhe." \ no parti-
Uat. and Ace. Plur. *'hamen," ** tumhen." J cles.
Oblique plur. forms, ** hamon," ** tumhon " These take
the particles, including ** w^."
iii. Never use the Sing, of the 2nd personal pronoun. Always
use the plural throughout, (See para. 3, above.)
iv. You will never be wrong in usin<j also only the plur. of
'* main ; '' but when speaking to an equal or superior, it
is better to use the singular.
V Even natives of rank, when speaking of themselves, gen-
erally use a noun of humility, with the 3rd person
singular. Persons of inferior rank to you, ought
always so to speak to you of themselves. Such words
are : — " Ghulam," your servant ; •* Bandah," your ser-
vant ; ** Fidwi," your faithful one; Tabidar," your
subordinate,
' These follow the rules for ** ka, ke, ki," but, being already
genitive^ they do not take these particles after them.
30 HINDl^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
The Third Persmial Proiiotms.
Nom. and simple accusative, yiii, he, she, it. ye, they.
Oblique ioxms for all particles, is, hun, her, if. in, them.
Nom. and simple accusative, wuli, he, she, it. we, they.
Oblique forms, as above. us, him, her, it. un, them.
' Yih ' is he, she, it of a person or thing near you;
* wuh/ of a person or thing more or less distant.
The Demonstrative Pronouns.
5. Yih and wuh are also the Demonstrative Pro-
nouns ; this, that ; these, those.
Notes : —
1. You will never be wrong if you use only these forms ; but
there are also these other forms : —
Dat. and Ace. 5/;/^., *' ise," **use." )
Dat. and Ace. P/ur., " inhen," "unhen." I "^ Particles.
Oblique plur. forms. '* inhon," *'unhon." These take the
particles. incUidijig ** w^."
ii. When " yih " and " wuh " are fersonal pronouns, the case-
particles are added to the oblique forms direct ; when they
are demonstrative pronouns, these particles are added to the
noun Q)v\y. Ex. : — is-ko do, give {it) to him ; is admi ko
do, give it (to) this man.
iii. It is polite to use the plural for the singular of these personal
pronouns. Ex :- un-ko do, give (it) to him.
The Possessive Pronouns.
6. These are the Genitive cases of the ihxQQ personal
pronouns, used as adjectives in agreement with the thing
owned. Ex.: — Mera ghorn, 7Jiy horse; mere ghore, 7ny
horses ; tumhari khushi, your pleasure : is-ka ghar, /^?> (or,
her) house ; is-ka rang, its color ; un-ki bahin, his sister.
The Reflexive Pronoun * Apna.'
7. This word is a stumbling-block to Europeans.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 31
8. It is a plain Adjective agreeing with a person or
thin^ owneH, according to the rules of ka, ke, ki ; but when
it means '''self,'' it is necessarily used without a noun.
It never takes any of the terminations of the oblique cases
in the plural. We have, therefore, only the three words
' apna/ ' apne ' and ' apni.'
9. It means my otvn, thy oivn, his oivn, her own^ its oivn ;
our own, your oivn and their oivn, whenever these words
'refer back' to a preceding Nominative, relating to the
same person or thing.
10. It also means ''5^//," ''' selves,'' as these words are
added to my, thy, his, her, its ; our, your, them^ when they
'refer back' to a Nominative of the same subject. Ex. : —
I want that horse for myself.
11. When '^myself etc., follow a personal pronoun
merely as strengthening adjuncts, they cannot be translated
by 'apna.' You must use the indeclinable word ' k/iud.'
Notes : —
i. Not to use ' apna ' where it is the proper word, or to use
where it is not the proper word, is sure to give a meaning
which you do not wish to express.
ii. Observe that the Nominative is nearly always left to be
* understood' in the second person of the Imperative Mood ;
and that pronouns, as Nominatives, are also very generally
omitted. These facts make no difference in the necessity
for 'apna.'
iii. ' Own ' is generally omitted in English, but if the context re-
quires it, the omission does not remove the necessity for
'apna.' Thus, the sentence ^ he wants his horse'' will be
translated according as * his ' means his own horse, or
the horse of another man. In the former case, the trans-
lation will be, wuh apna ghora chdhta hai ; in the latter,
wuh is-ka (or, us-ka) ghora chdhta hai. Everything turns
on the second pronoun relating back (or not) to the same
32 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO KK SPOKEN.
person or thiiio as the Nomiuaiive, When it does so
relate back, use *apna' ; when it does not so relate back,
use an ordinary possessive pronoun.
Exercise No. 6.
Yih ghora mera hai. Yih mera ghora hai. Main apna
ghora pasand karta hiin. Main us-ka ghora pasand karta hiin.
Hamara ghora la,o. Mera ghora mere waste la,o. Main,
auna ghora, apne waste, chahta hiin Main, apna ghora, us-ke
waste, chahta hiin. Wuh admi apne bha,i ke waste am le-ata
hai. Wuh admi us-ke bha,i ke waste am le-ata hai. Apna
kam chhor-do ; mera kam karo. Apne ba,en ja,o. Apna
khana kha,o. Us ka khana kha,o. Us-ne apna khana
khaya hai. Usne us-ka khana khaya hai. Teri bat se
teri badzati maalum hoti hai. Main-r>e, apne waste, bahut
koshish ki^ hai. Wuh aurat, apne waste, bakhshish mangti
hai. Main khud ja,iinga.
Exercise No. 7.
Pull your own rope; leave his alone. He calls his (own)
servant. H e calls his (another person's) servant. Turn to your
right-hand. He, by his labour, has become rich. He, by his
(another person's) assistance, has got promotion. He will
eat his (own) dinner. He will take his (another man's) place.
He fetched a chair for his (own) mother. He has brought
ten (das) Rupees for his (another person's) servant. I wish
this for myself. This is my hat He has brought my pony.
I myself will do it. The raja himself said.
* *Ki' is either from * ka, ke, ki ' or is the fern, past part, of
* karna.' Here, it is the latter.
hindustani as it ought to 15e spoken. 33
The Interrogative Pronouns.
12. These are **kaun?" who'i which 2 what 2 and
*'kya?"^ 7vhat2
13. "Kaun" is used, properly, of persons only; but is
often used for animals or things. It may either stand
alone, or be followed by a noun.
14. "Kya"' is used of animals or things. It may either
stand alone, or be followed by a noun.
15. Declensions.
Sing. Plur.
Nom, and Simple Ace. kaun ? kaun ?
Form for the oblique cases kis ? kin ?
Nom. and Simple Ace. kya ? kya?
Form for the oblique cases kahe ? kahe ?
The Relative Pronoun.
16. This is "jo," who^ which,
A little attention is here needed. In Hindustani the
" relative " pronoun is put before the noun to which it relates ;
and so we form the first clause; then we pick up the thing
by a personal pronoun in the second clause.
Ex. : — Eng. Call-in the man, who is at the door.
Hind. What-man is at the door, him call-in.
,, Jo admi darwaze par hai, us-ko-bula,o.
1 7. The easiest declension of this word is as follows :
Nominative and Simple Accusative, singular and plural /<?.
Form to which case-signs of the singular are added . . .jis.
Form to which case-signs of the plural are added ,..jin.
The " correlative " or word with which the second
clause begins is, ordinarily, the demonstrative "wuh," see
^ Hence the common phrase ** kya hai?" '■^ what is it V what do
t., h. 3
34 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
the example above: — '* jo admi darwaze par hai — us-ko^
bula,o."
For things, ' so ' (indeclinable,) is often used.
NoU. — You will sometimes find the Relative Pronoun used in Hindus-
tani followitig its antecedent as in English. P2specially when a
clause stands as antecedent.
VOCABULARY No. VII.
Giving some English (and other) words, which (generally
in a more or less corrupted form) have become common
in English houses : and which may be freely used. They
are both singular and plural.
[The word *' kamis," (fern.) a shirt, or chemise, is of Arabic origin.]
brush, a brush. • sill-draz, hody-draivers,
baks or bakkas,^ a box, kalar, a collar,
botal, a bottle (fem.) shal, a shawl.
bi'r-sharab,- beer (fem.) dares, a lady's dress.
brand i-sharab,= brandy (fem.) farak, a frock ; dress.
wiski-sharab,- 7vhiskey (fem.) piti-kot, a petticoat.
tost, toast. kantar, a decanter.
biit, a boot ; boot.^ lamp,^ a lamp.
pin, a pin. almari ; almaira, a wardrobe.
draz, a chest of draivers. glas, a glass.
patlun, pantaloon ; trousers, tamblet,^ a tumbler.
silpat ; slipat, slippers. wain-glas, a ivifie-glass.
minat, a minute. peg, a mixture of spirits and
butam, a button, soda-water ; a ^ peg.^
* Hence " bakkas-wala" a **box-wala," a pedlar.
= Also with "sheri" (sherry), **pot" (port), "simkin (cham-
pagne), &c.
^ Preserve your pronunciation of the Hindustani short * a '.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 35
VOCABULARY No. VIIT.
House Servants.
sirdar or sardar-berer or sun- chaukidar, the watchman ; a
ply 'berar,' the head house- police officer of inferior grade,
servant not connected with niashalchi, the scullion.
the table or food. bheri-vvala, the shepherd.
khansaman, the butler. mihtar, the sweeper.
bavvarchi, the cook. niihtrani, the female sweeper.
grass-cut, (E.) he ivho cuts khidmatgar, the table-serva?it.
fodder for the horse. <iarzi, the tailor.
sa,is, the groom. bihishti, the waterman.
mali, the gardener. dhobi, the washerman.
darban, the gate^porter. dhobin, the washerwoman.
•c\\2^y^x2i'^\Jhe messenger. {yA\.Qx- da,i, the wet-nurse,
ally wearer of a "chapras" kirani, the Hindu writer.
or badge.) munshi, the Muhamtnadan
kyTih^ the female attendant on writer; also, a teacher of
a lady or childreti. languages.
pankha-wala, the punkha- "met" (E. mate) is used to
puller. express " under"-servant, as
kochban ; (half E.) gariban, met-mali, met-berer, met-
the coachman. bavvarchi, &c.
VOCABULARY No. IX.
aj, to-day. bimar, sick.
kal, to-morrow or yesterday bimar i, sickness,
(according to context). han, yes,
pahunchna ; a-jana, to arrive, na, no.
chala-jana, to depart. kab ? when ?
safar, a Journey, kyiln, why ?
36 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
Exercise No. 8.
Fidwi aj safar se pahuncha hai. Ap ka mizaj achha hai ?
Ap kab chale-ja,enge ? Ghulam kal ja,ega. Kal main,
bimar tha. Kal mera bha,i bimar hu,a ; aj achchha hai,
Uski beti hazir hai. Kab hazir hij,i ? Us admi-ko roti aur
bir-sharab do. Main-ne ek larki bula,i hai. Hazir hai ?'
Han, hdzir hai. Ham ko ek saf kalar do. Is larki ka bap
mar-gaya hai. Us larke ki ma mar-ga,i hai. Wuh admi
kharab hai. Nahin ! Wuh kharab nahin hai Yih kharab
hai. Kyiln jate ho ?
Exercise No. 9.
W hen did you arrive [are you arrived] from your jour-
ney ? I arrived yesterday. I shall leave to-morrow. My
sister became sick yesterday : to-day her health is good
(or, she's all right to-day). That man's son is here (hazir,.
present). I called him. The house-lamps ( = lamps of the
house) are not clean. Khidmatgar^ ! bring (me) a peg.
Yes, sir ! (sahib).
Exercise No. 10.
Pyar karna, to make dear, fondle, pet^ love,
Jo admi darwaze par hai — usko bula,o. Jis admi ka
ghora hazir hai — us ka bap bula,o. Jo larke kharab hain
— unko saza do. Jo larki,an achchhi hain, — unko pyar karo.
Jo pani glas men hai — wuh ham-ko do. Nahin sahib ! wuh
pani saf nahin hai ; saf pani ghuldm le,ata hai. Kaun-
bulata hai ? Kaun admi bulata hai ? Kya hai ? Jo gora
darwaze par hai, — usko pani do. Jo larki aj pahunchi hai
— wuh bimar hai.
* Never call this servant your •* kitt."
hindustani as it ought to be spoken. 37
Exercise No. ii.
Pet that good girl who is in the drawing-room. Call the
man whose father arrived yesterday. {Hind, Of what
man the father arrived yesterday — him call.) Bring me
the collars which are in the drawers. The washerman has
not brought the shirts which I gave (him) yesterday,
( = what shirts I (main — ne) gave yesterday — these the
washerman has not brought). Who is there^ ,^ What boy
is there ? What children are there .^ Which is a good
house? ( = which house is good ?) The European's house
is a good one {say, only^ * is good ').
^Hazir.
SIXTH LESSON,
A^ARious Words allied to Pronouns.
1. " Ko,i " and " kuchh ' should first be noted. They
may stand alone, or be followed by a noun. They are not
interrogative ; though the sentence in which they stand
may be interrogative.
2. " Ko,i " is used of persons, and of things specifically
indicated. It may be translated, some^ any — "ko,i" followed
by " nahhi " gives us " no " or *' nobody T Ex. :— ko,i nahin
hai, nobody is there. Ko,i admi nahin hai, There is no 7?ia7i
present. Sab ko,i, eveiyone. Sab ko,i chale-ga,e hain,
every one has gone away.
3. " Kuchh " is used of matter or mental feelings, and
has generally an abstract sense. It is unchangeable and is
also translated some, any. With " nahin " added, we get
" «<?," " 7ione, " and *' nothing^"
4. Declension of Ko,i.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. and Simple Ace. ko,i. ko,i.
Form for the oblique cases kisi. kin.
Examples: — Ko,i hai, someone is there. Ko,ihai^? is any cne
there J Ko,i admi hai, soine man is there, Ko,i admi hai ? is any vian
^ Kaun hai? Means who is there '^ — you knowing or believing
that some one is there.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 39
there? Ko,i kiirsi la,o, bring some chair or other. Kuchh roti hai, there
is some bread ; kuchh roti hai ? is there any bread? Kuchh nahin hai,
there is none. [Kya hai? What's the matter?] Kuchh nahin, nothing,
Kuchh parwah nahin hai,* there is no matter ; pray donU trouble
yourself.
5. With " jo," and *ko,iand 'kuchh/ compound pro-
nouns are made as in English — viz : —
jo ko,i, whoever ... ... jo kuchh, whatever.
Note. — Both 'jo,' and ' ko,i' cliange in the oblique cases according to
the declensions of these words already given. Of course, in 'jo
kuchh,' only the "jo " can change.
6. The words given below are plain adjectives. They
follow the rules of ka, ke, ki.
(iiisra, another., whether meaning a different thing of
the same kind, or an additional thing of the same
kind. In the latter sense '* aur ek" (meaning one
7?tore) may be used and ambiguity avoided,
aisa, like this., waisa, like that,
kaisa? like what? what like? ivhaf sort of a? how?
kitna? hoiv much? how many?
itna, this tnnch.
jaisa, taisa, as.^ so.
jitna, titna, {or itna) as much as ; or as many as — so
much., so ma?ty.
Notes : —
i. Aisa... waisa and the two pairs last given are used correlatively.
As : — Jaisa malik, taisa naukar, as is the master^ so is the
servant. Jitna dudh hai, titna {or itna) do, give 7ne as
much milk as there is. See Appendix No. 2, page 104.
ii. Here notice the useful phrase *Jaisa chahiye,' as yon please ;
* taisa kijiye' {so do) being * understood.'
7. The following words do not change : —
ek, one, or 'a' or ^an,^ also, ^^about^^ or "^z* j^," in such phrases
as ' about ten rupees / ' there were a dozen men or so.^
40 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
har, each ; har-ek, each one. donon, both.
bahut, inuch^ many. aur, more.
chand ; baaze, several. aur ek, one more : another,
aur do, aur tin, aur char, &c. two fnore, three more, four
more, &^c.
sab, all ; the whole, may be used without change, and either
with or without a noun. Ex. : — Ham sab log, all we
people. When used without a noun you may say " sab "
or "sabhon," in the oblique cases.
8. Distribution is marked by doubling the numeral :
or by the use of " har-ek," each. Ex. : —
Ek ek admi ko, ek riipiyah do, or, )
XT 1 ^j • 1 1 r ' t_ J \ Sive each man a rupi.
Har ek admi ko ek rupiyah do. ) '^ ^
VOCABULARY No. X.
Furniture and some things about a house.
chatdji, 7natting for floors. pardah, a curtain ; hangings
shatranji ; ghalicha ; dari, a in a doorway, o^c.
carpet, i2i^\\iv, picture {fem.)
mez, a table {fern.) chiz, a thing {of any sort),
*khaneki mez,' the dinner- ifem.)
table ; ^ likhne ki mez, ' ara,ish, the ornamentation.
a writing-table ; *kitab ki kitab ; bahi, a book {fe?n.)
mez,' a table with books on kalam, a pen.
it; 'tash ki vatz,^ a card- pensil, ^ /^/2^/7 (E.)
table, and so on. kaghaz, paper ; lal-kaghaz,
chhdXdi, an U7?ibrella; parasol. red paper ; i.e., blottiiig-
kursi, {also, chauki), a chair. paper.
sail-bod, (E.) a sideboard. siyahi; roshna,i, ink; blacking.
X\-^di,\, a tea-poy ; any small table, batti, a wick.
HINDT^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 4 1
mom-bntU, a wax-^and/e, pa,o-dan; morha; ishtiil, (P^)
te\-ba.tt\, an oi7-/ig/i^ ; a iiioht- a footstool.
light, palang, a bed,
baja, any musical instru- kauch, (E.) a couch.
ment ; par excellence, as pankha, a pankha ; a fan.
regards European houses, kunji ; chabi, a key.
a pia7io. pauti, a work-basket.
Dan, a termination which means a vessel for holding any-
thing, as : "gul-dan," a flower-vase ; cha,e-dan, a tea-caddy ;
ag-dan, afire-holder (for e.g.^ lighting cigars), &c., &c.
VOCABULARY xNo. XL
jalna, to burn (intr.) patthar ka ko,ila, stone-coal,
jalana ; jala-dena, to burn or i.e., coals.
kindle {trans.) 'sc^b^^i, goods and effects.
bujhna; bujh-jana, to go out kahna,^ to say a thing.
(as a light.) ya, or.
bujbana ; bujha-dena, to ex- -^di, ^di, either ...or.
tinguish. jaldi ; shitabi, haste ; speed.
atash-khanah ; the fire-place ; jald, quickly.
grate. darakht, ]jer; gachh, a tree,
^gifire {fern.) par, a feather.
hezam ; \2kT\, fire-wood. loha, iron or steel.
ko,ila, charcoal. lohu, blood.
Exercise No. 12.
Sirdar ! atash-khane men ag do. Lakri diin, ya patthar
ka kOjila ? Patthar, ka ko,ila. Kaun mez taiyar kariln ?
* Governs the Ace. so has Nom. with ** ne^' " TOy'' after this verb,
is translated by *' sc "— Us-ne mujh-se kaha.
42 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO Bh: SPOKEN.
Tash ki mez. Sardar se kaho kih sab hamara asbab jaid
bakkas men rakii-de. Tel-batti nahin jalti hai, mom-batti
jald la,o. Par ka kalam {quill) la,o, yih lobe ka kalam
achchha nahin hai. Sab ghar, chata,i, shatranji, mez, taswir,
aur dusre dusre' asbab saf karo. Turn kaise admi ho?
Jaise sahib, taise naukar.
Exercise No. 13.
VVhat sort of a fellow is that ? Bring me all the milk in
the house { = as much milk as is in the house, so much bring to
me,) How many things are (there)' in the wardrobe ? There
are' many men present { = ma7ty men are preseiit.) Light
the fire. There is no fire-wood. Bring some from the
cook-house. Please give me (/>., to me) some blotting-paper.
This night-light has gone out : bring another. Put (it) on
the chair, and go away.
* Doubling an adjective idiomatically enhances its force.
- See page 75, section 12.
SEVENTH LESSON.
PrKPOSITIC'NS.
1. These generally follow their noun or pronoun.
2. Most of them follow the genitive with ke : a few-
follow the genitive with ki.
3. Of course, when a word is itself a genitive^ the pre-
position follows it directly, without ke or ki. Ex. : — Mere
waste, for me ; for viy sake ; tumhare liye, for your sake^ for
you, Kis waste, oti what accoufit ? tvliy ?
VOCABULARY No. XIL
I. Prepositions which follow^ the genitive with ke, or
a genitive word in e. Those with an asterisk may also be
used as adverbs.
* age, in front. pas, near ; beside.
^ andar ; bhitar, inside. mutabik ; mu,afik, like : in
^ lipar, up ; above. confor??tity with : accord-
baad, after (time). ing to.
ba,is, by reason of ba-miijil>, according to ;
* bahar, outside, agreeably to.
badle, instead of. "^ nazdik, near.
* bich, among ; between. "^ pichhe, behind.
par, over ; across. sath, alo7ig 7vith
44 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
^ samne, m front of. "^ niche, under.
sabab, by reason of waste, for the sake of
siwa ; siwd,e, ^aT(?//. * darmiyan, in the midst;
ewaz, as a substitute for, by the way (i.e., road)
^ karib, near, between ; among.
■^ gird, around. yaban, beside ; in presence of
\\y Q, for the sake of ; for. (the French '' chez;^^ Ger-
mare, by reason of; on ac- man ^' bei.'')
count of
2. Of these which follow Xv, or genitive word in /, you
need only learn these ; —
babat, concerning.
jihat, on account of.
khatir, for the love of\ for the sake of
tarah, like : is tarah, in this manner : us tarah, in that
manner. ^
taraf, towards : is taraf, this way, (i.e., direction) ; us
taraf, that ivay,"^ (i.e., direction).
marfat, by the hands of ; through a person.
nisbat, concerning; relative to ; ba-nisbat is ki, in com-
parison with this.
* Note. — In such quasi-adverbial phrases as these, made with " /.s"
2indi^'' us ^'' demonstratives, \}[i^'''' ke''"' Qx "/^z" is omitted before
the preposition. Other examples are ''^ is liye,^'' on this ac-
count ; ^^ tis liye,^^ on that account.
Exercise No. 14.
Ghar ke age bara darakht hai. Dar ke mare baiiar nahin
ga,e the. Mere nazdik ek riipiya bhi nahin hai. Tumhare
liye sab ko,i koshish karega. Is taraf mat a,o ; us taraf ja,o.
Ba-nisbat is ki, wuh achchha hai. Yih kam kis tarah kariinga?
Jaisa cbahiye. Mere yahan bahut ghore hain.
hindustani as it ought to be spoken. 45
Exercise No. 15.
The European soldiers have gone across the river. Under
the lamp (is) darkness.* By the way, I saw two tigers. He
was going towards the city. In this manner he became
rich. For my sake he underwent much labour. Compared
with this, dying is better. Among friends, quarrelling is
bad. There are many good pictures in the Judge's house. ^
He has done the work, agreeably-to my orders,
* Andhera, The sentence is an Eastern proverb. ' Use ' yahan.'
EIGHTH LESSON.
Conjunctions and Allied Words.
VOCABULARY No. XIH.
These present no difficulties. Those which suggest a
*' subjunctive " sense (as, ' if^ ' though^') are often, but not
always, followed by the Subjunctive Mood. The principal
conjunctions are as follows : —
agar ; jo, if. nahin, to, // not ; otherwise.
agarchih, although. bhi ; ham, also.
aur, and ; also. harchand, although.
balkih, rather; on the contrary, pas, therefore ; so.
chiinkih, in as much as; to, then, {^te Azotes, p. 47.)
as ; since ; because. tau bhi, even then ; still.
kill, that (of narration). warna, atid if not ; or else.
Sometimes it has the sense hsLUOz, yet ; still ; up to this
of * or^ as ' kih na,' or not. time.
khvvah...khwah, either... or, ya, or.
kyiinkih, because. ya...ya, either... or.
go-kih, given that ; although, na . . na ; na yih . . . nah wuh,
magar ; lekin ; par, but. neither... tior.
See also Appendix No. II, page 104.
* Both. ..and ' ; — 'Both' is not translated; *and' is
usually translated by * o,' sometimes emphasised by adding
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 47
'bhi' after the second word. Ex. :— 'Adnii wahan the,' o
lafke bhi the, Both men and boys were there,
j^otes. — *To' is used in the second clause to introduce the conse-
quence, result, &c,, of the first clause. Ex. :— Agar turn yih kam
nahin karoge, to main ghussah hunga, If you don't do this work^
I shall be angry.
i. As a particle * to ' has several idiomatic uses. Thus, it is used
to emphasise an Imperative. Ex. :— dekho to, /^^/C' ;/(7w/
swno io^ just yoii listen ! It is also used after a numeral,
instead of a repetition of the thing spoken of. Ex. : — Ap-ko
kitne rupiye darkar hain ? Das to kafi honge, IIo7v many
rupees does Your Honor require ? Ten will be enough.
ii. * Kih ' is much more frequently introduced in narration than
is * that ' in English. It is generally pronounced as if spelt
with a short *' e," like our " e " in kennel,
iii. There is a peculiar idiom in the use of ' jab tak ' (or, talak) and
* tab-tak ' (or, talak) — words which, taken together, give us
one sense of the English * while,' and * till'. The idiom is
that you must always insert a negative before the verb of
the first clause. Wc fix our minds on (for example) the
moment of our return ; the natives^ on the duration of the
absence. Ex. : — ^jab-tak main nahin phir-a,un, tab-tak
baithiye, so long as I do NOr return^ so long take-a-seat,
i.e., till I return f take a seat. Jab-tak ghora taiydr nahin
hoga, tab-tak ek kitab parhiye, as long as the horse is not
ready — so long read a book, or, read a book, while the horse
is getting ready,
v. When two unrelated events are spoken of, as happening at
the same time, use *jis-wakt' and * us-wakt.' Ex. : — ^Jis-
wakt main chitthi likhta tha, us-wakt wuh akhbar dekhta
tha, 7vhile 1 tvas ivriting a letter, he was taking a look at the
ne7vspaper.
vi. * Chiinkih ' of the first clause is followed by * is waste' in the
second clause.
48.
HINDTJStInI as it OUCiHT TO BE SPOKEN.
VOCABULARY No. XIV.
Useful Verbs {continued) and Notes on Some.
bajna, to sound {intr.)
bajana, to sound ; to play
{trans.)
baz-rakhna, to keep back ;
withhold ; conceal,
bantna, to divide.
bant-lena, to divide and ap-
propriate,
bandhna, to bind ; tie,
baithna, to sit ; sit down,
bithana, to seat,
baja-lana, to carry out ; per-
form,
bachna ; bach-jana, to escape.
bach ana, to rescue ; save,
barhna, to grow ; increase,
barhdna, to cause to gro7v, or
increase ; advance {trans.)
barasna, to rain,
biljhna, to understand,
bujhana, to explain,
bhagna ; bhag-jana, to flee ;
escape ; bolt,
bhejna ; bhej-dena, to send,
bhiilna, to forget ; to make
a mistake (bhitl).
bhiil-jana, to forget ; to be
forgotten.
chahna, to wish ; desire.
charhna, to ascend,
charhana, to cause to ascend ;
raise.
Chilian a, to scream.
dubna, to si?ik ; be drowned.
dubana, to cause to sink;
immerse ; lower.
daurna, to run,
dalna ; dal-dena, to throw ;
throw down.
daryaft karna, to find out
about a thing.
dhilndhna, to search for.
faramosh - karna, to forget.
gana, to sing.
guzarna ; guzar-jana, to pass
over (e.g., a river.)
girna ; gir-jana, to fall.
girana ; gira-dena, to cause to
fall ; to throw down.
guman-karna, to fancy ;
opine.
ghabrana, to be confused ;
perplexed ; put out ; (also
trans.)
ghulna, {intr.) to melt,
ghulana, {trans.) to melt,
hankna, to drive.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
49
jagna, to be aivake.
jagana, to waken (trans.)
janna, to know.
jina, to live.
jitna, to win.
jh again a, to quarrel.
kabill karna, to agree to ; con-
sent ; admit a charge.^ &^c.
■ kam-ana, to be serviceable.
kiraya-lena, to borrow ; hire.
kasna, to pull ; make tight.
khiijlana, to scratch ; tickle.
khodna, to dig.
khulna, to be open ; after rain
&c. ; to clear.
kholna, to open ; unfasten.
khelna, to play ; sport.
khojna, to search for.
ladna, to be laden.
ladna, to load. [paper.)
lapetna, to wrap up {as with
latkana ; latka-dena, to sus-
pend ; hang- lip.
lajana, to be ashamed.
larna, to quarrel.
lagna, to touch ; be in contact
ivith ; reach ; also begin.
lagana, to apply one thing to
another ; to cause to touch :
to lay on {and, so, to moor
I K a boat, &^c., c^c.)
letna, to lie down ; rest.
mangna, to ask; demand;
want.
[piichhna, is to ask a question.]
mangwana, to setid for.
manna, to obey, also, to be-
lieve ; acquiesce-in.
inalna, to rub ; chafe.
nikalna; nikal-jana, to go
out ; sally forth.
nikalna, nikal-dena, to ex
tract ; take out ; turn out ;
show-the-door-to.
pan a, to get ; obtain.
parhna, to read.
parhana, to instruct.
pakarna, to catch hold of.
pakna, to grow ripe.
pakana, to cause to ripen ; to
cook.
pukarna, to call out.
piichhna, to ask a questioti.
ponchh-dena, to wipe ; dust.
pharna, to tear {trans.)
phatjana, to split; burst,
{intr.)
pahchanna, to recognise one ;
knozv one again.
phir-ana, to come back.
y^\\\x-]2iX\2i, to go back.
4
50 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
torna, to tear ; break ; destroy.
pahunchna, to arrive.
pahunchana, to escort ; con-
duct; cause to arrive.
paithna, to enter.
rahna, to stay ; remain ;
dwell.
iitarna, to descend.
utarna, to cause to descend,
uthna, to rise ; statid up.
uthana, to raise.
uth-jana, to get up and go ;
to depart.
urna, iojly.
Lirana, to dissipate ; to fly, e.g.,
a kite (guddi.)
vvakif-hona, to be, or become
aware of anything.
yad-rakhna, to re77iember.
zikr-karna, to 7nention.
samajhna, to comprehend.
samjhana, to explain.
sochna, to meditate on.
takna, to turn ; look this
way ; guard ; watch.
talab-karna, to seek for ; send
for.
tarashna ; katna, to cut.
thaharna, to wait; stay where
you are.
Notes : —
i. The verb * miina ' occurs most frequently as a 3rd personal
verb only. What is our Nominative becomes a Dative,
and our Accusative becomes the Nominative. Confer the
Latin, * Liber est ??iihi,^ I have a book.
With this construction always preserved, * inilna ' means
every phase of a thing coviing-to, reaching, 7neetiitg a
person or thing. Its precise English must vary with the
context, and includes have, fnd, get, procure, meet, come-
across or whatever else suits.
* Mila^ (3rd pers. past tense,) is a handy word — used alone
to mean ^ Vve found it ;^ *" Vve got it,^ Or you may say —
more fully — ^ havi-ko mila hai.^ * Ham mile,' * wuh
milega,' and so on, are not Hiitdtistdni,
Examples : — Jangal men ham-ko do sher mile the. In the jangat
I met two tigers, Mujh-ko bakhshish milegi, / shall get a reward.
I
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 51
Us-ko hukm-ndmah mila hai, he has got a ivriiten-order. Darmiyan
rah ke, ek naddi mili thi, In the middle (or, by the way,) they
came-on a river ; (* unhon-ko ' being * understood.')
ii. From ' pakna,' comes the Anglo-Hindi. *pucca.'
iii. ' Lagna,' when it means to begin, is preceded by the inflected
form of the Infinitive : Ex : — Wuh bolne laga, he began to say.
iv. * Darna,' to fear, requires * j-^ ' of the thing feared. Ex —
main tum-se clarta hun, I am frightened for you.
V. * Kahna,' to say, tell, also takes * se ' where we use to. Ex. : —
Us-ne ham-se kaha, kih, &c , he told {to) us, that, ^c. So
with 'puchhna ' : — us-se piichhiye, ask of him, ask him.
vi. To e^'^XQSS ptcrpose, intention ox object, the inflected form of
the Infinitive followed by ^ ko^ or * ke zvdste,^ is used
Ex : — Wuh khane ko jata hai, he is going to difze. Khelne
ke waste bahar jata hiin, I am going out to play. Or you
may say — * ke matlab se ^ = with the intention of Ex : — Us
shakhs-ne, mujh-ko nuksan pahunchane ke matlab se, yih
bat kahi hai, that fellow has told this story in order to
cause injury to arrive to me, i.e., to injure me.
Exercise No. i6.
In donon men se, ap kaun pasand karte hain ? Meri
ra,i men, yih achchha hai. Huziir lijiye ; fidwi ke pas dilsra
hai. Bahut achchha ! Ghulam aj sham ko huzdr ke pas bhej-
dega ; nahi'n to kuchh kam ka nahin hoga. Achchha ! bhej-
dijiye.
Khet men dhan hai ; bawarchi-khane men chawal hai ;
mez par bhat hai. Agarchih main us-ko phir dekhiin, tau-
bhi nahin pahchan-sakilnga. Main us bat ko yad nahin
*rakhta htin. Baaze admi kahte hain, kih shahr men bahut
chor-log rahte hain. Main Hindustani zaban men hoshyar
hoti hiln.
i
52 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
VOCABULARY No. XV.
kaisar-i-hind,* the Empress of lat Sahib, the Lieutenant-
India, Governor,
badshah, or padshah, a king, zamin, land.
(M.) zamindar, a land-holder.
malikah, a queen, (M.) mulk, a country,
maharaja ; ^ raja^ a king. (H.) milki, landed property.
mahdrani ; ^ rani^ a queen. (H.) khet afield,
shah-zadah, a prince, (M.) kheti, cultivation,
kilnwar ; jub-raj, ^//-/^f^. (H.) raiyat ;^ kashtkar ; kisan, a
diwan, a minister of state. cultivator, [ {fern.)
arkdn-i-daulat,^ the nobility. fasl, the crops ; the hardest
khas-o-am,^ the people gener- rabi, the spring crop.
ally. kharif, the autumn crop.
khud, (indec.) self. apas men, aiiiong themselves.
hsLia. Lit^ Sihib, tlie Governor- bsity {f^^n.) word; affairs;
General, business ; news.
Notes : — ^This ** i" is Persian for **^/"...^ 'rtiese words are best left
untranslated.... ^Literally, *^ the Pillars of the Statey\., * Liter-
ally, The Exclusive and the Common. ** o " is Persian for ** and, '
* i.e. ** Lord.'' « The Anglo-Hind, * ryot ' The plural is ri,iya,
tenants ; subjects.
When speaking of persons of distinction, you put the Verb in the
Plural, even though the Nom. be singular.
Exercise No. 17.
Kaisar-i-Hind ke bete is mulk men a,e the. Bare Lad
Sahib ke sath rahe the. Kaisar-i-Hind khud nahin
a-saki thin. Sab Bddshdh, Mahardja, Raja, Khas-o-am,
Kaisar-i-Hind ke bete-ko dekhne ke waste, Kalkatta ga,e
Calcutta.
1
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 53
the. Shahzade-ne bhi logon-ko dekhne ke waste, sab inulk
men safar kiya tha. Is-se sab ko,i nihayat khush hu,e.
Agar yih bat ap-ko pasand nahin hai, to, main chala-
ja,iinga. Yih admi daulatmand nahin hai, balkih gharib
hai. Chiinkih tum-ne yih kam nahin kiya hai, is waste
tum-ko saza milegi. Jab barsat achchhi hai, tab ri,aya khush
hain. Jab main taiyar hiinga, tab ap ke sath bahar ja,unga.
Mujh-ko khush kiarne ke matlab se, bakhshish di hai.
Exercise No. i8.
Given that Your Honor is unwell, still there is no fear of
death. Although Your Honor has given the order, still I
will not (io this work. Just you listen ! I shall go to Cal-
cutta, and you shall stay here till I come back. Don't
come till I shout. While I say a word to this man, you
take-a-look-at lo-day's paper.
The land-holders of this country are rich, and often
quarrel among themselves. Their tenants get excellent crops
when the rains are good. This year,i the rains have not
been sufficient ; therefore {pas) the crops are bad.
I am frightened for tigers. I saw two in the forest.
They, becoming frightened at me, ran-ofif, making a loud
cry. In the way, we also reached a river ; we crossed-over
in a boat.
^ The Persian * im sal ' is in common use. It is an accusative of
time, and must not be used as if it were a Nominative.
I
NINTH LESSON.
Adverbs, and Allied Words and Phrases.
VOCABULARY No. XVI.
These do not change. You may make up adverbs, by
putting * se ' after any noun which will make sense.
Ex. : — ' Zor-se (Anglo-Hind, 'jorsy,') with fore: ; forcibly.
* Khabardari se ' with care ; carefully. Learn also : —
ab, now ; at present.
ahistah, slowly.
albattah, certainly; ^ no doubt. ^
aslan-mutlakan, by no means ;
most certainly fiot.
ba,en, to the left hand.
be-shak, without doubt.
bihtar better.
bii-fel, iminediately ; at once.
bil-kul, entirely.
dahine, to the right hand.
ek dam, this instant.
hameshah, always. [haps
ho sakta liai, it may be ; per-
itiifakan, it so happened that ;
by chance.
is wakt, at this time ; now.
jald, quickly ; soon. \at once.
j hat-pat, very quickly : now ;
kabhi-kabhi, so?neti?nes.
mat, the negative always used
with the Imperative Mood.
masalan, for example.
iiihayat, exceedingly.
raftah-raftah, gradually.
siiayad, perhaps.
thora thora, by little and little.
turat, at once ; now.
us wakt, at that time ; then.
zardr, of necessity,
ziyadah, jnore, often with the
sense of, ' too much.^
hindustani as it ought to be spoken. 55
Exercise No. 19.
Main nihayat khush hiin; mere bap-ne ham-ko bahut
rilpae di,e hain ; main bil-fel ghore mol-lilnga. Kapre
almari men jald latka-do. Zariir jana ho^a. Ittifakan,
murgh-ko ek moti mila tha; kaha, kih " yih chiz kis kam
ki hai ? main bhdkh se be-tab hiln ; mf)ti, jauhari, on ki
chiz, hai; mere waste ek danah ja,i bihtar hoga;" bolte-hi,
bhiikh se mar-gaya.
Exercise No. 20.
I met a friend on the road. On his journey he came
upon a river. A cock came upon a pearl. It came to pass
that^ the king's daughter found a child on the bank of the
river. He began to say (that) ' I met two tigers on the
road;' but his friend said (that) Mhere are no tigers in
this place,' so he shut-up.-
^ Ittifakan. ^ Chup-rahna.
TENTH LESSON.
Interjections.
Those in common use are as follows : —
are, (// a female is addressed^ 'ari,') hey you !
kya bat, what a statement! stuff! nonsense!
wah-wah ; shabash, bravo ! well done !
achchha ; khiib ; khair ;^ good ! ivell !
bahut achchha, ^ very good ! all right !
wa,e-wa,e, woe is me ! oh dear, oh dear !
bapre-bapre, expresses astonishment at some disagreeable
news, or the like.
bap- bap, help ! ?fiercy !
duha,i, or duha,i-duha,i,y«^//V^ !
duha,i Maharani ki, grant justice, oh Great Queen !
afsos, or afsos hai, what a pity ! how sad !
* We, in telling a story, often be,s;in a sentence with the exclamation
* well ! ' Natives, in like circumstances, often end a sentence in the
same way. Their word is * khair.'
'^ *Bahut achchha' or * bahut khiib ' is also a common answer given
by a servant on receiving orders. Or he may answer, *jo hukm,'
whatever your orders (be) — * I shall attend to them ' being understood.
Or he may say, simply, * Han, khudawand,' or, Ji ! han. Yes, Your
Honor I
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
57
chhi-chhi,' tigly / nasty I
dilr ; diir-diir ; diir ho ! l^e off! get out I
VOCABULARY No. XVII.
Useful Adjectives — (continued,)
achha ; khiib, good.
kharab ; bura, bad.
ilncha ; baland, high.
nicha, low.
bara ; bazurg, great.
chhota, small.
bahut, nnich.
thora ; zarrah, little.
mota, thick ; coarse ; stout.
patla, ////;/ ; iveak in texture,
or in body.
barik ; \\\\\\m,fine in texture.
dubla, thin ; scraggy.
mazbiit ; strong ; firm.
kam-zor, 2veak, {deficient in
strength.)
natakat, infirm ; shaky.
zorawar, strong in body;
oppressive.
karvva, strong^ (as liquor^ or
tea.)
lamba, long,
kotah, short.
chaura, broad.
kam-arz, narroiv.
gol, round.
chau-kona, square.
kharkhara, rough.
chikna, smooth.
garm, warm ; hot.
thandh ; thandha, cold.
saf, clean.
maila, dirty.
sakht, hard, also, difficult.
narm ; mula,im, soft.
asan ; salis, easy,
mushkil, difficult.
^ This word must never be used as an adjective describing any of
Her Majesty's subjects ; or their dialect ; as in these lines from the
*• Laya of Ind'' —
" What though upon her lips there hung
The accents of the chhi-chhl tongue."
I
58
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
bhari, heavy.
halka, light.
tazah, fresh.
sara ; purana, decayed.
naya ; nau, neiv.
purana, old.
gaihra, deep.
uthla, shallo7v.
tez ; lezrau, fast.
tez nahin, slow.
nazdik, near.
diir, distant.
pyara, dear (of affection.)
mahnga, dear (of price.)
sasta ; manda, cheap.
tang ; ?iarrow ; too tight.
tez, sharp (as a knife.)
kund, blunt.
kafi, sufficient ; enough.
kam, deficient ; '' short.'
daulatmand, rich.
gharib ; kangal ; muflis, poor.
maghriir, proud.
giinga, dufnb.
langra, lame.
langa, naked.
maaldm, known.
na maaliim, unknown.
khush, pleased ; happy.
na-khush, displeased ; un-
happy.
pasand, agreeable ; approved.
napasand, disagreeable ; dis-
approved.
chalak ;
tez-zihn ;
aklmand ;
dan a, 7mse.
be-wukiif, foolish.
kund-zihn, dull oj intellect.
diwanah, mad.
hoshyar, skilful ; up in your
work.
be-hosh, senseless ; stupid ;
* no good; also, Hna swoon.'
umdah, great ; noble.
paji, viea7i ; base ; contemp-
tible.
clever ; sharp-
witted.
gharib ; miskin, humble ; poor ^Hm^ learned.
in spirit,
andha, blind,
bahra, deaf.
jahil, ignorant.
saf, clear.
and h era, dark.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 59
Silk ha, dry. kala, black.
bln'nga ; tar, 7vef, barun (E.), brown.
u \. u ' ^ 4 -4 sabz, green.
sach ; sachcha; rast,^r^/^ ; just. ^ ' ^
ihiitha, untrue. ma,.
, *, , . , lal, red.
na-rast, unjust ; wrong. '
zard, yelloiv.
durust, right; proper. ^^^^j. . shamal, the North.
na-durust, not right; im- d.khan ; janiib, //^^ .S-^^//^.
proper. piirab ; niashrik, the East.
sufed, white. pachchham ; ma gh rib,//zg IVest.
Notes : —
* Kam ' is much used as a prefix, signifying deficiency. * Maa-
lum,' * Na-maakim, ' are much used colloquially, by themselves
alone, to mean ' I know it, ' * / doiit know it.'' * Muflis ' is said
also to mean * a bachelor ^^ but there is probably some error in this
use of the word.
The words * uttar,' 'dakhan,' * piirab,' and * pachchham,' are
those most commonly used. From 'dakhan' comes the Anglo-
Hind, * Deccan.'
All natives know the points of the compass ; and all direc-
tions should be given by them. Thus you may tell your servant
if you want him to bring you an article, (and know yourself where
it lies,) that it is, e.g.^ on the North-West corner of your table.
He is then sure to find it, if there.
Exercise No. 21.
Are ! kidliar jate I10 ? ' Ap kyun piichhte hain ? Kya bat !
turn jawab nahin de,oge ? Han khudavvand ! fidwijawab
dega ; fidwi bazar jata hai. Bahut achchha ! kusilr nahin
hai, chalo. Duha.i Maharani ki ! chor logon-ne mere sab
mal liit-hye hain ; hukm dijiye kih poh's (E.) ke sipahi,an
fouran tahkikat karen. Wa,e ! vva,e. Afsos hai! charon taraf^
I
' * Charon taraf ' — (char, /^//r) idiomatic; on all sides; *' char "
is made plural ; * taraf is unchanged ; no preposition is required.
6o HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
uttar, dakhan, piirab, pachchham, talash karenge, kaho •
kya kya mal gum ho-gaya hai ?
Yih admi aklmand hai ; wuh, be-wukiif hai. Yih aurat
bahut dubli hai ; lekin uska khasam bahut mota hai. Yih
kapra patla aur kam-arz hai, mujh ko kapra mazbdt aur
chaura darkar hai ; tumhare pas aisa kapra hai ? Kala kapra
mazbiit hai. Be-wukilf ! main sufed kapra mangta hiin, tum
kala kapra bahar karte ho — ja,o ! Berar ! Han khudawand [
barun ghora bimar hai. Bapre ! bapre ! kaisa hd,a ? Main
kya janta ! Jald dauro — bazar-se jullab ki dawa manga,-do.
Tabidar chaprasi bhej-dega. Nahin ! tum sust admi ! is
darmiyan men, ghora mar-ja,ega ; khud dauro ; diir !
Exercise No. 22.
Hey you ! what are you up to? ( = doing.) Nothing.
Then, what is all this noise ? We are only chatting among
ourselves. Don't chatter in the verandah ; by reason of the
noise, I cannot work. VVno are these men ? They are culti-
vators. What do they want ? They say that owing-to (se)
the oppression of their (own) landlord, iheir crops have
been attached ; they desire justice. But is their story true ;
God knows ! as a rule, there is some truth and some false-
hood on both sides. Certainly these poor people won't tell
lies. Your Honour has been six months in the country
and knows everything ; but (your) slave's opinion is that
whoever believes only half^ will do good justice.*
* From * nisf,' /la/f, is derived * insaf,' justice ; also * Munsif,' a
dispenser 0/ justice^ a * Moonsiff (Anglo- Hind).
I
ELEVENTH LESSON. .
Arrangement of Words in a Sentence.
The arrangement of words in a sentence is left a good
deal to taste, subject to one fixed rule that your Verb must
come at the end of the clause or sentence ; and if there
be an auxiliary, it is the last word. You cannot divide the
parts of a verb ; making such a sentence as * He had, after
some delay, made a full confession.' All the component
parts of a compound tense come together.
2. Taking the ordinary words and clauses which occur
in a sentence, the following order will be found idiomatic: —
Nominative, preceded by the qualifying word, or words, if
any; Object, purpose, intention, or the like; ..Dative....
Adverbial, or participle clause ;... Accusative; ... Verb.
Ex. : — Us kharab admi-ne — nuksan pahunchane ke matlab
se — mujh-ko — nihayat baland awaz se — gali di thi, That bad
nian^ with, the object of causing (me) loss, to me, in a very
loud voice, gave abuse. If you wish to state the place, you
might say, e.g. ^ bazar men' before *gali.' The time ^o\Adi
probably stand first of all : as, aj, din-ko, tin pahar ke
wakt, (us Jcharab admi, &c.,) to-day, by day, at the time of
three-watches, i.e., at three d clock this afternoon, ^c.
3. Interrogation is expressed in several ways —
\st. — By the mere inflection of the voice ; the words
62 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
remaining in the same order as in an affirmative sentence.
Ex. : — Tum nahin jante, kih, &c. Don't you know that r^c?
2nd, — By the use of a plain interrogative word. Ex. : —
kyiin deri karte lio ? Why are you delaying ? why are you so
sloiv ?
2,rd — By first naming a thing, and tht-n asking about it ;
as often occurs in Frcncli. Ex. :— Ap ka mizaj — kaisa hai?
Your Honor's health — how is it ?
[Hai admi bazir? and the Hke, are not Hindiistani.]
Some Interrogative Words.
Kab, when? Kahan, where? Kidhar, whither? Kyiin,
why? Kaun, tvho? Kya, which? what? Kab-tak, how long?
Ka,eber ; ka,e dafah, how often ? Kis-waste, on what account;
why? Kyun-kar ; kis-tarah ; kaisa, in what manner; how?
Kitna, or ketna, Plur : kitne, or ketne, how many? how
much ?
VOCABULARY No. XVIII.
The Boi>Y and some of its Parts.
badan ; jism, 7/^^ body. ankh ; chashm, the eye.
sir, the head. nak, the nose.
bal, the hair. rukh ; gal, the cheek.
zulf, curly hair. milnh, the mouth.
milchh, mustachios. talu, the falate.
darbi, the beard. dant or dant, a tooth,
ru ; chihrah ; miinh,^ the face, jibh ; zaban,^ the tongue,
peshani, the jorehead. , jabra, the jaw,
abru, the eyebrow, lab, a lip.
' Pronounce, nasally, * moo.' ^ Zaban means also * a lan^v^d.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
63
thuddi ; zanakh, the chin,
kan, an ear.
gar dan, the neck.
gala or gula, the throat.
bazu, an arju,
hath ; dast,^ a hand.
hatheli, the pahn.
ungli, a finger.
nakhun, a ?iail.
kandha, the shoulder,
chhati, the breast.
sinah, the bosom.
godi, the lap.
panjar, the side.
pith, the back.
chiltar, the buttocks.
tang, the leg.
jangh, the thigh.
pindH, the calf.
pa, on, the foot.
talwa, the sole of the foot.
eri, the heel.
pa,on ki ungli, a toe.
haddi ; har, a bone.
panjari, a rib.
khiin ; lohu, blood.
pit, bile.
pasinah, perspiration.
dam^ ; sans, the breath.
rag ; nas, a vein.
maghz ; dimagh, the brain.
dil, the heart.
pet ; shikam, the belly,
midah, the stoinach.
phepre, the hmgs.
tilli, the spleen.
gild a, the marrow.
chamra, the skin.^
* Hence, dast-anah, (;/^/ das-tanah,J a glove.
2 Not to be confounded with * dum,' the tail of an animal.
* Means also ' leather.^
TWELFTH LESSON.
Numeration.
The first things to learn here are the following frac-
tions : —
pa,o, a quarter. derh, one and a half.
adha, a halj. arha,i, two and a half.
also these : —
sarhe, 07ie half moky. than the unit named.
sawa, one quarter more than the unit named.
paune, one quarter less than the unit named.
2. Then learn these words : —
ganda, a hmdle of 4. hazar, a thousand.
kori, or kuri, a score. lakh, a hundred thousand.
sau, a hundred. karor, ten millions.
3. There are separate words from *one' to *one hundred/
but it will be sufficient for you to learn the words only from
*one ' to ' twenty.' They are as follows : —
I, ek.
8, ath
15, pandrah.
2, do.
9, nau.
16, solah.
3, tin.
10, das.
17, satrah.
4, char.
II, igyarah,
18, atharah.
5, panch.
12, barah.
19, unis.
6, chhah.
13, terah.
20, bis.
7, sat.
14, chaudah.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 65
4. The Other numbers up to loo will be found in Ap-
pendix No. I, page 103. With the materials now given
you, you can express any number, in a perfectly idiomatic
way : by using karors, lakhs, thousands, hundreds, scores^
and units. Ex.: — 557^ five hundred, two scores, and^
seventeen, panch sau, do kdri, satrah. 9,991 = nau hazar,
nau sau, char kiiri, unis.
5 The ORDINAL numbers are as follow^ : — Paihle, 7^^-^/ /
diisra, or, doyum, second ; tisra, third ; chautha, fourth.
These, when ending in 'a,' follow the rules of ka, ke, ki.
After ' chautha, fourth, ' the ordinals are got by adding
'wan' to the cardinals. *The sixth' is, for euphony's
sake, ^chhatwan.'
6. *Once,' * twice,' 'thrice,' &c., are expressed by * ek
dafah,' * do dafah,' ' tin dafah,' and so on.
7. *A,' in such phrases as 'a yard,* 'a foot' is ex-
pressed by the word ' fi.' or by ' ek ek ' Ex. : — fi — or ek
ek — gaz kitne riipae honge? how 7nany rupees a yard.
8. As there are sixteen annas in a Riipi, 16 is much
used to give the idea of a ' whole/ 'a unit,' or 'full quantity,'
of anything; ''eight annas'' meaning a half ; ' four annas,'
a quarter ; two annas, an eighth, and so on. Confer the
words 'quadroon,' 'octoroon.'
^ * And ' is never expressed with numerals.
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
Time.
The English Months are sure to be known by all your
servants, and are also known to natives generally. But you
must catch the pronunciation in use in your locahty.
The following is pretty near the ordinary pronun-
ciation : —
Janri. Julai.
Fabri. Agast/
Marich. Saptambar.
April. Oktobar.
Mai. Navambar.
Jiin. Dichambar.
2. The Days of the Week are not known by their
English names.
The names most commonly used are these —
Itwdr ; rabibar, Sunday.
Sombar ; pir ka roz, Monday,
Mangal, Tuesday.
Budh, Wednesday.
Brihaspat ; biphe, Thursday.
Shukrbar; jumah, Friday.
Sanichar; sanibar, Saturday.
^ Accent on the last syllable.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGFiT TO BE SPOKEN. 67
3. The HouKS are now-a-days always counted by the
English watch when possible. But the native division
assigns so much time to the day-light, and so much to the
night. The reckoning is by the "pahar," (pronounced
in Lower Bengal, ^prohor,') which consists of three English
hours; four "pahars" being counted to the day, and four
to the night. Then the word 'ghanta' — which means a bell,
or gong — is used to mean 'an hour,' as in many parts of
India a gong is struck after each hour. Again, there is a
word /ghari,' which is said to be equal to about one-third of
an English hour; but is often used very vaguely; as indeed
all words of time are, when not referred to a watch or clock.
* Ghari' is also used for the English ' clock, or ' watch '
itself.
4. * The clock ' is known to all servants as well as to
superior natives. The verb 'bajna^ {intr.) to sound; or the
verb * bolna' {tnir.) to say, is used with reference to a clock
or watch. If you will study the following clauses you will
be master of * the clock' in Hindiistani : —
kya baja hai, what has sounded ? what o'clock is it ?
do baje hain, two have sounded; two o'clock.
arha,i baje bain, a half 7nore than two has sounded.
sawa do baje hain, a quarter more than two has sounded.
paune do baje hain, a quarter less than two has sounded.
do baj-ke. bis minat, two having sounded, twenty ?ninutes
(more have passed), twenty minutes past 2.
bis minat ke baad, do bajega, after twenty minutes, two
will strike; twenty minutes to 2. Or this may be ex-
pressed thus: — bis minat kam, do baje, (by) 20 ?ninutes
less, two o'clock.
Iderh baje, half past one. . . . arha,i baje, half past two.
ka,e baje? at what o'clock ?■ tin baje, at three o'clock.
68 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
5. Time in a vague sense is expressed by an accusative
without government, as in English. Ex: — guzashtesal, last
year ; pari roz, on the following day,
6. When precision is aimed at, * at,' or * by,' (of time)
is translated * ko/ or 'ke wakt' Ex: — Aj, sham-ko, to-day ^
at evening ; this evening. Rat ke wakt, by night, at night.
7. *Ago,' * since,' ' for,' are translated by ' se,' or by
*hii,a' in agreement. When * since' can be resolved into
that I have not, you must use a negative. Ex, : — Tin baras
hd,e, main Kalkatte men raha tha, three years ago, I ivas
living in Calcutta, Kal se, main is-ko khojta hiln, I am
searching for it since yesterday. Char mahinon-se, wuh
bimar hai, he is {has been) sick for four months. Panch
barson se, main-ne apna watan nahin dekha haij since five
years, 1 have not seen my native country, or, in good English^
it is five years since I have seen my native country.
8. In naming a date (tarikh, fem.) you use 'ko.' Ex.: —
Navambar mahine ki panch tarikh ko, Kalkatte ja,iinga,
I shall go to Calcutta on date s. of the month Noveinber.
9. * Men ' is also often used for ' in,' or ' during,' ex-
pressed or understood.
10. In using the numbers, "- and' is always left untrans-
lated. Ex. '.—five hundred and forty-three, panch sau, do
kdri tin.
HINDIJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 69
VOCABULARY No. XIX.
Words and Phpases relating to Time, Money,
Weight, and Measurement.
Time.
tarikh (fern.), a date. yih baras {or sal), this year.
baras; sil, a year ; in dating, (Nom.)
san. is baras; is baras men; im sal,
mabinah, a month. this year ; during this year,
haftah, a week. (Ace.) ' im ' is Persian ; but
roz ; din, a day. * im sal ' is in common use.
chaudah roz, y^r/;^/^/^/. a,indah, the future.
ghanta; ^^2in, an hour. a,indah, baras, {or sal,) next
minat (E.), a minute. year. (Nom.)
iahzah, a second., (lit. twink- a,inde baras ; a,inde baras
lin^ of an eye). men (or with * sal'), next
aj ; im roz, to-day. year. (Ace.)
kal, to-morrow, or yesterday
(according to context ) ^^ > ^'^^ ^ '' ^'*' ^^' ^'''''''^
parson, the day after ^^- ek din naghah karke ; ek din
morrow, or the day before chhor-kar, every alternate
yesterday (according to ^^y
context.)
tarson, the fourth day (for- din ke wakt, by day.
wards or backwards.) rat ke wakt, by night.
pari roz, the day after (any ala-s-sabah, at early dawn.
event) ; next day. tarka; fajr ; bhor; subh, early
guzastah ; jo bit-gaya, the morning.
past. do pahar din, noon.
guzastah baras {or sal), last do pahar rat; adhi rat, mid-
year.) (Nom.) night.
guzashte baras {vr sal), last sham, the evening,
year. (Ace.) sham-ko, in the evening.
70
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Money.
niablagh, a lump su7ji.
rdpiya, a rupee. Plur. riipiye ;
riipae ; riipi ; riipae is
also used to mean ' mojiey.^
anab, an ^ anna,^ ^^ of a riipi.
pa,i, a 'pie' ^L of an 'anah.'
riipi, a rupi-piece.
ath-anni, an 2>-dnah-ptece
chau-anni a ^-dnah-piece.
do-anni, a 2-dnah piece.
paisa, a -^ pa ^i- piece (4 make
an 'anah'), often means
' money. '
Weights.
man, a ' man ;' Anglo-Hind.
'maund,' equal to about
80 lbs.
ser, a 'seer,' equal to about
2 lbs.
adha-ser; ek paun (E.), half
a ' ser^ or one poiaid.
chhitank, a ' chittack^ —^ of a
^ser.'
tola, a 'tolah f the weight of a
ricpi; by which letters, gems,
gold, silver, &c., are weighed.
Measurement.
ek kos, a ' coss ; ' about two
miles,
adha-kos, half a ' kos / a mile,
bhiga, a land measure; varies
in different parts of India,
kattha, a 'cottah,' ^V of a ' bi-
gha.' (square measurement),
rassi, a measure of length
about 60 yds.
gaz, a yard.
hath, a cubit.
flit (E.), a foot.
musht ; mutthi, a fist, i.e., a
* hand,' (as in measuring
horses.)
inchi (E.), an inch.
Exercise No. 23.
Jo haftah bit gaya hai, us men main-ne do gh< re mol-hye
hain, Guzashte sal, ri,aya bahut gharib the ; im sal, un-ki
fasl achchhi hai, is Hye khush hain. Angrezi^ baras — Janri
ki paihli tarikh ko — shuru hota hai. Meri ghari bigar ga,i
hai. Us-ki ghari tez chalii hai, aur mere bha,i ki ghari sust
chalti hai. Kuchh kam ki^ nahin hain. Main-ne paune
English.
' Agreeing with ' ghari.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 71
char gaz mol-liye. Unhon-ne arha,i man ko,ila kharid kiya.
Ham-ko paune panch baje jaga,o. Ka,e baje bahar ja,enge ?
Aj, sham-ko, bahar ja,iinga ; ka,e baje main ab nahin janta
hiin. Sab chiz thik hai? Han khudawand ! Tel-batti
ghusl-khane men rakh-do.
Exercise No. 24.
Her ear is small. Her breast is white. Her cheek is
red. Her heart is hght. His jaw is large. There are
gloves on her hand. There was much perspiration. His
shoulder is strong. Give me one quarter. He has bought
fifteen horses. How much has he given for them ?
Rs. 9,786. Five hundred and forty-two men were present.
Give me 2^. He is first, and she is second. I spoke to
him three times. This year is hot. This year, the rains
are good. To-day at one pahar, I shall go to Calcutta.
At what o'clock did he go out ? At a quarter to three.
FOURTEENTH LESSON.
Miscellaneous.
The Pronunciation given in this book is the purest
known ; but you must not expect that here, any more
than in England, pronunciation is everywhere the same; or
even the same in one locahty, as uttered by educated and
by uneducated people. Thus you will often hear * z ' and
"j " confounded with each other; and will even learn to
know " nazdik," under the metamorphosis of ' nagich.'
2. You must also remember that there is such a thing
as ACCENT in addition to * quantity.' Thus a long ' a ' at
the end of a word will be sounded less strongly than the
same elsewhere.
3. Besides quantity and accent, there is also the
CADENCE of a sentence. This, and the appropriate action
of hands, face and body, can be acquired only by imitation.
4. The great fault of Europeans — next to leaving
out the non-initial *h' — is "clipping" their words as.
they speak, ignoring double consonants, and forgetting that
Hindiistani, when well spoken, is a language of vowels and
double consonants, and must be vocalized like Italian. It
is miserable to hear such sounds as harnreh garry low,^
pinnykypanny do, eggy barrow,^ sarry das bajy, and so on.
* Pronounce as in * ho%v. ' No doubt, for ' age barha,o.'
hindt5st1ni as it ought to be spoken. 73
4. In concluding the instructions of this little book, a
few matters which have not found place in the earlier
lessons will be gathered up here.
5. Idioms of a peculiar kind are not very numerous in
the language. You have already learned (page 47) that
you require * not ' in such phrases as ' wait here till I come
l^ack ;^ and (page 68) ^ it is three years since I saw you, ^
Note also that words of time, measurement, quantity and
so forth often stand in the accusative without any govern-
ment. "Of" is not translated in such phrases as * a cup
of tea,' ' a yard of cloth,' *a piece of bread.' The words
stand in * apposition ' — ek piyalah cha,e — ek gaz kapra — ek
tukra roti. Id such phrases, again, as ' he fell from the wall,'
the natives say, he fell from on the wall (diwar par se); also our
phrase * out of is taken in the reversed light, and becomes
' from in.' Ex. : — lomri bil men se nikli, the fox came out
of (from inside) its hole. There is also a favourite idiom
by which the pluperfect tense (with had) is used where we
use a plain past. See Example, Exercise 17, page 52 \
and (as in many other languages), the Future Tense is often
used, where, strictly speaking, the Subjunctive Mood is
the correct thing. The omission of pronouns, where no
ambiguity will be caused, has already been pointed out.
Doubling words in order to strengthen the force is common
in Hindiistani, and not unknown in English : * My love is
like the red red rose.' Ex. : — wuh achchha achchha admi
hai, he is a Dery good man.
6. You will sometimes find plurals in * an.' This is
from the Persian ; and occurs chiefly in words ending
in — dar. It does not change in the oblique cases. Ex. : —
Zamindar-an, tabidar-an, chaukidar-an, &c.
7. WiLA-WALi (masc. and fem, ; declined hke nouns in
74 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
* a ' and ' i ') are very useful terminations. They are joined
usually to the Nom. Sing, of a common noun, or to the in-
flected form of the Verbal Noun. They indicate a person
connected with the thing the noun expresses, or one who
does the action expressed by the verb. Ex. : — pankha wala,
a pankha-puller ; roti-wala, a baker ; machhli-wala, f/ie fish-
monger ; likne-wali, the (female) writer^ and so on, ad-
infinitum. They are also added to Adverbs.
8. The DEGREES OF COMPARISON are made thus : —
For the comparative degree you compare the thing you are
speaking of with one thing of the same kind. For the
* superlative degree,' you compare it with all conceivable
things of the same kind. Your adjective has no change
indicative of * degree;' but continues to * agree, ' as
usual. Ex. : —
Yih ghora , . . us ghore se ... achchha hai.
This horse . . compared with that horse . . is the good one.
Yih ghora . . . sab ghoron se . . . achchha hai.
This horse . . compared with all horses . . is the good one.
9. Occasionally you may find the Persian terminations
of the comparative and the superlative degrees, viz.^ * tar '
and *TARiN,' used with adjectives derived from the Persian
language. But this is not common. The only familiar
word is * bihtar,' better ; the * positive degree ' of which in
Persian is 'bih,'^^(9^. Superlative, ^bihtarin.'
10. In NARRATION, you must use the same pronouns
and verbs as the original speaker used : Ex. : —
Eng. : — He said he would go to Calcutta to-morrow.
Hind. :— He said, (that) * I will go to Calcutta tomorrow.^
11. So, in sending a verbal message (which you
hindustIni as it ought to be spoken. 75
should never do if you can help it) give your messenger
the very words he is to use. Ex. : —
Eng. : — Go and tell him, I can't come.
Hind. :— Go and tell him, (that) *The Judge sahib (or
as the case may be) can't come.'
12. *Itis;' * there is;' * there are.' These idioms
do not occur in Hinddstani. The plain noun and verb
only are used. Ex. : — kaun hai, ? raja sahib hain, who
is it ? It isJhe raja sahib, Khabardar ! ag hai, take care !
there^s fire.
13. To HAVE. There is no verb for this. You must
use the verb * to be ; ' on the liber est mihi principle.
Ex. : — Ham-ko kuchh ummed nahin hai, / have no hope.
Us ke pas bahut kitaben hain, he has many books. Us-ke do
ghore hain, (Jiis are two horses^ he has two horses. When
* have ' has the sense of * get,' * obtain,' &c. * milna ' may
be used. Ex. : — Us-ko ek hukm-namah mila hai, he has,
holds, has got, a pass,
14. '* Thank you." To a servant this phrase is pro-
perly expressed by " bahut achchha ;," " achchha : " or even
"bas." The last word means ^ enough;^ ^ that'll do.' To
equals and superiors the word " shukr-guzar " (literally
' thanks-passing ') should be used — by itself — on all fitting
occasions.
Note. — Exaggerated civility to an inferior is regarded by him as
sarcasm. As you may never use any word of abuse, a little
exaggerated politeness may be used instead.
15. To SALUTE *'Salam karna ; " '* salam bolna ; "
"saldmdena" " Salam karna" is to perform an act of
salutation. " Salam bolna " and " saianudena " are about
equal to each other in meaning. You will have to use
*j6 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
them chiefly in two instances : first, as a polite mode of
sending for a person : Ex. : — "kirani babu ko salam do"
{or bolo), le., '''give (or say) viy * saldm ' to the (Hindu) clerk''
— the rest is eliptic ; but the clerk will understand that he
is to come to you : so, secondly, when a caller sends in his
card, you say " salam do ; " or " salam bolo " to the servant.
He carries your salam to the caller, who comes upstairs
and pays his visit, on receiving your " salam " but not
before. A 'visiting-card'' is tikat (E.)
i6. The PARTICIPLE "in ke" or " kar,"' (sometimes
*'' karke'' or '' karkar^' all being derived from karna, some-
times only the plain stem), is much used in Hindiistdni, to
lead up to the principal verb— and avoid the repetition of
''and'' Ex. ; — Yih bat bolkar chala-gaya. Having said this
much (lit. this word), he we7it away : or. He said this much
and left,
17. This little book contains none of the high-flown,
and somewhat exaggerated style of phraseology which
abounds in Oriental languages ; nor any of the phrases
adopted from Arabic. These belong to an advanced
course. You should, however, provide yourself with two
phrases of a superior kind, to be used to native gentlemen
of rank. They are words meaning shortly, '' to arrive^' and
"to depart;" and are " tashrff-lana," to arrive, "tashrif
lejana," to depart, Tashrif means " the honour of your pre-
sence : " the first phrase (to arrive) therefore means " to bring
the ho?iour of your presence^' — and the second (to depart) —
to take that ho?iour from us. " Huziir," is the correct word
whereby to address natives of high rank. The verb will of
■course be in the third person plural ; and so you will say :
Huztir kab tashrif la,e hain ?= Vf^hen did you arrive ?
Huzilr kab tashrif le-ja,enge ?= When do you go aivay ?
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO UK SPOKEN. 77
18. Then, the poHte form by which to ask for a person's
health is, ' mizaj sharif.' To which the answer may be
* huziir ki mihrbani se,' dy Youf" Hofioiir's kindness^ or ' huzilr
ki inayat se,' by Your Honour's favour^ or ' huziirki du,a se,'
by Your Honour's blessing^ or * shukr Khuda ka hai,' thank
God, — 'I am well ' being understood.
19. Connected with this matter, I mention, in conclu-
sion, that in the middle of many names of i\rabic origin,
you will find the syllable **2//"or "2/^," occasionally "^/i*."
They all mean,"^//^^" and the whole name has generally
a grand significance. Thus Shams-ud-din means "The
Sun of the Faith;" Siraj-ud-daulah\ "The Lamp of the
Commonwealth," and so on.
VOCABULARY No. XX.
Khuda, God. Khairat, alms ; charity to the
firishtah, an angel. poor.
auliya, the saints. rozah, a fast.
iblis ; shaitan, the Devil. rozah rakhnn, to fast.
\y^\%\i\.^ heaven. namaz ({qvl\.), prayer.
2^X2S. or iraf, purgatory. namaz parhna, to say prayers.
jahannam, hell. gharib-log, the poor
riih, the soul. ^irja, ci church.
din ; mazhab, religion, [if^rse. masjid, a fjiosque.
duniya, (fem.) the world ; uni- math, /z temple. (H.)
neki ; bhala,i, righteousness. padri sahib, an English vii-
gunah ; pap, sin. nister; also, a Catholic priest.
^ The '* Sir Roger Douler " of the British soldier of the last century.
* Hence is derived the name of that one of your servants whom you
will probably call — this little book not withstanding— your ** Beasty."
(Bihishti.)
78 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
lat Padri Sahib, the Bishop. bigar-iana, to go wrong ; get
imam, a Muhamviadan 7iiin- out of order {2iS health, a
ister} watch, &c.); to miscarry^
mSLhant ; guru, a Hindu priest. (as plans.)
bibal (E.), the Bible. kisan, a cultivator.
kuran, the religious book of bona, to sow.
the Muha in via da n s . r opna, to plan t.
hh2igyi2il, ditto of the Hindus. nirauni, weedifi^ \ nirauni
karna, to weed.
gidar ; siyal, a jackal.
bij, seed. zarrah', a little somewhat.
chara, a seedling. kheti-karna, to cultivate.
Note. — 'Lat' is corrupted English for 'Lord.'
Exercise No. 25.
Bhala admi gh arib logon ko khairat dega. Khairat dena,
namaz parhna, rozah rakhna, ye tin chizen khuda ko
pasand hain. Is .girje ke padri-sahib ka nam kya hai?
Han* nahin jante. Rtlh ka aram bihisht men hai ; kharab
admi,on ki saza jahannain men hogi. Ko,i mazhab nahin
hai, kih us men bhale admi aur bure admi nahin hain Ek
baras men barah mahine hain. Har ek baras men tin sau
tin kiiri panch din hain. Kisan log paihle bij bote hain ; is
ke baad, chare khet men ropte hain. Agar pani kam ho,
to, fasl kharab hoti hai ; gh arib logon ko kabhi-kabhi
sirf chdr ane ya do ana ki fasl milti hai. Tab zamindaran
bhi bure hai men hain. Unhon-ko khazanah nahin
milta hai ; sarkari mal-guzari nahin de-sakte hain ; pas,
un-ki zamindari,ari nilam men bar-bad hain.
. ^ Muhammadans have no " priests. "
hindustIni as it ought to be spoken. 79
Exercise No. 26.
This year the ryots will get a sixteen annas crop. Every
one will be pleased ; tenants, landlords, and Government.
Satan is the enemy of man j God is his friend. From
religion, is the peace of the soul. The Bishop will be here
the day after to-morrow. The church is open every
alternate Sunday.
Is my watch correct ? No. It is fast. How many nipis
are in the house ? Three hundred and ninety-three. In
the evening, jackals come into the garden. I have not
been here since the day before yesterday. On what date
did he go away ? On 7th July last.
FIFTEENTH LESSON.
The difference between words given in the body of this
book and words in the Glossary at the end, is that the
former are words which you 77iust know, and must learn up
as soon as possible ; while among the latter, are many words
which you may or may not require to use, and for which
you must search if wanted.
2. The following lists — among which Exercises are
placed by way of rests — complete the words which you must
know. Some of the words already given are allowed to
appear again here.
1
VOCABULARY No. XXL
Thk Seasons and Weather.
mausam, or miisim, a season ; garmi ka mausam, the hot
weather, weather ; summer. ^
jare ka mausam (or miisim), barsat ka mausam, the rainy
the cold weather ; winter.^ weather}
^ The durations of these three seasons may be roughly given thus :
* The cold weather,' 15th October to 15th March. 'The hot
weather,' 15th March to I5lh June. 'The rains,' 15th June to
15th October. The cold weather is longer in North-Weastern India.
There is plenty of hot weather everywhere during * the rains.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
and hi ; til fan, a storm,
khula din, a fine day ; fair-
weatJier.
dhiip ; tapish ; jiarmi, heat.
jara ; sardi, cold.
barf, S710W ; ice.
yakh, ice.
barsat ; barish ; pani, rain.
patthar, hail.
saf ; khula, clear.
andhera, dark.
abr ; badh", a cloud.
hawa ; batas, (L. B.) wi?td.
kohasah, fo^.
garaj, thtmder.
bijli, lightfiin^.
garaj na, to thunder.
bijli chamakna, to lighten.
barasna ; pani hona, to rain.
Note. -^Adjectives' may be made by using a noun and ka, ki, ke. Ex. :-
Aj pani ka din hai, this is a rainy day.
VOCABULARY No. XXII.
Nature, the
as man. the sky.
siiraj ; aftab, the sun.
chand, the moon.
tara ; sitarah, a star.
dunya, the ivorld
mitti ; khak, earth.
pani ; ab ; jal, water.
hawa, air.
ab-o-hawa, climate.
samundar ; kala pani,
open sea.
darya ; naddi, a river.
kinarah, the shore ; bank,
nala, a ditch ; ' nullah,^ (
glo-Ilind.)
T., H.
Landscape, Towns, &c.
nahr, a canal.
tal, a lake.
talab ; talao, « reservoir; a
' tank:
ahar ; khazanah, a reservoir
made by damming up na-
tural supplies.
kii,a; indara, a ivelL
pahar : koh, a mountain.
tara,i ; daman-i-koh, the land
at the base of mountai?zs.
maidan ; ramnah, a plain ;
meadoiv.
darakht ; gachh ; per, a tree,
abadi, cultivated land,
6
the
An-
82
HINDXJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
parti, waste-land .; uncultivat-
ed land.
]a.ng3.\, forest : hi^h-grass, or
forest trees on land ; a
weedy place ; ^ ju ngle. '
jhar; jhari, underwood; scrub.
kichar, mud.
balu ; ret, sand.
patthar, a stone.
patta, a leaf
dal ; shakh, a branch.
jar, a root ; roots.
ghas, grass.
phal \ mewa, fruit.
phdl, flowers.
shahr; nagar, a city ; a town.
ganw ; basti \ gram (L. B.)
a village.
ghar ; makan ; kothi, a house.
hopri, a cottage.
rah ; {fern.) rasta, a road.
sarak, the highway, (fern.)
gali, a lane ; a ^ gully ^^ (Anglo
Hind.)
chauk, a square (often use
as the market-place.)
bazar, a collection of shops
or stalls ; a market ; thi
* bazaar^
hat ; mela, a fair.
diikan, a shop.
hotel, (E.) a hotel.
isteshan, (E) the railway-
station.
jel-khanah, (jel, E.) the jail.
kilah ; garh, a fort.
pul, (2 bridge.
rel-rasta, (^rel,' E.) the rail-
way.
rel-gari, a railway carriage ;
a train.
Exercise No. 27.
