Scientific explorations of the Philippine Islands [microform]. Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a report by a committee appointed at the request of the President by the National Academy of Sciences to consider and report upon the desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philippine Islands

\n

^rDr. JOHN S. B??,t""^«; i ' "**;'*■ ■ \

58th Congress, ) SENATE. j Document

- ~ ~ * j , \ No. U&.

582945,, L

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANI^

, „ ._ MESSAGE "

f i. FROM. THE . '. i

PRESIDENT OF THEJJNITED STAT1$,

TRANSMITTING

i '
, A REPORT BY A COMMITTEE APPOINTED AT THE REOOEST OF
THE PRESIDENT BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TO CONSIDER AND REPORT TJPON THE DESIRABILITY! gg;?jjfe
STITTTTING SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS. '?].,

February 7, 1905.— Read, referred to the Committee on the Philippines, and
ordered to he printed. . |

To the Senate and House of Representatives,:

Circumstances have placed under the control, of this Government
the Philippine Archipelago. The islands of that group present as
many interesting and novel questions with respect to their ethnology,
their fauna and flora, and their geology and mineral resources as
any region in the world. At my request, the NationaF Academy of
Sciences appointed a committee to consider and report upon tne*
desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philippine
Islands. The report of this committee, together with the report: of
the Board of Scientific Surveys of the Philippine Islands, including
draft of a hill providing for surveys of the Philippine Islands* which
hoard was appointed by me, after receiving the report .of the coift-
mittee appointed by the National Academy of Sciences, with instrap-
tions to prepare such estimates and make such suggestions as might
appear to it pertinent in the circumstances, accompanies this

The scientific surveys which should be undertaken go far beydjBp^
any surveys or. explorations which the government of the Philippine
Islands, However; completely self -supporting, could be expected to
make. 'The surveys, while of course beneficial to. the people of tfce
Philippine Islands, should be undertaken as a national work for the
Hifonnaiaon fcofc-mer^^^ Islands, Hat

of the people ■ of i^iis country and of the world. Only pi*eliminary^

' * f 4 ■■■ ^ , • a&*

2 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

explorations have yet been made in the archipelago, and it should be
a matter of pride to the Government of the United States fully to
investigate and to describe the entire region. So far as may be con-
venient and practical, the work of this survey should be conducted
in harmony with that of the proper bureaus of the government of the
Philippines, but it should not be under the control of the authorities
in the Philippine Islands, for it should be undertaken as a national
work and subject to a board to be appointed by Congress or the Presi- =
dent. The plan transmitted recommends simultaneous surveys in
different branches of research, organized on a cooperative system.
This would tend to completeness, avoid duplication, and render the
work more economical than if the exploration were undertaken piece-
meal. No such organized surveys have ever yet been attempted any-
where, but the idea is in harmony with modern scientific and indus-
trial methods.

I recommend, therefore, that provision bo made for the appointment
of a board of surveys to superintend the national surveys arid explo-
rations to be made in the Philippine Islands, and that appropriation
be made from time to time to meet the necessary expenses of such
investigation. It is not probable that the-survey would be completed
in a less period than that of eight or ten years, but it is well that it
should -be begun in the near future. The Philippine Commission
and those responsible for the Philippine "government are properly
anxious that this survey should not be considered as an expense of
that government, but should be carried on and treated as a national
duty in the interests of science.

Theodore Roosevelt.

The "VShite House, February 7, 1905.

SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

National Academy of Sciences,

.Norfolk, Conn., February 12, 1903.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit to you herewith the report of the
committee appointed, at your request, to consider and report upon the
desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philippine
Islands, and on the scope proper to such an undertaking.
I am, w, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Asath Hall^
Vice-President National Academy of Sciences.
The President.

The President's request.

White House,
Washington, December 26, 1902.
My Dear Mr. Agassiz :

I should like much a report from the National Academy of Sciences
on the desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philip-
pine Islands and on^e scope proper to such an undertaking. The

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. O

National Academy is the official scientific adviser of the Government,
and I would like its cooperation in planning a comprehensive investi-
gation of the natural resources and natural history of the islands. It
will of course rest with Congress to decide the extent to which such a
plan can be carried through; but I, should like, at any rate, to. have a
plan formulated and to do what I <jan to have it adopted.

Sincerely, yours,

Theodore Roosevelt.
Prof. Alexander Agassiz, : .

President of the National Acad&tny, Cambridge, Mass.

Appointment of the committee.

National Academy of Sciences,

Washington, D. C, January 1^ 1903.
Dear Sir: In response to a letter addressed by President Roose-
velt to Mr. Agassiz as president of the National Academy of Sciences,
and in the absence of Mr. Agassiz from the country,' Vice-President
Hall has named the following committee to formulate a plan of
organization as suggested by the President: William. H: Brewer,
chairman; George F. Becker, C Hart Merriam, F. ff. Putnam,
R. S. Woodward.

This committee was named after consultation with the members of
the council living in Baltimore and Washington.
Very respectfully, yours,

Arnold Hague, Home Secretary.
Mr. William H. Brewer,

Yah University, New Haven, Conn.

Report of the committee,

(1) NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE WORK.

The committee has the honor to report as follows :
The primary incentive to scientific exploration orTthe Philippine
Islands, as of any other region, is a desire to promote ti^e commercial
and industrial welfare of the inhabitants, and this purpose should
never be lost sight of. Experience shows that this end is best attained
by a c$nprehensive investigation of facts and conditions under-
taken in a broadly scientific spirit. Millions of dollars have been
spent in searching for coal in regions where the rocks are far older
than the coal measures. . It was the seemingly unpractical science of
paleontology which put a stop to this waste and enabled geologists
to outline the areas to which valuable^ coal fields are limited. So,
too, antiseptic surgery is an application of recondite branches of
botany and chemistry. The vast benefits which the Agricultural*
Department and the Fish Commission have conferred upon our
country are founded upon the untiring labors of zoologists, botanists,
and chemists whose sole 6 purpose was to elucidate the truth; and
long after Franklin took the first step in the science of electricity

4 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

economic applications of the knowledge acquired were almost
undreamed of. In short, modern industrial development is an out-
growth of pure science, and almost every discovery ofL science is
, ultimately turned to economic account. Hence it would be short-
sighted not to extend to the Philippines the broad and generous
spirit of research which animates the governmental scientific work
of the United States.

