Assessment of mines for importance to bat species of concern, southwestern Montana

ASSESSMENT OF MINES FOR IMPORTANCE
TO BAT SPECIES OF CONCERN, SOUTHWESTERN MONTANA

A Progress Report to:

U.S. Geological Survey

Biological Resources Division

Midcontinent Ecological Science Center

4512 McMurry Avenue

Fort Collins, CO 80525-3400

Attn: Thomas J. O'Shea, Ph.D.

Submitted by:

H. Peter Feigley

Michelle Brown

Sam Martinez

Kate Schletz

Montana Natural Heritage Program
1515 East Sixth Avenue

P.O. Box 201800

Helena, MT 59620-1800

(406) 444-3009

December 9, 1997

599.41518

NllAMBSC

1997

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Montana State Library

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ABSTRACT

A program to close abandoned mines on BLM lands in southwestern Montana is
scheduled. Some of these mines may provide habitat for up to 15 species of bats,
including six U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated Species of Concern (former
category 2 species). The USGS Biological Resources Division provided funding to the
Montana Natural Heritage Program to survey abandoned mines in southwest Montana for
bat use. The objective of this study is to identify mines used by bats and evaluate a
variety of external and internal variables that would enhance predictive capabilities for
locating active roosts and hibemacula. The results of this study will assist in avoiding the
elimination of habitat that may be important to bats.

Fieldwork was initiated on August 18, 1997 and continued through October 15,
1997. Eighty-six abandoned and inactive mines were visited. Sixty-eight mines had one
or more openings that might be suitable for bats. Openings had completely collapsed or
were backfilled at 1 8 mines. Eleven mines were rated as having high potential to provide
bat habitat. Mines which appeared to have the best potential for current bat use included
the Bluewing, Clipper, Hendricks, Huron/Cottontail, Keystone, Shoemaker, and an
unnamed cluster of shafts near the Watseca mine. These mines were extensive with
complex workings that may interconnect underground, facilitating air flow through the
mine.

Mines in the Bannack mining district appeared to be the most stable and exhibit
the greatest potential for internal surveys. These mines were mostly located in limestone
substrate. Most mines in the Rochester mining district were situated in oxidized shists
that were very friable and appeared to be quite unstable and unsuitable for internal
surveys.

External monitoring for bat activity was conducted at 66 openings from 34 mines.
Ultrasonic monitoring was conducted at 59 openings, while mist-netting was conducted
at eight locations. Bat activity was documented at 24 mines. However, analysis of
ultrasonic recordings is currently in progress, which may reveal more activity. Tentative
bat species detected by ultrasonic methods include unidentified Myotis species, western
long-footed myotis {Myotis evotis), silver-haired bat {Lasionycteris noctivagans), big
brown bat {Eptesicus fuscus), and possibly Townsend's big-eared bat {Corynorhinus
townsendii). Myotis ciliolabrum and M. evotis were the only species captiired in mist
nets, with 17 and three captures, respectively. Most captures were of adult non-
reproductive males, while only one adult non-reproductive female M. ciliolabrum and
one juvenile male M ciliolabrum were captured.

Development of a GIS database of mine locations and sampled openings is in
progress. Field-survey data are being entered into appropriate data tables and linked to a
master database obtained from the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Assessment of Mines for Importance

to Bat Species of Concern, Southwestern Montana

Progress Report: August 18 - November 15, 1997

INTRODUCTION

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has scheduled the closure of abandoned mines
in southwest Montana. Some of these mines may provide habitat critical for hibernation,
reproduction, and warm-season roosting for bats, including up to six U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service designated Species of Concern (former category 2 species). Bat Species
of Concern that may occur in southwest Montana are Myotis ciliolabrum, M. evotis, M.
thysanodes, M. volans, M. yumanensis and Corynorhinus {Plecotus) townsendii. The US
Geological Survey (USGS), Biological Resources Division (BRD), has provided funding
to the Montana Natural Heritage Program (MTNHP) to conduct a study of abandoned
mines in southwest Montana. The study is aimed at identifying mines used by bats and
evaluating a variety of external and internal variables that would enhance predictive
capabilities for locating active roosts and hibemacula in a broader area. A CIS database
of mine locations and surveyed mine openings will be developed. The results of this
study will assist in avoiding the elimination of habitat that may be important to bats.