Barsat ke mausim men, jangal aur jhar bahut linche bote
hain; darya sab bare bain; gachh, maidan, ghas, sab chizen
sabz rang ki hoti hain. Garm dinon men, darkar hai kih
ko,i admi dhiip men nahin jawe; m agar aksar hota hai kilj
garmi ke mausim men, sab ko,i tandurust rahta hai; jare k^
mausim men, ab-o-hawa nihayat pasand hai; lekin sard
ke ba,is, zukam aur chand kism ki bimari admi,on-k^
taklif deti hain.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
83
Exercise No. 28.
A storm is coming from the West. I see lightning there.
Listen! there's thunder. I can't hear it. There are many
shops in the city; bat the streets are narrow. There are
fogs in the cold weather. The train will arrive at noon.
There are no shops in this square. It is near the bazar,
therefore there are no shops. The water of the reservoir
is better than the water of the canal. There is a large
tank on the ' maidan.'" A fair will take place (say, 'there
will be a fair') on the loth of next January. Have you
been at (say, ' ever gone to') the Sonpiir fair (jnela) ?
VOCABULARY No. XXIIL
Common Animals.
janwar ; haiwan, any animal,
hathi ; fil or pil, an elephant,
sher-babar ; singh, a lion,
sher ; bagh, a tiger,
chita, a leopard,
bhal ; bhalu, a bear,
jangli sii,ar, a boar,
bheriya, a wolf,
gi'dar ; siyal, a jackal,
lomri, a fox,
haran or hiran, a stag ; a deer.
gilehri, a squirrel,
khar-gosh, a rabbit ; hare.
lint ; shutur, a camel,
ghora, a horse.
madiyan, a mare^
gadha,^ gadhi, an ass,
tattu, a pony ; a Uatf (Anglo-
Hind),
kutta, kutti, a dog,
billi, a cat,
sand,^ a bull,
bail, an ox,
bhains ; bhainsa, a buffalo,
ga,o or ga,e, a coiv,
bachra, a calf.
* Used as an English word ; especially in Calcutta.
^ Also used figuratively.
^ The pronunciation of this word does not admit of being reproduced
by letters, you must hear it pronounced before attempting it.
34
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
bheri, a sJieep,
bakri ; chhagul, a goat.
sil,ar,^ a pig.
sanp, a snake.
bichchhu, a scorpion.
gojar, a centipede.
indur, a rat.
chilha, a mouse.
chha-chhiindar, a musk-rat.
chaiu-gidar, a hat.
tiktikki, a lizard.
bandar, a monkey.
Vermin and Insects.
til-chatta, a cocki'oach.
chilnti, a7i a?tt.
dimak, a white ant,
machchhar, a musqi4ito.
niakkhi ; magas, a fly,
pissu, a flea.
khat-mal, a bug.
gandi, a 'giaidy.'
Birds.
chiriya, a bird of any kind. murgh, murghi, cock, hen.
murgh-abi, water fond. piru, a turkey.
gidh, a vulture.
chil, a kite.
chakwa, chakvvi, the
. miny goose.
mor, a peacock.
saras ; bogla, a cra?ie,
kauwa, a cjviv.
ullu,2 ^^ ^^/^
bans, a swan.
raj-hans, a goose,
bat ; battakh, a duck.
pekan, a capon (English word
with V and '/>' misplaced).
Brah- kabiitar, a pigeon.
chaha ; isnaip (E.) snipe.
bater, quail,
til, (E.) teal,
tota, tiiti, a parrot.
maina, a ^maina.'
bulbul, a bulbul (often con-
founded with a nighiingale),
shama, a nightingale.
Exercise No. 29.
Jangal men bahut janwar rahte hain. Sher-babar jangal
ke badshah hain, Hindustan men sher-babar kam hain.
'"^Alse used figuratively.
hindustXni as it ought to be spoken. 85
Sher bahut hain : aksar adtni,on-ko pakar-kar khate hain.
Sab ko, i un-se (jarte hain. Barsat kemausim men sanp kabhi-
kabhi ghar men ate hain : bahut khabardar bona chahiye.
Diwar men sebichchhii tnkal-ate hain. HindiUtan ki chiriyan
nahi'n gati hain. Mor ki awaz bahut na-pasand hai. Sahib
log baliut murghi.an khate hain ; is mulk men sasti hain.
Exercise No. 30.
When the grass is long, (then) there are many snakes.
At the base of the mountains, the hunter gets many tigers
and elephants. The bear lives in the hills. Pig-sticking
is the best sport in the country. A fast horse is necessary
for pig-sticking. Ponies are serviceable for children. In
this country, the three seasons are — the cold weather, the
hot weather, and the rains.
VOCABULARY No. XXIV.
The Bazar.
bazar, the market, pilnji, capital,
bazar karna, to 7narket. siid, interest.
mol-lena ; kliarid-karna, to buy. diikan, a shop.
bechna, to sell. diikandar, a shopkeeper.
bikna, to be sold. sarraf, (Anglo-Hind. * shroff'),
kimat ; dam, price, a banker.
nirkh (Anglo-Hind nirrik) ; mahajan, (//V. the great man),
bha,o, rate. a money lender ; merchant,
kharid-farokht, buying and saudagar, a merchant ;
selling; trafficking. trader,
sauda ; mal ; chi'z, merchan- saudagari; tijarat, /r^^^.
dize ; goods. dastiiri, discount; allowance
nafa, profit. given by the seller to your
nuksan ; ghati, loss. servant.
ft.
86
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
raj, the mason,
lobar, the smith.
nal-band, the farrier,
barha,i, the carpenter.
balbar ; hajjam, the barber.
sonar, the gold, or silver-
smith.
jiiti-wala, the shoe-maker.
mocbi, the cobbler, worker
in leather.
tarazu, a iveighing-machine.
bat khara, a weight for ditto.
taul ; wazn, the weight of a
thing.
taul karna, to weigh.
kapra, cloth.
tban, a piece ; a web,
namiinah, a patter?i ; sample.
resbam, silk,
mal-mal, muslin.
katan-kapra, li7ien, calico.
rii,i, cotton.
iln ; pasbm, 7VOol.
ban at, broad-cloth.
flalen, i^) flafinel.
markin, {i.e , 'American')
calico,
Ianiba,i, length.
cboura,i, breadth,
mota,i, thickness.
VOCABULARY No. XXV.
The Dinner Table.
khane ki mez, the dining-table.
mez ki cbadar, the table-cloth,
also table-cover.
bartan, a plate ; dish.
khane ke bartan, the dinner
things, [service.
me we ke bartan, the dessert-
diinga, the dish in which a
side-dish or vegetables are
served ; a side-dish, which
servants are fond of calling
also 'sai-dis.' (E.)
dis, (E.) the piece de resistance
sekan or sikan {i.e., 'second'
E.), the second course,
chhuri, a knife,
kanta, a fork,
chhuri-kanta, the kjiives and
forks,
chammach;chamchah,^i;^^^;/.
dhakna ; sarposh, a cover ; lid.
hath-boli, (half E.) a finger-
glass,
hath ka tauliyah, a napkin.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
87
glas, (E.) a glass ; the glass-
service.
piyalah, a cup,
pirich, a saucer.
pench-kash, a cork-screw,
kag, (for E. * cork') a cork,
khiial, a tooth-pick,
pik-dan ; ugal-dan, a spittoon.
bawarchi-khanah, the kitcheji,
degchi, a copper cooking vessel,
kala,i, the tinning of the same.
(has to be done once a
month.)
handi, an earthen pot.
ghara, a water-pot,
rasilji, cooking.
VOCABULARY No. XXVI.
The Kitchen.
fara,i pan, (E.) the frying-pan,
sikh, a spit,
tanilr, a7i oven,
chiilha, a stove ; fire-place for
cooking.
ko,ila, charcoal ; coals.
hezam ; lakri, wood ; fuel,
doh', a hanging meat-safe.
rasilji ke bartan, the cookifig thali, a brass plate.
pots. lota, a native brass-vessel for
handi-bartan, vessels gener- liquids.
ally. thali- lota, native brass-vessels
ketli, (E.) the kettle, generally.
VOCABULARY No. XXVIL
The Bed Room.
(See also pages 34 and 94.)
sone ka kamara, /y^^ ^^^-r^^;//. hath-boli, (E.) a washing-
singar-mez, a dressing-table. basin.
a,inah, a looking-glass (accent aftabah, a water-jug ; a ewer,
on first syllable.) sabun, soap.
88
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
briish, (E.) a brush.
kanghi, a comb,
sabun-dan, a soap-dish.
man j an, tooth powder or
paste.
khush-bu, scent.
bal ka tel, hair-oil.
palang ; charpa,i ; khat, a bed.
miisah ri, inusquito-cnrtains.
chadar, the sheets.
kammal \ kamli, the blankets.
raza,i, the quilt.
takiyah ; balish, a pillow.
ghilaf, a covering slip^ e.\^.^
case for a pillow,
toshak, the mattress.
tab, (E.) a tub.
tauliyah, a towel,
isfanj, a spon^^e.
tokri, a basket.
jharan, a duster.
jharu, a broom.
VOCABULARY No. XXVIII.
Games.
anta ; gend ; goli, a ball.
khelne kilakri ; thapi, a bat ;
a cue or the like.
anta-ghar, the billiard room ;
the club.
khel-gah, the play ground.
gend-gah, the racquet court.
satar, a line,
rassi, a rope ; string.
jal, a net.
khamba, a post,
khiinta ; mekh, a peg.
shatranj, chess.
tash, cards.
pase, dice.
takhtah-nard, backgammon.
tenis, lawn-tennis.
polo, polo.
No^e.-^And so of other games. The English word must be used because
the natives not having /he things cannot have a name for it.
Exercise No. 31.
Ayah ! sab chiz taiyar hai ? Han mem sahibah ? sab durust
hai. Turn kaisi admi ho ! kuchh sabun nahin hai, aur tum
sab durust' bolti ho. Mera kusiir! mu,af kijiye! Tab men
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. S9
pani hai ? Nahin mem-sahibah ! bihishti aj bimar hai. To
ham kya karenge ? Ek kuli ko char paise dijiye, to wuh pani
le-awega. Achchha ! achchha ! kuli ko bula,o — aur sabun,
tauliyah bhitar rakh-do. Darzi bhi nahin aya hai! sab ko,i
aj bimar hain ! Mem sahibah ! sach bat yih hai, kih aj bara
tamashah hai ; is hye sab log bimari ka bahanah karte
hain ; bandi hazir hai.
Exercise No. t,2.
Bring clciin sheets for ^ the bed. All the sheets are at ^
the washerman's ? Since when are they at the vvasher-
iDan's ? Since yesterday. Put all the books on the table,
and clean the book-shelves. See ! how dirty (they) are :
clean (them) with warm water (and) soap ; (and) then rub
(them) with polish. Sometimes snakes come into the
house ; sc^ one must always be careful. Scorpions also and
cock-roaches come out of the walls, an«l fleas and bugs
and mosquitoes are everywhere.
Exercise No. :^^.
Do pahar ke wakt tumhara bap ghar men se nikal-aya.
Andhere kewakt phir-gaya. Aj kaun tarikh hai? Aj jula,i
mahine ki ath tarikh hai. Hamara badan kamzor hai ;
mede men dard hai. Jibh dekhla,o. Zard rang ki^ hai ;
daw a zariir nahin hai : subh ko, sham ko, ghore par hawa
khana chahiye. Nahin ! chand roz hii,e, kih main apne
ghore par se gir-para ; bihtar hai, kih ap dawa den.
Achchha ! main diinga.
Exercise No. 34.
One day, at evening, a fox, having come out of the
jungle, saw grapes in a garden. He said (that; " see there :
^ Ke waste. - Ke pas. =^ Pas.
* Feminine, because ' jibh, ' which is feminine, is understood.
90
hindiJstAni as it ought to be spoken.
" certainly these grapes are large and sweet, I shall seize
** some. " But the grapes were on the roof of a house. The
fox began to jump ; but was not able to get up, ^ and could
not lay-hold-of ^ even one grape. ^ Becoming vexed, he said
(that) " no-doubt you are very sour, " and went away.
VOCABULARY No. XXIX.
The Stable and Harness-Room.
istabal, the stable,
than, a stall.
saz, the harness,
ras, the rehis.
jot, the traces.
bag : lagam, a bridle.
dahanah, a bit.
nuktah, the head-stall.
zanjir, a chain,
dumchi, the crupper (strap).
zin, a saddle.
zer-band, a martingale.
halkah, a collar.
peti ; tang, a girth.
briish, (E) a brush.
kharkharah, a curry-comb.
rikab, a stirrup.
rikab-divval, stirrup-leathers.
kanta, a spur.
chabuk, a whip.
chauri, a fly -flicker.
gari, the carriage.
thikagari, a carriage for hire;
^ ''fly ' / ^ caf>'
tam-tam, (E.) ^ dog-cart. 4
fitan-gari, (halfE.) a phae-
ton.
band-gari, a brougham.
barush-gari, a barouche.
ghora, a horse.
madiyan, a fjiare.
tattu, a po?iy.
jori, ' the pair' (of horses).
jori-gari, the carriage ana
pair ready for use.
kampas, (E) the shafts ; a
07ie -horsed carriage.
nal, a horse-shoe.
nal-bandi, shoeing a horse.
^ Charhna. '^ Pakarna. ^ Ek angiir bhi.
* Supposed to be the English * tandem. '
HINDI^STANl AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
91
khol-bandi, taking off the
shoes, paring the hoofs
(som) and putting the old
shoes on again.
thaili, a bag,
balti, a pail.
rassi ; bagdor,^ rope.
saz ka ghora, a harness-stand.
mom-raughan, grease; oil;
harness-paste ; polish.
barnish, (E.) var?iish.
rang, paint.
danah, grain ; corn.
chana, gram.
ja,i, oats.
jau, barley,
bhusi, bran.
sattu, a kind of flour, given
i7i water to horses whe7t
tired, dr^c.
ghas, grass.
dub-ghas, a kind of grass
which is best for horses.
namak, salt.
bichhauna, bedding.
bichali straw.
VOCABULARY No. XXX.
Articles of Food.
shorbah, (z/^//;^. silrwah) soup.
machhli,y£y/2.
samaPx-machhli, salmon.
chingri, shrimps,
gosht/ meat of all kinds.
katlis, (E.) cutlets.
minch, fjiince.
istew, (pronounce as in Eng-
lish, with-short ' i ' before,)
stew.
airan-i-stew, Irish-stew.
frikasi, fricassee.
aspik, aspec.
murghi, a fowl ; fowls.
* In English houses, the servants distinguish * bif-gosht,' ' matan-
gosht,' &c. The parts of an animal, as used at table, are also gen-
erally called by the English names ; as, * hed,' * sholdar,' * leg,' * fore-
kartar ; ' 'sedli' (saddle,) *chap,' {chop,) ^isitk' (steak) ^ Szc. Many
English people drop the * t' of gosht,' and so reach a word which
means *an ear.' But the servants come to know what is meant.
92
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
I
murghi-rost, (half E.) roast-
fowl,
murghi-boil, (half E.) boiled-
fowl.
murghi-katlis, chicken-cutlets.
kari, curry.
bhat, cooked rice.
kari-bhat, curry and rice.
pulsijO, fowl cooked with rice
and condiments.
sassich, (E.) sausage.
pat is, {E.) potted meat.
an da, an egg,
ham, (E.) (pronounce as
English, ' hem ') ham.
bekam, bacon.
anda-bekam, ham and egs;.
koftah, rissole.
purling, (E.) pudding,
panir, cheese.
roti, bread.
rol, (E.) dinner rolls.
tost, (E.) toast.
makkhan, butter.
chapati, a scone.
kulchah; *kek,' (E.) cake.
biskit, (E.) biscuit.
murabba ; ]im,(E.)/am; Jelly.
jeli,(E.) Jelly, as taken with
mutton, &c., or as ^a Jelly.'
barf, (vulg.^ baraf) ice; an
ice.
VOCABULARY No. XXXI.
Condiments.
masalah, spices, generally.
namak, salt.
ra,i, mustard.
mircha (vulg. *mirich') pepper.
gol-mirch, black pepper.
lal-mircha, cayenne-pepper.
sirkah, vinegar.
sas, (E.) sauce.
wilayati^ tei, olive oil.
adrak, green ginger, used also
to medin preserved ginger.
south, dry ginger.
haldi, turmeric.
lahsan, garlic.
parsli, parsley.
pudinah, 7nint.
^ *Wilayati' means foreign ; especially, European, or English, It
is the *belatee,' or *bilatty' of Anglo-Hindustani.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO 13E SPOKEN. 93
chilli/ chillies. rnisri, crysfaiisedsn^^ar,
chatni, chut nee.
mithdji, sweets, also, 'the tambaku, tobacco.
dessert.' churut, (E.) a cigar.
chini ] shakar, sugar. sigaret, (E.) a cigarette.
VOCABULARY No. XXXII.
Vegetables.
tarkari ; sabzi, vegetables, gen- sag, spinach; 'sag.'
erally.
alu, potatoes.
matar, peas.
bora, a bean.
miili, radish.
kobi, cabbage.
phul kobi, cauliflower.
shalgham, turnips.
gajar; gajrah, carrots,
piyaz, onions.
tamatu, toniatoes.
hatichok, (E.) artichokes.
salad, (E.) lettuce ; salad.
silari, (E.) celety.
Note—ViTmy other vegetables are also used, and called by their native
names, some having no English equivalent. Among these are,
' kaddoo,' palwal,' * bhindi,' * brinjal' or * baigan,' * kachhu' {/eru-
sa/em ar^ic/ioke), &c., &c. Your *wdtt ' will point them out to you.
niewah, fruit generally.
am, a mango.
amrdd, guava.
anar, a pomegranate.
VOCABULARY No. XXXIII.
Fruit.
angiir, a grape ; grapes.
anjir, a fig.
badam, almo7ids.
bel, the ' bel,' fruit.
* Not a Hindustani word.
94
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
kathal, the jack fruit.
kela, plantains.
khajiir, dates.
kharbilzah, melon.
kishmish, raisins.
imli, tamarind.
jauz, a nut ; mits,
lemu, or laimiin, a lemon.
lichi, the leechee.
naranui, an orange.
naryal, the cocoa-nut.
pistah, pistachio nuts.
seb, an apple.
shaft-alu, a peach.
sharifah, a custard-apple.
strabari, (E.) strawberries.
tipari, cape gooseberries.
khiibani, apricots.
2^ote. — In * anuiir ' the * ng ' has not a nasal sound. Pronounce as
if the syllables were separate, 'an-giir.' You will not find on
European tables in India many more fruits than those given above.
You may add ''pamalo ' also anannas, pine-apple.
Wine and Drinks.
See page 34. Wines on English tables are called by their
English names, (generally more or less altered,) followed by
the word ' sharab,' wine. * Claret' is generally called * lal
sharab.' Sometimes * kalarat' (without ' sharab' added.)
VOCABULARY No. XXXIV.
cha,e, tea.
kafi ; (E.) ; kahwah, coffee.
koko, (E.) coco.
diidh, milk.
mala,i, cream.
barf-pani, iced-water.
wilayati-pani, soda-water.
mitha pani {sweet water),
lemo7iade.
tita pani, bitter, i.e., tonic
water.
Exercise No. 35.
Ek admi ke ghar men, ek sau riipiye, chori se, gum-ho-
ga,e the. Us-ne kazi ko khabar di. Kazi-ne sab naukaron
ko talab karke, ek ek admi-ko ek lakri, nap men barabar,
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 95
di ; aur kaha kih, "jo admi chor hai, us ki lakri ek ungli
barh-ja,egi." Tab sabhon-ko rukhsat di. Rat ke wakt,
chor-ne, apni lakri se, ek ungli kat dali ; is taur se, kazi-ne
chor pahchana, us-se rupiye liye, aur saza di.
Exercise No. 36.
One man asked another, *you, on the sea have often
made journeys : say, what^ wonderful-things^ have you
seen ? He gave answer : ' Than all,^ this is wonderful,^
that I, at the shore, arrived in safety.
VOCABULARY No. XXXV.
(See also pages 34 and 87.)
The Toilet and its Accessories.
kapra ; kapre, clothes gene- kamar-band, a waist-hand ;
rally, belt,
khdne ka kapra, dress clothes, be) at (E.) a belt.
topi, a hat. moze, boots ; but used in
chhoti topi, a cap. English houses to mean
solah^ topi, a pith hat. socks ; stockings.
pagri, a cloth head-dress ; a but (E.) boots.
turban ; also linen, or silk, jilti, or jylta., a shoe, [slipper.
botmd round a 'topi.' silpat or slipat (E.); paposh,rt
kalar, (E.) a collar. dastanah, gloves.
gala- band, or gulu-band, a riimal, a pocket-handkerchief,
neck-tie ; neck-scarf. resham ka riimal, a silk ditto.
1 *Kya kya ;" doubling the pronoun gives the idea of number.
2 Wonderful things ; wonders, *aja,ib.'
^ See page 74, section 8,
4 «ajubah.'
^ Not derived from sol, solis, the sun.
96
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
labadah, a cloak,
kurii, a coat.
barani-kuni, * a great coat,
barsali-kapra, waterproofs.
frak, (E.) ; dares, (E.) a
lady's dress,
frak-kot, (E.) a frock-coat.
daman, the skirt,
astin, a sleeve.
waskat, (E.) ^ waistcoat.
patliin, (E.) trowsers.
brichis, (E.) breeches.
gal is, braces.
piti-kot, (K.) a petticoat.
kamis, a shirt ; chemise.
sul-daraz, drawers.
bani,en, an jmder-flannel shirt.
rat ka kapra, night dress ;
7iight things, [^pyjamahs.'
pa-e-jamah, ?iight drawers ;
rat ki kurti, a short ?ii^ lit coat.
rat ki kamis, a night-shirt.
baroch, (E.) a brooch.
augiithi, a ring.
sone ki angiithi, a gold ring?
istad, (E.;^ a stud ; studs.
pin, (K.) a pin.
biush, (E.) a brush.
bal ka brush, a hair-brush.
kapre ka briish, a clotlks-
brush.
dant ka briish, a tooth-brush.
kanghi, a comb.
kainchi, scissors.
kalam-tarash, a penk?ii/e.
silt, thread ; string.
fitah, tape ; shoe-lace ; boot-
lace.
sii,i, a needle.
su,i-taga, a needle-and-thread,
sabun, soap.
sabun-dan, the soap-dish.
isfanj, a sponge.
manjan, dejttifrice.
bal ka tel, hair-oil
khush-bn, scent.
* Gentlemen generally call this their *brandy-kurti.' On the contrary,
it is derived from the Persian 'baran,' which means rat7t.
' And so of other met;d or gem rings; use * ki' before 'angiithi.'
The principal ^ems are : — Almas ; hira, diatnomi. Zamurrad ; panna,
emerald. Yakut, ruby. Firozah, or pirozah, turquoise, Lahsuniya,
caCs-eye. Dudhiya-patther, opal (from diidh, milk), Moti, a pearl.
3 Uneducated natives require a preliminary * /,' to help them to
pronounce a word beginning with an *s.' followed by another con-
sonant. Another common word is, *istrit,' street: and there are
many others.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
97
The Army.
English titles of rank, of course somewhat altered, are
used, followed by the word ' sahib.' The principal are : —
jarnail sahib {the General)^ karnail sahib, mejar sdhib,
kaptan sahib, sarjan sahib (the sergea?it). Native officers
are called the subadar sahib, hawaldar sahib, jamadar sahib,
&c., though it is to be feared that * sahib' is not always
used to native officers.
VOCABULARY No. XXXVI.
fauj ; lashkar, the army,
paltan, a tegime?it,
gore ki paltan, a European
regiment,
sawar, a horse-soldier.
si pah i, afoot-soldier; a ^ sepoy.''
baja, the band. [standard,
jhanda ; nishan, a flag; the
dera, a tent.
dera karna, to enca??ip.
kilch karna, to march,
chhauni ; la,ins (E.), the bar-
racks ; the lines,
jang ; lara,i, war,
roz-i-maidan, the day of the
plain ^ i.e. of battle.
saff-i-jang, battle 'order,
lara,i; hamla ; mukabalah,
battle ; attack; onset.
saman-i-jang, equipments of
war.
zzxhyU stand of arjns.
top, a cannon.
bandiik, a gun ; 7nusket,.
talwar ; shamsher, a sword,
ballam ; barchhi, a spear.
taghmah ; urdi," a uniform,
goli, a ball ; bullet,
top ki goli, a cannon-ball,
tonta ; kartias (cartouche), a
cartridge.
barilt, powder.
chharra, shot.
martaul, a hammer.
kudal ; kud^li, a spade ;
pickaxe,
tanga, an axe.
rasad, forage ; provinder.
* Not Hindustani ; but in common use.
T., H.
gs hindustini as it ought to be spoken.
Exercise No. 37.
Nakl hai kih barsat ke mausim men, ek iint aur ek gadha
sath sath safar-ko ga,e the. Darmiyan rah ke, unhon-ko ek
naddi mih'. Pahle lint pani men paitha ; gadha kinare par
pichhe raha. Unt-ne kaha, * Are ! dost*! kyiin nahin ate
ho ? pani thora hai.' Us-ne jawab diya, * albattah pani
sirf tumhare pet tak hai, lekin mere kan tak hoga, main
dilb-ja,iinga, age ja,iye, mujh-ko mu,af kijiye.'
Exercise No. ^S.
A miser said to a rich man, ' Oh ! friend ! I am going
* on (ko) a journey ; give me your ring ; seeing (it) on my
* finger, I shall keep remembrance' of (se) you.' The
rich man said, * When you see your finger bare, you can
remember' me.' He did not give the ring.
VOCABULARY No. XXXVII.
The Telegraph and Post Office.
tar {wire), the telegraph. dak-ghar, the post-office.
tar-ghar, the telegraph-office. chitthi-dak, the letter-post.
tar ki khabar, ^r chitthi, a bahangi-dak, the parcel post ;
telegram. (Anglo-Hind. „ * banghi
faram (E.), a telegraph (or dawk.')
any other) 'form: mahsdl, postage,
dak; tappal,^ the post. dak-tikat, a postage-stamp.
dak-munshi, the postmaster. chitthi dak men dena, or^
dak-wala, the postman, [ner, dalna, or, rakhna, to post
dak piyadah,3 the postal-run- a letter.
* Yad-rakhna. * Not used in Lower Bengal,
^ There is a word pi, an,' generally spelt * peon,* in very common
use for a 'messenger' of any kind. The natives think the word is
English ; Englishmen think that it is Hindustani.
HINDUSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
VOCABULARY No. XXXVIII.
Miscellaneous.
99
aram, comfort.
jawab, an answer.
jawab dena, to answer ; dis-
miss.
chitthi; khatt, a letter; a note,.
(Anglo-Hind, a ' chit.')
nam, a 7tame,
sust, lazy ; out of sorts.
bu, a smell,
khush-bu, a nice smell ; scent.
bad-bu, a nasty smell,
tab, or tap ; bukhar, fever,
muhri, a drain.
lakh ; lah, sealing-wax,
le,i, paste,
nashtah^ ; hdziri, breakfast,
tifin, lunch,
rokna ; thamna, to stop .
{trans.)
khara-rahna, to stop (intr.) .
chain a ; chalana ; age bar-
hana, to go on.
shikar, hunting ; sport ; game,
shikar-karna, to hunt ; shoot,
shikari, a hunter.
kam, any business, or work ■;
use*
yih kis kam ka hai, 0/ what
use is this ?
parwah, importance ; ^matter,'
kuchh parwah nahin, ifs no
matter ; ' don't trouble
about it,' (The * kuch-par-
wanny' of Anglo-Hind.)
parwanah, a written order of
command.
kya kya, what (various)
things ; what sorts of. . . ?
nazdiki, neighbourhood.
mihrbani kar-ke (///. doi?ig
the kindness), * have the
kindness,' * goodness,' <5r<.
mu,af kijiye, means either
{seriously), * pardon me,' or
{courteously), ^ pray I excuse
me,' * / beg your pardon'
Khan : Bahadur : Khan Ba-
hadur, native titles, best
left untranslated.
waghairah, et cetera,
idik-dJi, finis.
^ Not used in Lower Bengal.
ico hindustani as it ought to be spoken.
Exercise No. 39.
Apni ma ke waste aram-kursi baramde men rakh-do. Rat
andheri hai, lamp bahar lejana hoga. Achchha ! leja,o. Yih
chithi jarnail sahib ke pas le-ja-kar, jawab la,o. Hamara
sa,is bahut hoshydr hai : Aj sham ko, hamara ghora bhaga-
jata tha ; usne, ek baghal se daurkar, lagam-ko pakar-kar,
ghore-ko roka ; is-tarah ham bach-gaye.
Bdlu par ek bhal chalta hai ; huziir ke ikbal se, bandah
mdr-dalega : tonta-dijiye.
Lara,i ke wakt, ri,aya khush nahin hain. Lashkar sab
ddroi,on, sab chizon ka malik hota hai ; bahut zulm karta
hai : khet ki fasl liit le-jata hai ; aur admi o aurat-ko,
bojhe uthane ke waste, zor se, chhin-leta hai ; wa,e ! wa,e !
Yih chitthi dak men rakh-do. Sahib ! tikat nahin hai.
Durust ! ham bhiil ga,e; tikat laga-do, aur jald dauro !
paune panch baje dak band hogi ; aur suno ! hamare
waste, char tikat, char char ane ki, mol-lo. Fakat.
Exercise No. 40.
We shall go (put) shooting to-day. What sort of game^
are there hereabouts ?^ Tiger, leopard, and wild-pig. Any
water-fowl ? Yes ! duck ; and there 's also snipe. We shall
have to ride two kos. No matter ! it is the cold season.
Yes 1 but the sun is hot at noon. We have solah-topis !
That's true. Wait a little ! my gun is not clean.
When shall we be back ? At seven in the evening.
But what will the ladies do ? They can play lawn-tennis
with each other.3 That won't suit^ my wife, — we must be
back by 3. All right ! we '11 come back together.
Khuda saldmat rakhe. Amm.
May God preserve you ! Amen !
^ Shikdr. * In this neighbourhood. ' Among themselves.
* Be agreeable
APPENDICES.
I.
Ntrmerals from 21 to 100.
II.
Relative and Co-relative Words.
III.
A List of Feminine Words in various final letters.
Appendix No. i.
Showing the Ordinal Numerals from 21 to 100.
(See page 64.)
From 21 to 30.
ikkis...ba'is...te, is...chaubis...pachis...chhabbis...sata,is ...
atha,is../un,tis...tis.
From 31 to 40.'
iktis . . . battis ... tetis . . .chautis ... paintis . . .chhattis. . .saintis. ..
artis. . .untalis...chalis.
From 41 to 50.
iktalis ... be,ah's . . . tetalis . . ; chau,alis . . . paintalis. . .chhi,alis. . .
saintalis...arhtalfs...unchas... pachas.
Froni 51 to 60.
ikawan...bawan . tirpan ...chauwan...pachpan ...chhappan
santawan...anthawan...unsath...sath.
From 61 to 70.
iksath...basath...tirsath .. chausath ...painsath...chhi,asath
sarsath...arsath...unhattar...sattar.
From 71 to 80.
ikhattar ...bahattar.. tihattar ... chauhattar ... pachhattar...
chhihattar . . . sathattar . . .athatter . . unasi . . .assi.
From 81 to 90.
ikasi ... be,asi ... tirasi ... cliaurasi ... pachasi ... chhi,asi ...
satasi . . .athasi . . .nau,asi . . .nauwe.
From 91 to 100.
ikanawe ... banawe...tiranawe...chauranawe...pachanavve...
chhi,anawe...santanawe...anthanawe...ninanawe ...sau, or
sai.
I04
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Appendix No. II.
Showing a list of Relative and Co-relative words, the
latter to be used in Hin(Jiisiani, even though not required
in English.
agar ; jo, if:
agarchi, although.
jab, when,
jab-tak {or^ talak), till 7vhen,
jahan, where ; wherever.
jahan-tak, however for ; up
to where. .
jaisa, as.
jaun, ivhoever ; whatever.
jidhar, zvhither soever.
jis-kadar, in whatever degree.
jis-wakt, at what time ; when.
jitna, or^ jetna, as much as ;
as many as
jo,//:
jo ; jo-ko,i, who ; whoever,
]o-\i\ic\ih^ whatever. :
to, then,
tau-bhi, even then; still,
tab ; to, then.
tab-tak (^r, talak), //// then,
tahaii, there.
tahan-tak, to far ; up to
there.
taisa ; waisa, so.
taun : wuh, he ; she ; that.
tidhar, thither,
us-kadar, in that degree.
us vvakt, ^/ that time; then,
itna, or utna, so much ; so
many.
to, then. [these.
wuh, he^ she ; that ; we, they;
so, that.
Example.
'* Jidhar ap ja,engi, tidhar bandi bhi ja,egi ; jahan ap
rahengi, tahan bandi bhi rahegi. Jo log ap ke hain, we
bandi ke honge ; jo Khuda ap ka ho, w^uh mera bhi hoga."
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
^05
Appendix No. III.
Giving a few common words, in various final letters,
which are feminine in gender.
kg, fire.
akl, sense ; iiitelligefice.
ankh, an eye.
astin, a sleeve.
awaz, t?Le voice ; a cry.
bandiik, a musket ; a gun.
bat, zvord ; news : affair.
bhiikh, hunger.
bu, smell.
chadar, a sheet,
chal, one^ s conduct, habits, &^c.
chaukath, the frame of ^ a
door.
chhappar, a roof ; a thatch.
chilam, the partof a?tative pipe
(hukkah) in which the fire
and the tobacco are placed.
dastar, head-dress.
dawa, medicifie.
dhal, a shield; target.
diwar, a wall.
dohar, a double-woven cotton -
cloth.
du,a, befiediction.
dunya, the world; ufiiverse.
dum, a tail.
dar, fear.
guft-o-gu, conversation.
bawa, air,
haya, modesty ; shame.
iba, a cloak,
int. a brick,
jibh, the tongue,
kitab, a book,
kiwar, a door; gate ; en-
trance,
kamis, a shirt ; chemise,
khabar, news ; tidings,
khak, earth.
khui ak, food ; victuals,
mez, a table,
mi si, a file of papers.
nakl, a story ; a copy of a
writing, &^c.
namaz, prayer ; prayers.
nok, a point (e.g. of a stick).
palak, an eye-lid,
paltan, a regiment,
pith, the back,
pivas, thirst.
poshak, dress,
rah, a road.
io6
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
sarak, the high way.
saza, punishment.
sharab, wine.
sharm, modesty ; shame.
shakl, shape ; form.
X.2i7ix% praising ; praise.
taawiz, recourse to God ; an
amulet,
tahrir, a written statement.
tahsil, collectio7i of dues.
tak, a niche.
takrir, recital ; narration.
taksim, division into shares.
taksir, fault ; crijue.
talab, a reservoir ; a tank.
talwar, a sword.
taswir, a picture.
tajwiz, investigation ; trial.
tir, an arrow.
toshak, a mattress ; bedding.
tiifatij a storm ; Hyphoon?
ummed, hope.
umr, age^ i.e., period of life.
zaban, the tongue; a language.
zamin, land ; the ground.
zanjir, a chain,
zulf, curly hair.
A HINDUSTANI READER.
CONTENTS.
Page.
( J adha 3UX Sheii (T/ie Ass ami t/ie Lion) ... ... 109
2. Murgh aur Moti, (The Cock and the Pearl) ... ... no
3. Y\\\^ 2iViX Q2,d\i^^ {^The Puppies and the Ass) ... .. in
4. Sing ya Tangen, (^<?;7/j ^r Z^^j-) ... ... ... ill
5. Buddha Naukar, (7"/^^ (9A/ .S'^rz;aw/) ... ... ...112
6. Kauwa, Al<hrot aur Gilehri, {The Crozv^ the Walnut and
ike Squirrel) ... ... ... ... I13
7. Sher, Jangal ka Badshah, {The Lion, the King of the
Forest) .. ... ... ... ... ... 1 14
8. Bheriya aur Saras, (The Wolf and The (>rane)... ••• I'S
9. Saudagaran aur Faujdar Sahib, {The Merchants and The
Captain) ... ... ... ... ... 116
10. Maut Joru aur Ga,e ki, (^The Death of one^s JVtfe, and
one's Co2v) ... ... ... ... ... 117
11. ^lv\s^.{ K?iXv\2iV{og2i,^ {Justice must be done) ... ... 118
12. Kachhiia aur Ivhargosh, Bab Auwal, {The Tortoise and
The Hare y First Chapter) ... ... ... 119
13. Kachhiia aur Khargosh, Bab Doyam, {The Tortoise and
The Hare, Second Chapter) ... ... ... 120
14. KJiurshidi Begam, {A lady's natne. First Extract) ... 122
15. Ish'^xshidi^egdimi {Second Extract) ... ;.. ... 114
Note.
The following Extracts have been taken from several modern sources,
so as to give the student good samples of Hindustani as written and
spoken at the present day. The modern style of composition is less
ornate than the older style, at least, when the subject in hand is of a
non-poetic kind. English words for which there are no vernacular equi-
valents are freely used ; and the Relative Pronoun is not unfrequently
found following its antecedent as in English, e,g,^ *admijo,' instead
of 'jo admi ..wuh.'
As regards further exercise in waiting Hindustani, the student cannot
do better than translate these stories into English, and after some time,
retranslate them into Hindustani.
It only remains for the author to acknowledge the kindness of those
gentlemen who have allowed him to make Extracts from their several
Works.
A HINDUSTANI READER.
I. Gadha aur Sher.
Kisi gadhe-ko, barsat ke mausim men, charne ke waste,
bagh ki tar o tazah ghds mili ; aur pine-ko,^ chashme ka saf
aur thanda aur mitha pani muyassar aya. Gadha, kha-pi-
kar,2-khiib mota hii,a. Usi nawah men, ek sher bhi rahta-
tha. Ek din, gadha sher ke sath khush-taba,i karne laga.
Sher-ne, na-khush ho-kar, dant dikha,e. Gadhe-ne, usko
hansi samajh-kar3, aur ziyadah^ chher-chhar shuruki.s Sher-ne
kaha : — * agar yih gustdkhi, jo^ tu karta hai, akl ke sath hoti,7
* *Pine-ko,'y»r drinking.
^ * Kha-pikar,' i.e., *kha-kar, pi-kar,' having eaten and drunken,
^ * Understanding latighter^* i.e , taking it for laughter »
* * Aur ziyadah,* transl., still further,
^ Remember that ' ki ' may be the fem. : sing, past tense, or past part,
of * karna,' as well as the fem. of * ka,' * ke,' * ki.'
* Relative here follows antecedent, as in English ; contrary to the
ordinary rule.
' * Agar. — akl-ke sathhoti,' transl., if„,werealong-with, i.e., accom-
panied with, sense, or, understanding.
no hindi^stAni as it ought to be spoken.
to main tujh-ko zardr saza deta ; magar, mujh-ko, teri
be-vvukilfi par, rahm ata hai/'
HXsiL : — Bare log, ahmakon ki baton par, khiyal
nahin karte.^
2. MURGH AUR MoTI.
Ek murgh, bhiikh-se be-tab ho-kar, dane ki just-o-ju men
kiire ke ambar ko^ kured-raha tha. Bahut der ke bad,
nagah, ek besh-kimat moti nikla. Moti-ko dekh-kar, murgh-
ne, bari hasrat ke sath, kaha : — * Afsos I itni jankani ke bad,
mujh-ko mila bhi to* moti — jis-se na mere dil-ko tashaffi ho
sakti hai, o na meri bhiikh-ko taskin. Yih moti agar kisi
jauhari ya daulatmand-ko milta, to, is ki kadar karta, aur
is-ko aziz-rakhta ; lekin, mere liye, aise zor ki bhiikh men,5
jo,ar ya chane ka ek danah, is-se,^ kahin bihtar tha.'
Hasil : — Numa,ish aur ara,ish ki chizen, zindagani
ki asli zardraton men, kam nahin atin.7
^ * Mujh-ko.. rahm ata,' to me comes cofiipassiouy i.e., / have cotn-
passion on thy^ &=€.
2 *Khiyal karna ' is a verb which has to be translated according to the
context. The idea is the action of the mind in connection with any
subject. H ere you may transl. * does not attach ifnportance to. ' In other
connections, it may mean ^ to remember;' or,— with * nahin,' Uo forget;^
and so on. ** Khiyal" is one's ^ knowledge ,* * idea^'' ^notion,' on any
subject.
3 'At,' or, *?«.'
"* Indicates a unit ; also here contempt. * Mujh-ko mili bhi to moti,*
' to me has'come-to hand this thing called a pear ;' or * this ivretched
pearl, '
^ Aise zor ki bhukh men, ' in hunger of such force.'
fi * Than this ' (pearl).
7 * Atin ' (for ati hain ') 3rd pers. plur. pres. indie, feminine of
*ana : ' transl. * Things of appearance and oriiament — in life's real
necessities — are of no use.' The agreement is * chizen atin (hain).
See page 10, section 6.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. Ill
3. PiLLE AUR GaDHA.
Ek kisan ke ghar-men ek gadha tha, aur ek kutiya bhi
pali hilji thi. Kutiya-ne bachche diye. Jab bachche bare hii,e,
tokhiib khitbkhelar,i,an kane, aur uchhalte, kildte; o kisan
in bachhon ki piyari piydri harkaten dekhkar, bahut khush
hota,' aur un-ko, apne hath-se rod khilata,^ aur chumkarta.^
Gadhe-ne dil men socha, kih * in pillon ki nisbat,^ main .
bahut kam karta hiin ; magar hamara malik in-par ziyadah
mihrbani karta hai ; la,o ! 3 main bhi pillon ki tarah* kilda-
kariin, ta-kih malik mujhe bhi aziz-rakhe.'
Yih soch-kar, gadha,ek din, be-tarah dolatti,an jharne laga.
Kisan-ne pahle, to, guman kiya, kih * shayad makkhiyan ya
machchhar is-ko satate hain ;' magar akhir-ko maaliim,hii,a,
kih sirf shararat-se kiidta hai. Tab, to, kisan-ne gadhe ki pith
men panch, char dande aise zor-se laga,e, kih lichhal kiid
sab bhiil-gaya.
Hasil : — Be-samajhe-biljhe5 kisi ki ris karna zarilr
kharabi lata hai.
4. Sing ya Tangen.
Ek barah-singe-ne chashmah-e-ab men apna aks dekha ;
to, apne singon ki shan-o-khilbsilrati dekhkar, bahut khush
hii,a ; lekin jab us-ki nazar, patli patli^ tangon par, pari, to
kahne laga : — * kih khuda-ne mujh-ko we bad-shakl, tangen
^ * Would becofne, tS-^.' Seepage 17, section 16, ii.
^ * As compared with these piips.^
^ As interj. * Take it so: ' So be it:
^ Ace. of manner. * After the 7/iamjer of puppies ^^ or, ^ as the
puppies do*
^ Be-samajhe-biijhe, * without considering {and) understanding ;
* heedlessly ; ' * 7vithout thotight, '
* Doubling the adj. gives greater force.
112 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.
kyiin bakhshi hain, jo' mere singon ki khiibsilrati-ko bhi
aib lagati hain.' Yih dil men socb-kar raha tha; kih^ itne
men. ko,i shikari a-pahuncha. Barah-singa aisa tez bhaga,
kih shikari-ko us ki hath-ane ki ummed na rahi; lekin, thori
diir ja-kar, jangalki jhari men, sing atak-ga,e, aur pakra gaya.
Tab kahne laga, * Ha,e ! meri bad-akli ! singon se main
khush tha : we meri halakat ka sabab hu,e hain ; aur tangon-
ko main bura-janta tha, unhon-ne^ mujhe, maut-se bachane
men kuchh kami nahin ki.'^
Hasil : — Jo chiz wakt par^ kam-ane-wali ho, is-ko
aziz-rakhna chahiye, go-kih khush-numa na ho.s
5. Buddha Naukar.
Ek shakhs ke pas bara zabardast shikari kutta tha. Har
roz apne aka ke waste shikar lata ; aur malik bhi us kutte-
ko bahut aziz-rakhta tha. Akhir-ko, wuh kutta buddha hii,a;
daurne ki takat baki narahi; ba-sar, zauf ke sabab-se,^ diirki
chiz nahin dekh-saka tha. Gharaz, shikar-karne-se, sab tarah
maazdl ho-gaya. Aisi halat men, malik-ne bhi nazar-i-iltifat
kam kar-di. Raiib maukiif h\l,a. Akhir-ko, ghar se bahar
nikal-diya. Jab kutta rukhsat hone^ laga, to, ro-kar, mahk-
se^ arz ki, kih, * main-ne,9 jawani, ap-par nisar ki ; barason
^ Refers to * tangen ; ' transl. — luhich, ox ^ for they,
2 So that.
' They, i.e., the legs.
^ Opportunely.
^ A relative clause * jo. ..is-ko ' transL, what thing — opportunely — a
service-bringing one fnay be — that to esteem — is proper^ although^ ^c
* * Ha-sar, zauf ke sabab se, ' at last (be-sar), by reason of debility,
' * Rukhsat-hona,' to take leave ; depart,
■ Observe, the prep, same as with puchhna. See page 51, v.
. ' Ace. of lime ; no prep.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. II3
se^ shikar ki just-o-ju men daura, aur bahut zakhm kha,e ;
lekin, kya ! is khud-gharaz dunya ka yihi dastilr hai, kih, ab
main lachar hdn,^ to, mere rahne taks ka, ko,i rawadar nahin
hai ; ^ aur meri pichhli khidmaten sab akarat hain/
Hasil : — Buddhe naukar,5 jin-se^ kam nahin ho-
sakta, un-ke pichhle hukdk-ko bhiil-jana7 bari na-ihsan-
mandi hai.
6. KaUWA, A^HROT AUR GiLEHRI.
Ek kauwa akhrot-ko chonch-se tor-raha tha ; magar
akhrot par kuchh asar nahin hota tha. Gilehri-ne dekha, aur
kauwe-se kaha : — * Kyiin itni zahmat uthata^ hai ' ? Kauwe-
ne kaha : — * main-ne suna hai, kih akhrot bahut maze ki
chiz hai ; aur jab Khuda-ne, is sakhti ke sath, is-ko band-
kiya hai, zarilr is ke andar,9 kuchh bari niimat hogi ; so,
mam — jis-tarah ban-parega^° — is-ko tor-kar rahiinga.'
Gilehri-ne kaha : — ' Main ek asan tadbir bata,iin ; akhrot-
ko, bari diir, hawa men lipar le-jakar, patthar ki samne-wali
chatan par" — chhor-de; girne ke sadme se, khud pdsh-pash
ho-ja,ega.'
^ Since, transl., ^ for years back.*
'^* Now {thai) 1 am helpless,'' ox , ^useless J'
^ * Up to the point of my remaining. '
'' Transl. : there is no consenter of (Eng. to) even my remaining,
^ There is no verb to this Plur. Nom. It is leftstanding, and referred
back-to by ' un-ke'; as we might say. * This man, why, he's a fool.^
* Oblique form of plur. of *jo.'
' Verbal Noun,
^ * Uthana ' and * khana ' are often used regarding mental feelings
or sufferings.
^ * It must be that inside it.^
^® */« whatever way it may be practicable?
" ' On an opposite slab of stone'
T., H. 8
114 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Kauwe-ne aisa hi kiya ; lekin, niche utar-kar, kya dekhta
hai ? Kih wake men akhrot to pash-pash ho-^aya, magar
tnaghz' gilehri le-kar chal-di ; sirf chhilke chhor-ga,i.
HlsiL : — Khud-gharaz admi, jo^ saldh deta hai, us
nien3 kuchh-na-kuchh apna fa,idah zardr soch-leta hai.*
7. Sheii, Jangal ka Badshah.
Sher aurrichh aur chita aiir bheriya, charon^, shikar ki
just-o-ju men the ; sab-ne salah ki^ : — * a,o, darya-kinare
men shikar karen ; jo shikar ^ milega, charon barabar hisse
bant-lenge.' — Ittifakan,nil-ga,o-ko mara;aur, ba-miijib ahdo
paiman ke, barabar char hisse kiye ! kiarib tha, kih har ek
apna apna^ hissah le f itne men, sher, lapak-kar, bola : —
* Suno, bha'i ! yih ek hissah, to,ba-mdjib kaul-o-karar-ke^
mera hai ; aur dusre hisse ka main is waste dawidar hiin,
kih main jangal ka badshah hiin, kahin shikar ho, mujh-ko
chaharum, ba-taur khiraj ke, milta hai ; aur tisra hissah main
is wajah-se liinga,kih us men dil aur jigar hai, jis-ko^° tum
* Ace. governed by * le-kar.'
' Instance of the Relative Pronoun used as in English.
* Namely, in his advice.
* * Admi ' is Nom. to * soch-leta-hai ' {takes thought for ; considers) .
• Fa,idah,' is the Ace. after this verb : or it may be looked on as an
* ace, absolute ; ' and translated, takes thought regarding^ or, for his
own advantage,
* The plural form of * char,' transl., * all four. ^
* Fern, past part, of * karna '
' * Hamon-ko,' understood.
* Doubled to express * distribution.'
•3rd pers, sing. subj. of * lena.'
*• * Regarding which. '
HINDT^StInI as it ought to be spoken. 11$
jante ho, kih meri ghiza hai ; raha^ chautha hissah ; so^ main
nahin janta, turn tinon men, us-ko kydnkar taksim kariin ;'
is-se* bihtar hai, kih us-ko bhi apne hi sarf men la,iin.* Yih
kah-kar. sher, charon hisse chat-kar, gaya ; aur sab ke sab,
munh dekhte ke dekhte,^ rah-ga,e.
Hasil : — Zabardast ke sath sajha karne rae^, hame-
shah nuksan hota.
8. Bheriya aur Saras.
Ek bheriye ke gale men ittifak-se haddi atak ga,i. Har-
chand khansi aur bahuteri ubka,i,an h'n,^ magar haddi na
nikli ; par7 na nikli. Majbiir hokar, saras ke pas gaya aur
kaha : — kih *yar ! ham tum donon^ ek jangal men rahte hain ;
is wakt hakk-i- hamsayah^ ada karo ; mere halak men haddi
atak ga,i hai, aur jan par bani hai ;^° mihrbani kar-ke, apni
Iambi gardan-se is-ko nikal-lo, aur yih kam main tum-se
muft bhi nahin chahta ; jo tum kahoge, so diinga.' Saras
razi ho-gaya ; aur bheriye ke halak men apni Iambi gardan
dalkar, haddi-ko khat-se alag nikal-liya.
Chand roz ke bad, bheriya shikar kar-ke gorkhar Idya ; aur
darya-kinare" baithkar, khane laga, Saras-ne dekha, aur
* * There remained, '
''' Astoit:
* ^ I do not know— among you three — it — how I can divide J*
* ' Than this,^
* A phrase, equivalent to * looking dejectedly in each other's faces. '
® Fern. 3rd pers. plur. past tense * lena ; ' agreeing with * ubka,i,an.
''Stiir
* ' Ham tum donon,' a phrase, ^both of us, '
* Adj. following noun ; in imitation of the Persian.
'* See * banna, ' * is settling on my life, ' i.e., * is threatening, ' &»c,
'* Acc. of place ; without prep.
ii6 hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.
bahut khush-amad se, pas ja-kar, kaha : — Kih *aj main,
bhiikha hiin, gosht ka ek tukra mujhe bhi do.' - Bheriye-ne
ta,ammul kiya. Saras ne — dabi zaban se — haddi ka nikalna'
ydd-dilaya. To, bheriye-ne kaha :— * A,i ahmak ! yih indm
kya kam tha,^ kih tu, mere halak se, teri gardan, sahih-
saldmat nikal-kar, le-gaya.'3
HlsiL : — Zdlim aur mdzi ddmi ke sath suliik-karna,^
aur bihtari ki ummed rakhna^ nd,-ddni hai. Dunyake
log ihsan-ko jald bhdl-jate hain ; zardrat men^ admi jo
waadah karta hai,5 kamtar us-ko piira-karta hai.
9. SaudIgarIn^ aur FaujdAr-SAhib.
Lara,i ke wakt men, do saudagardn, achchhe kapre pahin*
kar, apne mal ke sdth, raste men chale-jate the. Ittifdkan,
un-ko char sipahi,an mile ; aur un bad-bakht saudagaron ka
sab mal liit-kar, bhag-ga,e. Sauddgaran, lachar hokar, fauj-
dar-sahibke pas daure, aur apni bad-kismat ka hal bayan kiya. 7 .
Hakim-ne un-se piichha, kih, *jis-wakt un sipdhi,on ne turn-
hara mal liit-hya, us-wakt turn log, yih kapra orhe,^ jate the ? '
Unhon-ne jawdb diya, kih ' Han! sahib.' Tab faujdar-ne
kaha : — kih, * is-se khiib maaliim hai, kih we shakhs mere
admi nahin hain ; lekin dushman ke log hain ; agar mere
* Verbal Noun.
* *Yih inam kya kam tha.' idiomatic; lit. this gift (qf^ what use
was {it)y viz., that^ dr'c,, equivalent to is it nothing that, dfc.
' * Le-gaya* (from * le-jana') govs. * gardan.'
* * In necessity ; 'i.e., * under a strain, or coinpulsion. '
* Transl. : — The man who makes a promise under compulsion, seldom
fulfils it. English idiom of Relative Pronoun.
* * An,' the Persian plural. See page 73.
* *Unhon-ne' understood. Transl. : — They stated the circumstances
of their misfortune,
* Past part. Plur. * orhna ' to put on clothes ; agreeing with • turn log.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. II7
admi bote, to, yih achchha kapra kabhi nahin chhor-dete.
Khuda ka shukr hai, kih tum-ko mere admi nahin mile the/
Bolte, bolte faujdar-sahib-ne apne logon-ko isharah diya ;
aur jab saudagaran, lidas hokar, phire^ jate the, tab faujdar
ke admi,on-ne un-ke kapre utar-di,e, jis-se we be-nasib
saudagaran khah janghie men apne ghar-ko pahunche.
10. Maut Joru aur Ga,e ki,
Ek basti men ek kisan rahta tha, aur sab kam bahut nek-
nami o diyanat-se kiya-karta^ tha. Is-hye, us-se aur ganw-
walon-se,^ bahut dosti thi. Bad-nasibi-se, us-ka kam achchhi
tarah nahin chala. Pahle, us ki ga,e mar-oa,i ; tab us ki joru.
Is wajhe-se, bahut gham-gin aur dil-gir hil,a ; kyiln-ki,
diisri ga,e inol-lene ke waste, riipiye nahin the ; aur is-ki
joru har dam ghar ke kdm men madadgar rahi thi.
Is afat ri.en, ganw-wdlon-ne, us-ke dil bahMne ke waste,
bahut koshish ki. Ek shakhs-ne kaha, kih, ' Are ! bha,i!
kyiin rote ho ? turn achchhe jawan ho ; lum-ko jald diisri joru
milegi ; dekho, to, meri beti bahut khiibsiirat larki hai,
main turn ko use khushi-se diinga.' Diisre-ne, apni bahinke
bare men, wohi bat kahi. Tisre-ne apni bhanji ka hai
bataya.
Akhir ko, kisan-ne jawab diya, kih, * is ganw men, joru
ki maut bihtar hai, ga,e ki maut se.^ Bahut admi mujhe
* Similar to * orhe ;' here agreeing with * saudagaran.'
2 i Kiya karna,' ^0 be in the habit of doing a thing ; it is the same as
our idiom with * always.'
^ * Us-se aur ganw-walon se,' w//-^ him and with the villagers;
or, bettveen him and the villagers. Notice this idiom ; it occurs fre-
quently. Notice also that in Hindustani, you say * I and you* 6^^., not
^you and /.' * ham-se tum-se,' between you and me ; * Ego et rex mfeus.'
'* Transl. : — The death of a wife is better thany dr^c.
Il8 HINDlJsTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
dilsri joru dene ko taiyar hain ; ko,i shakhs niujhe diisri ga,e
dena kabiil nahin karta.'
II. *Insaf Karna Hoga.'
Patne ke zile ki ek basti men, ek lobar, ba-nam Ram
Gopdl, rahta tha. Wuh bahut hoshyar karigar tha ; lekin,
faziil kharchi ke sabab se, hameshah langi se guzran kiya
karta^ tha. Ek rat^ rah men usko ek saudagar mila ; us-ko
lohdr-ne jan se mar-dala, aur mal chora-liya, Magar yih
wuku chhipa nahin raha. Ganw ke mahton-ne, zamindar
ke pds ja-kar, piichha, kih * huziir ! kya luarzi hai ? hakiman
ko is ki^ ittila kis-jawe,-* ya nahin? '^
Ittifakan, zamindar se,^ aur Ram Gopal se,^ malguzari ki
babat, takrar thi ; is liye zaminddr-ne raahton ko hukm diya,
kih * us wuku ki^ khabar hakim logon ko do.' Pas, chauki-
dar-ne, thane men ja-kar, apna izbar likwa-diya. Is-par,
ddrogha sahib, ma,i tin char barkandaz, sar-zamin par aya,
aur tadaruk karne laga
Chdnkih Ram Gopal gharib tha, thana-walon ko razi
nahin kar-saka.^ Pas, un logon-ne Ram Gopal ko, ma,i
subiit, hakim ke pas chalan kiya. Tajwiz ke bad, hakim-ne
fdrmdya, kih * us kam-bakht-ko phdnsi do.'
Jab is hukm ki khabar ganw-walon ke pas pahunchi, niha-
yat afsurdah hil,e ; aur bole, * agar ham-logon ke lobar- ko
^ * Kiya-karna,* io continually do a thing ; to keep doing it,
* Because * ittila ' is fem,
' Fem. p. part. * karna.'
* Passive,
* The local Indian squire is generally consulted as to whether a
crime is to be reported to the authorities or not.
* Notice this idiom *se...se,' between A. and B. See preceding Story.
' Because * khabar * is fem.
* Alluding to the venality which some people attribute to the police.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. I I9
phansi dengCj to, hamara kam kis-tarah se chalega ? hamare
hal aur gari,an kaun marammat karega ? Bhiikh se mar-ja-
enge. '
Fikrmand ho-kai, hakim ke pas ga,e, aur apna hal bayan-
kiya, aur darkhast ki, ^ kih hakim mausiif lohar-ko khalas
karen. Hakim-ne nahin kabiil kiya, aur kaha kih, * insdf
karna hoga.^
Gaiiwar-log bahar jia,e ; aur, pipal ke gachh ke niche
tambaku piie, pite, mashwarah karne lage. Akhir-ko hakim
ke pas phir a,e, aur bole : — " Gharib-parwar ! huziir ki bat
durust bai : ' insaf karna hoga '; lekin, insaf nahi'n hai
kih ham *be-kusilr admi sab bhilkh se mar-ja,en ; gdnw
chhota hai, aur is men sirf ek lobar rahia hai ; magar do
jillahe hain ; hamdre kam ke waste, ek jiilahah bas hai ; un
donon men se, ek shakhs le-kar, phansi dijiye ; is taur se
insaf hoga. "
Jab is bat-ko bhi hakim-ne nahin manzdr kiya, basti-wale
chale-ga,e ; aur apas men bole : — * Bha,i ! bha,i ! kal-yug^
hai, dunya ^ men insaf nahin hai.'
12. Kachhua AUR Khargosh.
Bab Auwal,
Ek kachhde-ko safar darpesh tha. Is ki just-o-ju hil,i,^
kih ' ko,i sathi mile,5 to safar kardn. ' Ittifdk se, ek khaigosh
bhi usi taraf-ko jane-wala tha. Kachhiie-ne kaha : kih 'miyan
* Fern, past tense of * karna. '
^ The black era, i. e.y the evil days.
^ The reader will have noticed that ' dunya ' is a word of which the
* a ' does not change into * e ' ; so also * darya, ' a jiver.
* ' His search was, ' i.e.^ he was enquiring.
^ Subj. understand 'mujh-ko,' transl., * Could any companion be
found,^
I20 hindijstAni as it ought to be spoken.
khargosh ! a,o ! ham turn sath-chalen.'^ Khargosh be ikhtiyar
hansa, aur kaha; — * Abe ! ahmak! Kalian^ tu bhadda, phaph-
sa, reng reng-kar, paharon mens ek balisht zamin4 chalta.
hai, aur kahan maiii^ bijli ki manind lapakta hiin, hawa ki
tarah urta hiin ; — bhala ! meraaur tera kya sath ?' Kuchhiie
ne kaha : — * yih sahih hai ; magar manzii par (Khuda-ne
chaha) ap se age hi pahunchdnga. Yakin na ho, to shart
bandh-lijiye.5 Chunanchih, yih shart hil,i, kih jo hare,
us-ke kan kate-ja,en.'^
13. Kachhua aur Khargosh.
Bab Doyam. *
Kachhda, ahistah, ahistah, apni chal chalne laga. Khar-
gosh, do chhalangon men, nazar-se ghaib ho gaya.7 'Ihori
diir age ja-kar, khargosh-ne socha, kih,* jitna main chal-chuka
hiln,^ — sham tak,'^ to, kachhiie ko, yahan-ana mushkil hai ;
^ Imperative, let you {and) me go together,
^ Here begins a long sentence. Its purport is : where you, being
such and such, do such and such ; and where /do such and such. The*
sentence ends with a break-off at *urta hiin,' and resumes : * well ! mera
aur tera ' ^ as to your {affairs) and mine,'' *kya sath (hai).' * What (is
there) in common. "
^ In the * pahars ' or watches, transl. , * in the 24 hours. '
* Ek balisht zamin : apposition : * a span of ground, '
* The sense is ; — * I (the tortoise) am sure to reach the journey's end
before you (the hare), — for God so wills it, — but if you think this
doubtful, then have a bet on it. '
® Passive.
' *• Becafue vanished from sight,' * was out of sight C
* * Tak' here (and often) expresses the idea of a time not yet arrived;
the mind being directed to the interval between now and then. The
sense here is that the hare thinks that he has now gone so far that it
will be difficult for the tortoise to reach the spot, * sham tak, ' even by
evening.
HINDI^tStAnI as it ought to be spoken. 121
main jaldi kydn kariin? la,o!' so-^ rahiin, Khargosh aram-se
so-4raha. Kachhiia, bari der ke bad, ghisarta, ghisarta, aya.
Dekha, to, harif para3 sota hai. Chup-ke chal-diya. Bari
rat ga,i, khargosh jaga ; to, kachhiia nazar na' aya.^ Ap hi
ap kahne laga5 : — * Allah ! re!^ sustkadam! miydn kachhile
ab-tak tashrif nahin la,e.7 Khair ! chalen ! sara,e men
rat-ko rahen; kal, jo^ miyan kachhiia yahan a,ega, to ja-
enge.'
Jon sara,e men kadam rakha, dekha to kachhiia maujiid
hai. Khargosh-ko dekhte hi, kachhiia lapka, kih 'la,iye,
Hazrat ! kan ! '9 Khargosh, dum daba-kar, aisa bhaga,
kih aj tak, kanon ke dar ke mare, bhaga, -bhaga-phirta,
hai.^°
HlsiL: — Kaisa-hi" asan kuchh kam ho, jab uska
ihtimam nahin kiya-jata,'^ to mushkil ho-jata. Kund-
zihn, mihnati larke, zahin larkon-ko hara-dete hain.
Dushman-ko hakir nahin samajhna chdhiye. Ghuriir/
kamal hasil-karne se, rokta hai ; waghairah.
- ^ As interj. * take it so,^
^ Stem of *sona,' t<? sleep: *so-rahna,' to remain sleeping.
' * Lain doivHy or, as we say, * lying down.'
* Was^ or, had not come in sight.
* He began to say to himself.
* God Almighty I
' See page 76, section 17,
^ When : or, if.
® * Bring {me) oh ! Your Excellency /— Your Ears P (The mock
polite. )
'" Thus do Orientals account for the timorous movements of rabbits
and hares.
" *Kaisa-hi,' *-^^7e/^z/^;'.'
^'^ Passive Voice.
i.
122 hindustani as it ought to be spoken,
14. Khtjrshidi Beg am.
The followinu extract is taken from an excellent modern novel called
«• Fisanah-e-Khiirshidi," i.e.y " The Story of Khiirshidi"— a Muham-
madan lady of rank. The author is the well-known Saiyid Afzal-ud-
din Ahmad. In this book, English as well as native characters are in-
troduced. It recommends itself by the simplicity of its style, by its
freedom from all coarseness, and by the attempt which it makes to
render Natives and Europeans better acquainted with each other than
they at present are. This extract consists mainly of a dialogue between
the English lady of the piece (Miss Thompson) and Khurshidi's father.
Mis Tamsan shahr-i-Landan ke bare saudagar ki beti
thi. Apne bap ke sath Hindilstaii a,in.' Us-wakt in'
ka sinn bis baras ka tha; chalis baras tak, Hindustan men
rahin.' Atharah zabanon se wakif thin.^ l.arkon ke par-
hane ka nihayat shauk tha. L'illah,^ logon-ko parhati thin.'
[Then begins the dialogue.]
Nawvvab. — Main ap se, kya kahiin ? Ap to^ janti hi3
hain,kih ham-logon ke yahan auraton ki taalim ki — kya halat
hai.4 Auwal, ko,i aurat parhi, likhi^ milti^ nahin, jo piSri
tarah se taalim de;7 diisre, yahan. ki ina,en^ aisi ajhal o
na-parwah hoti hain, kih is taraf kuchh khiyal his nahin karti
* Pronouns and verbs phiral^ out of respect to the lady.
^ Arabic, ^ for the love of God,""
" Idiomatic strengthening particles. Transl. as best suils your
English : or leave untranslated.
* Begin with * kya halat hai ;' and go c)n ' of the education of the
women resident-with us-peopIe.^ Trace the application of the rules for
*ka,' *ke,' *ki,' by also translating * you know our people'' s 7vomenU
education's condition — luhat it is.'
* * Read-written^' i.e., * who can read and write,'
\ Understand * hamon-ko.'
' Subj. 'dena.'
* Plur. of * ma,' mother.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 23
hain ; — main akela kya kar-sakta hiln ? Kidhar dekhdii,
kidhar na dekhiin ? mujh-ko, umdr-i-dunyawi se, itni
fursat kahan hogi, kih khud apni larki-ko taalim diin ? ^
Miss T. — Is men shakk nahin hai, kih yahan ki auraten
bil-kull jahil aur aksar an-parh^ hain ', is-liye aulad ki taah'm
achhi nahin hoti hai. Lekin, agar ko,i aurat aisi ld,ik3 nahin
milti thi, to, ip ke ysihsin mau/avt to"^ hain, un hi^ se taalim
dilwa,i hoti.^
NAwwiB. — Yih bhi nahin ho-sakta, — do wajhon se : — ek
to yih, kih jab larki syani hii,i,to, maulavike samne nahin jd-
sakti ; dilsri,^ kih hamare yahan ke maulavi bhi akl ke putle
hote hain ; tarikah parhane ka, achchha nahin jante hain.
Miss T. — Sach hai ! Ap durust farmate hain ; 7 lekin,
kusiir mu,af !^ is-men ap ki9 bhi kuchh khata hai : main
salha^° sal se yahan hiln, aur ap-ne mujh-ko ittila nahin di."
NawwXb. — Main kahne hi ko tha :^^ lekin I'illah bura na
maniega.^3 Ap janti hongi, kih yahdn ki auraten kis kadr
* Subj. *dena.'
'' * A ' or * an ' negative^ as in Greek ; * parh * from ' parhna ; ' *an-
parh,' unread ; illiterate,
^ Understand * hamon-ko.*
^ Idiomatic strengthening particles. Transl, as best suits your Eng-
lish : or leave untranslated.
* See page 17, section 16.
*• Fem. because * wajh ' which is fem, is understood.
' ' Farmana,' to order ; but used of any utterance by a great man.
* Excttse fault ^^ i.e., * you will excuse my saying,' &c.
** * Ap ki khata,' * ki ' is used because * khata ' is fem.
^® * Ha ' is the Persian plural of neuter nouns ; as * an ' is of masc.
Vi(^\iir\?,,U2in%\,, ^ years on years.'
" Past tense fem. of ' dena,' * ittila ' being fem.
*2 * Was on telling,' i.e., * was about tell you.'
" An unusual form ; got by adding *ga' of the future to the respect-
ful imperative ; the word is from * manna.'
hindi^stIni as it ought to be spoken.
/is-ul-akl^ aur muta,assib hain. Chunanchih, jab main-ne
ii bibi se, ap ka zikr kiya, to wuh kahne lagin, kih ap
ieri larki-ko Kristan bana-dalengin.
Miss T. — Taubah ! yih kya guft-o-gu hai ! Ap dekhiye
to ! main un logon-ko kis-tarah milati hiin ! Mujh-ko
chiinkih ap-se dili-dosti hai, is-liye main dil-o-jan se ap ki
larki ko taalim dilngi.
Nawwab. — Ab ap Khurshidi begam-ko apni larki
samjhiye ; aur jis-tarah munasib samjhiye, is-ko taalim dijiye.
Mtss T. — Ap khatir-jamah rakhiye ; ap ki larki bahut
zahin aur hoshyar hain ; aisi larki to kismaton se milti haif
jald ilm o hunar se wakif ho-ja,egi.
15. Khurshidi Begam.
Second Extract from the same work.
The young lady has progressed with her education so well that
her drawing gains the prize at the Calcutta Exhibition ; the Viceroy
makes a speech ; the young lady's father being present. She herself,
however, has not yet so far advanced in English manners as to allow
her pretty face to be seen.
The Viceroy's Speech.
Main nihayat khushi se, is bat-ko kahta hiin, kih yih
nakshah, kih mere hath men hai, is ikzibishan (E.) men
umdah-tarin3 nakshah hai ; balki, kam aise dekhne men ate
' *U1' is the Arabic 'of the,'
^ *Milna' is here used as a fully personal verb. In this sense it
means * to he mixed up with ' or associated withy ^to be allied to ' or the
like. Translate, * such a girl is sure to have a good destiny before her^
but don't fail to analyse the clause literally.
* Persian superlative ; see page 74, section 9.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 25
hain^ (tali,an). Main bahut khush hii,a, is amr se, kih ap
log meri ra,i se ittifak karte hain, aur is nakshe-ko aur
nakshon par^ — tarjih det^ hain. Mujh-ko ziyadah khushi is
bat ki haij kih yih nakshah ek Hindustan ki larki ke hath
se banaya hii,a hai. (suno ! suno !) Is larki ka sinn pandrah
ya solah baras ka hai ; lekin is kam-sinn men, wuh bat kar-
dekha,i — kih jis-se ham log mahz na-wdkif the. Is larki-ne
yik^hit sabit-kar-di, kih Hinddstdn ki larki,a;n bhi akl o
danist men Inglistan ki larki,oij se,^ kisi tarah kam nahin hain
(khushi). Agar aisi hi taalim, Hinddstan ki kull larki-on
ko, ho, to phir ko,i admi, in logon par, hans-na-sake. Yih-
larki mahz jahil aur gum-nam rahti ; agar hamare la,ik aur
mu,azzaz dost, Nawab Bahddur, C. S. I.^ is rishtah-e-
ta,assub-ko na' torte,^ aur apni beti ki taalim is tarah se
na' karte.^ Khuda kare, ki har bap-ki aisi hi larki ho ; aur
bar larki'ko aisa hi bap mile, (hdra E.). Main Mis Tamsan
ki ban taarif karta hiin, kih unhon-ne^ is mihnat o shafakat
se — is larki-ko ilm o hunar sikhldya — ^jis ka natijah sab par
zdhir hd,a.
Ab main is takrir-ko khatm karta hiln ; aur afsos ke sath
karta hdn, kih mu,afik lasm Hinddstdn ke, wuh larki yahan
nahin a-sakti. Nahin-to, main khud, apne hath se yih
* 'Few such (pictures) come into seeing,'* i.e., before one.
* * (9«,' or ^ over other pictures : ' a form of the comparative degree.
^ Namely, the * bat ' foreshadowed in the preceding sentence, and
now about to be stat-ed ; a very common form of Hindustani composi-
tion.
* * Se ' of comparison. See page 74, section 8.
* Companion of the Star of India, a British, not a native title of
honour.
' See page 17, section 16. *
' * Unhon-ne,' she.
126 HINDl^SXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
medal (E.) us-ke zeb-i-gulu^ karta. Lekin, main ummed
kartahiin, kih Nawwab aur Mis Tamsan yih medal us
larki-ko pahina-denge, aur roeri taraf se bahut mubarakbad
denge (tali, an tali, an).
'^ * Her ornament of neck.'' See page 52, Note i ; also page 17,
section 16.
GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS-
VA KT I.
HINDUSTANI-ENGLISH.
NOTE.
It is hoped that the following Glossary contains every
word which occurs in the Vocabularies, Exercises, and
" The Reader," — except those intentionally omitted, namely,
English words which have crept into the language, and
the 'numerals' which are given on pages 64 and 103.
Numerals which occur in the Exercises or '^ The Reader"
are, however, given.
There are also thousands of words given which do not
occur in the earlier part of the book.
The following Table shows the sequence of the letters,
not only as the Head-Letters of the Glossary; but through-
out the columns. Thus all words in ' Kat ' are exhausted
before you find * Kat,' &c., and so with other letters which
are different and yet similar, as *d;' and "d;" *h,'
and ' h.'
TABLE.
A.
B.
CH.
D.
I.>.
E.
F.
G.
. Gh.
H.
H.
I.
J.
K.
K-
Kh.
L.
M.
N.
0.
P.
R-
R.
S.
SH.
T.
T.
u.
V.
W.
Y.
Z.
T., H.
130 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
The general arrangement is to give the shortest word —
Noun, Adjective or other word — as a 'Head-word ;* and to
range under it, longer words connected with the same
subject. The ' head-word' is not, as a rule, reprinted ; but
is represented by a short line. Ex. :— Diikan (f.), a shop.
-dar, a shop-keeper, -dari, shop-keeping. Occasionally, the
'head-word' changes before additions can be made.
In such cases the short line represents the * head-word'
down to the last permanent consonant, which consonant is
repeated in that part of the new word which is printed.
Ex. :— Azurdah, grieved, -dagi, grief.
Contractions are used as follows : —
i. The ordinary grammatical ones; as ^ kd].\ Adjec-
tive ; *Adv.' Adverb, &^c. *Sing.' Singjilar ;
* PL' Plural; 'trans.' transitive; ' intr.' iit-
transitive, and so on.
ii. Compound Verbs ending in ' /^^/-/z^' and 'dena'
■ are very common. So these auxiliaries are
shown by - k' and ' d' respectively.
iii. When the meaning of words follozving a ^ head-
word^ \% easily to be understood from the Eng-
l , lish of the ' head-word,' the words which follow
I are left untranslated. They are marked 'A.' if
i ' Adjectives; ' Adv.' if Adverbs ; ' N.' if Nouns;
i and ' V.' if Verbs. Ex. : — Azurdah, grieved,
\ ' N. -dagi, which 7?iust mean ' grief. ^ Fikr,
! anxiety ; care. A. -mand. Shuru, a bes^inning,
\ V. -k.
iv. (p.) ... indicates a Persian word not in use in its
simple form ; but common in derivatives from
it.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 131
V. * Persian ' ...indicates that a phrase, though Per-
sian, is in common use in Hindiistani.
vi. (m.) Stands for masmline ; (i.) iox feminine ; (2i.)
shows that a word (e g., light) is a?i adjective^
not a 710U71 ■; (n.) means that a word (e.g.,
light) is a nou7i and not an adjective ; (n.a.),
means that the word is both a noun and an
adjective.
vii. (M.)... indicates that the word is to be used only
concerning things Miihavunadan,
viii. (H.)...the same as regards things Hindu,
ix. (L.B.)... means that the word is current chiefly
or wholly, in Loiver Be?igal only.
X. (E.)... Stands for English; ' compos,' for <r^;;//<9j/-
tlon ; • Lit. ' for literally, ; * ^^, ' for figuratively,
- xi. The long word * Muhammadan ' is generally con-
tracted Muha??i.
Masculine Nouns ending in any of the feminine termina-
tions are marked (m.)
Feminine Nouns ending in anything except the recog-
nised feminine terminations are marked (f) See Page 8,
Section 13.
GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS.
H industani-English
A.
A or an, a fiegative prefix ^
e.g. an-parh {See ^parhna'),
illiterate,
Ab, 710W ; at present, -tak,
//// now.
Ab (p.), ivater. -dar, a ser-
vant ivho attends to the
tvines, a^c. -o-hawa (f.),
climate.