The main object to be sought in planning explorations of the Phil-
ippines is not to suggest new or unusual subjects of study or methods
of study, but to provide against duplication of work, and to arrange
for such cooperation between the officers engaged in different
branches of the scientific surveys as will insure rapid, satisfactory,"
and economical progress in a noble contribution to human knowledge.
Since the United States is engaged in the first serious attempt to
develop an Anglo-Saxon civilization in the Tropics and among a
non-Aryan people, it may not be amis* to call attention to the effect
on the enlightenment and culture of the Filipinos which system-
atically undertaken scientific surveys must inevitably produce. Such
explorations will l)e a practical lesson in the application and value of
learning.

/ (2) RESOURCES OF THE ISLANDS.

The Philippine Islands form an extreme portion of one of the most
interesting areas in the world, viz, Malaysia. The archipelago lies
along the edge of the great and permanent abyss of the Pacific Ocean,
. forming the last bulwark of the Asiatic continent toward the south- .
east. This geographical position, half way between Japan and Aus-
tralia, with the China Sea on one side ani&tlie "Pacific on the other, is
most favorable to the development of a great cammerce, which in-
deed, the Philippine Inlands once enjoyed.

The archipelago has not always been separated from Borneo, Java,
Sumatra, and the Peninsula of Malacca: on the contrary, land con-
nections throughout this area existed at various times in.its geological
history. It is also probable that at, one time Luzon and Formosa
were connected. The islands themselves have undergone many geo-
logical vicissitudes, still indicated in part by the belts of extinct and
active volcanoes which intersect them.

Gold veins, seemingly of very ancient origin, are widely distrib-
uted in the islands, though no great gold field is known to exist there,
and there are some valuable copper deposits. The Philippines con-
tain also important deposits of mineral fuel similar to the so-called
*■ coals " of Japan and jBorneo — a good quality of lignite — upon
which much of the industrial development of the islands must
, depend. It is well known that the fertility of the Philippines is
astonishingly great. This is due primarily to a favorable admix-
ture of various igneous rocks with limestones and sandstones. In
the moist and equable climate "0"$ the archipelago the rocks are
rapidly converted into soil, while the absence of cold and drought
results in a vigorous growth of roots, which protects the soil as soon
as formed from rapid erosion by the heavy rains. One evidence of
the fertility of the land is the presence of superb hard-wood forests.
These have been estimated to cover at least a third of the area of the
islands, or, say, 40,000 square miles, and they include nearly 200 spe-

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 5

cies of valuable timber trees. All tropical crops will grow in the
Philippines, while that very important plant (miisa textilis) which
yields the so-called " manila hemp " flourishes best in the archi-
pelago. JThe resources of the islands have been very imperfectly
developed; indeed, under Spanish rule attempts at industrial prog-
ress usually met with disfavor. After the establishment of a well-
ordered peace, the first step in progress must be the accumulation and
dissemination of accurate and systematic information.

(3) NEED OF COORDINATION.

In order rapidly and economically to provide the information
desired it is essential that the various branches of the work should
be coordinated, for they are to a considerable extent interdependent.
For example, topographical maps, which are an indispensable pre-
liminary to geological mapping, are also required for planning high-
ways, for military purposes, for the land office, for the bureau of
forestry, and for other ends.

It will be necessary in the Philippines, as elsewhere, to map some
regions on a larger scale than others. Simple relations between the
several scales used should be maintained, as is done in the topograph-
ical mapping of the United States. In selecting the scale for any
region the uses to which the map is to be put should be well con- .
sidered and the survey made with an amount of detail adequate to
the use in view. A naval station, an army post, or the location of a
possible canal should be surveyed in greater detail than would else-
where suffice. It seems entirely practicable to foresee the probable
development of a system of highways, since these are largely con-
trolled by natural conditions, and there is no reason why the devel-
opment of means of communication should not be taken into con-
sideration in the original surveys.

The mapping of each area should thus be undertaken on such a
scale, as will suffice for the several purposes to which the govern?
ment expects to apply the maps. Similarly, geological work should
be done not merely with a view to elucidating the physical and bip- ,.
logical history of the archipelago, or even to describing the mineral
resources of the islands; the origin of soils, the occurrence of road
metal, and the facilities for or the obstacles to the cutting of canals,
tunnels, or roads should be systematically reported upon from a geo-
logical point of view. Indeed it is manifest that assistance can and "
should be rendered by each branch of a complete survey to one or
more coordinate branches. For this reason a plan of cooperation
will be suggested somewhat later.

(4) SCOPE OF INQUIRY.

The subjects which it is advisable" for the government to investi-
gate in the Philippines may be grouped as follows:

Coast and geodetic work and marineynydrography.

Land topography, including surveys and classification of the public lands.

Geology and mineral resources. '

Botany. • .

Problems of forestry.

Zoology.

Anthropology.

<) SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

All of these subjects may be embraced under the general term
,; scientific explorations/' and their study may be carried to a satis-
factory degree of completion in a few years.

Several other lines of inquiry are omitted from the enumeration,
although they also are of great importance in the economic develop-
ment of the islands. They are chiefly of local . interest, and are
largely administrative, but are permanent in character.- They
include meteorology, sanitation, the study of animal parasites, insect
pests, and the fungus diseases of plants, as well as sylvicultural and
administrative forestry and the establishment of agricultural experi-
ment stations and of zoological and botanical gardens. These lines of
investigation have already been initiated and more or less fully pro-
vided for by the civil government of the Philippine Islands. The
scientific surveys would naturally cooperate as far as possible with
the insular scientific bureaus, to the great advantage of both.

These several branches of the inquiry will furnish contributions to
human knowledge, the importance of which will probably stand in the
following order : Zoology, anthropology, botany, forestry, geology.

(")) COAST AND OEODETIC AVOKlv.