Field work on this project commenced in late August 1997 corresponding with the
signing of a cooperative agreement between USGS and MTNHP. This report
smnmarizes field work conducted during August 18 to October 16, 1997.

METHODS

Mine sites to be visited for this project were identified from several sources. The Dillon
Resource Area (Dillon RA) of the BLM provided a list of 106 mine sites and the
Headwaters Resource Area provided an additional six sites. The Ermont, Tidal Wave and
Rochester mining districts were identified by the BLM (Dillon RA) as a priority due to
the potential for future mine closures in these districts. Additionally, databases
developed by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology ' (MTBMG) and the state of
Montana were queried for abandoned mines in southwest Montana. We focused on
visiting mines listed by the BLM and other abandoned mines in the vicinity of those
listed.

Because of the late startup date, our primary objective this field season was to identify
abandoned mines on BLM lands having openings suitable for bat entry and external

The database was developed as pan of an inventory of abandoned and inactive mines on BLM lands in southwest Montana.
(Marvin. R K , Metesh, J J . Hargrave, PA., Lonn, J D , Watson, J E , Bowler, T P , and Madison, J P , 1997, Abandoned/Inactive
Mines of Montana US Bureau of Land Management, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology No 348, 513 p )

monitoring, and evaluating the potential for human entry into the mines for internal
survey. All mine openings that were approachable were examined for bat guano or other
bat sign. External ultrasonic monitoring (Anabat units) and mist netting were conducted
at, or near, selected mine openings that appeared to have potential for bat use.

Mines were evaluated for their current potential to serve as habitat for bats. This
preliminary evaluation was based upon characteristics such as size of the opening,
presence of obstructions (e.g., grates), detectable air flow, observable depth, presence of
multiple openings that may be connected, and evidence of bat use (e.g., guano, insect
parts). Categories ofpotential bat use were: none, low, moderate and high. The
locations of mine openings were recorded on 7.5-minute topographic maps and/or
recorded with GPS.

A geographic information system (GIS) is being used to manage locality data and to
merge locality information with base-map layers of land ownership, elevation, roads, and
hydrology. Survey data tables will be linked to the GIS.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mine Survey

Mines and mine openings

Eighty-six abandoned and inactive mines were visited during August 18 to October 17,
1 997 (Table 1 ). Forty-nine of these mines were on the initial list provided by the Dillon
Resource Area and 37 were additional mines (named and unnamed) in close proximity to
the those mines on the BLM list. Mine openings (total = 166) that might be suitable for
bats were found at 68 mines. Openings consisted mostly of adits, shafts and inclines. At
least 32 of the visited mines had multiple openings.

Mines with no openings (total = 18) currently have no potential for bat use (Table 1). It
is possible that mines with collapsed openings could re-open in the future, subsequent to
continued movement of debris. Eleven mines were rated as having high potential to
provide bat habitat. These mines usually had multiple openings and should be a priority
for future external and internal surveys. Twenty-nine mines were rated as low-to-
moderate or moderate for bat potential. Mines in this category often had only one or a
few openings, most of which were partially or mostly collapsed, and/ or we were unable
to determine the extent of the internal workings. Many mine openings were covered
with grating ( r'x3" openings) or metal cable netting (4" to 6" openings). These sites
were usually ranked as low bat potential. However, at some sites there appeared to be
adequate space around the edge of the grating to allow bat entry. In other instances
wooden planking completely covered mine shafts, possibly precluding bat use.

Mines which appeared to have the best potential for current bat use included the
Bluewing, Clipper, Hendricks, Huron/Cottontail, Keystone, Shoemaker, and an unnamed
cluster of shafts near the Watseca mine. These mines were extensive with complex
workings that may interconnect underground, facilitating air flow through the mine.

The locations of mines found in reports or databases were generally imprecise and given
in Township, Range, Section and quarter-quarter-quarter section format. In areas with a
high density of mines and mine openings, it was sometimes difficult to know for certain
which mine was examined. We also identified discrepancies in land ownership indicated
in databases and reports. In some instances, it was not clear if the land ownership at a
mine was BLM, mixed BLM-private, or private. Time will be spent at the Montana
Department of Environmental Quality (MT DEQ) during the up-coming months to sort
out land ownership discrepancies to ensure that only mines on public lands are sampled.