Abad, cultivated ; peopled.
-i, cultivated land.
Abe, an interj. expressing
scorn.
Abr, a cloud, abri, clouded.
Abru (f.), dignity ; respect ;
inspired.
Abru (f.), the eyebrow.
Abvvab (pi. of *bab.'), chap-
ters ; readings ; columns ;
entries in detail in columns ;
hence^ pay vients ; cesses^ 6^a
Achchha, o-(?<^^; well. Also^^
interj. achha,i, goodness.
achchhi-tarah, in good
style ; carefully.
Ada, payment, V. -k.
Adalat, a court of justice.
Adat, custom ; habit.
Adha (ii. a.), a half ; half
Adil, just ; equitable.
Admi, a human being ; a
man ; a tvoman. -yat,
humafiity ; the hu?jian
species.
Adrak, green ginger ; preserv-
ed ginger.
Afat, a calamity.
Afrin, bravo I
Afsanah, a story ; tale ;
romance. \as interj,
hhos, sadness ; a pity. Also
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN,
N.
^33
Afsurdah, gfieved ; sad,
-dagi.
Aftab, the sun,
Aftabah, a water-jug; a ewer,
-^g (f), fire, -dan, a fire-
stand.
Agar, if, -chih, although.
Age, in front ; forward,
-barhana, (trans,) to start ;
move fonvard, -chalna ;
-j., to go in front, -pichhe,
in single file,
Ahar, a natural reservoir of
water,
Ahistah, sloivly.
Ahd-o-paiman, mutual agree-
ment,
Ahmak (n. a.), a fool; foolish,
folly, -i.
Aib, fault ; blemish, -lagana,
to impute blame to ; to cast
discredit on,
^^v^^ laiv; order ; rule.
Ajinah, a looking-glass.
Aisa, like this ; such a... ;
thus ; to such a degree.
Aj, to-day. -kal, (lit. to-day-
to-morrow), the present
time,
Aja,ib, wonders; wonderful
things.
A-jana, to arrive,
Ajhal, very ignorant^
A jib, wonderful,
Ajilbah, wonderful,
Akar; akarath, fruitless ; in
vain,
Akela, alone.
Aks, reflection (e.g., in water.)
Aksar, frequently ; general-
ly-
Aka, an oivner ; master,
Akl, (f.), sense; wisdom^
A. -mand.
Akhir, the end. -ko, at last ;
lastly.-
Akhrot, a walnut.
Alag, separate ; separately.
Alahdab, separately.
Alakah, jurisdiction ; rela-
tionship, or connection, 7uith
a person or thing, -ka-
dar, a person in charge of
an 'alakah.'
Ala-s-sabah, early in the
morning,
Albattab, for certain ; cer*
tainly.
Alim, learned.
Allah (M.), 6^^^.-re!(interj.)
God Almighty.
Almas, a diamond.
134 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
Alo, light (n.)
Alu, a potatoe.
Am, a mango. Also, common;
vulgar. Adv. umuman.
Amad-o-raft, coming-and-go-
ing ; intercourse.
Am bar, a heap ; stock ; store.
Am in, Amen I
Arain, a deputy ; a commis-
sioner.
Amir (pi. umara), a noble-
man ; an ''Amir.''
Amr (pi. umdr), any busi-
ness, matter^ or affair.
Amriid, guava (fruit).
Anah, j\ of a 'riipi.'
Aiia-jana, to come-and-go.
Anannas, a pine-apple.
Anar, a pomegranate.
Andar, within ; inside.
Andeshah, anxiety ; thought.
And ha, blind,
Andhera (n. a.), darkness;
dark.
Anda, a7i egg.
Angrez, an Englishman, -i,
English,
Angiir, a grape ; grapes.
Angiithi, a ring.
Anji'r (f.), a fig.
Ankh (f.), an eye.
An-parb, illiterate. {See
parima.)
Anta, a ball, -ghar, a bil-
■ Hard-room ; the club.
Ap, Your Honor. Ap-hi-ap,
by, or, to oneself. Apas
men, among themselves.
Apna. See page 30.
A-pahunchna, to arrive'; to
have arrived.
Araf, purgatory.
Ara,ish, ornamentation.
Aram, ease ; comfort, -kursi,
an easy-chair.
Are ! hey, you I
Arhai, tivo and a half
Arkan-i-daulat, the Pillars of
the State, i.e., the nobles.
Arsah, a space of time.
Arz {i.), petition ; request;
what I want to say. V.-k.
Arzu, wish ; desire, A.
-mand.
Asa, a stick ; cane.
Asar, iinpression.
Asami, a tenant; a client ,
a debtor ; a depe?ident ; al
prisoner. Also, agency^
substitution.
Asan, easy. N. -i.
Asbab, goods and effects.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
135
Asl, root ; origin, -i, radical ;
real, aslan, by 710 means.
aslan-mutlakan, by no man-
ner of means ^
Asman, the sky.
Astabal, a stable. .
Astin (f.), a sleeve.
Atish, or atash (p.), fire,
'-hizi^ fireivorks. -khanah,
afire-place ; a grate.
Ata, fioiir. ^
Atakna ; atak-jana, to be
stopped ; to stick.
Atthh 3.h, eig/iteen ; a large
number.
Atkana ; atka-d, to stop ;
detain.
Auladj offspring ; descendants.
Auliya, ike saints.
Ba {a prefix).^ at ; with ; by,
e.g. -mujib, according to.
-nisbat, respecting ; about.
(prep.) -nisbat is ki, com-
pared with this, -sar, at^ or
to a head, or e7td, -sar ana,
to reach an end. -sar-k.,
to bring to an end ; to pass
time, -taraf, aside] apart.
-taur, by zuay of ; as being,
and so on.
B.
k\M,and; also ; more, -ek,
one more, -do,* two inore^i
and so on. -kuchh, some
more; any more, -kya,
what more ? what else ?
tvhat 7nore do you want f
Aurat, ci wo77ian.
Auwal, the first ; first, -an,
in the first place.
Avvaz (f.), the voice ; a cry.
Ayah, a fe77iale attendant,
A,yindah (n. a.), the future ;
future,
Azdd, free ; solitary ; inde-
pendent,
Aziz, dear ; precious, -rakh-
na, to value ; esteem,
Azurdah, grieved ; sad. N,
-dagi.
Baad, or bad (ke.), after;
{of ti77ie.)
Baaze, several,
Bab, a chapter ; heading.
Baba, a father ; an old 77ian%
In L. B., a child, -log, the
children (L. B.)
Babat (ki.), concerning.
Bachcha, a child ; a yoking
speci7nen of any anittial ;
Q.g., a pup, a kitten, t^c.
13^
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO 13E SfOKKN.
Bachhra, a calf.
Bachna ; bach-jana, to be
saved ; to escape, bach ana ;
bacha-d., to save; rescue ;
protect.
Bad, bad. N.-i. -akl, defective
cofnmon-sense. Adj. -akli.
-bakht, unfortunate ; wret*
ched. -bu (f.), a bad smell.
-kismat, bad luck ; misfor-
tune, -nam, evil repute ;
slander ; abuse, -nasibi,
misfortune, -shakl, ill-
formed ; unshapely, -surat,
ugly\ -siirati, ugliness.
-zat, of low caste ; villa n-
ous, -zati, villainy;
vice.
Bad (ke.). See ' Baad.'
Bad (p.), zvind.
Badal, exchange. As prep,
(ke.), in exchange for.
-lena, to take in exchange ;
to excha nge. ~n a , to change ;
alter. Badla, (also as prep.
. *ke badle,') same as
* badal.'
Badam, almonds,
Badan, the body.
Badshah (M.), a king, -i, the
royal state.
Ba,en, on^ or, to the left hand.
Bag (f.), a bridle.
Bagh, a tiger.
Bagh ; baghan ; baghichah,
a garden.
Baghal, the arm-pit ; side ;
direction.
Bahadur (a title)^ ^ Bahadur.^
-i, bravery ; swagger.
Bah am, together.
Bahanah, a pretence; pretext.
Bahangi, a pole on which
burdens are carried, -dak,
the parcel-post.
Bahar (Adv.), outside. As
prep, (ke.) out. -jana, to
go out.
Bahar (f.), spring ; beauty.
Bah in, a sister.
Bahldna, to amuse ; cheer
one up.
Bahna, to flow.
Bahra, deaf.
Bahut, much ; very ; suffi-
cient, -achchha ! all right !
very well I -era, (2i.)very
much, or very many.
Ba,i, a native lady ; a dan-
cing-girl.
Bail, an ox. -gari, an ox-
cart.
Ba,is (ke), by reason of.
Baithna, to sit ; sit dmvn.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO tJE St'OKEN.
137
Baja, a musical instrument.
bajana, to play on ditto.
l)ajna, to be played on ; to
sound, {intr.) See page 6'].
Baja-lana, to perform ; carry-
through.
Rak-bal:, chattering. V -k.
Bakri, a goat.
Baki, what remains over.
Bakliil, a miser, -i, stinginess.
Bakhshna, to qive a present,
N.-bakhfhi>h.
Bal, the hair, -wal, a barber.
Baland. See ' Biiland.''
Bal-bachche, children.
Baligh, one who has attained
majority, -a (f.), marriage-
able.
Balisb, a pillow.
Balisht, a span.
Bal kill, on the other hand ;
nay I nay., more !
Ballam, a spear.
Baiti, a tent-can.,' ^m bucket.
Bdlu, sand.
Bam, the pole of a carriage.
Banana, to form ; construct.
bana-dalna, to co?ivert one
thing into another.
Banat, broad-cloth. ■
Band, closed. V.-k. band-o-
bast (m.), arrangements.
Bandah ; bandi, a servant ;
dependant ; slave, -dagi,
service ; attachment to a
person.
Bandar, a monkey.
Bandh, a closing \ an embank-
ment. -na ; -d. ; -kar-d. to
close; fasten ; tie,
Banduk (f.), a musket.
Bani; (f.), a noise; shout.
V. -d.
Bannrj, to be made, bana-
rahna, to remain ivaiting.
Ban-parna, to succeed ; be able
to do.
hans, a bamboo.
Bantna, to divide, bant-lena,
to divide and take.
Bap, a father, bap-bap; and
bapre-bapre! See page 56.
Bar (p.), on ; upon. Much
used in compos.
Bara, great. As adv., very.
bara- sahib, the head of a
house., firm., c^c.
Barabar, breast to breast;
equal; ^all the same.''
Barah, twelve, -singa, having
twelve tines ; a stag.
Bavimdsih, a verandah.
Baran (p.). rain, -i kurti, a
great-coat.
138
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Baras, a year.
Barasna, to rain.
Bar-bad-d, to squander.
-bona, to be sacrificed ox lost.
Barchhi, a spear.
Bare (ke.), in the matter of.
Barf, snoiv ; ice. -pani, iced
water.
Barga, a rafter.
Barham ; barham-darham,
confused ; entangled.
Barik, fine in texture.
Barish, rain.
Barkandaz, (lightning throw-
ing)^ a police constable ; a
guard : a watchman.
Bar-khast, removing ; dismiss-
ing ; adjour7iing, V. -k. ;
kar-d.
Barsat, rain, -i kapre, ivater-
proofs.
Bartan, a plate ; dish.
Barut, gun-powder, \tual.
Bar-wakt, up to tiine ; punc-
Barha,i, a carpenter.
Barhana {trans!) to advance \
increase, barhna ; barh-j.
{tntr.) to advance; increase.
Bas, enough ; * that HI do.^
Basan, a dish; a bowl.
Bastah, a bundle.
Bastij a village.
Bat ; battakh, a duck.
Bat, word; affair; neivs ;
business, -chit, conversa-
tion, [out: show.
Batana or batlana, to point
Batas (L. B.), 7airid.
Batti, a ivick ; also, a light ;
candle \ lamp.
Bat-khara, a weight for
weighing zvith.
Bater, quail.
Batwara, dividing property
into shares.
Bawar, belief ; trust, -chi, a
cook, -chi-khanah, a kit-
chen.
Bayan, a statement. V.-k.
Baz, a hawk.
Baz (adv.), back, -rakhna, to
restrain ; keep back.
Bazar, a market ; bazaar.
Baze {See Baaze), several.
Bazu, the arm.
Be (prefix), withcut. -fikr,
without care. -ganah,
strange ; foreign, -ikhtiyar,
without poiver of control.
-hosh, senseless ; also, in
a sivoon, -hudah, absurd;
ridiculous, -jan, lifeless.
-jigar {without liver) ^ cow-
ardly, -karar, restless.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
139
-kiyam, unstable, -kusiir^
zvithout blame, -khabar,
i^ivithout riews^) careless.
-nasib, destitute of good
luck, tarali, beyond the pro-
per Jiianner ; improperly ,
-sabab, ivithout a reason.
-shakk, beyond a doubt,
-sharm, shameless, -tab,
weak ; fai?it. -w u kd f, fool-
ish ; stupii. N . - w u kii fi .
Bechna, to sell
Bel, the 'beV -fruit.
Bhent, a meetingwith a person.
Besli, more ; sufficient, -i, ex-
cess ; surplus. -kirn at,
high-priced.
Beta, a son, Beti, a daughter.
Bhadda, dull ; stupid,
Bhagna ; bhag-jana ; bhag i-
jana, to flee ; escape.
Bhagwat, the religious book
of the Hindus, -
Bha,i, a brother ; relation.
Bhainsa ; bhains, male and
female buffalo.
Bhal, or bhalu, a bear.
Bhala, good, bhala,i, good-
ness.
Bhanja, a sister^ s son.
Bhanji, a sister's daughter.
Bhar, a load, -i, heavy.
Bhara ; bhar pur, /////.
Bharna, to fill.
Bhat(m.), cooked rice.
Bhatti, a still.
Bhaunkna, to bark.
hhed, secrecy.
Bhejna ; bhej-d., to send.
Bhera ; bheri,, a ram, a sheep.
bheri ka gosht, mutton.
Bheriya, a ivolf
Bhi, also (after a noun or
other zvord.)
Bhiga, a measure of area.,
varying in different places.
Bhinga, ivet.
Bhor (f.), the daivn. ^ko, at
daivn ; early.
Bhilkh (f.), hunger. A. -a.
Bhiil, anerror. -na;-jana, to
commit an error ; to for-
get.
Bhusi, chaff, (lit.)
Bhiit, a ghost ; a demon.
Bhutta, Indian corn.
Bibi, a native married lady ;
also applied to a females-
European, or of the mixed
r ace ,- working in the cou?i-
try, e.g., as keeper of a
boarding-house.
Bich (ke.), between ; among.
Bichali, strazv.
14<^ MlNDUSliNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Bichhana, to spread.
Bichhauna, bedding.
Bigar-jana, to go zvrong ;
get out of order ; become
alienated.
Bih (p.), good, -tar, better^
-tarin (p.), the best, -tari,
improvement,
Bihisht, heaven, -i, a water-
carrier.
Bij, seed.
Bijli, lightning. V.-hona.
Bikna, to be sold. {See
bechna.)
Bi'V' {Arabic prefix,) in ; on.
bi-1-faur {on the heat)
instantly. h\-\-it\ in fact ;
on the fact ; instantly, bi-1-
kull, <?« the IV hole ; entirely.
bi-l-aks, on the contrary.
Bil, the burrow of an animal.
Bila {Arabic prep.)., without.,
{i.e. devoid of)
Billi, a cat.
Bimar, sick. N-i.
Biphe, Thursday.
Birni, a wasp ; a bee.
Bis, twenty, -i, a score.
Bitjana {intr.), to pass, (of
time.)
Bithana ; bitha-d, to seat.
Bo,a,i, soivins;.
Bodna, to coax ; ivheedle.
Bogla, a crane, (bird.)
Bojh ; bojha, a load, bojhna,
to load.
Bolna, to say ; speak ; tell.
Bona, to soiv.
Bora, a sack.
Bora, a bean.
Bosah, a kiss. V. -d.
Brihispat, Thursday.
Bu (f.), scent ; smell.
Budh, Wednesday.
Buddha, old. Also, an old
man. buddhi ; burhiya, an
old woman, -pan, old age,
Biijhna, to understand, bu-
jhana ; bujha-d, to explain.
Also, to extinguish a light,
Bukhar J fever.
Bukhl, stinginess.
Buland, lofty.
Bulbul, a 'bulbui: (bird.)
Bura, bad. bura,i (n.), evil.
bura-janna, to consider bad.
Biirha, bilrhi, burhiya, same
as ' buddha,' &:c.
Buta-d, to extinguish a light.
Pronounce as plain * bil. '
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
141
Ch.
Chabi, a key,
Chabuk, a whip,
Chabiltrah, a platform ; a
UhabiUrah,^ generally of
masonry : used in gardens
for enjoying the air.
Chha-chhilndar, a viusk-rat.
Cl^adar (f), a sheet; table
cloth, or cover.
Cba,e, tea. cha-dan, a tea-
caddy, cha-pochi, a tea pot.
Chaha, snipe.
Chaharum, the fourth part.
Chahiye. Seepage 1^, section
20.
Chahna, to wish ; desire.
Chakar, a servafit.
Chakki, a wheel.
Chdl (f.), chal-cbalan, habit ;
behaviour,
Chalak, clever ; too clever. — i,
cleverness ; sharpness ;
device.
Cbalan, a despatch nofe ;
-kar-d, to despatch.
Cbalana, to set in motion ;
despatch.
Chalis, forty.
Chalna ; chala-jana ; chal-d.,
to go ; proceed ; move off.
Also of affairs, to prosper.
Chammach ; chamchah, a
spoon,
Cham-gadar, a bat. (animal.)
Chamra, skin ; leather.
Ghana, gram, (for horses.)
Chand, several ; a few.
Cband, the moon.
Changul, a claw.
Chapati, a thin flour-cake ; a
scone ; a ' chapatty'
Chapras, a badge.— \^ a mes-
senger ; a ^ chapras sy,^
Char, four-, oblique cases
charon. — pa,i, a four
poster ; abed.
Chara, a seedling.
Charana {trans.), to graze,
Charkh, a wheel,
Charna {inter.), to feed ;
graze.
Charhana; chsLrhsi-d., to cause
to ascend.
Charhna ; charh-jana, to
ascend.
Chashm, an eye,
Chashmah, spectacles ; a
spring of water.
Chata,i, a floor-mat.
Chatan (f.), a slab of stone,
Chatna, to lick ; lick-up.
Chatni, ' chutiiee'
142
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Chau, four (in compos.),
chauk, a square i?i a town.
chauki, a 7vaich-post ; a
chair, chaukidar, a waich-
vian. chaukona, four-
cornered, ch auras, on all
four sides, chaurastah, a
place where four roads
meet., 6^r., cr'r.
Chaudah, fourteen, -roz, a
fortnight.
Chaukath (f.), a doorframe.
Chaura, /^^^^^. N. -chaura,i.
Chauri, a fly flicker.
Chautha, the fourth.
Chawal, uncooked rice.
Chela, the disciple of a reli-
gious teacher.
Chera, a domestic slave.
Chhagul, a goat.
Chhalang, a leap. V. -na.
Chbanna (trans.)^ to pass
through a strai?ter.
Chhapa, printed. V. -k.
Chhappar .(f.), a roof; a
thatch.
Chharra, shot, (for a gun.)
Chhat, a roof; house-cover-
ing ; ceiling.
Chhata, an iwibrella ; a sun-
shade.
Chhati, the breast.
Chhauni, military lines ;
barracks.
Chhed, a hole. V. -na.
Chhekna {trans.), to stop;
check.
Chher-chhar, the act of an-
noying.
Chhi-chhi (interj.), nasty!
ugly I
Chhilka, a shell ; the rind ;
parings.
Chhinkna, to sneeze.
Chhin-lena; to snatch ; rob;
carry-off.
Chhipkali, a lizard.
C hhirakna, to sprinkle.
Chhitank, a ' chitdk,' -^^ of
a ' ser.^
Chhokra ; chhokri, a boy;
a girl.
Cnhorna ; chhor-d. ; chhor-
jana, to let go ; release ;
dismiss.
Chhota, small. N. -chho-
ta,i.
Chhiina, to touch; to
finger.
Chhuri, a knife.
Chluitna ; chhilt-jana, to
escape; slip through the
fingers.
I
I
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
V43
Chihrah, the face.
Chikna, oil ; grease ; oiled ;
polished ; smooth.
Chil, a kite, (bird.)
Chillana, to scream.
Chilam, the part of a native
pipe (' hukkah ') /;/ which
the fire and the tobacco are
placed.
Chingari, a spark.
Chingri, shriinps.
Chini, hroivn sugar.
Chir ; chira, a cut ; incision ;
dissection. V. chirna.
Chiragh, a native lamp.
Chiriya, a bird.
Chita, a leopard.
Chitthi, a letter ; a note.
Chiz (f.), a thing of any
kind.
Chob, a post ; a mace, -dar,
a mace-bearer.
Chonch (f.), the bill or beak^
(of a bird.)
Chor, a thief, -ana ; to steal.
N. -i.
• Chiiha, a mouse.
Cliukna. See page \%^ sec. 2'^^.
Chiilha, a fire-place ; a stove.
Chumkarna, to coax; wheedle.
Chiina, lime.
Chilna, to leak ; drop.
Chunanchih, in such maiver
that ; accordingly ; thus ;
for example:
Chiinti, an ant.
Chup, silent, -rahna, to re-
main or become silent.
Chdr, dust ; atoms ; crumbs.
Chiira, dry grain prepared
for eating.
Churana ; chura-lena, to steal.
Chiitar, the buttocks.
Chiinkih, in as much as, "
D.
Daba, loiv ; depressed, daba-
na ; daba-d., to depress;
lower; crush doivn ; squeeze.
Dadni, an advance of money.
Dafah, a time. See page 65,
sec. 6.
Dafn, huriaU V,. -k*
Daftar ; -khanah, an office-
room.
Dagh, a spot ;■ a stain.
Daghabazi, deception ; fraud.
Dahanah, a (horse's) bit.
Dahi (m.),Y^;'^. \1iand.
Dahine, cn^ or to^ the right-
144
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Dahshat,/^^r.
Da,i, a wet-mtrse.
Dakhan, the South,
Dal, a kind of pea ; ^ ddl.^
-bhat, cooked ^ddV and rice,
Dalan, a halL
Dalil, proof, \tnent.
Dam, breath. Also, a mo-
Dam, price.
Dam ad, a son-in-law.
Daman, a skirt, -i-ko!), the
base of a mountain.
Dana, ivise ; learned.
Danah, graiji ; a grain,
Danist, wisdom ; knowledge.
Dand or dan da, a stick ; a
blow with a stick,
Dant, or dant, a tooth,
Dar (p.), in^ as in dar-miyan,
i7i the midst, dar-pesh, in
fronts &'c.
Darakht, a tree.
Darban, a gate or hall-porter.
Darbar, an audience-hall ; an
audience ; a levee; a^darbdr.^
Dar-chini, cinnamon, [pain.
Dard, paifi. -khana, to feel
Darham-barham, confused.
Dari, a native carpet; a
* durry.^
Darya, a river ; the sea.
Darj, mention ; entry, V. -k.
Darkhast, a petition ; request.
V. -k.
Darmri, a mat.
Darmaha, mo7ithly wages.
Darobast, the whole of afiy.
thing.
Darogh, falsehood, -go, a
lia r. -g o, i , /^ Isehood.
Daroghah, a superior police
officer : a ^ daroga.^
Darwazah, a door
Daryaft, enquiry. V. -k.
Darzan, a needle.
Darzi, a tailor.
Darhi, a beard.
Das, tefi.
Dast, the hand ; diarrhcea.
-an all, a glove, -khatt, a
signature.
Dastar (f.), a turban.
Dastur, what is m stoma ry ;
the ^ dastoor.^ -i, cuiton-i-
ary perquisites ; discou?it ;
' dastoori.^
Daulat, ivealth. A. -mand.
Daurna, to run.
Dawa (f.), medicine.
Dawa, or dawi (m.) (^mlg,
dabi), a claim ; suit, V.-k.
dawidar, a claimant ; ofie
who supports any side of a
question.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 145
Dawat, a7t invitation ; a
feast.
Dawat, an inkstand, -kalam,
turiting niite rials.
Degchah, or degchi, a copper-
cooking pot.
Dekhna, to see ; look at.
Dena ; de-d., to give.
Der, or deri (f.), delay. V. -k.
Des, or desh, one's country.
Devi, a goddess, devasthan,
a co7isecrated place.
Dhamkana, to snub ; threaten.
Dhamki, snubbing ; silencing.
V. -d.
Dhan, zvealtli. A. -i.
Dhan, rice growings or in the
husk.
Dharam, virtue, -avatar, In-
carnation of Virtue (a form
of ad<iress.)
Dhaunki, bellows, dhaunkna,
to use bello-ws.
Dhobi ; dhobin, washerman;
ivashenvonian.
Dhona ; dho-d., to ivash,
Dhiijdn, smoke, -kash, a
steam-boat.
Dhiip, sun-shine ; sun-heat.
Dih(pl. dihat), town; village;
land appertaining thereto.
T., H.
Dikhana ; dikhlana, to show ;
to point out,
Dikk, trouble ; annoyance. V.
-k.
Dil, the heart. -giv, sad; griev-
ed, -i-dosti, the heart of
friendship, -kusha, heart-
expanding (as wine.)
-khiish, happy, -o jan se,
with heart and soul, -se,
heartily.
Dilana ; dila-d. \ dilwana ;
dilwa-d., to cause to give.
Dimagh, the brain ; conceit ;
pride.
Din, a day. -bhar, all day.
Din, religion, -dar, religious-
ly inclined. [' dhhigy.^
Dingi, a kind of boat ; a
Dip, a lamp. Also, an island.
Di-roz (Persian), yesterday.
Dimak, a white ant.
Diwar, or di'vval (f.), a wall.
Diwan, a Minister of State,
-i, relating to Civil Justice,
Diyanat, honesty ; good-faith,
-dar, conscientious, N.-dari,
Do, two. Also, imperaf. of
dena, to give,
Dohar (f.), double-cloth,
Do-Iatti, a kick.. V. -marna,
or jharna. ^
ic
146 hindtjstAni as it ou(JHt To Be spoken.
Dol, swinging, -i, a swinging
article : e.g., a litter ; a
hanging meat-safe^ &=€. V.
-na.
Donon, both ; i.e., two thin^
or persons.
Dost, a friend, -diwzh, frie ^Id-
ly, -i, friendship.
Doyum, the second.
Dozakh (f.), hell.
Du,a (f.), benediction.
Dilb-ghas (f.), a grass much
Itked by horses.
Diidh, 7nilk. ~ya pathar, an
opal [mercy /
Duba,i (interj.), jicstice I
Duhra, or dohra, double. V.
duhrana.
Diikan (f.), a shop, -dar, a
shop-keeper, -dari, shop-
keeping, [dukhit.
Dukh, pain; distress, A.
Duldul, a hedge- hog.
Dum, a tail, -chi, a crupper-
strap,
Dunga, a side-dish.
Dunya (f.), the ivorld ; the
universe, dunyavi, relat-
ing to the world,
Diir (f.), distance; distant.
diir; dur ho ! be off! -an-
desh, provident, -andeshi,
foresight. })in (f.), a tele-
scope ; a 'glass.' -k., to
remove ; place at a dis-
tance.
Durbal, weak ; infirin,
Durust, right ; correct, -k., to
arrange ; put right.
Dushman, an enemy. -i,
enmity.
Dushwar, difficult.
Dusra, a second (thing) ; a
different (thing).
D.
Dak (f.), a station, Q.g., for
relief of post-horses, or
runners ; the post (letters,
&:c.) -chauki, the change
ing-station -ghar, the post-
office, -munshi, the post-
master, -piyadah, the
postal runner, "iik^X (E.),
a postage stamp, -wala, the
postman, -men dalna,
rakhna, or dena, to post,
paka, an attack by robbers.
-parna, to rob.
Dakait, a member of a gang
of robbers ; a 'dacoit,' -i,
gang-robbery ; * dacoityJ
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
147
Dal (f.), d branch. [' dolly.'
Pali, a present of fruit ; a
Dalna ; dal-d., to throw down.
Dand, an oar.
Dank (f.), a sting. V. - marna.
Dar, fear, -na, to fear, -ana,
to frighten.
Dayan, a witch.
Dera, a tent, -k., /^ encamp.
I)eyh, ^>'A!^ a^/^ « half ; a
^ood deal. ^
Dhakna, a lid ; a cover. Also
as V. to put on a cover.
Dhal (f.), a shield ; a tar-
get ; a slope.
Dhela, a clod.
Dhila, slack. Also, remiss.
piuindna, to search for.
pubana ; duba-d., to sub-
merge ; lower ; depress.
pLibna ; dub-jana, to sink ;
be drowned ; be ruined.
E.
Ek, one; a or an. -a-ek ;
-^baragi, suddefily. -dam,
instantly ; this instant.
-sath, together.
Eri, the heeL
Ewaz, a substitute ;
change.
ex-
F.
Yij\ddh^ profit ; advantage.
A. -damand.
Y2i]x{i.)^dawn; early morning.
Fakat, only ; ^ finis.'*
Fakir, a Muham : mendicant.
Fanils (f ), a lajnp- shade.
Faraghat, leisure ; repose ;
prosperity.
Faramosh, forgetfuL N. -i.
V, -k.
Fard (f.), a sheet ; a ply; a
fold
L
Fareb, deceit, -d., to deceive.
-khana, to be deceived.
Fark, difference ; consequence^
(as in the phrase, ' ifs of
no consequence.')
Farman ; an order; edict, -a,
to issue ditto ; also used of
any utterance by a person
of rank,
Farsh, a carpet, farrash,
one who attends to the
carpets.
14S
HINDUSTANI AS it OUGHt I'O Efe St^OKfiM.
Faryad (f.), a complaint, (e.g ,
in Couit.)-i, a complain-
ant.
Farzand, a son.
Fasad, strije ; rebellion.
Fasl (.) crop, (in the
fields.)
F'ath (f.), victory.
Fatwa, a decree of a judge.
Fauj (f.), an army, -dar, a
commander, -dari, relating
to Criminal Jtistice.
Faulad, steel.
Faziil, excessive ; surplus.
-kharchi, extravagance.
Y\ C Arabic), each ; ^ per-^ in.
fil-jumlah, in the total, fil-
hal, in the present ; imme-
diately, fil-hakikat,/// truth.
fil-wake, in reality ; as
matters really stand, 6-v.
l4dwi, a servant ; a retainer.
-yat, fidelity.
Fihrist, a list; an index.
Flkr (f.), thought ; anxiety.
A. -mand. V. -mand-
hona.
F^il, an elephant, -ban, an
elephant-driver,
Firishtah (pi. -tagan), an
Angel,
Firozah, turquois,
Fisanah, a story; tale ; ro-
mance,
Fulanah, a certain one.
Fur sat, leisure ; opportunity.
G.
Gachh, a tree.
Gaddi, a cushion ; a throne,
Gadha ; gadhi, a7i ass (male
and female.)
Gah, time ; place. Much used
in compos, e.g., *shikar-
gah,' hunting ground.
Gahra, deep, N. gahra,i.
Gajar, a carrot, gajarab,
carrots,
Gil, the cheek.
Gala, the throat, -band, a
neck-tie.
Gali, abuse, V. -d.
Galis, braces, (for pants.)
Gana, to sing,
Ganda, four (things), looked
on as a unit.
Gandh (f.), odour ; perfume,
gandah, fetid, gandi, a
certai7t badly-smelling iu'
sect, a ^ gundy, ^
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
149
Gandak, a rhhwceros.
Ganj, a mart. (The ' gunge'
of Anglo-Hind.)
Ganja, hemp, as used for
intoxication. A decoc-
tion of this plant gives the
drink known as ' bhang.'
Ganth, a knot. V. -bana-d.
Ganvv, a village, ganwar ;
ganvv-wala, a villager.
Ga,o, or ga,e, A cow. ga,o-
salah, a cmv-shed.
Garaj, thunder. V. -na.
Gard (f), dust. A. -a.
Gardan (f ), the neck.
Garm, warm ; hot. N. -i.
Garb, a fort ; a steep place.
Gari, a carriage ; a cart.
-ban, a driver.
Garna, to fix in the ground ;
to plant.
Gathri {vulg.^ g\\\\x\,) a bundle.
Gavvah, a witness, -i, evi-
dence.
Gaz, a ya7'd (measure.) ; a
rod ; a ramrod.
Gehiin, wheat.
Ghabrana, to be confused \ put
out ; puzzled. Also trans.
Gham, sun-shine ; sun-glare.
Ghanta, a bell ; an hour.
Gha,o, a sore.
Ghar, a house. -ami, a
t hatcher.
Ghara, an earthen pot.
Ghari, about 20 minutes :
Also, an English hour ; a
watch ; a clock.
Ghas (f.), grass.
Gliat, a motmiain-pass ; steps^
&^c., down to a river ; a
ferry, -wal, a guardiafi of
a pass, -wala, a ferry-
man.
Ghati, trade- loss.
Gher, all round, -k., to sur-
round.
Ghi (m.), native butter.
Ghisarna, to creep ; crawl.
Ghora, a horse, ghori, a mare.
Ghulna, to melt {intr.)
ghulana, to melt {trans.)
Ghiint, a gulp ; draft. V. -na.
Ghusna, to enter.
Gidar, a jackal.
Gidh, a vulture.
Gilehri, a squirrel.
Giran, important ; weighty.
Girana ; gira-d , to cause to
fall ; to throw doivn.
Gird (ke), around ; round.
Giriftar, ^r giriftah. captive ;
arrested, -bona, to be in
arrest, -k., to arrest.
ISO
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Girja, a churchy otherwise
*grija ;' probably Portu-
guese.
Girna ; gir-parna, to fall.
Git, a song,
Go,ala, a cow-herd ; the viilk-
man,
Gobar, cow-dung. Much
used as fuel.
God ; godi, the lap.
GOjindah, a spy ; informer.
Go jar, a centipede,
Go-kih, let it be said that ;
given that ; granted ; even
though,
Gol, round, gola,^ a gra-
nary ; a store-house, goli,
a ball ; a bullet, -mirch
(round, i.e.) black pepper.
Gond, gum.
Gor, a grave. -istan, a
burial-grotind.
Gora, fair-complexioned ; a
European of inferior rank ;
a European soldier, gore-
log, Europeans, goron ki
. paltan, a European regi-
77ient,
Gor-khar (an animal, pro-
bably) the ivild-ass,
* (Generally built
^ Not applicable
Gosh, a7i ear (of the body.)
Goshah, a corner.
Gosht,yZ?j//.
Gram, a village. (L B.)
Giida, the marrow.
Giidar, rags ; rubbish,
Guddi, a {boy's) kite,
Guft-o-gu (f.), conversation,
Guhar (f.), tu??iult ; noise;
outbreak, -i, a rioter.
Gul, a rose, -ab, rose-water.
-ab-phill, a rose-bush, or
rose flowers. -istan, a
place where roses are culti-
vated. Also, the name of
a celebrated Persian book.
-zar, a garden of roses,
(lit. or fig.)
Gulu, same as ^ gala,'
Gum, lost, -k., to lose, -ho-
jana, to be lost, -nam, naine-
less ; obscure ; lost to f ante,
Guman, guess ; fancy. V. -k.
Gumashtah, a steward."^
Gumbaz, a dome,
Gunah, a Jault ; sin, -gar,
a transgressor , -gari, sin-
ful doing.
Giinga, silent ; duvib.
in a circular form,
to a ship steward,
HINDtJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
iSi
Guroh (f.), a croivd.
Guru, a Hindu teacher.
Gustakh, impudent. N. -i.
Guzarna (trans. )^ to pass ;
pass-over, guzar-ghat, a
Jerry.
Guzashtah, /^5/; /(^5/ (as in
' last year.')
convey, guzarna ; guzar- Guzran (f.), mode or means
jana (intr), to pass ; of livelihood.
Gh.
Ghaflat, negligence.
Ghaib, out of sight ; vanish-
ed. 4
Ghair, foreign ; strange ; dif-
fere7it. As a prefix, wa7it-
itig, deficient, e.g., ghair-
hazir, abse?it. ghair-mum-
kin, impossible.
Ghalat, error ; oversight.
Ghalichah, a carpet.
Ghallah, corn ; produce.
Ghamm, sorroiv. A. -gin.
Gharaz (f.), design ; aim ;
object. As adv., in short.
Gharib, poor ; humble; tame.
Ghazi, a slayer of an infidel.
Ghilaf, covering-slip.^ e.g., a
' case ' for a pillow.
Ghiza, ordinary diet.
Ghol, or ghill, a crowd ;
pressing, -mal (L. B.), co7i-
fusion ; a rozv.
Ghulam, a servant; a slave.
Ghulel, a bo7a frofn ivhich
pellets are shot; a ^ cata
pult:
Ghurilr, pride.
Ghussah, grief ; anger.
Ghusse, in a rage,
-log, the poor, -parvvar, Ghusl (f.), a bath, -khanah,
Nourisher of the Poor I a bath-room. Also, the IV,
(a form of address.) C-k., to bathe.
H. :a light Aspirate.)
Haddi, a bone. Hal, or hal, a plough. V.
Ha,e, alas/ -jotna.
Haftah, a iveek. Halakat, death,
Haizah, cholerq, Haldi, turmeric.
152
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Hal-kamra, a dra7ving-7'oom,
Halka, light (not heavy.)
Halkah, an area of jurisdic-
tion.
Ham, we ; us. h\^o ^together;
Much used in compos, e.g.,
ham-rah, ajellow-traveller.
iiam-rahi, travelling to-
gether, ham-sayah (satne
shade); neighbourly ; friend-
Hameshah, always.
Han, yes.
Hangamah, a riot.
Hankna, to driije.
Hanri, a pot. -bRrtSLn, cooking
utensils.
Hans, a swan.
Hansi, laughter, hansna, to
laugh.
Hansli, an or7iamental hoop
for the neck.
Hanoz, yet ; still (of time.)
Har, each ; every, -ek, each
. one; everyone, -karah, a
7nan of all 7Vork ; a mes-
senger.
Haran, or hiran, a stag ; a
deer.
Harchand, although.
Harna, to lose (e.g. a bet.)
hard-d., to lose to one.
Hath, the hand; a cubit, -ana
to reach, -dalna, to seize.
Hatheh*, the palm of the ha?id.
Hathi, an elephant.
Hatiyar, tools ; tv capons.
Hat, a fair.
Hatana ; hata-d., to drive-
back ; repel.
Hatna ; hat-jana, to clear out
of one's way ; to step aside.
Hawa (f.), the air. -khan a,
to take the air ; go a walk,
drive, ar'c.
Hazar, a thousand.
Hezam, firezvo&d.
Hi (a particle of emphasis,
often untranslateable),
very; this verv...; just
this, c^c.
Hihah, a formal gift or grant.
Hiba-namah, a deed of ditto.
Hijrah, the flight of Muham-
mad to Mad'ma, A.D.622,
whence begins the Muham :
era.
Hihia, to shake {intr ) ; hila-
na ; hila-d. (trans.)
Hindu, a dark-skinned inan.
-Stan, Upper India.-?>iim
relaii?ig to Hindu matters^
e.g., language.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 1 53
Hira, a diamond,
Hona, /^^ be; to occur; to
take place, ho-jana, to be-
come,
Hosh, sense ; ' commo7i sense.'*
-yar, careful ; prudent ;
skilled. N. -yari.
Hunar, skill. A. -mand.
Hundi, a native Bill of Ex-
change^ a ' hundee.'
H. (a strong Aspirate.)
Hadd, a boundary.
Haivvan, an animaL
Hajjam, a barber.
Hajat, ivant : fiecessity ; re-
straint,
Haji, one who has made the
Pilgrimage to Mecca,
Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca,
Hakim, a ruler ; a fudge.
Hakim, a native physician ;
a wise man.
Hakir, base : (ontemptible.
-janna, or .^amajhna, to
hold in co7itempt ; despise,
Hakk, one's rights, liakikat,
the very truth, bakiki,
7'eally true, bakiki l)ha,i,
&c., a full brother^ ^J^v.
Hal, (pi. Halat,) state ; con-
dition ; facts of the case.
halan, presently,
Halaf, an oath, (e.g., in
Court.) halfan, on oath.
Halak, the throat.
Halal, according to law ;
lawful, -k., to kill ac-
cording to prescribed form
(as by cutting the throat) \
to cut the throat.
Halwdji, a S7veet-meat seller.
Haml,^ a burden, hammal,'
a porter, hamilah, preg-
nant.
Hamlah, an attack ; onset.
Harakat, a movement^ e.g., of
the body.
H'aram, <?rbaram, unlanful;
forbidden, -zadah, base-
born ; a sco7ifid?'el.
Harf, a letter, {of the Alpha-
bet.)
Harif, an opponent.
Hasil, acquiring ; accomplish-
ment of an '. object ; the
* moral ' of a story, V.
-k.
? Not used in Lower Bengal,
1 54
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Hasrat, desire ; regret ; grief.
Hawalah, charore ; responsi-
bility ; custody.
Hay a (f.), modesty ; shcune.
Hazir, present, -i, presence ;
the family 'presence^ at
breakfast ; breakfast '
Hazrat, dignity ; also as a di
title of high respect, -isa,
Jesus.
Hikayat, history ; story ; nar-
ration. V. -k. \yice.
Hikmat, ivisdom ; skill ; de-
Hilah, a stratagem ; a trick.
Hisab, all accou7it in figures.
Hissah, one^s share ; a por-
tion, -dar, a partner.
Hudild, bou7idaries (pi. of
* hadd.)
Hukni, an order, hukiimat,
sovereignty ; power.
Hukkah, a native pipe; a
' hookah.'
Hukdk, rights, (pi. of hakk.)
Huriif, letters of the Alphabet.
' (pi. of harf.)
Huzur, presence ; appearance ;
court ; Your Honour I
I.
Iba (f.), a cloak.
Ibarat, compositioii ; icriting.
Iblis, the devil.
Ihtida, the beginning.
I'd, a religious festival ; espe-
cially the festival in honour
of Abraham ^acrificifig his
son Ishmdil.
I fids, poverty.
Ihtimam (f.), diligence ; ?ieces-
sary application.
Ihtiram, the act of showing
respect.
Ihtiraz, abstinence ; co?itrol of
the passions. [gratitude.
Ihsan, benevolence, -mandi,
Ijarah, a lease ; a far?n.
Ijazat, permissioji ; favour.
Ikhatta, together.
Ikbal, good fortune ; favour.
Iklim, clime ; country,
Ikrar, agreement ; confession,
Ikhtilaf, discrepaticy. (pi. -at )
Ikhtiyar, power ; authority ;
option.
Ilahi, divine.
> C'al]pd ' Nashta ' in Wester" In^lirv.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
155
1 1 ti fat, friendliness, \seeching.
Iltimas (f.), petitioning ; he-
Imam, a religious Muham :
leader,
Imarat, a public building,
Imli, tamarind,
Im-roz (Persian), to-day,
Im sal (Persian), this year,
Imtihan, aii exarninatiori,
Inam, a present ; a favour,
Indara, a large well,
Indilr, a rat,
Inglistan, England,
\nski, justice,
Insan, a human being, -iyat,
humanity, i.e., the human
race.
Int (f.), a brick.
Intikal, transport ; change ;
death, \inanagement,
Intizam, good arrange7ne?it ;
Iradah, intention ; purpose.
\xdi, purgatory, [page 30.
I s, inflected form of^Wi, See
Isfanj, a sponge,
Islam, the Muham : religion,
-i, appertaining to ditto,
Is-liye, on this account.
Ism, a name, (pi. asami, q.v.)
Istabal, a stable,
Istifa, full performafice; resign-
ing service ; abandonment.
Istimai, use. V. -k.
Istibagh, baptism.
Istimrari, per??iafient ; fixed,
-band-o-bast, the Perma-
nent Settlement of Bengal,
Istri, a smoothing iron,
Is-wakt, at this tifne ; 7iow,
Isharah, a hint ; a signal,
Ishtihar, a public advertise-
ment,
Ishwar (H.), God,
Itiraz, displeasure ; refusal,
Itna, this much, itne njen, i7i
the fneantime.
Itr, essence. (Anglice, * otto')
Itibar ; itimad, confidence ;
belief in one. V. -k.
Ittifak, agreement ; equality ;
union ; chance, -bona, to
happen ; to be in agreement.
-k., to bring into agreements
to agree with, -an, by
chance ; it so happened that.
Ittila (f.), announcement ;
publication of news ; an
* information ' lodged before
a public officer,
Itwar, Sunday,
Izhar, deposition ; statement.
Izzat, honour ; respect due to
one ; estimation in which
one is held.
156 hindtSstXni as it ought to be spoken.
J-
Jab, whe7i. -tak, or talak,
//// whe?i. See page 1 04.
Jabr, oppressio7i. Adv. jab ran.
Jabra, the jaw,
Jadu, conjuring ; a 'ghost,''
Ja-e-phal, nutmeg.
Jagah (f.), a place ; room.
Jagana ; jaga-d. {trans.), to
awaken.
Jagna (intr.\ to wake7i. jagta,
azvake.
Jahan, wherever. See page
104; the universe, -didah.
{having seen the world) ;
experienced.
Jahan nam (f.), Hell.
Jahil, ignorant, N. -i.
Jai, victory,
Ja,i, oats.
Ja,iz, just ; proper ; fair.
Jal, water.
Jal, a net.
Jal, forged,
Jain, a cobweb,
Jalana ; jala-d., to set on fire,
Jald, quickly, -i, speed.
Jalna, to be on fire.
Jama, at, a7i asse7nbly.
Jamah, cloth. Much used in
compos, e.g., mom -jamah,
im:<i-cloth.
Jama, a collection ; a
gatheri7ig ; the total of an
account, -bandi, the rent-
9 oil of an estate, -kharch,
a credit and debit account.
-dar, a native officer of
ar77iy or police ; a head
i7ia7i of any body, e.g.,
coolies. -wasil-baki, a
statement of claims collec-
tions a7id arrears.
Jamna ; jam-jana, to co7igeal.
Jan, life ; soul, -kani, a7iguish
of soul, -se marna, to kill.
-nisar, self-sacrificing.
-war, an ani7nal.
Jana, to go; proceed, jane-
dena, to allow to go.
Janab ; -ah', titles of respect.
as * Your Worships
Janam, birth, -din, birth-day.
Janch, testing; tryi7ig, V. -na.
Jang (f.), ivar.
Jangal, forest ; high-grass
la7id ; scrub ; 'jungle.' A.
jan^h, ivaste ; tvild ;
savage ; 'jungly.'
Jangh, the thigh, -ia, sho7't
\ we a ring) dra ivers,
Janna, toknoiv. jan-biijh-kar,
knowingly ; i7itetitio7ially.
HINDUSTANI AS it OtJGttt TO BE SPOKEN. i^f
Jannat, Paradise.
Janib (f.), ^^'■^^ / /^^/. — dar,
a partizan, — dari, taking
one^s side.
Janiib, the South.
Jar, a root ; roots,
Jaraliat, a wound.
Jarimanah, or jurmanah, a
fine, V. — lena.
Jara, the cold; the cold
weather,
Jasils, a spy. -i, spyi?ig.
Jauhar, a gem. -/, a jeweller.
Jaun. See page 104.
Jauz, a nut [youth.
Jawan, youn ^ , a youth, -i,
Jazirah, an island,
Jel-khanah, a jail, (half E.)
Jhagra, a quarrel, V. jha-
garna ; ~k.
J h alar, a fringe,
J ban da, a flag,
Jhar, ; jhari, underwood,
Jharan, a duster,
Jharna, to sweep ; dust,
J ham, a broom.
J hat-pat (adv.), this instant,
Jhil, a shallotv lake ; a
marsh.
Jhilmih, the Venetians.
Jhonk, a push, V.~jhonkna ;
jhonk-d.
Jhopri, a cottage,
Jhukna ; jhuk-jana, to be or
become awry or crooked.
Jhiil, a covering for an
animal ; horse-cloth^ ^'c.
Jhulana {trans.), to szving,
jhiilna {intr.), to swing.
jhiila-jhiili, sivinging ; see-
saw.
Jhiith, or jiitha, false ; un-
true, jhiith, falsehood.
Ji, life ; soul ; spirit.
Ji, or\\ ban, yes,
Jibh (f.), the tongue.
Jidhar. See page 104.
Jigar, the vitals ; the liver.
Jihad, a Muhain : religious
war,
Jihat (ki.), on accouut of,
Jin, oblique case, pi, of jo.
See page 33.
Jina, to live ; be alive,
Jins, kinds ; sorts ; goods ;
merchandise.
Jis, oblique case, sing, of jo.
5^^/^^^ 33.
Js-kadar. See page 104. jis-
taraf, in whatever direction,
jis-tarah, in whatever
manner, jis-wakt. See page
T04.
J ism, the body.
158
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Jitna, to ivin,
Jitna. Seepage 104.
Jo, jo ko,i, jo-kuchh. See
page II'
Jo,//
Jo,ar, Indian corn,
Jogi ; jogin, a Hindu asectic^
{male and female.)
Jon, zvhen ; as soon as.
Jonk, a leech.
Joru, a wife.
Jori, a pair, -gari, Ihe car-
riage and pair.
Jotna, to yoke ; to plough.
Ka. See page 5.
Kab, when ?
Kabab. sliced meat roasted on
skewers^ -i, suitable for
roasting.
Kabhi, ever^ -kabhi, now
. and then -nahin, never.
Kachahri, an office ; a court-
house.
Kachhila, a tortoise,
Ka i, some ; several.
Kaffarat, repentance ; atone-
ment. \ciency.
Kafi, enough ; kifayat, suffi-
Kagh'^iZj paper.
Kahnu, to say ; speak ; tell.
Jot, one thing of a pair ; a
* 7natch / harness ' traces.'
Ju,a, a yokt ; a die ; dice ;
gambling. -khelna, to
gamble.
Juba, young, jub-raj, a
prince.
Juda. separate. V. -k.
Jiilahah, a weaver.
Jumah, Friday.
Jurm, a crime ; offence.
Jiist-o-ju (f.), search. V. -k.
Jiita ; jiiti, a shoe ; shoes.
Juz, « portion of any thing.
K.
Kahin, somewhere ; any-
where ; anyhoiv. As in
such phrases as ' it were
anyhow better, &c/
Kae, hoiv many J
Kaisa, what sort of a ? what
like ? how ? -hi, hozvever.
As in such phrases as
* however difficult.^
Kaj, crooked,
Kal, yesterday ; to-morrow.
Kal, an engine ; a machine,
Kala, black, kal-yug,* the
black age ; i.e., the present
age of the world, -pani,
the open sea.
Hindustani as it oUght to Be spoken.
159
Kala,i, a kind of vetch.
Kaleja, lirer. {organ of body).
Kam, deficient. Much used
in compos, e.g., kam-
. di}^^ of deficient seme, kam-
akli, want of sense, kam-
bakht, unfortunate, kam-
sinn, r^ tender age. kam-
arz, of narroiv breadth.
-i, deficiency ; failure, kam-
kar-dena, to lessen.
Kam, business ; use ; wish ;
desire -ana, to be service-
able, -yab, prosperous.
N.-yabi.
Kamal, perfection.
Kaman, an {archer'' s) bow.
-dar, an archer.
Kamar, the waist, -band, a
waist-cloth,
Kami], perfect,
Kaminah, base ; low.
Kammal ; kamli, a blanket,
Kamra ; kamara, a rao?n,
Kan, the ear,
Kan a, blind of one eye.
Kanghi, a comb.
Kanta, a thorn ; a spur ; a
fork.
Kan d ha, the shoulder.
Ka})as5 undressed cotton^
Kapra, cloth, kapre, clothes.
Kar, work ; business, kar-
bar, trade : trafficking.
-khanah, a place of busi-
7iess. -igar, a ivorhnan.
Kar-dekhlana, to make plain ;
demonstrate.
Kiiri-bhat, curry and rice.
Kama, to do ; make ; effect ;
accomplish.
Karor, ten millions.
Karwa, strong (as liquors
tea^ &~'c.)
Kasna, to tighten ; pull.
Kasht, one^s cultivation, -kar,
a cultivator,
Katib, a scribe ; a zvriter,
Kat, a cut, -na ; -dalna, to
cut, katna, to be cut.
Kathal, the jack fruit,
Katora, a brass cup,
Kattha, a ^ cottah,' {land
measure. )
Kauwa, a crow,
Ke. See page 5.
Kela, plantains,
Khainchna, or khinchna or
khichna ; to draw (burden
or picture) ; to pull.
Khajiir, dates ; -gachh, the
date-palm.
Khambha, a post ; a pillar
160
iliNDUSTANI AS IT OtlCkt tO BE St^OKEN.
Khana,^^^; dinner. Also, V.
to eat. Also, to suffer ; un-
dergo.
Khansna, to cough, khansi,
coughing ; a cough.
Khari-mitti, chalk
Kharkhara, rough ; a curry-
comb.
Khara, erect ; standing.
-bona, to be., or become
standing, -karn-^, to set
up ; make straight^ -rahna,
to stand ; remain standing;
ivait ; stop {intr.)
Khat, a pit; the gullet.
Khata • i,)^ fault; defect.
Khata-bahi, an account book.
Khat; khatiya, a wooden bed-
frame,
Kbatmal, a bug.
Khel,//^j^. -gah, play-ground,
-diic']^ frolics, -na, to play.
Khet, a field, -i, cultivation.
kheti karna, to cultivate.
Khilana, to feed, {trans.)
Khirki, a windotv.
Khodna, to dig,
Khoj, search, khojna \ khoj-
karna, to search for.
Kholna ; khol-d. to open ;
unfasten ; untie. khol-
hsindi, taking off a horse's
shoes, paring the hoofs ; and
putting the shoes on again.
Khona, to lose, kho-jana,
to be lost ; ^go a missing.'
Khujlana, to itch ; to scratch.
Khula, open ; fair (as
weather.) -din, af/ie day.
khulna / khul-jana, to be
or become open ; to clear.
(e.g., after rain.)
Khiinti, a peg. (e.g., for a
tent-rope.)
Ki. See pages 5 and 22.
Kih, that (of narration).
Also, as relative pronoun,
often preceded by 'jo.'
' kih na,' or not.
Kichar, mud.
Kidhar, ivhither ?
Kil, a plug; peg; pin ; bolt,
Kinah, spite ; malice Adj.
kinawar. \shord ; edge.
Kinarah, river-bank ; sea-
Kirani, a native clerk,
Kira, a wortn ; insect ; mag-
got.
Kisan, a cultivator.
Kishmish, raisins.
Kishti, a boat ; vessel ; tray,
Kismis (E.), Christinas,
Kitab (f.), a book. [much?
Kitna, how many ? how
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
l6l
Kiwar (m.), « door ; door-way.
Kiya-karna, to be in the habit
of doing a thing ; to keep
on doing it.
Ko. Seepages 5 and 7.
Kobi, cabbage.
Kochban, a coachman.
Koh, a Mountain, -i-nilr,
The Mountain of Light.
Kohasah, fog ; mist.
Ko,i. See page 38. ko,i, na
ko,i, S07ne one or other.
ko,i, nahin, no one. ko,i
hai, is there any one there ?
(used in India instead of a
bell.)
KOjilah, charcoal ; coals.
Kolu, an oilman ; the caste
of an oilman.
Kona, a corner or angle.
Kori, or kiiri, a score, (i.e.,
20.)
Kora, a native whip. -
Kos, a distance of about 2
miles.
Koshish, an attempt. V. -k.
Kotali, short in stature,
&c.
Kotwal, a chief police officer
of city, town, or market,
Kothi, or kdthi, a masonry
house.
T., H.
K\i,a, a well,
Kubra, hump-backed.
Kiich, a march. V. -k.
Kiichah, a la7ie.
Kuchh. See page 38. kuchh
se \mc\\\\, from this thing
to that, kuchh na kuchh,
S077ie little ; somewhat.
Kudal, or kudah, a spade.
Kiid, a leap. V. -na.
Kuftah, rissole.
Kull (adj.), the whole; all the.
-yat, entirely.
Kulchah, a cake,
Kumhar, a potter.
Kumhir, an alligator.
Kunji, a key.
Kunwar, a prince.
Kurah, a globe ; sphere, -i-
khak, the terrestrial globe.
Kiira, rubbish.
Kuredna, to scratch, kured-
rahna, to continue scratch-
ing.
Kursi, a chair.
Kurti, a coat.
Kutta, a dog. kutiya, a pup.
Kya. See page 33. -bat.
See page 56.
Kyitn, why ? wherefore .?-kih,
because, -kar, kow ? kyiln
na ho, 7i'hy not ?
II
i62 hindi^stXni as it ought to be spoken.
K.
Kabalah, a deed of sale,
Kabil, capable ; competent,
N. -iyat.
Kabdl or kubiil, consent,
-iyat, a document express-
ing consent ; a counterpart,
kabiil karna, to consent,
Kabzah, grip ; power,
Kadam, a step ; pace, V. -k.
Kadar, worth, -karna, to
value ; appreciate.
Kadd, stature,
Kadim, ancient,
Kafilah, a caravan.
Kahwah, coffee.
Kai, vomiting.
Kaid, fetters ; imprisonment,
-karna, to imprison, -i,
a prisoner,
Kd,im, erect ; firm ; stable,
Kaisar,flr« Emperor ; an Em-
press, -i-Hind. The Em-
press of India,
Kainchi, scissors.
Kala,i, tin ; the tinning of
cooking vessels, <5^V.
Kalam, a reed; a pen.
-tarash, a pen-knife,
Kamis (f.), a shirt; a chemise.
Karar, rest ; stability, -i,
firm ; the firm land, -dad,
a deed of settlement ; of a
dispute, or other matter.
Karib, about, karib tha kih,
&c., it was on the point
of &^c, (e.g., beiiig settled,)
Karz, or karzah, a loan ; a
debt, karz-dar, one in debt,
Kasam (f.), an oath, (e.g.,
in Courts) -khana, to take
the oath,
Katrah, a drop,
Katl, killing. V. -k. -amd,
wilful murder, --insan,
homicide,
Kaul-o-karar, agreement ; bar-
gain ; stipulations.
Kaum, a tribe ; sect ; family ;
brotherhood,
Kawi, strong ; solid,
Kaza, fate ; destiny ; death,
Kdzi, a Muham : Judge,
Kiblah, the sacred point in
Mecca, to which Muham :
turn when praying.
Kilah, a fort.
Kimat, price, -i, valuable,
Kana,at, contentment,
Kism, kind ; sort,
Kismat, fate ; destiny ; what
falls to your lot, or share,
Kissah, a story ; a tale.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
163
YasX, an instalment ; 'Quar- Kudrsit, omnipotence.
ier-day.^ -bandi, a settle- Kufl, a lock, (e.g., of a box.)
ment for periodical pay- Kuli, a labourer ; a * coolie.^
ments. Kurah, lots, -dalna, to cast
Kiyamat, the Resuvrection. lots.
YAyi% thought ; guess ; ^ idea. ^ Kuran, the religious book of
V. -k. the Muham :
Kiyasi, conjectural. Kusiir, a fault.
Kristan (E.), a Christian. K-dvfSit, power ; authority.
Kh.
Khabar (f.), news; -dar,
careful ; take care ? -dari,
care ; caution.
Khachchar, a mule.
Khafa, angry ; ' huffed.'
N. -gi.
Khafif, light ; trivial.
Khair, well. See page 56.
Note I. -iyat, welfare.
Khairat, deeds of charity.
Khak (f.), earth ; dust.
Khalal, interruption ; noise.
Khalas, release ; freedom^
free. V. -k. -bona.
Khalasi, a general out-door
servant^ who attends to
tents ^ 6r»r., a ^ Klashy.'
Khali, empty. Adv. only.
Khalifab, a fencing master;
a prince ; a ' caliph.'
Kh^mosh, silent. N. -i.
Khan {a title), Khan. Also,
Khan Bahadur. khan-
^imin {lord of your pro-
perty, i.e.), the butler.
Khanah, a room; a place
where work is done; or
things are kept, e.g., lohar-
khanah, a black-smith' s
shop, murghi-khanah, a
hen-house. Much used as
last word in compos.
Khandan, a family ; a house-
hold.
Khar, a thorn.
Kharab, bad. N. -i.
Kharash, scraping ; scratch-
ing ; a scratch. V. -na.
Kharbilzah, a melon.
Kharch, expenditure.
Kharif, (f.), autumn ; the
second harvest.
164
HINDIJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Khar id, purchasing-
farokht, buying and selling.
Kharij, excluded ; cut off.
-karna, to exclude^ &^c.
-bona, to be excluded^
&^c.
Kharitah, a purse; a bag ;
the covering of a letter sent
in ceremonious style; hence,
the letter itself,
Khar-khara, snoring. V. -na.
Khasam, a husband.
Khas-khas, a scented grass ^used
-wetted — 'for door-screens.
Khass, pure ; noble ; reserved
to one's self, -kamra, a pri-
vate sitting-room, -mahal,
land reserved by Govern-
ment, -o-am, the * classes
and the 7nasses.^
Khata, fault ; defect.
Khatam, the end. V. -karna,
(trans.) -hona, (inir.)
Khatir (f.), the heart ; the
soul, -jama^ peace of
mind, khatir-jama rakhna,
to preserve peace of mind;
to feel assured.
Khatt, a letter ; a note. Plur.,
Khutilt.
Khatiin (M.), a female title.
Khauf, J ear ; danger.
Khazanah, a treasure-house ;
treasure ; applied also to
water stored for irrigation.
khazanchi, a treasurer.
Khidmat, service, -gar, a ser-
vant^ especially a table-
servant.
Khilal, a tooth-pick.
Khilat, a dress of honor.
Khimah, a tent, -gah, en-
camping-ground.
Khiraj, tribute ; revenue.
-lagana, to tax.
Khiyal, ^ idea ; ' notion ; re-
collection ; thought. V.-k.
See page 110. Note 2.
Khiib, good ; excellent. Also
as inter;, -siirat, beautiful.
-siirati, beauty.
Khud, self; by^ or of him,
her, its, self ; or themselves,
-gharaz, self-seeking.
Khuda, God. khudawand,
lord; master. See page ^t
Note 2.
Khiin, blood ; murder.
Khurak (f.), food, -i, an
allowance of food ox money
Khurshid, the sun {hence
* Khurshidi Begam. ' See
i>age 122.)
1
n m
HINDl^'STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
165
Khusiis, affair ; business.- an,
especially ; particularly,
Khush, pleased ; satisfied.
Much used as first word
in compos, e.g. -awaz,
sweet-voiced, -am ad (f.),
fawning approach ; flat-
tery, -bu (f.), a sweet-
smell, -hal, in happy cir-
cumstances, dil, pleased
at heart, -go, pleasant of
speech. -n u m a, nea t ;
pretty ; pleasant, -taba.
jocularity, -zaban, honey-
tongued. N. khushi, plea-
sure ; satisfaction ; one's
zvill and pleasure.
Khushk, dry ; withered, -i,
drought; the dry land.
as Adv., by land (not by
water.)
Khwab' (f.), a dream; sleep
Khwah... khwah, either ...
or ; take it this way^ or
take it that ivay.
Khwahish, desire ; wish.
La, {prefix ^1 destitute of ; e.g.,
• la-jawab, without an an-
swer ; la-char, helpless.
-khiraj, rent-free, la-par-
wdh, ivithout care, la-waris,
without an heir^ &^c.
Lab, a lip, lab-a-lab, brimful.
Labadah, a cloak.
Lad (f.), a load. -lia, to load.
ladna, to be ladened,
Lagam (f.), a bridle.
Lagan a ; laga-dena, to apply
one thing to another; to
cause to touch ; to moor^ ct'c.
Lagna ; lag-jana, {intr.) to
touch; meet; fit. lagna,
means also to begin.
Lahsan, garlic, -iya, cafseye.
Lahzah, a second {of time.)
La,ik, suitable ; fit ; capable.
Laimiin, a lemon ; more
commonly called * lemu.^
Lajana, to be ashamed ; to
blush ; to put to shame.
Lajja, shame ; 7nodesty.
Lakh, 100,000. (In India,
printed * T,co,ooo.') Also,
sealing-wax.
^ When a * w ' follows a consonant it is to be very faintly sounded.
The letter has been omitted in some words, where it has practically
ceased to affect the pronunciation.
1 66
HINDl5sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Lakri, wood; firewood; a
walking stick ; any kind of
{playing) bat or stick.
Lakshah, lac.
Lai, red. -kaghaz, blotting-
paper.
Lalach (f.), avarice. Adj.
lalchi.
Lamba, long ; tall.
Lana, or le-ana, to bring.
Langa, naked.
Langar, an anchor.
Langra, lame^ N. langra,i.
Lapakna, to flash ; rush ;
pounce up.
Lapetna, to roll-up.
Larzah, trembling ; the ague.
V. larazna.
Lara,i, quarrel ; battle. V.
-karna ; larna.
Larka, a boy. larki, a girl.
Larakpan, childhood.
Lashkar (f.), an army.
Lat, a kick. V. -marna.
Latif, fine; subtle, laiifah,
a witticis?n ; a joke.
Lathi, a cudgel ; a heavy stick.
lathial, a club-man.
Latkana ; latka-dena, to hang-
up ; to suspend.
Lau, a flame.
Lazim, proper ; fitting.
Lazza, a bright flame.
Le,i, paste ; batter.
Le-jana, to take aivay.
Lekha, a writing, -bahi, a
writing-book; an account-
book.
Lekin, but ; stilU
Lemu, a lemon.
Lena ; le-lena, to take ; accept.
'L^y^^ plaster, (for walls, &c.)
Letna, to lie down ; to rest.
Lichi, or lichu {a frmt\
leechee.
Lifafah, an envelope.
L'illah (Arabic), fi)r the sake
of God.
Likhna ; likh-dena, to write.
likhana ; likha-dena, to
cause to be written, likh-
wana ; likwa-dena, to cause
to be written by a third per-
son, likh-lena, to take
down in writing.
Lipna, to plaster, lipna, to be
plastered, lipt, plastered.
Liyakat, ability.
Liye (ke.),/?r the sake of.
Log, people.
Loha, iron, lobar, a black-
smith, -band, iron-bound.
Lohu, blood.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
167
Lomri, a fox. Lughat, a dictionary.
Lota, a native brass-pot ; a Lutf, courtesy,
' lota' Liit, robbery ; * loot,' -na ;
Lotna, to wallow, liit-lena, to rob. lutna, to
Lilban, incense. ' be robbed.
M.
Ma, a mother.
Maaldm, evident; k7iown.
Maani, meaning ; drift.
Maamill, the custom ; what is
customary.-i, in accordance
with routine.
Maazdl, deposed ; discharged
from office ; dismissed.
Ma-bada, (Persian.) may it
not be ! God forbid,
Mi-bAp, parents ; a benefactor,
Mablagh, a su?n of money,
Machan, a raised platform.
Machchhar, a musquito,
Machhli, fish.
Mad ad (f.), help.-^gir, help-
ing ; a help-mate. V.-d.
Madah, female ; a female.
Maddah, any 7n alter ; affair,
Madh, honey,
Madiyan, a mare.
Madrasah, a Muham ; college,
Magar, but. Also, a croco-
dile,
Magas(f.), a fly.
M.2igX2i, cross ; ^grumpy,'
Maghrib, the West.
Maghrilr, proud. N.-i.
Maghz, the brain ; pride ; a
kernal.
Mdh, the moon ; a month.
Maha, (in compos.) great.
Hence, Maharaja ; Maha-
rani (titles.) maha-na<idi,
the great river, maha-jan,
{the great person^ a money-
lender ; a banker ; a mer-
chant. -\2i\\\^ the business of
a * mahdjan.'
Mahabat, awe ; majesty,
Mahant, a Hindu priest,
Mahawat {vulg. mahout), an
elephant-driver.
Mahi, a fish.
Mahinah, a month,
Mahnga, high-priced.
Mahton, a village headman,
Mahabbat, love ; friendship.
Mahall, a section of a house »*
a storey.
1 68 HINDlJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Mahall, (plur. of niahall and
of mahallah) streets ; sec-
tions of towns ^ Q^c; land, or
other sources of revenue re-
served to Government, a
' mehal.' See ' Khass.'
Mahallah, a ward of a town.
Mahbiib, a loved one. -Adj.
-ah. -i, amiability ; sweet-
ness.
Mahbiis, imprisoned.
Mahsiil, a tax ; duty ; postage.
Mahz, pure. Adv. merely,
Ma,i, (Arabic prep.), along
with.
Msiidaj ^our.
Maidan, a plain ; a ' maidan.^
Maila, dirty.
Main, /.
Maina, (bird.) a * maina.^
Majara, the circumstances
which occurred.
Majbiir, forced ; constrained.
N.-i.
Majlis (f.), an assembly ; con-
ference,
Majma, an assembly,-\^\\ki
kaniin, an unlawful assem-
bly.
Makdn, a dwelling ; a place ;
a house.
Makkhan, butter.
Makkhi, a fly.
Makra, a spider.
Makam, a dwellitig-place ;
resting-place ; lodging; halt-
ing-ground.
Makdiir, within the limits of
possibility ; power, -bhar,
to the full extent of possi-
bility.
Mai, goods ; property ; mer-
chandize. m2X-o-vc\2X2i, goods
and effects, mal-guzar, a
rent-payer ; a tenant, mal-
guzari, the paying of rent ;
rent, malik, a master ;
owner ; lord, nialik-ana, a
payment made to an owner
out of possession, mal-
khanah, a store-house.
maliyat, wealth.
Maldji, cream.
Malak, an Angel.
Mali, a gardener.
Malik, a King ; a Chief -2^,
a Queen.
Malish, rubbing. V.-k.
Mal-mal, muslin.
Main a, to rub ; to chafe.
Mamu, a maternal uncle.
Man, the mind ; intention.
Man, a * maund.^ = about
80 lbs.
hindtSstAni as it ought to be spoken.
169
Manadi, a proclamation,
Manda, tired. N. mandagi.
Mangal, Tuesday,
Mangna ; mang-lena, to ask
for ; want, mangwana ;
mangwa-dena, to procure.
mang-lena, to borrow.
Mani, a hindrance ; obstacle.
Manind (f.), resemblance. As
prep, (with 'ki '), like ; as.
Manjan, tooth-powder^ or
paste.
Manna, to obey ; respect ;
allow ; confide in ; believe ;
hold as ; attend to.
Manzil (f.), a stage of a jour-
ney.
Manziir, approved ; permitted.
Map, the measure of a thing.
-na, to measure.
Mar, beating, mara-inari, i^iu-
tual assault, mar-pit, an
assault. V. marna, {which
?neans also to kill), mar-d.,
to beat, mar-dalna, to kill.
Marammat, repairing ; re-
pairs. V. -k.
Mare (ke.), by reason of.
Mard, a man ; a husband.
--anah, brave. -nagi,
bravery ; manliness.
Marifat (ki.), by the agency of.
Marhiim, one who has found
the mercy of death ; the
deceased ; * the late?
Marna \ mar-jana, to die.
Martabah, step ^ degree; rank.
Martol, or martaul, a ham-
mer,
Marzi, wish; will; ^plea-
sure.
Masahri, musquito-curtains,
Masalah, spices ; solder.
Masiha, The Messiah.
Masjid (f.), a mosque.
Maskharah, a jester,
Masalan, for example.
Masnad (f.), the throne.
Mast, lustful ; drunk, N. -i.
Mastisa, a half-caste.
Mastiil, a mast.
Mashal, a torch, -chi, a torch-
bearer ; a scullion,
Mashghiil, busy ; occupied.
Mashhilr, celebrated ; well-
known,
Mashk (f.), (vulg, mashak),
the leather bag used by the
* bihishti^ ' for carrying
water.
Mashrik, the East,
Mat, not^ (with the imper.
mood.)
Matlab, intention; meaning
1 70
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Matrdkah, property ; especi-
ally as left by a deceased
person,
Matwala, a drunkard.
Math, a Hindu temple.
Matar, peas,
Mauj (f.), a wave.
Maujiid, present ; at hand.
Maukiif, postponed ; put off ;
stopped, (as an allowance.)
Maulavi, a Muham : learned
man ; a * Moulvi.^
Mausam, (^rmausim,*? season
of the year ; weather,
Mausiif, afore-said.
Maut (f.), death.
Mauza, a parish ; the village
and the village lands.
Mazah, taste ; flavour.
Mdizh'Cit^ firm ; solid. N.-i.
Mazdiir, a daily labourer, -i,
his daily pay ; the work of
a labourer.
Mazhab, religion,
Mazkilr, afore-said,
Mazmilm, sense ; meaning;
the contents of a book.
Mekh (f.), a peg, (e. g., for a
tent ;) a nail.
Mela, a fair ; a ' r7iela, '
Men, in ; into.
Mez (f.), a table.
Ml, ad, the period allowed jar
doing anything, -i, limited
to a specified time.
Midah, the stomach.
MS}s\\w,fine in texture; subtle.
Mihman, a guest, -dar, a
host, -dari, hospitality.
Mihrban, kind ; condescend-
i7ig. N. -i.
Mihnat, labour, -i, laborious.
-anah, ivages.
Mihtar, or mehtar, a sweeper.
If female., mihtrani.
Milki, a landowner ; often
used for milkiyat, landed
property held in one's own
right.
Milna, as 3rd personal verb,.
See page 50 ; as fully per-
sonal verb, to be mixed up,.
or associated with, milana ;
mila-dena, {trans.) to mix;
adjust ; fit ; match a pat-
tern, and the like, mili-
juli, on the best of terms.
Minar, a minaret.
Mir, a Muhafn. title.
Mirch, or mircha, pepper.
Mirgi, epilepsy.
Mirza, a Muham. title.
Miskin, poor ; humble,
Misl (f.), a file of papers.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
171
Misr, Egypt, misri, Egyptian,
hence applied to crystallis-
ed sugar^ as coming from
Egypt.
Mi star J a guide for writing
straight by ; a ruler.
Mistiri, or mistri, (supposed
by some to be the English
' mister'') a head workman ;
a worhna?!.
Mitha, sweet, -pani, lemon-
ade. mitha,i, sweet-meats.
Mitt ha, a kiss ;^ sweet.
Mitti, earth.
Miyan, a ivord of respectful
or friendly address, or
refereitce to one.
Mizaj, temperament ; health.
Mizan (f.), a balance ; scales.
Mlecha, afi unclean person,
i.e., a?iy one not a Hindu.
Mochi, a cobbler ; a currier.
Modi, a grain- shop-keeper ; a
grocer.
Mohr, or mor, a peacock.
Vi(j\ purchasing. V, -lena.
Mom, wax. -batti, a ze/^jc-
candle.-YSLU^B.nj polishing-
paste ; varnish ; grease,
-i, waxen.
Morha, a footstool,
Moti (m.), a pearl.
Mota,ya// coarse. N. -i.
Moze, boots ; used also for
stockings ; socks.
M\i,ii, forgiven. V. -k. N. -i.
Mu,afik (ke.), conformably to.
Mu,aiyan, fixed ; stationed.
Mu,amalah, any affair ; busi-
ness,
Mu,azzaz. honoured; esteemed.
Mubarak, happy ; fortunate.
-bad (Persian, * may it be
fortunate^) congratulations ;
compliments; ^blessing.''
-badi, the act of congratu-
lating, d^c.
Mublagh, or mablagh, a sum
of money.
Mdchh (f.), fnustachios.
Mudda,a-alaih, {plur. mud-
da,a-alaihim), a defendant
in a suit.
Mudakhalat, entry on land,
&^c,
Mudda,i, a plaintiff in a suit.
Muddat, time ; space.
Mufassil, in detail ; the coun-
ties in contrast with the
metropolis.
* Ayahs use the corrupted English, *Kissi.'
172 HINDlJSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Mufi'is, Jfoor ; wretched, N. -i.
Muft, gratis.
Mufti, a Muham : law-officer,
Mughal, a ' Mogul'
Muhr (f.), a seal ; an obsolete
gold coin,
Muhri, a drain.
Muhafiz, a defender ; a re-
cord-keeper,
Muh2insim, forbidden ; sacred.
The first month of the
Muham : year, * The
muharram 'festival.
Mukabalah, the comparing of
e. g., draft with fair copy ;
attack; onset ^ V. -k.
Mukarrar, fixed ; enduring.
-i, a fixed land tenure,
-idar, the holder of such,
Mukhalif, disagreeing ; con-
flicting ; an opponent,
-at, variance ; discrepancy ;
plur. mu khalifat.