The first step to be taken in the survey of the Philippines is the
establishment of geographical stations and a primary triangulation.
The position of Manila observatory is. of course, well known, and
many oilier points have doubtless been well determined, but the
accuracy of exiting determinations should be checked and the net-
work completed. The land area of the archipelago is not large — only
about 120.000 square miles — but because of its distribution in several
hundred islands the area to be triangulated is far larger.

The importance of marine hydrography requires no emphasis fur-
ther than to recall the accidents and disasters which have occurred in
the Philippine T-lands since the American occupation for lack of
adequate surveys and charts. It seems eminently desirable that as
fast as the triangulation is sufficiently advanced, a survey should be
made of the very extensive shore line of the archipelago by a corps
of marine hydrographers. These, can determine better than topog-
raphers the amount of detail desirable in the line common to land and
marine surveys. The line so determined should be accepted by both.
eorp>. and from it the hydrographers should work seaward and the
topographers inland. The hydrographers will meet with especial
difficulties on account of the innumerable coral reefs in the Philip-
pine waters, and may also have trouble with recent uplifts, such as
are alleged to have taken place within a few years in the island of
- Paragua. There and elsewhere bench marks should be established.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has already begun work in the
Philippines. It has occupied 28 well-distributed astronomical sta-
tion-, all in telegraphic communication with Manila, commenced a
considerable number of. harbor surveys, and initiated tidal observa-
tions at numerous points. It has also planned more extensive
operations.

(G) TOPOGRAPH Y.

Topographic work in the 'mountainous and wooded portions of the
Philippines will be extremely difficult, the vegetation being so dense

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 7

as to form an almost complete obstacle to vision and to free locomo-
tion. However, in various portions of the archipelago, extensive open
plains exist which can be rapidly mapped. It will probably be
found that the native Filipinos will readily adapt themselves to
topographical work, and. as they are extraordinarily agile, they will
be of great assistance in the mountains and the forests. It is in the
highest degree desirable that the surveys and subdivisions of the
public lands should be committed to a topographical corps, such as
that of the Geological Survey, as has been done, for example, in
the Indian Territory. The topographical maps should show forest
areas, but the discrimination o^ agricultural and mineral lands is
not contemplated. As has been already noted, the scales employed
should answer to the prospective uses to which the topographical
maps are to be applied.

(7) GEOLOGY.

The geological problems to be solved nre numerous. The economic
question of greatest moment is the stratigraphy of the coal-bearing
Eocene formation, which is most extensively developed in south-
eastern Luzon (Albay and Sorsogon) and the island of Cebu. It
is probable, but not certain, that the coal deposits of Mindanao belong
to the same period. The Eocene has been much disturbed and con-
siderably faulted, so that its study will be a somewhat serious task.
The coral reefs, volcanoes, and earthquakes will necessarily also
demand the attention of geologi-ts.

The dense vegetation of the Tropics offers great obstacles to the
study or geology, and in the Philippines the lack of roads will also
delay the work. There is, hoAvever, one set of exposures which are
admirable arid of vast extent, as well as readily accessible by proper
means. It has been estimated that there are over 11.000 miles of sea-
coast, without counting minor indentations, and along most of this
line the rocks are exposed by wave action. The study of the geology
of the country will probably proceed most rapidly if begun from
boats along these coasts, and in beginning geological work on any of
the smaller islands it will probably be expedient, as well as most :
economical, first to circumnavigate the island in steam launches,
mapping the exposures with care. With the information thus ob-
tained it will be comparatively easy to extend the surveys into the
interior.

The geological formations of the East Indies, including Malaysia,
are as yet imperfectly correlated with those of Europe. The dis-
tance separating these two regions is so great, and the intervening
land mass with its peculiar mountain- systems is so immense, as
easily to account for extreme differences in fossil remains^ rendering
it difficult to correlate the two systems. On the other hand, in
America, where the mountains and coasts have a southerly trend,
formations can be followed "from the Temperate Zone into the
Tropics with no great difficulty, and a definite correlation has thus
been obtained. Hence it is advisable that the geologists, and espe-
cially the paleontologists, who may be sent to the Philippines,
should have familiarized themselves with the geology of the marine
strata of the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. In some respects

8 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS <>F THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

knowledge of the geology of the Tropics is of more importance in
the elucidation of the earth** history than that of the Temperate
Zone. Climatic condition* along the equator must always have
been more equable than in the Temperate Zone, and the development
of life must have been le*s affected by changes in local conditions.
Hence near the equator, if anywhere, will be found evidence of
variation* in the climate of the earth as a whole in earlier geological
times, variation- Mich a- may have been due to changes in solar
emanation or in the composition of the earth's atmosphere.

Attention ha- already been called to the fact that geologists should
systematically lend a*-istance in the study of soils and in the devel-
opment of a *y*tem of highways.

(^) ZlH'MK.V AND BOTANY.

The Philippine- have long been an attractive field for the student
of natural hi-tory. and some of the nuM important theories respect-
ing the origin, distribution, and coloration of animals and plants
have resulted from -tudie- in thi« region. It was chiefly from obser-
vations of the in.-ect- of the archipelago that Wallace discovered the
law of natural selection- independently of Darwin, who had not
then published his Origin of Specie*. But the fauna and flora
are still very imperfectly known. Field work in ornithology has
been more thorough than in the other lines: nevertheless several of
'the larger i-land- have been only -lightly explored, and some of the
smaller one- not at all. A -mall collection of mammals made by a
bird collector on Mount Dai a. in- northern Luzon, comprising only
such specie- as were brought to him alive by the natives. -contained .
half a dozen new generic groups. This may be taken as a -promise
of what will be -learned when the numerous lofty mountains of the
larger inlands are *y*teniatically explored. Heretofore most of the
natural-history work ha* been along the-coa«t and larger rivers. In
future the.mo>t promi-ing ;1 nd important field. and"also the most,
difficult *o far a* land specie- are concerned, is in the highlands of
the interior.