Potential for human entry into mines

Many of the mine openings visited appeared to be unstable and potentially unsafe for
human entry. Adits and shafts were often partially collapsed. Mine openings in the
Rochester Mining District seemed to be more unstable than elsewhere. The surface rocks
in this area consist mostly of oxidized shists that are very friable (primarily the Emma,
Cooper, Shoemaker mines, and mines in the vicinity of the Watseca mine), while the
Clipper mine was situated in gneiss rock and appearded to be somewhat more stable.
Mines in the Bannack Mining District were often located in limestone substrate.
Openings in this area appeared to be more stable and amenable to internal survey. The
Bluewing, Huron/Cottontail, and Hendricks mines probably have the highest potential for
internal surveys.

Human entry into abandoned mines wil require very specialized training. We intend to
meet this winter with personnel fi-om the BLM, MT Bureau of Mines and MT
Department of Environmental Quality to identify a team of specialists that is capable of
evaluating mines for safe entry and conducting internal surveys.

External survevs

External monitoring for bat activity was conducted at 66 mine openings fi-om 34 mines
(Table 1). (Not all mine openings were monitored.) In all but three cases, monitoring
was conducted to sample bat activity only at a specific mine opening. Mine openings
were sampled for one night only, with the exception of the Kent-Bluewing and Ermont #
1 9 mines, which were sampled on two occasions (late August and late September).
Ultrasonic monitoring occurred at 59 openings, while mist netting was conducted at eight
locations. A cursory review of tape recordings from ultrasonic monitoring and the mist-
netting documented bat activity at openings of at least 24 mines.

The analysis of tape recordings from ultrasonic surveys is in progress, with eleven tapes
having been analyzed to-date. Tentative bat species detected by ultrasonic methods

include unidentified myotis species, western long-footed myotis (Myotis evotis), silver-
haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and possibly
Townsend's big-eared bat {Corynorhinus townsendii). Several bat calls were
unidentifyable and were recorded as unknovra species.

Mist netting at eight locations yielded 17 captures of M ciliolabrum (captures = 14) and
M evotis (captures = 3). Non-reproductive adult males (12 M ciliolabrum and three M
evotis) accounted for all but two captures. Other captures included one adult non-
reproductive female and one juvenile male M. ciliolabrum. These limited results suggest
that the sites sampled were most likely being used by groups of non-reproductive males
as either day or night roosts.

Database Development

The MTBMG provided a copy of a database resulting from an inventory of abandoned
and inactive mines on BLM lands in southwest Montana. This database contained the
mine name, location, map coordinates, and general information regarding mine type and
environmental hazards. The database contains a unique identification code for each mine.
The MTBMG database and mine locations were imported into Arc View GIS. Other map
layers available through the Natural Resource Information System (NRIS) and MTNHP
include land ownership, hydrology, elevation and land cover. Mine sites that are
currently not in the MTBMG database are being added to the database and assigned an
identification code that indicates its appended status.

Data tables have been constructed to manage data on mine-opening characteristics (e.g.,
number of openings, size of opening, cover type, etc.), external survey data (i.e., Anabat
or mist-net data) and survey weather conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.). Data
gathered during the past field season are being entered into the respective data tables.
The mine identification code serves to link these data tables to MTBMG database.

UPCOMING WORK SCHEDULE

1 . Continue assesssment of data from the past field season.

a. Complete assessment of tape recordings from ultrasonic monitoring.

2. Review files on abandoned mines at MT Dept. of Environmental Quality (MT DEQ).

a. Seek information on the internal structure of abandoned mines in the study
area.

b. Identify additional mines for evaluation

3. Formulate a list of potential sites for winter/early spring visits for internal survey.

4. Formulate a list of sites for external evaluation and external survey.

5. Identify a team of specialists capable of evaluating the safety of abandoned mines,
entering mines and collecting appropriate internal habitat data.

a. Collaborate with BLM, MT DEQ, MTBMG.

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