Mukhtar, exalted ; an attor-
ney.
Mulahazah, viewing ; inspec-
tion, V. -k.
Mala,i, cream,
Mula,im, soft ; tender.
Mulakat, a visit. V. -k.
Mulazim, a servant.
Miili, radish.
Mulk (Anglo-Hind., moo-
look), a country,
Mulla, a Muham : laivyer or
doctor,
Multavi, put off ; adjourned.
M u m ki n, possible.
Munasib, suitable; right;
proper,
Munh, the mouth ; the face.
Munib, a patron ; a master.
Munshi, a Muham : teacher
of languages ; a writer ;
a head-clerk,
Murabba, pickled ; pre-
served ; jam.
Murabbi, a teacher ; director ;
guardian,
Murad (f.), wish ; intention.
Murattab, arranged ; put in
order ; prepared,
Murdah, dead ; a corpse.
Murdar, polluted ; carrion.
Murgh, a cock, murghi, a
hen, murgh-abi, water-
fowl, miirghi-khanahj a
hen-house,
Musafir, a traveller,
Musawwir, a painter ; a sculp-
tor,
Musalman ; muslim, a Mu-
salman, fern. -i.
Musibat, adversity.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
173
Miisiki, 7nusic.
Mushkil, difficult, -at, diffi-
culty ; difficulties.
Musht, the fist.
Mushwarah, consultation,
Muta^aiy an, posted /fixed.
Muta,ammil, meditative.
Muta.assib, biootted.
Mutawalli, a guardian of a
mosque, d^c.
Mutlak, or matlak, 'at all,'
e.g., mutlak nabin, not at
all.
Mutthi, the fist ; a handful.
Muyassar, available ; ready
to hand.
Mutahik (ke, ), according Muza,ikah, importance, e.g.,
to. 'kuchh muza,ikah nahin,
Mutafarrik, miscellaneous. ifs of no consequence.
Mutarjim, a translator. . Milzi, importunate ; trouble-
Mutasaddi, an accountant. some ; vexatious.
N.
Na, no ; not. Much used as
prefix, -dani. want of wis-
dom, -durust, not right ;
out of order ; i?icorrect.
-ihsaninandi, ingratitude.
-kis, worthless, -kis-ul-akl,
of no mental calibre. -\^<iXi-
(blood.) the nail of man or
animals. -maalilm, un-
known, -pasand, disagree-
able ; not approved, -rast,
unjust ; unrighteous, takat,
without strength, -wakif,
uninformed, -yih, -wuh,
neither this nor that.
Nabz (f.), the pulse, -dekhna,
to feel the pulse.
Nach (/), a native dance. V.
-na, or -k.
Nadamat, repentance.
Naddi, a river.
Nafa, profit.
Nafs, the soul ; the spirit.
Nag, a snake.
Nagah, suddenly.
Nagar (as last part of word
e.g., Ahmad -nagar), a city ;
a town.
Nahana (intr.), to bathe.
Nahr (f.), a canal.
Nahi, no I not so I you^re
not to do that,
Nahin, not. -to, if not then ;
otherwise.
174
HINI^USTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Na,ib, a deputy ; an agent;
a subordinate^ e.g., -gum-
ashtah, an under steward.
-patwari, a subordinate
^patwdrP (i.e., collector of
rents.)
Najib, noble.
Nak (f.), the no^e.
Nakl (f.), a story ; a copy.
-navis, a copyist.
Nakshah, a drawing; a
model ; a design ; a map ;
a plan ; a chart.
Nal, a horse-shoe, -bandi,
shoeing a horse. V. -ban-
di-k. -kholna, to take off
the shoes,
Nala, a ditch ; a * nullah.''
Nalan, wailing.
Nalish, a compfaint {of
wrong.)
Nam,« name ; fame ; charac-
ter, -burdah; the above-
named. — war, famous.
Namah (as last part of word),
a writings e.g., hibah-
namah, a deed of gift.
Namak {vulg. nimak,) salt.
-dan, a salt-cellar, -ka
chammach, a salt-sroon.
Nan az (f.), prayer. V^
-pari^na.
Namdah, a coarse 7voollen
covering ; a pad, used as
under saddle-cloth, &^c.
Namiinah, a pattern; a
sample.
Nana, a mother* s father.
Na,o (f.), a boat ; a ship.
Nap (f.), same as Map. q.v.
Nap it, a barber.
Nar, a male ; male.
Narikel, ^rnariyal,^ cocoanut.
Narangi, an orange.
Narni, 5^// (lit. and fig.). N.-i.
Nas (f.), a vein ; a sinew.
^2i?>\h,goodfortune ; lot in life.
Nasihat, advice ; good counsel.
V. -k. and -d.
Nasr, an eagle.
Nashah, intoxication.
Nashpati, a pear.
Nashtah breakfast.
Nashtar (f.), a lancet.
Natthi, an official string or
file of papers.
Ndti, a daughter's son.
Natijah, the necessary result
(e.g., of an argument) ; up-
shot ; end of the matter.
Nau, younf[ ; new ; fresh.
-jawan, a youth, -jawani,
youth, -roz, Neiv Year's
Day.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
175
Naubat, time ; tur?i.
Naukar, a servant, -log, the
servants, -i, service.
Nawah, district ; neighbour-
hood.
Nawwab, or Niiwab, (pi. of
Na,ib.) {Anglice, * Nabob/)
a viceroy ; a governor ; a
Nawdb,
Naya, new.
Nazamat, the criminal de-
partment of Government.
-adalat, the criminal court
of a judge.
Nazar (f.), a look, -k, to take
a look ; cast an eye upon.
Nazim, a governor.
Nazir, a superintendent ; (es-
pecially) a sheriff or head
bailiff, nazarat, the depart-
ment superintended by such.
Nazdik (Adj.) near; neigh-
bouring. Also as prep,
with (ke.) -i, neighbour-
hood.
Nazr, an offering from an
inferior to a s74perior ; a
* nuzzur.^
Ne. See page 5. Also page 19,
section 25.
Nek, good ; of good repute.
N. -rxi-m y and -x\im\.
Nibedan, prayer, e.g., for
redress.
Nicha (adj.). low; under.
-k., to lower, niche (ke),
below.
Nigah (f.), look; regard.
-rakhna, to watch one.
-bani, custody ; charge.
Niimatj/f^y/ delight.
Niha,y3.t, the extremity. Adv.
extremely.
Nikalna ; nikal-jana, to go
out ; get out.
Nikalna; nikal-d., to put
out ; turn out, (e.g.. from
one's presence), nikal-lena,
to extract.
Nikah, marriage. V. -k.
Nil; nila, blue; tndigo. nil-
ga,o, {blue cow) (an ani-
mal), a ' neel-gai^ nil-kothi,
an indigo-factory, nil-kothi
k a sahi b, an Indigo Planter.
Nilam, an auction -k., to
sell by auction.
Nim, half ; Also, a kind of
tree; a ^ Ne em-tree.^ -roz,
midday.
Nind, sleep. V. -lena. A. -i.
Nir, a prefix, ///^^ ^ un'in
English.
Nirauni, weeding. V. -k.
176
HINDl5sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Nirkh {vulg. nirrik), the
market-rate.
Nisar, largesse ; donation ;
sacrifice of one* s self. V. -k.
Nisbat, the relation of one
thing to another^ is ki nis-
bat, in compariso7i with this.
Nisf, the half ; half (n. a.)
Nishan ; nishanah, a mark ;
a signal.
Niwar, cotton-belting ; obstruc-
tion,
Niyat, intention ; aim.
Ylizdim^ good arrangement ; a
governor ; * The Nizam,'
(e.g., of Haidarabad.)
Nok (f.), a beak ; an end;
a point.
Nona, or niina (adj.), salt,
-pani, salt-water.
Nujiim, astrology, -i, the
art of ditto. Also, an
astrologer,
Nuksan, loss ; injury, -pahun-
chann, to cause ditto.
Numa,ish, appearance ; show ;
from.
Niir, light ; brightness. Hence
' Koh-i-nilr,' The Mountain
of Light.
Nuskhah, a recipe ; a medical
prescription.
O.
O (Persian), and.
Ojha, a wizard ; a magician.
Ola-pira, cholera.
Olti, eaves.
Orhna, to put o?t clothes ; to
cover one^s self up. as N. <?
covering-cloth,^. g. , a blanket.
Os, dew.
Osarah, a verandah.
Ot, shade ; protection, -k., to
protect; conceal, -bona,
to lie concealed.
P.
Pa% a leg ; a foot, -e-jamah, foot-stool, -posh, a slipper,
sleeping drawers, -e-kha- pai-dal, on foot.
nah, a privy, -o-dan, a Pachchham, the West.
^ Takes many forms, as pa,e, pa,i, panw, pa,o ; paya, PI. pa,on.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
'77
Padshah, a kbig. -i, sove-
reignty ; a kingdom.
Padri,^ minister; a priest.
Pag, a foot, -dandi, a foot-
path -dandi-lena, to track,
Pagal, a fool ; a lunatic, 'a
po^gle.'' -khanah, a lunatic
asylum.
Pagri, a turban. See page 95.
Pahalwan, a wrestler; a
swash-buckler.
Pahar. See page 67. Sect. 3.
Paiiar, a mountain.
Pahchanna. to recognize; to
know one.
Pahinna, to put on clothes.
Pahiya (m.), a ivheeL
Pahunchna, to arrive, pahun-
chana ; pahuncha-d., to
escort ; cause to arrive.
Pai, a '//V,' i\ of an ^dnah.^
Paida, born, -hona, to be
born, -ish, birth, -war,
produce ; ^ yield. ^
Paigham, a inessage ; evangel.
-ghambar, a messenger ;
an apostle ; especially Mu-
hammad.
PaiWa, or pahle, first ; the
first ; in J he first place.
Paik, a runner ; a messenger.
Paiinan, a promise.
Pai ma, ish, measurement of
land. V. -k.
Pairna, to swim, pairak, a
swimmer.
Paisa, a coin, = 3 \pdi'
paise, money ; ^change. ^
Paithna, to enter.
Paji, contemptible ; mean.
Pak ; pakizah, clean ; pure.
N. -i ; -izagi.
Pakarna, to seize ; to catch.
pakar-le-jdna, to seize and
carry off.
Pakka, also, pukhtah, ripe ;
cooked ; thorough ; done in
the best manner ; e.g , pak-
ka lasta, a metalled road.
The converse word is
' kachcha.' The ^pucca^ and
'catcha" of Anglo- Hind.
Pakana {trans. \ to cook.
pakna {intr.), to cook ; to
groiv ripe, pakwana, to
cause to be cooked.
Pakhdl, a large bag for
water carried in pairs on
bullocks.
Palak(f.), the eye-lid.
^ Not Hindustani.
T., H.
■78
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Palang, a bed.
Pal as, the cotton-tree. Hence
' Plassey.'
Palki, a palanquin ; a ^palki^^
-waia, a palki-carrier.
Pain a, to rear ;. bring-up ;
cherish, palna, to be rear-
ed, &^c. palak, o?ie who
rears, brings up, S-'c.
Paltan (f.), a regiment.
Pan, betel {chewed by natives.)
Pan a, to get ; obtain.
Panah (f.), shelter; protec-
tion. Used as form of ad-
dress, e.g., jahan-panah !
Protector of the Universe!
Panch, five, panchayat, a
village-council <?/" (nominal-
ly) five members, panch, a
member of the village-council,
VsLudrah, fifteen.
Pandit, a learned Hindu.
Pani (m.), ivater ; rain. ~h.,
to rain.
Panir (f.), cheese.
Panj, (Persian,) five, -ab,
{the 5 waters) The ^ Pun-
jaub.' -ah, a claw.
Panjar, the side {of the body).
Panjari, a rib,
Pankha, a fan ; a ^punkha.'
-wala, a punkha-puller.
Panna, an emerald.
Panseri, a measure, or weight
of 5 * sers.'
Pa,o, a quarter : one-fourth.
Pap, sin.
Par, on ; upon, at. As parti-
cle, still ; for all that. As
N. a feather.
Par (ke.), over ; across. V.-k ,
to cross.-\\ov\'3i, to be across,
(e. g., a river.) As N. a
shore ; a bank.
Parb, a religious holiday.
Parchah, a fragment ; a scrap.
Pardah, a curtain ; curtains.
-nishin, remaining behind
the curtain ; (applied to
ladies who do not go out.)
Pardeshi, foreign.
Pareshan, distressed ; vexed ;
worried. N. -i.
l^arganah, a local division ;■
a ^purgunnah.'
Parhez, (f ), abstinence ;
moderation
Pari-roz, (Persian,) next-day.
Paros, neighbourhood. ~i, a
neighbour.
Parson, the day after to-
morrow ; the day before
yesterday. See page 69.
Parwah, matter ; consequence.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
179
Parwanah, a written order
from one in authority.
Parwar, a patron^ as in
* gharib-parwar !' Patron
of the Poor !
Parwasti, cherishing ; supply-
ing means of livelihood. V.-k.
Para, a quarter of a town ;
a beat, -wala, a watchman
of ditto.
Parhana, to teach.
Parhna, to read ; to learn.
Parna, to fall : be down. (e.g.
with sickness.) para, down ;
fallen.
Parti, land * resting ' / waste-
land.
Pas, then ; therefore ; conse-
quently ; SO.
Pas (ke.), beside, near, or
by one. -ana, or jana, to
go near, or up to.
Visbin, a patrol, -i, patrolling,
Pase, dice.
Pasinah, perspiration.
Pash-pash, smashed ; in mor-
sels, -ho-jana, to be
smashed ; to go to pieces.
Pasheman, repentant.
Pashm (f.), wool.
Pata, signs ; indications ;
traces ; a persorHs address.
Patthar, a stone ; hail, -ka
kojila, coals.
Patla, thin ; meagre.
Pattar, a leaf.
Pat, a ^breadth' of cloth;
a flap ; a board. Also,
tow.
Patakna ; patak-d., to dash
against ; to throw to the
ground.
Patana, to irrigate.
Patna, a district, and also a
city in Lower Bengal;
' Patna:
Patpat, the sound of beating ;
beating,
Patta, a deed of lease.
Patti, a plaster ; a bandage.
Also, a demarcated section
of land.
Patwari, a village rent-collector.
Patel, beating ; a village mag-
nate so called.
Paune. See pages 64 and 67. ,
Pauti, a small basket,
Pech, a twist ; a turn, -dar,
twisted, -kash, a screw-
driver, -tab, restlessness;
* the fidgets: -ish, contor-
tion ; stomach-ache, V. -na.
Peru, a turkey.
Per, a tree.
I So
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Pesh, in front ; facing, -ab,
urine, -ah, one^s trade ;
business, -ani, the fore-
head, -gi, an advance of
money, -kar, a clerk who
lays business before his supe-
rior, -tar, formerly ; at an
earlier time V.-k , to bring
forward any matter for at-
tention ; to place before one.
Peshwa, a Mahratta Minis-
ter ; ' The Peishwa ; ' a
guide.
Pet, the belly, -i, a waist-
band, also, a trunk ; a box,
Phailana {trans.) phailna,
{intr,) to spread abroad,
(as news, 6rc.)
Phal, fruit, (lit. and fig.)
-dar, fruitful,
Phank (f.), a slice ; a ' cut:
Phansi, a loop ; noose, -d., to
execute b\ hanging.
PhaphsH, blvivn-out ; s7vollen.
Phaphola, a blister ; dil ka-,
soreness of mind,
Pharsa, an axe.
Pharna ; phar-d , (trans.)
to Tear, phara hii,a, torn,
Phatak, an outer-gate.
Phatna, phat-jana, (intr.) ta
tear ; to burst ; to break.
Phenkna; phenk-d., to throw;
to throw doivn.
Phephre, the lungs,
Pher, or phir, back ; again.
-ana, to come back, -jana,
to go back, ^htx'x-V., to ex-
ercise horses. [about,
Phirta-phirta, wandering
Phir. See ' Pher.'
Phiil, a flower ; flowers, -a,
sivollcn. -dan, a flower-
vase, -jana, to swell, -kobi,
a cauliflower, -na, to blos-
som ; flower ; be in robust
health, phul-wari ; phiil-
bagh ; phill-baghan, (L.B.)
a flower-garden, phul-jhari,
a kind of fire-work, phul-
kari, an ornamental cloth
studded with bright metal.
Phiink, blowing with the
mouth. V. -na. \deceive,
Phuslana, to wheedle ; coax ;
Phiitna, to be broken, phiita,
broken, phiita pani, boiling
water,
Pichhe, behind, also, prep,
(ke). pichhari, the hinder
parts ; ropes for fastening
horses by the hind hgs.
pichhla, the hindermost ;
the last.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKkN.
l8l
Pichkari, a squirt ; a syringe,
Pidar, (Persian,) a father.
Pik (f. ), saliva caused by chew-
ing betel-nut. -dan, a spit-
toon.
Pil, an elephatit. -ban, his
driver, -khanah, his stable.
Pilana, {trans.) to give water.
Pila,o, {a kind of food.) *pil-
law/
Pilla, a pup.
Pillu, a worm.
Pina, {trans, and intr.) to
drink. Also, {trans.) to
smoke.
Pindli, the calf of the leg.
Pinjra, a cage ; a trap.
Pipa, a cask ; a barrel ; a
'pipe:
Pipal, a ' peepaV tree.
Pir (M.), an old man ; a reli-
gious man ; a saint, -ka
roz, Mo?iday.
Pirich, a saucer.
Pirozah, turquoise.
Piru. See ' Peru.'
Pisar, (Persian,) a son ; a boy,
Pisna, to grind, pisna, to be
ground.
Pistah, pistachio-nut.
Pissu, a flea.
Pit, ^A- pith, bile.
Pital, brass.
Pitara, a travelling-box. (of
special make.)
Pitna, to beat ; to assault.
pitna, to be beaten, o^c.
Piyadali, a messenger.
Piyalah, a cup.
Pyar (f.), ajfection. -a, dear ;
loved, -k., to caress ; fondle.
Piyaz, a?i onion.
Poddar, a money-changer.
Ponchhna; ponchh-d., to
dust ; to clean,
Po-t, rind : skin. Also, the
poppy-plant, -i, one who
uses opium.
Poshak (f.), clothing.
Pota, a son^s son. poti, a
son's daughter
Pran, life ; soul ; sweetheart.
Prasansa, praise.
Prem (f.), love, -sagar, ''The
Ocean of Love, ^' {a book so
called.)
Prit, love ; friendship.
Prithi, the earth, -nath. Lord
of the Universe.
Piichhna, to ask a question.
Pudinah, mint,
Puja (H.), worship, -ri, a
priest, V. -k.
1 82 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
Pukarna, {intr.) to shout,
{trans.) to call one by shout-
ing,
Pukhtah. See ' Pakka.'
Pul, a bridge, -bandi, a con-
tribution for making or
maintaining bridges.
Pula,o. See ' Pila,o.'
Puanda, a parcel ; a bundle.
Piinji, capital used in trade.
Pdr, a town ; a city, only
as termination, e. g.^ Nag-
pUr.
Pilra, complete ; full, -k., to
do in a complete manner ;
fulfil ; finish.
Pdrab, the East.
Piiran ; puranah, certain
quasi-religious books of the
Hindiis.
Purana, old ; ancient.
Purush, a human being.
Pusht, a generation ; a?tcestry
-ba-, from generation to
generation.
Putli, a doll ; an image.
R.
Rabi, the Sun. -bar, Sunday.
Rabi, the spring-crop.
Radd, rejection ; refutation ;
vomitiftg. -badal, argu-
nienta tion ; w ra ngling.
-i-jawab, a rejoinder to an
answer, -namah, a deed of
abandonment. V. -k.
Rafa, repairing ; ?naking up
a dispute. V. -k. rafa-na-
mah, a deed settling a dis-
pute.
Raftah-raftah, gradually^
(from Persian ' raftan,' to
go.)
Rag (f.), a vein ; a sinew.
Raged (f.), pursuit. V. -na.
Rah, or rah (/), a road.
rahzan, a highivay robber.
rah-zani, highway robbery.
Raha,i, orx\\\k^\ release. V.-k.
Rahat, repose ; peace.
Rahn, or rihn, a pledge ; a
pawn.
Rahna, to dwell ; to re?nain.
rahne-d., to leave; lei alone.
rah-jana, to remai?i waiting.
Rahm ; rahmat, pity ; mercy.
A. rahman.
Ra,i, opinion; advice. Also,
mustard.
Ra,is, a chief ; a nobleman.
Ra,iyat, (plur. ri,aya.) 2 pea-
sant ; a ^ ryot -^ a subject.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
183
Raj (H.), nile ; a kingdom.
--a, a ' Rdja. ' - bans, a
goose.
Raj, or raj-mistri, a mason.
Rikab (f.), a stirrup, --diwal,
stirrup-leathers.
Rakhna ; to put; to place;
keep beside one, ra k h-d . , to
put a thing doivn.
Rakshas, an Evil Spirit.
Ram ; Ram- Ram (H.), God.
Ramazan, the Muhani: ^Lent.^
Ramnah, an open plain ; a
park.
Rana (H.), a prince ; rani, a
queen ; a ' Ranee. '
Randi, a wench ; a woman.^
Rang (f.), colour ; paint, -i,
chintz, -rez, a dyer, -saz,
a house-painter, -d., to
dye ; to paint, -in, dyed ;
coloured.
Ranj ; ranjish, grief ; bitter-
ness of spirit. A. ranjidah.
Ras (f.), driving-reins.
Ras, juice.
Rasad, provinder.
Rasm(f.), laiv ; custojn. rasmi,
according to ditto.
Rassi, a rope.
Rast, Just ; true ; sincere.
N. -i.
Rasta, a road.
R a s li, i , cooking ; cooked food,
Rashid, ivise.
Rat, night.
Ratan (f.), a jewel.
Rath, a chariot ; a religious
processional car.
Ratti, a weight by which
jewels are iveighed.
Ratib, food-allowa7ice. {for
an animal.)
Raughan, polish : oil; har-
ness-paste.
Rawadar, one ivho gives his
consent to anything.
^2c^2iVi.^ flowing. Also, soul ;
life.
Rawanah, a pass ; a permit ;
despatch of goods, -k., to
despatch,
Raz, a secret,
Raza (f. ), razamandi, consent.
Raza, i, a bed-cover ; a quilt.
Razi, satisfied ; 'agreeable.^
--k., to satisfy ; appease.
-i-namah, a deed express-
ing satisfaction of a
claim.
^ Not a respectful word.
i84
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGH I' TO BE SPOKEN.
Reg (f.), sand,
Rengna ; reng-reng. --k., io
creep.
Renkna, to bray.
Resham, silk, reshmi, of silk.
Ret (f.), sand, -i, a file. V.--na.
Rezah, a scrap ; a crumb.
Rijdya. See ^ Ra,iyat. '
Ri'chh, a bear.
Ris (f.), anqer. - k., to enrage.
Rish (f.), a beard.
Rishi (H.), a sage.
Rishtah, relationship ; a
thread on which papers.,
drc,^ are strung.
Rishwat, a bribe, -d., to give
a bribe, -khana, <?rlena, to
take a bribe.
Rit ; riti, the custom.
Rog, sickness : disease.
Rohu, a fish so called.
Rokar (f.), prompt payment.
-bahi, a cash-account book,
Rokna {trans.), to stop ;
check ; hem-in.
Rona, to weep.
Rora, small stones ; gravel.
Roshan, or raushan, clear ;
bright. N. roshndji, which
means also, blacking ; ink.
Roti, bread.
Roz, a day. -ba-, day by day,
-ana, daily, -gar, daily
earnings; service; means
of livelihood; daily pay
-inah, daily pay. -nam-
chah, a diary. ~i,maidan,
the day of battle.
Rozah, a fast. V. -rakhna.
Ru, the face, -ba-kar, or
-ba-kari, a writing by
ivhich a juattfr is laid be-
fore one ; a ' roobacarry.'
-h'di--, face to face, -e-dad
(f.), a wtttten stateme7it of
facts, -mal," ci handker-
chief. -j)0sh,2 hidden.
-posh bona, to be concealed ;
io hide one^s self.
Riih, the soul ; the spirit.
Ril,i, cotton.
Ruju, a turning or appealing
to one ; making a matter
over to one. V. -k.
Rukh, I he cheek.
Rukhsat, permission to go;
leave ; discharge, -d., to
grant permission to go.
-bona, to be allowed to go ;
to depart, -lena, to take
one's leave, or discharge ;
to depart. [p^ge 7^.
Rilpa, silver, rilpiya. See
* See' Malna.'
' From the Persian ' poshidan, '
/o cover ; clothe ; hide.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
185
R.
No word begins with this letter.
S.
Note. — There are three *S's' in Hindustani; but their
sounds are so much ahke that they liave not been distin-
guished in this book.
Sa, (adj.) (after a noun) like^
e L'., baiidar-sa, monkey-
like, (after an adj.) ^-ish/
' pretty ; ' * rather. ' e.g.,
ek bara-sa ghar, a pretty
large house.
Sab ; all ; the whole ; often
used to give a pltiral sense
to words which have no
plural Nom. -ke-, an em-
phatic form (9/"*sab.' -ko,i,
every one. -kuchh, every-
thing. Obhque PI. sabhon.
Sabah, cause ; reason.
Sabere, in the morning.
Sabik, relating to past time.
Sabit, fir?n ; established.
-kar-d., to establish^ or
make good a point, -bona,
to be established, &^c.
Sabr, patience, -k,, to have
patience ; to wait a little.
A. sabir.
Sabiin, ^/-sabiin, .y<?^/. -dan,
a soap-dish.
S u b II t , firmness ; stabilify ' ;
establishment by evidence.
Sabz, (Adj.) gretii. -i, ver-
dure ; vegetables,
Sach ; sachha, trfte ; honest;
upright. N. sachha,i.
Sada, plain ; unadorned.
Also artless.
Sadmah, a shock ; a bknv.
Saf ; safa, clea7i. (lit. or fig.).
SQfa.i, clean?iess ; the clear,
ing of one^s character ; de-
fence.
Safar, a journey. V. -k
Saff-i-jang (f.), battle-order.
Sag, (Persian,) a dog.
Sag, spinach ; ' sdg.^
Sagu, sago.
Sagar, the Ocean.
Sagiin, teak-ivood.
Sahi, (interj.) triie I quite so I
i86
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Sahib, sahibah. See pages 24
and 26. -i-khanah, the
master, (or mistress) of the
house,
Sahih, accurate ; just ; just
the thing -k., to correct ; to
sign -'>>2\k\\^'2i\., safe and well,
Sahn, a court-yard,
Sai, or sau, one hundred.
Sa,il, a petitioner.
Sailab, a7i inundation.
Sair, a walk ; a journey, -k.,
to take a walk, o^c.
Sa.is, a groom.
Saj, adornment ; equipment ;
harness. V. {trans.) -na ;
-lagana ; -laga-d. V. {intr.)
sajna.
Saj ha, companionship ; part-
nership, sajhi. a cojJipanion,
arc.
Sakin, an inhabitant.
Sakna. See page 18, Sect. 22.
Sukiinat, one's ^ parish ;^
doj7iicile. [difficult, N. -i.
Sakht, hard. (lit. or fig.) ;
Sakhi, liberal ; open-handed.
Sal, a tree so called.
Sal, (Persian,) a year, {pliir.
salha.) -2.x\2\\, yearly,
Sal ah, peace ; concord ; good
advice. V. -d. and lena.
Sal am, compiiments ; an obei-
sance, -k., or d., to salute.
-d., or bolna, to send ones
compliments.
Salamat, safety ; preservation ;
as adv., safely.
Salami, money paid on a lease
being granted, or the like.
Salis, an arbitrator, -i, arbi-
tration.
Sails, easy. N. -i.
Salotar, a farrier ; a ' vet.^
-i, the profession of ditto.
Salu, coarse red cloth.
Saliis, The Trinity.
Sama,at, the hearing, e.g., of
a case in Court.
Samajh (f.), understanding.
V. -na ; -men lena, to
understand, samjhana, to
explain.
Saman, jas7nine.
Saman, level ; equal ; alike,
Saman, furniture ; equipage.
Sa m ba t , ^ special era so called.
Sam bar, a kind of elk.
Sombar, Monday.
Samet, with ; ahng with.
Samne (adv.) in front ; op-
posite, also, as prep. (ke.).
-vvala, what is opposite.
Samundar, the Ocean,
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
187
San, the year ^ {in dating.)
Sanad (f.), a royal, or other
deed of grant ; a letter of
appointment.
Sandal, sandal-7Vood.
Sand, a bull.
Sang, a stone, -in, stony ;
arduous ; serious, (as a
crime.)
Sani, (Persian,) second.
San i bar, Saturday.
Sanichar, Saturday.
Sanp, a snake.
Sans (f.), the breath, -tiitna,
to break, i.e., lose one's
breath,
Sanyasi, a Hindu devotee.
Sar, or sir, the head ; the top ;
the point ; starting-point.
sar-ba-sar, entirely, sar-
dard, headache, sardar, a
headman, sar-i-nau, quite
new ; fresh, sar-i-rah (f.),
the centre of the road, -k.,
to execute; succeed ; get on ;
make head with, sar-zamin
(f.), the place at ivhich a?ty
event occurred.
Sara, the whole ; all the...
Sara,e (f.), an abode ; an
inn ; a halting-place ; a
shelter.
Sarak (f.), a public road.
Sar-anjam, apparatus ; neces-
sary things.
Sdras, a crane (bird).
Sarasari ; sarsari, (aoj.) all
round about ; summary.
Sard (adj.), cold ; y^. -i., cold ;
a cold.
Saresh, glue.
Sarf, expenditure ; use. V.-k.
-men Ian a, to bri7tg into
one^s use.
Sarfaraz, exalted ; noble.
Sare, ^per,^ (^-g-* per yard.)
Sari, a wrapper ivorn by
native females.
Sirkah, vinegar.
Sarkar, the Government ; a
Superintendent. A. -i.
Sar-o-kar, business ; relation
which one thing bears to
another.
Sar- posh, a covering-cloth,
(e.g., a tea-cosy) ; a lid.
Sarraf, a banker ; a * shroff?
Sarrishtah, a record-office, or
the like, -dar, head of
the same.
Sarhe. See page 64.
Sas, a mother-in-lait\
Sasta, cheap. N. -ti.
Satana, to vex ; to annoy.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Satar (f.), a line
Sath (ke.), with ; along with.
-jana, or chalna, to accom-
pany, -i, a companion.
Sati, ^ ividow who burns her-
self on her husband's pyre.
a ''suttee.^
Saitu, a kind of flour.
Satiin, ^r sutiin, a pillar.
Satana ; sata-d., to join ; to
place two things beside
each.
Satna ; sat-jana, to stick ;
adhere, sata hii,a, stuck to-
gether ; contiguous.
Sau See * Sai/
Sauda; saiiddi^ari, trade, sau-
dagar, a trader.
Sawal, or suwal, a question ;
a petition in Court. V. -k.
Sawar, f?iounted ; a horseman.
N. -i, riding ; A. -i, re-
lating to riding, sawari
ghora, a riding horse, -h.,
to be mounted ; to ride.
Sawere, early morning.
Sayah, shade ; shadow, saya-
ban, any structure for the
purposes of shade; e.g,,
a verandah.
Saz, equipments ; harness.
-ka ghora, a harness- stand.
Saza (f.), one's deserts; punish-
ment. — i , to punish.
Se, from ; with ; by means
of ; cigo ; since ; than.
Seb, an apple.
Senkna, to toast ; to warm at
the fire.
Ser, a weight of abotit 2 lbs.
Sih (p.), three, -pahar, the
third watch; the afternoon.
Sid ha ; straight ; in order.
V. -k.
Sifarish, recommendation. V.
-k.
Sijil, a seal ; a register ; a
decree. V. -k.
Sikhna, to learn, sikhana ;
sikhlana; sikhla-d., to teach.
Sikh (f.), a spit.
Silai, sewing. V. -k.
Silii, a hone ; a strop.
Silsiiah, a chain ; a sequence.
Sina, to sew.
Sinah, the bosom.
Sing (f. ), a horji.
Sin^ir, ornament ; dress.-mez.
a dressing-table. V. -na.
Singh, a lion ; used also as a
name.
Sinn, one^s age.
Sipahi, a foot- soldier ; a
^ sepoy'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
189
Sir. See / Sar/
Siraj, a lamp ; the Sun.
Sirf, only.
Sirhi, a ladder; steps ; a
staircase.
Sisa, lead.
Sit (n.), cold. A. -al. sital-
pati, a cool kind of mat for
sleeping on.
Sitarah, a star.
Sitla, small-pox.
Sith, or sithi, refuse of plant
(e.g., indigo) after manu-
facture ; of betel or tobacco^
6^^., after being chewed.
Siti, whistling. V. -bnjana.
Siwa, or siwa,e (adv.), more ;
as prep, (ke.), besides ; in
addition to.
Siwanah, a boundary line.
Siyah, black, -i, blacking;
ink.
Siyana, grown-up.
So. See page 104. Also
stem of ' sona.' q.v.
Soch, meditation ; thought.
-na, to think ; take thought
about.
Sohan, a file (tool).
Sojh, straightness A. -a.
Sokna, to absorb.
Solah, sixteen.
Solah-topi, a pith-hat.
Sona, gold. A. sone ka.
sonar, a gold-smith.
Sona, to lie dozvn ; to sleep.
so-rahna, to continue sleep-
ing.
Sonta, a club ; a pestle.
Sonth, dry ginger.
Stan, a suffix meaning ^ place ^^
e.g., *gulistan,' a place of
roses.
Sthir, firm ; fixed.
Stri, a woman, -dhan, the
private property of a wo-
man.
Siibah, a province. -h2idi.r,
a governor; a native mili-
tary officer ; a sergeant.
Subh (f.), the morning ; in
the morning.
Subuk (adj.), light. (not
heavy.) (lit. or fig.).
Slid, interest 071 money ; profit,
Sufed, 'thite, N. -i.
Sd,i, a needle, -taga, a needle
and thread.
Siikhna (intr.)^ to dry.
riikhdna ; silkhd-d. {trans.\
to dry. A. sdkha.
Sukhan, speech ; language ;
business ; affairs.
190
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Sulh, peace of mind ; concord,
-namah, a deed settling a
dispute.
Sultan, a ^Sultan.'' saltanat,
dominion ; power.
Suliik, good behaviour. V. -k.
Siinglina, to sniff ; to smell.
Sunni, lawful ; the orthodox
party among the Muham :
opposed to ' Shiah.^
Sunna, to hear; listen to;
obey, sunana ; suna-d., to
cause to hear ; read over to
one,
Supari, areca, or betel-nut.
Supurd, entrusting. V. -k.
Surahi, a porous water-bottle ;
Suragh, search; traces.
Silraj, the Sun.
Silrakh, a hole.
Siirat, shape ; form. [dust.
Surkh, red. -i, redness ; brick-
Surmah, antimony.
Sust, lazy ; out of sorts ; of a
watch, slow. N. -i.
Slit, thread, -i, 77iade of
thread; Hence. ' ek-siiti ;'
^ do-sdti,' &c., in describing
cloth.
Suthra, clean ,- tidy ; nice.
Sutli, thread ; string.
Sh.
Shab (f.), night.-i-mah, (night
of the 7noon\ moonlight.
-nam, dew. -o roz, night
and day, or by ditto,
-chiragh, a firefly ; aglow-
worm.
Shabash, bravo! well done I
Shabd, a sound ; a noise ;
a vocable.
Shadi, rejoicing; marriage.
V. -k.
Shaft-alu, a peach,
Shafkat, condolence; kindness;
sympathy.
Shagird, a pupil ; a scholar.
Shah, an Emperor, -i, im-
perial ; royalty, -an-shah/
King of Kings (i.e., the
Emperor of Persia),
-zadah, a prince ; of prince-
ly birth, fem., -zddi.
Shahad, honey, -ki makkhi,
a bee.
Shahadat, evidence.
Shahid, a witness.
Shahr, a city ; a to7vn.
Shaikh, a ' Shekh: {title).
Shaitan, Satan.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
191
Shakar, sugar ; in compos:
sweet, e.g. -lab, sweet-
lipped.
Shakk, dotibt. V. -k.
Shakl (f.), shape ; form
Shakh (f.), a branch.
Shakhs, an individual.
Shal (f.), a shawl
Shalgham, turnips, [evening.
Shaai (f.), evening, -ko, at
Sham a, a nightingale,
Shanial, the North.
Shamil, along with ; put along
with, -k., to put one thing
up along with another.
Shamiyanah, a large tent ; a
canopy.
Shams, the Stin. {Arabic.)
Shamsher (f.), a scimitar.
Shan, dignity ; state ; nature.
Sharah (f.), wine.
Shara, Muham : law.
Sharakar, partnership.
Shararat, vice.
Sharbat, ''sherbet. '
Sharif, noble.
Sharifah, a custard-apple.
Sharik, a partner.
Sharm (f.) ; -indagi, shame ;
modesty. A. sharm indah.
sharmana {intr.)^ to feel
abashed, sharm-sar, bashful.
Shart, a 'stipulation ; agree-
ment ; wager.
Shast, aim. {7vith gun^ c^c.}
V. -k.
Shastr (f.), the sacred books
of the Hindus.
Shatranj, chess, -i, a large
carpet.
Shauk, one's favourite pur-
suit ; * hobby. ' (Anglo-
Hind., 'shok. ')
Shayad, (Persian,) (// may
be) ; perhaps.
Sher, a tiger, -m^ a tigress
-babar, a lion.
Shikam, the belly.
Shikar, hunting; shooting;
game (alive or dead), -i,
a hunter ; appertaining to
sport, e.g. -i kutta,^ hound.
Shikastah, broken ; running-
hand-writing, -hali, broken
fortune.
Shil, fiature ; quality ; deport-
ment.
Shirin, sweet ; gentle, (lit. and
fig.) -zaban, sweet-tongued;
eloquent. N. -zabdni.
Shishah, glass ; a phial, -she
ka, made of glass.
Shit (n.), cold, -kal, the cold
weather.
192
HINDUSTi(NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Shitab, haste ; speed. Adv. -i.
Shokh, fonvard ; impudent.
N. -i.
Shor, noise ; row.
Shorah, marshy-land ; salt-
petre.
Shorba, (;vulg. siirwa,) soup,
Shubhah, doubt.
Shubh, happy ; fortunate.
Shuja, brave. -ja,at, bravery.
Shukr, gratitude ; thanks,
-guzar, grateful, -guzari
expressing gratitude.
Shulah, aflaine.
Shumar, counting. V. -k.
Shuru (f.), ^ beginning. V. -k.
Shutur, a camel, -ban, a
camel-driver.
There are two soft * t's ' in
are so similar, that you have
guish ihem.
Ta, up to (of time) ta-kih,
until ; in order to ; to the
end that.
Ta,ajjub, surprise ; admira-
tion. V. -k.
Ta,ala (M.), Almighty God.
Taalim (f.), instruction. V -d.
Ta,alluk, or ta,allukah, con-
nection ; association ; a ter-
ritorial division ; an estate ;
a * talook.' ta,alluk-dar, the
owner of a ta,alluk.
Taamil, putting in force;
carrying out. V. -k.
Ta,ammul, meditation. V. -k.
Taatif (f.), praising ; praise ;
a defifiition.Y. -k. Aiso, a
table of rates, a ' tariff. '
Hinddstani, but their sounds
not been troubled to distin-
Ta,assub, prejudice ; bigotry.
Tab, then -tak, up to a time
indicated. See page 104.
Tab, or tap, fever.
I abi ; tabiyat, disposition ;
tetnperament ; health.
Tabi, subordinate, -dar, a
subordinate; an adherent.
-dari, subordination ; al-
legiance.
Tabib, a physician.
Tabassum, a smile.
Tad, then; next, -an tar,
after that.
Tadaruk (f ), retaliation ;
preparation for ditto., as by
getting up evidence in a case
in Court ; investigation.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
^93
Tadbir (f.), deliberation ; ad-
vice ; plan,
T2i{^nu]{{.), recreation, V. -k.
Tafiwutjdislance; delay, V.-k.
Tafsil (f.), details, -k., to give
in detail, -bolna, to tell at
length, -an, in detail,
Taghmah, a medal ; a uni-
form ; a property-mark.'
Tahan. See page 104.
Tahkik, or tahkikat, enquiry ;
investigation, V. -k.
Tahsil (f.), collection of rents;
a revenue area ; profits^
or collections generally,
-dar, a collector of refits^
Q^c, -dari, his area of
work,
Ta,id, corroboration ; assist-
ance ; an apprentice,
Taiyar, ready, N. -i.
Taisa. See page 104.
Taj, a crown, -dar, a prince,
Tajwiz (f.), investigation ;
trial (e.g. in Court.) result
of trial. -V. -k.
Tak (f.), look ; glance ; aim,
Tak, up to {time ^ ox place),
Takalluf, ceremony,
Takid, pressing ; urging; or
reminding one, V. -k.
Takyah, a pillow.
Takrar (f.), reiteration ; dis-
pute, -i, contentious ;
quarrelsome ; disputed.
Tak Iff (f.^, ceremony ; trouble;
inconvenience, V. -d.
Takna (trans.), to observe ; to
watch, takna (intr.)
Tak (f.), a niche,
Takat, strength ; ability.
Takaza, a dunning of one,
Takdir (i.),fate ; predestina-
tion,
Takrir (f.), recital; oration;
detailed state?nent, V. -k.
Taksim (f.), division of pro-
perty, &^c., by shares, V.
-k. and lena,
Taksir (f.), a fault ; a crime
A. -mand \ -war. [thing.
Takhfif, 7naking light of any -
Takhminan, by guess ; ap-
proximately,
Takht, a throne,
Takhtah, a hoard ; a plank ;
a shelf; a plot of land,
- posh, a low wooden plat-
for77i for sitting on cross-
legged, -nard, backgammon,
Tal, a lake. Also, a kind of
palm tree. Also, same as
* taliV q,v.
Tala, a padlock ; a key.
13
194
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Talab (f.), or tala,o, an arti-
ficial water-pond,
Talab, sending for one ; desire.
Also, pay ; salary, ~k., to
send for one. -d., to give
one one's pay. -anah, fees
for sumnioning ; daily al-
lowance while waiting.
Talaffuz, pronunciation,
Talak, same as ' tak/ q. v.
Talak, divorce.
Talash, search V. -k.
Tala,o, same, as * talab/ q.v.
Tale (ke), under.
Tali, a key. Also, clapping
the hands, -an, applause by
clapping.
Talikah, a list ; a schedule.
Talu, the palate ; lampas.
Taiwan (f.), a sword.
Tamach ih, a slap,
Tamam, whole ; entire, -k.,
to complete,
Tamassuk, a bond for money
borrowed.
Tama ; tamba ; or tamra,
copper.
Tama^ha, an entertainment :
a show , a jete.
Tamatu, tomatoes.
Tanibakn, tobacco, -pina, to
smoke ditto.
Tambii, a tent.
Tamsil (f.), comparison ; a
parable ; an illustration.
Tan-duriist, in good health.
JS. -i
Tang, narroiv ; too tight.
N. -i. means, also, poverty.
Tanga, a hill-cart ; a ^tongah.''
Tankhwah (f.), wages; salary,
Tanna (L.B.), to pull; stretch
Tant, a loom, -i, a weaver,
Tanilr, an oven.
Tap (f.), heat ; fever, tapna-
to IV arm one's self,
Tapish, heat (lit. or fig.);
affliction.
Tar, moist; wet. -k^x^ moist
land at base of mountains ;
* The Terai:
Tar, string ; wire ; the tele-
graph, -ghar, the tele-
graph-office, -ki khabar,
or chitt ti i, telegraphic 7ieivs ;
a telegram.
Tara, a star,
Taraddiid, perplexity.
Taraf (f.), side ; direction.
Also, as prep, (ki.) -dar,
a partizan, -dari, parti-
zanship. -sani, the second
par ty n tiit ; the defend-
ant.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
195
Tarah (f.), mode; manner.
Also as prep, (ki.), like,
Tarakki, promotion; advance-
ment, -pana, to get ditto.
Tarash (n.), cutting. V. -k.
or -na.
Tarazu, a weighing fnachine.
Tarikah, mode ; manner,
Tarikh (f.), a date, (e.g. of a
letter.)
Tarjib, superiority, -rakhna,
to gain superiority, -d., to
assign preference.
Tarjamah, a translation.
-man, a translator.
Tarkari, moist vegetables.
Tarson, on the fourth day.
(backwards or forwards.)
Tartib (f.), good order, ar-
rangement, -k., to set in
order. Adv. -i.
Tarka, the dawn.
Tash, the cards ; a game with
cards, -ki w^itz^a card-table.
Tasar, a kind of silk; ^tusser,^
Tasarruf, use ; enjoyment ; ex-
penditure ; waste. V. -k.
Tasbih (i.), praising God by a
certain formula ; a rosary.
Tasdi'k {{.)^verification. V.-k.
Taskin (f.), comfort ; consola-
tion.
Tasmah, a leather thong.
Taswir (f.), a picture.
Tashaffi, a feeling of satisfac-
tion ; satisfaction.
Tashrif, honour conferred. See
page 76. Sect. 17.
Tatil, rendering waste or use-
less ; a vacation ; a holiday.
Tatolna, to ,^^rope.
Tau, then; -bhi, even then;
even in such circumstances.
Taubah, repentance ; penance.
As interj., ivhat a shame I
i.e., matter for repentance.
Tauliyah, a towel.
Taun. See page 104.
Taur, mode ; maimer.
Tauret, or tnurat, the Old
Testament.
Tawakkuf, delay ; wasting
time. V. -k.
Tawelah, a tethering-rope ; a
stable ; a cattle-pen.
I'awiz, having recourse to
God ; a7i amulet.
Tazah, fresh ; green ; young.
N. -zagi.
Tazim (f.), the act of honour-
ing one.
Tel, oil. -batti, an oiled-wick ;
a lamp ; a night-light, -i,
an oil-man.
196
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Tez ; tez-rau, swift. N.-i.
tez nahin, slow, tez-zihn,
sharp-witted.
Thaili, a bag ; a nose-bag.
Thaka, tired, thakana, to
weary,
Thali, a brass platter so called,
Thambha, a pillar ; a post.
Thamna (trans.), to stop ; to
check.
Than, 'a piece^ or iveb of
cloth ; also, a stall.
Thanah, a police station.
-dar, an officer in charge of
a ^thanah'
Thapa, or thapi, the sound
of beating ; a mallet ; a bat.
Thora, a Hi fie. -thora, a very
little,
Thiik, spittle. V. -na.
Tidhar. See page 104.
Tiffin,^ lunch; 'tiffin.'
Tifl, a child.
Tijarat, trade ; trading.
Tilak, the dedication mark on
a Hindu's forehead,
Tilli, the spleen.
Tin, three. Obi. cases, 'tinon.'
Tipa, i, a small table ; a
teapoy.
Tipari, Cape-gooseberry.
Tir (m.), an arrow.
Tirchha, bent ; crooked ; awry ,
Ti'sra, the third.
Tishnah, thirsty, N. -nagi.
Tita, bitter, -panf, tonic-
water,
Titna (co-relative), so many ;
so much.
To. See page 47. Note i.
Tol ; taul, the weight of a
thing, tola, the weight of a
rupi, taulna, to 7veigh,
Tonta, a cartridge.
Top, a cannon, -khanah,
the artillery-lines.
Top, a grove ; a * tope.'
Torna; tor-d., to break; tear ;
destroy, tor-rahna, to con-
tinue breaking.
Toshah, valuables, -khanah,
a treasure-house,
Toshak (f.), a mattress ; bed-
ding.
Tota ; toti, a parrot, (m. f.)
Tu, thou.
I
> This word is derived from an Arabic
enjoyment.
oot, " fan," meaning
I
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
197
Tiifan (m.), a storm. A.-i.
Tu f II 1 iy at, childhood.
Tuhmat, an accusation. V.
-lagana,
Tu]h^ inflected sing, of ^tu."*
Tukhm, a seed ; a seed-stone.
Till, length, also, iong.
Tul, like ; simila7'.
Tulna, to be iveighed.
Talsi, sacred basil.
Turn, ye : you. Also, in Ob-
liq : cases.
Tund, sharp ; active ; fierce.
Often used in compos, e.g.
-zihn, sharp-zvitted ; clever,
Turat, at once.
Turk, a Turk. A.-i, *Turki'
also means a certain kind
of horse.
Tursh, harsh; sour. (lit. or fig.)
T.
Talna, to be evasive, talatoli.
evasiveness ; beating about
the bush.
Tang (f.), the leg. -na ; -d.,
to give a leg ; to hang up.
Tanga, or tangi, an axe.
Tapa, a coop ; Anglo-Hind.,
a ' topper."*
Tappal,^ the letter, <^c. post ;
the post-office.
Tat, coarse canvas ; ''gunny.'
Tatolna {intr.), to grope ; feel.
Tatti, a screen ; a privy.
Tattu, a pony ; a * taft'
Terha, not straight.
Thag, a garotter ; a * thug.'
Thaharna, to remaiti ; stop ;
wait, thahrana, to de-
tain.
Thakur, a divinity ; an em-
blem of ditto ; a Brahman.
Also, commo7i as a name
among the Brahmaii class.
-ani, fern, of ^ Thakur.'
-ban', a Hindu place of
worship.
ThaiKla (Adj.), cold. N. -i.
Thattha, a jest, thathol, a
jester. thatholi, jesting^
thathol na, to jest.
Thelna, to push.
Tiddi, a locust ; a grass-hop-
per.
* Not used in L. B.
198 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Thik ; thik-thak, exact ; per- Thuddi, the inch,
fectly right, tfikana, one's jikli, a wafer,
address; trace whereby to ^., -i 1 •
^ , ,, . . \\\i\\Yk\. a lizard,
find a thing ; (e*tainty. ' '
Thika, hire ; lease ; contract. Tip (f-X ^ note of hand ; an
/ • I O U
-gari, a hirei carriage.
-dar, the holder of a lease ; Tokri, a basket.
a contractor. Tola, a quarter of a toivn.
Thokar (f.), a bloiv ; a knock. Tukra, a piece ; a vioi'sel.
thokna, to strike, -khana, Tiingna, to peck,
to get a blow., or knock. T^U^> broken.
U.
\!>h2\n2i (tratis.\ to boil, ubal- ed upside down. v\\'^^-y^\x\\z^
na, {i?itr.) upside down ; in confusion.
Ubka, i, vofniting ; straining. Umdah, excellent ; noble.
V.-k. and lena. Ummed(f.), hope. A. -war,
TT 1 u 1 7 ^' 17 which is also used as a
Uchhai, leaping. V.~na.
noun meaning one hoping
Udas, grieved. N. -i. for an appointment, &-c.
Udhar, thither ; on the far Ummiimat, maternity.
side ; over there. Umr (f.), one's age.
Ugal, spit, -dan, a spittoon. Umiir (PI. of 'amr.'), affairs ;
Ukharna, to uproot.
business.
Uh, 2vool. un, inflected plur.
Ulat, the act of upsetting. ^Svuh.'
-na (trans, and intr.\ to Uncha, high. N. -i.
upset, or be upset.-d., to Ungli, a finger,
upset, -pulat, upside down. Ungul, the thumb.
Ullu, an owl. Unt, a camel.
Ultana, to upset: turn upside U'par, above ; up ; high up;
down, ulta, reversed ; turn- As prep, (ke.)
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
199
Urdu (f.), a market ; a camp.
a name of the Hindustani
language^ as formed by the
mixing of various races in
market and camp.
Urna ; ilr-jana (intr.)^ t> fly.
urana ; ura-d. {trans.)^ to
fly ; to squander.
Usarah, a portico; a verandah.
Us, inflected, sing, of ^wuh.^
-kadar. See page 104.
-wakt, at that time ; then.
Usturah, a razor.
Utarna; iitar-d. to break
down ; to tear off ; to strip
off. utarna, to come down;
to descend.
Uthla, shallow. V. -i.
Uttar, the North.
Uthna, to rise, uth-jana, to
rise and go, uthana ;
utha-d, to raise.
Uzr, an excuse, -k., to excuse.
V.
Words in which W is sounded Hke V are nearly all
derived from Sanskrit, and would not be of use to you.
But you should know the word * Ved ' or ' Veda,' the general
na-me of the Sacred Books of the Hindus— M^ * Veds.'
W.
Waadah, a promise. V. -k.
Wa,e-wa,e, woe is me I
Wafa, fulfilling a promise ;
integrity.
Waghairah, et ccetera.
Wahan, there: may be follow-
ed by ka, ko, se, tak, &c.
like a noun.
Wahid, alone ; unique,
Waisa, like that; so. See
page, 104. -hi, in that
very mafiner just like
that.
Wajab, a span, {of the hand.)
Wajh (f.), reason ; catise.
Wahhabi, a follower of Abd-l- Wajib, or wajibi, right ; pro-
' Wahhdb^ a Muham : per, wajibat, proper acces-
teacher of the last centttry. sories ; necessary things.
200
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Wakil, or Vakil, an ambassa-
dor ; representative; attor-
7tey. wakalat-namah, a
power of Attorney.
Wakf, a Miihain : religiotis
endoivment,
Wakifiyat, experience ; know-
ledge.
Wakif, aware; informed;
acquainted with, -bona, to
be, or become ditto, -k., to
i?ifor7n, 6^6*.
Wakt, ti7ne. -ba-, fro7n tiine
to time, -na-, occasion-
ally.
Wala-wali. See page 73, 7.
Wali (M.), a holy man.
AVapas, back; behind; re-
turning, -ana, to come back.
-d., to give back, -bona,
to be back, -rakbna, to keep
back.
WaHd, a father. -2^\, a mother.
Warak, a leaf of a book, or
of a tree.
Warid (Adj.), approaching ;
arriving; present. V.-hona.
Waris, an heir, PL -an.
Warna, and if not ; if this
be not so ; otherwise.
AVasikab, firmness ; solidity ;
a bond; a written agreement.
Wasil, joined together ; col-
lected, -baki, a statement
of collections a?id arrears.
-at, accou7its ; 7nesne-pro-
fits.
Wasilab, 7neans itsed to acco7Ji-
plish a7iy object.
Wasiyat, one's last ' will'
AVaste (ke.), for the sake of;
for.
Watan, one's 7iative country.
Wazir, a nmiister ; a ' Vizier.'
Wazn, weight, (lit. or fig.)
V. -k. -i, heavy.
We, they ; those. Norn. PI.
of ^wuh.'
VVilayat, foreign la7ids. -i,
foreign ; Europea7Z ; Eng-
lish, -i pani, soda ivater.
Wiran, depoptdated ; waste;
a desert.
Wobi, that vety. wobin,
thus ; i7i this 7nanner.
Wujild, existe7ice ; substance;
esse7ice ; inve7iti07i. See
' Ba-wujild.'
Wub, he ; she ; it ; that.
Wuku, an occurre7ice ; an
eve7tt, PI. wakiyat.
Wukiif, experience.
Wusdl, collection of rents, ore.
V. -k.
HINDIJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
201
Y.
Ya, or. ya...ya, either.., or.
Yad (f.), recollection. V. -k.
-dasht, a rnemoranduin.
-dilana {trans.), to remind.
Yahan, here. Also used with
ka, ko, se, <S:c. as a noun.
As prep. (ke.). See page
44. -ana, to arrive.
Yahiid, a Jew. -in, a Jewess.
Yakin, certain, -janna, to
know for certain. N. -i.
Yakiit, a ruby.
Yakh (f.), ice.
Yane, na?7iely ; that is to say ;
^ I mean.^
Yar, a friend. -A, friendship.
Yatim, an -orphan, -i, -cy..
Yawah, idle talk ; ?ionsense.
Ye, they : these. Norn., PI. of
'yih:
Yih, he ; she ; it i this. -, this,
very.
Yogi, also jogi, a Hindu
ascetic.
Yon, thus, in this manner.
-hin, in this very manner.
. Also, by chance ; casually.
Yug, « cycle of time.
There are four 'Z's' in Hindustani, but their sounds are
so similar that you have not been troubled to distinguish
them.
Zaban (f.), the tongue; a
lajiguagd. -i, orally.
Zabar, superior in position.
-dL2i?>t} powerful ; oppres-
sive. N. -dasti. V. -dast
bona, -dasti k.
Zabh, sacrifice, -k., to kill an
animal asprescribed by law,
i.e., by cutting the throat.
Zabitah, ordinance ; law ;
established custom.
Zabt, confiscation. V. -k.
Zabiin, bad; wicked.
Zahin, sharp-witted.
Zahir, evident ; clear, -bona,.
to be evident, -k., to make
evident ; to demonstrate^
Adv. -an.
' Dast,' the hand. V. ante.
202 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Zahr, poison ; -aludah,/>^/V^«-
ed (as food.).-ila, poisonous.
Zahmat, anxiety ; pains,
Za,if, frail ; infirm.
Zakhm, a luound. A. --i, means
also a wounded per S071.
Zalim, an oppressor. A. -i.
Zaman ; zamanah, any time ;
an epoch ox age of the World,
Zamin, bail, zamanat, surety-
ship,
Zamin (f.), land, -dar, a
landed proprietor, -dari,
la nded-property.
Zamurrad, or zumarrad, an
emerald.
Zan (p.), a woman, -ani, ap-
pertaining to women.-2in2ih,
the female apartment .
Zanakh, the chin.
Zang, rust, -khiirdah, rusty.
-pakarna, (rust has seized
this ;) equal to, * this has
turned rusty'
Zinu, the knee.
Zanjir (f.), a chain.
Zar, gold.
Zarar, hurt ; injury, -khafif,
trivial injury, -shadid,
serious injury.
Zarb (i.) a blow.
Zard (Adj.), yellow. N. -i.
Zarrah (f.), a little ; a morsel,
Zardr, necessary, -at, neces-
sity ; time of difficulty.
Zat, caste.
Zaujah, a ivife,
Zer (p.), under, -band, a
martingale, -tajwiz, under
enquiry,
Zewar ; zevvarat, jewels.
Zidd, perversity ; spite, V. -k,
A. -i.
Zikr, remembrance ; 7nention.
V. -k.
Zila ; a district ; a country.
Zi m m a h , cha rge ; keeping ;
responsibility ,
Zin (f.), a saddle. V. -ban-
dhna ; bandh-d. -posb, a
saddle-cloth.
Zin dab, alive., -dagi ;-dagani
life ; being alive.
Ziyadah, more ; too inuch,
dat, increment.
Ziyafat, a feast. V. -d.
Ziyan, loss.
Zor ; zori, force ; strength.
-awar ; -mand, strong ; op-
pressive, -d., to assist; to
strengthen, -k., to strain ;
to force ; to oppress.
Ziid, quick ; swift, also as adv.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 203
Z\ii, or zoi, dodily frailty. 7.u\i\ pure ; limpid ; whole-
Zuhr, the turn of the day at some.
noon ; noon. Zulf (f.), curly hair.
Zukam, a cold in the head. Zulm, oppression. A. -i.
GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS
F-A.ET II.
ENGLISH-HINDUSTANI.
NOTE.
The contractions used in the English-Hindustani part
of this Glossary are the same as those used in the first part,
with one addition, viz, (v. n.), which means ' Verbal Noun/
See page 15. Sect. 17.
The ' head-word ' is generally the shortest word from
which longer words are derived. Thus under 'Art' you
will find ' Artificer;
Always look for the Noun first, (if there be a ncun,) e.g,^
for ' Advice,' not for ' Advise.'
As, within the space available, all synonyms cannot be
given, if you cannot find the precise word wanted, try
another of a similar meaning— Note also that as Ja^niliai'
words are given, you should lock for such ; as for * Delay,'
not for ' Proc7 astination.'
A double use is made of the short line ; first, associated
with English, it represents the head English word, (or so
much of it as is wanted,) e.g., * accurate,' ' -acy ;' secondly^
associated with the IJindustdni, it refers to the preceding
word or w^ords, e.g., * affirmation,' ikrar ; izhar. V. -k.^
means that you may use *karna' with both * ikrar' and
Mzhar,' for the English * to affirm.' When one verb is not
applicable to a string of nouns, the string is broken, the
verb applicable to the nouns up to that point is shown
within brackets ; the nouns are then resumed ; other ap-
propriate verbs being given in their proper places.
20S HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
English within brackets indicates the precise shade of
meaning of the word being dealt with.
Nouns of an abstract sense do not often occur in the
common Hindustani. Few therefore are given here. The
abstract idea of an act is generally expressed by the Verbal
Noun, e.g.^ chup-rahna bihtar hai bak-bak karne-se, ''''silence
is better than chattering ;" and the abstract idea of a person
is expressed by a clause with * jo ' — or by the humble
' wala,' e.g.^ Jo insaf karta hai, wuh Khuda-ko pasand hai,
■** The Doer of Justice is pleasirig to God^
GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS.
English-Hindustani.
A.
A, or an. !See pa^e ^. Note.
Abandon, chhor-d. ; iark-k.
Abetment, madad ({.) ; idnat.
V. -d. -tor, madadgdr.
Abide. See * Live,' ' Remain.'
Ability, kdbiliyat ; makdur.
Able, kdbil. to he- sakna.
See page i8. Sect. 22.
Above (adv.), upar. (prep.),
ke upa'*'.
Absent, ghalr-hdzir. N. -/.
V. -hona.
Absorb, sokhna ; sokh-jdna.
Abstinence, parhez (f.), V.
-k. ; nahiii karna.
Abstract, kjiuldsah. V. -k. ;
(as essence), nikdl-d.
Absurd, behudah. N. -dagi.
Abuse, gdli. V. -d.
Academy, madrasah.
T., H.
t
Accede to, kabui- (or kubiil-)
k. ; manzur-k.
Accelerate, jaldi-kurdna. N.
jaldL
Accept, lena; le-lena ; pasand
-k. ; kabul-k, A. pasand;
pasandidah ; achchha.
-ance, lena (as v.n.).
Access, rah (f.) ; rdsta. of
fever, dmad (f.).
Accident, ittijdk. by -, ////-
fdkan.
Accompany, sdth-jdna ; ham-
rdhi-k.
Accomplish, tamdm-k. ;pura-
k.; taamil-k, ; -td, (done),
tamdni^ <^c. (learned),
dlini ; kdniil ; drdstah.
According to, hasb ; ba-
mujib ; ke mu^dfik.
14
2IO
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Account (in figures), hisdb. to
do-,-^., oxlikh7ia. to take-,
-lena, to keep -, -rakhna,
-ant, mutasaddi -book,
-kibahi. (in words) bay an ;
bat ; kissah; hikdyat. Y-k,
Accurate, thik ; durust ;
achchha, -acy, sihhat.
Accusation, tuhinat, (V. la-
gdna) ; fidlish. (V. -k )
-er, faryddi ; in udda, i.
Accustomed, I 2iT[\, yih niera
dasturhai, or other phrase.
Acknowledgment, ihdr ;
kabul-k. (v.n.). V. -h,
deed of-, ikrdr-ndmah.
(receipt), * rasid' (E.).
Acquaint, khabar-d. : dgdh-k;
ivdkif-k' -ed (with any
matter.) wdkif ; dgdh ;
niain jdnia hun. -ance,
dost ; ydr ; bhd,i. -ance-
^h\^^jdn-pahchdn ; dosti.
' Acquire, pdna ; hdsil-k. ;
jama-k. ; milna. See page
50, Note I. -siiion, hdsil ;
jo hdsil hii^a.
Acquittance (in Court), kha-
Ids ; rihdj, V. -kar-d.
(of an account), ' rasid' ;
(E.) ; fdrigh-khatti, V. -d.
Across, tdr ; us pdr.
Act, fel ; amr; avial. -tion,
kdin, V. karna.
Active, tez ; chdldk. -ity,
chtisti ; chdldki.
Add, lagd-d. (figures), jam a- k.
Address (speech), takrir (f.);
arz (f.); baks {(.); nibedan.
V. -k. (of letter, &c.,)
thikdna.
Adhere, lagna ; lag-jdna ;
satna ; sat-jdna.
Adjacent, ?tnzdik ; karib.
Admiration, ajab ; ta.ajjub.
V. -k, -able, ajib ; khub ;
achchha.
Admit (to presence), dne-d,
(agree to), kabul-k. ; ikrdr-
k. -mission, ikrdr.
Adorn, sajdna. -menr,
drdjsh ; sitigdr.
Advance, barhd^o. V. {trans.\
dge barhd?ia ; chaldna.
{intr.), chalna ; dge j ana,
(of money), dddni. -ment
in life, tarakki. V. -d. and
pdna.
Advantage, fdjdah. -ous^
fd^idaniand. ,
Advertisement, ishtihdr. V.
-jdri-k.
Advice, saldh (f.)/ maslahat.
V. -d
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Affair, bdl ; amr ; kdm ;
ivitku.
Affect, asar. V. -k. ; lagna.
Affection, pydr ; mukabbat.
Affirmation, ikrdr ; izhdr,
V. 'k. ; kahna.
Affliction, ghatiwi; dzurdagi;
taklif (f. ). -ed, ghamgiti ;
dzurdah ; dil-sokhtah, V.
satdna ; taklif-d.
Afford, de-sakna.
Mooi^ paidal ; pd^07i-pd^on.
After (time), ke baad ; ke pi-
chhe. (place), ke pichhe :
(adv.), pichhe. -wards, is
ke baad ; tab. -noon, do
pahar ke baad ; sih-pahar.
Again, phir ; pher, - and-,
ber-ber ; aksar.
Against {e.g,^ a stone), /^r.
(adverse), se Jzhildf.
Age, iimr{i)\ sinn. (period),
wakt ; zamdnah ; yug.
old-, burhdpa.
Agent, nd^tb ; gwndshtah ;
kartah ; kdr-parddz. (for
law business), vakil ;
mukhtdr. -cy, gumdshta-
gari ; vakili.
Agree to, kabid-k; rdzi-hona,
-able, khush ; pasand ;
mu^dfik, -ably to, hasb ;
ba-niiijib ; ke mu^dfik
-ment, shart ; kaul-o-
kardr ; ahd-o-paimdn. -(in
writing), satta ; sarkhatt,
...ndmah, added to word
expressing the nature of
the agreement ; as sulk-
ndmah, an agreement for
peace, e.g.^ in a litigation.
Aid, madad (f.). V. ~-d.
Aim (at mark), shast. V. -k.
(intention), matlab ; ird-
dah ; kasd ; niyat ; gharaz
(f.).
Air, haiva {{.). to take the-,
hazva khd/za.
Alarm, dar((.). N .-dikhldna.
Alike, eksdn ; ek kis7n ka ;
bardbar.
All, sab ; sab ke sab ; kull ;
iaindfji. -right ! bahut
achchha I ; bahut kJmb !
Allegation, bdt ; baydn ; arz
(f.). V. -k. ; kahna.
Alligator, ma gar ; ghariydl ;
kumhir.
Allow, use ^ dena' and the
veib of that which is al-
lowed, e.g., us-ne ham-ko
dne diya liai^ he has allow-
ed me to come. When
■
212
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
equivalent to 'give/ (I
allow you ten rupees a
month), also use * dena.^
Allude to, zikr-k. N. zikr.
Almonds, bdddm.
Alms, khairdt. V. -d.
Alone, akela ; ekla ; ianha ;
viujarrad.
Along {e.g.^ the street,) meii;
/^r.-with, ek sdth ; kesdth.
Aloud, zor se, or baland
awdz se.
Already, ab-hi ; with c/iukna,
e.g., I have already spoken,
maiijL bol-chuka hun.
Also, aur ; bhi.
Alternate. See page 69.
Although, agar-chih ; har-
chand.
Always, hameshah ; aksar.
Am, hiin.
Amendment, bihtari ; du-
rusti ; tarmini. V, -k.
Amiable, aziz ; shdyastah,
-bility, shdyastagi.
Among; amidst, ke bich.
-themselves, dpas men.
Amount, jumlah ; jama.
Amuse, bahldna ; khush-k,
-ment, td??idsha ; khela-
kheli.
Analysis, tafsil; tafrik. V. -k.
Ancestor, jadd ; bdp-ddda ;
muris. -try, jaddiyat.
Anchor, langar. V. (to cast, )
-ddlna. (to heave), -uthd-
na.
Ancient, kadim ; agla ;
purdna.
And, aur ; wa : 0.
kx\g€[, firistah.{Pl. -tagdn.)]
malah.
Anger, ghussah ; kJiafgi ; ris,
(f.). A. ghusse : khafa,
V. -ho?ia.
Anima], J dnwar ; haiwdn.
Animosity, addwat ; dush-
ffiani.
Announcement, khabar^ (f.) ;
iitila (f.). V. ~-d.
Annoyance, dikk ; taklij (i.).
V. -d.; satdna.
Another, (an additional
thing,) aur ek. (a different
thing), dusra.
Answer, jawdb^ V. —d. {to
^dOy) thik-hona ; achchha-
hona. (liable to answer),
jawdb-dihi.
Ant, chyuiiti. (red,) benbtit.
(white.) dimak.
Antimony, sur7nah.
Antipathy, zidd ; naffat ;
chirh (f.).
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN,
213
Antiquity, awdjl ; agle-7vakf.
Anxiety, yf/e/' (f.) ; andeshah ;
taraddud, A. fikrmand ;
miitafakkir. V. fiknnand^
c^c. hona.
Any. See page t^^. -where,
kahtn, -how, kisi tar ah ;
jis - tarah ban - parega.
-more, aiir kuchh.
Apart, juda ; alag ; ek taraf.
-ment, kothri ; kamra.
(for females), zandnah.
(for males), marddnah.
Apology, uzr. V. -k.
Apostle, rasul ; paighambar.
(the latter referring, par
excellence^ to Muhammad.)
Apparatus, sdz; sdz-o-sdmdn;
saranjdni ; chiz sab.
Apparent, zdhir ; maahim ;
sdf. to be-, -hona. to
make- -k.
Appearance, sicrat; shaklii.).
Append, jorna ; lagd-d. ;
shdmil-k. -age, Idhik. -ix,
tatimniah,
Apple, seb.
Applicable, Id^ik ; inundsib.
Apply (one thing to an-
other), lagdna ; lagd-d. ;
tnildna ; . mild-d. (as to
study), tnihnat^ tandihi^
or ihtimdm-k, ; dil-lagd-d.
-plication, (of one thing to
another,) ek chiz dusri ko
lagd-d. (v.n.). (diligence,)
mihnat ; tandihi ; ihtimdm.
Appointment, kdm; naukari,
V. kisi ko kdm, &^c. d. ;
tayin-k ; ndm-zad-k. -ed,
muta^aiyan ; mansub.
Apprehend (with mind), sa-
majhna; samajh men lena;
bujhna, -hens ion, samajh,
(f.) ; biljh, (f.) ; hosh ; akl
(f.) See ' Arrest.'
Approach, nazdik, or sdmne,
or pds dna ; wdrid hona.
Approve, pasand-k. ; man-
zicr-k. -al, manziiri.
Apricot, khiibdni, or khobdni.
Arbitration, sdlisi ; panch-
dyat V. -k, -tor, salts ;
panch.
Arch {n.),mihrdb.V .-bandna.
Archer, kamd?t-ddr ; tir-an-
ddz. -ery, kamdn-ddri ;
iir-anddzi, .
Ardour, gar mi ; dil-sozi ; zah-
mat ; fnihnat. filled with-,
garm ; dil-soz ; mihnati.
Arduous, sakht ; mushkil ;
sangin ; wazani.
Are. See page 15. Sect. 11.
214 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO "fe'E SPOKEN.
Area, 7naiddn ; j'aga/i, (court)
sahn,
Areca-nut, supdri, pan.
Arise, uthna ; uth-Jdna. (be-
gin,) shuru-k, (come up,
e.g,^ for attention,) bar-pd-
hona ; pesh-hona.
Arm, bdzu; hdih, -pit, baghal^
(f.). (of sea, or river\ sota.
Arms, hathiydr ; harbe.
Army yfauj (f.) ; lashkar (m.).
Around, har taraf ; chdron
taraf;chauras.'^xt^. kegird.
Arrangement, tartib; intizdm;
band-o-bast. (m.). V. -k. ;
thik-k. ; durusi-k.
Arrears, bdki ; jo bdki hai ;
bdkiydt,
Axitsl, pakarna ; pakar-lena,
or le-jdna ; giriftdr-k, in
arrest, girifidr-hic^a ; kaid-
hic^a ; pakra gay a.
Axx\\e,pahunchna ; d-paJum-
chna ; dna ; d-jdna ; hdzir-
hona, or dna ; tashrif Idna,
See page 76. Sect 17.
ivdrid-hona. -al, dmad (f.).
dar-dmad (f.). and with the
verbs used as v. n. -e.g.,
* on his arrival,' us-ke dne
ke wa^t.
Arrow, tir (m.).
Art, hunar ; ihn ; kdm. -ful,
hilah'bdz ; shokh, -fully,
fann se. -less, sidha ; sack-
cha, -ifice, hilah. -ifice*^
kdrigar. -ist, musawwir.
Artichoke, hdtichok. (E.).
Artillery, the, iop-khdnah.
As. See page 104. (like.) ki
fndntnd ; ke mu^dfik ; chun-
dnchih. * he gives orders
as a master, malik kar
(from *karna,') hukum deta
hai * as if is best transla-
ted by Mike,' e.g., he speaks
as if he ivere a great man^
-he speaks 'like,' or * in
the manner of * a great
man,' *bare admi ke taur se
bolta hai, or, bara admi
kar bolta hai.' As far as,
as long as, &c. See corre-
sponding phrases at page
104. as often as... so often,
jai-ber..Jai-ber, ^ that as
well as /^/V,' wuh, aur yih
bhi,
As»cend,charhna ; charhjdna,
N. luichi za7Jiin (f.).
A scerta i n m e nt, darydft ;
tahkik. V. -k. ; khabar
Idna ; piuhhna.
Ascribe, lagdd.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
215
Ashamed, sharmiiidah ; lajit.
to be-, -hona ; sharmdna ;
sharm-khdna ; lajdna.
Ashes, rdkL
Ask, (a question.) puchhna ;
sawdl-k, (for something.)
mdngna ; chdhna.
Asparagus, sparugras, (E.).
Aspec, aspik, (E.).
Aspire, drzi4 rakhna. -ation,
dli-hhfimaf.
Ass, gadha. (f. gadhi) ; kliar.
A^?,2iu[t,ha77ilah;mdr-pit.Y-k.
Assembly, -blage, jamd.at ;
majmii^ah ; majlis; ainboh,
(unlawful) maJ7iia khi-
Idf kdnun. {x\o\.o\x%) guhdr,
V. {trans.), jama-k. (intr.),
jama-hofia.
Assent. See ' Agree to.'
Assert. See ' Say.'
Assist. See * Aid.' -tant,
madad-gdr.
Associate, sharik ; rafik. to
-with. 7nel-rakhna ; sdth-
rahna ; suhbai-rakhna.
Assume (take), lena ; /e-lena.
(for argument's sake,)
farz-k, (airs), itrdna.
Assure, kahtia ;yakin kardna^
-2Lnce,yakin ; khdtir-jama^
-edly, albattah.
Astonishment, tahaiyur, V.
kisi ko tahaiyur-k. -ed,
ghdbra, -ing, ajubah ; ajib^
Astrology, nujum. -ger, nu-
jiimi.
At, (a person's,) ke pds ; ke
yahdit. (place,) vien,
(time,) ko. -all events, ba
har surat. -first, awwalan ;
pal hie. -hand, ke pds ; ke
nazdik ; muyassar. -home.
ghar meii. -last, dkhir ;
dkhir ko ; dkJiir-ul-ainr^
-least, kam se kam. -lei-
sure, e.g., abniMJh-ko fursat
hat. -lengih, (in detail,)
mufassalan. (See, * at last.')
-most, bahut se bahut,
-pleasure, marzi ke mti^-
dfik. -present, ab ; is wakt
-random ; ittifdk-se ; be-
taur ; be-thikdna. -times,
kabhi-kabhi. -work, kdm
men ; mashghuL-Jho, worst,
sab se buri hdlat men.
Attach, lagdna ; lagd-d ;
jorna. -ment (as a friend),
tarafddri ; mail, (a join-
ing), /^r. (seize, by process
of law, or otherwise),
zabt-k.
Attack. See * Assault.'
2l6
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BP: SPOKEN.
Attain, pdna ; viihia {See
.page 50. Note I.) hdsil-k.
-ment,(of \i\^\) kdmydbi.