The fauna of the Philippine i- complex in origin and hetero-
geneous in character. It con-i*t* of type.- originally derived in part
from the -outh (Borneo. Celebe-. and the'Moliiccas) "and in part from
the north ( Formo*a and southeastern China): hence it is not sur-
prising that the animal* and plant- of certain i-land* differ widely
from those of other i-lands. It is important that the fauna and flora
of each island be -tudied in detail, and that the zoological work include
mammals, birds, reptile-, batrachians. fishes, insects, and marine
invertebrates; and that the botanical work include, besides systematic
botany, the study and identification of the food plants, fiber plants,
ancTmedicinal plants used by the native tribe*.

In each of these department- the work should be under a trained
naturalist, competent to -upervi-e the field work, make the necessary
technical studies, and prepare the report 1 relating to his own special
line. The chief object of the work should be a complete and author-
itative report on the fauna and flora of the i-lands. comprising de-
scriptions of all the specie-, with a statement of their "geographical
ranges. This will lead to a natural classification of the islands ac-

. SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. \)

cording to the origin of the fauna and their relationship to one
another and to those of adjacent Elands. Attempts thus to group the
islands have been made by Wallace. Steere, Worcester, and others,
but as yet the fauna and Horn are too little known to admit of final
judgment.

(0) FORESTRY.

The subject of forestry. in the Philippines is one which is both of
deep scientific interest and of great importance in the economic devel-
opment of the islands. A local bureau of forestry has already been
instituted by the Philippine Commission, and this will undoubtedly
be a permanent organization. It will be needed to protect, control,
and foster the extremely valuable 7 timber resources of the islands,
and it is already doin^ good work. There are, however, certain fun-
damental facts and relation* in connection with the forests which can
be ascertained only by a thorough scientific investigation, which is
beyond the scope of the local bureau. These studies can be completed
within a few years, with the certainty that the knowledge obtained
will be of lasting benefit to the local lDiireau of forestry, and the in-
vestigation of these subjects properly belongs to a scientific survey
of the archipelago. Such subjects are the sylvicultural organiza-
tion of the forest*: periodicity of growth in tropical trees; processes
of seed bearing, seed distribution, and germination; growth and com-
petition in early life: the influence of moisture and temperature on
the tropical forest, and the influence of the forest on moisture and
temperature. While forotrv v. -trictlv speaking, a branch of botany,
its methods are peculiar and it will be expedient to treat it as a sep-
arate branch of the scientific surveys.

(10) ANTHROPOLOGY.

Although little is known of the archaeology and ethnology of the
Philippines, there are sufficient rea-ons for believing that in these
two closely related lines of research facts of the. greatest importance
will be discovered in the archipelago. Indeed it is probable that in
southeastern Asia or in the adjacent insular regions the remains of
fossil man will be found. The discovery of bones of Pithecanthropus
erectux, that strange ape : like man or man-like ape. in the Pliocene
formation of the island of Java leads to the expectation that syste-
matic research in the deposits marking the beginning of the Qua-
ternary period in the Philippine* will yield the remains and prob-

ably the works of man. and thus throw light on the subject of early
mail in Asia. The small amount of archaeological research thus far
accomplished in the islands has already revealed,, evidence of an
apparently aboriginal people differing from the Negritos.

This Negrito race of the islands, with its closest affinities on the
Malay Peninsula and the Andaman Islands, offers a problem of
exceeding interest and scientific importance. Where did this Negrito
race originate? Is it a distinct primitive type that has persisted in
the outlying regions of the Asiatic Continent, or is it a differentiated
branch of a widely extended primitive race or species of man?
These and other important questions may not improbably be an-
swered by an extended anthropological survey of the Philippines..

-X

10 sriKNTIFie EXPLORATIONS OK THK PHTLIPPINE ISLANDS. .

Linguistic studios of the. widest scope should be pursued on the
islands. The myths and folk-lore of the various tribes should receive -
the attention now demanded by the requirements "of science. Col-
lections of archaeological material also should be secured as a means
of studying t| ie early status of man on the islands, and the effect that
the later intrusions have had on the aboriginal peoples ought to be
ascertained by a thorough study of the custom*. arts, and mental
characteristics of the many and diversified tribes.

Knowledge of these matters is essential in order th.it the proper
method of dealing with the natives may be determined. The honor
of the United States demands that every means be taken to avoid
mistakes of ignorance in dealing with the vast and relatively helpless
(Kjpulation of these i>lands. This first attempt of the United States
to bring; alien races of the Tropics into the fold of Anglo-Saxon :
'•ivilization should be guided by strictly scientific data and principles.
This necessitates, first, thorough knowledge of the peoples to be
assisted, and then measures which accord with their various customs
and their capabilities Only a thoroughly scientific anthropological
survey can provide the information required for the attainment of
enlightenment and humane results.

(11) COLLECTIONS AND TIIEIK 'DISPOSITION.

Kach special survey should cooperate as far as practicable with
other branches of the service in the collection of specimens, and be
ready to afford them all facilities not incompatible with its own
vfficiency.

The specimens collected will be the property of the United States.
The lirst series, including all type specimens, should be deposited in
the United States National' Museum. A serif- of duplicates should
be deposited in a local museum in the Philippines, such museum to be
designated by the Philippine Commission. Other duplicates, if there
be any. should be distributed to such leading museums, desiring
collections of this character, as by reason of permanent endowments
are able properly to care for and preserve the specimens;

( 12) "COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN ADJACENT ISLANDS.

For the purpose* of the contemplated surveys Malaysia as a whole
constitutes a Convenient geological and biological province. A very 5
large amount of valuable scientific investigation has been accom-
plished in other portions of Malaysia, particularly by Dutch geolo-
gists and naturalists. Some of the questions arising in the Philip-
pines can not be satisfactorily settled without comparison of the
occurrences in the archipelago wifh those in adjacent islands. Hence
this committee is of opinion that general permission should be
granted to the scientific surveys of the Philippine Islands to send
observers, from time to time and for brief periods, to neighboring
islands for the purpose of making comparative studies. Great sav-
ing of time and great increase in efficiency would result from such a
provision.

( l.'J) ADMINISTRATION.

The scientific history of the United States during the last fifty
years demonstrates the value of unification and systematic organiza-

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 11

tion in such surveys as are contemplated in this report. The State
geological surveys were manned by able and industrious observers,
but there was a lack of unity of method and a lack of unity of aim,
which made, it nearly impossible to correlate their results/ No one
familiar with the. subject will question the statement that the country
as well as the science of geology has profited by the extension of the
United States Geological Survey over the entire country. The
national scientific bureaus have, laboriously and after long experience,
developed methods of work and staffs of assistants which are at least
equal to any in the world. To develop in the Philippines a separate
set of similar bureaus would require much time and loss of time. Nor
would employment in such bureaus be attractive ; for prolonged service
in the Tropics is so trying to most constitutions that the number of
competent men willing to accept permanent positions -there will prob-
ably not exceed the demand of the insular administrative bureaus; to
which reference has been made in a preceding paragraph.

On the other hand, there seems no essential difficulty in embracing
this area, like any other territory of the United States, in the fields
occupied by existing national bureaus. Members of these organiza-
tions would be willing to be detailed for two or three years to so
interesting a region as the Philippine Islands with the prospect of
resuming duty at home.

In order to secure cooperation and to preserve due proportions
between the various surveys under the charge of the national bu-
reaus, to arrange for suitable forms of publication of reports, prepare
estimates, recommend legislation, determine upon the system of
measurements, and to settle other questions of common interest, there
must be frequent consultations in Washington between the repre-
sentatives of the various branches of the work.

For. this purpose it is suggested that a board of Philippine surveys
be created and put in charge of the work. It is manifestly of the
utmost importance that such a board should be composed exclusively
of eminent scientific experts, who alone are competent to direct the
work. For administrative reasons it is essential that the board should
consist of officers selected from the national scientific bureaus, and in
the opinion of the committee these should be :

Superintendent of United States Const and Geodetic Survey.

Director of United States Geological Survey.

Chief of United States Biological Survey.

Botanist of United States Department of Agriculture.

Chief of Bureau of Forestry.

Chief of Scientific Staff of Fish Commission.

Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology.

From these members one should be appointed chairman by the
President, with the consent of the Senate, and the chairman should
report to the President. There are precedents for such an organiza-
tion in the Smithsonian Institution and in the boards of commission-
ers appointed to represent the Government at various expositions.

The chief necessary expense of such a board would be a yesv mode-
rate sum for clerical assistance, but it would probablv be expedient
and economical for the board to employ an officer, to be stationed at
Manila, to perforin functions analogous to those of quartermaster
and commissary for all field parties, which will have many material
wants in common.

12 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,

While the methods of work and the selection of men should be left
to the chiefs of the national scientific bureaus, viz, the members of
the Board of Philippine Surveys, much latitude must be allowed the
officers in charge of field work in so remote and exceptional a region
as the Philippine Islands. On the other hand, if these officers are
left entirely to their own judgment as to areas in which work is to be
done in any given season and as to the amount of detail requisite
there will be danger of lack of harmony in the results and delay in
the progress of. the work. To insure cooperation and to avoid dupli-
cation in the field work the following plan is suggested:

Let a scientific council be created in the Philippine Islands, pre-
sided^over by a member of the Philippine Commission, to consist of
the chief field officers of the several Scientific bureaus present in the
Hands, as follows: -

One geodosis'. designated by the Superintendent of the Const Survey.

One : liydro.irr:'.i»lier. designated by the Superintendent of the Coast
Survey.

One topographer, designated by the Director of the Oeologieal Survey.

One geologist, designated by the Director of the Oeologieal Survey.

One zoologist, designated by the Chief of tlie.I'.iolouicil Survey.

One botanist, designated by the l'.otanist of the Department of Agricul-
ture.

One forester, designated by the Chief of the T.uroau of Forestry.

Oik- anthropologist, designated bv the Chief of the IHireau of American
Ethnology.

-"-YMith whom should be a<-ociatcd one officer of Engineers. United
States Army, and one naval officer. Let this council meet once each
year, for example, toward the close of the rainy season,- and decide.
in the interests of the Philippine surveys as a whole, what areas each
bureau shall take up during the ensuing season and with what de-
gree of detail. It is believed that such a council would deal satisfac-
torily with all matters which might come before it without lack of
due regard to the expert opinions of the chief officers atfected. In
case of dissatisfaction, however, an appeal might be allowed to the
governor-general. The findings of. the council should be regularly
reported to the Poard of Philippine Surveys in'- "Washington.

(14) AID 1-TiOM AKMY AND NAVY.

Except at the largest towns, it is seldom possible in the Philippines
to obtain clothing or food such as Americans are accustomed to. and
transportation facilities are very limited. For this reason it is
recommended that the officers of the scientific surveys be granted per-
mission to purchase supplies al military depots, such as army posts
and naval vessels, and to avail themselves of opportunities of trans-
portation on vessels attached to either service when such accommoda-
tion can be afforded without detriment to the military service.

(1">) COST AND TIME.

This committee is not in a position to offer estimates of the cost of
Philippine surveys. These could be easily furnished by the chief
officers of the various scientific bureaus. It is believed, however, that
with a moderate number of parties in each branch, under the system

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 13

of cooperation recommended in this report, nearly all the work of
exploration outlined above would be completed in a period of ten
years, including charts, topographical maps, and geological maps.

(16) ORDER OF IMPORTANCE.

Should it be impracticable to organize the entire system of surveys
simultaneously, it is recommended that they receive attention in the
following order :

Coast and geodetic work and marine hydrography.

Land topography, including surveys and classification of the public lands.

Geology and mineral resources.

Botany.

Systematic forestry.

Zoology.

Anthropology.

This report was adopted by the, committee on February 7, 1903.

> William H. Brewer,

Chairman.
George F. Becker,

Secretary.
C. Hart Merriam.
F. W. Putnam.
' R. S. Woodward.

/

PLANS, ESTIMATES, LEGISLATION, AND ADMINISTRATION.