(acquisition), hdsil. (learn-
ing), ///;/ ; ddfiist ; hunar.
Attempt, koshish. V. -k.
Attendance, hdziri, kjiidmat;
. (in hopes of employment),
vmviedwdri. -tion, kha-
barddri ; sucheti. -tive,
kJiabarddr ; suchef. to give
attention, khabardd7'i-k. :
dil-lagdfia. to attend on
one, kisi ki khidmat-k.
with attention, khabarddri
se : surt se.
Attestation, tasdik (f.); shahd-
dat V, -k.
Attorney, vakil; mukhtdr :
nd.ib, power of-, vakdlat-
nd.mah ; imikhtdr-ndmah.
Auction, 7iildm. V. -k. to
send \.o-,ni/dm men d., or
ddlna.
Audience, darbdr ; inajlis.
-hall (pablic), diwd?i-t-
drn7?i. (private), diwdn-i-
khdss. to grant an-, diwdn-
i-dmin (or khdss) 7nen 77iuld-
kdt farindna^
Augment, bar/idTia ; zijd-
dah-k. -ation, ziyddai.
Aunt, (paternal,) phuphi.
(maternal), 77ia2isi.
Author, 77iusa7mif.
Auth()rity,//|////j'^>; 7nakdur ; .
hukianat. -htyijdzai-d.
Autumn, kJiarif. A. kJiarifi,
— crop, kJiarif.
Avail of, kd77ilena. -able,
kdiii ka. of no avail, kuchh
kd7ti ka 7iahi7i.
Avarice, Idlach^ (m.) ; hukhl ;
(f ) ; Mrs, (f.) A. Idlchi.
Avenge, i7itikdin le7ia.
Averse {kuchh chiz se\mukhd-
lif. \ -/i07ia. -sion, 7iafrat.
Await, rah7ia ; kisi ke wdste
sabr-k.
Award (v.) dildna. {n.)faliva;
hukiji.
K\\2cc^yWdkif, to be-, ivdkif-
hona. to make-, -k.
Away. See ' Absent. '
Awaken, {lra7is.) jagdna ;
Jagdd, {intr,)^ jdg7ia.
tiv;:ike, J dg/ a ; beddr. wide-
awake, ( fi L! . ) hoshydr ;
chdldk.
Awe, (n.,) dar (m.). (v.) dar
dikhld7ia. -ful, haul-7idk.
Awning, shdmiydnah.
Axe, td7iga ; kuihdri.
Azure, dsi7id7ii.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT 10 BE SPOKEN.
2 I 7
B.
Babe, baby, bachchah ; bach-
, chah miydii ; larka ; (fern.)
larki ; bdba (L. B.).
Bachelor, n>ukjilis ; imijar-
rad ; ko,dra.
Back (v. irans.)^ pichhe-k. ;
hatd-d. (v, intr.), hatjdna ;
hatna. to give-, ivdpas-d. to
keep-, 7'okna ; bdz-rakhtia.
{w.) pith, {(.). {?L^\.)pher;
pichhe ; bdz.
Bacon, bekajii. (E.).
Bad, Jzhardb ; biira ; bad (last
much used in compos.)
-ly, khardb; khardb taurse.
Badge, chaprds. wearer of
a-, chaprdsi.
Bag, ihaili ; kisah ; kjiaritah.
for water (small), mashk,
i^^\g€)^pakhdl. -gage, chiz-
bast, (f.).
Bail, zdmini. -or, zdmin.
. -iff, 7idzir.
Bake^pakdna. -er, roti-7vdla.
. -house, tanur-khdtiah.
Balance, (foe weighing,) (n.),
tardzii. (unpaid,) bdki ;
bdkiydt. (excess, ) fdzil.
Bald, garija. -ne>s, garij.
Ball, goli ; gend ; anta. -of
thread, &c., batta. (dance),
ndch, (f.). a fancy -, pudri-
ndch. (half K).
Bamboo, bdns.
Band, (of people, ),^«n?//. (m.),
(music,) bdja, (for waist,)
kamar-band. (for neck,)
gala-band, or giihi-band.
-a lie, patti.
Bank, (river, &c.,) pdr ;
kindrah (money,) kothi ;
bank} (E. . -er, sarrdf ;
sdhukdr ; mahdjan.
Barber, bdrwal{Yj.)', hajjdm;
ndpit.
Bare, (naked,) langa, or
?ia nga .(plain,) sdda ; khdlL
to lay-, kholna ; dekhne-d.
-faced, be-sharm.
Bargain, shart ; kaid-o-kardr,
V. -bdndhna ; -bdndh-
lefia ; -k.
Barley, y^//. (for table,) bdrli,
(K).
Barouche, barush-gdri, (half
K). '
Barracks, chhduni; Idinsi^.),
Barrel, pipa.
* Preserve your Hindustani pronunciation of the short 'a.'
21 8 HINDl5STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Barren, -land, zainin jis-se
fasl nahin milti hat.
Base (n.), bunydd, (f.). (adj.),
bad-zdt ; pdji. (of coin,)
mekhi.
Bashful. See ' Ashamed.'
Basil, tidsi.
Basin, bdsan. (metal,) chilam-
chi.
Basket, tokri, work-, pauti.
Bat, (beast,) cha7ngddar,(^\2iy-
ing,) thdpi ; lakri.
BsLiiieJardjt ;yang.((.).Y ,mk.;
larna, -array, saff-i-jang.
Bazaar, bdzdr.
'Et,hona; (for Passive Voice),
jdna. -it so, so hi ho.
Beach. See ' Bank.'
Bead, ddnah, a string of-,
mdla.
Beak, choiich ; ?iok, (f.).
Beam,(large,) /^///^^; (small,)
barga.
Bean, bora ; lobiya.
Bear (v.). See * Carry.' (en-
dure,) barddsht-k, -fruit,
phalna ; phal-d. -pain,
dard uthdna. -children,
janna, -young, biydna.
-witness, gawdhi, oxshakd-
dat-d, * bearer.' See page 35,
See * Carrier.' (animal),
richh; bhdl ; bhdlu.
Beard, ddrhi ; rish (f.).
'Be-dst, jdnwar ; haiwdn.
Beat, vidriia ; pitna ; thokna;
(in contest,) jitna, {i.e., to
win,) (^.^., a drum,) bajdtia,
-ing, 7ndr ; mdr-mdr ;
7ndra-7fidri ; vidr-pit to be
beaten, mdr-khdna.
Beautiful, khub-surat, N. -/.
Because, kyiinkih}
Become, ho-jdna (suit,)
achchha-lagna ; Idjk-hona,
Bed, palang. -stead, chdr-
pd^i ; khdt ; khatiyah, (for
flowers,) lakhtah. (of river,)
pet. -clothes, bichhdwan ;
orhne ka kapra. -ding,
bichhanTia. to make the-,
palang taiydr-k. to spread
-ding, bichhauna bichhdna.
-room, soTie ka kamra.
Bee, zambur;shahd kimakkhi.
Beef, bifgosht. (half E.).
Beer, bir-shardb^ (f.), ( half
E.).
* The idiom often is as follows : Eng. ' Because it is raining, I shall
not go out.' Hind. 'It is raining, therefore (is sabab se), I shall not
go out.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
219
Before, (adv.) (person or
place,) sdmne ; pas ; age,
(time,) age ; pat hie ; pesh-
tar. (prep.), ke sdmne ; ke
pas ; ke age ; huzur vien.
Beg, mdngna ; iltimds-k,
(alms,) bhikh - mdngna.
-gar, bhikdri, * I - your
pardon,' mu^df kijiye.
Begin, lagna ; shurti-k.-nmg,
shuru. ; ibtida^ (f.) from
beginning to end, kull ;
tamdm ; sar-d-sar ; sar-d-
pd.
Behalf (on - of,) ke wdste ;
ke liye.
Behave, nibdhna, N. chdl-
chalan.
Behind, {2idw,) pichhe. (prep.)
ke pichhe.
Being, (a human,) ddini ;
insdn.
Belief, bdwar ; itimdd ;
itibdr, V. -k, ; mdnna.
(religious) mazhab ; imdn.
Bell, ghanta.
Bellows, dhaui}kni. V.
dhaunkna.
Belly, pet; shikam. to fill
the-, (/.^., to satisfy one,)
pet bharna, -ache, peck-
ish.
Belong, by the genitive, e.g.,
yih ghora mera hai.
Beloved, pydra ; mahbiib.
Below, (adv.) niche, (prep.)
ke niche ; ke tale.
Belt, band (as last part in
compos.) ', peti ; bekit. (E.).
Bench, chauki. of Justices,
' binch: (E.).
Bend(n.), terhd,i;pech. V. -k.
A. terha ; kaj ; bdiika.
Beneath. See * Below.'
Benediction, du,a (f.).
Benefactor, md-bdp; jnurabbi.
Benefit, fd^idah ; nafa ;
ihsdfi.
Benevolence, khair-khwdhi ;
iliifdt ; shajakat ; ihsdn.
Beseech. See * Beg.'
Beside, besides, (near,) ke
pds ; ke nazdik ; ke yahdtj,,
(except,) ke siwa. (in addi-
tion to,) aldwah is ke ; is
ke sitva ; is-par yih bhi
hai.
Best, sab se achchha^ to do
oxi€ ?>-^viakdur bhar kdm-k,
to make the - of it, bare
bhale nibdhna^ or lena.
Bestow, de-d, ; bakhshna ;
bakhshish-d, .
Bet, shart, N -band-lena.
2.20 HIN^DUStXnI as IT OUdHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Betel, sitpdri^ or supydri. as
chewed by natives, /^'«. a
dealer in-, tainboU, -box,
pdn-ddji.
Belter, bihtar ; us-se achchha.
V. kisi ki bihtari-k.
Between. See ' Among. '
Beware. See ' Acquainted.'
Beyond, ke bdhar ; tis taraf.
(e.g, the sea,) pdr.
Bible, baiba/. (E.).
Bid, kahiia ; hukm-d. -good
day, &c. kjiair-bdd or
. mubdrak-bdd kahna (n.)
(at auction,) (/^f/^. (to bid at
auction) ddk-k,, or bolna.
Big, bara ; buziirg. (fat,)
7nota. N. bard,i ; motd^i.
Bigoted, viuta^assib.
Wi\Q, pith, ox pit.
Bill. See 'Beak' and 'Ac-
count.' -of exchange,
hiindi.
Billiards, anta-khel. -room,
ajita-ghar.
Bind, bdndh?ia ; bdndh-d.
. -ing of a hook, J itd-bandi.
Bird, chiriya. -cage, pinjra.
-lime, /^'jTrt'.
Birth, jana;/i. -day, -^/>/.
Biscuit, ^/Vy^/V. (E.).
Bishop, /dt pddri sdkib. -
Bit, ///>^r^ ; zarrah (f. ) ; thora-
. sa (for horse,) dahdnah.
Bite, /^^/^. V. ^«';// se kdtna.
(as hot things,) lagna.
Bitter, tita ; karwa ; tcz.
-ness, talkjii.
Black, kdla ; siydJi. -ness,
siydhi. V. kdla-k, -ant,
chyunti, -guard, bad-zdt.
smith, lohdr. -ing,
siydhi ; roshnd,i. pepper,
gol-mirch.
Blame, //s^'///; inaldmat. V.-k.
less, be-kiisur ; nirdosh.
Blanket, kamrnal, (f.). kamli.
Blaze, lati ; lahar ; shulah,
V. lahrdna.
Bleed, {trans.), fasd-kholna ;
lohu lena.{intr.),lohu girna-
Blemish, aib, (f.) ; kJiata ;
ddgh. A. ddghi. V. ddghi-k.
Blessing, du,a, (f.). A. inubd-
rak. V. -d.
Blind (adj.), andha ; kor-oi
one eye, kdna, V. andhera-
k. -ness, kori ; nd bini.
Blind (y\.), pardah.
Blister, phaphola.
Block, kundah. -head^
ahmak ; be-wukuf.
Blood, kJiun ; lohu. -y, khun-
dludah. -less, be-khun.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
'^\o%som^ phu/y -bahar ana.
Blot, ddgh. -ed, ddghi. V.
-/^.-ting-paper, Idl-kdghaz.
Blow (n.), zarb (f.) ; thokar,
(f.) ; ghusa. (V.) (as wind,)
chalna ; hahna -with the
mouth, phiuikna; phunk-d,
-over, (as a storm,) sdf
hona ; khulna, to - an in-
strument, bajdna, to give
a-. See * Beat.'
Blue, nil ; nila.
Blunt, kund. N. -/*.
Blush, kjiijlat, V. -^ at the
first-, dekhte hii^e.
Boar, janglt sti^ar.
Bj^v Board, takhtah. (assembly),
BL ' borad,' i:^,).
[Boasting, Idf-zani, V. -k.
a -er, Idf-zan.
Boat, kishti ; nd^o (f.) ; with
thtir various kinds, as
• bajra ' y '' panso^V ; 'den-
ghi^^ Q^c. -man, malldh.
head ditto, mdnjhi.
Body (human,) badan ; jism.
(of men.) See 'Assembly.'
Boil (trans. )^ ubdlna ; (intr.)^
khaulna ; iibalna. -ing
-wdiitr^ garmpdni. servants
^2iy, phuta pant. N. phap-
hoia.
Bold, marddnah ; shitja,
-ness, marddnagi ; ausdn^
(f.) ; shvjd.at. (in a ba<l
. sense,) j/^<?^^/. N. shokJiL
Bolster, bara iakiyah. -up,
?nadad-d.
Bolt (n.), ^^/;/^; theki. V.'
-lagdna. as, e.g., a horse.
bhdgna ; bhdg-jdna.
Bond (fetter,) ^'^/^ (f.). (to
secure debt,) tamassuk.
Bone, haddi ; hdr.
Book, kiidby (f.) ; bahi.
-sli elves, -ka takhtah.
binder, jild-band. -bind-
wi, jild-bandi.
Boot, but. (E.) ; inozah.
-lace, bict ka fitah.
Border, kindrah. (of a writ-
ing,) hdshiyah.
Bore (v.), chhedna. (annoy,)
satdna ; dikk-k. -er, ^ar-
mah.
Born, to be, paida-hona.
Borrow, mdng-lena ; karz-
lena. -er, niustair.
Bosom, sinah.
Both (two), donoij, both...
and. See page 46.
Bottle, botal, (f.),(E.). j/^/y/^-
Bough. See ' Branch'-
222 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Bound (leap,) kudna ; uchhal-
na, N. Md ; uchhal, (en-
close,) hadd (f.) (or, plur.)
hudiid-d, or lagdna. A.
pd-band, -ed, ghera ; viah-
dud.
Bow (for arrows,) ka7?idn ;
dhanuk (f.). (for pellets,)
ghulel (f.). to use a-, -k.
(salutation,) saldin. V. -k.
Bowl, boli (E.); piydlah ;
katora. finger-, hdth-boli.
Box, sanduk ; sandiik-chah ;
hakas. (E.). (trunk,) peti,
tin-box of a particular
shape for clothes, &c.,
pitdrah. ...dan. See page
41. a small -, e.g.^ for .
snuff, a single ring, &c.,
dibiya. See 'Blow.'
Boy, chhokra ; larka. In
. Bombay and Madras, ^bof
is used in calling one's
personal servant ; never so
in Bengal, -hood, larak-
pan. -ish, chhokra-sa.
Bracelet, called by endless
names ; a general word is,
bdzu-band.
Braces, gdlis.
Bracket, brdkit. (E.).
Braid, giindhaft.
Brain, maghz; dimdgh. -less,
be-wukiif.
Bran, bhtisi.
Branch, shdkji ; Ml {i,). (of
river,) sota, (of a subject,)
juz ; bdb.
Brandy, brdi^di-shardb (f.).
Brass, pital. of-, -ka,
-platter, ihdli. -vessels
(generally), thdli-lota.
Brave. See * Bold.' dildwar ;
diler, -ery, dildwari, dileri.
Bravo ! shdbdsh ; bahut
achchha I
Brawn, bardn. (E.).
Bray, renkna.
Bread, roti ; ndn (f.). (food
generally,) khdna.
Breadth, chaurd^i ; araz.
Bresd^ (ff'am.), forna ; tor-d.;
phdrna. (intr.\ ttit-jdna.
-open, torna ; tor-d
-away, bhdg-jdna. -off,
barkJidst-k, of day, bhor ;
barifajr; tarka ; subh; ala-
s-sabdh. broken, ticta ; tuta
Mc^a. -fast, hdziri ; ndsh-
tah. V. "lena ; -khdna.
Breast, chhdii ; sinah.
Breath, dam ; sdi,is. to be out
of-, dam-tutna.Xo draw-,
-lena.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
223
Breeches, jdiighia ; brichis,
(E.).
Bribe, rishwat ; ghus. to
give a- -d, to accept a-
-lena, or -khdna.
Brick, /;//, (f.) ; kjiisht
Bridge, ////. V. -banana,
tolls for construction of-,
-bandi.
Bridle, lagdm (f.) V. -lagd-d.
Brief; briefly, mnkhtasar, a-,
intikjidb.
Bright, sdf ; raushan. V. -k.
-ness, raushani.
Bring, Idna ; le-dna ; lele-
dna. -about, band-id na,
-in, hdzir Idna ; hdzir-
kar-d.; dne-d.; yahdn-ldna.
-over, is laraf Idna. -up,
pdlna ; parivarish-k.
Broad, chaura ; ariz. N.
chaurd.i; araz, -cloth,
bdndt.
Brocade, ka^nkhwdb.
Broker, dalldl.
Brooch, baroch. (E.).
Broom, jhdru.
Broth, sjiorba.
Brother, bhd^i ; barddar.
-hood, barddari. -ly, bard-
dardfia.
Brougham, band-gdri.
Brow (of face,) abru. (of a
hill,) lab.
Brown, barun, (E.).
Brush, See ^Broom.' (hair,
clothes,) brush, (E.) V.-//.,
or lagd-d. See page 96.
(sweep,) jhdrna ; jhdr-d.
--wood, jhdr ; jhdri.
Bucket, dolchi ; bdlti.
Buffalo, bhainsa. f. -si.
Buffoon, 7Jiask/iara/i.
Bug, kiiat-inai.
Build, banana ; bdndhna ;
uthdna, -mg^giiar; viakdn^
kothi ; imdrat.
Bull, nar-gd^o ; sdiid, or sdrir.
Bullet, goii.
Bullock, baii. -cart, -gdri.
Bunch, guciichha.
Bundle, ^;^<i!//^r/; bast ah; chiz-
bast ah; mot. (^.^., of grass,)
bojJia.
Burden (n.), bojhaN. boj'hna.
Burial, kafan-dafan, (f).
V. -k. ; mitti-d. -ground,
goristdn ; kabristdn.
Burn {n.),sokhtah. (v. trans.,)
jaid?ia ; jald-d.; dg-iagd-d,
{intr.), Jaina,
Burst (intr.), pJiutna ; phat-
jdna. (trans.), torna ;
phdrna.
224
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT T^ HE SPOKEN.
Bush, jhdr ; gdchh. rose-,
gul-db-phul.
Business, kdm; kdr; kdr bdf ;
kdr-o-bdr. (trade,) tijdrat.
(profession,) peshah. V. -k.
Busy, kdm men ; mashghul.
But, kkin ; magar. (only,)
sirf; kJidii, e.g., there is
nothing but books here,
yahdrj. sirf (or, khdli)
kitdbe7} hati,t.
Butcher, kassdb. V. katl-k. ;
zabh-k,
Butler, khdnsdmdij,.
^vX\.tx^makkha7iy(y\2i\AV^^ gh i
(ill.), -man, makkhanwdla.
Butterfly, /////.
Buttocks, chutar.
Button, ghundi ; bu/dm, (E.),
' -hole, mtindi.
Buy, mdl-lena ; kharid-k,
-ing and selling, /^//r?^-/V-
farokht -er, khariddr.
Buzz, bhm-bhindna. -ing,
bhin-bhindhat.
By, se. -me, mere pds, by
hundreds, sau^ sau hokar.
^one's self, dp hi dp^ or
dp-se. -chance, ittifdkan.
-all means, har tarah se.
-no means, hargiz na.
-and,- tkori ghari ke baad,
-heart, ydd se. year by
year, sdl-ba-sdl.
Cab, thika-gdri -man, -wd^a.
Cabbage, kobi.
Cage, pinJ7'a
Cake, kulchah ; kek. (E.).
Calamity, dfat; viusibat.
Calendar, jantri.
Calf, bachhra. -of leg, pindli.
Calico, katan kapra ; mdrkin
(i.e., 'Arrierican.')
Call (one), biiidna; buld-lena;
ialab-k. (shour), pnkdrna ;
dzadz-d. N. dim z ,{(.); bdng.
(visit,) muldkdt. V. -k.
Camel, //;//; shntur. -driver,
shutur-bdn.
Ca m p, khimah'-gdh; J is jagah
khiuie khare hii^e haijj.
Camphor, kdfur.
Can, See page i8. Sect. 22.
dna^ (of what a person is
able to do, e.g., ham kolikh-
na dta hai, I can write.)
* Pronounced also ^ KJiaiutah.'
HINDT^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
¥
Canal, na/ir. (f.).
Candle, mom-batti ; kandil.
{not E.). -stick, shama-
ddn.
Cannon, top -ball, top ki golL
Canvas, tat.
Cap, topi.
Capable. See ' Able.'
Caper (n.), kabar {i.) -, kepar
(E.). (v.) uchhalna. N.
uchhal.
Capital (in trade,) pimji.
Adj. achchha ; bahut ach-
chha ; utndah.
Ca.pon, pekan. See paoe ^\.
Captain, sirdar ; kat)tdn sahib.
Caravan, kdrwdn ; kdfilah.
Card, tikat (E.). playing-,
tdsh. -board, kat.
Care (anxiety,)y^/^r(f.) ; ande-
shah ; tarraddud ; Adj.
fikr-mand. V. fikrmand-
>^<7?/^. (guardianship.) amd-
nat ; hifdzat ; zim??iah.
V. (to take care of a thing,)
apne pas rakhna ; hifdzat
men rakhna, (caution,)
khabarddri, Adj. khabar-
ddr. V. khabarddr-ho?ia.
-less, ghdfil. N. ghaflat.
(free from care,) be-kJiabar.
N. be-kJiabarddri.
Caress, nawdzish. V. pydr-k.
Carpenter, barha.,i, -try,
najjdri.
Carpet, dari ; Jarsh ; shat-
ranji ; gh dlichah^ or kdli-
chah .
Carnage. See page 90.
stage-, ddk-gdri.
Carry, uthdna ; icthd-ke-k-
jdna. -into effect, ba-sar-
Idna ; ba-ja Idna ; nibdhnn.
-ier, kuli ; barddr ; ham.
mdl p- motiya.
Cart, gdri. bullock-, bail-gdri.
-load, gdri ka bojha ; gdri
ki khep.
Case (covering,) ghilaf. (box,)
sandick. See page ^i, * dan."*
(in Court,) mukaddamah ;
ndlish. the facts of the-,
hdl ; asl Ml; mdjara,
one's-, (i.e. what he has ;
to say,) guzdrish ; arz (f.),
nibedon.
Cash, paise ; rupiye. ready-
nakd-riipiye ; -book, khdta-
bahi ; hisdb ki bahi. -ier,
khazdnchi.
* Not in use in Bengal.
15
226 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Cask, fipa.
Cast. See ' Throw.'
Cat, hilli.
Catalogue, ^/^m/.
Catch, pakarna ; pakar-lena.
-cold, sardi khdna. to be
caught, pakra-jdna.
Caterpillar, jhdnjha.
Cattle, ma^mshi ; ^a,e-goru.
Cauliflower, phid-hobi.
Cause, sabab ; wajh, (f.). V.
kardna ; kard-d. without-,
be-sabab.
Caution. See ' Care.'
Cease {trans.), maukuf-k. ;
band-k. {intr.\ same words
and hona ; ho-jdna.
Celery, silari (E.).
Cent, per, saikra, e.g. pdnch
rupiye saikra, 5 per cent.
Centipede, gojar.
Centre, markaz ; bichon bich.
in the-, bich men.
Ceremony, takaliuf ;takiif(i.).
Certain {^\xx^,) yakin. N. -/.
V. -hona. (settled,) mu-
karrar ; kd,im. V. these
words and hona. * a certain
person' fuldnah ; fuldnah
shakhs. -ly, albattah ; be-
shak ; zariir, -ify, sdbitk. ;
tahkik-k.
Certi ficate, sifdrish ka kJiatt ;
' sartifikat {Ys.),
Chaff, bhtlsi.
Chain, zanjir. (f.). V. lagd-d.
Chair, kursi ; chauki. -man,
(of a t neeti ng, ) sar-i-majlis.
Chalk, khdri-matti.
Chamber, kamra ; kothri.
Chamois-leather, sdbari.
Chance, ittifdk. V. -se hona.
by-, ittifdkan.
Ch2iugQ, tabdil ; badl ; badld.
badli. V. {trans.) -k.(intr.)
-hona.
Channel, ndla ; sota ; khdl.
Character, chdl-chalan. good-
nek-ndm. bad-, bad-ndm.
a bad character (person,)
bad-madsh. (letter,) harf^
pL huruf.
Charcoal, kojla.
Cnarge (keeping,) amdnat ;
hifdzat ; nigdhbdni. V,
{trans.) -men rakhna,
{intr.) -men hona. (attack, )
havilah. V. -k, (accusa-
tion,) ilzdm. V, -lagd-d,
charge in an account,
hisdb J7teii likhna.
Charity, khairdt ; lutf (f.).
-able, khairdti ; faiydz ;
sakhi.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
227
Chase (sport), shikar. Y.-k.
(pursuit), raged ; khader.
V. ragedna ; khedna.
Chattering, bak-bak ; kdji-
kdn, V. -k.
Cheap, sasta ; nianda ; kam-
kimat. -ness, sasti ; kam-
kimati.
Cheating, ya;r^^/ daghd-bdzi.
V. -k. one who cheats,
daghd-bdz.
Check, dhiste-k ; rokna ;
atkdna.
Cheek, gdl\ rukh.
Cheer (amuse, &c.) bahldna ;
khush-k, -ful, kjiush ;
kjmsh-dil ; khiish-ru ; be-
fikr. -fulness, khush-tab.i.
( applau d, ) khushi-khushi-
bolna, (by clapping,)
tdli^dn-k. cheers, khushi-
khushi ; ^ hura ' (E.).
Cheese, panir{m.), -monger,
-farosh.
Chess, shatranj, to play-,
-khelna. -board, -bisdt,
-man, muhrah.
Chest. See ' Box. -of drawers,
drdj (E.). (of body,) cMdft.
Chew, chdbna ; chabdna.
Chief, (n.) sarddr, {2i,) paihla;
awwal.
Child, bachchah ; larka^ larki;
tifl; bdba (L.B.) -hood,
larakpan ; tufuliyai. -less
be-auldd ; Id^wdris, -dren,
larke-log ; bdba-log^ (L.B.).
Chin, thuddi ; zanakh.
Chintz, rangi.
Chisel, (dnki.
Choose, lena ; chdhna ; pa-
sand-k. N. (what pleases,)
jo pasand hat (option,)
ikhtiydr ; marzi ; khushi.
Cholera, haizah ; ola-pira.
Chop, (v.) kdtna; tukra-tukra
kar-d. (n.) chdp. (E.). -per>
bdivarchi-khdne ki chhuri.
Christ, HazratPsa, -ian>
isawi -ianity. Tsd-i-maz-
hab, -mas, bara din ;
kismis. (E.). a Christian,
Kristdn (E.).
Church, girja^ or Q,rija,
Cinnamon, ddr-chini.
Circle, ghera ; dd,irah. (of
jurisdiction.) halkah ; aid-
kah ; parganah ; zila :
and many other territorial
words — * i ' added to the
title of an officer often
means his jurisdiction, e.g.,
'' zaminddri^^ the territory
of a zamindar, and so on.
HINDUSTANI AS 11' OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Circumstance, jel ; amal ;
amr ; Ml ; a si hal ; wdki^-
dt ; jo hu^a hai. -tial,
7?iufassalati ; tafsil-wdr.
City, shahr \ (as last part in
compos :) ' nagar' and
^ pur."* -izen, shahr men
rahiie-ivdla.
Civil, su-shiL -ity, suluk ;
nek-chalan. -ization, tah-
zib-i-akhldk.
Claim, daiva. (f.) ; as formu-
lated,) darkJiwdst ; arz ; (f.)
sawdl. V. -k -ant, da^vd-
4dr. (in Court,) niudda^i.
Claret, Idlshardb (f.) ; kald-
ral(K.).
Class, kism. (rank,) darjah,
(of Railway, or School,)
kalds. (E.). -ification, tar-
tib. -ify, tartib-k.
Clause, dafah ; jumlah.
Claw, changul ; ndkhun.
Clay, gil (f.), chikni mitti.
Clean (adj.), sdf ; safa, (v.)
sdf-k. -liness, safdj. ; paki-
zagi.
Clear, sdf ; shaffdf. (obvi-
ous,) sdf; maaltim ; sdf
maahim ; zdhir, V. sdf-k.
CAtdive, phdrria ; chirna. -er,
See 'Axe' --to one, lagd
rahna ; ke pas rahna.
Clerk, kirdni ; kdtib ; iiazvis-
andah : as last part of
word ... navis, e.g., nakL
navis, a copying-clerk.
Clever, chdldk; hoshydr^'^.-i-
Climite, db-o-haiva, (f.).
Cloak (n.), iba (f.) ; labddah,
(v.) chhipdna. (adj.) chhipa-
hu,a.
Clock, gharl. See page 67.
Cloci, dhela.
Close, (v,), ba7id-jk.(n.) dkhit\^
or akhir^ (near,) nazdik ;
ke pds.-td, band.
Closet, kothri. the W. C.
ghiisl-khdnah ; pd-e-khd-
nah ; jd-e-zarur.
Cloth, kapra. tahlt^-, mez ki
chddar ; dastar- khwdn.
web of-, thdn, cotton-,
nan-kldth ; ^ katdn-kapra,.
woollen--, bdndt, to lay
the-, mez lagdna, or
taiydr-k. clothes, kapre,
night-, rdt ke kapre. See
page 95. Clothe (v.), kaprc
pahinna ; orhna.
* This is an attempt at the English, ' long-cloth.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
229
Cloud, abr ; badli ; megh. -y,
abri.
Clove, karanful.
Club, lathi; chob ; sonta.
-nun, IdtliidL
Cbal, kojia.
Coarse, mota. N. motd^i
(fig.) be-hunar ; b^.-adab.
Coast, kindrah ; pdr. V.-
kindre par chalna.
Coat, kurti.
Coax, phusldna ; chumkdrna.
Cobbler, mochi.
Cob-web, niakri kajdla.
Cock, murgh, (of a gun,)
ghora (v.) -khara-k.
Cockroach, til-chatta.
Coco, koko (E.).
Coffee, kahivah ; kdfi (E.).
Coffin, sanduk^ (v.) -nie7,i
rakhna.
Coin, paise ; ricpiye. V.
-bandna. false-, mekhi
rupiye.
Cold (adj.), sard; thandha ;
sital. (n.) sardi ; thandhd^i.
-in the head, zukdm. V.
-thandha-k, to be-, than-
dha hona.
Collar, kdlar (E.).-of a coat,
«&c., girebdn.
Colleague, rafik; sharik.
Collection, Jama ; jamiyat.
V. -jama-k. -of dues,
wasiil. V. -k. -tor, (of a
district,) kalektar sdhib.
(gei^eraWy,) tahsi/ddr; sazd-
waL
College, 7nadrasah.
Colonel, karnail (E.) sdhib.
Colour [\\.) rang, (f.), V. -d.
-en, ratigin.
Column, situn ; khamba.
Comb, kanghi. V. -d. or
lagd-d.
Come, ana ; d-jdna ; tashrif
Idna, {Seepage 76. Sect,
17.) -about, ho-jdna.
-back, phir-dna. -out,
bdhat-dna; nikalna; nikal-
dna, -to one's self, hash
men ana.
Comfort, tasalli ; tashaffi ;
taskin \i.) ;k2iushi, V. -d, ;
bahldna.
Command, hukm. V. -d,
-er, hdkim ; sarddr. with
special names for various
commanders, ^g./auj-ddr^
a military -er ; kila-ddr^
a -er of 'a fort, and so on,
down to Jama-ddr, head-
man of any small body,
military or other.
I
230
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Commence. See ' Begin.'
Commendation, sifdrish,
(praise,) taarif {{.). V. -d.
Commerce, sauddgari ; tijd-
rat; kjiarid-farokht ; mahd-
jaiii.
Commit (do.)j kar?ia. (en-
trust to,) haivdle men rakh-
na ; hawdlah-k,; supurd-k.;
amdnat men rakhna. com-
mission, (e.g. of an of-
fence,) with *karna,' as
v.n.
Common, J;;/;;/, -ly, umuman;
aksar. held in-, ijvidli ;
mushtarah. a-, maiddn ;
parti zamin (f).
Companion, sdthi ; rafik ;
ham-rdhi. -ship, rijdkat.
Company. See ' Assembly.'
The East India Company,
Kampatii Bahddiir.
Compare, mildna : miikd-
balah-k, -atively, ba nisbat
is kL -ison, (act of,) mukd-
ba/ah-k, as v.n.
Compel, use ' zor-se, or
zabar-dasti se^ with appro-
priate verb.
Competent. See 'Able'
Complaint(in words,) ndlish ;
ndla. V. -k. (sickness,)
bimdri ; yo^. complainant
(in Qo\ix\.^)faryddi;mudda,i.
Conjplete, tarn dm. V. -k,
-tion, -k. as v.n. -ly
ta?ndm ; hill ; bil-ktill ;
sar-a-pa.
Comprehend, samajhna /
saniajh nieij, Idna, -sion,.
sainajh (f.) ; hosh ; akl (f.).
Conceal, chhipdna. to be
-ed, ruposh-hona. -menty
ruposhi.
Conclude See ' Close.'
Condemn (disapprove,) nd-
pasa?id-k. (sentence,) hnkin
-d, -nation, sazd ka Mikin^
Conduct, sulnk ; chdl-chalan.
V. pahnnchd-d.
Confectioner, haiivd.i. -ery^
viithdi.
Confession, ikrdr ; kubiil.
V. -k, (person who ad-
mits,) kd^il.
Confine (by bounds,) hadd-
lagd-d. (imprison,) kaid-k.
-ment, kaid ; girijtdri.
Confirmation, subut. V^
-kar-d. ; sdbit-k.
Conflict. See ' Battle '
Conform to, hukm ke mu^dfi^
kdm k, ; mdnna. -bly to,.
hasb \ ke mu^dfik ; ba-mujib^
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKKN.
231
Confound {trans.), ghabrdna.
be -ed, ghabrdna. Adj.
ghdbra. -(one thing with
another,) mild-d. -fusion,
gol-mdl (L. B.); be-tar-
tibi. (of mind,) ghabrdhat.
Congeal, jainna ; jam-jdna.
Congratulations, mubdrak-
bddi. V. -k.
Conjuring, y^^2/. V. -k. -er,
"gar. See ' Beseech.'
Connect! on,aldkah;sar-o-kdr.
V. -rakhna. See ' Relation.'
Conscience, dt7 ; khdtir.
-cious, rdst ; sachcha ;
sddik, -ciousness, rdsti.
sachd,i ; sddik i.
Consent. See * Agree.'
Consequence, natijah ; md-
hasal. See page, 99.
Consideration, (thought,)
sock (f.); kjiaydl; tadbir (f).
V. -k. (dignity.) 7nartabah.
-ately, tadbir-se ; bujh-ke.
Consign. See * Commit.'
-ment, mdl ; chaldn (f.).
Consist oi-ka hona ;-se hona.
Consolation. 6"^^ 'Comfort.'
Constancy, kd^imi ; mazbiUi ;
istikrdr A. kd^im, mazbut.
V. hona, (with the Adjs.)
-tly, hameshah ; aksar.
Construct, bandna ; band-d.
-tion, iindrat.
Consultation, 7naslahat. (v.
-k.) saldh (f.). V. -lena.
Contain, by phrase, e.g*
is sandiik men misri hai, in
this box is sugar = this
box contains sugar, con-
tents, is men jo kuchh hai.
table of contents, fihrist.
-of a book, 7?iazmun.
Contemplation, muldhazah.
(mentsi\,)fa,ammn/. V. -h.;
dekhna. --tive, tmiiafakkir.
Contemptible, hakir ; pdji,
-temn, hakir jdnna.
tempt, hikdrat.
Contention, jhagra ; lardj.
V. -k. A. jhagrdlu; ziddi.
Contentedness, razdmandi.
A. rdzi ; khush. V. rdzi,
or khush hona.
Continue, rahna. (to keep
doing a thin",) rahna,
added to stem.
Contract, shart ; kaul-o-
kardr ; ahd-o-paimdn. V.
-k. ; bdndh-kna. -debt,
karz-lena ; karz-ddr hona.
(e.g. in business,) thika,
V. -lena. -or, thikd-ddr.
Contradict, bar-khildf kahna.
232
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Contrary to, mukhdlif.
-riness, zidd (f.) j aks ;
addwat.
Contusion, chot ; thokar {{,).
Qor\\tr\\tr\\.,7fiu^dfik ; durust ;
achchha ; thik. to be-, hona.
Conversation, bdt-chit ; guft-
o-gu (f. ). V. -k.
Convey, le-jdna ; pahu7}chd-d.
See * Carriage.^ deed of
-ance, ndmah (following
the word expressing the
kind of conveyance, e.g.
hibah-ndinah, a deed of
conveyance by gift.)
Convict (n.), kaidi ; mulzim.
V. ek shakhs ko fiiujrirn
sdbit-k.
Cook (n.), bdivarchi. -room,
-khdnah.{y.),pakdna. -mg^
rasii, i. See page 8 7 .
Cool. See ' Cold.'
Copy, nakl (f ) V -k. ist,
-navis. (as last part in
compos.).
Cord, rdssi ; sutlu V.
-lagd-d ; se bdndh-d.
Coriander, dhaniya (f ).
Cork, dhatha ; thefithi ;* kdg,^
(E.). V. d. -screw, kdg
kholne ka peek. [Servants
use only the word ^ kdg.'^
Corn, andj ; ghallah ; ddnah
a grain of- ddnah. -field,
fasl ka khet.
Corpse, Idsh (f ) ; miirdah.
Correct, sahih ; thik ; durust,
V. --k. See ' Punish.' -ly,
thik.
Correspond (match,) viilna ;
mil-jdna ; eksdn, or thik
or bardbar ho7ia. N. mu,d-
fakat. (by letter,) khatt,
or khutiit likhna. N. khatt-
khutut ; Jdiatt-kitdbat.
Cost (n.), ddm ; kiinat. V.
itni kimat ka hona. -ly,
kimati ; besh-kimat.
Cotton, ru^i ; pumbah ; kapds.
-tree jkapds J or sirnal gdchh.
Couch, kauch (E.). See * Bed.*
Cover, sar-posh ; dhakna ;
chapni. V. -d, ; lagd-d.
-ing (according to its kind,
Q.g.),kammal {vci.) or kafnli,
a blanket ; rizd^i, a quilt ;
chddar (f ), a sheet, &c. ;
orhne ki chiz.
Covetousness,/^'/^^/^; hirs., (f.)
V. -k. A. Idlchi.
Cough, khdnsi. V. -k.
Council. See * Assembly.'
Counsel. »SV^ * Advice.' (law-
yer,) kausili sdhib (E.).
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
233
Count, ^inna ; shumdr-k,
^, -ing, shumdr-k.^ as v.n. ;
K hisdb-k, -ing-house, dafiar-
khdnah ; dfis. (E).
Country (a.), mulk. native-,
zvatan; des, (not the town,)
dihdt ; mufassal. -man,
ganwdr, (co-patriot,) haiti-
watan ; des-bhd^i.
Courage. See ' Brave.'
Court (yard,) sahan. (King's,)
(public,) diwdn-i-dmm. (pri-
vate,) diwdn-i-khdss. (of
Justice) (civil,) dhvdni-
addlat, (criminal,) fauj-
ddri-addlat. V. (none ;
natives do not * court,'
they employ a broker,
called ^ ghatak')
Cousin, bhd,i ; bahin, with
(iescriptive words before
them, viz : father's bro-
ther's son, chachera-. mo-
ther's ditto, mamera-.
father's sister's son, phu-
phera-, mother's ditto,
mausera-. So, ' chacheri
baking d^c, if the cousin
be female. ^
Cow, gd,e, or gd,o ; goru.
-dung, gobar, -herd, or
-'kQGpQr,go,d/a, {{.) go^dlin.
-shed, gd.o-sdla, or go-
sdla.
Coward, nd-mard. -ly, be-
jigar, -liness, be-jigari.
See * Jigar.'
Crack, phdt. V. (trans.)
phdrna ; phdr-d. (intr,)
p hat- j ana.
Crane (bird,) sdras ; ghongla.
(machine,) charJzli ; kal.
Creak (v.), charchardna.
Cream, inald,i.
Creature. See ' Being.'
Credit, &c. See ' Believe,' &c.
Creep, ringna, or rengna ;
reng-reng-k.
Crime, jurm ; gundh, -inal
(n. a. ), mnjrim ; giindh-gdr.
See * Court.'
Croak, ghoiyghon-k.
Crocodile, ma gar ; kiimhir ;
nihang ; ghariydL
Crooked, terha ; tirchha ;
bdnka ; kaj.
Crop (of field,) fast, (f.) ;
ghallah ; paiddwdr.
Cross (adj.), magra; sarkash.
V. (e.g., a river,) pdr-k,
(e.g., two sticks,) dra-
lagdna, road, chau-rdsta.
Crow (voice,) bdng, (f). V.
-d. (bird,) kauwa ; kdg.
234
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Crowd, guroh ; amboh.
Crown, tdj, V. -rakhna.
-lands, khdss mahdll.
Cruel, be-rahm. -ty. -/.
Cruet, sirkah-ddn.
Crumb, cMr ; rezah ; tukra.
Crush, dabdna ; dabd-d.
Crust, chhilka. (of bread,)
post.
Cry (weep,) rona, (out,)
pukdrna ; chilldna. (up,)
taartf-d. N. pukdr ; bdng
(f.) ; dwaz (f.) ; shor.
Cubit, hdth.
Cucumber, khira, (native,)
pindol ; palwal.
Cudgel, Idthi. V. -chaldna ;
—se mdrna.
Cultivate, kketi-k. -lion,
(fields,) kheti ; kdsht. -tor,
kdsht-kdr ; kisdn ra^iyat.
-ed land, dbddi. -tion, (of
mind,) tahzib-t-nafs,
Qu^iptydlah ; katora, -board,
almdri.
Curd, dahi^ (m.)
Cure (medicine,) ildj (f.) ;
dawa, (f.). (recovery,)
shifa; durusti, V. durust^
or achchha-k, -ed, bhala.
Curl, of hair, zulf, (f.). V.
pechtdb-d.
Currier, chamdr.
Curry, kdri.
Curtainj pardak ; (mosquito,)
musahri.
Cushion, gaddi; ktUhan,(E.).
Custard, kastad, (E.) / fdln-
dah. -apple, sharipah.
Custom, dastur ; riwdj ;
7naamid. (tribute,) khirdj :
niahsid; tikkas, (i.e., 'tax/)
-house, parmit-ghar, (half
E.). -ary, dastur ke 77111 ^dfik ;
hasb zdbitah.-2ixy discount,
dasturi.
Cut, l:dt ; chira. V. hdpia ;
chirfia ; tardshna. -cut,
kdta hii.a. a -ting, (of
plant,) kalam.
Cycle, yug.
Cypress, saro, or sarv.
D.
Damage, nuksdn ; ziydn ;
zarar, V. -^.;] -pahu7j,ch-
dna.
Damp, tar; bhi7,iga. V.
bhiiigd-d, -ness, tari ;
tard,t ; bhi7,igd,i.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
235
Dance, ndch, (f.), (fancy,)
pudri^-ndch. V. -na.
Danger, khatrah. -ous,
khaiar-ndk. to run into -,
khatre meii dna.
Dare, hhnmat-rakhna. N.
dileri. Adv. dileri se.
Dark, andhera ; tdrik. -ness,
andhera. V. -k.
Darning, rafu. V. -k.
Dash (assault,) patak. V.
-d. (down), ddl-d, (at,)
lapakna.
Date (time,) tdrikh, (f.), V. -d,
-d, markum.({x\\\X^)khajur.
Daughter, <^^//; dukJitar. -in-
law, bahu.
Dawn, j-^^M / M^^- ; tarka ;
bari fajr.
Day, din ; roz. -by-, roz-ba-
roz. daily, y^^?* r^^j. ; (as
adj.) rozinah. daily pay,
rozinah. a fine- khula^ or
achchha din. a bad-,/<i;// /^«
^/>/. to-, 4/. in these days,
dj-kaL -book, roz-ndm-
chah. -break, See *Dawn.'*
-labourer, mazdur, daily
bread, khdna-pina.
Deaf, bahra, -ness, bahrd^i.
Dear (price,) viah?,iga ; besh-
kimat. N. besh-kimati.
(affection,) pydra. papa I
dear ! bdba jdn. dearest
mamma, ainvia jdn. my
dear ! 7neri jdn. Oh ! dear I
hd^e. hd,e f to hold dear,
pydr-k. or rakhna.
Death, maut^ (f.) ; maran ;
intikdl.
Debate, bahs, (f.). V. -k.
Debt, karz ; -or, karz-ddr. to
be, or get in to-, karz-
lena : karz-ddr hona.
Decayed, sara ; piirdna.
Decanter, ' kantar.' (E.)r
shardb ki surdhi.
Deceased, inarhum ; inuta-
waffa.
Deceive. See ' Cheat.'
Decision, (e.g., of a case,)
hukm ; faisalah ; farmdn
V. -d. ' I have decided
to go to Calcutta,' mera
kasd hai kih inai^i Kalkatta
jd/m.
Declaration, bdt ; baydn ;
izhdr. V. -k. ; kahna (as
v.n.).
Decline (slope,) dhdl. (f.).
See ' Refuse.'
Decrease, kami^ V. -k. and
hona.
Decree. See ' Decide '
236
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Deed, kdm ; fel ; amr. -in
writing, ndmah^ as last
part of word, e.g., hiba-
ndmah, a deed of gift.
Various kinds have differ-
ent names, e.g., kahdlah^
a deed of sale ; sanad (f.),
a deed of royal, or other
grant of favour ; patta\ *a
deed of lease ; kabulyat^
an acceptance of a lease.
&c., &c. A general word
is dast-dwez^ (f.).
Dtep, gai/ira ; amik, Y -k.
N. gaih.rd,i.
Deer, hiran, or haran.
Defeat, hazimat. V. -d. to
be defeated, -khdna.
Defect, kusur ; khata ; aib.
A. ndkis.
Defend, bachdna ; bachd-d.
(in Couxt^) jaw db-d. (one's
character,) zizr-k. defence,
bachd^o ; hijdzai ; jawdb ;
uzr, -dant, muda^d-alaine ;
farik sdni.
Defer, maukuf-k ; multavi
rakhna.
Deficiency. See 'Decrease.'
Definition, taarif^ (f.). V. -k.
Defraud. See ' Cheat.'
Defy, dhamkdna ; dhamki-d.
Degree, inartabah ; darjah.
by degrees, raftah-rajtah ;
kadam-ba-kadam.
Delay, der^ or deri ; taivak-
kuf. V. -k. (trans.) rokna.
Deliberation, ta^a?nmul. V.
-k. Adv. -se ; tadbir se ;
soch karke.
Delicious, latif ; laziz ;
kjiush-mazah, a - cacy,
lazzat ; niitnat ki chiz.
Delight, khushi, V. -/^.-ful,
or -ed, khush ; dil-khush.
Deliverance, khaldsi ; rehdj.
V. -d.
Demand. See ' Ask.'
Demon, rdkshas ; bhut ;
jinn ; baitdl.
Demonstration, 5/^(^///. Y,-kar-
d. ; -kar-dikldna ; zdhir-k.
Denial, inkdr, V. ^k.
Departure, rawdnagi ; chald-
jdna, as v.n. V. jdna ;
chaldjdna ; uthjdna ;
rukhsat le?ia ; fashrif le-
jdna. See page 76.
Dependent (a), tdbi. ('on,'
se.) (n.) -dar. -dence,
tdbi-ddri. This depends
on my j^leasure, yih meri
khwdhish par maukuf hau
Deponent, kdjL
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
237
Deposh, amdnaf ; giraw. V.
rakhna ; sipurd-k.
Deposition , bat ; bay an ;
izhdr. (V. -k.) on oath,)
shahddat ; s^aivdhi. V. -d.
Depress, dabdna ; dabd-d. (in
mird), afsiirdah-k. -ed,
afsiirdah.
Deprive of, le-jdna ; cJihin-
lena, N. nuksdn ; ziyan.
Deputy, wakil, or vakil ;
gumdshtah ; nd^tb. V.
bhejna.
Descend, idarna ; niche-ana.
Description, bay an ; taarif
(f). V. -k ; -d. (sort,) kism.
Desert (n.) baydbdn ; jangal.
(a.) wirdn, V. See * Aban-
don.'
Design. See * Intention. '
' Drawing. '
Desirc^, khwdhish ; murdd^
(f.) drzu ; jo maiti chdhta
Mfi^, so. V. chdhna. A.
arziimand ; mushtdk.
Despatch (speed), jaldi ;
shitdbi. (of e.g. goods,)
chaldn ; rawdnagi. V.
chaldn-kar-d. ; bhej-d.
Despise, hakir-jdnna. N.
hikdraf.
Despot, zdliin.-\Q^ mustakilly
-ism, zjihn.
Dessert, 7newa ; farut^ (E.).
Destiny, kisniat ; kaza^ (f.) ;
takdir.
Destitute, gharib ; be-inak-
dicr ; and almost any noun
preceded by * be ' ; Ml a,
(Arabic prep.) -tion, iflds.
Destroy, khardb-kar-d ; nuk-
sdn-kar-d. N. miksdni ;
khardbi.
Detail, tafsil, (f.) V. -d. ; or.
bolna. Adv. -imr. mufas-
sal. V. -kahna. Adv. -Ian.
Detention, rukd.o ; atkd^o.
V. rokna ; bdz-rakhria ;
atkdna.
Determination. See ' Deci-
sion. '
Devil, iblis ; shaitdn. A.
shaitdn-ka.
Device, hikmat ; iadbir, (f);
bandobasi ; taur. V. -pdna-
nikdlna ; batldna ; karna.
Devotion, (piety,) ibddat ;
naindz^ (f.). (to one,) fid.
wiyat. V. dena.
Devout, musalli ; khuda-
tars.^
Dew, shabfiam, (A. /.) os.
^ From Persian, * tarsidan, ' to fear.
238
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Dialogue. See 'Conversation.'
Diamond, almas ; hira.
Diarrhoea, dast.
Diary, roz-ndmchah.
Dice, pdse, V. -khehia.
Diction, ibdrat ; bol-chdl.
-ary, liighat.
Die (expire,) mama ; mar-
jdna : intikdl hona.
Difference, fark. -ent, nd-
mu^dfik ; dusre kism ka, a
different ... , dusra. V.
dusre kism ka hona,
(quarrel,) kaziyah ;jhagra.
V. -k.
Difficult, mushkil ; dushwdr ;
sakht, V. -hona. -y,
mushkildt ; dushwdri ; ish-
kdl. Adv. ishkdl-se.
• Dig, khodna. -up, (e.i:.
plants,) ukhdrna, -ger,
bel-ddr.
Dignity, kadr ; darjah ; izzat.
-nified, shdn-ddr. V. hiir-
mat-d.
Diligence, ihtimdm ; tandihi;
mihnat. A. mihnati, N,-k,;
(with adj. ).-hona. K^w-se.
Dinner, khdna. V. -khdna,
dining-room, khdne ka
kamra, dining-table, khdne
ki 7nez,
Direction (order,) hiikm. (Y.
-d,) (way,) rah (f.) ; taraf,
(V. batldna,) (of letter,)
thikdna. Y. lagd-d.
Dirty, maila, V. -k. and
hona, N. mail.
Disagreement. See ' Differ-
ence.'
Disallow, nd-manzur-k. (and
so with many other words
in * dis; ' place * na ' before
the affirmative word.)
Disaster, dfat ; musibat ;
bad-bakhti, A. bad-baJzht.
Discern, dekhna ; samajhna.
-ment, akl^ (f.) ; hosh^ zihn;
chdldki.
Discharge (freedom,) kjialds ;
(V. -k) rihd.i. V. -kar-d,
(dismissal,) jawdb ; rukh-
sat. V. -d, -ed, barRhdst ;
maazid. (of an account.)
rasid,, (E.). ddkhilah.
Disclose, kah-dena , ikrdr-k ;
zdhir-k.
Discount, batta; dasturiy.-d.
Discourse, bahs,, (f.) ; waz,
Y.-k. See * Converse. ' fl
Discovery, darydft. V. -k. ;
dhimdhna.
Discretion, akl^ (f.) ; imtiydz.
A. aklmand.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
239
Disdain, hikdrat. V. hakir-
jdnna. -ful, maghricr.
Disease, rog ; bimdri, -ed,
rogt ; biindr.
Disfavour, nd-iltifdti.
Disgrace, be-hurmati ; tahkir ;
be-izzati. V. -k. ed, be-
hurmat ; be-izzat. -ful,
nd-shdjstah ; khardb.
Dish,^ bartan, side-, dunga.
Dishonest, bad-diydnat ; (N.
-/.); beAmdn.
Dismiss. See 'Discharge.'
Dismount, uiarna.
Disobedient, sar-kash; viuiih-
zor, N. -/. V. nahin 7ndnna.
Disorder, be-tartibi. in --,
darha7n-barha7n.
Dispel, hatd-d, ; bhagd-d, ;
iird-d.
Display. See 'Show.'
Displease, nd-khush-k. ; nd-
pasand-hcna.-^uxQ^ khafagi;
nd'kJmshi.
Dispose, of. See 'Sell. ' also,
' Arrange.' -al, ikhtiydr,
-ition, mizdj ; tabi^at.
( arrangement, ) ifitizdm ;
band-o-bast, -ed (in order,)
murattab.
Dispute, kaziyah ; jhagra. V.
-k.
Dissatisfied, ?id-rdz ; nd-
khush; khafa. -faction,
nd-khushi ; khafagi.
Dissect, chirna ; kdtna.
Dissipate, urd-d.
Dissolve (intr,) galna. (trans,
galdna.
Distance, diiri ; tafdwut ;
fdsilah. A. diir.
Distant. See 'Separate.'
Distinction. 6"^^ 'Difference.'
(rank,) inartabah ; shdn,
a person of-, shdn-ddr.
Distress ; iasdi ; taklif ;
tangt ; dukh, V. -d, ;
satdna. -ed, dzurdah ; aj-
surdah ; ghamgin.
District, nawdh ; nazdiki
(technical,) zila.
Disturbance, khalal ; ghul ;
shor; hangdmah, V. -k.
Ditch, ndla -J paghdr.
Ditto, aizan.
Dive, dubki mdrna ; diibna,
-er, ghotah-mdr.
Diverse, baaze ; ka^i-ka^i.-iiyy
baazi iarah kdm-k. ; adal-
badal-k.
* 1 he English * dis ' is used by servants to mean the Pitce de rests*
iance.
240
HINDU-STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Divert, khush-k. ; bahldna.
(turn aside,) //^^r-^. -ion,
khushi ; taindsha.
Divide, bdntna ; bdnt-lena.
-sion, taksim^ (f.); hissah;
(of family property,) bat-
wdra. V. -k.
Divine, biijhna ; samajhna.
A. ildhi.
Divorce, taldk. V. —d.
Do, karna ; ba-jd-ldna ;
taamil-h. See *Deed.' --er,
karne-wdla.
Doctor, (if of Eni^lish train-
ing ;), ddktar sdhib. (if
native,) tabib ; hakim ;
baid, (in learning,) fuau-
lavi, (M.) pandit, (H.).
See 'Cure.'
Dog, kutta ; sag. -cart, tarn-
tam. (Not Hindiistani.)
Doll, putli.
Don't, mat karo ; nahin!
Door, darivdzah ; khirki,
outer-, phdtak. out of
doors, bdhar. indoors,
bhitar, -keeper, darbdn.
Double, dohra. V. dahrdna.
Doubt, shakk ; shubhah, V.
-k, and rakhna, A. sdf
nahifj. ; shakk ki bdt, (sub-
ject to -, or suspicion,)
7Nushtabah. -less, be shakk ;
be-sh2ibhah.
Down, downward, niche; tale,
(prep ) ke. -.
T>ozen, bdrah; ek-darjan, (E.)
Drain, (off,) sukhdna\%\x2\x\,}
chhdnna.
Draw (load, or picture,)
khainchna, a-ing, nakshah^
-ing-room, hdl-kamra.
Drawers (body, ) jdnghiya ;
sul-drdj (E. in some forma-
tion,) (chest of,) drdj. (E.).
Dress. See 'Clothes.' -ing-
case, singdr-ddn. -glass,.
d,inah. -table, singdr-mez.
Dream, khwdb, V. -dekhna.
Drink (according to its kind,
as pdni, shardb, &>c. See
page 93). Y.pina.
Drive, hdnkna. -in (a nail,)
mdrna. -er, gdribdn ;
kochbdn, (half E )
Drop, (down,) {intr,) girna ;
gir-parna. (let -,) girdna :
gird-d, (as water, ) chiina ;
tapakna, N. katrah. (a
very little.) zzrrah-sa.
Drown (intr.) Mbna ; dub-
jdna, {trans,) dubdna.
Drum, dhoL V. -bajdna.
-mer, -iya.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
241
Drunk, mast; mativdla ;
nashe-inen, -ard, matwdla.
-enness, rnasti ; nashah.
Dry, kJiushk ; sukha. V.
sukhdna ; sukhd-d. -land,
khushki.
Duck, bat ; battakji. (brah-
mani,) chaktva, chakwi.
Due, to be, by various phrases,
e.g., miijh-ko das rupiye
pdna hat, or dte haiii ;
ham-ko das rupiye dena,
hoga. my dues, fnera
pd^ona ; mera hakk.
Dull (intellect,) kund-zihn,
(sad,) afsiirdah. (weather,)
abri, -ard, kund-zihn
ddmi ; ahmak.
Dumb, gmgd ; chiip. V.
gihiga hona ; chup rahna,
-ness, gungdj.
Dung, guh, (f.), goats -,
viengni. cow -, gobar,
horse-, lid, (f.), -hill, kuta.
During, men ; ke bich ;jabiak
,».tabtak. S^ee page 104.
Dust, gard. A. -a ; aludah.
V. poiichh-d, ; jhdrna,
~er, jhdran.
Duty, kdm ; jo wdjib o-mund
sib hai ; ivdjibi kdm. (tax,)
mahsuL
Dwell, rahna ; bud-o-bdsh-k,;
makdm-k.-ing-house,ghar;
viakdn ; kothi.
Dynasty, k/ianddn-shdhi.
E.
Each, har-ek ; ek-ek. See
page 40. -other, ek-digar,
on -side, dono?,i iaraf.
Ear, kdn ; gosh, (of corn,)
bdl ; bdli.-xmgs,bdia ; bdli.
Early. See ' Dawn. '
Earth, mifti ; kJidk (world,)
dunya (f.) ; dlam -en,
mitti ka.
Ease, drdm ; rdhat fa?'d-
ghat ; fursat. at' ease,
d7'd7n 7nen -sy, dsdn ;
T., II.
salis. N. dsdni ; saiisi.
-ily, dsdni-se ; ba-khiibi.
East, purab ; mashrik.
Eat, khdna. give to -
khildna.
Eaves, olti.
Ebb, (of tide,) bhdtha^ V.
-'ho7ia.
Ebony, dbnus.
Eclipse, (of sun,) siiraj-gra-
ha?i. (of moon,) chdnd-
grahan.
16
242 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Edge, (e.g., of knife,) dhdr.
(of cloth, the sea, &c.)
kindrah. a stiff - (as in
matting), kor.
Edifice, hndrat.
Education, taalim, (f.) ; iar-
biya t; tahzib, (f . ) V. taalim-d.
Effect, asar ; naiijah. to pro-
duce an -, karna ; kardna;
anjdm-k; asar-k. my words
produced no effect, meri
bdtoii se kuchh asar nahin
tha.-'\s^^ Mm ka; kdr-gar ;
mu^assir.
Effects, mdl ; mdl-o-mata ;
asbdb ; chizen ; chiz sab.
Effort, koshish. make an,->^.
Egg, anda ; baizah."^ -cup,
-ddn, -spoon, ande ka
chammach, eggs and
bacon, ande bekam (E.).
Either. See page 46.
Eject. See ' Expel.'
Elapse, bit-jdna; guzar-jdna.
Elbow, kuhni; baghal.
Elegant, latif ;siithra; khiish-
mtma. -gance, latdfat.
Elephant, hdthi ; pil, ox fil.
-driver, mahdivat ; pil-
bdn, -shed, pil-k/idnah.
^\o(\uence, fasdhat, k.fasih.
Else, (otherwise,) nahin to,
(additional,) ^z^r. e.g., any-
where else, atir kahin.
what else, aur kya ? who
else is there? aurkaun hat?
Embankment, bdndh, (f.). V.
"banana.
Embezzlement, tasarruf ;
kjiiydnat V. -k.
Embroidery, chikan-dozi.-td
cloth, got laoa hu,a kapra.
Emerald, zatnurrad; panna.
Emetic, kai ki daiva.
Emperor, kaisar ; shdh-an-
shdh ; sultdn. The Em-
press of India, Kaisar-i-
Hind.
Empire, raj ; bddshdhi ; sal-
fa nat.
Employ, khidmat 7jien lena ;
kdm-d. (oneself, j masK
ghul-hona-er, uidlik ; dka;
munib. -ment, kdm ; naii-
kari ; kdrbdr ; rozgdr.
Empty, kJidlL V. -k. ; sab
chiz nikd/na. -intss, kjmlu.
-hande(i, kjidli-hdth.
Enable, madad-d ; ijdzai-d.
Enact, fanndna. -ment^
far?7idn ; hukm ; d/in.
* Used in Western and North-Western India. The word is Persian
HINDUSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
243
Encamp, dera-k. ; makdm-k,
-ment, khaima - gdh ;
makdm.
Enclose, ghera lagdna. -ure,
by the word appropriate to
the use of the place, e.g.,
bdghy a garden, sahfi, a
court-yard, &c.
Encouragement, dildsa. V.
-d.
End, dkhir ; khatm, (pi Q.g.^
a stick,) nok, (f.). V.
(trans,) ba sar Idna ;
dkjiir-k ; khatm-kar-d,
from beginning to-, awwal
se dkhir tak, to no --, be-
fdidah.
Endeavour. See * Effort. '
Endurance, barddsht ; burd-
bdri ; sabr, (f.) V. -k,
(to last,) ab tak hona^ or
rahna.
Enemy, dushman, enmity,
dushmani \ addivat.
Engaged in. See * Employ.'
Engine, kaL (railway,) injin,
(E.).
England, Inglistdn. A. ang-
rezi.
Enjoin. See * Command.'
Enjoy, lahna ; kiichh chiz se
khush hona. I enjoy good
health, maiii bahut tan-
darust //?/;/.-ment, khushi ;
dnand.
Enlargement, barhd^o. V.
barhdna ; is-se bara-k.
Enough, bas ; bahut, (suffi-
cient, ) kdfi. N. kifdyat.
Enraged, gh usse. V. -k.
Enter, bhitar, or andar-dna,
oxjdna ; paithna ; ghiisna,
(in a book, &c.) likhna ;
siydhah'k, ; mundaraj-k.
-trance, (passage,) dar-
wdzah^ rdh^ (f.), act of
entering, dakhlk, (v.n.).
Entertainment, ziydfat ; khd-
na ; bar a khdna, (amuse-
ment,) tatndsha, the act
of entertaining, mihmdnu
V. -k. -er, 7?iihmdn-ddr ;
dene-wdla.
Entire. See ' All. '
Environs, gird-nawdh ; Jo
chdron taraf hat ; atrdf.
(pi. of ' taraf, ')
Envy, hasad, (f.). V. -k.
A. hdsid.
Epilepsy, mirghi.
Epistle, chitthi; khatt; rukah.
Equal, bardbar ; ek-sdn ;
mu^fidk, N. bardbari ;
mu^dfaJ^at
244
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Equipage, sdz ; sdmdn. V.
saz-o-sdmdn taiydr-k.
Equity, insdf ; jo rdst-o-
diirust hai^ so. A. rdst ;
ddil ; sachha.
Era, san ; tdrikh. (f.).
Erect, sidha ; khara. V. -k. to
be -, "hona, -ion, imdrat.
Error, ghalati ; khata ; bhiU ;
chuk, V. -k. ; bhulna ;
bhid-jdna. -roneous, gha-
lat ; nd-diirust. ,
Escape, bhdg-jdna, as v.n. ;
firdr ; (from danger,)
bachd.o, V. bhdg-jdna ;
(danger,) bach-jdna ;
chhutna ; chhut-jdna.
Especial, khusiis ; khdss ;
Adv. khustisan.
Essence, (scent,) iir. (of any
matter,) ain ; nafs ;
mdhiyat. -tial, zarur, the
essentials, zaruriydt.
Estate, milk ; milkiyat ;
zamin, (f.) with names ac-
cording to kinds ; as zainin-
ddri ; ta^alluk ; mtik-
arrari, &r. -given for
support, Jdgir, or jd-e-
gir. -holder, zaininddr ;
ta,alluk-ddr ; tnukarraru
ddr : jdgir-ddr^ 6^r.
Esteem, aziz-rakhna ; kadr
-k, -timation, kadr. -ed,
aziz ; pydra,
Et caetera, wa gh airah.
Europe, wildyat, --ean,
wildyati. a European,
wildyaii ddmi ; gora.
Evasion, tdla; tdla-toli.N . -k.
Even. See * Equal, '-if, agar-
chih.
Evening, shdm, (f.) ; sdiijh.
at--, -ko.
Event, wuku. at all events,
ba har siirat, in the event
of, agar ; is Ml men^ kih^
Ever, kabhi ; hargiz. what-,
jo kuchh. who-, jo koj.
when-, jab ; jab-kih. jis-
wakt. where--, jahdn-
kahdn. -more, hameshah.
Every, (one,) har ek; sab koj.
(thing.) sab kuchh; sab,
followed by noun of per-
son or thing spoken of.
-where, harjagah; chdroi.t'
taraf.
Evident, zdhir, maalum ;
sdf. Adv. zdhira?i, -ce,
shahddat ; gawdhi.
Evil, (n.) badi ; zabinii ^
. khardhi , kJiardb kdm;
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
245
biira^ /*, bura kdm. (a.)
kjiardb; bura; bad; zabun.
-Ao&^^jo-karta /2^/. -heart-
ed, bad-Jilio ; bad-dil.
-speaker, bad-go J- -speak-
ing, bad-go^i.^
Ewer, dftdbah.
Exact, thik ; durust ; achchha;
sahih. Adv. thik, V. See
'Demand.' N. duriistagi.
Exaltation, bard J ; sarfa-
rdzi. V. ~k. ; -d. -ed, sar-
fardz.
Exam i nation, imiihdn;jdnch;
tajiviz (f.). Y-k.;jdnckna ;
dzmdna, to be examined,
h?itihdn-d,io examine into,
tahkikdt-k. to pass an-,
-se nikalta hona.
Example, masal {(.). tarns 1 1,
(f.). for-, fnasalan.
Exceed, ziyddah-k. excess,
ziyddat;fdzil ; jo bdkl hai.
excessive, (and as adv.)
nihdyat.
Excellence, kamdl ; iarjik,
(f.). V. kdmil-hona; tarjih-
rakhna ; nikalta-hona ;
sab se achchha-hona. Your
-cy ! huzur ; jandb-dli !
A. kjiub ; sab se achchha.
Adv. achchhi tarah se.
Interj. khiib ! khub ! bahiit
achchha ! shdbdsh !
Exception, mustasna. Y.-k. ;
chhor-d. ; jdne-d. prep.
ke siwa^ or siwd-e ; aldwah
is-ke. to take -to, bura
mdnna.
Exchange. See * Change.'
Excise, dbkdri.
Exclaim, kahna ; (scream,)
pukdrna ; chilldna; baland
dwdz se bolna; zor-se bolna;
shor-k, N. bdt ; divdz^ (f.);
shor ; shorshdr.
Exclude, bdhar rakhna ;
nahin dne-d, ; mana-kar-d.
N. rokdyO. also, better.
by Verbs as v. n.
Excuse, uzr ; mu^dfi. V.
-(oneself; uzrk. -(an
other) mu^df-k. -ed, rnu^df.
-able, kdbil-i-uzr. with-
out-, be-uzr.
Execute. See ' Do.' (by hang-
ing,) phdnsi-d. -tioner,
jalldd.
Exercise, (work,) kdm ; mih-
fiat, (using,) isthnal; inuhd-
1 From the Persian, *• gujian,' ' to say.' See also' Gijft-o-gJt.
246 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
warah. {yt^^ox\,) sabak. (by
walking, &c.) by the words
which mean these, (mili-
tary,) kaivd.id. to take-,
hawa khdna to- e. g. a
horse, pheri-k.
Exhaust, (e. g, a bottle,) y^//^7/-
k. (resource?,) urd-d.: bar^-
bdd^-d. (one's stren<;th,)
thaka-k. and hona. -ively,
pure tatir se.
Exhibition, iksibishan. (E.).
V. dikhldna ; dikhld-d. ;
zdhir-kar-d.
Exist, hona. -tence, zindagi.
(abstract,) hona as v.n.
-ing, maujudi Ml. in the
-ing circumstances, ba
hdldt 7na74Judah.
Expand, kholna ; phaildna.
(as a flower,) khulna ;
phiclna. N. khuli jagah.
Expectation, intizdr^ (f.) ;
Minmed^ (f.) ; timmedwdri,
V. -k. -tant, also, an
-tant, ummedwdr.
Expedient, wdjib ; mundsib ;
Idzim. N. with ''jo'
Expel, v2/i^^/-^. N. ikJirdj.
Expenses, kharj ; kharjah,
(cost,) kimat ; -ive, besh
kimat ; kwiati ; mahiga.
-diture, sarf. V. kharj-k. ;
sarf-k.
Experience, wdkif-kdri. -ed,
wdkif : hoshydr. V. (e. g.
pain, ) khdna ; uthdna.
Expert, chdldk ; hoshydr.
N. -// -/.
Explanation, tashrih (f.) .
baydn {oi conduct,) uzr ;
safdj ; jawdb. V. ~d. ;
sanijhdna.
Expose. See 'Show.'
Express, -ion. See 'Diction.'
'Say,' &c. -ly, kluisusan ;
tdk'id-se.
Extend. See 'Spread,' 'Ex-
pand.'
Extinguish, bujhd-d ,■ butd-d ;
thandha-k.
Extract. See ' Essence.' (e.g.
from a book,) muntakJiab,
V. nikdl-leria.
Extravagance, fuzul-kharji,
A. fiizul k}ia7'j.
Extremity, dkjurat. (e.g., of
a stick,) nok. (f.). See
' Distress.' -ely, 7iihdyat
1 See 'bar' and 'bad' in Glossary, Part I.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
247
Eye, diikh ; (f.) ; chashm,
-brow, adru, (f.). -ball,
ptitlt, -]ash,pa/ak, (f.).-lid,
papota. -sight, Mnd^i. -sore,
djjkh ka kdii{a. -glass,
chashmah (telescope, bin-
oculars,) durbui, -witness,
chash m-did^ -9awdk.
F.
Fable, kissah ; afsdnah :
nakl, (f.).
Face, 7jnn,ik ; chihrah ; ru.
V. sanine-dna ; munh
pherna. to make faces,
iminh terha-k, -to-, ru-
ba-rii, -ing, ke sdtnne.
Fact, asl hdl ; hakikat, in fact,
hakikat mef/.
Factory, kothi, indigo-, niL-
Fade, kumldna.
Fail, (as stores,) kam-hona.
(in any work,) chukna, I
have failed in my attempt,
;;?«/>? apni koshish men
nd-kdin-ydb'^ hu^a. -ure,
7id-kdm-ydhiJ^
Faint, (a.) be-hosh^ (n.) -/.
V. — hona, (as, e.g. ink,)
kam-numa. -ness, ziif ;
7id-tdkati; kam-zort,-hesirt-
ed, buz-diL
Fair, (n.) mela; hdt{2i.)gora ;
siifed, (as weather,) kjmla ;
achchha. -to see, khub-
surat. -play, tdst-bdzi ;
nek-kdm -ly, rdsti-se.
Fairy, pari.
Faith, imdn, -ful, -ddr. -ful-
lness, ddri, to put- in,
itimdd-rakhna, -fully, -se,
-less, be-Ufidn ; bad-diyd-
7iat,
Fall, (n.) gir-par-fia^ v.n. (v.)
gtr-parna. cause X.o-,gird-d,
False, jhutha ; darogh ;
farebi. -hood, jhuth. See
* Lie'.
Fame, 7id7?i ; nek-ndmi, A.
ndinwar ; mashh'ir.
Family, kjidnddn ; barddati ;
ghar-ke-iog, of good-,
khdnddni, the children of
the-, larke-bdle.
* From the Persian • didan,' ' to see.'
^ From the Persian, 'yd/fan,' * to obtain.'
248 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Famine, kaht ; akdl.
Fan, patikha. (small,) hdth-,
(for fire,) phukni (for
flies,) chaui,iri. V. (if large,)
-khhichna ; tdnna. (L.B.)
(\i%m2i\]^)jhalna ox do Id na.
Fancy, khaydl ; atkalN, -k. ;
atkalna. A. nmiawahhim.
Far, dur ; dicr-dardz, thus-,
yahdn tak
Fare, (n.) kirdya. (person,)
-ddr, V. chalna. how are
you faring? dp ke pds sal?
kaisa chalta hat? -well,
Khuda hdfiz. ^ to take
farewell, rukjisat lena.
Farm, Jot ; kdsht ; zaniiti ;
(f.) chds ; khet ; khet-
bdri. (of revenues,) ijdrah ;
thika. -tx^kisdn, &-'c. See
' Cultivator.' -of revenues,
mustdjir; ijdrah-ddr; tjiikd-
ddr.
Farrier, salotri ; ndl-band.
Farther, aur dge. (in addi-
tion,) aldwah is-ke. -est.
sab se dur ; sab se pichhla.
Fast, (n.) rozah, V. -rakhna.
(a.) tez. -ness, tezi,
(closed, secure,) band ;
band-hu^a ; sak/if ; mazhiU.
V. bafid^ sak/it, or mazbut.
-k. N. mazbiiti.
Fat, (a) inota ; farbih ; (n.)
charbi. -ness, niotd^i, V.
ifiota-k.
Fate, kaza, (f.) ',kismat fatal,
kdtil ; sanghdru.
Father, bap ; wdlid ; pidar.
-ly, pidardna. -in-law,
siisra ; sosur. (L.B.)
Fault, gUTidh, (f.); kusur ;
taksir, (f.) ; khata, (f.); aib.
-ly, iaksir-wdr. (as work,
&c.) thik 7iahin ; achchha
7ia]m}, -less, be-kusur. (as
work, &c. ) thik ; durust ;
bahut achchha.
Favour, (thing granted,)
hidm. (mental,) indyat ;
iltifdt. (kindness,) viihr-
bdni. to grant a- hidm-d. ;
viihrbdiii-k, to be favour-
able to.) i?idydt-k. ; ilti-
fdt-rakhna. -able, 7nihr-
bdn. a - ite^ydr ; dost ;
musdhib. ably, mihrbdni
se; dili-iltifdt se.
Fear, dar^ (f.) ; khaiif dah-
shat ; tars, V. darna ;
1 Literally, (may) God (be your) keeper, as in our 'good-bye.'
hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
249
dar-khdna, -ful, ( timor-
ous,) dahshat-ndk. (horri-
ble,) khatif-ndk, -less, be-
khauf ; marddna.
Feast. See * Entertainment.'
Feather, par. -bed, -ka bicli-
hauna.
Feature, chihrah.
Fee, (of o^cQ^)rusum. (gra-
tuity,) bakhshish.^ V. -d.
Feeble, kam-zor ; durbal,
za^if. N. kani-zori ;
Z74f.
Feed, (eat,) khdna, (another,)
khildna.