At the meeting of the Board of Scientific Surveys on June 18,
1903, the report of the committee on plan and organization, as,
amended by the board, was ordered to be printed, together with the
detailed estimates, for the use of the board. (Secretary's minute.)

Board of Scientific Surveys of the Philippine Islands.
[Constituted by the President March 9, 1903.]

. Charles D. WA£c&rr^€7iairinan.
Barton \V. Evermaxn.
W. H. Holmes.
C. Hart Merrtam.

GlFFORD PlNCHOT.
O. 'H. TlTTMANX.

Frederick V. Coville, Secretary.

GENERAL PLAN.

The United States has undertaken to develop an Anglo-Saxon civ-
ilization among a non- Aryan tropical race, the first serious attempt of
the kind in the history "of the world. Experience shows that the
moral, commercial, and industrial welfare of a race, by which its civ-
ilization is largely measured, is fundamentally subserved by a com-

14 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

prehensive investigation of facts by scientific methods. The funds
of the Philippine government aCpresent are. and presumably for sev-
■ eral years will be. needed for purposes of actual government, so that
only a small amount can be expended for scientific investigation, and
even that upon problems immediately connected with governmental
administration. It is planned to conduct for ten years; in coopera-
tion with the Philippine Commission, a series of surveys to cover work
not now done by the Philippine government and beyond its means,
but at the same time contributory to the solution of the problems with
which it is confronted. The expense of the surveys, it is proposed,
shall be borne Itv the Cnited States, as a contribution not only to the
"welfare of the Philippine people but to the world V progress in scien-
tific inquiry.

OUTLINE 01-' WORK.

m.vhi.m: hydrography and gkodksy.

The work proposed in marine hydrography and geodesy in the
Philippines is to make a trigonometric and hydrographic survey, and
a topographic survey of the coast, including the requisite astronomi-
cal determinations, to chart the waters and map the coasts, to observe
(he tides, to analyze them, to establish bench marks for levels, and to
determine the direction of the magnetic needle and investigate the
,-laws governing the changes to which it is subject, for the purpose of
prediction. The information thus collated would be utilized in the
publication of tide tables, guides to mariners, called Coast Pilots.'and
warnings of dangers and aids to navigation issued at frequent inter-
vals in Notices fo Mariners. The work could be done to the best ad-
vantage in conjunction with the survey of similar character, but much
less extensive and more immediately required for purposes of com-
merce and defense, now being carried on by the Coast and Geodetic
Survey in conjunction with the Philippine Commission.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The proposed survey covers the preparation of topographic maps
of the land area of the Philippines — about 75 per cent on a scale of 1
to 250.000. about 20 per cent on a scale of 2 miles to the inch, and
about 5 per cent on a scale of 1 mile to the inch. These maps would
be used by the Philippine surveys as a base for the platting of the
geological formations, different forest types, and distribution of the
native races, and for similar objects. In addition to the innumer-
able uses of topographic maps to the public generajly. it is probable
that the Philippine government would find it economical and effect-
ive to have its land-subdivision surveys made in conjunction w T ith the
topographic surveys.

GEOLOGY.

The work in geology covers the preparation of geological maps and
reports. They woulct show the geological history of the Philippines,
would be an important aid to the development of the coal,- gold, cop-
per, and other mineral resources of the islands, and would render
much assistance to the Philippine government in its investigation of

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISXANDS. 15

the extent and usefulness of the different types of agricultural soils.
In connection with the proposed system of public highways the
geological investigations would give valuable general information in
the matter of location of roads and the possible supply of road
material.

The object of the proposed forest work in the Philippines is to
ascertain, describe, and map the various forest types which the
islands contain, preparatory to their use in practical forestry; to
.ascertain how the forest reproduces itself under natural conditions
and how natural reproduction is affected by human agencies; to dis-
cover the relation of Philippine forests to temperature, moisture,
precipitation, and the run-off of water in the streams, and, in general,
to ascertain and make accessible the fundamental facts upon which
forest management is necessarily based. Such a survey would
establish a sound and broad basis. of facts which would be of daily
assistance to the insular bureau of forestry in dealing with great
economic problems concerning what is at present the most important
available resource of the islands.

The object of the proposed botanical work is to produce a. report in
which all the plants of the Philippine Islands will be described, and
their geographical extent, abundance, native names, and uses
recorded. Such a report would furnish a great fund of scientific
information to botanists the world over and would be of fundamental
importance to the bureau of agriculture and the bureau of forestry
of the Philippine government. It would aid materially in facili-
tating the development and utilization of the plant resources of the
islands.

The purpose of the zoological work in the Philippines is to prepare
an authoritative, comprehensive account of the mammals, birds, rep-
tiles, fishes, insects, and aquatic invertebrates ascertained to occur in
the islands, with a description of each species and a statement of
its geographic range. Special attention should be paid to the fishes.
A careful study should be made of their distribution, abundance,
spawning habits, food, and enemies, and of all other questions that
would aid the Philippine government in protecting the fisheries
resources of the islands and in extending their utilization.

ANTHROPOLOGY. ' , ^

The main ethnological field of the Philippines is the study of two
of the four great races of man in a manner similar to that in which
the Bureau of American Ethnology has studied' a third of these races
in North America. The work should cover the, physical, mental,
linguistic, social, religious, aesthetic, and industrial development of
the many primitive Philippine tribes. Collections illustrating their
culture should be made before those changes take place which will

16 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION? OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

inevitably follow American occupation and industrial development.
Many practical questions are involved, such as the geographic dis-
tribution and resources of the various tribes, and their requirements
as to government, education, and industrial utilization. In these
matter^ the proposed survey will be of material assistance to the
Philippine govern inent bureau of non-Christian tribes.

DETAILED E.VflMATES.o
.MARINE HYDROGRAPHY AND GEODESY'.

Initial expenses—. , small vessels $250,000

Annual expenses :

Expenses of four small vessels at $•">< U » h > each $120,000

Repairs of same 10,000

Instruments 10,000

Tidal survey and bench marks 6,000

Surveys on land 30,000

One bead surveyor ^ 4,000 I

Eight assistants on ships, at $2.4«'ni 19 % 200

Eight assistants on shore, at $1.800 14,' 400

Two draftsmen, at $1.800 3.600

Eight draftsmen, at $800 j 6,400

Two computers, at $1.800 3,600

Two computers, at *S0O 1,600

Two clerks, at $1.200 2,400

Two nautical experts, at $l.Noo 3,600

234,800

™ ....... .:...._ T ..."S=

TOPOGRAPHY. ^L

One head topographer _ 4,000 \

Subsistence 730 > \^

Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical

help , .2,000

6, 730

One .draftsman 1,800

Subsistence 730

2,530

Three field parties, at $20.550 61,650

Expenses of each party :

, One topographer $2,400

Two assistant, topographers, at $1. 800 3,600

One levelman 1,600

One rodman (native) 600

Subsistence (5 men, at $7oM)__: 3,650 N ,

Instruments (first year) 1.200

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses.. 7,500

20, 550

20, 550 .

Total____. 70>910

a These estimates have been drawn up by the secretary of the board from
data f urnjshed, first, by the. report of the committee on biological work ; second,
by discussion of estimates at meetings of the board ; third, by subsequent Con-
ference with individual members.

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 17

GEOTXXJY.. -*-

One head geologist : $4,00(1,

Subsistence ■___ 730

Outfit, native help, and local traveling expenses,. 2,000

$6,730

Four field parties, at $8,760 . _^Ol_„ 35,040

Expenses of the four parties : "

First, second, and third parties —

One geologist $3,000 .

One assistant geologist 1,800

Subsistence (2 men, at $730) 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses — 2,500

8,760

Fourth party —

One paleontologist 3,000

One assistant paleontologist 1,800

Subsistence (2 men, at $730) 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses 1 2,500

8,760 *

One draftsman 1,800

Two clerks, at $1,200 . 2,400

Subsistence (3 men. at $730) 2,190

6,390

Instruments and freight *. 2,500

Charter of 2 boats for coast work, at $2,500 5,000

Total _'; 55,660

FOBESTBY.

One head forester 4,000 • .

Subsistence ^ 730

Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical

assistance '" 2, 000

6, 730

Expenses of the three parties :

First party —

One forester $2,400

One assistantrforester 1,800

One assistant forester 1,400

Subsistence (3 men, at $730) 2, 190

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex- :
penses i 2, 360

10, 150

Second and third parties —

One assistant forester 1,800

One assistant forester 1 1.400

Subsistence (2 men, at $730) 1. 460

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses \1,460 «

6,120 —

Total : I ■ 29, 120

BOTANY.

One head botanist 4,000

Subsistence 730 '

Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical

assistance 4 '— 2,000

\ 9,730

S. Doc. 145, 58-3 2 \

18 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Four field parties (2 at $6,600, 1 at $6,600, 1 at $2,500) $21,700

Expenses of the four parties :
First and second parties —

One botanist $2, 400

One aid 1,200

Subsistence (2 men, at $730) 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses .___- 1,540

6,600

Third party-
One assistant botanist 1.800

One aid i 1,200

Subsistence (2 men, at $730) 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses 1.540

6,000

Fourth party —

One aid 1,200

Subsistence 730

Outfit, native help, and traveling ex-
penses _' 570

2, 500 —

Totak 28,430

LAND ZOOLOGY. •• .

One head zoologist $4,000

Subsistence 730

Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical
assistance 2,000

6, 730

Land vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles), two field parties (one at

$9,100; one at $7,100) 16, 200

Expenses of the two parties :
First party —

One vertebrate zoologist ; $2,400

One assistant vertebrate zoologist 1,800

One aid ,__ 1,200

Subsistence (3 men at $730) 2,190

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses 1,510

9 t 100

Second party —

One vertebrate zoologist 2,400

One assistant vertebrate zoologist I'l 1.800

Subsistence (2 men at $730)__'_ 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses 1,440

7,100

Entomology :

One entomologist 2,400

One assistant entomologist 1,800

One aid 1,200

Subsistence (3 men at $730) !___ 2,190

Outfit native help, and traveling expenses 1.410

9, 000

Total i 31,930

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE, I8LANDS. 19

AQCATIC ZOOLOGY.

One head ichthyologist $4,000

Subsistence 730

Outfit, native heip. local traveling expenses, and clerical

assistance ? 2,000

= $6,730

Three field parties (2, at $8,920; 1, at $8,320) :. 26,160

Expenses of the three parties :
First party —

One aquatic invertebrate zoologist . , 2,400

One assistant ichthyologist 1,800

One aid , 1,200

Subsistence (3 men, at $J30) 2,190

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses 1, 330

8,920

Second party —

One ichthyologist 2,400

One assistant aquatic zoologist 1,800

One aid 1,200

Subsistence (3 men, at $730)__. 2,190

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses 1,330

8,920

Third party —

One assistant zoologist 1,800

One artist 1,800

One aid 1,260*

^^^ Subsistence (3 men, at $730) 2,190

^^ Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses '. 1,330

8,320
Total _*_ „ 32,890

ANTHROPOLOGY.

One head ethnologist , 4,000

Subsistence 730

Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and cler-
ical assistance _._ 2,000

6, 730

Three field parties, at $7,160 21,480

Expenses of ea!eh of the three parties :

One ethonologist $2,400 .

One assistant ethnologist ^__ 1,800

Subsistence? (2 men, at $730) 1,460

Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses. 1, 500

7,160

Total -__ i_: 28,210

SUMMARY.

Marine hydrography and geodesy 484,800

Topography 70, 910

Geology _• 1 - 55,660

Forestry 29, 120

Botany __. , J 28,430

Zoology :

Land $31,930

Aquatic -~ 32,890

64,820

Anthropology 28,210

Total : 761,950

'20 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
. LEGISLATION.
A BILL to provide for surveys or the Philippine Islands.

He it enacted bij the .Senate and House of Representatives of the
l' hlted States 'of America in <'on<jre*.s assembled. That the President
l»e authorized and requested to cause surveys of the Philippine
Islands to be made, as herein provided, in addition to and in further-
ance of such surveys and investigations "as have already been author-
ized by Confirms or by the Philippine Commission.