Feel, (grope,) tatolna. (e.g.
pain) . . . khdna ; nthdna.
(for one,) rikkat rakhna.
-ing, (sense of,) Idmisah.
fine feelings, khaydldt.
Feign, rnakr kachhdna.
Fellow, (person,) ddmi ;
shakhs ; kas. a certain-,
fuldna, (match,) jora., or
jori. a fellow (e.g. travel-
ler,) hatn^ added to ap-
propriate noun, -ship,
ham-sari ; sajhd^i.
Female, mddah, a-, aitrat.
Fence, ghera. V. -lagdna. ; d.
Ferry, guzar-ghdt -man,
ghdt-indijji V. pdr-k.
Fertile, zar-khez. N. -/.
Fever, tab ; bukJidr, -ish,
gar7?i, to have-, viujh-ko
tab hai.
Few, chand ; thoi-e. -ness,
kafni.
Field, khet; maiddn ; raumah.
Fig, anjir, (f.).
Fight. See ' Battle.'
Figure, (shape,) shakl, (f.) ;
si'irati^ 1 , 2 , 3 , &c. ) hindasah.
File, (tool,) suhdn. V. retna.
(of papers,) 7iathi ; misL
(f.).
Fill, bharna; bhar-d.; ptira-k.
(a post,) uhdah-rakhna . ;
fuldna kdm-k.
Final, dkJiir ; dkjiiri. -ly,
dk/iir-ko ; dkhir-ul-umr.
Find, milna {See page 50) ;
pdna. -out, darydft-k. ;
piichh?ia.
Fine, (n.) jarimdnah. V.
-lena, (a.) mihin ; bdrik,
N. bdriki, in fine, alkissah;
dkhirash.
* This word suffers much in Anglo-Hind. The author has seen it
reduced to ^hoxu: It is a Persian word, from * bakhshida?!,' 'to give
a present,' * to reward.'
250 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Finger, ungli. V. chJmna,
Finish, tamdm-k. ; khatm-k.
-ed, tamdm ht7,a ; kdniil ;
piira ; ho-gaya.
Fire, dg, (f.); dtish. V. -lagd-
d. -place, dtish-khdiiah.
-fly, shab-chirdgh. -wood,
lakri ; hezini, (f.). -works,
dtish-hdzi.
Firm, sakht, mazbut ; kd.im ;
kardr, V. -k. -ness, sakJiti;
viazbuti; -ly, sakJit; zor se ;
mazb/it iaiir se.
First, /^//^/<7, or, pahla. in the
-place, or, time, pat hie.
Fish, machhli ; md/ii.-mong-
er, machhli-ivdla : 7fiachhli-
farosh. V. machhli-7iidrna.
-er-man, jaliya ; mdhi-gir.
-ery^jalkar.
Fist, mittthi ; niusht. -icuffs,
viukkd-inukki ; mdrd-mdri.
Fit, {intr.) achchha baithna ;
thik-lagfta, {ij-ans.) thik k.,
or lagdna, or baithdna. (a.)
thik; duricst. (suitable,)/^,//'.
Fix. See ' Firm/ -in the
ground, gdrna.
Y\2ig,jhanda ; ni'shdn. -stone,
chatdn, (f.). (v.) dhila, or
snst ho-jdna.
Flame, shidah ; lau^ (f.) ; V.
shtdah utjma (tig.) chamak-
na ; lapatna.
Flannel, fldlen, (E.); dhus-
sa.
Flash. See * Flame. ' a ^flash^
e.g. of lightning, say, e.g.
the lightning ^.^^//^5.
Flat, chaptd. N. -d^i. Adv.
(plainly,) sarihan.
Flattery, kjmsh-dmad, (f.). V,
-k. ; phiistdna. -er, with
'jo:
Flea, pissu.
Flee, bhdgna ; bhdg-jd?ta ;
bhagd-jdna ; chal-jdna ;
firdr-hona.
Flesh, gosht. -y, mota ; far-
bih.
Flight, bhagel^ (f.); firdri.
Flock, gallah.
Flog, chdbuk^ se mdrna.-ingr
(by the operator,) chdbuk-
bdzi. (as received,) chdbuk
hi saza.
^Vary ^ chdbuk ^^ which means '« whip,' according to the instrument
used. The cane (^heV) is generally used. In India, only criminals-
are flogged. Domestic and school discipline are unknown.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 251
Floor, za7nin^ (f.). (storey,) ma-
hallah. -c\oih, dart ;farsh.
Flour/ dta ; maidah ; sattu.
Flourish, achchhe Ml men
honaiphulna, ( e.g. a stick,)
hildna.
Flow, (v.) bahna ; jdri-hona ;
chalna. ~ing,jdrt ; rawdn.
the -of the tide, juwdr,
Y\o\ver, phul ; gul. -garden,
phul-wdri, -pot, gamlah ;
jhdri. -y. pMlphula ; (fig.)
ran gin. (speech,) gul-fish-
dn. V. -na ; -d.
Fly, magas, (f.) ; 7nakkhi.
(cab, ) thikd-gdri. {v.){mtr. )
urna ; ur-jdna. {trans.)
nrdna ; urd-d.
Fodder, ghds. (f.) ; chdrah ;
7'asad^ (f.).
Foe. See * Enemy.'
Fog, kohdsa. -gy, dhundla.
Fold, (for animals,) berh ; ba-
iJidn ; or with * khdnah^ ad-
ded to the name of the
2imvci2\^^.gjnurghi-khdnali.
(in cloth,) tah. (of a door,
^c), palla. two-, &c. do-
gnna.N .lapetna;tah-k. with
-ed hands, hdth-jor-kar-ke.
Follow, pichhe-dfia sundjdna.
(a trade), peshah-k. -er,
pichhe-dne-wdla. (adher-
ent,) tdbiddr.
Folly, be-wukrifi ; ahmaki ;
hhndkat. A. be-wuktif;
ahmak.
Fond, shdjk ; tndjl. to be
-of a person, pydr-k. ;
aziz-rakhna. (of a thing,)
pasa7id-k.
Fool, ahmak. V. himdkat-k.
See * Folly.' adv. be-wuku-
fi-se.
Foot, pdnw. (measure,) y}//.
(E.). -man, chob-ddr;piyd-
dak. -path, pag-dandi.
-step, kadani. -stool, mor-
ha ; is h fill. (E.) \ pdo-ddn.
For, ke wdste ; ke liye ; ko.
(because,) clmnkih. -in-
s,i2iic\ce,ch7indncht; masala7t.
Forbearance, parhez, (f.) ;
sabr, (f.). V. -/^.
Forbid, niana-k. which, may
God- Khuda na kare.
N. 7na7ia.
Force, zor. (oppression,)
zuhn^ (f.) ; zabar-dasti. V.
-/'. A. zor-dwar. Adv.
zor se^ arc. -ed, (constrain-
ed,) 7najb7ir. N. 77iajb7iri.
Fore, (adv.)V^^; agla; sd7?me;
pesh.
9S2
HINDlSsTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Fore-fathers, jadd ; fuurisdn.
-finger, shahddad ki iingli.
-foot, agla-pdnw -head,
peshdni. -noon, do pahar
ke dge, -go, chkor-d. ;
jdne-d,
Foreign, pardeshi ; bideshi ;
wildyatl. -comntry.pardes;
wildyat -er, bidesi ddmi.
Forest, jangal ; ban. (as in
* sundar-ban. ' * the beauti-
f id forest,' The Soonder-
bunds.)
Forgetfulness, bhul, (f.) ;
fardvioshi. V. -k.; bhubia;
bhtd-jdna. A. fardmosh-
gdr. -gotten, fardmosh.
Forgiven, tnu^df. N. -/. V.
-k. -er, with ^ jo'
Fork, kdnta.
Form, shakl, ( ^O ^ surat. V.
banana, (bench,) kursi ;
takhtah ; ^ binsh.'' (E.).
Former, peshtar ; agla ;
pahla ; sdbik ; -ly, age ;
agle zamdne meii ; peshtar.
Forsake, chkor-d. ; tydg-k.
Fort, ki/ah ; garh.
Forth, age, and so-, waghai-
rah. to go-, bdhar-jdna.
to show-, batld-d. ; zdhir-k.
Fortnight, chaudah roz ; do
hapte.
Fortune, (good, or bad,) kis-
mat. (good,) 7iasib ; ikbdl.
(bad,) bad kismat ; bad-
bakfiti. be-nasibi. (wealth,)
daulat ; mdl. A. nek-bakjit ;
khush nasib; bhala; daidat-
mand. Adv. nasib-se ; fiek-
bakJiti-se. to be -ate, adjs.
with hona.
Forward, age. (rude,^ shokji ;
gustdkJi. V. chaldn kar-d. ;
rawdnah kar-d ; dge bhej-d.
Foundation, bunydd, (f.).
Fountain, ckaskmak.
Fourth-part, ckautkd-i ; pd^o.
Fowl, ckiriya ; (poultry,)
murgh; murghi ; (small,)
kharckak ; (middle size,)
nim ; (roast,) kabdb.
Fox, lomrL
Frame. -^^^ * Make.' picture-,
dkdncka. door-, chau-katk
(f.).
Fraud. See * Deceive.'
Free, kkalds; dzdd. N. kkaldsi;
rikd^i dzddagi. V. ckhor-
d ; kJialds kar-d. ; jdne-d,
adv. (e.g. with a free-
hand,) kushddah^ hath se.
I
• From the Persian * kushddan' ' to open.
hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
253
Freeze, (intr.) jam-jdna.
(trans.) barf men rakhna ;
jam d-d.
Frequent, (di,),jo aksar hota
hai. -ly, aksar. (v.) dnd-
jdna ; dmad-o-raft-k.
Fresh, tdzah ; nan. -ness,
tdzagi.
Friday, jumah : sJmkr-wdr,
(or -bdr.).
Friend, dost; y dr. -ship, dosti.
-ly, dostdnah.
Frighten, dardna ; dar-dikh-
ld7ia or karna, or kardna.
Frock, frdk, (E.). kurti.
-coat, frdk kiirti.
Frog, mendak.
From, se ; az (Persian).
Front. See * Face,' * Fore.'
Fruit, mewah ; phal. (results,)
natijah. -erer, meivah-
farosh. -ful, phal-ddr.
Fry, fardi (E.) -kar-d.-va^-
pa n , /rtf rdi-pdn ( E. ) .
Fuel, lakri; hezim, (f.).
Fulfil, add k. &c. See 'Accom-
plish.'
Full, piira ; bhara ; bhar-
pur. -grown, (of persons,)
siydna Adv. piire taur se;
iafiila?i.
Fun, kjiushi ; khel ; tamdsha,
-ny, hansne ki bdt.
Fur, pashm.
Furious, dhvdnah ; ghusse ;
josh, a -passion, dtish-bdr
ghiissah.
Furlough, chhiitti ; rukhsat.
Furnish, (supply,) pahuij-
chd-d. ; bhej-d. (e.g. a
room,) sajdna : singdr-k.
Furniture, sdmdn ; asbdb ;
mez-chaiiki.
Future, (n.a.), dyindah.
Gain, nafa ; miindfa ; fdi-
dah. V, -k. (e.g. learning,)
hdsil-k. ; jama-k.
Gallop, (n.), chhdr-iag. V.
daurna.
Gamble, ju,a khelna. bier,
jiiwdri.
the word for the kind
of game, e.g. dttsh-bdzt\
games with fire, fireworks,
(sport,) shikdr. See ' Gam-
ble.' Also page 88.
Garden, bdgh ; bdghchah,
-er, mdlL
Game, khel ; bdzi following Garlic, lahsan.
^54
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Garment, (according to its
. name. ) -s, kapre ; poskdk,
(f.). See pages :^4, 87 & 95.
•Garrison, ki/e ke log.
Gate, phdtak, -man, dar-
bdn,
^Gather, jania-k, (flowers,)
torna,
'Gay, khush ; kJiush-dil. V.
hona, N. -// -/.
Gaze, dekhte rahna ; ghurna.
N. nigardni.
-Gem, jawdhir ; jauhar ;
zewar,
•General, dmm. -ly, wnuman.
Generation, ///i-Zz/. from- to-,
pusht-ba-pusht.
•Generous, sakhi ; N. sakjid-
wat.
'Gentle, narm ; gharib. (of
birth,) najib ; ashrdf ; asil.
-man, bhala ddmi. gently,
dhistah.
•Get. See * Acquire.' -you
gone, duY I ; dur-ho !
-Ghost, bhut See M:)ie.'
* Holy.'
•Gift, indm ; bakjishish. (to a
superior,) nazr ; ?iazard-
nah ; salami, V. -d.
Gilding, tial. -er, kdr. gilt,
sundhla.
Gimlet, bar ma.
Ginger, (green, or preserved,)
adrak. (dry,) sonth.
Girl, larki ; chhokri. (slave,)
bandl ; laundi ; ddsi. -ish,
larki-sa.
Give, dena ; de-d. -up,
chhor-d. -way, hatna, -er,
dene-wdla. See * Gift. '
Glad, khiish ; kJmsh dil. V.
hona^ and karna, -ness,
khushi ; dil-khushi. Adv.
kjiushise.
Glass, shishah ; glds, (E.),
service o^-, glds sab.'' -of,
shishe ka.
Globe, kurah. A. ^^/.
Gloomy, dhuinla. N. -/.
Glue, saresh. V. -5^ jorna.
Glutton, bisydr-khor. -y, -/.
Gnat, ;7/^i'.
Go, J ana ; chalna ; barhdna;
fdh-lena. -against, kisipar
jdna. -forward, dge-jdna,
or chalna, or barhdna,
-hack, ptchhe jdna, a^'c.
to let-, chhor-d, -round
about, chakkar-karkejdna.
* See * Sab ' in Part I of this Glossary.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
255
Goat, chhdgul ; bakra, (in.)
bakri^ (f.).
Go(i, (Christian and M.)
Khuda ; Khiidd-ta^dla,
(M.) Allah. (H.) Ishwar ;
Parineshwar ; Bhagwdn ;
Rdm ; Rdm-Rdm. and
many more, corresponding
to the attributes of God.
(as we say, ' The God of
Love,' 'The God of Fire,'
&c.). Religious figures are
called ''biit^ ]\Iuhamma-
dans are forbidden to use
them, -ly, Khudd-tars.
-liness, takwa.
Gold, sona ; zar, A. sone ha ;
sonahla. -smith, sondr.
Good, achchha ; bhala ; khub ;
nek, -and bad, bhala-
biira, a -deal, khub-kiichh.
a -while, der tak. a -way
kiichh dur, -for nothing,
nd-kdra^ kiichh kdm ka na-
hii^, -for, kdm ka, a -many,
bahut-sa. -morning, sabd-
hu-l-khair. -evening, shab
ba-kliatr. N. achhd^i ;
bhald^i ; neki. (kindness,)
mihrbdni. to do-, achhdj,
c^c, k. to make-. See
' Establish.'
Goods, mdl ; asbdb ; chiz sab.
Goose, rdj-hdns.
Gospels, the, injil.
Government, hitkwnat ; sal-
tanat ; amalddri.
Governor, according to his
rank, from pddshdh, to
' subahddr' ; Mkim, -Ge-
neral, bara Idt sdhib,
lieutenant-, Idt sdhib. See
page 78.
Gourd, kadu.
Grace, indyat. to show-, -k,
-ful, sajila.
Gracious, mihrbdn ; rahim ;
shirin, N. /. -ness, mihr-
bdni.
Graft, kalam. V. lagdna.
Grain, ghallah ; andj ; ddnah,
(a little,) zarrah-sa. (f.) ;
thora-sa.
Granary, gola.
Grand, bara; umdah, buzurg;
dlishdn. -eur, bardi ; shau-
kat. as applied to rela-
tives : father's father, ddda.
mother's father, ndna, fa-
ther's mother, dddi. mo-
ther's mother, ndni. son's
?>on,pota. son's daughter,
poti, daughter's son, ndti,
daughter's daughter, natni.
256
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Grape, grapes, a>igur.
Grasp, pakarna. N. kabzah ;
hath.
Grass, ghds, (f. ). (for horses,)
diib-ghds. -hopper, tiddi.
Grate, ragar-k, ; charchar-
dna, N. ragar. (for fire,)
dtish-kjidnah ; jhanjhdri.
Grateful, thsdnma?id. >J. -/.
Gratify, khush-k. -itude,
shukr. (expressing grati-
tude,) shiikr-guzdn'.
Grave, (n.) kabr ; gor. -yard,
-isidn. (a.) (in mind,)
fikr7nand : udds ; afsur-
dah, (as an affair,) san-
gln ; wazaiii.
Gravel, rora : reg ; kankar,
Gv2i\y, db-i-gosht ; grevi. (E.).
Gray, sabsah, flea-bitten-,
magasi. (as \\2\x^ pdka.
Graze, (intr.) charna, {trans.)
chardna. one who tends
cattle -ing, charwdha.
-ing-ground, parti za??iin,
(f.) ; chard-gdh.
Grease, charbi;chiknd,i. V. -d.
Great, bara, c^c. See ' Grand.'
a -deal, bahut ; dher.
Green, sabz. (hesh,) tdzah ;
tar-o tdzah. -ness, sabzi ;
tdza^i.
Grid'won, grit-ddn. (half E.).
Grief, ghafiim ; a/sos ; dukh ;
ranj. A. ghamgin ; djikhit;
raiijidah ; dzurdah : udds.
V. {tra7is.) bezdr-k ; izd-d ;
satdna. (intr.) hona, with
the adjs.
Grind, pis?ia. -stone, chakki.
-ing -slab, si I.
Groan, kardh ; dh ; ndlah.
V. -k. ; kaharna.
Grocer, modi.
Groom, sd^is. V. ghora
thafida-k. ; ghpre-ko malna,
sdf-k. or other appropriate
phrase.
Grove, bdgh : top.
Ground, zainin^ (f.) the sur-
face of the-, ru-i~zamin.
dry-, kJiushki. wet- tari ;
tard^i. as in * camping-
ground,' &c., .. gdh as last
part of word, kjiaima-gdh,
c^c.(c2iu^e,)sabab. (origin,)
bnnydd, {L); Jar. -less, be-
bunydd ; be-sabab. V. (as
a boat,) -par lag-jdna ;
thekna; thek-jdna. (a case,)
is bunydd par arz karna,
kih, a-r.
Growy (intr.) phalna ; ugna ;
dna ; d-jdna ; ho-jdna. (e.g.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
257
in stature,) bara hona ;
barhna. (trans.) (e.g. vege-
tables,) bcMa ; ropna.
grown-up (persons,) jr/yr?«^.
Grumble, kurkurdna ;garaj-
na. N. ktirkurdhat ; garaj.
Guava, amrud.
Guarding, (n.) (as sentinel,)
pahra ; 7iigdhbdni ; pds-
bdni, V. -k. one who guards,
pahra-wdia ; pdra-wdia
nigdh-bdn ; chauki-ddr. to
be on one's guard, kJiabar-
ddr hona.
Guardian, hdfiz. (of youth,
&c.) murabbi. (of a minor,)
wali.oi(^^\o\i^\\.y^)aindnaU
ddr ; chauki-ddr. (of a
Muham. : religious trust,)
mutawalli. (of a Hindu
ditto,) shewait, (vulg.
shebait.) -ship, hifdzat :
amdnat ; zinimah.
Guess, ktyds ; atkal. V. -k. ;
atkalna. by-, atkal se ;
anddzi.
Guide, rdh-niuna ; agwa. (v.)
rdh batldna ; pahunchd-d.
Guile, fareb ; daghd-bdzi :
hilah ; chdldki, A. farebi :
hila-bdz.
Guilt, gundh ; kusur. A.
gundh-gdr ; mujrim. -less,
be-kusur.
Gulp, ghih,it. V. -se kkdna,
or pina.
Gum, gond. V. -lagd-d. :
dena.
Gun, banduk^ (f.) -powder,
bdrut. shot for -, chharra.
(cannon,) top. at -fire,
top ke wakt.
H.
Habit, dastur ; maaniul. a
bad-, buri ddat. -ual, jo
aksar-hota hat. -ually,
aksar; hatneshah.-oixmndi,
mizdj ; kho. See ' Dress.'
Hail, patthar ; ola. V. -par-
na. interj. mubdrak-bdd /
Hair, bdl ; chut, -brush, bdl-
ka brush (E.). -dresser,
T. , H.
hdhval. -less, gatija ; kora.
-y, mu-e ddr. curling-,
Half, ddha ; nisf ; nim. V.
ddhiydna ; nisfd-nisfi-k. for
' half in compos. : use
'' adh^ e.g. *adh-bhara,'
half-full. *mm' is also
used in ihis sense.
17
258
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Hall, ddldn. (of audience,)
diwdn-i-dmm.
Ham. See page 92.
Hammer, vidrtol. V. -se
77idr7ia.
Hand, hdfh ; dast. of watch,
kdnta ; sic^i, at -, taiydr ;
77iuyassar ; 77iurattab ; ke
fas ; ke 7tazdik. - in -
hdthd-hdthi. -covering
(gloves,) dast-dnah, -ker-
chief, riM7idl. -writing,
hdth-likha. -cuffs, hdth-
kari.-iM\^mutthi-bhar (grip,
power,) kabzak. (v.) deTta ;
de-d.
Handle, dastah ; kara, (v.)
hdth lagd7ta ; pakarTia ;
chhiina.
Handsome, khubsurat.
Hang, (truTis.) latkdna ;
latkd-d, (iTitr.) latakna,
(execute,) pM7,ist-d. -man,
jalldd.
Hsippen^koTia ; /io-jd7ia ; dTia;
pesh hoTia ; bar-pd ho7ta.
Happy, khush ; k/msh-diL N.
-/. -/. V. -ho7ta.
Harass, satdTia ; dikk-k, N.
dikk ; tasdi. (f.).
Hard, sakjit. (lit. and fig.)
N. -/. See ' Difficult.' -ly.
mushkil se. There is hard-
ly a man present, kaTti-
tar ek ddThi hdzir hat. - ship.
See ' Distress.' -dy, TTiaz-
but ; sakht ; i7iardd7iah.
Hare, khar-gosh.
Harm, zarar ; iaklif ; tasdi,
(f.); 7iuksd7i; ziydn, Y.-k.;
-pahu7j,chd-d. -ful, with
'jo,' ; muzirr. -less, ghair-
77iiizirr ; be 7iuksd7i.
Harness, sdz. (f.). -room,
-khd7tah. -stand, kaghora.
See page 90.
Harsh, tursh ; khatta ; kar-
wa. See * Cruel' * Hard.'
N. turshi ; khatd,i.
Harvest, (spring,) rabu
(autumn,) kharif, (general
word,)y«i'/, (f.).
Hash, (meat,) hesh, (E.) ;
kiTTiah. V. -k.
Haste, shitdb, or shitdbi ;
jaldi. V. -k. -en, -kardTia;
-kard-d. Advs. Seepage 54.
-y, (in temper,) tu7id-kho,
N. -/.
Hate, nafrat ; dush77iani ;
addwat, V. -rakh7ta. -ful,
bura ; zabim ; nafrat-
a7igez.
Have. See page 75. Sect, 13.
HINodSTlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 259
Hawk, jurra^ (ni.)- ^^^> (^•)-
Hawker. See * Pedler.'
He, yih ; wuh. See page 30.
Head, sar^ or sir. (so many
cattle,) rds. (of corn,) bdl.
-ache, sar ka dard. -long,
be-tadbir, -man, sar-ddr,
-quarters, sadr makdm.
stall, nuktah. -strong,
munh-zor. N. mufih-zori^
-y, nasha-ddr, to make-,
sar-k. (to lead,) sarddri-k,;
sarddr-hona.
Health, tan-durusti ; bhald,i ;
khairiyat ; mizdj, A. tan-
darust ; bhala ; khair. to
be in good-, tan-durust
hona. to be in bad-, tan-
durust nahin hona ; bimdr
hona ; kam-zor hona.
Heap, {n.) dher ; ambdr, (of
people,) guroh ; majma ;
ghoL See ' Collect.'
Hear, sumia. (obey,) sunna ;
manna, hearing, (e.g. a
case in Court,) samd^at.
Heart, dil. (central part,)
magkz : giida ; bhitar jo
hat. by-, nok zabdn se.
hard -ed, sang-dil. soft
-ed, narm-dil, -y, dil-soz ;
dil'^arm. -ily, dil-o-jdn se.
-less, be-dil ; be-rahm. to
take-, himmat rakhna.
Heat, garmi ; t apish ; sozish.
(of sun,) dhtip ; ghdm.
(of temper, )^^^^//; tundi;
josh ; dtish, V. garm k. See
' Hot. '
Heaven, bihisht, (paradise,)
jannat.
Heavy, bhdri; wazani ; girdti.
Hedge, (n.) bdrh ; ghera ;
ihdtah, V. -d. ; -lagdna.
-hog, dul-duL
Heel, eri.
Height. See ' High. '
Heir, wdris. PL -dn.
HeW, jahannam, (f.). dozakh.
Help, madad, (f.); idnat
V. -d. -ful, madad-gdr.
-less, Id'Chdr. by God's
help, Khuda chdhe ; ba-
fazl-i-Khuda, a - mate,
madad'gdr.
Hemp, san ; pdt. -plant,
gdrija.
Hen, mu rg hi. -house,
-khdnah.
Hence, (time, )/^^ baad. (place,)
yahdj^ se, (cause,) is liye.
Her, is-ka ; us-ka. See page
30. herself, See page 30,
Sect. 7.
i
26o hindtJstjCni as it ought to be spoken.
Here, yahd^i ; is jagah^ or
is jagah mefj, -and there,
idhar - udhar, -abouts,
kahif^-yahin. -after, dyindah
met}, -on, or -at, is-par ;
is 7nen ; is-se. yih bat sun-
kar, or bol-kar.
Heron, bagla.
Hesitation, pas-o-pesh ; tdld-
toli ; deri, (in speech,)
hichkich. V. -k.
Hidden, cMipd M, a ; riiposh.
Hide, {trans.) chhipdna ;
ruposh - rakhna, {intr.)
chhipd-hona ; ruposh-hona
(n.) chanifa ; khdl, (f.).
High, imcha ; baland, or
buland. N. tlnchdj. -bred,
asil, -in price, mahnga ;
girdn, -.minded, dli-him-
mat, -in rank, dli-shdn.
-in spirit, diler ; hifnmati.
in the height of (anything,)
ain^-meTj,. -way, rdh, (f.) ;
sarak. (f.). -way-man,
rdhzan, -way robbery,
rdhzani.
Hill, pahdr ; uricki zamin.
Him, is, us; is-ko ; us-ko.
See page 30.
Hinge, chtd.
Hint, (n.), ishdrah, V. -/&.
Hire, (fare in money.) kirdya,
V. -lena, -r, kirdya-ddr.
His, is-ka; us-ka. Seepage 30.
Hobby, shauk.
H og,sii,ar. wild- iangli sn,ar.
Hold. 5^^ * Grasp. ' -(con-
tain.) reverse the sentence,
say ' one ser of milk will
go into this glass,' is piydle
meij. ek ser dvdh atta hai,
[atna, to get into a given
space.] or you may say,
yik ek ser ka piydla hai—
this is a one ser glass, i,e.
holds, or can contain, one
ser. -one's tongue, chup-
rahna, to -good, rahna ;
thaharna, -er, ddn. See
page 41.
Ho\e,chhed; (V. -na.)surdkh, ^^
(of an animal,) bil, fl
Holy, musalli ; Khudd-tars,
-iness, takwa^-day, iatiL
(religious,) parb, (vulg.,
^parab, ') - war, jihdd.
-Ghost, rtihu-l-Idh.
Home, ghar ; niakdn ; kothi,
Rt-, ghar mejii. not at-,(lit.).
' Arabic for ' the eye.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 26 1
g/iar men nahin, (fig.). See
page 26. \.o go-, ghar J ana.
Hone, silli.
Honesty, diydnat-ddri ;
sachd^i ; rdsti, A. diydnaU
ddr ; sachcha ; rdsi. -ly, by
* se,^ added to the nouns.
Honey, shahd.-coxwh, chhdta.
Honour, (reputation,) izzat ;
(dignity,) shdn ; sar-fardzi.
(reverence,) tazim. your-,
huztir. dress of- khilat.
Y.-tazim-k, ; adab-k.
-able, mu^azzaz; viutabar.
Hook, ankri ; kdnta, hiik.
(E ). V. -se pakartia.
Hope, ummed, (f.). V.
-rakhna. -ful, also , one
who is hoping for some-
thing, -wdr, (expectancy,)
-wart, -less, be-ummed.
Horn, sing ; shdkh. to draw in
one's horns, dum-dabdna.
Horse, ghora ; asp. -back,
ghore par sawdr ; sawdr
ho-kar, -dung, lid, (f.),
-doctor, salotar. -man,
sawdr. -manship, sawdrl.
-race, ghur-daur.
Hospitable, mihmdn-ddr. N.
-/. -tal, haspatdl, (K.);
shifd-khdnah.
Host, mihmdn-ddr ; sdkib-u
khdnah. See ' Crowd.'
Hot, garm. the - weather
garmi ka mausam.
Hound, shikdri kutta.
Hour, ghari. See page 67.-ly,
(i. e. always,) ghari-ghari.
House. See * Home.' -break-
ing, sendh-chori. -breaker,
sendhiya, -hold, khanddn,
-holder, sdhib-i-khdnah.
-keeping, ghar ka intizdm
karna ; khdnah-ddri.
How? kalsa; Ms tarah; kyun^
kar. -ever, lekin. -long,
kab-tak. -often, ka,e bdr ;
kitne dafah -many, kitne.
-mucli, kitna. -do you
do? mizdj sharif ; dp ka
mizdj kalsa hat ? however
strong he may be, still, &c.
agarchlh wuh bahut zor-
dwar ho, taubhl, dr^c.
Human, being, ddml ; tnsdn,
A. insdnl. the -race, i7i-
sdnlyat ; ddmiyat. -mane,
rahim; mihrbdn ; muld.im;
nek-kho.
Humble, gharib : mis kin.
N. -// -l;faro-tanl. to be-
hona, with theadjs. {trans.)
nichd'k. ; dabd-d.
262 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Humour. See * Moist.' (wit,)
lutf ; thattha. A. latif ;
thathoL -ously, latife-se.
good-, khush-hdli. bad-,
bad- halt ; in a bad-, 7nag-
^CL ; ghusse. to- ijdzat-d.;
dena.
Hump, kubar. -backed,
, kubra.
Hundred, sau, or sat. as a
unit, saikra. 5 per cent.
fi saikre, pdnch riipiye.
Hunger, bhtikh. (f.). A. -a,
to be, "hona.
I.
Ice, barf, (f.) ; yakh, (f.).
V. harf men rakhna,
-d-water, barf-pdni.
Idea, khaydl. See page no.
A. -/.
ld\o\., pdgal ; ahmak,-ocy^-u
-tic, ahmak ke taur par.
Idle, (doing nothing,) be-kdr;
be-kdm ; drdm-men (lazy,)
sust ; dhila. -ness, drdm ;
fur sat; fardg/iaf.(\a.zinQss,)
susti. to be- adjs. with
hona.
Idol, but. -2i\.xy,-parasti.
Hunt, (n.) shtkdr. V. -k,
-sman, -/. -ing dog, -/
kutta. -ground, -gdh. A.
shikdri.
Hurry. See ' Haste.'
Hurt. See * Harm.'
Husband, khasam ; shaiihar ;
mard. See 'Cultivation.'
Hush ! chup ; chup-raho ;
khdmosh I to -up, chhipd-
7ia, -money, rishwat
Husk, (n.) chhilka ; post. V.
-utdrna.
Hut, jho7npri.
If, agar ; jo. See page 104.
Ignorant, jdhil ; ajhal ; nd-
ddn ; kam-akl. -c^Jdhili;
nd'ddni ; kam-akli, (f.).
adv. with ^ se.^
Ill, bimdr. -ness, -/. See
* Bad.' -behaved, bad-
suliik, -behaviour, bad-
suluki. -disposition, bad-
kho ; bad-tabi,at.
Illegal,^ khildfkdmin. -ity,
jo khildfkdmin hai.
Illumination, raushani ; tan-
wir, (f.). V. -k.
1 For many negatives in • il/ ' un,* •ira," &c., use the affirmative and
7iahin ; or prefixes 'be,' ' la\ ' nd,' * nir,' ^fc.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
263
Illustrious, ndfii-ivar ; ndm-
ddr; mashhur. in compos:
jalil.
Image, putla ; putli. (idol,)
but. See ' Idol.'
Imagination, khaydl ; tassaw-
wur. V. -k. -ary, kJiaydli.
See ' Idea.'
Immediate, maujiid ; hdzir ;
tnakhsus. -ly, bil-fel. See
P^ge 54.
Immense. See * Grand.'
Immot i est, be-sharm ; be-haya.
N. be-sharmi, be-hayd,i.
Immoral, nd-maakul ; zabihi.
Impair, ghatd-d. to be -ed,
ghatna ; bigar-jdna.
Impatient, be-sabr. A. -/.
Impel, chaldna ; chald-d.
Incapable, ghair-kdbil.
Incense, {n.)hibdn. (v.) (make
angry), ghussa-k.
Inch, inshi^ (E.).
Incident, kdtn ; fel ; a?nr ;
wuku ; bdt
Incite, uthdna ; targhib-d.
N. iarghib^ (f.).
Inclination, mail^ (f.) ; r agh -
bat ; drzu, (f.) ; yhauk,
I am- inclined to think,
?nera khaydl yih ha?\ kih^
Include, shdfnil-rakhna. -ed,
shdmil-kiya ; sdth rakha.
Income, dmadaiii ; md-hasal.
Incomprehensible, be-kiyds ;
ghair-?nutasawz(.iar ; jo ko^i
shakhs nahin samjhe.
Incorrect, nd-duriist^ &^c.
See ' Correct.'
Increase, {trans.) barhdna ;
ziyddah-k. {intr.) barhna ;
zidddah-h . ( n . ) izdfah ;
ziyddat.
Indeed, fil-wdke ; hakikat
meii.
Independent, niustakil; be-
lagd^o ; aldhidah ; khud-
sar. -ce, dzddi ; be-
ta^alluki ; khud-sari.
India, Hind, -n, Hindui ;
Hindu, -n corn, bhutta.
Indigo, nil^ (f.). -factory,
-kothi. -planter, -ka sdhib.
Indivi(iual, (n.). See 'Being,'
(a. ) ek ; ek-ek. -ly, ek-ba-ek ;
fark-fark ho-ke.
Indolent. See 'Idle.'
Industry. See ' Diligence.'
Infamous, zabun ; mayiib ;
bara khardb. N . bad-ndmi ;
zabuni ; khardbi.
Infant. See ' Child.'
Infection, sardyat. V. -k.
264
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Infidel, (one not a Muham :)
kdfir. (one not a Hindu,)
malechha, -ity, kufr.
Infirm, (body,) za^if. (body
and other things,) kam-zor;
durbal ; nd-tdkat ; nd-
tawdn, (of mind,) mun-
kharif, -ity, (of body,)
zuf, or zof. (of body, &c.,)
kam-zori ; nd-tawdni ; nd-
mazbuti, (of mind,) in-
khirdf.
Inflame, jaldna ; josh-k.-vc\2i-
ti(in, josh ; sozish ; garmi.
Influence, asar ; idsir^ (f).
V. -k.
Inform. See ' Tell.' an -ation
in Court, ndlish ; daw a,
(f.); suwdl. -QT, gojndah.
Ingratitude, nd-ihsdnmandi.
Ingress, bhitar jdne ki rdh,
(admission to presence,)
huziir fjiefj, ana. (v.n.).
Inhabitant, sdkin; bdshindah;
rahne-wdla. See *Live.'
Inherit, wdris-hona. -ance,
mirds^ (f.) ;. tarikah, or
tarkah, -or, wdris.
Inhuman, be-rahn, d^c. See
' Cruel.'
Iniquity, /4^y zabimi; burdj,
A, zabtm ; bura ; khardb.
Injunction, hukm ; kahna^
(v.n.) V. hukm-d. ; kahna. .
Injury, nuksdn; ziydn. (hurt,)
zarar, (trivial ditto, zarar-
khafif. (serious ditto,)
zarar-shadid, or sangin.
( wrong, ) nd-hakk ; be-insdfi.
V. — k.; -pa hunch d-d.-\ous,
jis-se (any of the nouns)
dta hat.
Injustice, be-insdfi. ; nd-hakk.
Ink, {h\2iQk^) siydhi ; roshnd^i.
(red,) surkhi. -stand, or
pen-and-ink, dawdt ; ka-
lam-ddn.
Inn, sard^e, (f ) ; musdfir-
khdnah; ddk-bangla ; hotel.
(E.).
Innocent, be-gundh ; sdf ;
pdk. N. be-gundhi ; safdj;
pdki ; pakizagi.
Inquiry, pikhhna, (v.n.); tah-
kikdt ; darydft ; taddnik.
V. the nouns diwAkarna.
Insane. See ' Mad.'
Insect, kira ; kirm.
Insensible, be-hosh ; be-
hawdss. N. -/ ,* -/.
Insert, ddkhil-k. ; da rj-k. :
mundaraj-k. ; zikr-k. -ion,
indirdj.
Inside, bhitar ; andar.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
265
Insight, wukuf ; hoshydri.
Insist, musirr-h. ; zor se
t; mdngna, or chdhna, or
kahna. -ency, bdr-bdr
vid7}gna^ d^c, (v.n.).
Insolent, gustdkh ; sar-kash.
N. -/; -/.
Inspect, dekhna ; viuldha-
zah-k, -ion, takaiyud ;
nazar-anddzi} -or, muta-
min ; inshpektar-sdhib.{\\K\{
K).
Instant, (n.) lahzah ; ek dam.
See ' Immediate/ This in-
stant. See page 54.
Instead of, ewaz ?ne?ji, ;ke badle.
Instruct, sikhdna ; sikhd-d. ;
sikhldna^ siJMd-d, ; taa-
lini'd. N. iaalim, (f.). -or,
jo sikhdta hat; sikhak ;
munshi ; pandit ; guru.
-ive, inufid.
Instrument, dlah ; haihiydr.
He was instrumental in^
6^^., us-ki madad se^ &c.
Intellect, akl^ (f,); hosh ; zihn.
A. akli ; zahin.
Intelligence (of mind,) See
' Intellect,' (news.) See
* News.'
Intention, kasd ; irddah ;
murdd, (f.); gharaz, (f.) ;
matlab. V. -rakhna, or,
better, with hona, e.g. mera
kasd yih hai^ kih, d^c.
Adv. kasdan ; jdn-bujh-ke.
Intercourse, ildkah; sarokdr;
dna-jdnd, (v.n.) ; dmad-o-
raft. V. kisi ke ^ sdth -
rakhna, or, better, with
hona^ e.g. niujh-se us-se
kuchh - nahiri hat, ' I have
nothing to do with that
fellow.'
Interest, (of money,) stid.
(with a person,) kahd-suna;
asar. (share,) hissah ;
sdjha, (in any matter,)
shauk ; mail, (f.) V. -rakh-
na ; dil-lagdna. self -ed,
gharaz-mand. seeking one's
own- khud-gharaz.
Inter[)ret, samjhd-d. See
* Translate.'
Interruption, khalal ; atkd.o ;
rok. V. -k.; atkd-d, ;
rokna.
Interval, (time,) arsah ;
{s^2iCQ,) fdsilah.
Interview. See ' Visit.'
* From the Persian ' anddkhtan ' ' to throw ; ' a not uncommon
termination. ^ Anddzi' as adv., means ' approximately.'
266
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Into, men ; ke bhitar ; ke
andar.
Intoxication, nashah. -ed,
nashe vief,i ; matwdla. V.
nashe uietj. hona ; matwdla
hona.
Introduce, muldkdf-kara-d. ;■
hdzir-kar-d ; bhitar^ or
huziir 7ne^, Idna. -tion,
idkhdL a letter of -tion,
sifdrish ka khatf.
Intrust, supurd-kar-d, ; kisi
ke pds rakhna, amdnat
me7,i rakhna.
Invent, nikdlna; pdna. -ion,
ijdd, (f.).
Inventory, tdlikah ; fihrist.
Investigation. See 'Inquiry/
Invisible, ghdjb ; ghair-
mahsiis.
Invitation, nyota, V. -bhejna.
Involuntary, -rily, -be-
ikhtiydr. N. -/.
Inundation, saildb, (m.).
Iron, loha. of-, lohe ka. a
smoothing -, istri. V. -k'
Irregular, khildf-dasiur. N.
-/. adv. be-tartibise.
ln'\ga.te,pafdna.-ion, dbpdskL
Irritate, satdna ; dikk-k. N.
chher-chhdr ; dikk. -able,
ghussa.
ls\a.nd, jazira/i ; dwip^ or dip.
Issue, (v. trans}) jdri-kar-d.
{intr.) nikalna; nikal-dna.
(n.) natijah ; dkibat.
It, yih ; wuh ; its, is-ka ;
us-ka. See page 30.
Itch, khdrisht ; khujli. A.
khdrishti. V. khujidna.
Ivory, hdthi-ddfjLt.
J.
Jackal, gidar ; siydl.
Jacket, jdkit^ (E.); kurtah,
or kurti.
Jail, Jel-khdnah, (half E.) ;
^aid'khdnah, -or, jelar^
sdhib, (half E.).
Jam, murabba ; jdm. (E.).
Jar, {\t^?>e\)ghara;jdr, (E.).
-ring ^ownd^kharkhardkat.
Jasmine, saman.
Jaw, jabra.
Jealous, bad-za?in, N. -/.
Jelly, y>//, (E.).
Jest, thattha. V. -k. -ing,
thatholi^ -er, thathol. in-,
thatholi ke taur se.
Jesus Christ, hazrat-isa.
Jew, yahtid (m.) ; -/>/, (f.).
HINDT^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
267
Jewel, gahna ; zewar ; jawd-
hir. -er, jauhari. -box,
with . . . dan. See page 41."
Job, kdm ; tahal.
Jockey, sawdr ; jdkt, (E.).
Jocoseness, thatthe-bdzi ;
khush-tab^i.
Join, {r).),jor, V. -d.;jorna ;
mild-d. joint, (a.) mild-
hti.a. (j unction, )y^r.
Joke. *S^^*Jest.'
Jolly. See * Happy.' a -fel-
low, ydr-bdsh.
Jot, zarrah^ (f.) thora-sa ;
ek ddnah.
Journal, roz-ndmchah.
Journey, safar; kiich. V. -k. a.
day's-, manzil.
Joy. See * Happy.'
Judge, hdkim ; jaj-sdhib^
,. (half E.). sadr-dla sahib ;
munsif sdhib ; kdzi sdhib.
(all these, except the first,
are technical words.)
-ment, (decision,) faisa-
lah ; fativa ; hukm ; dikrt,
(E). V. -d, (sense,) akl,
(f.) ; hosh : samajh, ((.).
(to select,) pasand-k.
Judicious, dkil ; ddnish-
mand ; hoshydr. -ness,
ddiiist ; akl^ (f.) ; hosh.
Jug, kulhiya, (f.) ; piydla ;
Jag, (E.).
Juice, ras; pdni; diidh ; arak.
Julep, julldb.
Jump, (n,) kiid ; chhaldng,
(f.) ; uchhdl ; jast. V. -k. ;
ktidna.
Junction, &c.. See ^ Join.'
Jurisdiction, (power,) huk^/i ;
hukiimat ; amalddri ; ikh-
tiydr. (territory,) aid-
kah ; zila, c^c. accord-
ing to local divisions, a
' sub-division ' of territori-
al-, mahkamah, -a word
which really means ^a
tribunal.^
Jury (native village,) panch ;
panchdyat. (in English
courts,) y^^r/, (E.). * Gen-
tlemen of the Jury,' sdhib-
dii-jiiri.
Just, ddil;rdst; sack ; sachcha;
insdfi; insdf ka. -ice, insdf;
hakk. -ness, rdsti ; durus-
tl. (proper,) mundsib ;
wdjib ; ba-ja. (at this mo-
ment,) ab ; ab-tab, -ify,
sdf^ or safd^i-k; uzr-Tc. adv.
rdsti-se.
Justle, thelna ; dhakka-d
-tling, -thel-pel kar-ke.
268
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.
K.
Keep, rakhfia ; apne pas
rakhna. (back,) bdz-rakh-
na ; rokna ; atkdna. (e.g.
sheep.) pdlna. He keeps
two horses, us ke pas do
ghore ham. -er, rakhwdl.
to -on doing a thing, use
the stem of the principal
verb, followed by rahna.
Kernal, maghz ; giida ; bhi-
tari.
Kettle, ketli, (E.) ; tdbah,
fish-, machhli ki ketli.
Key, kunji ; chdoi ; tdli.
bunch oi'kQys-ka gi4chchka.
-hole, —ka surdkh.
Kick, Idt. V. -tndrna. -ing
and cu ffi n L' , Idt- mukki.
Kill, vidr-ddlna ; katl-k.
khun-k, (for food,) zabh-k.;
haldl-k, -ing, katl ; khim-
rezi ;^ zabh.
Kind, (a.) mihrbdn ; shafik,
-ness, mihrbdni. adv.
mihrbdni-se, (sort,) kism^
(f.)
Kindred. See * Relations.'
King, (M.) pddshdh, or bdd-
shdh. (H.), rdja ; mahd-
rdja. -dom. bddshdhi.
saltanat ; rdj. -ly, shdhi.
Kiss, (n.) bosah : mithi, (v.)
bosah-d ; chihnna. mutual
-ing, bosah-bdzi.
Kitchen, bdwarchi-khdnah^
See page 87.
Kite, (bird,) chil. {^oy, ) gttddi^
Kitten, billt ka bachchah.
Knee, ghutna : zdnu. to
kneel, do-zdnu baithna.
Knife, chhiiri. clasp-, chakku^
pen-, kalaJTi'tardsh.
Knock, (at a door,) dkab-
dhabdna. See ' Blow.*
' Strike.'
Knot, gdnth. (fig. e.g. the
marriage-,) akd.
Know, jdnna ; pahchdniia ;
wdkif-hona ; khabar pdna.
-ledge, ddnist ; ilm^ (f.);
wdkfiyat. -n, maahiin. See
page ^(). well-known, mash-
hiir. -ingly, didah-o-
ddnisiah /^ jdn-bicjh-ke.
* From the Persian. ' rekhtan^ * to pour out,*
2 Persian.; ' having seen and known ; ' 'didan, ' to see.'
HINDUSTAN I AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
269
L.
Labour, rnihnat. (V. -k,)
(A. -/. ;) ihiimdm, daily-,
mazduri ; roz-gdr, -er,
mazdur ; kuli,
Lac, lakh ; I ah.
Lace, (embroidery,) gota ;
gold-, laldbattun^ for boot,
&c. -^fitah; dori ; sutli.
Ladder, sirhi.
Lady, bibi; khdtuti ; begam ;
musammdt ; sdhibah, Eng-
lish title, ledi^
Lake, tdl; tdl-db, (m.) ; tald,o.
Lamb, bheri ka bachchah.
Lame, langra-nt^s, langrd^i.
Lamentation, ndlah, V. -k, ;
rona ; chhdti-pitna . -able,
ghafnm-khez}
Lamp, (English,) lamp.'^ (na-
tive,) chirdgh : dip ; sirdj.
-black, kdjal ; kajli.
Lance, ballam; barchhi. -cet,
nashtar^ (f.). V. chirna ;
nashtar ?ndrna.
Land, zamin^ (f.). -holder,
-ddr, -ed property, -ddri;
milk ; tnilkiyat. the dry-,
khushki, moist- tari, by-,
khushki. -lord, mdlik ;
sdhib'i-khdnah. V. (trans.)
iitdrna. (intr.) utarna.
kindre tak d-jdna.
Lane, gali ; chhoti rdh.
Language, zabdn, (f.) ; holL
the common-, chahii-boli.
Lantern, laltain or lanten
(both being attempts at
the English word).
Large, bara ; buzurg ; kaldf}.
-ness, bard^i, -ly, bahut-sa.
-esse, nisdr.
Lash, (y\.)zarb. yjhx'^-^phimd.
V. chdbuky &'c. se mama.
Last, (a.) sab se pichhla ;
dkhir. e.g. -year, guzash-
tah. V. ab tak rahna, or
hona» -ly, dkliir-ul-amr.
Late, der. -ness, -/'. * the
late,' marhum; mutawaffa.
(former,) agla, -ly, thore
difiof} se.
Laugh, haT^sna. -ter, haf^si.
* You must ask for the ' ledi sdhibah ' (not the ' mem-sdhibah,') if
the lady has the title. See page 24.
* From the Persian, ' khezidan^ ' to rise.'
' Pronoimce, according to rule, like the English word * lump. '
270
HINDdsxlNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Law, (divine,) (M.) shara^
(f.) ; (H.) dharm-shdstra.
(human, )^,f«, (m,);kdmin,
(custom,) rasmj (f.) ;
kd^idah ; zdbitah, -court,
addlat, (criminal), fauj-
ddri^ civil, diwdni,) -ful,
jdjz ; hash kdnun. -less,
be-d,in ; d^in ke khilaf^
-suit, dawa^ (m.) ; ndlish ;
suwdl ; mukaddamah.
Lay, rakhna ; rakh-d, lagd-
na ; lagd-d.
Lazy, sust ; dhila ; majhid ;
kdhiL -iness, susti ; maj-
huli ; kahili.
Lead, (n.) sisa, -en, sise ka.
Lead, (v.) le-chalna ; le-jdna,
-er, sar-ddr. to -the way,
dge chalna, to -one's life,
guzrdn-k.
Leaf, patta ; warak, -of a
book, warak, -of a door,
palla.
Lean, dubla : patla, -ness,
dubld,i. V. jhukna, (to an
opinion,) mdil-hona.
Leap. See *Jump.'
Learn, sikhna ; parhna. -er,
shdgird. -ed, dlim ; fdzil,
-ng, ilm^ (m.) ; ddnist
Lease, thika ; ijdrah. docu-
ment expressing a -grant-
ed, patta, ditto -accepted,
kabulyat. V. thika, ijdrah '
(or as the kind of lease
may be) dena, to- e.g. a
house, kirdye-d, or, /^«^.
lessor of land, mdlik.
lessee, thikdddr;ijdrahddr;
ra^iyat, &^c., according to
the kind of* lessee. See
Glossary Part I. sub voct-
bus.
Least, sab se chhota. See ' A t.
Leather, chamra. -n. -re ka.
Leave, (n.) ijdzat ; (-to go,)
rukhsat ; chhutti, to take-
-lena. without-, be-kahe-
piichhe. (v.) chhor-d.
heech^jonk, (f.)
Leek, gandana.
Left, (over,) bdki. (surplus,)
fdzil ; jo bacha hai. on, or
to the left hand, bd,e7i.
Leg, and its parts. See page
63-
Leisure, fursat ; drd7n ; fard-
ghat, at-, -mefi^. -\y,dhime-
dhime ; dhiste-dhiste.
Lemon, lemu ; lembu. -ade,
mitha-pdni.
Lend, udhdr, or, karz^ or
mangni-d. -er, with 'jo'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 27 1
Length, lainbd.i ; till, (time,)
arsah ; niuddat. See *At.'
V. lambd-k.
Leopard, chit a.
Leprosy, korh. A. korhi.
Less, kam ; kmntar. as suffix,
^ be^ before the noun, e.g.
be-wukicf, senseless, -en,
kam-kar-d, ; ghatdna.
Lesson, sabak.
Lest, e.g. be quiet, lest I be
angry, chup raho, nahiJi to
main, ^c. don't speak, lest
he hear, mat bolo, zuriir
sunega, and so according
to the analysed meaning
in each use.
Let. See * Lease.' (allow,)
^^;?i3;,followingthe inflected
infin. of principal verb. e.g.
bhitar dne-do, let him come
in. or, more formal, ijdzat-
d. ; hiikm-d, ; farmdna.
Letter, (written,) chitthi ;
khatt ; rukah. (alphabet,)
harf, PI. huruf.
Lettuce, saldd, (E.); kdhu.
Levee, darbdr;jamd,at; maj-
ma ; majlis.
Level, bardbar ; samdn, V.
-k. N. -/.
Liable, mdkhiiz, but best
translated by the Persian
suffix ^ dih,^ or ^ dihi.^ Q.g.
jawdb-dih, liable to an-
swer, responsible ; liable
to punishment, saza-wdr,
-to sickness, error, &c.
may be best translated by
* ana,^ or * aksar dna.^ e.g.
us-ko zukdm aksar dta
hat. or ^ karna.^ e.g. wuh
hameshah ghalatikarta hat.
Liberal, sakhi ; karim ; faiz-
bakhsh. -minded, karim^
un-nafs. N. sakhdwat ;
faiz, (f.). -ly, dil-khol-ke.
Liberty. See ' Freedom.'
Library, kutub-khdnah.
Lick, chdt. V. chdtna.
Lid, dhakna; chapni; sarposh.
Lie, (tell a,) jhiith-kahna ;
darogh-bolna. -ar, darogh-
go.^ -ying, darogh-go,i.
Lie, (down), letna ; sona.
hifejjdn (f.); rtlh, (f.). (being
alive, life-time,) zindagi ;
zindagdni ; haydt, ((,).
* From the Persian, ' guftan,' 'to speak." Hence also ^ guft-o-^u,'
'conversation;' ^ go,indah,' 'an informer,' or 'spy,' and many other
words.
272 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
- less, be-jdn ; mii^a-hu^a,
(fig.) he-dil ; afsurdah;
udds, to spend-, guzrdn-k.
-long, umr-bhar.
Lift, uthdna ; uthd-d.
Light, (not heavy,) halka ;
subuk (clear,) sdf ; rau-
shan ; ujdla. (fig.) khafif.
-ness, halkd^i.^ (clearness,)
safari ; raushani ; ujdla. to
lighten (e.g. a boat,) hal-
ka-k, -ning, bijli. V.
chamakna. to Wght^ jald-d.
Like, (a.) bardbar ; samdn ;
ek kism ka ; ki vidnind ;
ke mti^dfik, to be -
another thing, yih is-se
inilta hat. See Glossary,
Part 1. 'Sa.' V. chdhna ;
pasand-k. ; (be fond of,)
pydr-k. -ly, aghlab. -ness,
w //, dfaka t ; sa rikha .
Lime, chuna. -kiln, -e ki
bhatthi.
Limit. See ' Boundary,'
* Fence.'
Line, sa^ar. -ing, astar.
Linen, katdn-kapra.
Lion, sher-babar ; singh.
Lip, lab.
Liquor, shardb^ {L). See page 34.
List, fihrist ; fard, (f.) ; tdlu
kah.
Listen, kdn-lagdna ; sunna.
Litter, sawdri ; pdlki ; dolt.
(rubbish,) kurkat.
Little, chhota ; khurd. a-,
thora ; zarrah-sa ; kuchh-
kuC'hh, -httiQx, kuchh
achchha. -ness, (quantity, )
kami. (size,) chhotdj.
Live, jina ; zindah-hona.
-lihood, guzrdn. means
of -lihcod, rozi ; rozgdr ;
guzrdn. (to dwell,) rahna ;
bud -o-bdsh-k .
Liver, (organ Qiho^^^)jigar;
kaleja. (person living,)
with 'y^.'
Lizard, tiktiki ; chhipkali.
Load, (n.), bojha ; bharti ;
khep^ (i^.(y. trans.) Iddna ;
bharna. (v. intr.) ladna.
ladened, bhara hti^a.
Loaf, ek rati.
Lock, kufl. V. -lagd-d. ;
-se band-k.
Long, lamb a ; dardz ; tul-
tawil. See ' Length.' -ago,
bakul dinon se; agle zamdne
meft; the whole 6diy- Jajndm
din ; din bhar, as-as. Jab-
* From the Persian, ^biidan^ ' to be.'
HINDT^STANl AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
,273
tak, followed by ' tab-tak.^
See page 104. to -for,
chdhna ; raghbat, or khivd-
hish-rakhna.
Look, (n.) nazar^ (f.); 7iigdh,
(f.). {w,)dekhna. -this way,
tdk7ta. (to keep an eye on,)
nazar, or nigdh rakhna. to
-out for, intizdr-k, (to con-
sider,) ghaur-k, he looks
(well, &c.), {achchha, ^^c.)
maalicni hota hat. his -fell
on me, MS-ki nazar mujh-
par pari, -out, khabar-ddr
hona. -ing-glass, d.inah.'-
Loose, khitla, (slack,) dhila,
V. kholna ; khol-d. to
come-, khul-jdna, to
break-, chhutjdna ; chhiit-
ke bhdg-jdna.
Lord, sdhib ; mdlik ; khudd-
ivand ; khdwind ; huzur,
to - it over one, zulm-k,;
zabar-dasti-k.
Lose, kho?ia ; gum-k. gene-
rally the passive form is
used, viz., gum-ho-jdna,
(e.g. a bet,) hdrna ; hard-d,
loss, nuksdn ; ziydn ; zarar.
(in trade,) ghati, to be at
a loss, pareshdn-hona ,
shakk meii hona.
Lot. See ' Fortune.' (die,)
kurah. to cast lots, kurah
ddlna.
Loud, loudly, baland dwdz
se, to call-, pukdrna.
Love, pydr, (f.) ; mail^ (f.) ;
ydri, (animal) -, ishk,
V. pydr-k. ; aziz rakhna.
-ly, khubstcrat. -liness,
kJmbstirati, -ed, pydra ;
mahbtib.
Louse, jicTji..
Low, nicha, (mean,) kaminah^
also as noun, a mean per-
son, (as voice,) daba, to-,
ba?nbdna? to lower, niche-k.;
dabd-d. -liness. gharibi ;
faro-tani.
Luggage. See ' Goods.'
Lumbago, kamar ka dard.
Lump, tukra.
Lunch, tiffin. See Glossary,
Part L
Luxury, aiydshi ; khushi, A.
aiydsh,
Ly i ng, (n. ) jhiith-miith.
i
* Accent on first syllable.
2 In India the cattle are very silent.
iS
2 74 HINDI^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
M.
Mace, (staff,) chob ; soTi^ta,
-bearer, chob-ddr, (spice,)
basbdsah ; masdlah.
Machine, kai.
Mad, dkvdnah; pdgal; pagla,
-man, pdgal ddi7ii. -house,
pdgal-khdnah. -ness, diivd-
nagi ; be-hoshi. -ly, diwd-
nah-sa, -den, diwdnah-k,
■ (fig.) ghusse-k. ; josh-k.;
bad dinidgh-k.
Magistrate, hdkim ; majis-
tret sdhib.
Maid, bdkirah ; ku.dri. -ser-
vant, ay ah ; bdndi ; laundi.
Mail, dak; tappdL See page 98.
Maintain. See 'Assert, '*Live.'
(rear,) pdlna ; parwasti-k,
N. parivarish ; rozi ;
khurdki ; khdna-pina.
Make, banana ; band-d.; kar-
na ; 'I made him come to
me,' usko mere pds dnepar
■ main-ne majbicr kiya, e.g.
-profit, hdsil-k. ; kdmdna;
* -progress, ba-sir-k. -sport.
thattha-mdrna, -away with,
urd-d.; bar-bdd-k. -haste,
jaldi-k. (n.) (shape,) shakl,
(f.); bandwat, -er, sdz,^ or
kdr,^ d^c. as last part in
compos.
Male, nar.
Malice, kinah ; bad-khoi. A,
kinawdr ; bad-khwdh,
Man, mard ; ddmi ; ins an ;
shakhs ; kas. (at games,)
nard. -kind, ddmiyat
iitsdniyat ; bani-ddam.^
-hood, jawdni ; mardi,
-1 in ess, marddnagi. A.
marddnah, -ly, mard-sa ;
marddnah, -eating, mar"
dum-khor,^
Management, tntizdm; band;-
o-basf, (m.) ; sar-ba-rdki.
V. -karna,; kisi taur se
karna, -er, sarbardh-kdr ;
kdr-parddz; manejar^ (E.),
Mange. See * Itch.'
Mango, dm, -tree, -gdchh.
-fish, tapsi-machhlt.
* From the Persian, * sdkhtan,* to • make.'
3 This of course is from ' karna,*
* * Sons of Adam ;' he being common to Muham : and Christians,
* From the Persian, \khurdan* * to eat.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
ns
Manifest, {2i)zdhir; maalicm;
sdf. V. — k. ; kar-dikhldna.
-o, izhdr-ndviah ; sicrat-
hdl. -ly, zdhiran.
Manner, taur ; tarah, (f.) ;
tarikah. See ' Custom,' in
this, (that) manner^ is^
(tis)tarah. in what manner,
kis-tarah ; kyihikar. -ly,
siisil. good -s, dddb ;
akhldk.
Manufacture,^rzi'/-y^ir/. -tory,
kdr-khdnah.
Many, bahut ; dher; bahutere;
bahui-se. -a, bahui-ek,
-times, aksar; bdr-bdr.
Map, nakshah, V. -khaujich'
na ; -taiydr-k.
Marble, sang marmar,
March, (n.) >^z/^^ V. -k.
Mare, mddiydn ; ghori.
Margin. See * Edge.'
Mark, ddgh ; nishdn. (trace,)
asar ; aldniai ; surdgh;
pata. V. to make a-, ~d,
to find -s of, -dekhna ;
-pdna, ' ' ,
Market, (n.) bdzdr, {v. -k. ;) \
hdt ; chauk. -rate, nirk/i, ;
bhd^o.
Marriage, shddi ; hydh;nikdh.
V. -k, -ied, (m.) bydha^
(f.) bydhi.
Marsh, y/^//, (f.) ; gil-db, (f.),
-y, tar ; martiib.
Martingale, zer-band.
Mason, rdj ; rdj-inistri, -ry^
rdj ka kdni.
Mass. See * Lump.'
Master, mdlik^ 6^^. See
* Lord.'
Mat, chata^i ; darina. (V.
-lagd-d.) ; for sleeping on,
sital-pdti. -maker, or sel-
ler, chatd,i-wdla.
Match, (n.) jora ; sdni.^ V.
jorna ; bardbar-k ; mild-d,
-es, dia-saldj; mechis'^ (E.).
-less, Id-sdni.
Materials. See " Apparatus.^
Matter, 7ndddah ; Jism,^
(affair,) kdm ; bat; mu,d-
malah, no-, kuchh parwdh
nahiTj, ; kuchh muzd^i^ah
nahiri, what's the-, kya
. 7iz\a ? kya hat?
* VQv$,\2iX\' second," or * a seconds "* This word means * lanif)-chips.'
* 'the Author knows tio Word really irh common use for ' mattqr ' in
.the abstrac^. .,,^.^>^:.:i \ '"-^'v. 'V'-- r- " . ■ '■ ' • •■• ./^^
276 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Mattress, ioshak, (f.).
Mature, pakka ; iaiydr,
Maund, man. See page 70.
May. See page 18.
Me. See page 29.
Meadow, inaiddn ; ramnah ;
khuli jagah.
Meal, (flour,) dta ; viaidah ;
sattu, (food,) khdna.
Mean, pdji ; ka??iinah. -ness,
kaminagi.
Meaning, mani ; matlab ;
mazmiin^ 10 mean, with
- ho?ia, e.g., what does this
mean ? is-ke mani^ dr^c.
kya hain ?
Means. 6*^^* Wealth. '(agency),
wasilah ; tadbir^ (f.). by
no -, hargiz nahin. by
some - or other, kuchh-
tar ah se ; kisi ianr se.
Meanwhile, meantime, in
the, is men ; itne metj^ ;
darmiydn is-ke.
Measles, pan-goti.
Measure, (of a thing,) mdp ;
ndp, (f.). -ing of land,
paimdjsh ; jarib. V. -k, ;
mdpna. See page 70.
Meat, (butcher's,) gosht. See
page 91. Note, (generally,)
khdna pina ; khurdk^ (f.).
Medal, medal. {Yj,)Jamghah.
Medicine, daiva, (f.) ; ddru.
Meditation, ta^amviul, (m.) ;
fikr^ (f.) ; soch ; andeshah.
-tive, muta^ammil ; muia-
fakkir ; fikrmajid ; soch
men.
Meet, (v.) milna. Seepage
50. (assemble,)y«w«-i^^;z^.
(as clothes.) thik-hona, or
baithna. (a.). See 'Suit-
able.' a - ing, (of friends,)
77iuldkdt ; bhent. V. -k. ;
bhentna. See ^ Assembly.'
Melon, kharbiizah.
Melt, {intr.) galna ; gal-jdna.
{trans.) galdna ; gald-d.
Member, (of the body,) azo ;
juz. (of a meeting,) sdhib-
i-majlis ; membar, (E.).
Memory, ydd, (f.) ; hifz, (f.).
-andum, ydd-ddsht.-hodkf
baydz^ (f.). -rial, ydd-gdr.
Mending, marammat ; rafa.
V. -k. -in health, bhala or
achchha hona.
Mental, dili ; dil ka. -arith-
metic, zabdni hisdb;zabdnt
jokha. -ly, ba-dil ; dil se.
Mention, zikr^ (m.) V. -k.
Merchant, sauddgar ; mah<
jan ; baniyd. (travelling,)
M
1
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
277
baipdri; bakas-wdla. (half
E.). -dize, sauda ; 7?tdl ;
jinSj (f.) ; chiz^ (f.). See
' Trade.'
Mercy, rahm^ (f.) ; inihrbdni,
. A. rahim ; mihrbdn, -fully
with se. -iless, be-rahm,
-ilessness, be-rahmi.
Merely, fakat ; sirf ; khdli.
Merit, kadar^ (f.) ; liydkat,
-torious, kadar ka. ; khiib ;
. achchha ; ivdjib-i-ri^ dyat
the merits of any matter,
bhalebure; aslhdl; wdkidt.
Merry. See * Happy.'
Message, M^^rt^r, (f.) ; bdt ;
pa igh dm. V. -d. or bhejna,
-enger, chaprdsi ; piyddah;
pi^an^ (divine,) paigham-
bar,""
Messiah, Masiha.
Metal, dhdf^ or dhdiu,^
Mid, ddh; nim. -day, nimroz ;
do-pahar ; zuhr. -night,
ddhi-rdt ; do-pa har-rdt.
Middle, bich ; mtydn. in the
-bich nmi ; bichon-bich ;
dar-miydn.
Midwife, dd^i.
Might, (v.) sakna. page 22.
(n.) See * Power.'
Mild, gharib ; narm ; narni'
diL N. -/.
Mile, fiiil ; ddha-kos.
Military, the, lashkar, A. -/.
Milk, dudh. A -ka. V. doh-
na. -man, go^dla. -woman,
go^dlin.
Mill, chakkl ; dsya. oil-,
kolhu. -stone, chakki ;
sang-i-dsya.
Millet, bdjara.
Million, das lakh, ten mil-
lions, karor.
Mince, niinsh ; (E.). kimaK
V. ~k.
Mind, (n.) akl^ (f.) ; hosh ;
zihn ; ruh, (f.) V. ydd-k, ;
lihdz-k, ; ghaur-k, to put
in -, ydd dildna.
Minister, (of state,) diwdn ;
wazir. (of church,) pddri-
sdhib. See pages 52 and 77.
Minor, (n.) nd-bdligh, (a.)
khurd ; chhota ; kam. -ity,
Icajn-umri^ (f.) ; kani-sini.
Minute, (n.) ek minat, (E.).
(a.) See ^ Small.'
^ Not Hindustani ; probably Portuguese generally written 'peon,'
^ Applied especially to Muhammad.
^ Not often heard, as you generally name the metal.
278
hindtjstAni as it ought to be spoken.
Mirror, d^inah ; darpan.
Mirth. See 'Joy.'
Misbehaviour, bad-saliiku
(v. -k,) bad chalani, V -
hona.
Miscarry, (fail,) bigar-Jdna,
(as a letter,) gum-ho-jdna ;
: kho-jdna.
Miscellaneous, har kism ka ;
mutafarrik.
Mischief, badi ; nuksdn. to
make -, bigdrna ; bigdr-d.
Misdeed, bad-fel ; bad-kdm.
MLser, bakhil, -liness, bukhl^
(m.). -ly, bukhl-se.
Misery, zillat ; bad-hdli ;
be-chdragi ; fangi. -able,
zalil ; bad-bakht ; be-?ta-
• sib.
Misfortune, bad-bakhti ; musi-
bat ; tabdht.
Mislead, bhatkdna ; rdh-
bhuldna.
Mismanagement, bad-inti-
zdmi, V. -k.
Misplace, be-tariib-rakhna ;
kisi dusrijagah men rakhna.
Miss, viissdhiba/i, (half E.) ;
begam y' sdhib-zddi.
Miss, (v.) chiikfia ; chhorna ;
(intr,) nahin lag-jdna, (n.)
chiik ; khata.
Mist, kuhdsah. -y, dhundhla.
Misunderstand, use nahitj,
with ' Understand.'
Mix, mildna; inild-d.^,mild^o.
Moan. See * Groan.'
Mode. See * Manner.'
Model, nakshah. (v. -k.)
(pattern,) namunah.
Modesty, sharm^ (f.) ; haya^
(f.) ; A. sharmandah ;
lajila. -ly, sharm se
Moist, bhinga ; tar ; sila ; gila,
V. -k ; bhtjjgd-d. ; sildna.
Molasses, gur.
Mole, (animal,) kor-mush.
Moment. See * Instant.' a
matter of-, zariiri kdm.
Monarch. See ' King.'
Monday, Soi?ibdr ; pir ka roz;
do shambah. See page 66.
Money, paise ; rupiye, a sum
of-, mablagh ; zar, (m.),
ready-, nakd rupiye. -bag,
tor a ; thaili, -changer,
sarrdf. -lender, mahdjan.
-less, tihi-dast ; khdli-hdth.
Mongoose, newal.
Monkey, bandar.
* * Khiirshidi begam^' {See pa^e
beam.' Khiirshid is a Persian word
122,) may be translated * Miss
meaning the ' Sun.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 279
Month, mahinah ; 7?idh-\y,
or, - by-, mdh-ba-mdh. -ly
pay, mdhiydna; dar-?ndhah.
Moon, chdnd ; mdh. See
* Eclipse/ -light, chdfidni.
a -light night, chdndnirdt ;
shab-i-mdh, -beam, chdnd
ki jot.
More, aur ; aur kuchh ;
ziyddah. the more ... the
more, jyon-j'yo?t ... tyoii-
tyon. the more ... the less,
same phrase, with * nahiit '
in the co-relative clause.
Mosque, masjid, (f.).
Mosquito, 9?iachchhar, -cur-
tains, masahri.
Most, beshtar ; sab se ziyddah.
Adv. beshtar ; sab se aksar.
Mother, ma ; viddar ; wdli-
dah, step-, sauteli ma,
a - who has had a son,
larkori. -less, be-mddar^
-ly, md sa. -tongue,
watani^ zabdti, (f.).
Motion, harakat.
Motive, sabab ; bdjs ; mat-
lab ; gharaz^ (f.).
Move, {intr,) hilna ; dolna,
{tra?ts.) hildna ; doldna.
-on, chalna; chald-jdna ;
dge-barhdna. -off, chal-d,
-ing, rawdtj, ; chalta ;
harakat men. as last word
in compos.:... a?igez^ e.g.
ri^kat-angeZf compassion-
stirring.
Mount. See * Ascend.^
Mourning, ^^^?////. v.- ^. -ful,
-gin. -fully, -se.
Mouse, chtiha ; mush.- trap,
-ddn.
Mouth, miinh. to make a-,
fnwih terha-k. - ful, a,
lukmah^ - of a river,
muhdfia.
Much, bahut ; bahutera,
Xoo-^ziyddah. Seepage 104.
so-so, that, &c., is mar-
tabe ko, kih, dr'c.
Mud, kichar, {Q ', g^'^j i^-^-
kddo. - dy, maila ; bahut
kichar hai.- wall, mittikidi-
wdr, (f ); kachchi-diwdr,(i.)
Mug, mag (E.).
Mulberry, ////.
Multiply. See ' Increase.'
(arithmetic), jorna.
M ul ti 1 u (i e, guroh^ (m . ) ^ jafni-
yat; ghol, (m.) ',guhdr, (f.).
* • Watan ' means one's fatherland.
28o
hindx^stIni as it ought to be spoken.
Murder, khicn. wilful-, katl
amd, (homicide), katl-i-
insdn. V. -k.; indr-ddlna,
-er, khimi ; kdtil. -ous,
, khiin-rez. -ed, uiaktuL
Muse,(v). sochna; andeshah-k.
Mushroom, musharum^ (E.) ;
chhdta ; dharti.
Music, viusiki. -cian, mutrib.
-cal, shirin. -cal instru-
ment, bdjd. (with very
many names for various
kmds.)
Musk, viushk, -cat, 7mishk-
. billi. -rat, chha-chundar.
N.
Nail, preg. V. -d. ; lagdna.
(of man or beast,) ndkhiin.
Naked, la?iga, or nanga. N.
?ia?tgd,i.
Name, nam ; ism. V. -d.
-less, gut)i-7idm ; nd-
maalum. -sake, hafn-ndm.
Napkin, hath ka tauliyah ;
ru-vidl,
farrow, (tight,) sakra ; ta?ig,
(not broad,) kaui-arz.
-ness, sakrdj ; kam-arazi.
Nation,^ mulk ; mulk ke log.
Musket, ba?iduk, (f.).
Muslm, mal-7JiaL
Must. SI ee page i8.
Mustache, muchh^ (f.).
Musalmaii, musalmdn ; mus-
lim. PL viuslimin. fern.
viusalmdni. their religion,
isldtfi.
Mutiny, balwa ; baghdwat
V. -k.
Mutton, bheri ka gosht.
My, itiera. See page 30.
Sect. 6.
Mystery, rdz, (m.) ; bhed, A.
rdz ka.
Native, (a.) mulk ka. (n.) sd-
kin ; bashandah. -country,
watan ; des. -ity, janam ;
paiddjsh. r\3ita\, j an am ka.
Natural, ba-ddat ; tabi-u
nature (disposition.) ddat ;
tabiat ; mizdj ; kho.
Near, (prep.) ke pas ; ke naz-
dik ; ke yahdii ; ka7ie. (a.)
nazdik; karib; pds ; yahdn,
-ly, karib-karib. -ness,
7iazdiki. -(in blood), bhd^i-
ba7idi ; barddari.
* The European conception of a ' nation ' does not, and never can,
exist in India.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
281.
Neat, suthra. N. suthrd^i.
Necessaries. See * Apparatus.'
-ary, zarur ; Idzim ;
chdhiye. See page 20.
{\)X\wy,) jd-e zartirat. -ity,
zanirat. • -arily, zariir ;
zarurata7i. -itous, muhtdj ;
gharib ; tang hdl.
Neck, gar dan, (f.) ; gala ;
gidu, -cloth, gulu-band,
-lace, India,
Need, (v.) chdhna ; 7nujh-ko
zariir hat, ( n. ) zarurat,
-ful, zarur ; dar-kdr, -y,
gharib ; tang ML
Needle, (large,) sic^a. (com-
morij) su^l ; darzan. eye
of-, ndka. -case, su,i-ddn,
-work, St Id J ; suj ka
kdm.
Neglect, (n.) be-khabarddri,
(carelessness,) ghaflat.
V. -k.; bhidna; riahiTj, kar-
na; (z.) ghdfil ; kdhil ; maj-
hid. {yi\\\\hona, these make
verbs.) -fully, ghaflat se.
Negro, habshi.
Neighbour, parosi ; ham-
sdyah. -hood, nazmh; naz-
diki ; jagah ; paros. -ly,
ham-sdyah ; barddardna.
Neither... nor, na yih,,,na
wuh ; na ek,..na diga r ;
ko^i nahifi ; donon nahifj..
Nephew, (brother's son,)^>^^-
tija. (sister's son,) bhdnja.
Nerve, rag^ (f.) ; nas, (f.).
Nest, ghonsla ; dshiydna.
^t\.,jdla;jdl.
Never, kabhi ^^/^/^/.-theless.
tau-bhi ; td-ham.
New, nau ;naya.{{ve,%\\,)idzah,
-ness, tdzagi. -year, nau
sdl. -Year's Day, nau roz.
J<^Qws,k/iabar, {L)bdt. good-,
khush-khabari ; achchhi bat,
bad-, bad-khabdr ; khardb
bdt,-'p2LpeY, akhbdr; khabar
ka kd gh az.-v^v'xttx, khabar-
navis. vi\iho\iX.-,be-khabar,
Next, Jo pichhe hat ; dusra,
-time, dusre wakt -year,
dyandah-sdl.
Nice. See 'Neat.'
Niche, tdk, (f.).
Niece, (brother's daughter,)
bhatiji. (sister's daughter,)
bhdnji.
Night, rdt ; shab, (f.). to-
dj rdt ko, by-, rdt ko.
last-, kal rdt ko. a moon-
light-, chdndni rdt. -and
day, shab-o-roz ; rdt-din,
-dress, rdt ka kapra.
282 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SP6KEN.
Nightingale, shdmak.
Nip, nochna.
No, nahii} ; ndhi ; na. -one,
ko\i nahiij,, nothing, kuchh
nahin. -^h^x^^kahifinahi?!.
Noble, sharif ; asil ; najib,
-man, mir ; amir, c^^c. (ac-
cording to the title en-
joyed.) -bility, shardfat ;
najdbat. the -bility, arkdn-
i-daulat. {See pa^e 52 ) ;
umara, (Pi. of amir,), of
-birth, najib-zddah.
Nobody, ko,i nahin. a -, nd-
kas ; nd-chiz.
Noise, shor ; divdz, (f.) ;
ghul, to make a -, -k.
None, (person,) ko,,i nahin,
(things,) kuchh nahin.
Nonsense, behudah bdt;ydzuah.
Noon, do pahar. {See page
6"].) '^ do pahar din ; zuhr.
Noose, phdnsi. V. phdiistia.
Nor. See ' Neither.'
North, uttar ; shamdl.
Nose, ndk, (f.).
Not. See'^o:
Notification, ishtihdr; mand-^\
di, y. -jdri'k.
Notion, khiydl ; gumdn. to
have a-, -k.
Nourish, pdlna ; parwarish
or parwasti k. or d.
Now, ab ; is -wakt ; bil-fel ;
hdlan. -a days, dj-kal.
Number, by the numeral
applicable. The English
word ' nambar ' is in com-
mon use ; the natives not
having our idiom. Thus, for
^number 8/ they say * thf
8th.' Also, ' there was a
great number of people
present' bahut log hdzir
the. See * Count.'
Numerous. See ' Many.'
Nurse, (native,) dydh;^ (Eng-
lish,) nass,"^ (E.) wet-,
dd^i.
Nut, jauz, wal-, akJirot
Nutm eg, jd-e-phal,
Nutnment,£hiza; ghizd, lyaL
* Probably Portuguese.
* That is, • nurse.'
hindi^stIni as it ought to be spoken.
283
o.
Oar, ddnd.
Oath, kasam ; halaf. to take
an-, -khdna.
Obey, 7ndnna; siuina. -dient,
htikm-barddr ; tdbiddr,
dience, -/; -/.
Object, (thing,) chiz, (f.).
(aim.) See ' Intention.' any
object of pursuit, &c.
f?iatma-i-nazar.
Object, (v.) nd-manzur ox nd-
pasand-k. ; itirdz-k.^.ttirdz.
Obhged, (compelled,) inaj-
bur. N. -/.v. -k. (favoured)
mamnun. (v.). mihrbdni-k,
(n.) mihrbdfii ; Jiiinnat,
under -gation, fjiinnat-ddr,
(n.a.). -ing, mihrbdn ; nek-
kho.
Observation, (noticing, )//-^<is:;
ghaurinazar-anddzi. Y.-k.;
dekhna. -er, dekhnewdla ;
nigdh-bdz See * Word.'
Obstinate, sar-kash; gardan-
kash ; sakht ; j?iaghriir,
N. sar-kashi. V. -k.
Obstruct, rokna; atak-kar-d, ;
thek-k -ion, rok ; rukd^o ;
atak. This road is -ed,
yih rdh band hat.
Obtain. See * Acquire.'
Obtuse. See ' Stupid.'
Obvious, sdf; zdhir; maalum, ■
Adv. sd/; zdhiran.
Occasion, (time,) wakt,
(cause,) sabab ; wajh, (f.).
(opportunity,) wakt ; mau-
ka, (need,) kdin ; zaricrat,
V. See 'Cause.' -ally,
kabhi-kabhu
Occupation, kdm ; dhandha ;
peshah. -pied,(busy,)w«^/^-
ghul. V. hona ; furs at
nahin /z<2/.-pier, dakhl-kdr;
kdbiz. V. (e.g., a house,)
dakhl'k. ; dak/iil-Mr, or
kdbiz-hona ; kirdya-ddr
hona.
Occur, hona; bar-pd-hona ;
ittifdk-hona ; ana ; d-jdna;
pesh-dna. -rence, wuku^ ;
fel ; kdm.
^ The real pronunciation of this difficult word is that of a short,
closed \\7\\\2lx\ * o * in the first syllable ; very near the ' o,' in * ora-
tion,' ' oku.' In Hindustani '6, ' *u, ' * v, ' and ' w ' are written with
one and the same character. Short ' o s ' do occur in Hindustani, and
also short * e s ; ' whatever the Grammarians may say. Thus you will
often hear moharrir, Mohammad ; mehtar, mehrhdn^ ^c,^ df^c, and
these sounds cannot be said to be wrong. See page 47, Note ii.
284
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Ocean , sa nuaidar ; saga r ;
kdla pdni^ ('"•)•
Odour, khush-bu, (f.). Adj.
mu^attar.
Of, See pages 5 and 73. of
himself, dp-se;k}iiid ; khud-
ba-kJmd.
Off, (distant,) dur ; to go-
(person,) /^/2^; chald-jdna.
(gun,) chhutjdna. interj.
dtir ; dur-dur /
Offence. See ' Crime.'
Offer. There is no corre-
sponding idea in Hindus-
tani. Use such phrases as
suit. e.g. He offered ^o help
me, viujhko inadad dene
ko taiydr tha. He offered
(or made an offer of) ten
rupis for the cloth, kapre
ke wdsie das rilpiye bola^
and so on. See ' Present.'
Office, (post,) uhdah ; kdm ;
peshah ; naukari; khidtnat.
-room, daftar ; daftar-
khdnah ; dfis, {Yj.) servant
thereof, daftari. -er, ac-
cording to his work, from
the 'hakim,' or *• head,^
down to the ' mihtar,' or
sweeper. Some of these
are as follow : — Chief sub-
ord i nate, sar-rishta-ddr,
reader, pesh-kdr. Writer,
(native,) muha rrir ; (Eng-
lish,) kirdni ; translator,
midarjim. Record-keep-
er, vmhdfiz. (all these,
when you call for them,
should get ' sahib ' after
their titles) : the copyist or
section-writer, nakl-navis.
the messenger, for near
work, chaprdsi ; for distant
work, piyddah. -cers of
the army. See page 97.
Often, aksar. how-, kae-bdr ?
so, ^ras-, jai-bdr^ tai-bdr.
Oil, tel } raughan ; chiknd^i,
hair-, bdl ka tel, and so of
other kinds of oil : kero-
sine-, karshin ^ {^.) ka tel,
mustard-, sarson ka tel,
castor- renri ka tel. cocoa-
nut-, ndriyal ka tel. -man,
teli ; kolu, -press, kolhu.
Ointment, mar ham; raughan
Old, piirdna ; kadim. -man,
buddha. -woman, buddhi ;
burhi. -age, burhdpa.
» This oil is now extensively used in Indian houses.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
285
of- kaditn men ; agle
zamdne vieit. how - are
you ? tumhdra sinn kya
hat ? a boy of ten years -
das baras ka larka.
Olive, /^/-/i^.
Omelet, mamlet, (E.).
Omnipotence, kudrat. A.
kadir.
On, par; (lit. and fig.) ke
iipar. - a person's side (as
a friend,) ki taraf. - this
account, is-wdste. - that
day, us-roz. - this, is-par ;
tab. I Jrhall reach - or by,
the (lay after to-morrow,
parson tak. - the contrary,
bil-aks ; bd^vujud is-ke.
Once, ek dafah ; ek bar. all
at - (persons acting to-
gether.) sab-mil-ke; eh sdth,
(ditto, suddenly,) ^^/^^//rt/^;
ndgdh ; ndgahdn, - or
twire, do ek martabe. -up-
on a time, sdbik dinofi 7ne?u
One, ek. often followed by
* tho,^ an expletive, not to
be translated, but equi-
valent to * unit ' -another,
ek-digar^ some-, ko,i ; ko^i
ddmi. a certain -, fuldnah ;
fuldnah dd?ni, - by -,
ekek. it is all -, ek hi bat
hat; kiichhfark nahiri hat.
Onion, piydz.
Only, ek ; ekla ; (merely,)
sirf ; fakat ; kJidli,
Onward. .^^^ ' Advance.'
Open, (v.) kholna ; khol-d,
(a.) khiila. -land, inaiddn;
khiilijagah. ^SV^ ' Liberal'
~ing, rdh^ (f.) ; bhitar jdne
ki rdh ; bdhar dne ki rdh ;
nikds. -ly, zdhiran ; sab
logon ke sdmne.
Opinion, rd^i or rd^e ; khiydl ;
I hold this -, meri rd^i
yih hai, kih^ 6"r.
Opium, (made,)<2^//;^. (»row-
ing,) post, one who uses -,
afimi ; posti.
Opportunity. 6'(?^ ' Occasion.'
Oppose. See 'Obstruct,^
viukhdlif hona. -ponent
mukhdlif^ (also as an adj.)^
-position, jnuzdhamat ;
rok ; rok-tok; at kd,o. -po-
site, {jxAv ,) sdmne ; (prep.).
ke sdmne.
Oppression, zid7n ; zabar-
dasii ; sakjiti. V. -k. -or,
zdlim. -ive, zabar-dast ;
sakht ; sang-diL -ed,.
7nazlinn. -ively, jabran.
286 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
Oral, zabdni, also adv.
Orange, ndrangi.
Orator, zabdn-dwar. -y, -/.
Orchard, Mg/i ; baghdn^
(E.B.).
Order. See * Command ' and
* Arrangement' -ly officer,
ar dally (E.).
Ordinary, maamiili ; bdzdri ;
chalni ; jo dastiir hai.
Origin, jar ; asl ; bunydd,
(f.). -al, asli ; awwaL
-ally, shuru se ; ibtida se.
See 'Beginning.'
Ornament, sif^gdr, (f.) ; zeb ;
drdjsh ; kliush-numdj, V.
-• singdrna. -al, zeb-dwar ;
khush-numa. -ed, drds-
iah ; khiib-siirat,
'Ortolan, bageri.
Ostrich, shutur-7nurgh.
/Other, {Qxix2i,) aur-ek, (differ-
\ ent,) diisra ; digar. See
* One.' some one or -,
koj na koj. some thing or
-, kuchh ; kuchh na kuchh.
-wise, aur ; aur tarah se,
, -wise, nahin to.
Oven, tamir,
/Over, tipar. (prep.) ke upar ;
.par, -and above, is ke
siwd^e ; aldwah is ke ;
ziyddah ; aur. Verbs com-
pounded with ' over,' must
be translated according to
their meaning, there being
no corresponding prefix
in Hindiistani,e.g., he went
over ( = across) the river,
darya ke us pdr gaya. he
overcame ( = removed) my
scruples, us-ne jfiera pas-o-
pesh (hesitation) dabd diya,
-look, mu,df-k. See 'Ne-
glect.' -night, rdikeimkt ;
rdt-ko. -sight, bhiU ; chiik^
(f-) ; ghalat, -take, djdna ;
pds dna; ke pds pahunchna,
-turn, ultdna ; ultd-d.
Ought. See page 1^. Sect. 21.
Our, hamdra ; ham logon ka,
with *own.' See page 30.
we -selves, ha?nju?7i; ham-
donojj, (if only two.) ; ham-
sab, (if more.), among
-selves, dpas men.
Out, (adv.) bdhar. (prep.)
ke bdhar, to go-, bdhar
jdna ; nikaljdna, (as fire,)
bujhjdna, to give-, kahna;
zdhir-kar-d. to ciy-^pukdr-^
na. to put-, (as a light,)]
butd-d, ; bujhd-d. -of, (a!
hindi5st1ni as it ought to be spoken.
287
place, or a number,) merj.
se. (a material,) se, -of
b {e.g.) fear, dar ke mare, -of
\ breath, be-dani. -of time,
be-wakt. -of spirits, udds ;
ghamgin. get-, dut! dilr!
\ ' dur-diir! -most, sab-se diir,
-let, nikds ; muhdna,
-right, piire piire taiir se.
Outrage, zulm ; be-hurmati ;
be-tzzatLY , -k.
Owe, (money,) karz rakhna;
karz-ddr hona. owing to,
se or ke sabab se, e.g. dMp
se, owing to the heat.
Owl, u//u.
Own, (s-dj.) See page ^o. (v.)
(e.g. property, )...r^/^y^«^;
mdli'k hona. -er, mdlik;
kdbiz; dakhl-kdr; sdhib-i...
e.g. sahib i-khdnah.
Ox, ba^il. -cart, -gdri.
Pace, kadam, (V. -k.); deg.
Pacify, khush-k. ; rdzi-k, ;
thanda-k. N. use these as v. n.
Pack, (v.) chiz sab band kar-
na. -et, gathri ; pdkit,(E.).
Pad, gaddi ; namdah. V. is
men ruj (or other mate-
rial, )^^;2«.
Padlock, -^^{/? / tdla.
Page, (of book,) safhah ;
warak. (servant,) v^^ii"/
khds naukar.,
Vdigt2int,-ry,hasham;hdshmat.
Pail, bdlti. milk-, dohni.
Pain, dard, ("^O^ sozish ;
dukh: to fee] -, ^uthdna ;
khdna.'Xo cause-^, --d, -ful,
dardka; dard-angez.-fuWy,
dard-se. -s, mihnat ;
zahmat. V. -k. ; -uthdna.
Paint, (n.) rang, (m.) ( v.) (as
an artist,) khifichna. ( as
an artificer,) -d.;-iagdna.
-er, (artist,) musawwir.
(artificer,) rang-rez. -ed,
mankiUh ; jis par rangdiya
^gayd ^z/.-ing,a, taswir, (f.).
(the art oi,)taswir-kashi.^
' Pair. See 'Join.'
Palace, rang-mahal ; raj -Idri,
'Palanquin, pdlki. -bearer,
-wdla ; -biirddr ; berar,
{EX - : ^
"*' See page 22. Sects. 32 arid 31* / - ^ -
*- Fxom the Persian^ ''kashidan,^ * to draw.'
288
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Pale, (iTuc^^zard ; pila. (gen-
eral word,) halke rang ka.
Palette, rang ki takhti.
Palm, (according to its kind,
followed by ^gdchk ' tree,)
date, khajYir, cocoanut,
ndriyaL arccsinutjSi^piydri.
plantain, ke/a.
Palsy, sitang.
Pan, pdn^ (E.); tdbah. -cake,
pdn-kek^ (E.)-
Pane, shishe ki takhti.
Panel, lakri ka takJitah.
TsLUtaloon. pathm, (E.).
Panther, cMta.
Pantry, khdnsd?ndn ka ka7?ira.
Paper, kdghaz, blotting-,
Idl-. -biscuit, papri.
Parable, tamsil,(^.)\ masal^({,)
V2iX2i6\sQ,jannat ;firdaus, (m.)
Paralysis, lakivah.
Parasol, ckhdta.
Pardon, 'afu ; mu.dfi, V. -d, ;
uzr manzur-k. ; 7nu^df-k,
-me! mu^dj kijiye ; bur a
na mdniega kih main, d^c.
-ed, mu-df.
Parent. See 'Father.' *Mo-
tber.' -s, fnd'bdp, -al,
wdliddna ; pidari.
Parish, sukimat ; mahallah ;
mauza.
Park, ramna ; maiddn.
Parlour, baithne ka kainra ;
khds, or, khalwat-khdnah.
Parrot, iota (m.); toti, (f.).
• Parsley, /Jz-j//, (E.)
Part, (n.), juz ; tukra ; kissah,
(concern in,) aldkah.{?>ldQ,)
taraf, (f.). (v.). bdntna ;
hissah-kar-d, to take one's
-, tarafddr hona. to take
in bad -, bura mdnna. to
take in good -, bhala-
jdnna ; pasand-k. -ial,
tarafddr. N. tarafddri, -ly^
kuchh, -ially, tarafddri se.
-isan, tarafddr. -ition,
taksim, (f.).; batwdra.
-icularly, (in detail,) tafsi-
Ian. (especially,) khusiisan.
Partner, sharik ; hissa-ddr,
-ship, shardkat; hissa-ddri^
Partridge, titar.
Party, ,..ki iaraf ke log.
(-ies in a suit,) far ikain.
Pass, (v.) jdna ; chaldfdna,
(as time,) {intr.) bit jdna,
-away, hofdna ; ho chukna^
-time, (trans.) sarfk. -cur-
rent, jdri-hona. -across^ i
par or ubtir-k, -ov^r, (over-
look,) 7nu,df-k, ; chhor-d.
come to -. See * Occur/
J
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
289
to - one's word for, pat-
mdn-k. ; izhdr-k. the past,
jo giizashtah hai.
Passage. 6>^'0atlet.' ^Extract.'
Passion. See 'Anger.' to be
or get in 2i-,jhaljhaldna,
Paste, (batter,) le,t\ (on a
pie,) karast, (E. crust.),
-board, tut. pastry, samo-
sah ; niathri ; pestari. (E.)
Pasture land, chard-gdh, to
pasture, chardna,
Pat, (n.) thak ; iamdchah,
V. -d. ; (as a thing flap-
ping,) thak-thakdna.
Patience, sabr. (f.). V. -k.
Adj. sdbir. Adv. -se.
?a.t\tntj2i,Mmdr ddmi ; mariz.
Patron, murabbi ; parwar^ as
last word in compos. : e.g.
gharib-pa rwar, - of the
poor, -age, hhndyat. -ize,
murabbi hona ; parwasti-k.
Pattern, namiinah.
Paw, (n.) panjah ; changuL
(v.) tdpna.
Pay, (n.) talab ; tnushdharah ;
(daily,) rozinah, (month-
ly,) dar-mdhah ; mahina.
(y ea-rly, ) sdl'dna, V. ^d, (an
account, &:c.,)add-k. -able,
JO dena hat, -ment, ada.
Pea, peas, matar.
Peace, siilh^ (f.) ; saldmaf,
(of mind,) khdtir-jama ;
taskin, (f.). (rest,) drdm
to hold one's -, chup-
rahna, to break the -,
balwa-k, -ful, be-fasdd^
-fully, be-fasdd se ; chup-ke.
Peach, shajt-dlu.
Peacock, mor^ or ?nhor.
Pearl, mott\ (m.).
Peasant, kisdn ; grihist ;
ra^iyaf, the -try, ra^dya.
Peck, thongna.
Peculiar, khdss ; mukhtass,
-ity, khustisiyat; khdsstyaf,
-ly, khusicsan.
Peg, mekh^ (f.).
Pellet, goli, a - bow, gulcL
Pen,^ kalam. -knife, -tardsk,
-box, - ddn. - and ink,
dawdt kalam, V. -band-k.;
likhna. See ' Restrain.'
Penal, wdjib-us-saza. the
Indian - Code, majmti^ah
tdzirdt-i-Hind,
* As natives always used a reed for writing, there are no words for
a * nib,' or a * pen-holder.' But ^lohe ha kalam^ is in use for the form-
er, and * kalam ki lakri,' for the latter. Natives now use * nibs.'
T., H. 19
290
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Tend], pensi/, (E,).
Penury, tangi ; tang-das tL
-ious, iang-dil ; bakhiL
People, log ; ddmi ; khald^tk,
(v,) basdna ; dbdd-k,
F epper ^ mirck. (black,) ^^/-.
(red,) MI-. V. -d, -box,
-ddn.
Perceive. See * See.'
Perfect, (a.) kdmil ; pura ;
sdkhtah ; pukhtah ; tamdfn,
V. -k. -ion, kamdl ; ikmdl ;
tamdmi, -ly, bahiit thik ;
tafndm-o ka?ndL
Perform. See * Do.' -ance
(doing,) fel ; kdm^ &^c,
(completion,) tamdmi.
Perfume. See ' Odour.'
Perhaps, ho sakta hat ; shd-
yad.^
Period, arsah ; viuddat ;
wakt; zamdnah ;{[ong^) yug.
Perish. See ' Die.'
Perjury, jhiithi-kasain. to
commit -, -khdna ; jhuthi
gawdhi-d.
Permanent. See ' Firm.'
Permission, ijdzat, V. -d, ;
dena with the inflected in-
linitive of anything per-
mitted, as in the common
phrase, ^jdne do^ permit
him to go.
Perquisite, dasturi.
Person. See * Being.' -ate,
bhes-k. ; nakl-k. ; surat
bandna. -ation, by the v. n.
Persuasion, targhib^ ((.).Y.-d.
Perturb. See ' Confound.'
Perverse, mukhdlif ; ziddi,
V. -hona, -ness, zidd ;
mtikhdlafat.
Pestle, sonta.
Pet, (n. a.) pydra, (m.), -/,
(f ). V. pydr-k.
Petition, darkhwdst; guzdrish;
arz^ (f.) ; suwdl ; nibedon ;
baydn; bdt. Y.-k. -er, sd^il^
Petticoat, pittikot.'^
Phial, shishi.
Pick, (v.) chunna; chun-kna.
(flowers,) torna. - a quar-
rel, lard^i iithdna. -axe,
phaura ; kudra.
Pickles, pikal, (E.).
Picture, /^^ze//r (L)] 7iakshah,
-frame, dhdncha. See
* Draw.'
Piece. See ' Part.' -meal,
tiikre-tukre.
^ Persian * it may be,' from * shudan^^ ' to be.'
* Indian ladies don't wear petticoats.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
291
Pierce, chhedna ; chhed-k. in-
strument for -ing, chhe^-
oni.
Pig, su.ar.
Pigeon, kabiUar, - house,
-kJidnah.
Pile, (heap,) dher^ (f.) ; am-
bdr, (of cloth, )r<?,^e^. (post),
khambha.
Pilgrim, (to Mecca,) hdjL
(generally,) tirathi, -age,
(to Mecca,) hajj. (gene-
rally,) tirath.
Pill, goU; habb, (f.).
Pillage, (n.) lut V. -k, ;
lutna, to be -ed, lutna.
one v/ho -s, liUiya,
Pillar, situn ; khavibha.
Pillow, takyah, -case, -ye
ka ghildf.
Pin, (n.) (for clothes, <1'C.)
pin, (E.). (small bolt,) kil,
(f.) V. --la o d-d
Pincers, sangsi ; chimta.
Pinch, (n.) noch, V. nochna ;
chutki-lena. ►
Pme-apple, anannds.
Pious, din-ddr ; khudd-tars ;^
sdlih ; nek. piety, takwa;
khiidd-iarsi.
Pipe, (smoking,) (native,)
htikkah, (English,) paip^
(E.). (for e.g. water,) nal ;
nai, (f.). (cask,) pipa,
(musical,) ba7}si, V. baf}si
bajdna.
Pistachio, pistah.
Pit, garha ; chdh, V. ~k.
Pitch, (n.) -^/V. (v.) (eg. a
tent,) khara-k. ; taiydr-k.
See 'Throw.'
Pith, guda.
Pity, (n.) rahni ; mihrbdni.
V. -k, -iful, rahim; niihr-
bdn. -iless, be-rahm.
Place, (n.) jagah, (f.); ja;
makdn ; gdh, as last part in
compos : See * Rank.'
*Take.' in this place, is
jagah men ; yahdn (v.)
rakhna ; or by special
description, e.g. khara-k,
to erect ; gdrna, place in
the ground, bdndk-d., to
tie up, and so on.
Plain, (n.) See ' Park.' (a.)
(unadorned,) sdda. (level,)
bar-d-bar : saindn. -deal-
ing, sdda-dili. -ly, sdf ;
zdhiran. -ness, sddagi.
From the Persian, 'tarsldajiy ' to ear.'
292
HINDUSTANI AhJ IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Plaint, ndlah. (in Court). See
* Petition.' -iff, 7Jiudda^i ;
faryddi. -ive, -ly, ndldn.
Plan, tadbir, (f.) ; hikmaf ;
upd,e, V. -k, ; -bandna ;
-nikdlna. See * Drawing.'
Plane, (tool,) randah. V.
-chaldna; randesesamdn-k.
Plank, takhtah, V. -lagdna.
Plant, (n.) paudha ; per,
V. -lagdna.
Plantain, kela.
Plaster, lep. V. lepna,
Plate, bartan. -ed, viulaiii-
ma.
Platform, chabiitrah ; takh-
tah ; uiachdn.
Play, (n.) khel, (m.); ns last
word in compos : bdzi, V.
khelna^ (on an instrument,)
bajdna, -day, chhutti ka
din ; tatil, (f.). -fellow, j^'^V/
ham-bdz. -fulness, aiol,
(f.). -ful, alola, -house,
ndch ka ghar. -thing,
khilauna.
Pleader, (in Court,) vakil;
mukhidr, -ing, bahs^ (f.).
N, bahs-k.
Pleasant, achchha ; khiib ;
khush ; dil-pazir. -ness,
pasanaidagi ; khush-taba^i ;
raghbat. to please, khush-
k, ; rijhdna, -ed, k/iush ;
rdzi. -ing, khush; mak-
bid. pleasure, k/iusht\
(will,) marzi ; khushi ,-
ikhtiydr, please God, in-
sha alldh.
Pledge, {n,) giro ; rihn, (m.)^
V. -rakhna, -d, 7narhiin,
Plenty, bahut ; ghanimat -
ifrdt, -iful, bahut ; bahu-
tera. -i fully, if rat se.
Pliers, chi?nta.
Plot, (of ground,) takhtah;
kitah ; chaman, (of evil,)
sdzish ; bandish. V. -k.
Plough, (n.) hal or hdl, V.
hal-ba,il-k. ; jotna ; chds-k^
-man, halwdha ; chdsa.
Pluck, torna. See 'Courage.*^
Plug, datta ; thent.
Plum, bair, (f.). -tree, -gdMu \
Plunder. See Tillage.'
Ply, (in cloth, &c.) tah. (v.>j
e.g. a trade, karna.
Bocket, jaib, (f.). V. -merf\
rakhna, -book, baydz^ (f.)J
-handkerchief, rii77idL
Point, (of stick, &c.) nok, '
(f.) (dot,), nuktah, on the-
of, par ; karib tha kih, &^c^
thora bdki tha kih, &*€,
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
293
-td^nokila, to-, (sharpen,)
tez-k. to -out, batld-d,
•Poison, zahr^{i.) ; bis, (m.).
-ed, -aliidah, V. -d,
Pole, bans; chob ; lakri ;
khambha.
Police, polls, (E.). -office,
thdnah, -officer, thdna-
ddr; ddroghah ;jama'ddr ;
kdjistabil, (E.). (for vil-
lages,) chauki-ddr. Up-
country, they say kotwdl,
for a head police-officer ;
and kotwdli, for his office.
Polish, (n.) raugha?i ; mom-
Prau gh an ; pdlish, (E.). V.
• -lagd d. ; sdf-k.
Polite, adabi ; khalik, -ness,
adab, (m.) ; kjiulk, (f.). -ly,
kjiulk se.
Pomegranate, andr.
Pond, tdldb, (m.).
Pony, taffu.
Pool, (water,) ddbar, (m.).
Poor, gharib: kangdl; muflis.
(in spirit,) gh arib: miskin;
nicha. the poor, gharib-
log. See Toverty.'
Poppy, post, one who u^es
opium, postt.
Populous, dbdd ; gul-zdr,
-ness, dbddi ; maamuri,
popular, dmm-pasand.
Porcelain, chiri^ ke bar tan.
Porch, osdra ; de^orhi.
Pork, su,ar kagosht.^
Porridge, (oat-meal,3) pdrich,
(E.). (of rough native
flour,) silju (of crushed
wheat,; dally a.
Porter, (at gsiie,) darbdn. (car-
rier, k24ll; motiya; bar ddr,
(drink,) portar shardb, (f.).
Portion. See *Part.'
Portmanteau, petl ; bakaSy
(E.).
Position^ jagah, (f.). to place
in -, jagah meij, rakhna.
Possess. See page 75. Sec. 13;
dakhl-k. -ion, kabzaK
-ions, nidi ; daulat ; chiz
sab, and by their special
names, as ^milkiyat,' land-
ed possessions, ^'c. -or^
dakhl-kdr ; kdbiz ; mdlik ;
sdhib-i.,, . (e.g. khdnah.)
* Chin is China.
* You may have Enghsh ham and bacon on your table ; but
the native animal.
® Oat-meal itself is also called ^pdrich,'
294
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Possible, muvikin ; ho sakia
hat, -bility, with jo. -ibiy,
shay ad ; ho sakta hat, to
be -, viumkin hona ; ho-
sakna,
Post(for letters, &c.). See page
98. See 'Appointment ;'
* Office;' 'Pillar.'
Posteriors, cMitar ; fichhdri.
Posterity, pasini, to all -,
naslan baad nasi.
Postpone, (make delay,) der^
or deri-k. (adjourn,) rnaii-
kuf-k,
Vot^deg; degcha;degchi; hdT^ri,
Potato, dlu.
Potter, ktcmhdr. -y, rnatti ke
bartan.
Poultice, lo,i. V. -lagdna.
Poultry, murghd-murghi.
Pound, (n.) ddha-ser; ekpaun,
, (E.). (v.) pisnd; (beat,)
pitna, the village -, ber-ha ;
paun, (E.). to impound,
pd7in men rakh7ia.
Pour, ddlna ; ddl-d, a - of
rain, J hart.
Poverty, iflds, muflisi ; tangi;
iang-dasti.
Powder, (for fire arms,) bdnU,
(small dust of anything,)
chicran.
Power, kudrat ; kuwwai ; '
ikhtiydr ; hukni ; hdth,
-ful, zor-dwar ; zabar-dast.
-fully, zor-se, -less, nd-
tawdn ; ka?n-zor ; durbaL
-f u 1 n ess, zabar-dasti ;
bardj ; zor-dwari ; tdkat
Practice, mashk, (v. ~k. )
(habit,) ddat (custom,)
dastnr; riwdj. V. hona.
Praise, taarif, (f). V. -k, ;
-d, -worthy, kdbil-i-iaarif.
Prawn, chiiigri.
Prayer, ?tamdz, (f.). Y,-parh-
na. See 'Request.'
Preach, waaz-k. -er, wdjz.
-ment, (sermon,)z£;rt'^5, (m.)»
Precaution, khabar-ddri,
V. -k, ; khabar-ddr hona.
Precede, dge-Jdna^ or chalna,
-dence in rank, takdim,
(f.). to give ditto, -dena. to
enjoy ditto, -lena.
Precious, (affection,) aziz ;
pydra. (V. -rakhna),
(price,) besh-kimat. V,
-hona.
Precise. See 'Exact.' -ly
thik ; bi^ainihi.
Preface, ta7Jihid^ (f.).
Preference, pasand, (f.). ;
chdh; khwdhish. V. chdhna;
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 295
pasand-k. ; bihtar samajh-
na ; iis-se is-ko pasand-k.
to assign a -, tarjih-d.
-able, bihtar ; dthro7,i se
achchha.
Preferment, tarakkl ; barhti;
barhdj.
Preparation, taiydr-k. (v. n.);
taiydri, V. taiydr-k, ; in-
tizdm-k. (make,) bandna.
Prescribe, kahna ; huk?n-d.
(as a doctor,) dawa-d,
-ption, nuskhah.
Present, (n.). See *Gift.' (a.)
hdzir ; sdmne ; pesh ; ru-
ba-ru ; taiydr ; maujiid^
-ce, (lit.) hdziri. (respect-
fully,) huzur, in the - of
many people, bahut logon
ke sdmne. - of mind,
tez-zihn ; hoshydri. -ly,
fauran, qt'c. See page 54.
Preserve. See 'Defend.'
Press, (v.) dabdna ; dabd-d.
(constrain,) majbur-k. (n.)
(of people,) guroh^ (m.) ;
ghol,{m.). (for clothes,table
things, &c.) almdri} (oil,)
kolhii. (printing,) chhdpne
ki kal} -ure, dabd.o ; ddb.
-ed labourer, begdr, -ed
labour, begdr i.
Pretence, bahdnah ; uzr ;
hilah. Y. -k.
Pretty, khub-sicrat ; suthra^
-iness, -/. (somewhat,)
kuchk-kuchh. See Part 1.
*Sa.'
Prevalence, ghalbah. -ent,
jdri; phaila htr^a ; muraw-
waj.
Prevent, mana-kar-d ; rokna ;
chhenkna ; atkdna ; bdz-
rakhna; thdmna; N. rok ;
chhenkd^o ; atkd,o ; muzd-
hamat.
Previous, -ly, dge ; peshfar.
Price, kiniat; dd?n. rate of-,
nirkh ; bhd^o.
Prick, {trans.) chubhona.
{tfttr. and passive) chubh-
na. (n.) kdnta ; khdr. -up
one's ears, kdn uthdna. -ly,
khdr-ddr. -ly heat, gha-
mauri.
Pride, ghuricr ; dimdgh. A.
maghriir^ V. with hona.
Prime, (n.) bahdr^ (f.). -min-
ister, wazir. {2i.) awwal ;
awwal kism ka.
I Not Hindustani ; probably Portuguese. Confer French, ' almoire,
and Scotch, ' aiunrie.' ^ ' KaV is masculine in the western ^parts.
296 hindustIni as it ought to be spoken.
Prince, shdh-zddah^ (fem.
-di.); kuT^war; rdj-kumdr;
jub-rdj, -ly, -sa.
Principal, awwal ; sab se
bara.
Principle, sabab ; sabab-i-aw-
wal^ jar, (f.); bunydd, (f.).
Print, (v.) chhdpna, ~ed,
chhdpa hu,a, -ing, by the
v.n, -ing-press, chhdpne ki
kal, -ing-house, chhdpd-
khdnah, -er, chhdpne-wdla.
Prison. See ' Jail.'
Private, khdss; kjiud, (in com-
pos :) e.g. kJiud-kdsht, one's
reserved cultivation, or
* home-farm.' -room, khal-
wat-khdnah; khdss-kamra,
a - soldier, sipdhi. in - and
in public, khalwat-o-jal-
wat men, -ly, khalwat
men.
Privy, (n.) ghusl-khdnah ;
jd-e-zarurat ; tatti.
Probable, aghlab ; mumkin,
-bility, jo aghlab hai ;
ihtimdl, to be -, ihtimdl
hona ; 'ho sakta hai,^ -bly,
shakk bahut nahi^ hai ;
shdyad ; ghdliban.
Proceed. See * Go.' -cedure,
kdr-ratvdj ; The Code of
Criminal Procedure, maj-
mii^ah zawdbit faujddri,
ditto Civil, majmu^ah
zawdbit diwdni, -ings,
jo sab kd?n kiya gay a hai ;
pairavi ; kdr-rawdj.
Proclamation, ishtihdr ;
ma?iddi. V. -k. ; -jdri-k,;
mashhur-k, ; zdhir-k.
Procure, Idna ; mangwdna ; ,
mangzvd-lena.
Prodigal, fusiU-Jiharj.-\\.'^,-i, \
Produce, (v.) dena; paidd-k.
(n.) paidd^ish; paidd-wdr;
fast, (f.). -ductive, zar-
khez. —td, paida.
Profess, hahna ; waadah-k,
(a trade, &c.) karna,
-ion, (what one alleges,)
bdt ; baydn ; kahna, (v.n.) ;
waadah. (trade,) peshah ;
kdm ; dhandha.
Profit, fdjdah ; nafa •
7nahdsil, to make -, -k, ;
-pdna, -able, fdjda-
mand.
Progress. See * Advance.'
Prohibit. See ' Forbi(1.'
Promise, waadah ; ikrdr ;
paimdn. V. -k.
Promissory-note, tip, (f.) ;
tatnassuk.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
297
Promote. See 'Aid.' (ad-
vance,) barhdna ; tarak-
ki-d. N. bharti ; tarakki.
Pronounce, kakna. (sen-
tence,) hukm dena, -nun-
ciation, talaffuz.
Proof, dalil, (f.) (evidence,)
shahddat ; gawdhi. V. ~d.
Prop, balli;tekni. V. -rakhna,
iVopagate, upjdna ; paidd-k.
(by gr2ih\ng,)/ea/am /a^dna.
Propel, age chaldna.
Proper, durust ; wdjib ;
sahih ; thik , -ly, thik ;
achchha ; achchhi tarah se.
Property. See ' Possess.'
Prosecute, (any work,) karha;
kartd-jdna ; chaldna ; pat-
ravi-k, N. ia^akkiib ; paira-
vi; kdr-rawd^u (in Court,)
mukaddamah, -tor. See
* Plaintiff.'
Prospect, (view,) madd-i-
nazar, (e.g. of success,)
umriied. (f.).
Prosperity, bhald^i ; nek-
bakhti ; daulat ; barhti,
V. - meii hona ; -me?} rah-
na ; -men guzrdn karna.
-ous, the nouns followed
by ' me7i ; ' ba-khair. His
affairs are prosperous, us
ka sab kdm ba-khiibi (or
achchhi tarah,) %chalia
hat.
Protect, bachdna ; bachd-d. ;
pdndh-d. ; parwarish-k,
(from justice, &c.) ruposh
rakhna. -tion, bachd^o ;
hifdzat ; muhdfazai ; dsra,
(watchfulness,) nigdh-bdni,
self -tion, or defence, hifd-
zat-i-khud. -or mdlik ;
sdhib ; hdfiz ; miirabbi ;
dast-gir ; nigdh-bdn.
Provide, hdzir-kar-d.; taiydr-
k, ; saranjdm-k. -visions,
khdne ki chiz sab. (for
troops, &c.,on the march,)
rasad, (f.). -dent, khabar-
ddr ; dur-andesh.
Province, subah, governor of
a-, suba-ddr.
Provoke, ris-kardna. N.
c?iirh, (f.).
Prudence, khabar-ddri ; hosh-
ydri ; tadbir, (f.) ; imtiydz^
(f.). -dent, khabar-ddr ;
hosh-ydr. V. adjs. with
hona. -tly, khabar-ddri,
d^c, se.
Prune, (n.) pariin, (E.) ;
sukhi bair, (f.). (v.)
chhdntna ; chhd7}t-k.
298
HINDl5sTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BK SPOKEN.
Public, the, log sab ; dmni-o-
kh(Us ; khald^ik a - ser-
vant, sarkdr ka naukar,
the - service, sarkdr ki
naukari, (well-known.)
maaltim ; zdhir ; mashkur,
-ly, zdhir an ; sab logon ke
sdmne.
Publish. See ' Proclaim. ' (as
a book,) jdri-k, -er, with
^jo:
Vudidmg, puding, (E.).
Puddle, dabra, or dabra.
Pull, khinch, (f.). V. kh'mch-
na ; tdnna. (L. B.).
Pulse, (of the body,) nabz,
(f.) to feel the -, -dekJuia.
-sation, tis.
Pulse, (grain,) known by its
various kinds, e.g. 7710th;
ddP- ; urad ; cha7ia ; 7711'mg;
kald,i ; biU, &>€., &^c.
Pump, (v.) pdni uthdna. (n.) ;
paf7ipah or bambah^ being
attempts at the English
word, natives having no
pumps ; and few mechani-
cal contrivances.
Punctual, -ly, bar-wakt.
-ality, -hona, (v.n.).
Punishment, saza, (f.). V. -d.
deserving -, ivdjib-us-saza.
Puppet, putli.
Puppy, pilla.
Purchase. See * Buy.'
Pure, sdf;zuldl;pdkizah. -ity^
-ness, safdj ; pdki ; neki.
Purgative, di^julldb ki dazva,
(f.). V. j'hdrna.
Purgatory, irdf, or ardf.
Purple, IdL
Purport, 77iaz77i7in ; 7natlab ;
mani.
Purpose. See ^ Intention.'
Purse, kisah ; kharitah.
Pursue. See ' Chase.'
Push, (n.) dhakka. V. -d. ;
thelna.
Put, rakhna ; rakh-d. ; baith-
d7ia ; baithd-d, -away, le-
jdna, -back, wdpas rakhna.
- crossways, dra rakhna.
-off, (e.g. clothes,) utdr7ia.
- off, (make delay,) deri-k.;
7naukti.f-k. - on, (clothes,)
orhna; kapre pahinna.-ont,
(e.^.) a person, nikdl-d.
(a light,) bujhd-d. (money
at interest.) stid par de7ia.
-an end to, khatam-kar-d.
* A pleasant dish known as khichH, (vulg. kichary),
mixing ' ddr and rice, cooked, of course*, but served dry.
is made by
HINDUSTi^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
299
-to shame, sharmdna ;
lajwdna. - in mind, ydd
dildna. -lo^ight, d/iagd-d.;
ghdlib ho?ia. - past, ofne
pds rakhna, - up with,
barddsht-k, - to death,
mdr-ddlna ; katl-k.
V\xX.\.y,putwg, (E.).
Quack, (as a ,duck,) kdn-
kdn-k. (onescU.) /d/zam'-k.
-ery, Idfzani,
Quail, batcr.
Quality. See ' Kind. ' ' Rank.'
Quantity, mikddr.
Quarrel, jhagra ; lardi ;
kaziyah. V. -k,; jhagarna ;
larna. -some, jhagrdlu,
to pick a -, kaziyah uthdna;
or barpd-k.
Quarry, (stone,) sang ki kdn.
(lime,) chune ki kdn,
(game,) shikdr.
Quarter, (n.) chaiithd^i; pd^o ;
chahdru7n, -rii[ji, chati-
a?ini. See 'Neighbourhood.'
-of a town, 7nahallah ; tola.
-s, makdm. See pages 64
and 9 1 note, (v.) chdr his son
7nefi bdnt?ta, -in battle,
amdn, ( f.). to give -,
dnid?i-d.; bachdna -(billet,)
chdr-pdra-k. -ly, si-mdhah.
Queen, (M.), vialikah ; kai-
sar. {^.) rdni ; mahd-7'dni.
Question, (n.) sawdl, or
suwdl. (v. ; puchhna; sawdl-
k. out of the -, bahs ke
bdhar ; behiidah, -able,
mjtshiabah.
Quick, jald ; tez; tund; chust,
N. jaldi ; tezi ; Misti ;
shitdbij -ly. See page 54.
V. daurd-d; tez-k. -(alive,)
zindah. -lime, bari. -sand,
chor-bdlu, silver, pdra.
Quiet, (a.) chiip ; sdkin (as
an animal,) gharib. (n.)
drdm ; rdhat ; khdmoshi.
(v.) thanda-k. ; sdkin-k,
to kee u -. {i7itr, )thuprahna,
-ly, chupke ; dhiste.
Quill, shdh-par. (writing,)
par ka kalafn.
Quilt, razdj.
Quince, bihi.
Quit. See ' Abandon.' -tance,
fdrigh-khatti.
Quite, bil-kull; fa/nd/n. -right,
thik; khub ; bahut achchha.
Quotation, ikiibds. V. -k.
300
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
R.
Race, (descent,) asl^ ( f • ) ^
nasl^ (f.); khdnddn, (horse,
&c. ) daur, -course, ghur-
daur.
Radical, asli ; l?u?iyddi.
Radish, mtili.
Rafter, lattha ; barga,
Rag> gudar ; gudrL
Rage. See ' Anger.' he has a
rage (for, &c.,) us-ko bara
shauk hat, &>€.
Railing, a, katahra ; bera.
V. -lagdna. See * Abuse. '
Railway, rel-rdsta, (half E.).
-train, rel ki gdri]dn. -en-
gine, ni/'in, (E.). -ticket,
re/ ka tikat, (E.). -station,
isteshan^ (K.).
Rain, {n.) pdni {m.) ; bdrish;
me^h ; bdrdn^ (Persian.)
V. '-hona ; barasna. -y,
pdni ka. a - day, pdni ka
din. the -y weather, bar-
sdt ; barsdt ka rnausim, a
storm of -, jhari, -coat,
bdrdni kurti ; if water-
proofs, barsdti kapre,
-pock, (in horses,) barsdti,
-bow, dhanak, (m.).
Raise, uthdna ; uthd-d ; kha-
ra-k, -crop, «S:c. upjdna.
Raisins, kishmish.
Ram, (n.) bhera, (v.) thdsna;
thelna, -mer, durmus.
- rod, bandiik ka gaz.
Random, at, ittijdkan ; be-
anddz ; be-tadbir.
Rank, (position, )y^^^/%, (f.) ;
darjah ; niartabah. high -,
shdn^ (f.) ; sar-fardzi ;
shaukat.
Rap, (v.) (at door,) tho7}kna.
See * Strike.'
Rapid. See * Quick.'
Rare, katJi ; jo kam dekhne
men (or hdth .men.) dta
hai. N. -/.
Rascal, bad-zdt ; hardm-zd-
dah. -ity, bad-zdti; hardm-
zddagi. Adv. with se.
Rash, be-lihdz ; be-tadbir.
-ness, -/*. Adv., use the
Adjs.
Rate, (n.). See ' Price,' * Mar-
ket.' (v.) gdli-d.
Rather, with se. I would
rather sleep than eat, nind
karna nmjh-ko pas and hai
khdna khdne se. See * Pre-
fer.' (somewhat,) kuchh-
kuchh.
Raw, kachcha. N. kachd^i.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 30I
Reach. See * Arrive.' Tower.'
Read,/^r/^«^. -X.o ow^^ park-
sundna. -er, parhne-wdla,
read, parhd-hu^a. a -ing,
parhdj, -ing and writing,
(reversed,) likhnt-parhni.
Rq ady^f a iydr, -iness, -i.Y-k,
Real, asi ; hakiki ; sachcha,
-ity, hakikat ; asl Ml. -ly,
albaiiah. (interj.) really
now 1 sack bdt ! (interro-
gatively.)
Reap, (lit.) kdtna ; katni-k,
(fig.) hdsil-k. -er, kat-
waiya ; kdtne-wdla, -ing
hook, haswa^ or hasua.
-time, katd^i.
Reason, (for a thing,) sabal? ;
waj'h^ (f.). (mind,) akl^
(f.) ; hosh ; fahm. -able,
?fiakul ; wdjib : 77iu^dfik,
-ableness, shd^istagi ; ma-
kuliyat; durusH; akbiiandu
Adv. with se.
Rebel, (n.) bdghi, V. -hona,
-lion, baghdwat, -ious,
bdghi.
Rebuke, sar-zanish.^ V. -k. ;
dokhna ; ilzdm-d.
Receive, Una ; kabid-k. ;
milna. See page 50. (a per-
son,) dne-dena. (a receipt,)
rasid ; fdrtgh-khafti.
Recent, nau ; ihore dinoT} ka
-ly, thore dino?^ se ; ab.
Reckon, ginti-k.; ginna ;
shu??idr-k. (fig.) samajhna ;
khiydl-k ; kiyds-k, -ing,
ginti ; hisdb-k, (v.n.).
Recollection, 7^V, (f.). V. -^.
to recollect oneself, hosh
kdjm rakhna; nahiij. ghab-
rdna.
Recommendation, sifdrish,
V. -k. a letter of -, -ka
khatt.
Recompense. See 'Reward'.
Reconcile, mildna ; mild-d. ;
sulh-k, ; tasjiyah, (or tas-
fz,ah)-k, N. mel ; mild.o ;
sulh ; tasfiyah, a deed of
-iation, sulh-ndmah.
Record, (v.) likhna. (put
aside in oftice,)ddkJiil'k. (n.)
(bundle of papers,) natthi ;
7nisL (f.); kdghazdt -room,
daftar ; daftar-khdnah ;
muhdfiz-khdnah. -keeper,
muhdfiz-i-daftary generally
called * muhdfiz ' only.
^ From
punch.'
sar^' 'the head,' and Persian, * zadatty' * to strike,* *to
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BIC SPOKEN.
Recover, (thing lost,) pdna ;
milna. (from illness,) ach-
chha^oxbhalaho-jdna. -ery,
5 (of a thing,) pher-pana,
(v.n.)from illness, achhd^i ;
bhald,t ; ski/a.
Recreation, tafarruj.
Red, Idl ; surkh.^. surkhi.
Redress, insdf. V. -k.^ or d.
Reed, nai ; kalam.
Reference, zikr ; (v. -k) (for,
e. g. another person's opin-
ion,) riiju. V. -k, ' I
refer you to Mr. A.' A.
sdhib se puchhiye.
Reflection, soch ; fikr^ (f.);
andeshah ; ta.ammul. "V.-k.;
sochna ; fikrmand hona.
Refrain, nahin karna ; par-
hez-k. ; bdz rahna.
Refreshment, (byrest.)^;'^/;^y
rdhat ; dsudagi, (by food,)
kuchk khdna ; iifin ; jal-
pdn. V. drdm, dr^c, lena ;
kuchh khdne ki chiz lena,
(by amusement,) bahldna ;
khush-k.; tamdsha dekhna.
Refuge, dsra ; ot ; pandh ;
dr. to give -, d.
Refusal, inkdr ; nd-inanzuri ; ,
V. ^L
Refuse, (n.) dkhor ; fuzlah.
Refutation, radd^ (v. -k.) ;
jawdb. (v. -//.).
Regard. See 'Look,' 'Re-
spect.' I regard him as a
father, Idp ki tarah^ maiij.
uska lihdz karta him.
Regiment, paltan,{i.)\ saldri.
Region, mulk ; Jagah, (f.) ;
7iawdh ; taraf, (f), or, PL
atrdf.
Register, registration ; regis-
trar, these words are re-
presented by various cor-
ruptions of the English,
which must be locally
picked up : Vernacular
words for similar matters
will be found under ' Re-
cord.'
Regret, afsos ; hasrat ;
(strong,) soz. V. ~k, ;
-khdna ; pachtdna.
Regular; (in routine,) Jiasb
kdidah ; hasb zdbitah; das-
tur ke mu^dfik. -ity, (in
work, &c.) intizdm ; band-o-
bast, (m.). tartib^ (f ) ; (as
to i\mQ,) bar-wakt, pahuit-
chna^ karna, 6^r. a -lation,
d,in ; kdnicn ; kukm.
Rejection, nd-nianzuri ; nd-
pasand-k,{w,n,) wdpasdena.
HINDUSXiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 303
(v.n.) V. nd-manziir-k, ;
wdpas-d. ; nd-pasand-k. ;
pherna. a rejected (article,)
phirta.
RQ\gn,juMs; saltanat; hukii-
mat; amalddri; bddshdhi ;
rdj, V. -k. in the reign of
A., bddshdh A. ke aiydiri^
meTi^ ox julus men.
Reins, rds, (f.); bdg, (f.).
V. -khinchna ; -khara-h.
to put on the -, -lagd-d,
(loins,) kamar, (f.).
Rejoice, k}iushhona;rijhna ;
shddmd?i-hona.
Relate. See *TelV 'Connec-
tion.*
Release, (n.) rihdj ; khalds;
khaldsi ; chhutti, V. -d, ;
chhor-d.
Relief, drdm. V. -d, (of a
guard,) badli, V. badal-k.
Religion, difi ; mazhab,
-gious, din-ddr, -gious-
ness, din-ddri ; khudd-
tarsi.
Relinquish. See ^Abandon.'
Relish, (n.) zdjkah ; mazah ;
niimat ki chiz, V. laziz-k. ;
khush-zd^ikah se khdna.
Remain, (stay,) rahna ; tha-
harna ; sabr-k. (be over,)
bdki-hona ; bachna.
Remains, (of food, &c.) jo
bacha, or bdki hat ; dkhor ;
fuzlah. (mortal,) murdah ;
Idsh, (f.).
Remark. ^^^ * Say,' * Word,'
&c. -able, ajib ; ajubah.
Remedy, ildj ; upd.e; tadbir,
(f.); chdrah. N ,-k.;-batldna.
Remember, khdtir inert rakh-
na ; ydd meti ho?ta. to call
to mind, ydd-k. ; chetna.
(to cause a person to -,)
ydd dildna, N,ydd, (f).
Remind, ydd dildna.
Remit, (a portion,) ghatdna;
ghatd-d.; kam-k {i\\Q whole,
a penalty, &c.) mu^df-k.
-ting, by v.n. -tance, cha-
Idn ; irsdL
Remove, (trans.) le-jdna ;
dur-k. ; hatd-d. ; nikdl-d.
{intr.) jdna ; chald-jdna ;
uth-jdna ; hat-jdna. (one
from service,) rukhsat-d. ;
bar-khdstJc. ; rnaaziU^k, ;
(in a coarse way ) nikdl-d.'^
'ii^.by v.n.; dusrijagahjdna.
^ i.e., times^ PI. Q){^ yaum^^ which is also Hebrew.
' Equivalent to our colloquial, ^kick him otit.^
304 HINDIJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Render. See * Give/ * Trans-
late.'
Renounce. See ^Abandon.'
Renown. See Tame.'
Rent, (house, shop, Src.)
kirdyah, (land,) jndl-guzd-
ri ; jama ; khazdnah ;
khirdj, -free, Id-khirdj,
rate of -, nirkh ; sharah.
-roll, javia-bandi.
Repairs, -ing, marammai,
V. "L
Repeat, ^ phir' or 'pher,' with
appropriate verb. e.g. phir
kahtye, please say it again,
repetition, by v.n, -edly,
aksar ; bahut dafe.
Repent. See * Regret' -ance,
naddmat, -ant, pashemdn.
Reply. See ^Answer.'
Report. See * Inform.' -of a
gun, bhardka -of an oc-
currence, khabar ; (if de-
tailed) surat Ml}
Repose, {xQ^t^) dram ; rdkat ;
fardghat (sleep.) nind,
V. -lena, ; letna ; sona.
Reprimand. See * Rebuke.'
Reproach, tan ; ianah, -ing,
iana-zant, V. -k.
Reproof. See * Rebuke.
Reptile, kira ; kirm.
Reputation, (general,) ndm.
(good,) nsk-ndmt. (bad,)
bad-ndmi. Y.jdnna;ginrja,
Request. See * Petition.'
Require, (desire,) chdhna. (a
person to do a thing,)
huk77i-d, (to be in need of,)
by hona and the 3rd Per-
son, e.g., I require a watch,
mujh-ko ghari zarur, or
darkdr hat, as may be
required, jaisa zartcr hoga,
-sition, talab ; iltija, (f.) ;
hukm.
Rescue. See *Save,' ^Protect
Resemblance, miishdbih ,
mushdbahat. he resembles
his father, wuh apne bdp
ka mushdbih hat.
Reservoir, haziz ; tdldb, (m.) ;
khazdnah ; pokhar.
Resident. See 'Inhabitant.'
Resign. See 'Abandon.'
Resin, dhuna.
Resistance, rok-tok; muzdha-
mat. V. -k.
Resolve. See 'Intend.' -lute,
mustakill.
* A technical phrase ; properly * J^ir«^«--^a/,*=* appearance of the
event,' a formal report drawn by an investigating officer.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
305
Respect, (v.) aziz-rakhna ;
izzat-d.; bara jdnna^ to
pay one's -s, kisi ki
tazini'k ; dddb bajd-ldna ;
saldm-k. (n.) adab, izzai,
act of showing ~, tazim,
(f.). in all -s, ba-har-surat,
in this -, is amr men
kih, d!^c. ; is bdre meij.
-able, achchha; bhala; mu-
tabar ; izzat-ddr ; zvdjib-ut-
tazim, -ful, iim^addab.
Rest. See 'Repose,' ' Re-
mains.' the rest, (people,)
aur sab log. (things,) jo
bdki-hai. -less, be-drdm ;
be-kardr. -lessness, be-
drdmi ; be-kardri.
Restrain, rokna ; atkdna ;
bdz-rakhna ; chhenkna. -t,
rok ; atkd^o ; muzdhamat
Result, natijah ; hdsil ; pJial ;
nikds ; dkhir, V. these
words and hona : 1 he
enquiry has resulted thus,
tahkikdt ka natijah yih
hai, kih, S^c.
Resurrection, the, kiydmat.
Retain. .S^^'Keep.'-er, tdbiddr.
Retire, /i/^ rahna. See *Go
away, -d, chhipa, -ment,
khalwat.
T., H.
Retreat, (e.g. of an army,)
(n.) pahln-tihi. V. -k.
(place of private -,) khal-
wat-gdh.
Return, (go, or come back,)
pher-dna ; pherjdna ;phir-
na ; lautna. (give back,)
wdpas-d, N. by v. n. -ed,
phiria ; phirta hu^a.
Revenge, iniikdm. V. -lena.
Revenue, khirdj ; dmadani ;
dmad. (f ). -free, Id-khirdj.
Reverence. See * Respect.'
Reward, indm ; bakhshish,
V. d. ; bakjishna.
Rheumatism, bdj.
Rhinoceros, gainda. -horn,
khdg.
Rib, panjari.
Rice, (in field or husk,) dhdn.
(cleaned, but dry,) chdwaL
(cooked,) bhdt.
Riches, daulat ; mdl ; dhan,
rich, daulat-rnand ; dhani.
Ride, (v.) saivdr-hona ;
sawdri-k. -ini', sawdri, a
ride, ghorepar haiva khdna,
V. n. -er, sawdr.
Right, (a.) (done well,) thik;
durust ; achchha bhala,
(just,) wdjib ; nek; hakk
ke mu.dfik. on, or to the
3o6
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
-hand, ddhine, (n.) insdf ;
hakk. -or wrong, hakk nd-
hakk, to put -, durust-k.
-eous, nek; sddtk; musalli,
-ful, mustahakk.
Rind, chhilka^ to tdike off the
"^chhilna ; chhilka utdrna.
Ring, (v.) {trans.) bajdna,
(intr,) bajna. (n.) angiithi ;
angushtari. (circle, )dd^ irah.
Riot, hangdmah ; balwa.
V. -k, -er, guhdr-Iog.-ous,
hangdmah kar-ke.
"Kvpt^pakka; pukhtah. -en,
{trans.) pakdna. {intr.)
pakna. -ness, taiydri ;
pakkdj.
Rise, uthna; uth-jdna. (stand
up,) khara-hona. (in life,)
harhna ; bara-hona ; tarak-
kipdna. {2iscen^,)charhna.
(in rebellion,) balwa-k. (as
plants,) upajna. (as bread,)
sujna. (in price.) is-ki
kima t ba rh-ga^ i hat.
Risk, khatrah. to run -,
-iithdna.
Rival, harif ; rakib. -ry,
rikdbat. V. -k.
Road, rdh^ or rah^ (f.); ri^/^.
high-, sarak, (f.). (lane,)
(v.)
Roar, (n.) ghurrish.
ghurrdna.
Roast, (n.) rost, (E.); y^^^^^.
V. ->^.
Rob, lutna ; liit-lena. -ber,
rah-zan.g2iX\g -ber, dakait.
-bery, rah-zani. (by a
gang, ) (/^/^^ ; dakaiti. a rob-
bery took plsice, ddha para.
Rock, (n.) patthar ; sang,
(v.) {trans.) hildna ; jhul-
dna. {intr.) hilna ; jhiilna.
Roll, (v.) {trans.) lapetna.
{intr.) lotna. (from side to
side,) lot-pot-k. (n.) (e.g.
of paper,) binda. (rolling
about,) lot-pot dinner-,
rol, (E.).
Roof, chhappar^ {i.) ychhat.
Room, a, kamrah ; kothi; as
last part in compos:...
khdnah. {s])2iCQ^) jagah, (f.)
(stead,) iwaZy or ewaz. -ym
khula ; kushddah ; bara. S
Root, (n.) jar ; (fig.) aslf^
jar; bunydd, {{.). to -up,
ukhdrna. to take-, jcit^
pakarna. - and branch
bil-kull.
Rope, /'ajj/ ; dori. to-, -/<fl'^^
</. ; se bdndh'd.
Rosary, tasbih, (f.).
hindustIni as it ought to be spoken. 307
Rose, gill ; guldb ; gul-db-^
phuL otto of-, itr-i-guldb.
-bush, guidb gdchh. -gar-
den, gul-istdn, -water,
gul-db. -y, gul-rang.
Rot, sarna. -ten, sara, -ten-
ness, sardhind.
Rough, khaf'khara, -ness,
kharkardhat
Round, (spherical, ) goL to
make -, ~k, (circle,) dd^-
irah ; ghera. to put any-
thing - another, gher-k. to
go a-, ghian ho-ke jdna. to
go -s, (as an officer,) roun-
gasht-k. (half E.), all -, har
taraf. -r\t^, gol-shakl, (f.).
Row, (line,) katdr^ (f.). See
' Riot/
Royal, shdht. -ty, hddshdhi,
t\\Q-i2ixm\y ^klidnddn-i-shdhi.
Rub, (intr.) ragar-k. {trans.)
malna; mdlish-k. N. (scrap-
ing,) ragar. (e.g. with
hands,) mdlish. a thing for
rubbing body with, khisah.
Rubbish, kurkut ; kiira ;
rdbish, (E.)
Ruby, ydkut; Idl.
Rude, gustdJih ; be-adab.
-ness, -/;-/. Adv. with se.
Rue, {n.)suddb, {v.)ta,assuf~k.
Rug, kammal^ (f.) ; kamli.
Ruin, khardbi ; tabdhi; pare-
shdni, V. -y^. a -, khandar,
-ed, be-7iiaraminat ; shikas-
tah ; tuta-phuta.
Rule. See * Government.'
-er, (for desk,) mis tar. to
-paper, safar-khamchna.
Rumour, afwdh ; hawara.
Run, daurna. (as time,) bit-
jdna, (as water,) bahna.
-out, (as water,) chutia ;
tapakna. -out, (go done,)
kain hona ; ghatna, -away,
bhdg'jdna, cause to -,
daurdna ; daura-d
Rust, zang ; morchah -y,
zang-dliidah. This has
turned rusty, is-par zang
laga hat\
S.
Sabre, shamsher^ (f.)
Sack, (n.) bora, (y.) hitna.
Sacred, mukaddas. a -place,
niakdis.
* See Glossary, Part I. ' A'b.
3o8
HINDIJSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
SsLcrifice, kurMn. W.-k. self-,
nisdr. V. -k.
Sad, udds; ghanun-gin .• afsur-
dah. to -den, -k^ -ness,
uddsi ; afsurda^i ; gham7Ji.
Saddle, zin^ (f.). V. -bdndh-d,
-cloth, -posh. -horse,
sa7vdn kd ghora. saddler,
zingar ; vwchi.
Safe, 7ndniuii ; saldjnat. N.
saldmat; bachd^o; itmindn,
(hanging.) doli, -ly, ba-
khair. See * Save/
Saffron, zafardn.
Sagacity. See ' Intelligence.'
Sago, sdgii.
Sail, (n.) pdl. (v.) jahdz
men chalna.
Saint, wall; pir. the -s,
auliya.
Salad, saldd, (E.) ; sabzi.
Salary. See ' Pay.'
Saliva, thuk.
Salt, namak. -dish, -dan,
-spoon, -ka cha?7imachj or
chavicha, -petre, shorah.
Salutation. See page "z^.
Same, ek ; ek-hi ; eksdn ; ek
kism ka ; bardbar, this -,
yihi^ that -, wuhi, in
compos : ham. this is the
same as that, yih aur wuh
ek-hi hain. They both
arrived on the same day,
we donon ek roz pahunche.
Sample, naniunah.
Sand, ret ; reg ; bdlu, -bank,
char, -y, balu^a.
Sandal, sandal.
Sapphire, nil-niani.
Satan, Shaitdn; lb lis.
Satin, atlas.
Satisfaction. dil-tashaffi ;
khdtir-jarni ; taskin. to
feel — rakhna, -tory pas-
and ; achha ; khub. -fled,
rdzi ; kJiush. V. -k.
Saturday, Sanibdr; Sanichar,
Savage, (a.) jangli. (n.)
- dd^ni. See * Cruel/
Sauce, sds, (E.). -pan, sds-
pdn, (E.).
Saucer, pirich.
Save. See * Rescue.' to -
money, &c., riipiye, mdl^
d^c, jania-k.
Sausage, sassich, (E,); kulma.
Saw, (n.) dra. (v.) di'e se
chirna, or kdtna, -dust,
bura. -yer, drd-kash.
Say, (speak,) bolna, (tell,)
kahna, people -, khabar
hat ; hawara hai, a -ing
bdt ; kaha ; baydn, it is
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
309
commonly said, aksar
sunne men dta hai.
Scaffold, mackdn.
Scale, (balance,) tardzii,
(degrees,) silsilah.
Scanty, kam. N. -L
Scare. See ' Frighten.' -crow,
bijh-gdh.
Scarf, orhni.
Scatter, chhitrdna ;chhitkdna.
Scene, (view,) madd-i-nazar,
(arena,) akhdra ; khet ;
inaiddn, (show), tavidsha.
Scent. See * Perfume.'
Scheme, hikmat ; tadbir^ (f.);
khaydl ; mansubah.
Scholar, (pupil,) shdgird ;
(learned person,) dlim-o-
fdz il ddm i; m aula vi, ( M . ) ;
pa7idit^ ( H. ). -ship,
//;;/. (m.).
School, tshkiil, (E.) ; inaktab-
khdnah ; pdt-sdla, -master,
ishkul-mdstar^ (E.). ustdd ;
guru ; inu^allim.
Scissors, kaiiichi ; mikrdz.
Scold, (n.) raridL -ing, a,
jhirki ; gdli, V. -d. ;
jhirakna.
Scorpion, bichchhu.
Scoundrel. See ' Rascal.'
Scrape, (rasp,) r agar no. (e.g.
o^ xvcidi^) chhilna ; chhil-d.
Scratch, (n.) kJiardsh, (v.)
khujldna.
Scream, (n.) chill dhat V.
chilldna ; chikJina.
ScxQQn.pardah; tattt;jhd??ip. '■
V. -lagd-d.; (fig.) bachdfia:
pafidh-d. rupcsh rakhna.
Screw, iskru^ (E.) ; pech ;
viarori, V. -d.
^Qx\y^\^^ pas-o-pesh ; waswds;
shakk. V. -k, he overcame
my scruples, us-ne mera
pas-o-pesh dabdya.
Scrutinize. See ' Examine.'
Scullion, mashdlchL
Scum, kaf. V. -le-jdna.
Sea, samundar; darya; kdla
pdni. (m).
Seal, inuhr ; chhdp. V.
-lagd-d. -ed, makhtilm,
-ing- wax, Idkh, a stick of
-iiig-wax, Idkh ki baiti.
Seam, dokjit ;jor.
Search, taldsh; khoj; dhundh;
just-o-ju^ (f.). V. -k, ;
taldshna ; khojna ; dhun-
dhna, -er, with 'jo'
^ This is {.'enerally moveable ; put on and taken off, like shop-shutters.
3IO HINDljSTiNI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Season, 7nmisam. See page 80.
-ing, masdlak. V. -c/.
Seat, (of body,) dsajt; chiUar,
(for sitting on,) dsan ;
baithak, (f); chauki: kursi,
to have a good - on a
horse, dsan mdrna, (v.)
hithdna or baithdna.
Second, (number,) diisra ;
sdni ; doyum. (time,) lah-
zah, (v.) ma da d-d.; idnai-d.
~ly, doyum ; dusra yih
hat, &c.
Secret, (n.) bhed ; rdz^ (m.)-
-crecy, rdz-ddri, {^.) poshi-
dah ; chhipa ; ghd^ib, -e,
chhipdna. -ly, chhip-ke.
Section, fasl; dafa; jumlah.
Secure. Ste * Safe.'
Sedition. See ' Revolt.'
See, dekhna; nazar-k.; idkna,
to be able to -, sujhna,
(eye-sight,) sujh, (f.). -ing,
nazar-k. (v.n.) -ing that,
chundnchi ; chunkih.
Seed, (n.) biya ; bij. -ling,
chdra ; bihan. -plot, bihan
ka takhtah, --time, bone ke
din. -pearl, rez-i-?notL
Seek. See 'Search.'
Seem. See * Like.' it seeni?^
maalum hota hat, -ingly^
dekhne men.
Seize, pakarna; pakar-lejdna;
girift, or giriftdr-k. (confis-
cate,) zabt-k. -nxe^ pakai\
(f.); zabti, (by illness,)
dmad, (f.).
Seldom, kam ; thore wakf.
Select. 6'(?^ 'Choose.' 'Extract.'
Self. See page 30. -conceit,
khud-pasandi. -defence,
hifdzat-i-kJiud. -denial,
nisdr. -Q\\d(^nt,k]iud-zdhiK
-mitrt^t^kjiud-gharazt, (f.).
-ish, lihud'gharz. -ishly,
khud-gh a rzi-se. -murder,
kJiud-kushi.-wiW, sar-kashi\
Sell, bechna ; farokht-k. to
be sold, bikna. -er, bd,i ;
bechwaiya ; bechne-ivdla ;
as last part in compos :...
farosh. buying and -ini",
kharid-farokJit. ^
Semi, nisf ; nim ; adh ; ddh.
Send, bhejna ; (goods, <Scc.),
chdidn, or raivd7iah-k. -for,
biildna ; talab-k.
Sense. See ' Intelligence,'
' Meaninor.'
^ From the Persian, * kjiai-idan,^ * to buy,' and ^ farokjitaiiy ' to sell/
I
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
311
Sentence. See * Decision.'
-of book, 8cc,,jumlah.
^Qni\nt\pds-bdn; pahre-wdla.
Separation, jiidd^i ; mufdra-
kat. A. juda ; alag ; aid-
hidah ; mutafarrak. V.
karna with the adjs. -ly,
juda-juda ; alag-alao; ; ek-
ek. (by kinds.) jinswdra.
Sergean t, dafa-ddr;jama-ddr;
sdrjan sdhib (half E.).
Serious, wazani ; bhdri, (as
injury,) shadid, (of dispo-
sition,) sanjidah, -ness,
sanjidagi.
Sermon, waz.
Serpent, sdmp ; ndg.
Servant, naukar ; chdJzar ;
khidmat-gdr ; inuldzim. the
-s, naukar log. Seepage 35.
V. ?iaukart, or kJiidviat-k,
-s\q.Q2^\Aq^ kdm ka ; 77iujid.
Set, (v.) See ' Place.' one's set,
barddari'^ ham-zdt; taraf-
ddrdn ; dosidn.
Settle, (in a place,) basdna ;
bud-o-bdsh-k, (a dispute,)
tai-k.; inita-d, (an account, )
add-k. (in life,) sar-kJiud-k.
-ment, band-o-bast, -r,
khud-bdsh.
Several, baaze; chand ; ko^i ek,
-ly, ek-ek ; juda-juda.
Severe, salzht, -rity, sakhtt.
Sew, sina;sildj-k. Ang^sildJ.
Shade, i-iy^/^. Isimp -,/dmis,
V. -d. -dy, ^dyaddr.
Shadow, aks ; sdya. See
' Shelter.'
Shake, (frans.) kildna; hild-d,
{intr.) hilna. N. hild^o,
(tremble,) kdmpna.
Shallow,(a )uilila.{v\.) ufhldj.
Shame, sharm, (f.) / sharm^
indagi ; Idj, ( f. ) ; hay a, (f.).
to feel -, lajdna. to put
to -, lajwdna. -faced,
shar7?t-ru. -ed, sharm-sdr,
-ful, mayub. -fully, shann-
se, (badly,) bahut khardb
iaur se, -less, -lessly, b
sharifi.
Shape, (n.) shakl, (f.) ; daul;
sural, (v.) bandna. -less,
be-daul. -ly, khub-sicrat ;
su-datil.
Share, (v.) bdntna ; laksim-
k. ; hissah-d. (n.) hissah
hakk ; kisinat. -r, hissa-
ddr ; sharik ; bhdgi.
Sharp, lez. (v. -k.). (in point,)
nokila. -ness, lezi.
'From ihe Persian ' baidiar,' * a brother.'
312
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BP: SPOKEN,
Shave, hajdmat-k. ; mnndna,
~n, umndla. 2i-mg,chMlan;
chhilka.
Shawl, shdl.
She,j^/7^y wuh. See page 30.
Sheep, a, bheri, sheep, bheri,-
dn. a flock of -, bherion
ka gallah. -fold, hheri-sdla.
shepherd, bheri-wdla.
Sheet, chddar, (f.). -of paper,
kdghaz ka takJitah.
Shell, chhilka. V. -, -utdr-d.
Shelter, {n.) pandh, (f.) ; dr ;
sdyah. V. -d.
Sheriff, ndzir ; sherif sdhib.
(half K).
Shield, (n.) dhdl, (f.) ; sipar.
V. See ' Protect.'
Shine, chamakna; raushan-h.
S\{\^,jahdz.\ -mcTj, charhna,
or charhdna. -master,
sdhib-i-. wreck, -shikani.
Shirt, kamiSy (f.).
Shock. See ' Blow.' (offend,)
chirhdna, -ing, -ingly,
bahut khardb.
Shoe, _;■////. horse -, ndl
-m2i\itr, j'uti-wdla ; niochi,
-ing a horse, udl-bandi.
V. -k. See page 90.
'^\i00'i,chaldna, with the name
of the weapon before it, as,
bafiduk, (f.) a gun, tir, (m.)
an arrow, to - rubbish,
kiira phenkna, or ddlna,
to- as plants, tipajna.
Shop, dukdn^ (f). -keeper,
-^^V, -keeping, -ddri.
Shore, kindrah ; fdr.
Short, kotdh^ chhota.'^. kotdhi;
chhotd^i. ill -, al-kissah ;
algharaz. -en, -k. -ly,
(soon,) thori der ke baad ;
J aid. put -ly, mukliiasar.
Shot, (for gun,) chharra,
gun-, ^/^^/.
Shoulder, kdndha.
Shout, (n.) shor ; baland
dwdz. (v.) pukdrna ; chil-
Idna / lalkdrna.
Show, (n.) tavidsha. (v.)
dikhldna ; dikhld-d. ; bat-
Idna ; batld-d. ; zdhir-k.
Shower, jhari ; barkha.
Shrimps, chii}gri, j
Shrine, dargdh.
Shroud, kafan. V. -lagd-d.
Shun, kisi se alag-rahna.
Shut, (a.) band; lagd hu^a,
V. band-k. ; lagd-d. -ter,
(Venetian,) jhilmili ; (of
bamboo,) jhdmp ; tatti ,
(of wood,) kapdt.
Sick, bimdr ; rogi ; uiariz.
J
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SP0KP:N.
3T^3
V. -hona. -ness, himdri ;
rog. -ly, sust ; kdhil or
kdhilah ; kam-zor.
Sickle, hasii a^ or hasiva.
Side, taraf, (f.) ; ba gh al, (f.);
pdnjar ; Jdnib ; bdzu. (e.g.
of a river,) kindrah. this-,
is taraf, that -, us taraf ;
pdr. on all -s, chdrori
taraf, to - with, taraf-ddr
hona; tavaf-kashi-k. to -
against, diisri taraf lena ;
muJzhtalif hona.
Sieve, ghirbdl^ (f.) ; chalni,
to pass through a-, {trans,)
chhdnna.
Sigh, (n,)dh,({,),N ,-khait}ch-
na.
Sight, nazar, (f.) ; basdrat ;
siyh, (spectacle,) tamdsha.
Sign, (n.) (indication,) ishd-
rah. (signal,) nishdn, V.
-k, ; -^.
Signature, sahih ; dast-khatt,
V. ^d.; ~i
Signify. See *Mean.'
Silence, khdmoshi, V. -rakh-
na ; chup 7'ahna. A. chup ;
chiip-chdp ; kJidmosh ; (for
want of iiaving any reply,)
Id-jawdb. Interj. chup!
chup raho I Adv. chupke.
Silk, resham. -en, -ka ; -/.
Silly, sddah ; murakh. N.
sddagi ; murakh-pan, a
-fellow, sddah lauh.
Silver, rupa; chdndi. A. -ka.
Simple, (single,) klidli.{Q2iS>y,)
sahl ; salts, (plain,) sddah,
(in mind,) gharib ; rdst ;
nek, - pi i city, ^jo ' WMth
these adjs. -ply, sirf ;
Jihdli ; fakat.
Sin, pdp ; gundh. A., also
a -ner, gundh-gdr, V. -k.
Since, (\\xvi^^,fab-se^.,Jab-se;'^
se, ' (cause,) chuti-kiJi)' . . . is-
wdste}
Sincere, rdst ; nek ; sach,
-cerity. rdsti ; neki ;
sachdf. -ly, with se.
Sinew, nas^ (f.).
Single, singular, ek ; akela;
tanha. -Iv, ekek.
Sink, (trans.) dub d-d, {intr,)
dubna.