The" Pre?'". it .1 may cause to be transferred or detailed for this serv-
ice persoL irom the Federal classified service, and he may cause to
be employed such other persons as may be necessary: Provided, That
the persons so transferred, detailed, or employed shall be entitled to
the same leave of absence as persons in the Philippine civil service.

The President shall appoint from the Federal civil service a board
of Philippine surveys, consisting of seven members and a chairman •
(selected from the seven members or in addition to the seven -mem-
bers, as the President may deem expedient), all men of recognized
scientific standing mid administrative experience, serving without
additional compensation, who. cooperating with the Philippine Com-
mission, shall supervise, direct, and coordinate the surveys herein
provided for. arrange for suitable publication of results, authorize
tlie necessary expenditure by the bureaus to which the respective sur-
veys are germane of moneys which may be appropriated by Congress
in pursuance of this act. and submit to the President annually, i/ffr——
transmission to Congress, reports of progress and of expenditures
and estimates for the prosecution of the work. 4

For all purposes necessary to carry out the provisions of this\ct
the following sums are hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the
Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, to be im-
mediately available and to remain available until expended: Pro-
''!</<■(/, That no advance of money shall be made to a chief of field
party under this appropriation unless he shall give bond in such sum
as the Secretary of the Treasury may require.

Marine hydrography and geod-esy : For all expenses necessary, for
a trigonometric and hydrographic survey and a topographic survey
of -the coast, including the requisite astronomical determinations,
charting the waters, mapping the coasts, observing the tides, analyz-
ing them, establishing bench marks for levels, and determining the
direction of the magnetic needle and investigating the laws govern-
ing the changes to which it is subject for the purpose of prediction,
the information thus collated to be utilized in the publication of tide
tables, guides to mariners called ki Coast Pilots," and warnings of
dangers and aids to navigation issued at frequent intervals in Notices
to Mariners, four hundred and eighty-five thousand dollars.

Topography : For all expenses necessary for the preparation of
topographic maps of the land area of the Philippine Islands, suitable
for use by the Philippine surveys, a.s a base for platting the geolog-
ical formations, different types of forests, distribution of the native
■- races, and similar objects, as well as for public uses generally, seventy-
one thousand dollars.

Geology: For all expenses necessary for the preparation of geolog-
ical maps and reports showing the geological history of the Philip-

SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 21

pine Islands and furnishing a geological basis for the development
of the coal, gold, copper, and other mineral resources of the islands,
fifty-six thousand dollars.

Forestry: For all expenses necessary for an investigation of the
basic facts of forest life -and production in the Philippine Islands,
including the mapping and description of forests and' forest types,
the study of silviculture and forest reproduction, the relationof the
forest to human life and to temperature, moisture, rainfall, and
stream flow, thirtv thousand dollar*.

Botany: Fdr all expenses necessary for botanical 'exploration and
the preparation of a report in which the plants of the Philippine
Islands shall be described, and their geographical extent, abundance,
native names, and uses recorded, twenty-eight thousand dollars.

Zoology : For all expenses necessary for zoological exploration and
the preparation of an authoritative fauna of the region, a comprehen-
sive, systematic work containing descriptions of all the mammals,
birds, reptiles, insects, fishes, and aquatic invertebrates ascertained
to occur in the islands, with a statement -of the geographic range of
each species; and for a study of the distribution, abundance, spawn-
ing habits, food, and enemies of Philippine fishes, *nd other questions
relating to the fisheries resources of the islands, sixty-five thousand
dollars, of which not more than thirty-two thousand dollars shall be
used for land zoology.

Anthropology : For all expenses necessary for the study of the geo-
graphical distribution of the various primitive Philippine tribes and
their physical, mental, linguistic, social, religious, aesthetic, and in-
dustrial development, and for making collections illustrating their
culture, twenty-eight thousand dollars.

The board is also authorized to charge against the several appro-
priations, in due proportion, such expenses for quarters, clerical as-
sistance, and other administrative expenses as may be indispensable
to the exercise of its functions.

ADM I NISTRATIVK MEMORANDA.

A representative of the present board should go to the islands be-
fore the final report is made to the President, to discuss the plans and
organization with the members of the Philippine Commission and se-
cure their approval.

The field work of each of the surveys should be in immediate charge
of a responsible officer trained in the corresponding field of research.

The head field officers of the various surveys, with such cooperation
among themselves regarding transportation, location, and sequence
of work, and joint field operations as sound administration may re-
quire or permit, should operate under the direction of individual
members of the board.

The plans of individual members of the board, after approval by
the whole board, should be referred back to the same members for
execution.

The board should appoint members of the scientific force and ad-
ministrative or executive emloyees, this power to be delegated by
them, if deemed advisable, to the individual members ; the clerks and
nonscientific assistants to be appointed in the Philippine Islands, for

22 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

service there, by the head field officers of the various surveys, such ap-
pointments to be reported to the board.

The head field officers of the various surveys, in the preparation of
recommendations to be submitted yearly to their chiefs in the board,
should consult with the officers of the insular government who are
carrying on related lines of work.

A representative of the board should inspect annually the work of
the surveys and consult with the Philippine Commission regarding
future operations, and a copy of the plans finally determined upon
for the following year's work should be filed with the Commission.

Should the Philippine Commission make appropriations for any
work to be carried out under the direction of the board, the yearly
plans for such work, in execution of the general plan approved by
the Commission at the outset, should also be subject to the Commis-
sion's approval. s

The Philippine Commission, the War Department, and the Navy
Department should be requested to extend to those engaged in the
various survevs the same privileges relative to transportation, sup-
plies, atfa meclical attendance that are held by persons in the Philip-
pine service.

The Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries should be asked to assent
to a plan of cooperation which will involve the use of the Albatross
in marine zoological work.

J The results of the surveys should be published ultimately " in a
series of volumes constituting the final report of the board, but mean-
while the board should authorize the issue, through existing channels
of publication, of any results needed by the Philippine Commission
or otherwise required for immediate Use.

O