Sir, miydii ; sdhib ; lihudd-
wand.
Sister, bahin. -in-law, (a
man's wife's sister,) sdlL
* In the first clause. ^ In th"e second clause. Seepage i04,»
3M
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
(a man's brother's wife,)
bhojd.i. (a woman's hus-
band's sister,) nanad ; na-
nand (a woman's brother's
wife,) bhdwaj.
Sit, baith7ta.
Size, kadar, (f.) ; mikddr.
Skill, shu/ir ; hunar ; ilm ;
wukuf. -ful, hunar-mand ;
mdhir. -fully, by se.
Skirt, ddman.
Skull, khopri ; kdsah-e-sar.
Sky, dsmdn. -blue, -ra?ig.
Slab, chatdn^ (f.) ; sil.
Slack, dhila^{^g.)sust; nar?n.
^. dhil ; susti ; narnii.
Slander, bad-ndmi; gait'; tuh-
mat, V. -d. -ous, bad-
ndm, ^'c. ki bdt, -er, with
jo. -ously, with se.
Slap, (n.) tamdchah. V. -d.
Slaughter, katl ; khicn-rezi,
(V. -k.) of animals, zabh ;
haldl, V. -/^.-er,(butcher,)
kassdb. -house, kassdb-
khdnah.
Slave, chera ; launda ; ban-
dah ; ghuldm. -ery,^ ban-
dagi ; ghuldmi.
Sleep, nind^ (f.) ; khwdb.
V. -k, sleepy, nmddsa, I
am very sleepy, nindkarne-
ki khwdhish hat.
Sleeve, dsiin.
Slender. See *Thin.'
Slice, salais^ (E.) ; phdnk ; '
kdsh, V. tdrdshna ; kdtna.
Slip, (v.) khisakna. (n.)
(cover,) ghildf, (mistake,)
bhul; chuk, V. -k.
Slipper, slipat^ or silpat (E.) ;
pd-posh.
Slope, (n.) dhdlu, V. (irans.).
-k, -ing, dhdl, to be -,
-hona.
Slow, tez nahin ; dhistah ;
dhima. -ness, dhistagi. -ly.
dhiste ; dhiste-dhiste.
Sly, mutafanni ; makkdr.
-ness, hirfat. Adv. with se.
Small, chliota ; khurd, -ness,
-tdj ; khurd L -pox, sitla;
chechak.
Smell, bu, (f.) ; sungh, (f.).
sweet-, khush-bii, a nasty-,.
bad-bu, sense of -, sham-
viah, (v.) {trans.) sunghna.
{intr.) bu-d ; bu ka kona.
* All slavery, in India is domestic slavery ; to which our harsh words,
' slave .?c[i6. ''slavery are hardly applicable.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
315
Smile, (n.) tabassum V. -k.
Smith, (iron,) lohdr, (gold,
&ic ^) sonar ; zar-gar.
Smoke, (n.) dhic^V. V. {intr.)
-nikalna. to-tobacco, &c.,
tambdku^ &'c. pina.
Smooth, chikna;sa7ndn ; bard-
bar; musattah^Y .-k. -ness,
chikndj; bardbari.
Snaffle, (bridle,) kazai.
Snake, sd?}ip ; ndg ; 7?idr,
(Persian.) there are many
kinds ; of which the worst
are iht guh??ianah, cobra-di
capello, and the ' karaitJ
which has no English name
known to the Author. -of
a * htikkah^^ i.e. native
(smoking) pipe, 7iaichah.
Snare, phdfida ; dd?fi, V.
phdndna ; phdnde tnefi pa-
karna.
Sneeze, (n.) chhiJik. V. -na.
Snipe, chdha.
Snoring, (11.), kharrdta. V.
-mdrna ; ndk kharkhard-
na, ox bajdna.
Snow, barf. V. -girii hai.
Snuff, simgni. V. -khainchna*
So, (therefore,) pas. (man-
ner,) aisa ; jaisa..Jaisa.
(page ic^4); is-tarah.
(degree,) is kadar ; Una;
eta. so-so, aisa-waisa. Mr.
So-and So, fuldnah ; fuld-
nah ddmi. it may be -,
wuh ho-sakta hai ; sa
hoga.
Soak, {trans.) bkiiiga-k. (intr.)
sokna. -ing, (very wet,)
khtib bhinga.
Soap, sdbun. V. -lagdna.
Sob, thunuk, (f.). V. -na. -k.
Sober, parhez-gdr. -briety,
parheZj (f.).
Sock, mozah ; sdk, (E.).
Socket, ...ddn, (P^g^ 4i-)>
khdnah ; ghar.
Sofa, suffah ; kauch^ (E.).
Soft, narni ; muld^im. N. -/*.
-ly, dhime-dhime ; dhiste.
Soldier, sipdhi. native -s,
sipdhi^dn. European ditto,
gore log. a regiment of -s,
pal tan, (f.).
Sole. See 'Alone.'
Solemn, sanjidah. -ity, -jida-
Solid,(not liquid,) 7Jiunjamid,
(firm,) sakJit ; 7nazbiU ;
kdjin ; ^ pukJitah. -ity>
sakhti ; mazbuti; pukhtagi.
Solitary. See * Alone.' -tude^
tanhdj ; khalwat.
3i6
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
'Some, (of things,) ; kuchh ;
kuchh-kuchh; thora ;zarrah-
sa, (of persons,) ko^i, -one
or other,>^<^,/-;^^/^->^^,/.-more,
aur hichh. -times, baaze
wakt; kabhi-kabhi. -where,
kahiit,
"Son, beta ; larka ; bachcha ;
pisar^ (p.). -in-law, ddmdd.
Song, git, V. gdna ; gwy
gdn-k.
Soon, jald; ab ; thori der ke
baad. as - as, jab...tab ;
te-hi. {See page i4)~er,
paihle ; us ke age, no sooner
...than... 7iahin pay a, kill,
e.g. his order no sooner
reached me, than I carried
it out, 7is-ka hukm mere pas
pahunchne nakin pdya, kih
main-ne vsko taamil kiya.
Soreness, dard^ is^-^ to be
sore. -k. a-, ghd^o; zakhm;
ndsiir ; phaphola,
Sorrow, afsos ; ghamui; ranj.
A. afsurdah ; dzurdah;
ghamgin ; ranjidah. to be
-ful, afsos ^ ^c. khan a ;
adjs. and hona, sorry,
pashemdn, I am very sorry
I am late, afsos hai kih
main-ne der ki hai. (use-
less,) nd-kdra ; nd-chiz ;
kajuinah.
Sort. See ' Kind.' kism. V.
thik-k. ; tartib-k,; sudhdr-
7ia ; sab chizoij. ko apni
jaghon meij, rakhna.
Soul, ruh^ (f.) ; nafs :jdn;ji,
with heart and -, dil-o-
jdn-se.
Sound, (n.) sabd ; divdz, (f.) ;
shor ; shor-shdr ; hab-gab ;
hdon-ghdon. (of fire-arms,)
dhdii-dhun. V. -k. ; pu-
kdrna ; chilldna. (any in-
strument,) bajdna, {intr,)
sabd, &^c, d. ; bajna. -in
health, tan-durust, to be
&\\.\.Q^tan-durust hona.-wQ^^
of health, tan-durusti. -in
quality, mazbut ; piikhtah;
be-aib ; inustahkam, -ness
of ditto, niazbuti; piikJita-
gi. -as a business, /^/^y^^ /
thik ; sab achchha. a- e.g.
thrashing, kjiub saza (dena^
pdna^).
Soup, shorbah, corruptly,
shurivah.
Sour, khatta ; tursh. N. tur-
shi. to turn -, khatta ho-
jdna.
South, dakhan \jamib
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
3ir
Sow, (n.) su.dri.
Sow, (v.) bona; rompna. -ing,
bo^d^i.
Space, (time,) arsah ; vmddat.
(place,) jagah^ (i,)\fdsUah.
-cious, khula ; fardkli.
Spade, kuddli ; bel ; belchah.
Span, (of hand,) bdlisht ;
wajab. (arch,) mihrdb.
Spare. See *Thin' (excess,)
barhti ; fdliu, (v.) (e. g.
life,) bachdna, (give,) de-d.
-time, fursat. a -liver,
parhez-gdr. N.-/.
Sparrow, ghauriya.
Speak, bolna; kahna;bhdkhna.
(converse,) bdt-chit, or giijt-
o-gU'k. (chatter,) bakna ;
bak-bak-k. (incoherently,)
bukhld?ia. See ' Language.'
Spear, ballain ; barchhi. V.
-lagd-d.
Special, khdss; viakhsiis, -ly,
khusiisan.
Spectacle, tamdsha. -tator,
dekh?ie-wdla»
Spectacles, chashinah.
Speech. See * Language. 'a
-, takrir, (f.) ; bahs, (f.).
-less, bezdbdn ; Id-jazvdb,
Speed, (n.) jaldi ; shifdb, or
shiidbi ; dat^r, V. daurdna;
chaldna, -ily, jaldi, d^c..
See faoe 54.
Spend, Jzharj, or kliarch-k.
{\2i\\sh\y),ttrd-d.; bar-bdd-k.
-thrift, fazul-kharj. N..
(waste), -/'. -(time,) sarf-k.
Spice, masdlah. hot-, gann-.
Spider, makia ; niakri.
Spill, gird'd.
^^m, kdtna ; stit-kdtna, -ning
wheel, charkh.
Spinage, isfdndj ; sdg.
Spine, (body,) rir/i, (f).
(plants,) kdijta.
Spirit, ruh, (f) -of God,.
riihu-l-ldh} (breath,) dam,
(ghost,) bhut, (temperj)
mizdj. (manliness,) mar-
ddnagi. (liquor,) arak,
(juice,) ras ; diidh, -less,.
be-dil ; be-jigar.
Spit, (for cooking,) sikji, (f ).
V. -lagdna.
Spit, (v.) thukna. N. thuk,
-toon, pik-dd?i ; ugdl-ddn.
Spite, kinah ; zidd, (f.). -ful,
kina-ivdr; ziddi. Adv. with
* According to Muhammad, Jesus Christ.
3i8
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Spleen, /////. (disease of,) -ka
rog.
Splendour, shaukat ; jlla, (f.);
jihvat; shdn^ (f.); raushani,
-did, ali-shdn ; viujalla ;
u?7idah ; sar-fardz.
Spoil, khardb^ or be-kdr-k ;
bigdr-d, spoilt, khardb ;
kuchh kdm ka nahin. the-s
(e.g. of war.) liU-pdt; ghani-
mat.
Sponge, isfanj. -gy, phulka.
^^oox\^chammach;ckamchah.
Sport. See *Play.' (hunting,
&c.,) shikdr, -sman, also
adj., 'relating to-,' shikdri,
-ive, khush-taba ; shokh.
Spot, {s\.2i\n,)ddgh. (place,)
jagah, {i.) ', sar-za?nin, (f.).
-ted, ddghi} V. ddghi-k.
Sprain, (n.) mar or; 7?iurak,
V. 7narorna^ murakna.
Spread, (e.g. a carpet,) bich-
hdna ; bichhd-d, (e.g. dis-
ease,) {trans,) phaildna.
{intr.) phailna.
Spring, (season,) bahdr^ (f.);
basant ; rabi. (of water,)
chashmah-e-db, (leap,) ktid^
(f.) ; uchhdl^ (f.); chhaldng.
(f.) V. kudna ; jast-k. ;
lichhalna ; chhaldngna, to
-at, lapakna.
Sprinkle, chhiUia ; chhit-k.
Spur, kdnta, V. -d,, or mdrna.
Spy, (n.) jdsus, his work,
jdsusi. -glass, dur-bin^ to
spy, dekhna;tdkna. (furtive-
\y,)j'hd?,tkna ;jhd7^k Una,
Square, (n.) chauk. (a.) chau-
kona; chau-khwita; chauras.
Squeeze, dabdna; dabd-d.
Squirrel, gilehri.
Stable, (n.) istabal. See
' Firm,' &c.
Stack, tdl ; dher. V. ^k.
Staff, asa ; lakri. (of office,)
chob.
Stag, bdrah-singa.
Stage, (e.g. of a theatre, )/^w^'-
sha-gdh, (journey,) manzil,
(f.). (platform,) machdn ;
takhtah. -coach, ddk-gdri.
Stain. See 'Spot.'
Stair, -case, sir/it .
Stall, tMn. (public,) argara, ',
Stammer, hakla. V. -k, ;
hakldna.
Stamp, viuhar, (f.) / chhdp,
V. -lagd-d.
* Means also a prisoner who has been branded, or otherwise marked ;
as by his name being entered in the list of ex-convicts.
HINDL'STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
3^9
Stand, (n.) pdyah ; ghora ;. . .
dan. {page,/\,\.)-\wg^ khara.
(v.) khara-hona ; khara
rahna. -up, uthna; uth-ke
khara hona^ d^c. -down,
niche j ana; utarna.-m the
way, sdnine ho na -out of
the way, hat-jdna. -good,
kd^im rahna. of long
-ing, bahut roz ka. See
^Endure.'
Star, idra ; sitdrah.
Starch, kalap ; kdfiji.
Stare, ghdrna; dekhte rahna.
N. ghur.
Start, (n.) (sudden move-
ment,) chaurik. V. chaurik-
na^ e.g. a carriage, chaldna.
for a place, rawdnah hona,
to startle, chaurikdna.sidiXX.'
ling, ta^ajjub ka ; ajib.
Starve, bhiikh se mama.
State. See * Government.'
(condition, )<^^// hdldt ; asl
ML (dignity,) kadar^ (f.).;
martabah; shdn, (f.) ; sar-
fardzi.{v. )kahna;baydn-k.;
bolna; samjhdna ; izhdr-k,
-in writing, kalain-band-
karke baydn-k.-mcntf bdt;
baydn ; izhdr ; arz, (f.) ;
guzdrish; ilttmds, (f.).- in
writing, surat-hdl ; suwdl;
darkhwdst; ripot^ (£.">.
Station, chaukl ; Jagah^ {(.).
(railway,) isteshan. (E.).
(v.) rakhna ; khara-k.
fnuta,aiyan-k.; taindi-k.
^t2iy ^rahna;thaharna; sabr-k.
Steak, ishtek, (E.).
Steal, chori-k. ; chordna ;
chord-Iejdna,
Steam, dhic^dn.-ho^X.dhu^djj,-
hash ; dg-bot, (half E.).
Stee], /a u /ad ; loha.
Stem, (family,) asl ; nasi ;
bunydd, (f). -of tree,
shdkh.
Step, kadani; deg. N .-rakhna,
(in relationship) sautela..,
e.g. sauteli-ma.
Stew, istew. (E.). V.-^
Steward, nd^ib ; gumdshfa ;
kdr-parddz.
Stick, lakrt ; (walking,) asa.
(v.) (e.g. bone in throat,)
atak-jdna. (together,) sat-
jdna. stuck, sat-gaya; sdtd-
hu,a.{trans,)jorna; lagd-d.;
satd-d.
Still, (a.) chup ; chup-chdp ;
be-harakat. (adv.) tau-bhi ;
td-ham ; par.
Sting, dank, Y,-mdrna,
320
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Stir, {trans.) hild-d, {intr.)
hilna. (n.) harbari; khalal.
Stirrup, rikdb^ (f). -leather,
rikdb-da:vdl^ (f.).
Stitch, (v.) sina ; tdnkna ;
tdnk-d. (x\.)tdnk, (f. ) ; tdnka.
Stocking, viozah ; pd-e-tdbah.
Stomach, tnidah^ or medah.
^iox\Q,patt/iar; sang, of stone,
with 'y^^,' -ny, pathrila.
-ny hearted, sang-dil.
Stool, (foot, )pd-o-ddn; morha;
ishtul^ (E.) xix^l-Jzomod^^
(E.).
Stoop, J/iukna ; jhiik-jdna.
Stop, {intr.) khara rahna ;
atakna. {trans.) rokna ;
thdmna ; atkd-d. -page,
rok ; atkd,o ; atak.
Store, dickdn, (f.) ; jins sab ;
ambdr ; dher, - house,
dukdn^ {{.) ; gola. stores,
e.g. for a journey, sar-an-
J dm ; sdmdn ; chiz sab ;
sab chiz.
Stork, dhanes ; bogla.'^
Storm, tufdn ; dridht. -y,
tiifdni.
Story. 6"^^* Tale.'
Slove, (moveable,) angethi.
(fixed,) cluWia. (oven,)
tanicr.
Stout, mota ; mazbut. N.-/'.
Straight, sidha ; sojha. N.-/.
Strain. See * Pull.' (liquids,)
chhdmia. a-er, cJihdnna.
Strange, (unfamiliar,) be-gd-
nah ; gJiair. (wonderful,)
ajib ; ajubah. -ness, ajna-
biyat. a -ger, ghair ddmi ;
be-gdnah ddmi; bi-desiddmi.
Strap, tasmah; dawdl^ (f.).
Stratagem, hilah ; fareb ;
dagha.
Straw, bichdli ; po^dl ; bhusa.
Stream, darya ; sota. V. j
jdri-hona.
Street. See 'Road.' tstrit,{E.).
Strength, zor ; tdkat. (of
liquors,) tiindi ; karwdj,
V. mazbut-k. ; zor-d.
Strict. See * Severe.'
Strike, thokar-d. ; zarb-d. ;
nidrna. -e.g. tents , gird-d ;
kholna. - against ...par
lagna.
* In India, this word — 'commode' — must never be used in any other
sense. The accent is on the last syllable.
* Names of birds are mostly vague ; as identity between many English
and many Indian birds is wanting.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
321
String, siitli ; dori. shoe-, fitah-
Strive. See 'Endeavour.'
Stroke, (blow.) chot ; zarb ;
thokar^ (f.); thojjk. -of
pen, &c., ddgh ; nishdn.
Strong, zabar-dast ; zor-
dwar ; zor ka ; fnazbiU, (as
liquor.) karwa ; kaivi.
Stubborn, sar-kash ; gardan-
kash. N. -/. Adv. -i se.
Stud, (shirt,) istad, (E.).
Study, parhna ; taalim lena.
-dent, shdgird. -dious,
inihnati.
Stupid, kuiid : kund-zihn ;
ndddn ; be-ivukuf ; ndkis-
iil-akl. -ity, hitndkat ; be-
iviikufi, a - fellow, be-
wukiif ddmi ; akl ka putla.
Subdue, dabdna ; kisi par
ghdlib liona; kdbu meii Idna.
-e<i. (conquered,) maghltib,
(metkj) g /ia rib: narni. -er,
ghdlib.
Subject, (underling,) idbi ;
idbiddr ; fai indii-barddr ;
Jiukrn-barddr ; asdmi ; ra,-
iyaf. A. tdbi. (v.) See
' Subdue,' he is subject to
fever, us-ko bukJidr aksar
dta hat. -, e. g. of a lecture,
mabhas.
•J., H
Submit to, indnna ; hukfu
sunna ; tdbi-ho7ia. (e.g.
for orders,) pesh-k : sdmne
rakhiia. -mission, tdbi-
ddri ; hnkm-barddri ; zer-
hukiinii.
Subscribe. See 'Sign.' -ption,
(to a charity ^c.,)chandah.
Subsistence, (means of liv-
ing,) roz-gdr ; khdna-pina ;
khurdk-poshdk, (f.) ; par-
wasti ; peshah ; dha?ida.
-allowance, khurdki. -ing,
zindah ; zindagi vien ; hat.
Substance. See ' Thing.' (es-
sence,) hir. (abstract,)
kjmldsah ; mtMtasar Ml ;
mazvmn. -tial, 7nazbiU ;
kdjm.
Substitute, (n.) ewazi; kdjm-
makdm. V. -k. ; -rakhna ;
vmta^aiyan-k.
Suburb, shahar ka dd7nan.
Successful, kdm-ydb. N. -/'.
V. -ho7ia. to succeed a
person, pichhe dna ; kdjrti-
77iakd7Jt ho7ia. -cession,
kd^ivi-77iakd77ii. -fully,
barakat'Se ; 7iek'bakjiti-se.
-ively, ek par ek ; age-
pichhe ; tdbar-tor.
Such, aisa - 2i one, fuldnah.
322
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Suck, chusna ; khainchna ;
pi-lena. a -ing babe, dudh
ka bachchah.
Sudden, -ly, achdnak; ndgdh.
N. ndgahdni.
Sue, (in Court,) mukadda-
viah'k, (ask,) md^^^na ;
iltimds-k.
Suffer. See * Allow.' (endure,)
barddsht-k, (pain, or other
feel i n g, ) . . . uthdna ; ... khd-
na. -ing. See ' Pain,' &c.
Sufficient, bas ;kdfi. N.-hona,
N. kifdyat -ly, bas ;
zariirat ke mu^dfik.
Sugar, chini ; shakar ; ^nisri,
(brown,) khdnd. -candy,
misru -cane, ukh, (f.) ;
katdrL
Suggestion, saldh, (f.) ; ishd-
rah; tadbir, (f.). V. -d,;
-batldna.
Suicide, khud-kushi, V. -k.
Suit, (n.) (dress.) jora, (in
Court,) mukaddamah. (v.)
{^\tdi.s^^) pasand-hona. (fit,)
tnilna ; achchha baithna.
{trans.) uiild-d. -able,
pasatid ; achchha ; mu^dfik.
Sulphur, ga?idhak.
Sum. See ' Total.' -of money
zar ; inablagh. (v ) jorna ;
jama-k.
Summer, gar mi ka mausam.
See page 80.
Summon, buldna ; talab-k.
a -s of court, talabi-par-
wdnah ; samans, (E.).
Sun, siiraj ; sirdj ; kJmrshid ;
dftdb. -heat, dhup^ (f.). to
bask in the -, dhup khdna,
-shine, dhup, (f.) ; ghdm.
-rise, iulu-i-dftdb. - set,
ghurub-idftdb. -ny, dhup
ka ; ghdmi. -day, itwdr ^
rabi'bdr ; yak-shambah.
Superintendent, sar-ba-ran
kdr ; sarddr, -dence, sat
ba-rdh-kdri ; sarddri. V|
sar-ba-rdh kdr, &>€., hona \
sar-ba-rdh-kdri, ^^c.-k}
Superior, 2^^/^ se achchha^bara^
(or as the matter of
* superiority ' may be.)
* Superintendents are named according to their work : e.g. thana\
ddVy - of a police station, ndziry a - of process-serving, &c. muhdfizy j
- of records, and so on zi infinitum,
* The English word * afsa * (officer), is much used to mean one'i
immediate 'superior.*
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
323
Supper, rdt-ka-khdna ;sapa ^( E. )
Supply, dena ; hdzir-kar-d. ;
pahiinchd-d. N. jo kdfi
hoga ; ambdr ; dher.
Support, (n.) tekni ; dsra.
V. -d. to - a person, par-
wasti-k. ; khdna-pina-d.
^My^}^o^\\\ox\Jihaydl;atkalN.-k.
Sure, (certai n,)^^-f ////'. to be-,
yakin jdnna. N -/. * to be
sure !' surely ! be shakk ;
albattah ; chdhiye kih.
Surface, ru, (f.).
Surgeon, y^rr^'-^y tabib-i-jarh.
Surpass. See ' Excel.'
Surround, gher-lena.
Survey. See ' View.' ' Mea-
sure.' - or, janb-kask.
Suspect, kisi par shakk rakh-
?ia.-ed, mushtabah; shakk
ki bat, -cion, shakk ;
shubhah ; wahm.
Sustain. See * Support.' -e.g.
losses, uthdna.
Swallow, (bird,) abdbil, (v.)
nigalna ; ghuntna.
Swamp, daldal, (f.). -y, -/.
Swan, rdj-hd)j.s.
Swear, (use bad language,)
gdli-d, (e.g. in Court,)
kasam khdna, or iena.
Swt^tjpashia. he is sweating,
us-se pasina giria hai, or
nikalta hat.
Sweep, (man,) mihtar,^ fcm.
inihtrdni, (v.) jhdrna ;
jhdr-d. -away, jhdr-ke
lejdna, -ings, kurkut.
Sweet, mitha; shiriii; khush;
pasandidah, -hesLrt, pydra,
fern, -i, -meats, mithdj,
-ness, shirini ; viithd^i,
-ly, dil-kJiushi-se.
Swell, styna ; phuhia ; uth-
jdna. a -ing, ivaram.
Swift, iez ; jald. -ness, tezi ;
jaldi, -\y,jaldi ; jaldi-se ;
tez ; tezi-se.
Swim, pairna. -mer, pairdk.
Swing, (trans.) jhuldna,
(intr.) jhulna. a-, jhula.
-ing, jhula-jhuli.
^vioon, be- has hi. in a-, be hash.
Sword, talzvdr, (f.) ; sham-
sher^ (f.). -sman, talwdr-
hdz.
Syllable, lafz kajuz.
Sympathy, rikkat. V. kisi
se - rakhna. A. ham-dard.
Symptom, nishdn ; aldmat.
Syringe, pichkdri. V. -d.
System, kdjdah : rasm.
Mihlar ' is really a native title of distinction.
324 HINDI^STANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
T,
Table, /;/^s, (f.). -cloth, mez
ki chddar^ (f.) ; dastar-
khwdn. to lay the -, inez
lagd-d. or taiydr-h. to re-
move things from the -,
chiz sal) le-jdna.
Tail, dum, (f.).
Tailor, darzi.
Take, lena. -away, le-jdna,
-place, hona, (accept,)
lena. ; kabul-k.^ pasand-k.
-captive, pakarle-jdna ;
giriftdr-k. -effect, lagna ;
chalna. -on hire, kirdye-
lena. -flight, bhdg-jdna :
ur-jdna, -thehandof, hdth
fakarna. -heed, khabar-
ddr hona. -off, (e.g.
clothes,) utdrna, -down,
niche-ldna. (in writing,)
kalam-band-k. -up, uthd-
lena, -courage, hiinmat
rakhna. -the field, khet
pakarna, - in good part,
bhala jdn?ia. -in bad part,
bura vidnna. -the side of,
taraf-ddr hona. -out, (ex-
tract,) nikdlna.
Talc, abrak.
Tale, kissah ; hikdyat ; nakl^
(f. ) 'jkaMni ; bdt:khabar,{i ).
Talk, bdt-chit ; guft-o-^ii^ (f.);
bdt. V. -k. ; bolna ; kahna;
bakna. to - to one's self,
dp se bolna.
Tail, lamba ; dirgh. -ness,
lainbdj. See 'High.'
Tame, gharib, N. -/'. V. -k.;
dabdna ; hildna.
Tank,(cistern,) ^^//s. (pond,^)
idldh^ (f.); tald.o ; pokhra.
Tap, thap-thapdna. a -ping,
thappa ; thappi^ which
mean also a thing for tapl
ping with, e.g. a mallet\
bat, &>€.
Tape, fitah ; nlwd?'.
Ta.per\ng,gd-o-dnm. V. -honak
Tar, kitrdn; al-kah-a? V|
-lagd-d.
Target, dhdl, (f.) ; sipar
-practice, chdnd-^indri.
« In India, artificial ponds are called ' tanks ; ' a natural pond, <
lake, is ' tdh* as at ' Nynee Tal.'
■ This is the word most generally used ; but is not to be found in eithej
the Persian or the Hindustdni dictionaries.
« ' The moon ; ' the ' bull's-eye' being regarded a a full-moon.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
325
Tariff, iiirkji-ndmah.
Task, (lesson,) sabak. (la-
bour,) ham. to take to -,
ddfitna ; dhamki-d.
Tassel, jhabba.
Taste, (n ) mazah. (fii:.) sali-
kah. sense of -, zd,ikah.
(v.) thora khdna ; zdjkah
lena: of a pleasant -, 7naze
ka ; laziz. -less, be-inazah.
Tax, mahsfil ; tikas, (E.).
V. -lagdna.
Tea, chd.e, (f.). -pot, -pochi,
-caddy, -^tf//.- kettle, ketli^
(E.). cup, -ka piydlah.
-spoon, -ka chauuiiach^ or
cliamchah.
Teach, sikhdna ; sikhldna ;
iaalim d. -ing, byv.n. -er,
iistdd ; ffiu^allim ; guru ;
iskul-7Jidstar, ( E. ).
Tear, (of eye,) dnstc. (rent,)
chir ; phdk. to shed -s,
rona. (to rend,) chirna ;
torna ; phdrna ; fhdr-d.
Tease, satdiia ; dikk-k.
Telescope, dur-bin}
Tell, kahna;bolna; kjiabar-d.;
bdt-bolna; baydn-k. (count,)
ginna ; shumdr-k.
Temper, mizdj ; kjio, (f.) ;
labia t.
Tempest, ii'ifdn ; di,idhi, A.
iufdni.
Temple, (M.), ibddat-gdh ;
masjid, (f.). (H.) ptija-
Midnah; thdkur-bdri; math^
(Christian,) girja^ or grija.
Tenant, (of house,) kirdya-
ddr. (of land,) asdmi ;
ra/iyat; kdsht-kdr. the -ry,
ri.dya ; asdini-log.
Tender, narm ; muldjm. See
' Offer.'
I^ent, khainiah; tambu; dera,
(servant's,) pdl, -pole,
chob.^ -curtains, kandt,
-peg, jnekh. -pitcher,
klialdsi.
Terrify. See * Frighten.'
Testament, (Old ) taurdt.
(New,) i7i.jil. (will,) ^vasiyat-
ndmah ; wil, (E.).
Testimony. See ' Evidence.'
Than, se ; az, (Persian.).
Thanks, shukr. to thank, -k.
-ful, -guzdr, (N. -/.)
(grateful,; ihsdn-mand.
(N. -i.\ -less, nd-shukr.
Adv. with se.
' Persian 'bi'na,' 'vision.'
326
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO P.E SPOKEN.
That, (narration,) kih. (de-
monstrative.) See page 30.
-very, uwhi. -is to say,
ya7ie.
Thatch, (the,) chhappar, (f.).
(grass,) ghds, (f.) ; khar,
V. ghds^ c^c, lagdna.
Theatre, ndch-ghar; iamdsha-
khdnah ; nakl-k^idnah.
Thee. See page 29.
Their, their?, them, &c. See
pages 30 and 3 1 .
Then, (time following,) fal? ;
is-ke baad ; baad is-ke.
(time previous,) tab; us-
wakt.; us-ke baad. now
and-, kabhi-kabhi.
Thence, -forth, (place,)
wahdij-se ; us-jagah-se.
(time,) baad is-ke ; us
ivakt-se.
There, wahdn ; us-jagah
w^;/.-abouts, wahin-kahin.
here and-, idhar-iidhar ;
yahdn-wahdjjt.
Therefore, is-wdste ; pas.
Thereon, -upon, is-par ; tab.
The)^ JY/ we. Seepage 30.
Thick, mota ; gdrha. N.
7?iotd,t. to go through -
and thin, dg pdni men
parna.
Thief, chor ; duzd. theft,
chori ; sarkah ; dnzdi.
Thigh, jdngh, (f ).
Thin, patla; (texture,) bdrik;
(e.g. as skin,) kdghazi V.
patla-k. and hona. -ness,
patldJ.Ay, kani.
Thing, chiz. (f.) ; shai. one's
things, chiz sab ; bastah ;
mdl ; mdl-o-maia.
Think, sochna ; kjiaydl-k. ;
bichdrna. me thinks, niujh-
ko ma alum hota hai.
Third, tisra ; siyiim.
Thirst, (n.) pyds^ (f.) ; tish-
nagi. -y, pydsa. V. mujh-
ko pyds lagi hai ; pydsa
hona.
This, yih. See page 2,^.
Thither, ndhar ; ivahdn ; us
taraf.
Thorn, kdnta ; kJidr, -y,
kaiitd?'.
Thorough, tamdm ; piira.
-ly, sar-d-sar.-idiXQ:^ sarak^
(f.), guzargdh ; dmm-rdsta.
Thou, iu. See pa ^e 29.
Though, agar-chih ; har-
cha7id ; az bas kih. as
jaisa-kih . . . taisa-kih.
Thought, sock; Jikr, (f.) ;|
ta.ainmul ; andeshah ; j
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
327
dhydn. See ' Thing.* -ful,
fikr-viand, (N. -/.) muta^-
ammil ; andesha-ndk, -less,
be-fikr ; be-khabar ; be-
parwdh, N.add 'i ' to these
adjs. adv., nouns and se.
Tlirash, {coxn^)dd,Gna ; dhun-
na ; jhdrna. See * Flog.'
-ing floor, khalthdn}
Thread, siU ; sutli ; tdga ;
(strong,) (Z^/-/. needle and-,
sttj tdga. to-a x\eed\e^tdgna.
Threat, dhaviki; ta?i, V. -d.;
dhafiikdna.
Throat, gala, or gulu ; halak.
Throb, tis^ (f.) V. -mdrna ;
tisna.
Through, kebich; vien. (means)
se, (agent,) se ; ki mdrfat.
Throw, phenkna ; phenk-d. ;
ddbta ; big?ia -aside, bar-
taraf pheijkna, -away,
phenk-d. -down, gird-d.
-open, khol-d, - up,
(as a ball,) uchhdlna.
Thrust, (n.) dhakka, V. -d. ;
ghuserna.
Thunder, ^j^^r/T/*, f.). N.-na,
Thursday, biphe ; brihaspat ;
juma-rdt,
Thus,fl'/*v^ / is- far ah; isi-iarah.
Ticket, tlkat. (E.).
Tickle, gudguddna.
Tide, (ebb,) bhdtha. (flow,)
J aw dr.
Tidings. See *News.'
Tie, bdndhfia ; bdndh-d. a -,
batid. neck -, gulu-band.
Tiger, bdgh ; sher. -gress,
sherni.
Tight, ta7ig ; drawn -, kasa
hu,a. N. tangi. V. -k. ;
kasna ; khinchna.
Tile, (round,) khapra.
(squ:irej)pe2e'a/. N .-lagdna.
Till, (v), kheii-k ; chds-k. ;
hal-bail-k ; jotna.
Till, (adv.). See page 47, iii.
Timber, lakri.
I'ime, wakt; za^ndTi, or za7?id-
nah^ (period of.) arsah ;
muddat. (c}cle of,) yug.
— when one ruled, exist-
ed) &c. wakt ; aiyd7n. -of
life, umr, (f.) ; sinn, (m.) ;
i}Q\s\ixe,)fursat;fardghat.
(delay,) der, (f.) ; from-
to-, waktan-fa-waktan. at
all- ^^har wakt; hameshah.
in - cr out of -, wakf-ndy
wakt. at the proper-, bar-
ivakt.
* Accent on the last syllable.
328
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Tin, kalai. V. -d. ; -!agd-d.
Tipsy, matzvdla ; mast.
Tire, thakdna. -ed, ihaka ;
mdndah. -ed n ess, mdndagi.
-some, maldl-ajigez. a
-some fellow, thakdne-
wdla ; dikk karne-wdla.
Title, ndm ; kJiiidb ; lakab ;
(ceremonious heading,)
alkdb, (PI. i^i lakab.)
To,^ (generally,) ko ; (ap-
proach), ke pds ; (transfer,)
ke hdth ; ko. -day, dj ; ini-
roz. -and ixo.,idha7'-udhar ;
face - face, ru-ba-ru ; ke
sdmne, with respect -, is
bdre men ; is-ke hakk 7Jien,
Toast, {\\)senkna 'N.fos/,(E.).
Tobacco, tambdkii. to smoke
-, -pina.
Together, ke sdth ; sdth ;
sdth-sdth ; ek sdth ;bdham;
ham^ as first part in com-
pos : all -, (action, )i'^/^ mil-
ke, (company,) sab ek sdth.
Tcmib. See * Grave.'
Tongue, //M, (f.) ; zabdn,({.).
See * Language.'
Too, (of excess,) ziyddah,
(also,) bhi.
Tool, hathiydr.
Tooth, ddnt. -ache, ddnt ka
dard. -brush, ddnt ka
banish, (E.). -pick, kjiildl.
-powder, or paste, manjan.
to cast ill one's teeih,
munti par bolna.
Top, sar. (toy,) laftu. -most,
sabhot,i se upar. -heavy,i'/>-
bhdri. -zy-X.ux\y ,ulat-pulat ;
upar -niche.
Torch, inashdl. -I nearer, -chi.
Torment, (n). siydsat ; dikk;
dukh ; jdn sozi. V. -k. ;
satdna.
Tortoise, kachhua.
Toss. See * Throw. '
^oXAJumlah', kull; kulliyai ;
mot ; sab le-ke ; jama.
Touch, chhuna. N. chhuhd-
wat ; the sense of -, lams.
Tow, (n.) pdt ; patwah -ing-
rope, gun. V. gun k.
Toward, towards, ki taraf ;
ke pds.
Towel, tauliyaii. ; dast-mdl.
Tower, burj. V. baland-hona.
Town, shahr ;...pur^ and
.. nagar, as last part in
compos : -sman, shahr-
* ' To * or * for ' *a place,' is generally omitted, e.g. '' kal rdt-ko
Bandras raivdnah hji,a,' ' he started last night /t;r Banaras.'
hindust^(ni as it ought to be spoken. 329
ka ddmi, one of the same
-, ham-shahr.
Toy, {n.)khilau?ia. {v.)khelna.
'J race, (n.) (by which to
find,) surdgJi ; aldniat ;
pata ; asar. (harness,) jot.
(v.) khojna ; khojh-k. : pag-
dandi-lena, (by pen, &c.)
kjiiiichna.
Trade, tijdrat ; saudd-gari ;
kdr-hdr ; Ma rid- fa rokji t ;
byopdr.-^x^ saudd-gar; bai-
pdri. (travelHng,) banjdra ;
bakas-zvdla, (half E.).
Traffic, dnd-jdna ; dmad-o-
ra/t. See 'Trade.'
Trail, {truNS.) ghasitna ;
khiiichna. {intr,) ghasitna.
Train, (of dress,) ddman.
(followers,) hashmat ; hain-
rdhi.dn. (sequence,) tar-
iib, (f.) ; silsitah. (railway,)
gdri^dii. (v.) sikhldna.
Trample, pd e-mdl-k, N. -/.
Transact. See ' Do.'
Transfer, muntakal-k.
Translation, tarjamah. -tor,
tarjiimdn ; mutarjim.
Transparent, \y//^^i/. N. -/.
Transpositon, iiikildb. V. -k.
Trap, kal^ (f.)^- d<^^h ^^ ^^^^
part in compos.
Travel, safar-k. ; sair-k. -ler,
musdfir. -ling, (adj ) safari.
Tray, khwdn ; kishti.
Treacle^ gur ; tirydk.
Treason, daglid-bdzi ; namak-
hardmi.
Treasure, kJiazdnah. -ry,
-khdnah, -er, kjiazdnchi.
(v.) aziz-rakhna ; kadar-k.
Tree, darakjit ; per ; gdchh.
Tremble, kdmpna. -bling,
larzish.
Trial, imtihdn ; J duck ; dz-
mdjsh, V. -k. (in Court,)
taj-wiz, (f.).
Tribunal, addlat; mahkamah.
Trick, hilah; bahdnah; fareb.
Trickle, girna ; rasfta ;
tapakna.
Troop, gur oh, (f.) ; tdjfah ;
jamd.at ; ghpl. troops,
lashkar, (m.) ; sipdhi.dn.
Trot, (n.) dulki. V. -chaljia.
Trouble, (n.) tasdi, (i.)\
dukh ; dikk ; taklif, (f.) ;
raiijish. to feel -, -uthdna.
to cause -. -k. ; satdna ;
chherna ; rajtjdna, -d,
dzurdah ; fikr-7nand ;
gham-gin. -some, muzi;
ranj-divar ; dikk-karta ;
dikk-ddr.
330 HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Trousers,/^//////, (E.). izdr^^
(f.).
True, sack ; wdjib ; sddik ;
diirust, truth, sachd^i ;
rdsti ; a si bdt ; hakikat.
in truth, wdke 77ien ; fil-
hakikat.
Trumpet, fur hi. V. -bajdna.
Trust, itibdr ; itiindd. V.
-rakhna. (deposit,) amd-
nat. -tee, amdnat-ddr, one
who trusts, mutarnid. -wor-
thy, itibdr i ; ivafd-ddr ;
imdn-ddr. -worthiness,
imdn-ddri ; wafd-ddri.
Tub, tab^ (E.). ta gh dri.
Tube, 7idli ; nai ; nal.
Tuesday, mangal; si-sha7?ibah.
Tumble. See ' Fall/
Tumbler, tainblet, (E.).
Tumult. See * Riot/
Turban, pagri ; sa r-ba nd.
Turkey, (bird,)/^r//, ox pint.
Turmeric, haldi.
Turn, {intr.) phirna ; phir-
jdna ; ghthnna. {trans.)
ghumdna;ghumd-d. to make
a-, (circuit,) chakkar mdrna;
ghuin-ke jdna ; to take
a-,(exercise,) hawa-khdna.
to -back, pker-dna, or
jdna ; lantna. to - out,
nikdl-d. to - one's back,
pith-dikldna a - ing,
chakkar ; peck. See * Tur-
ner/
Turner, (trade,) kJiarddi.
-ing lathe, k/iardd, (f.). V.
kharddna.
Turnips, shalgham.
Tweezers, chimta.
Twilight, godhaura\ shafak ;
chirdgh jaldne ka wakt.
Twin, (one.) tau.am ; (the
two,) taivdtndn.
Twine, (n.), sut. See 'Climb.'
Twist, aifithfia ; niarorna.
Type. See ' Kind.' (printing,)-
chhdp.
Tyrant, zdliin ; jafd-kdr.-ny,
zulm ; zabar-dasti ; sitam ;■
jabr ; zor. -ous, zulmiy
zabar-dast ; sakht. -ously,
jabran : ziilm^ &^c. se.
* Means, rather, ' drawers.' Natives, unless anglified, seldom wear
' trousers.'
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
331
U.
Note. — Many of the words beginning with 'un' fiegative,
are not given. Yoii may turn the sentettce into one with ' not '
e.g. this is untrue = ''this is not true^ — yih sach nahiii hai ;
or secondly, you may prefix ^ na,^ to almost a?iy adjective ; and
' be ' to almost arty 7ioun : e.g. na-pasand, na-maalum, na-
duriist ; — be-hosh, be-akl, be-sharm. 'La' 'ghair' and
' kam ' are also negative prefixes, but they are appropriated
to certain words, e.g. la-waris, without an heir ; la-jawab,
ivithout an excuse, ghair-hazir, absent. Many words of
Saijskrit origin {of which only a feiv have been given) take
* a 'privative, (as in Greek,) or ' nii,' e.g. a-dhaim, injustice ;
nir-buddhi, senseless, stupid.
Udiier, than.
Ugly, bad-surat ; bad-shakl.
-ness. --?*.
Ulcer, ndsur.
Umbrella, chhdta ; chhatri.
--bearer, chhatar-ddr .
Unanimous, ek zabdn ha.
~ity, ek zabdn ka ittifdk.
-ly, ek zabdn se.
Unawares, achdnak; 7idgahdn.
Uncertain, be-thikdna; ghair-
mukarrar.
Uncivil, bad-kjiulk ; be-adab.
N. -/.
Uncommon. See ' Rare.'
Under. See ' Below.' -trial,
zer tajzviz, (f.).
Undergo, (e.g. pain labour,
&c.) khdna ; uthdna.
Understand, samajhna; bujh-
na ; samajh men lena ;
wdkif-hona. N. samajh,
(f.) ; hosh ; akl, (f.) ; fahtn;
wukuf.
Undertake, bir-a-uthdna ;
hath lagdna ; karna. -king,
kdm, or by tiie name of
the thing.
Underwood, y/^^V / jhdri.
Undo, kholna ; (fig.) akdrath-
k.; iabdhi-k. -done, khula;
(fig.) tabdh ; shikastah.
Unfix, kholna ; utdrna ;
nikdl-d.
Unfortunate, kam-bakht.
Uniform, (a), eksdn; ek kism
ka {n.)urai. -ity, bardbari;
eksdni. adv. with se.
33^
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Union, ittifdk ; ek-dili ;
ekiyat ; bd-hajjiL unite,
(join,) jor?ia ; mild d.
Universe, the, diinya, (f.) ;
dlam;jahdn -sal, har-jdj ;
\Jn\\t\\,achchha nahbi ; wizdj
khardb hai : bimdr ; tnariz.
Unyoke, kholna}
Up. See ^^b)ve. '
Upon, par.
kull; ^^-^^^--sality kulli- Upright, khara. V. -k, (fig.),
yat ; -sally, bil-kulL -sity,
madrasah.
Unlawful, kjiildf kdnun ;
kJiildf-i-shara.
Unless, agar followed by
nahiu^ e.g. unless you do
rdst ; sachcha ; sidha ; nek.
N. rdsii; sachdj ; sidhdj ;
neki.
Uproar, ghiil ; dan^a ; haul-
jaitl) kjialal. V. -k. Adv.
with se.
this, I shall notpay you, ^ift^r -xr^^^^ , \ 7^, ,.,,
, .^ ^, ^ \l ^ Upset, (v.) ultana; idtd-d.
turn yth kam nahin karo. /o \ w^ u t ^
■^ ' ' (a.) 7dfa ; nlta hu,a.
Upshot, fiatijah.
Urge, (e.g. a horse,) chaldna.
(a request,) iltimds-k. he
urged nie to grant his
prayer, is ki darkjidst man-
zurkarne ko^ mujhe dahdya,
or Id-chdr kiya.ox tangkiya.
Urine, pesh-db.
Us, ham, 6^6. See page 29
and Notes.
Usage. See ' Custom.'
Use. (n.) istiamdl. V. -k.;
to, main ekpaisa nahin dun.
Unmarried, kundra. an -per-
son, muftis.
Unravel, udherj,ia.
Unroll, kholna.
Unruly, sar hash ; be-lagdm.
N. sarkashi.
Unseen, ghdjb ; nazar se
ghdjb.
Until. See page 47, iii.
Unusual, kjiildf dastur ;
iK-riwdj ; jo kam dekhne
meti dta hai.
* The reader will have observed how universally this word is used
for all senses of 'disjoining' as well as of merely ' 6';i.?;/^■//^^' He will
hear English children who are allowed to talk English (a bad habit for
them in India) say, ' opin mai shoos' where the happier children in Eng-
land say, ' untie my shoes ' — (or do it for themselves. )
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
333
ham 711671 lena. -ful, kd77i
ka; kd77ii, (salutary,) 77mfid.
-iuWy, /d,ide ke sdth. -les.-,
7Jd'kdrah ; kuchh kd77i ka
7iahi7i. -lessly, Id-hdsil ;
be-fdjdah. -iessness, id-
hdsili.
Usual, hasb-dastih' ; jo jdri
hat. -ly, aksar ; beshtar ;
ba dastnr.
Usurer, bydj-Jzhor : sM-kJior,
-ury, -/.
Utensil, chiz, (f). (but naiiie
the - you want.)
Vacant. See * Empty.' -ca-
tion, iatil^ (f.).
Vagabond, bad-zdt ; htchcha.
Vain, du/idghi^ to be-, U7'-
chaliia ; Idf-zani-k, -\ ty,
kjiu d- faros hi ^ i n -, be-fd, ida/i.
Valid, diirust; pakka; kdJ77i;
77iazbut. -ity, durusii; maz-
buti.
Value, ^ee ' Price.' -able,
kimati; besh-kii7iat ; gird7j-
baha. V. k'uiiat-lagd-d.
(fig,), aziz-rakhna; kadar-
k. ; pydr-k.
Vanish, ghdjb-hona; urjdna.
Vanquish, ghdlib-kona ; da-
bd-d. ; to7yia.
Variety, iarahtarah ; kis77i-
Ms 771. -ious, chand kis77i
ka. -ously, aur aur tarah
i"^. to vary, (trans. )badal7ia;
chand tarah se kar7ia.
(intr.) badal-jdna.
Varnish, (n.) bdr7itsh, (E.) ;
pdlish, (E.) ; raughan ;
chik7idj. V. -lagd-d.
Vase. See page 41.
Vegetables, tarkdri ; sabzi.
Vehicle, gd7:i ; sawdri.
Veil, 7iikdb. wearer of a -,
-ddr. (pretence,) burkah.
Vein, nas, (f.) ; rag, (f.). -
of metal, asar, or PL
dsar.
Velvet, 77iak}i77iaL
Vengeance, hitikdm. Y.-lena.
Venture, hi77imat-k. at a -,
kis77iat par.
Verandah, bard77iadah. See
page 23.
Verbal, -ly, zabd7ii.
Verdure, sabzi.
Verification, tasdik, ({.).Y.-k.
Verily, hakikat 77ie7,i ; fil-
wdke.
Vermicelli, bara77iseii, (E.).
334
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
Very, bahut ; nihdyat ; by
suffix *y^/V e.g. ivu-hi ddmi,
* that very man'
Vessel. See ' Dish,' * Ship.'
Vex, -ation. See * Annoy,'
* Grief,' &c.
Vice, shardrat ; khardbi ;
badi; zabuni. (a), khardb ;
bad-kjio ; zabun.
Vice... (substitute,) kdjm-
makdm.
Victor, ghdlib, -ious, arid to
be -ious, -hona. -y, fath ;
ghalbah ; jaL
View. See * See,' ' Scene.'
Village, gdnw ; basti ; dih ;
grdm, (L. B.). -together
with the lands attaclied,
dihdt ; mauza, -er, ga7i-
wdr; gdoij-'Wdla; basti-wdla.
Villain, -o\is,bad-zdt; hardm-
zddah, -y, bad-zdti.
Vine, angur ka darakht,
-yard, angur ka bdgh.
Vinegar, sirkah.
Violence, zor ; jabr. V. -k.
(adv.) with se. (a.) sakht ;
zor-dwar ; zabar-dast ; be-
lagdm.
Virgin, bdkirah. -yiy^bikdrat.
Virtue, rdsti ; neki ; b ha Id J.
A. rdst ; ?iek ; bhala. by -
of his office, az ru-e-uhde
apne ; ba-zari^e^ (or ba-
sabab,) apne uhde ke.
Visible, zdhir ; nazar viej}.
-bility ziihur. -bly, zdhi-
rati, vision, (sight,) nazar^
(f.) ; bind^i ; basdrat. (in
s leep, ) kh ivdb-khaydl. -ary,
wahmi.
Visit, inuldkdt; bheiit. V. -k,
or, by 'jo.'
Vizier, wazir.
Voice, divdz^ (f.) ; shabd,
vocal, awdz se ; shabdi.
vocal and instrumental
music, ^gdna-bajdna\s.i\.).
Volume, jild^ (f.)
Voluntary, ikhtiydri.
Vomit, (n.) kai; ubkdj; radd.
V. -k.
Voyage, safar-i-darya. -r,
jahdzi- tnusdfir.
Vulgar, (public, )a WW. (mean,)
tiicha ; kaminah; pdji. See
* Common.'
Vulture, gidh.
> Lit. ' to sing (and) to play.' Page ii, Note,
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
335
W.
Wade, helna.
Wafer, tikli.
Wager, shart ; hora ; hart,
V. -k. ; bdndh-lena.
Wa-es. See ' Pay.'
Wagon, chhakra ; gdri. (car
used in religious proces-
sions, &c.) rath.
Waist, kamar^ (f.). -band, or
belt, -band, -coat, tvdskif,
(E).
Wait, rahna ; sabr-karna ;
rah-jdna, -ing, initzdr,
(on one), kjiidmat ; mid-
dzamat. V. -k. -er, (gen-
eral,) with ''jo' ; M milled'
war. {?>erw^r\\)^khidmal-gdr.
Wake, {trans. )jagdna;jagdd.
{i?itr.) Jdgna, awake, jdg-
la ; beddr, -ful, beddr ;
be-khwdb. -fulness, beddri.
Walk, (n.) sair; hawa-khd?ia,
(v.n,).{v.)c/ia/na; kadam-k.
(take a-,) sair-k.; hawa-
khdna.
Wall, diwdr, (f.). -of a tent,
^andt.
Wallow, lotna.
Walnut, akhrot.
Want, (need,) hdjat; ihtiydj,
(deficiency,) kuchh kami ;
aib. (poverty,) iangi. (v.)
(desire, )chd/ina; hdjat hona.
(be deficient,) kam hona.
War, laraj;jang^ (f.). V. -k,
-like, jangi. -equipments,
sdtndn-i-jang.
\A'arm, garni. V. -k.'^. gar mi;
tapish. a -bath, garm-
dbah. to -oneself, tdpna.
Warn, chitdna ; Izhabar-d. ;
dgdh-k. a -ing, khabar^ (f.);
ittila, (f.).
Was, tha^ <>r. See page ii.
Wash, dhona ; dho-d. ; sdf-k.
-ing, dhoi'dj.-tr, (person,)
,..sho, as last part in com-
pos : -erman, dhobi. -er-
woman, dhobin.
Wasp, birfii ; zambur.
Waste, (what is over after
manufacture, &c.,) sithi ;
sith, ((.). (squandering,)
isrdf. (a desert,) wirdna.
(v.) ghatdna ; urd-d. ; bar-
bdd-d.; khardb-kar-d. ful,
fuzul-kharj. -fulness./uzti/-
kharji.
Watch, (n.) (pocket,) ^//^r/.
-man. See * Sentinel'
-post, chauki (protection,)
hifdzat ; nigdh-bdni ; kha-
33^
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
barddri. -fnl, be-ddr ; kJia-
bar-ddr. Adv. with se. (v.)
hifdzat^ CT'r. k.
\N £iier, pdni^ (ni.) db, (Per-
sian,) ; Jal. -fall, db-shdr.
-fowl, 7nu?'g/i-dbi. -ing,
db-pdshi, -ing-pot, lota,
-pot, ghara ; ka.si. -man,
bihishtiipdni-ivdla. -melon ,
tarbuz. -seivant, db-ddr.
-y, tar ; dbi. (v.) pdni-d. ;
(irrigate), patdna ; db-
pdshik. to sprinkle-, pdni
chhit-karke-d.
Wave, (n.) f?ianj, (f.). (v.)
hildna ; hild-d.
Wax, inom. -en, mom ka,
-cloth, mom-jdmah. seal-
ing -, Idkh.
Way. See ' Read.' by the -,
i.e. on the road, darmiydn
rdh ke. by the -, e. g. by
the way, 1 ought to men-
tion, &c., kahte hu,e ;
J ate h2i,e. by way of... (e.g.
kindness,) az rdh-i-mihr-
bdni. costs of the -, rdh
ka kharch.
We, ham. See 29. ; ham log.
Weak, kam-zor ; nd^tawdn ;
K za,if. -ness, kam-zori ; nd-
' tdkati ; zof.
Wealth. See ' Riches.'
Weapon, harbah ; hathiydr.
Wear, (our, as clotiies), piir-
dna ho-jdiia. (clothes, &c.),
pahinna; orhna ; bdndhna;
lagd-d. ; rakhna,
AVeather. See page 80.
Weave, biiina. -ing, bindwat.
-tv,juldhah ; tdiiti,
Web, thdn.
Wecinesday, budh ; chdr-
shambah.
Weed, ^y^^'i", {{.)',jangli ghds.
when plucked wi^^ghds-pdt;
dkJior. y. -ukhdrna.
Week, haftah.
Weep, rona ; d?}su-gird-d.
Weigh, {trans ) taulna ;
wazn-k. (intr.) itne wazn
ka hona, (ponder,) wazn-
k. : jdiichna ; sochna, -ty,
bhdri ; wazni ; sangm ;
girdn. all lit. and fig.
Welcome, mubdrik, (also by
way of address). Y,-bdd-k,
See ' Agreeable.'
\Vt\\{2i,)achchha;bhala;k_hub,
(which are also interjs.) to
be-, -hona. (in good style,)
achchhi iarah. -enough,
kam-besh. as - as possible,
makdur bhar. this, as - as
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SP0KP:N. 337
ihdiX, yih^aurwuh M/.-fare,
khairiyat.-dox\Q ! shdbdsh!
bahut achchha I -known,
khiLb-inaalum ; mashhiir.
-wisher, khair-khivdh.
West, pachchham : maghrib.
Wer, bhht^a ; tar ; gila,
-ness, tari, V. bhingdna.
What, -ever. See pages 33
and 39.
Wheat, gehut}.
Wheedle, phusldna ; chum-
kdrna.
Wheel, (n.) charkji ; pahiya;
chakkar. (v.) e.g. a barrow,
chaldna.
When. See page 1C4. -ever,
jab kabhi.,.tab.
Where, -ever. See pages 104
and 62. -a bouts ? kahdij, ;
kis tar a/?
W h ether, khwdh . . Mwdh ;
kya . . . kya (e.g. whether rich
or poor,) khwdh daulat-
mand^ khwdh gharib.
Which. See page 33. which
of these two do you prefer,
in donoii me^ se kaun
pasand karte ho ? which is
which, I can't say, kaunyih
hai aur kaun wuh hai,
main nahin kah-sakta hun
While. See page 4'j. in. also,
' Space.' a long or good -,
bah?a der tak ; muddat-i-
dardz. a little -, thori der
tak ; chhaft-ek.
Whip, chdbuk ; kora. V.
-mama, or -se mama.
Whirl, ghiunna ; phirna.
-pool, gird-db-vi\nd, gird-
bdd.
Whiskers, muchh, (f.).
Whisper, phasphasdhat. V.
phasphasdna.
Whistling, siti ; safir^ (f.).
V. -bajdna.
White, safed, N.-i. Y,-k. a
-man, gora.a. -ant, diwak.
-wash, piichdra.
Who, -ever. See pages i'i>
and 39.
Whole, (a) kuU ; tamdm ;
sab. (n.) kulliyat, -some,
7nu^dfik ; sajhvan ; zuldL
-ly, bil-kull ; mahz.
Why? kyuij. ? kdhe? kis waste?
Wick, batti.
Wicked. See ' Bad. '
Wicker, -yjoxk, jafari.
Wide. See * Broad.'
Widow, rand ; bewa ; be-
shauhar, -er, randu^a ;
be-zan.
T., H.
22
338 HINDtJST^NI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
V^\ie,joru ; zaujah; kabilah.
Wilful, khud'pasand ; sar-
kash, -ly. See * Intention.'
Will. :See * Pleasure/ * Pow-
er.' (testament,) wasiyat-
ndmah, -ing, taiydr; 7dzt;
rizd-mand ; khiish. -ing-
ness, taiydr i ; rizd-inatidi ;
khushi, -ingly, khushi-se.
Win, jit7ia ; ghdlib-hona ,
Wind, hawa, (f.) ; bdd, (Per-
sian.).
Window, khirki ; ghurfah.
Wine, shardl?, (f.) mat; mad;
ddru, (f.). bddah, (Per-
sian.)^
V^'mg^par; pankh^{^'ji.)ba£hal,
(f.). V. pankh mdrna.
Wink, (n.) chashmak. V. -k.
Winter, jdre ka mausam.
Wipe, ponchhna ; po?ichh-d.
Wire, tdr. See page 98.
Wisdom, akl, (f.) ; hosh ;
ddnist. A. akl-mand ;
hosh-ydr ; ddnish-ina7id. to
have-, to be wise, the adjs.
and hona. wisely, akl se.
Wish. See ' Oesire.'
Wit. See * Wisdom,' *Jest.'
Witch, ddyan.
With, (accompanied by,) ke
sdth; ie-kar; ma^i} (instru-
ment, manner,) se; ke sdih,
(cause,) ke mdre; ke bd,ts ;
ke sabab; se -draw, ie-jdna,
-hold, 7iaMri-d ; bdz-
rakhna.-^\.2iX\di, 77iukhdlif'
ho7ia. -in, bhitar ; aTidar,
-out, bdhar; (destitute of,)
be ; bila.
Witness, gawdh ; shdhid;
shdki^ (L. B.). tyQ-^chashm-
did gawdh.
Wizard, ojka.
Wolf, bheriya.
Woman, aurat ; zaTz, (p.)
stri ; ra7idi.-^ property,
stri-dhan, appertaining to
* This word will remind you (later on) of the beautiful song, *tdzak
ha tdsah, nau ba nau^* where occur the line and refrain.
* Bddah-i-dil-kusha bijo —
Tdzah ba tdzah, nau ba 7iau — *
• Bring forth the heart-expanding wine—fresh and afresh.*
2 This word is nearly equivalent to 'and.* It is used of what is
elosely connected with a thing already named ; as * a case wit (or
^nd) its evidence.' Seepage 118, for two illustrations of this.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BJ2 SPOKEN.
339
women, zandni, -'s apart-
ments, zafidnah, -ly,
aurat-sa.
Wonder, ia^ajjiib; hairat ;
tahaiyur, V. -k, -ful,
ajib ; ojubah, -fully, ajib
tar ah se.
Woo, natives never* woo;'
in L. 1^. they employ a
broker, called ^ghatak^
Wood, lakri ; hezim, of-,
lakri ha.
Wool, itn; pashm, of-, -ha.
Word, bat ; bay an ; lajz ; •
sitkjiun ; shabd. - by -,
lajzan. {ntws,) /ihabar,{t))
bdt;ittUa, (f.).
Work, ham ; hdr ; kdr-hdr ;
hdr-o-bdr. See * Trade,'
* Labour,' -man, kdrigar.'^
-shop, -place, hdr-khdnah;
dtikdn, (f.). V. kdm^ arc,
h, ; mihnat-k.
World. See * Universe.' -ly
affairs, timur dunydvi.
Worm, kirm ; hira, glow -,
shab-tdb, -eaten, kinii-
khiirdah.
Worn, -owi^ purdna; ho-gaya.
See ' Tired.'
Worse, its-se khardb : (in
h t ixhh, ) dj 7CJI//1 aur bimdr
hai\ or dj bimdri aur sakJit
Jiai. worst, sab-se Jzhardb,
Worship, (M.) ibddat ; (H.)
piija. Y,-k. your^l h/^zur^
ja7idb ; ja7idh-dli ; gharib-
patwar ; jahdtypandh ;
dhnrm-avatdr^ ^c.
Worsted, tin ka sut.
Worth. See *Price,' 'Value.'
n ruj»i's -of cloth, ek riipiye
ha kapra, it's not - while,
kuchh parwdh nahiij, ;
iaklif 7?iat uthdjye.
Wiestling, kushii, V. -k,
-tier, kushii-gir ; pdhl-
wdn.
Wre tc h , kar?i-bakht ; be-chdrah.
-ed, be-nasib ; kangdL
(contemptible,) nd-kdra,
-en n ess kam-bakjiti ; be-
nasibi, shihasta-hdli, -edly,
taiigi-se; hJiordb Ml me;,t.
Wring, machorna. (out water,)
pdni nikdl-d. '
Write, likhna ; likh-d; halam-
band-k. a -ing, lekha, -er,
hdtib ; 7iawisandah ; as last
part in compos :...«tfZ£;/j
* Accent on first syllable.
340
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN.
or... 7tams. e.g. nakl-7iavts^
a copyist, -ten, likha hu^a;
nawishtah : kalam-band ;
taiydr. -ting materials,
dawdt-kalam ; ka/am-
siydhi, the art, or act, of
-ting, kalam-ba7idi ; ibdrat ;
tasnif, (f.).
Wrong, (a.) 7id-durust ; thik.
7iahiii : is 7)ien hhul hai ;
achchha nahiti, (unjust),
be-tTtsdf; nd-hakk ; ghair-
tvdjib. right or- hakk-7id-
hakk, N. be-insdfi ki bdt ;
zui77i -doer, with ^jo.^
-fully, be-insdfi se.
X.
[Nil.]
Y.
Yard, (court,) sah7u (mea-
sure,) gaz.
Y2L^\\,ja77ihd,i V. -k ; ja77i-
hdna.
Year, baras ; sal, (p.); (in
dating), saTi. during this-,
ifn-sdi. during last -,
guzashte sdl. for years,
barason se ; sdlha sdl se.
-ly, sdlydTtah, or sdliydTtah.
every -, har sdl ; sdl-basdl.
advanced in— s, buddha;
sinn-ddr. of tender -s. See
'Young.' the new -, nau
roz,
YnWovf, zard, N. /.
Yes, hdn ; ji hdii. See page
56, Note 2.
Yesterday. See page 6(),
Yet, {Qg^yet he did not obey
me,) lekiTi ; in agar ; tau-
bhi ; id-ham. (for all that,)
par."^ there \'s>yet this to be
said, yih bhi kahiia hoga.
he has not comt yet,ab-tak.
Yield,(n. )paiddwdr;fasl, (f.).
(v.) de7ia.
Yoke, (n.) ju^a, or ju.dtk,
(y.)jot7ia.
You, your ; yourselves. See
pages 2?, 29, a fid 30, 7.
* See page 115, line 9. 'maqar haddi 7ta' nikli ; par na nikli.
HINDUSTANI AS IT OUGHT TO BE SPOKEN. 34I
YoMng,jaivdn ; juba. under Youth, a, jawdn ; nau
age, kam-sinn ; kjiurd sal, jawdn. time of youth,
i:rovvn-up, but -, siyd/ia. jawdni. -{uWy^jawdn-sa,
Zea\y josk; tezi ; garmi. -ous, Zephyr, bdd-i-saba.
iu7id; iez ; garm. a - ot. Zest, hasrat.
with y^' (devv>tee,) zdhid, TA^-z^ig, kaj-o-pech.
-ously, josh^ d^c. se. Zone, t'k/im ; tftintaka.
GENERAL INDEX.
NOTE,
A single figure, (as * 23/) inlicates the pa^^c. When that figure is
followed by a comma and another figure, then the first figure
indicates the page, and the second, the section on that page. A
second or third figure not referring to a Section, is separated from
the preceding figure by a semi-colon
A.
A, or An, 9, Note.
' A,' as in, * /lozu much ' * a yard F ' 65, 8.
Abuse, words of, 75, 14, Note. 84 (foot note).
' About ' (<?. g. about ten men), 39, 7.
Accent, 72, 2.
Adjectives, allied to Pronouns, 39, 6. See 'Agreement/
Adverbs, and Allied Words, 54.
Agreement, generally, 10. of the Verb, 10, 6 ; 19, 25.
' Ago,' 68, 7.
Alphabet, the, i.
Anahs, as used to express fractions, 65, 8.
'And,' omission of, ir, Note; 68, 10.
Answers, by servants, 56. Note 2.
'Ap' 28, 2. Apna, 30, 7.
Arrangement of Words, 9, Note; 61.
Articles, the, 9, Note.
At, of time, 68, 6. (^See Glossary, sub voce.)
344 INDEX.
15.
* Bahut Achchha ! ' ' bahut khijb ! ' 56, Note 2,
Body, the Parts of the, 62.
Both, 40. Both... and, 46.
By, {of time,) 68, 6.
C.
Cadence, 72, 3.
Cardinal Numbers, the, 64; 103.
Cases, 5.
* Chahiye,' 18, 20.
* Chhi-chhi,* warning against certain uses of, 57, Note.
Civility, exaggerated, 75, 14, Note.
Clock, the, 67, 4.
Colours, the chief, 59.
Comparison of Adjectives, ordinary, 74, 8. by the Persian
method, 74, 9.
Compass, points of the, 59.
Conjunctions, the, 46.
Consonants, the, and their Pronunciation, i, et seqq; 72,1.
D.
DAn, as a suffix, 41.
Darna, to fear ^ followed by *se ' 51, Note iv.
Dating, 68, 8.
Days of the Week, 66, 2.
Degrees of Comparison, 74, 8 and 9.
*Dena,' to give ^ contractions of, 15, 10.
DiPTHONGS, 4, 8.
Distribution 40, 8.
INDEX.
345
E.
Euphonic Vowels in Verbs, 15, 14, et seqq.
Exercises, passim,
F.
Feminine Nouns, list of, 105.
Fractions, 64 ; 65, 8.
* From his horse.' 73, 5.
' From inside ' = ' out of, ' 73, 5.
Future Tense used for Subjunctive, 73, 5.
G.
Gems, the principal, 96, No/e 2.
Gender, 7.
Glossaries, English, 205. Hindustani, 127.
H.
' H ' at end of a word preceded by a consonant, 2, 3.
Following another consonant, 2, 4.
* Have,' how translated, 13, 5 ; 75, 13.
Health, to ask for one's, 77, 18.
Hindustani Readkr, A, 107.
'Ho-CHUKA,' (and the like,) 19, 23.
Hours, how reckoned, 67, 3.
* HiJjA HOGA,' 17, 18.
Humility, nouns of, used for ist Personal Pronoun, 29.
JVofe iv.
"*HuzuR,' 76, 17.
I.
I, between two Persian words, meaning of, 52. Notes.
Idioms, 73, 5.
346 INDEX.
Interjections, 56.
Interrogation, 6 r, 3.
Interrogative Words, a list of some, 62.
Intention, how expressed, 51.
Mtis,' 75, 12.
J.
* Jab-tak,*,..*tab-tak,' 47, 3.
* Jis-wakt'...*us WAKT,' oL Unrelated events, 47, \y.
' Jo-KO,i,' *jo.kuchh/ 39, 5.
* Jo-HUKM,* 56, No/e 2.
K.
Ka, ke, ki, rules for, 5, 3.
* Kahna,' ^o say^ followed by *se,' /<?, 51, Note v.
* Kam,' Prefix meaning deficiency, 59, Note,
* Kaun hai,' * KO,i hai,* difference in meaning, 38.
-KE -kar ^r -karkar, participle ending in, 76, 16.
* Km na,' 46.
* Ko,i,' * KucHH,' 38, et seqq,
L.
*Lagna,' when it means to begin, construction with,. 51^
Note^ iii.
Ledi-sAhibah, 269, iV(?/^ i.
' Lena,' to take, contractions of, 15, 10.
* Log,' /^^//i?, used in forming plurals, 7, Note.
M.
'Maalum,* * NA-MAALi5^M,* coUoquial use of, 59.
Marks of vowels, &c., 4.
Measurement, 70.
*Mem-sAhibah,' *mem-i.og,' 24, iVt//^.
INDEX. 347'
*MiLNA,' 'MiLA,' 3rd Personal Veib, 50, Note \.
' Mis bAba,' *mis-sahibah,' 24, Note. :
Months, the, 66. ' ,
N. \
Narration, 47. A^ote \\ ] 74, 10.
' Not AT HOME,' 26,7\^^/'(? i.
Nouns, See ' Cases ;' * Number,' ' Gender.' paradigm of, 8,.
-of humility, used instead of ist Personal Pronoun..
29, AWe V.
Numbers, 6. - :
Numeration, 64 ; 103.
O.
' O,' between two Persian words, meaning of, ^2^ Notes.
'O^; {in e.g. 'a cup of tea^) 73, 5.
Omission of 'and,' ii, Note ; 68, 10. of Pronouns, 31..
Note ii ; 73, 5. of the 3rd Pers. Sing, of the Substan-
tive Verb, 26, N'ote 2.
*C)NCE,' 'twice,' 'thrice,' &C., 65,6.
'Or so,' 39,7.
Ordinal Numbers, the, 65, 5.
'Out OF,' 73, 5.
^ Ow^y {pronoun,) 2,0yf, ,
P.
' Pahar,' a, 67.
Paradigms :— of HoNA, to be or become, precedini^ the-
'First Lesson.' of Nouns, 8. of terminations of Verbs,,
14, 8. of Verbs, 16.
Participles, See, 'Verbs/
Parts of the Body, 62.
348 INDEX.
Points OF 'i he Compass, 59.
Post-office, the, 94.
Pluperfect Tense, used for Past, 73, 5.
Plural, ordinary, 6,5, et seqq. Persian, 73, 6; 123, Note 10.
-for Sing, in Verbs, 52, Notes.
Prepositions, 43.
Pronouns, 28. *Ap/ 28, 2. Demonstrative, 30, 5. In-
terrogative, 33, 12. et segg. Personal, 29, 4. Posses-
sive, 30, 6. Reflexive, 30, 7. Relative, 33, 16. Words
allied to - 38.
Pronunciation, 1 ; 72, i. et seqq.
Purpose, how expressed, 51.
R.
Railway, the, 82.
Readkr, a Hindustani, 107.
Relative and Co-relative words, 25; 39, Notes; 47,
Notes; 104. 5^^ * Pronouns/
S.
Sahib, Sahibah, 24; 26, Note 4.
Salute, to, 75, 15.
Self, 31, 8.
Since, {of time,) 68, 7.
Stem, of Verb, 14, 7. use as»an Imperative, 15, 16.
T.
Tashrif lana, -lf.jAna, 76, 17.
— TE-Hi, Participle ending in, 14, 8.
Telegraph, the, 98.
^ Thank you,' 75, 14.
* There is,' 'There are,' 75, 12.
Tho, 47, Note i. and table of ' corrigenda,'
INDEX, 34(^
Time, 66.
'To,' as Cc-relative, 25, Note i ; 47, Notes ; 104.
U.
* Ul,' 'Ud,' 'Us,' meaning of, in personal names, 77, 19.
V.
Verbs : — Agreement in Gender of - 10, 6. Auxiliary -,.
13, 5. 'Can,' 18, 22. 'Chiikna,' construction with,
18, 23. Compound -, 21, 27. Contractions in -, 14, 9.
et seqq. 'Darna,' and other -which take 'i*^,' 51, Notes,
Derivative -, 21, 28. Euphonic letters in-, 15, 14
et seqq, 'Have,' 13, 5 ; 75, 13. ' Have done with,' or
'finished with,' 18, 23. ' Hona, to he^ or become^ 13, 5
et seqq.; 14, 9 et seqq, ' Hii,a hoga,' and similar
constructions, 27, 18. Imperative mood of-: — (^.)
Abusive, 15, 16. (h.) Irregular, 21, 19. (r.) Ordinary,.
14, 8. (d.) Respectful, 14, 8. Intensified -, 19, 24.
' Lagna' to begin^ construction with, 51, Note \\u
'May,' 18, 22. ' Milna,' : — {a) as a 3rd Personal Verb,
50, Notes, (b,) as a full three-personed Verb, 124,
Note 2, 'Must/ 18, 20. 'Ought,' t8, 21. Paradigms
of -, : — {a.') Of ' Hona,' preceding the ' First Lesson.'
(^.) Of Nouns, 8. {c) Of the Regular Verb, 16.
(d.) Of the terminations of the Tenses, 14, 8. Partici-
ples :—(«.) The past, 14, 8 ; 17, 17. (b,) The present,.
14, 8; 17, 16; 21, 30. (c) Irregular, 22, 31. (d,) In
,..ke,,,.kar,.,.karke, 14,8; 76, 16. ' Sakna,' construc-
tion with, 18, 22. 'Shall have,' 17, 19. Stem the, of-^
14, 7. Tenses the, of-, 14, 8 et seqq. Tenses of the
Past Participle of Transitive -, construction with the^
19,25.
35© INDEX.
Verbal Noun, the; 15, 13.
VocAHULARiES, classified : — Adjectives, useful, 9 ; 11 ; 25 ;
57. Adverbs, 54. Animals, common, 83. Bazar, the,
85. Bed-rooii), the, 24; 34 ; 87 ; 95. Birds, com-
mon, 84. Body, parts of the, 62. Colours, the chief,
59. Compass, points of, 59. Condiments, 92. Con-
^nctions, 46. Dignitaries, 52. Dinner-table, the, 86.
Dress, 25; 34; 95. Drinks, 34; 94. English words
in common use, 34. Food, articles of, 11 ; 91 el seqq.
Fruit, 93. Games, 88. Harness, 90. House, the, and
House-furniture, 23 ; 40 ; 87. Insects, 84. Kitchen,
the, 87. Land, and Cultivation, 52 ; 78. Landscape,
the, 81. Measurement, 70. Miscellaneous, 9; 11;
25 ; 35 ; 41; 97- Money, 70. Nature, 81. Post-
Office, the, 98. Prepositions, 43. Relationships, 4.
Religion, 77. Seasons, the, 80. Servants, 35. Stable,
the, 90. Telegraph, the, 98. Time, words relating to,
. 69. Toilet accessories, 95. Town, a, its principal
parts, 82. Vegetables, 93. Verbs, useful, 24 ; 48.
Vermin, 84. Weather, the, 80. Weights, 70. Wines,
34; 94.
Voices, Active, 13/1^ 22. Passive, 22.
Vowels, Euphonic in Verbs, 15, 14 and 15. Pronuncia-
tion of, 3.
W.
* Wait, till I come.' {idiom.) 47. xYoie iii
^WXla,' *wiLi,* 73, 7.
Week, days of the, 66, 2.
Weights, 2, 70.
Words, arrangement of in sentences, 61.
'' "" ' ' '" "^" ' ' ^' ' FINIS.
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